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World Bank Group

2026-05-26T04:15:17Z

Tjackson: new a stub

{{Short description|Group making loans to developing countries}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| logo = World Bank Group logo.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image = The World Bank Group (53844804648).jpg
| caption = The World Bank Group building (Washington, D.C.)
| map =
| established = {{start date and age|1944|07|4|df=y}}
| extinction =
| type = [[Intergovernmental organization]]
| status = Treaty
| purpose = [[Economic development]], [[extreme poverty|poverty]] elimination
| headquarters = 1818 [[H Street (Washington, D.C.)|H Street Northwest]], [[Washington D.C.]], U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the World Bank |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/about |website=World Bank}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[President of the World Bank Group|President]]
| leader_name = [[Ajay Banga]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. Businessman Ajay Banga Approved to Lead World Bank|work=scroll.in |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-businessman-ajay-banga-approved-to-lead-world-bank-adb5f1ad |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = MD & CFO
| leader_name2 = [[Anshula Kant]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sbi-md-anshula-kant-appointed-as-md-cfo-of-world-bank-group/1599829964995 |access-date=13 July 2019 |website=antopedia.org|title=SBI MD Anshula Kant appointed as MD, CFO of World Bank Group }}</ref>
| main_organ = Board of Directors<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ORGANIZATION/BODEXT/0,,pagePK:1262504318911~theSitePK:281079,00.html |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Web.worldbank.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| parent_organization = [[United Nations]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN System | url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-system |access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref>
| num_members = 189 states (188 [[United Nations member states|UN countries]] and [[Kosovo]])<ref name="WBG Member Countries">{{Cite web |title=Member Countries |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members |access-date=3 June 2016 |publisher=World Bank Group}}</ref> - see [[List of World Bank members]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/home|worldbank.org}}
}}
{{United Nations series}}
The '''World Bank Group''' ('''WBG''') is a family of five international organizations that make [[Leverage (finance)|leveraged loans]] to [[developing countries]]. The group is the largest development bank in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RDSI Sign Gold |url=http://www.antopedia.org/index.cfm?P=13 |access-date=27 May 2012 |publisher=United Nations Development Group}}{{dead link|date=December 2021}}</ref> It is headquartered in [[Washington, D.C.]], in the [[United States]]. The bank's stated mission is to achieve the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and building shared prosperity.<ref name="bicusa1">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-01 |title=World Bank Group Commitments Rise Sharply in FY14 Amid Organizational Change |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/07/01/world-bank-group-commitments-rise-sharply-in-fy14-amid-organizational-change |access-date=2026-05-13 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |publisher=World Bank |date=14 October 2008 |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/about |access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> Historically, within the group, the IBRD and IDA were collectively known as the '''World Bank''' due to their emphasis on global lending.

The World Bank was established along with the [[International Monetary Fund]] at the 1944 [[Bretton Woods Conference]]. Initially, its loans helped rebuild countries devastated by [[World War II]]. Over time, it has shifted its focus to development, with a stated mission of eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Finnemore |first=Martha |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh |title=National Interests in International Society |date=1996 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9780801483233 |pages=89–97 |jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601221422/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh |archive-date=1 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> It has been criticized for it's [[structural adjustment]] programs, governence, environmental record, and policies detrimental to the social welfare.<ref name="Cornia et al. 1987">{{Cite book |title=Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth |editor=Cornia, Giovanni Andrea |editor2=Jolly, Richard |editor3=Stewart, Frances |year=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-828609-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/adjustmentwithhu0001unse}}</ref><ref name="AP News">{{cite news |title=Inquiry puts ex-World Bank officials under scrutiny on China |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-china-world-bank-jim-yong-kim-aee690d7ec87d9bbd4d36cc5fcfa7018 |work=AP News |date=17 September 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925011937/https://apnews.com/article/business-china-world-bank-jim-yong-kim-aee690d7ec87d9bbd4d36cc5fcfa7018 |archive-date= 25 September 2023 }}</ref>

The group comprises five organizations, as established over time:

* [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD), 1944
* [[International Development Association]] (IDA), 1960
* [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC), 1956
* [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID), 1965
* [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA), 1988

==History==

[[File:WhiteandKeynes.jpg|thumb|[[Harry Dexter White]] (left) and [[John Maynard Keynes]], the "founding fathers" of both the World Bank and the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)<ref name="Bretton Woods Founding Fathers 2004">{{cite web |title=The Founding Fathers |publisher=International Monetary Fund |url=http://jolis.worldbankimflib.org/Bwf/60panel3.htm |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023626/http://jolis.worldbankimflib.org/Bwf/60panel3.htm |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]

The World Bank was created at the 1944 [[Bretton Woods Conference]] (1–22 July 1944), along with the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF). The president of the World Bank is traditionally an [[United States|American]].<ref>{{cite news| last1=Higgins | first1=Andrew | last2=Sanger | first2=David E. | title=3 European Powers Say They Will Join China-Led Bank | newspaper=The New York Times | date=17 March 2015 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/18/business/france-germany-and-italy-join-asian-infrastructure-investment-bank.html }}</ref> The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington, D.C., and work closely with each other.
[[File:Gold Room, Mount Washington Hotel.jpg|thumb|The Gold Room at the [[Mount Washington Hotel]] where the International Monetary Fund and World Bank were established]]
Although many countries were represented at the Bretton Woods Conference, the United States and United Kingdom were the most powerful in attendance and dominated the negotiations.<ref name="Goldman 2005">{{cite book |title=Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialnaturewo0000gold |url-access=registration |author=Goldman, Michael |year=2005 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=978-0-300-11974-9}}</ref>{{rp|52–54}} The intention behind the founding of the World Bank was to provide temporary loans to low-income countries that could not obtain loans commercially.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Clemens|first1=Michael A.|last2=Kremer|first2=Michael|date=2016|title=The New Role for the World Bank|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|language=en|volume=30|issue=1|pages=53–76|doi=10.1257/jep.30.1.53|issn=0895-3309|doi-access=free}}</ref> The bank may also make loans and demand policy reforms from recipients.<ref name=":0" />

The agreement at Bretton Woods implied that both the World Bank and IMF would be headquartered in the United States. US Treasury Secretary [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]] intended them to be located in [[New York City|New York]], but his successor [[Fred M. Vinson]] unilaterally decided that they would be in [[Washington, D.C.]] instead, noting that "the institutions would be fatally prejudiced in American opinion if they were placed in New York, since they would then come under the taint of 'international finance'".<ref>{{cite book |title=Global Capital Markets: Integration, Crisis, and Growth |author=Maurice Obstfeld & Alan M. Taylor |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2004}}</ref>{{rp|151}} The World Bank Group came into formal existence on 27 December 1946, following international ratification of the Bretton Woods agreements. The Conference also provided the foundation of the Osiander Committee in 1951, responsible for the preparation and evaluation of the [[World Development Report]]. Commencing operations on 25 June 1946, the bank approved its first loan on 9 May 1947 (US$250 million to France for postwar reconstruction - in real terms, the largest loan the bank has issued to date).

{{anchor|Early History|1944|1974|1944-1974}}
In its early years, the bank made a slow start for two reasons: it was underfunded, and there were leadership struggles between the US executive director and the president of the organization. When the [[Marshall Plan]] went into effect in 1947, many European countries began receiving aid from other sources. Faced with this competition, the World Bank shifted its focus to non-European allies. Until 1968, its loans were earmarked for the construction of infrastructure works, such as seaports, highway systems, and power plants, that would generate enough income to enable a borrower country to repay the loan. In 1960, the [[International Development Association]] was formed (as opposed to a UN fund named SUNFED), providing soft loans to developing countries.

Before 1974, the reconstruction and development loans the World Bank made were relatively small. Its staff was aware of the need to instill confidence in the bank. [[Fiscal conservatism]] ruled, and loan applications had to meet strict criteria.<ref name="Goldman 2005" />{{rp|56–60}}

The first country to receive a World Bank loan was France in 1947. The bank's president at the time, [[John J. McCloy|John McCloy]], chose France over two other applicants, Poland and Chile. The loan was for US$250 million, half the amount requested, and came with strict conditions. France had to agree to produce a balanced budget and give priority of debt repayment to the World Bank over other governments. World Bank staff closely monitored the use of the funds to ensure that the French government met the conditions. In addition, before the loan was approved, the [[United States Department of State]] told the French government that its members associated with the Communist Party would first have to be removed. The French government complied and removed the [[Communist Party of France|Communist]] coalition government—the so-called [[Tripartisme|tripartite]]. Within hours, the loan to France was approved.<ref name="Bird 1992">{{cite book |title=The Chairman: John J. McCloy, the Making of the American Establishment |author=Bird, Kai |year=1992 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-671-45415-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/chairmanjohnjmc00bird}}{{rp|288, 290–291}}</ref>

From 1974 to 1980, the bank concentrated on meeting the basic needs of people in the developing world. The size and number of loans to borrowers greatly increased, as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and other sectors.<ref name="World Bank Historical Chronology 1970-1979">{{cite web |title=World Bank Historical Chronology: 1970–1979 |publisher=World Bank Group |author=World Bank |url=http://go.worldbank.org/847R4CBE80 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20111113144021/http://go.worldbank.org/847R4CBE80 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2011 |access-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref>

These changes can be attributed to [[Robert McNamara]], who was appointed to the presidency in 1968 by [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Goldman 2005" />{{rp|60–63}} McNamara implored bank treasurer [[Eugene Rotberg]] to seek out new sources of capital outside of the northern banks that had been the primary sources of funding. Rotberg used the global bond market to increase the capital available to the bank.<ref name="Rotberg 1994">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Financial Operations of the World Bank |author=Rotberg, Eugene |encyclopedia=Bretton Woods: looking to the future: commission report, staff review, background papers |year=1994 |publisher=Bretton Woods Commission |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://external.worldbankimflib.org/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/0/0/5/?searchdata1=219610%7Bckey%7D#_ |access-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705163027/http://external.worldbankimflib.org/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/0/0/5/?searchdata1=219610%7Bckey%7D#_ |archive-date=5 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One consequence of the period of poverty alleviation lending was the rapid rise of [[debt of developing countries]]. From 1976 to 1980, developing world debt rose at an average annual rate of 20%.<ref name="Mosley et al. 1995">{{cite book |title=Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-Based Lending, 2nd Edition |author=Mosley, Paul |author2=Harrigan, Jane |author3=Toye, John |year=1995 |volume=1 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, UK |isbn=978-0-415-13209-1}}</ref><ref name="Toussaint 1999">{{cite book |title=Your Money or Your Life!: The Tyranny of Global Finance |author=Toussaint, Eric |year=1999 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-7453-1412-9}}</ref>

The World Bank Administrative Tribunal was established in 1980, to decide on disputes between the World Bank Group and its staff where allegation of non-observance of contracts of employment or terms of appointment had not been honored.<ref name="World Bank Admin Tribunal 2012">{{cite web | title = World Bank Administrative Tribunal | publisher = World Bank Group | author = World Bank | url = http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/crn/wbt/wbtwebsite.nsf/%28resultsweb%29/about?opendocument | access-date = 14 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111229110521/http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/crn/wbt/wbtwebsite.nsf/%28resultsweb%29/about?opendocument | archive-date = 29 December 2011 | url-status=dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

McNamara was succeeded by U.S. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Jimmy Carter]]'s nominee, [[Alden W. Clausen]], in 1980.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/26/business/aw-clausen-former-bank-of-america-chief-dies-at-89.html |date=25 January 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |title=A.W. Clausen, Former Bank of America Chief, Dies at 89 |author=NELSON D. SCHWARTZ |access-date=27 October 2016 |quote=Mr. Clausen was chosen by President Jimmy Carter to lead the World Bank shortly before Mr. Carter was defeated by Ronald Reagan in 1980, but the new administration supported Mr. Clausen's nomination.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Tom-Clausen-BofA-World-Bank-head-dies-4218430.php |title=Tom Clausen, BofA, World Bank head, dies |publisher=SFGate |access-date=27 October 2016 |quote=That focus paid dividends when President Jimmy Carter nominated him in 1980 to succeed Robert McNamara as president of the World Bank. |date=23 January 2013}}</ref> Clausen replaced many members of McNamara's staff and crafted a different mission emphasis. His 1982 decision to replace the bank's Chief Economist, [[Hollis B. Chenery]], with [[Anne Krueger]] was an example of this new focus. Krueger was known for her criticism of development funding and for describing developing countries' governments as "[[rent-seeking]] states".

During the 1980s, the bank emphasized lending to service debt of developing countries, and [[structural adjustment]] policies designed to streamline the economies of developing nations. [[UNICEF]] reported in the late 1980s that the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank had been responsible for "reduced health, nutritional and educational levels for tens of millions of children in [[Asia]], [[Latin America]], and [[Africa]]".<ref name="Cornia et al. 1987"/>

==Membership==
{{Main|List of World Bank members}}
[[File:World Bank Group.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|World Bank Group: {{legend|#008000|Member states of all five WBG organizations}} {{legend|#00FF00|Member states of four WBG organizations}} {{legend|#00FFFF|Member states of three WBG organizations}} {{legend|#0000FF|Member states of two WBG organizations}}{{legend|#800080|Member states only of the IBRD}}]]

The [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) has 189 member countries, while the [[International Development Association]] (IDA) has 175. Each member state of IBRD should also be a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and only members of IBRD are allowed to join other institutions within the bank (such as IDA).<ref name="Member Countries">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members |title=Member Countries |accessdate=2 January 2022 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref> The five United Nations member states that are not members of the World Bank are [[Andorra]], [[Cuba]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Monaco]], and [[North Korea]]. [[Kosovo]] is not a member of the UN, but is a member of the [[IMF]] and the World Bank Group, including the IBRD and IDA. Other non-members are [[Palestine]], the [[Holy See]] ([[Vatican City]]), Taiwan, and the following de facto states: [[Abkhazia]], [[Northern Cyprus]], the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], [[Somaliland]], [[South Ossetia]], and [[Transnistria]].

The [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] joined the World Bank on 27 December 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members|title=Member Countries|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> After the [[Chinese Civil War]], the government fled to Taiwan and continued its membership in the WBG until 16 April 1980, when the People's Republic of China replaced the ROC. Since then, it uses the name "[[Taiwan, China]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/TW|title = Taiwan, China | Data}}</ref>

All of the [[member states of the United Nations|188 UN members]] and [[Kosovo]] that are WBG members participate at a minimum in the IBRD. As of May 2016, all of them also participate in some of the other four organizations (IDA, IFC, MIGA, and ICSID).

WBG members by the number of organizations in which they participate:<ref name="WBG Member Countries" />
#Only in the IBRD:
#The IBRD and one other organization: [[Nauru]], [[San Marino]]
#The IBRD and two other organizations: [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Brunei]], [[Kiribati]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Namibia]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Venezuela]]
#The IBRD and three other organizations: India, Mexico, Belize, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Ecuador, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Angola, South Africa, Seychelles, Libya, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Bahrain, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Poland, Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Palau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Maldives, Bhutan, Myanmar, Suriname
#All five WBG organizations: the rest of the 139 WBG members

===Voting power===
In 2010, voting powers at the World Bank were revised to increase the voice of developing countries, notably [[China]]. The countries with most voting power are now the United States (15.85%), Japan (6.84%), China (4.42%), [[Germany]] (4.00%), the [[United Kingdom]] (3.75%), [[France]] (3.75%), [[India]] (2.91%),<ref>{{cite news|title=Developing nations get more say in World Bank affairs|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Developing-nations-get-more-say-in-World-Bank-affairs/articleshow/5858176.cms|access-date=5 April 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 April 2010}}</ref> [[Russia]] (2.77%), [[Saudi Arabia]] (2.77%) and [[Italy]] (2.64%). Under the changes, known as 'Voice Reform – Phase 2', countries other than China that saw significant gains included [[South Korea]], [[Turkey]], [[Mexico]], [[Singapore]], [[Greece]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Hungary]], [[Brazil]], India, and [[Spain]]. Most developed countries' voting power was reduced, along with a few developing countries such as [[Nigeria]]. The voting powers of the [[United States]], Russia and Saudi Arabia remained unchanged.<ref name="IBRD Voting Power Realignment 2010">{{Cite report | title = IBRD 2010 Voting Power Realignment | publisher = World Bank Group | date = 2010 | author = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development | url = http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/IBRD2010VotingPowerRealignmentFINAL.pdf | access-date = 14 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111229201102/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/IBRD2010VotingPowerRealignmentFINAL.pdf | archive-date = 29 December 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Veloo 2010">{{Cite news | title = China given more influence in World Bank | author = Veloo, Betsy May | date = 26 April 2010 | publisher = RTHK | url = http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/news.htm?main&20100426&56&663699 | access-date = 26 April 2010 | archive-date = 5 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605192408/http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/news.htm?main&20100426&56&663699 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The changes were brought about to make voting more universal in regards to standards, rule-based objective indicators, and transparency among other things. Now, developing countries have an increased voice in the "Pool Model", backed especially by Europe. Additionally, voting power is based on economic size in addition to the International Development Association contributions.<ref name="Stumm 2011">{{Cite news | title = World Bank: More responsibility for developing countries | author = Stumm, Mario | date = March 2011 | publisher = D+C | url = http://www.dandc.eu/articles/193054/index.en.shtml | access-date = 12 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511192641/http://www.dandc.eu/articles/193054/index.en.shtml | archive-date = 11 May 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== List of 20 largest countries by voting power in each World Bank institution ===
The following table shows the subscriptions of the top 20 member countries of the World Bank by voting power in the following World Bank institutions as of December 2014 or March 2015: the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD), the [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC), the [[International Development Association]] (IDA), and the [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA). Member countries are allocated votes at the time of membership and subsequently for additional subscriptions to capital (one vote for each share of capital stock held by the member).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDCountryVotingTable.pdf |title=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development |date=March 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 October 2014 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906093100/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDCountryVotingTable.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IFCCountryVotingTable.pdf |title=International Finance Corporation |date=March 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906192909/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IFCCountryVotingTable.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IDACountryVotingTable.pdf |title=International Development Association |date=December 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906164130/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IDACountryVotingTable.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/MIGACountryVotingTable.pdf |title=Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency |date=December 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906191601/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/MIGACountryVotingTable.pdf }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ The 20 Largest Countries by Voting Power (Number of Votes)
! Rank !! Country !! [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]] !! Country !! [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]] !! Country !! [[International Development Association|IDA]] !! Country !! [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency|MIGA]]
|-
| || align="left" |'''''World''''' || 2,201,754 || align="left" |'''''World''''' || 2,653,476 || align="left" |'''''World''''' || 24,682,951 || align="left" |'''''World''''' || 218,237
|-
| 1 || align="left" |{{Flag|United States}} || 358,498 || align="left" |{{Flag|United States}} || 570,179 || align="left" |{{Flag|United States}}|| 2,546,503 || align="left" |{{Flag|United States}} || 32,790
|-
| 2 || align="left" |{{Flag|Japan}} || 166,094 || align="left" | {{Flag|Japan}}|| 163,334 || align="left" | {{Flag|Japan}}|| 2,112,243 || align="left" | {{Flag|Japan}}|| 9,205
|-
| 3 || align="left" |{{Flag|China}} || 107,244 || align="left" |{{Flag|Germany}} || 129,708 || align="left" |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} || 1,510,934 || align="left" |{{Flag|Germany}} || 9,162
|-
| 4 || align="left" |{{flag|Germany}} || 97,224 || align="left" |{{flag|France}} || 121,815 || align="left" |{{flag|Germany}} || 1,368,001 || align="left" |{{flag|France}} || 8,791
|-
| 5 || align="left" |{{flag|France}} || 87,241 || align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom}} || 121,815 || align="left" |{{flag|France}} || 908,843 || align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom}} || 8,791
|-
| 6 || align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom}} || 87,241 || align="left" |{{flag|India}} || 103,747 || align="left" |{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 810,293 || align="left" |{{flag|China }}|| 5,756
|-
| 7 || align="left" |{{flag|India}} || 67,690 || align="left" |{{flag|Russia}} || 103,653 || align="left" |{{flag|India}} || 661,909 || align="left" |{{flag|Russia}} || 5,754
|-
| 8 || align="left" |{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 67,155 || align="left" |{{flag|Canada}} || 82,142 || align="left" |{{flag|Canada}} || 629,658 || align="left" |{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 5,754
|-
| 9 || align="left" |{{flag|Canada}} || 59,004 || align="left" |{{flag|Italy}} || 82,142 || align="left" |{{flag|Italy}} || 573,858 || align="left" |{{flag|India}} || 5,597
|-
| 10 || align="left" |{{flag|Italy}} || 54,877 || align="left" |{{flag|China}} || 62,392 || align="left" |{{flag|China}} || 521,830 || align="left" |{{flag|Canada}} || 5,451
|-
| 11 || align="left" |{{flag|Russia}} || 54,651 || align="left" |{{flag|Netherlands}} || 56,931 || align="left" |{{flag|Poland}} || 498,102 || align="left" |{{flag|Italy}} || 5,196
|-
| 12 || align="left" |{{flag|Spain}} || 42,948 || align="left" |{{flag|Belgium}} || 51,410 || align="left" |{{flag|Sweden}} || 494,360 || align="left" |{{flag|Netherlands}} || 4,048
|-
| 13 || align="left" |{{flag|Brazil}} || 42,613 || align="left" |{{flag|Australia}} || 48,129 || align="left" |{{flag|Netherlands}} || 488,209 || align="left" |{{flag|Belgium}} || 3,803
|-
| 14 || align="left" |{{flag|Netherlands}} || 42,348 || align="left" |{{flag|Switzerland}} || 44,863 || align="left" |{{flag|Brazil}} || 412,322 || align="left" |{{flag|Australia}} || 3,245
|-
| 15 || align="left" |{{flag|South Korea}} || 36,591 || align="left" |{{flag|Brazil}} || 40,279 || align="left" |{{flag|Australia}} || 312,566 || align="left" |{{flag|Switzerland}} || 2,869
|-
| 16 || align="left" |{{flag|Belgium}} || 36,463 || align="left" |{{flag|Mexico}} || 38,929 || align="left" |{{flag|Switzerland}} || 275,755 || align="left" |{{flag|Brazil }}|| 2,832
|-
| 17 || align="left" |{{flag|Iran}} || 34,718 || align="left" |{{flag|Spain}} || 37,826 || align="left" |{{flag|Belgium}}|| 275,474 || align="left" |{{flag|Spain}} || 2,491
|-
| 18 || align="left" |{{flag|Switzerland}} || 33,296 || align="left" |{{flag|Indonesia}} || 32,402 || align="left" |{{flag|Norway}} || 258,209 || align="left" |{{flag|Argentina}} || 2,436
|-
| 19 || align="left" |{{flag|Australia}} || 30,910 || align="left" |{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 30,862 || align="left" |{{flag|Denmark}}|| 231,685 || align="left" |{{flag|Indonesia}} || 2,075
|-
| 20 || align="left" |{{flag|Turkey}} || 26,293 || align="left" |{{flag|South Korea}}|| 28,895 || align="left" |{{flag|Pakistan}} || 218,506 || align="left" |{{flag|Sweden}} || 2,075
|}

==Organizational structure==
[[File:World Bank headquarters building, Washington, D.C LCCN2011633462.tif|thumb|The World Bank Group Building in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
[[File:The World Bank Group.jpg|thumb|The World Bank Sign on the building]]
Together with four affiliated agencies created between 1957 and 1988, the IBRD is part of the World Bank Group. The group's headquarters are in [[Washington, D.C.]] It is an international organization owned by member governments; although it makes profits, they are used to support continued efforts in [[poverty reduction]].<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTSITETOOLS/0,,contentMDK:20147466~menuPK:344189~pagePK:98400~piPK:98424~theSitePK:95474,00.html#13 FAQ-About The World Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312012211/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTSITETOOLS/0,,contentMDK:20147466~menuPK:344189~pagePK:98400~piPK:98424~theSitePK:95474,00.html#13 |date=12 March 2013 }}, Worldbank.org.</ref>

Technically the World Bank is part of the United Nations system,<ref>[http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/mun/docs/unsystem.jpg The United Nations system: Principal Organs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231222/http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/mun/docs/unsystem.jpg |date=3 March 2016 }}, Colorado.edu.</ref> but its governance structure is different: each institution in the World Bank Group is owned by its member governments, which subscribe to its basic share capital, with votes proportional to shareholding. Membership gives certain voting rights that are the same for all countries but there are also additional votes that depend on financial contributions to the organization. The president of the World Bank is nominated by the president of the United States and elected by the bank's Board of Governors.<ref name=WBA/> As of 15 November 2009, the United States held 16.4% of total votes, Japan 7.9%, Germany 4.5%, the United Kingdom 4.3%, and France 4.3%. As changes to the bank's Charter require an 85% supermajority, the U.S. can block any major change in the bank's governing structure.<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/bwi-wto/wbank/2003/0626blocks.htm US Blocks Stronger African Voice At World Bank] Retrieved 7 August 2007.</ref> Because the U.S. exerts formal and informal influence over the bank as a result of its vote share, control over the presidency, and the bank's headquarters location in Washington, D.C., friends and allies of the U.S. receive more projects with more lenient terms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Richard |last2=Dolan |first2=Lindsay R. |date=January 2021 |title=Pleasing the Principal: U.S. Influence in World Bank Policymaking |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12531 |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=36–51 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12531 |issn=0092-5853}}</ref>

===World Bank Group agencies===
The World Bank Group consists of
* the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD), established in 1944, which provides debt financing based on sovereign guarantees;
* the [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC), established in 1956, which provides various forms of financing without sovereign guarantees, primarily to the private sector;
* the [[International Development Association]] (IDA), established in 1960, which provides concessional financing (interest-free loans or grants), usually with sovereign guarantees;
* the [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID), established in 1965, which works with governments to reduce investment risk;
* the [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA), established in 1988, which provides insurance against certain types of risk, including political risk, primarily to the private sector.

The term "World Bank" generally refers to just the IBRD and IDA, whereas the term "World Bank Group" or "WBG" is used to refer to all five institutions collectively.<ref name="WBA">[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:20040580~menuPK:1696997~pagePK:51123644~piPK:329829~theSitePK:29708,00.html "About Us"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611073612/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:20040580~menuPK:1696997~pagePK:51123644~piPK:329829~theSitePK:29708,00.html |date=11 June 2012 }}, ''wordbank.org'', accessed 30 May 2007.</ref>

The [[World Bank Institute]] is the capacity development branch of the World Bank, providing learning and other capacity-building programs to member countries.

The IBRD has 189 member governments, and the other institutions have between 153 and 184.<ref name="WBG Member Countries" /> The institutions of the World Bank Group are all run by a board of governors meeting once a year.<ref name=WBA/> Each member country appoints a governor, generally its minister of finance. Daily, the World Bank Group is run by a board of 25 executive directors to whom the governors have delegated certain powers. Each director represents either one country (for the largest countries), or a group of countries. Executive directors are appointed by their respective governments or the constituencies.<ref name=WBA/>

The agencies of the World Bank are each governed by their Articles of Agreement that serves as the legal and institutional foundation for all their work.<ref name=WBA/>

The activities of the [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]] and [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency|MIGA]] include investment in the private sector and providing insurance, respectively.

===Presidency===
Traditionally, the bank president has been a U.S. citizen nominated by the president of the United States, the bank's largest shareholder. The nominee is subject to confirmation by the executive directors, to serve a five-year, renewable term.<ref name=WBA/>

====Current president====
[[Ajay Banga]] is the current and 14th [[president of the World Bank Group]].

===Managing director===
The World Bank Group has several Managing Directors, each with different areas of responsibility. These responsibilities include organizational strategy; budget and strategic planning; information technology; shared services; Corporate Procurement; General Services and Corporate Security; the Sanctions System; and the Conflict Resolution and Internal Justice System.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Group Leadership |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/who-we-are/leadership |website=World Bank Group |access-date=9 November 2025}}</ref>

===Extractive Industries Review===
After longstanding criticisms from civil society of the bank's involvement in the oil, gas, and mining sectors, the World Bank in July 2001 launched an independent review called the ''Extractive Industries Review'' (EIR—not to be confused with [[Environmental impact assessment|Environmental Impact Report]]). The review was headed by an "Eminent Person", [[Emil Salim]] (former Environment Minister of Indonesia). Salim held consultations with a wide range of stakeholders in 2002 and 2003. The EIR recommendations were published in January 2004 in a final report, "Striking a Better Balance".<ref name="SBB">[http://go.worldbank.org/PIW55278X0 "Striking a Better Balance"], ''worldbank.org'', January 2004, accessed 30 May 2007.</ref> The report concluded that fossil fuel and mining projects do not alleviate poverty, and recommended that World Bank involvement with these sectors be phased out by 2008 to be replaced by investment in [[renewable energy]] and [[Sustainable energy|clean energy]]. The World Bank published its Management Response to the EIR in September 2004<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/finaleirmanagementresponse.pdf "Striking a Better Balance"], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051113021620/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/finaleirmanagementresponse.pdf |date=13 November 2005 }}, "World Bank Group Management Response" to "The World Bank Group and Extractive Industries: The Final Report of the Extractive Industries Review: World Bank Group Management Response",17 September 2004, accessed 30 May 2007.</ref> after extensive discussions with the board of directors. The Management Response did not accept many of the EIR report's conclusions, but the EIR served to alter the World Bank's policies on oil, gas, and mining in important ways, as the World Bank documented in a recent follow-up report.<ref name="OGMC">[http://go.worldbank.org/BE8FH2VK40 "Oil, Gas, Mining, and Chemicals" (follow up report)]{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, accessed 30 May 2007.</ref> One area of particular controversy concerned the rights of indigenous peoples. Critics point out that the Management Response weakened a key recommendation that indigenous peoples and affected communities should have to provide 'consent for projects to proceed; instead, there would be 'consultation'.<ref>[http://www.newint.org/columns/currents/2004/11/01/sustainability/index.php "The Energy Tug of War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930183611/http://www.newint.org/columns/currents/2004/11/01/sustainability/index.php |date=30 September 2007 }}, ''[[The New Internationalist]]'', No. 373 (November 2004), accessed 30 May 2007.</ref> Following the EIR process, the World Bank issued a revised Policy on Indigenous Peoples.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080507073514/http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/B52929624EB2A3538525672E00775F66/0F7D6F3F04DD70398525672C007D08ED?OpenDocument "World Bank Operational Manual: Operational Policies: Indigenous Peoples" (Op 4.10)], ''worldbank.org'', July 2005, accessed 30 May 2007. Archived version from 7 May 2008</ref>

== Methods ==
The World Bank plays a significant role in global economic governance due to its broad mandate, its vast resource base, its frequent and regular interactions with governments as clients, and its many publications and databases.<ref name=":1" /> In 2020, the World Bank's total commitments amounted to USD 77.1 billion and it operated in 145 countries.<ref name=":1" /> World Bank projects cover a range of areas from building schools to fighting disease, [[WASH|providing water]] and electricity, and environmental protection.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=van Driel |first1=Melanie |last2=Biermann |first2=Frank |last3=Vijge |first3=Marjanneke J |last4=Kim |first4=Rakhyun E|date=2023|title=How the World Bank Engages with the Sustainable Development Goal on Reducing Inequalities: A Case of Organizational Jiu-Jitsu|url=https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/doi/10.1093/isagsq/ksad035/7223538 |journal=Global Studies Quarterly|language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=ksad035 |doi=10.1093/isagsq/ksad035 |issn=2634-3797|doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>

As a guideline to the World Bank's operations in any particular country, a Country Assistance Strategy is produced in cooperation with the local government and any interested stakeholders and may rely on analytical work performed by the bank or other parties.

The World Bank's [[negative pledge]] clause prohibits its debtor countries from using public assets to repay other creditors before they repay the World Bank.<ref name=":Chen">{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Muyang |title=The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501775857 |location=Ithaca and London |jstor=10.7591/jj.6230186}}</ref>{{Rp|page=134}}

=== Environmental and social safeguards ===
To ensure that World Bank-financed operations do not compromise these goals but instead add to their realisation, the following environmental, social, and legal safeguards were defined: Environmental Assessment, Indigenous Peoples, Involuntary Resettlement, Physical Cultural Resources, Forests, Natural Habitats, Pest Management, Safety of Dams, Projects in Disputed Areas, Projects on International Waterways, and Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities.<ref>{{cite web |author=The World Bank |title=Environmental and Social Policies |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/environmental-and-social-policies#safeguards |access-date=4 December 2020 |publisher=World Bank Group}}</ref>

At the World Bank's 2012 annual meeting in Tokyo, a review of these safeguards was initiated, which was welcomed by several civil society organisations.<ref>{{cite web |author=Korinna Horta |date=February 2013 |title=Most relevant review |work=D+C |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/world-bank-reviewing-its-social-and-environmental-safeguards-and-civil-society-organisations |publisher=dandc.eu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717150121/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/world-bank-reviewing-its-social-and-environmental-safeguards-and-civil-society-organisations |archive-date=17 July 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, the World Bank developed a new Environmental and Social Framework, which has been in implementation since 1 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web |author=The World Bank |date=October 2018 |title=Environmental and Social Framework |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/environmental-and-social-framework |publisher=World Bank Group}}</ref>

The World Bank or the World Bank Group is also a sitting observer in the [[United Nations Sustainable Development Group]].<ref name="UN Development Group 2012">{{cite web |author=United Nations Development Group |title=UNDG Members |url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=19 August 2012 |publisher=United Nations }}</ref>

=== Loans for environmental protection ===
Beginning in 1989, in response to harsh criticism from many groups, the bank began including environmental groups and NGOs in its loans to mitigate the past effects of its development policies that had prompted the criticism.<ref name="Goldman 2005" />{{rp|93–97}} It also formed an implementing agency, in accordance with the Montreal Protocols, to stop [[Ozone depletion|ozone-depletion]] damage to the Earth's atmosphere by phasing out the use of 95% of ozone-depleting chemicals, with a target date of 2015. Since then, in accordance with its so-called "Six Strategic Themes", the bank has put various additional policies into effect to preserve the environment while promoting development. For example, in 1991, the bank announced that to protect against [[deforestation]], especially [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|in the Amazon]], it would not finance any commercial logging or infrastructure projects that harm the environment.

=== Poverty reduction strategies ===
For the poorest developing countries in the world, the bank's assistance plans are based on [[Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper|poverty reduction strategies]]; by combining an analysis of local groups with an analysis of the country's financial and economic situation the World Bank develops a plan pertaining to the country in question. The government then identifies the country's priorities and targets for the reduction of poverty, and the World Bank instigates its aid efforts correspondingly.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Forty-five countries pledged US$25.1 billion in "aid for the world's poorest countries", aid that goes to the World Bank [[International Development Association]] (IDA), which distributes the loans to eighty poorer countries. Wealthier [[nations]] sometimes fund their own aid projects, including those for diseases. Robert B. Zoellick, the former president of the World Bank, said when the loans were announced on 15 December 2007, that IDA money "is the core funding that the poorest developing countries rely on".<ref name="Landler 2007">{{Cite news |author=Landler, Mark |date=15 December 2007 |title=Britain Overtakes U.S. as Top World Bank Donor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/15/world/15worldbank.html |access-date=14 August 2011 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

World Bank organizes the [[World Bank Development Marketplace Award|Development Marketplace Awards]], a grant program that surfaces and funds development projects with potential for development impact that are scalable or replicable. The grant beneficiaries are social enterprises with projects that aim to deliver social and public services to groups with the lowest incomes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 26 Great Innovative Ideas that received the World Bank Grant Awards |url=https://www.fundsforngos.org/updates/the-26-great-innovative-ideas-that-received-the-world-bank-grant-awards/ |access-date=2026-05-12 |website=www.fundsforngos.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Development Marketplace Grants: Three Success Stories |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2010/01/05/development-marketplace-grants-three-success-stories |access-date=2026-05-12 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref>

=== Efforts to reduce economic inequality ===

In 2013 the bank adopted the concept of ''shared prosperity'' as one of the World Bank's "Twin Goals" for that year, with the other one focusing on poverty reduction, aiming to reduce the share of people in extreme poverty to 3 percent of the global population by 2030.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5_HBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=A measured approach to ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity: concepts, data, and the twin goals |date=2015 |publisher=World Bank |isbn=978-1-4648-0361-1 |editor-last=Kraay |editor-first=Aart |series=The World Bank Policy Research Report |location=Washington/D.C |editor-last2=Chen |editor-first2=Shaohua |editor-last3=Jolliffe |editor-first3=Dean |editor-last4=Vakis |editor-first4=Renos |editor-last5=Prydz |editor-first5=Espen Beer |editor-last6=Weltbank}}</ref> The bank defined ''shared prosperity'' as increasing the income of the bottom 40 percent of the population in each country. As a result, reducing economic inequality, in this definition, had become an integral part of the World Bank's objectives.<ref name=":1" />

The World Bank has been criticized for not embracing the reduction of economic inequality (be it economic inequality within a country, or [[international inequality]] between countries) as a goal. Instead, the bank has taken an instrumental approach to the issue, in which economic inequality policies were seen as useful as long as they contributed to reducing (extreme) poverty or promoting average economic growth.<ref name=":1" />

As part of the ''[[2030 Agenda]]'', [[Sustainable Development Goal 10]] (SDG 10) aim to reduce inequalities within countries and among countries. World Bank officials participated in the negotiations for SDG 10 in the years prior to 2015. They advocated for the adoption of the bank's own preferred benchmarks.<ref name=":1" /> The World Bank is also one of nine custodian agencies for SDG 10.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=van Driel |first1=Melanie |last2=Biermann |first2=Frank |last3=Kim |first3=Rakhyun E. |last4=Vijge |first4=Marjanneke J. |date=2022 |title=International organisations as 'custodians' of the sustainable development goals? Fragmentation and coordination in sustainability governance |journal=Global Policy |language=en |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1111/1758-5899.13114 |issn=1758-5880 |pmc=9796348 |pmid=36590104}}</ref>

The bank has stated its ambition to help catalyze the SDGs through "thought leadership, global convening, and country-level uptake". However, scholars have stated that the World Bank strategically uses the power of the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs) in its favor to reinforce its own policies or interests while minimizing the chance of being itself reshaped or transformed by these goals.<ref name=":1" />

=== United Nations Department of Global Communications ===
Based on an agreement between the United Nations and the World Bank in 1981, ''[[Development Business]]'' became the official source for World Bank Procurement Notices, Contract Awards, and Project Approvals.<ref name="Development Business 2012">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.devbusiness.com/DevBusinessViewer.aspx?Content=AboutUNDBPage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813071156/http://www.devbusiness.com/DevBusinessViewer.aspx?Content=AboutUNDBPage |archive-date=13 August 2012 |access-date=19 August 2012 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

In 1998, the agreement was renegotiated, and included in this agreement was a joint venture to create an online version of the publication. Today, ''Development Business'' is the primary publication for all major multilateral development banks, U.N. agencies, and several national governments, many of which have made the publication of their tenders and contracts in ''Development Business'' a mandatory requirement.<ref name="Development Business 2012" />

=== Open data and open knowledge repository ===
The World Bank collects and processes large amounts of data and generates them on the basis of economic models. These data and models have gradually been made available to the public in a way that encourages reuse,<ref name="Strom 2011">{{Cite news |author=Strom, Stephanie |date=2 July 2011 |title=World Bank Is Opening Its Treasure Chest of Data |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/business/global/03world.html |access-date=20 August 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> whereas the recent publications describing them are available as [[open access]] under a [[Creative Commons Licenses|Creative Commons Attribution License]], for which the bank received the SPARC Innovator 2012 award.<ref name="SPARC 2012">{{cite web |author=SPARC |title=SPARC Innovator: The World Bank |url=http://www.arl.org/sparc/media/World_Bank_SPARC_Innovator.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708233824/http://www.arl.org/sparc/media/World_Bank_SPARC_Innovator.shtml |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=11 July 2012 |publisher=Association of Research Libraries}}</ref>

The World Bank hosts the [[Open Knowledge Repository]] as an official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products.<ref>{{cite web |title=Open Knowledge Repository (OKR) |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=22 October 2013 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> The World Bank's repository is listed in the [[Registry of Research Data Repositories]] re3data.org.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Entry in re3data.org |url=http://service.re3data.org/repository/r3d100000042 |access-date=21 July 2014 |website=www.re3data.org |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023646/http://service.re3data.org/repository/r3d100000042 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The World Bank also endorses the [[Principles for Digital Development]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Vasdev |first=Samhir |date=18 April 2016 |title=Why the World Bank endorses the Principles for Digital Development |url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/why-world-bank-endorses-principles-digital-development |website=Information and Communications for Development |access-date=25 July 2025 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218181434/http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/why-world-bank-endorses-principles-digital-development |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== International Health Partnership ===
Together with the [[World Health Organization]], the World Bank administers the [[International Health Partnership]] (IHP+). IHP+ is a group of partners committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work together to put international principles for [[aid effectiveness]] and development cooperation into practice in the health sector. IHP+ mobilizes national governments, development agencies, civil society, and others to support a single, country-led national health strategy in a well-coordinated way.

=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
In September 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the World Bank announced a $12 billion plan to supply "low and middle income countries" with a vaccine once it was approved.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elliot |first=Larry |date=29 September 2020 |title=World Bank announces $12bn plan for poor countries to buy Covid vaccines |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/sep/29/world-bank-announces-plan-poor-countries-buy-covid-vaccines |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In June 2022, the bank reported that $10.1 billion had been allocated to supply 78 countries with the vaccine<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Support for Country Access to COVID-19 Vaccines |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/news/coronavirus-covid19/world-bank-support-for-country-access-to-covid-19-vaccines |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref>

The US Treasury has committed $667 million for the World Bank's global Pandemic Fund, a third of the $2 billion the fund hopes to raise.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 July 2024 |title=United States Announces Up to $667 Million Planned Contribution to the Pandemic Fund to Support Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2481 |agency=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY}}</ref> The Pandemic Fund, established in September 2022, is a collaborative initiative among countries, implementing partners, philanthropies, and civil society organizations. It aims to fund investments that address critical gaps in pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response capacities at national, regional, and global levels, with a particular focus on [[low- and middle-income countries]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Pandemic Fund |url=https://fiftrustee.worldbank.org/en/about/unit/dfi/fiftrustee/fund-detail/pppr |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=The World Bank}}</ref>

The World Bank has been criticized for the slow response of its [[Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility]] (PEF), a fund that was created to provide money to help manage pandemic outbreaks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Seibt |first=Sébastian |name-list-style=vanc |date=26 February 2020 |title='Useless' pandemic bonds offer little hope for dealing with coronavirus |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200226-coronavirus-pandemic-bonds |access-date=4 March 2020 |publisher=France 24}}</ref> The terms of the PEF, which is financed by bonds sold to private investors, prevent any money from being released from the fund until 12 weeks after the outbreak was initially detected (23 March). The COVID-19 pandemic met all other requirements for the funding to be released in January 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gross |first=Anna |name-list-style=vanc |date=25 February 2020 |title=World Bank's pandemic bonds sink as coronavirus spreads |url=https://www.ft.com/content/70dd05ac-54d8-11ea-8841-482eed0038b1 |access-date=4 March 2020 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

== Response to climate change ==
{{See also|Climate finance}}
World Bank President [[Jim Yong Kim]] said in 2012:

<blockquote>A 4-degree warmer world can, and must be, avoided—we need to hold warming below 2 degrees ... Lack of action on climate change threatens to make the world our children inherit a completely different world than we are living in today. Climate change is one of the single biggest challenges facing development, and we need to assume the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations, especially the poorest.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=New Report Examines Risks of 4 Degree Hotter World by End of Century |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/11/18/new-report-examines-risks-of-degree-hotter-world-by-end-of-century |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 October 2013 |date=18 November 2012}}</ref></blockquote>

In December 2017, Kim announced the World Bank would no longer finance [[fossil fuel]] development.<ref>Ness, Erik, "The Cost of Skepticism", ''Brown Alumni Monthly,'' March/April 2018, p.16</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2017|title=World Bank to quit upstream oil and gas projects after 2019|url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/world-bank-to-quit-upstream-oil-and-gas-projects-after-2019-91736|access-date=26 August 2020|website=Devex}}</ref> In 2019, the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] reported that the bank continues to finance fossil fuel infrastructure and that the bank "has yet to meaningfully shift away from fossil fuels."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/world-bank/the-world-bank-is-still-hooked-on-fossil-fuels-despite-climate-pledge/|title=The World Bank is Still Hooked on Fossil Fuels Despite Climate Pledge|website=ICIJ|date=10 April 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> Civil society groups, including [[Extinction Rebellion]], joined with EU finance ministers in November 2019 to call for an end to World Bank funding of fossil fuels.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-finance-ministers-call-for-end-to-fossil-fuel-funding/a-51173077|title=EU finance ministers call for end to fossil fuel funding|last=Camino Gonzalez|first=Jenipher|date=8 November 2019|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2019/10/18/no-more-excuses-world-bank-must-halt-all-funding-fossil-fuels|title=No More Excuses: The World Bank Must Halt All Funding for Fossil Fuels|website=Common Dreams|language=en|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/climate-change-protesters-plan-to-block-downtown-dc-streets-friday-morning/2019/12/05/1d4c1a04-17a7-11ea-9110-3b34ce1d92b1_story.html|title=Climate change protesters block downtown D.C. streets in hours-long protest|last=Lang|first=Marissa J.|date=6 December 2019|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref>

In 2023, U.S. president [[Joe Biden]] nominated [[Ajay Banga]] for president of the World Bank partly due to Banga's support for climate action. The previous president [[David Malpass]] faced criticism for challenging the [[scientific consensus on climate change]].<ref name="Michelle" /> The same year, the UN operationalized the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage, which the World Bank hosts to provide climate finance directly to vulnerable frontline communities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=The Board of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage Holds its Historic First Meeting |url=https://unfccc.int/news/the-board-of-the-fund-for-responding-to-loss-and-damage-holds-its-historic-first-meeting |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=UN Climate Change |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, the bank faced criticism from environmental and animal welfare activists for continuing to finance greenhouse gas intensive [[intensive animal farming|industrial animal agriculture]] operations despite promising to align its investments with the 2015 [[Paris Agreement]]. Between 2018 and 2024, activists say the bank invested $650 million in such projects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferris |first1=Nick |title=Development banks 'still funding industrial livestock despite climate promises' |url=https://www.the-independent.com/climate-change/farming-climate-world-bank-africa-b2831464.html |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=The Independent |date=23 September 2025}}</ref>

==Grants table==

The following table lists the top 15 DAC 5 Digit Sectors<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iatistandard.org/202/codelists/Sector/ |title=DAC 5 Digit Sector |publisher=The IATI Standard |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> to which the World Bank has committed funding, as recorded in its [[International Aid Transparency Initiative]] (IATI) publications. The World Bank states on the IATI Registry website that the amounts "will cover 100% of [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]] and [[International Development Association|IDA]] development flows" but will not cover other development flows.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iatiregistry.org/publisher/about/worldbank |title=About - The World Bank - IATI Registry |access-date=4 September 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921221840/https://iatiregistry.org/publisher/about/worldbank |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!
! colspan="12" | Committed funding (US$ millions)
|-
! Sector !! Before 2007 !! 2007 !! 2008 !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 !! 2013 !! 2014 !! 2015 !! 2016 !! Sum
|-
| [[Road transport]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,654.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,993.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,501.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,550.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,032.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,603.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,852.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,883.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,081.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,922.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 723.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,799.8
|-
| Social/ welfare services
| style="text-align:right;" | 613.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 208.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 185.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,878.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,477.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,493.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,498.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,592.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,745.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,537.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 73.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 15,303.5
|-
| Electrical transmission/ distribution
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,292.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 862.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,740.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,435.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,465.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 907.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,614.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 395.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,457.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,632.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 374.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 15,177.8
|-
| Public finance management
| style="text-align:right;" | 334.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 223.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 499.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 129.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 455.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 346.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,156.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,724.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,160.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,438.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 690.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 14,158.6
|-
| [[Rail transport]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 279.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 284.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,289.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 912.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 892.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,487.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 841.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 740.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,964.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,172.2
| style="text-align:right;" | −1.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,862.5
|-
| [[Rural development]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 335.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 237.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 382.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 616.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,317.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 972.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 944.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 177.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 380.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,090.3
| style="text-align:right;" | −2.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,452.4
|-
| Urban development and management
| style="text-align:right;" | 261.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 375.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 733.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 739.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 542.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,308.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 914.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 258.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 747.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,122.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 212.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,214.9
|-
| Business support services and institutions
| style="text-align:right;" | 113.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 20.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 721.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 181.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 363.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 514.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 310.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 760.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,281.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,996.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 491.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,753.7
|-
| [[Energy policy]] and administrative management
| style="text-align:right;" | 102.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 243.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 324.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 234.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 762.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 654.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 902.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 480.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,594.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,001.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 347.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,648.0
|-
| Agricultural [[water resources]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 733.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 749.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 84.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 251.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 780.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 819.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 618.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,040.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,214.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 824.0
| style="text-align:right;" | −105.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,011.0
|-
| Decentralisation and support to subnational government
| style="text-align:right;" | 904.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 107.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 176.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 206.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 331.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 852.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 880.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 466.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,417.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 432.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 821.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,597.3
|-
| [[Disaster risk reduction|Disaster prevention and preparedness]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 66.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 260.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 417.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 609.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 852.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 373.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,267.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,759.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 114.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,733.5
|-
| [[Sanitation]] - large systems
| style="text-align:right;" | 441.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 679.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 521.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 422.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 613.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,209.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 268.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 55.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 890.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 900.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 93.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,096.3
|-
| [[Water supply]] - large systems
| style="text-align:right;" | 646.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 438.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 298.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 486.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 845.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 640.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 469.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 250.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,332.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 609.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 224.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,241.3
|-
| [[Health policy]] and administrative management
| style="text-align:right;" | 661.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 54.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 285.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 673.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,581.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 799.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 251.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 426.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 154.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 368.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 496.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,753.1
|-
! Other
! style="text-align:right;" | 13,162.7
! style="text-align:right;" | 6,588.3
! style="text-align:right;" | 8,707.1
! style="text-align:right;" | 11,425.7
! style="text-align:right;" | 17,099.5
! style="text-align:right;" | 11,096.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 16,873.4
! style="text-align:right;" | 13,967.1
! style="text-align:right;" | 20,057.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 21,096.5
! style="text-align:right;" | 3,070.3
! style="text-align:right;" | 140,074.5
|-
! Total
! style="text-align:right;" | 24,602.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 13,069.4
! style="text-align:right;" | 17,712.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 27,152.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 33,975.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 26,314.8
! style="text-align:right;" | 34,248.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 27,593.9
! style="text-align:right;" | 43,748.8
! style="text-align:right;" | 41,905.2
! style="text-align:right;" | 7,624.5
! style="text-align:right;" | 297,948.5
|}

== People ==

===Presidents===
The president of the bank is the president of the entire World Bank Group. The president is responsible for chairing meetings of the boards of directors and for overall management of the bank.

Traditionally, based on a tacit understanding between the United States and Europe, the [[2012 World Bank Group presidential election|president of the World Bank]] has been selected from candidates nominated by the United States, the largest shareholder in the bank. The World Bank tends to lend more readily to countries that are friendly with the United States, not because of direct U.S. influence but because of the employees of the World Bank.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Richard |last2=Dolan |first2=Lindsay |year=2021 |title=Pleasing the Principal: US Influence in World Bank Policymaking |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12531 |journal=American Journal of Political Science |volume=65 |pages=36–51 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12531 |s2cid=219757123 |access-date=8 December 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The nominee is subject to confirmation by the board of executive directors to serve a five-year, renewable term. While most World Bank presidents have had banking experience, some have not.<ref name="Hurlburt 2012">{{Cite news |author=Hurlburt, Heather |date=23 March 2012 |title=Why Jim Yong Kim would make a great World Bank president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/mar/23/jim-yong-kim-world-bank-president |access-date=23 March 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |quote=Kim is a naturalized US citizen who was born in Korea.}}</ref><ref name="World Bank Leadership 2012">{{cite web |author=World Bank |title=Leadership |url=http://go.worldbank.org/HWEWI4KIO0 |access-date=17 July 2012 |publisher=World Bank Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222005556/http://go.worldbank.org/HWEWI4KIO0 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 March 2012, U.S. president [[Barack Obama]] announced that the United States would nominate [[Jim Yong Kim]] as the next president of the bank.<ref name="Office of the Press Secretary 2012">{{Cite news |author=Office of the Press Secretary |date=23 March 2012 |title=President Obama Announces U.S. Nomination of Dr. Jim Yong Kim to Lead World Bank |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/23/president-obama-announces-us-nomination-dr-jim-yong-kim-lead-world-bank |access-date=23 March 2012 |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> Jim Yong Kim was elected on 27 April 2012 and reelected to a second five-year term in 2017. He announced his resignation effective 1 February 2019 and<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2019 |title=Jim Yong Kim steps down as President of World Bank |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46787840 |work=BBC News}}</ref> was replaced on an interim basis by now-former World Bank CEO [[Kristalina Georgieva]], then by [[David Malpass]] on 9 April 2019. Malpass faced criticism in 2023 as he had "sparked outcry by appearing to question the [[Causes of climate change|role of humans in climate change]]".<ref name="Michelle">{{cite news |last1=Fleury |first1=Michelle |date=4 May 2023 |title=Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65474459 |access-date=7 May 2023 |agency=BBC}}</ref>

In 2023, a new president was appointed: [[Ajay Banga]]. His term began on 2 June 2023. He was supported by the American president [[Joe Biden]] partly because he supports climate action.<ref name="Michelle" /> He is also expected to help low-income countries deal with debts. He is the first Indian American to lead the bank.<ref name="Michelle" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Presidents of the World Bank
|-
! Name
! Dates
! Nationality
! Previous work
|-
| [[Eugene Meyer (financier)|Eugene Meyer]]
| 1946–1946
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Newspaper publisher and [[Chair of the Federal Reserve|Chairman of the Federal Reserve]]
|-
| [[John J. McCloy]]
| 1947–1949
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Lawyer and [[United States Secretary of War|United States Assistant Secretary of War]]
|-
| {{nowrap|[[Eugene R. Black, Sr.]]}}
| 1949–1963
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Bank executive with [[Chase Bank]] and executive director with the World Bank
|-
| [[George David Woods|George Woods]]
| 1963–1968
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Bank executive with [[First Boston]]
|-
| [[Robert McNamara]]
| 1968–1981
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| President of the [[Ford Motor Company]], [[United States Secretary of Defense]] under presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|-
| [[Alden W. Clausen]]
| 1981–1986
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Lawyer, bank executive with [[Bank of America]]
|-
| [[Barber Conable]]
| 1986–1991
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| New York State Senator and US Congressman
|-
| [[Lewis Thompson Preston|Lewis T. Preston]]
| 1991–1995
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Bank executive with [[J.P. Morgan & Co.]]
|-
| {{nowrap| [[James Wolfensohn]]}}
| 1995–2005
|{{flagcountry|United States}} and {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| Wolfensohn was a naturalised American citizen before taking office. Corporate lawyer and banker
|-
| [[Paul Wolfowitz]]
| 2005–2007
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Indonesia|US Ambassador to Indonesia]], US Deputy Secretary of Defense, dean of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, a prominent architect of [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], resigned World Bank post due to ethics scandal<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/42f29804-e8ae-11db-b2c3-000b5df10621 |title=Wolfowitz Laid Out Terms for Partner's Pay Package |newspaper=The Financial Times |date=12 April 2007 |accessdate=14 May 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Robert Zoellick]]
| 2007–2012
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| [[United States Deputy Secretary of State]] and [[Office of the United States Trade Representative|US Trade Representative]]
|-
| [[Jim Yong Kim]]
| 2012–2019
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|Former Chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at [[Harvard Medical School|Harvard]], president of [[Dartmouth College]], naturalized American citizen<ref name="Hurlburt 2012" />
|-
|[[Kristalina Georgieva]] (acting)
|2019
|{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
|Former [[European Commissioner for Budget and Administration|European Commissioner for the Budget and Human Resources]] and 2010's "European of the Year"
|-
|[[David Malpass]]
|2019–2023
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| [[Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs]]
|-
|[[Ajay Banga]]
|2023–present
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Former head of [[Mastercard]]<ref name="Michelle" />
|}

=== Vice presidents and boards of directors ===
The vice presidents of the bank are its principal managers, in charge of regions, sectors, networks and functions. There are two executive vice presidents, three senior vice presidents, and 24 vice presidents.<ref name="World Bank Senior Management 2012">{{cite web |author=World Bank |title=Senior Management |url=http://go.worldbank.org/DHWEE5LGQ0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416051123/http://go.worldbank.org/DHWEE5LGQ0 |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=12 August 2012 |publisher=World Bank Group}}</ref>

The boards of directors consist of the World Bank Group president and 25 executive directors. The president is the presiding officer, and ordinarily has no vote except to break a tie. The executive directors as individuals cannot exercise any power or commit or represent the bank unless the boards specifically authorized them to do so. With the term beginning 1 November 2010, the number of executive directors increased by one, to 25.<ref name="World Bank Boards of Directors 2012">{{cite web |author=World Bank |title=Boards of Directors |url=http://go.worldbank.org/LHHOT1LSW0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416051730/http://go.worldbank.org/LHHOT1LSW0 |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=12 August 2012 |publisher=World Bank Group}}</ref>

===Chief economists===
{{Main|World Bank Chief Economist}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+World Bank chief economists<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-24/romer-steps-down-as-world-bank-chief-economist-after-rocky-stint|title=Paul Romer Steps Down as World Bank Chief Economist After Rocky Stint|last=Mayeda|first=Andrew|date=24 January 2018|newspaper=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>
|-
! Name
! Dates
! Nationality
|-
| [[Hollis B. Chenery]]
| 1972–1982
| rowspan="2" |{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| [[Anne Osborn Krueger]]
| 1982–1986
|-
| [[Stanley Fischer]]
| 1988–1990
|{{flagcountry|United States}} and {{flagcountry|Israel}}
|-
| [[Lawrence Summers]]
| 1991–1993
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| [[Michael Bruno (economist)|Michael Bruno]]
| 1993–1996
|{{flagcountry|Israel}}
|-
| [[Joseph Stiglitz|Joseph E. Stiglitz]]
| 1997–2000
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| [[Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford|Nicholas Stern]]
| 2000–2003
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|-
| [[François Bourguignon]]
| 2003–2007
|{{flagcountry|France}}
|-
| [[Justin Yifu Lin]]
| 2008–2012
|{{flagcountry|China}}
|-
| [[Kaushik Basu]]
| 2012–2016
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|-
| [[Paul Romer]]
| 2016–2018
| rowspan="3" |{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| [[Shanta Devarajan]] (Acting)
| 2018–2018
|-
| [[Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg|Penny Goldberg]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yale.edu/2018/04/26/yales-penny-goldberg-appointed-chief-economist-world-bank |title=Yale's Penny Goldberg appointed chief economist at the World Bank |date=26 April 2018 |access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=World Bank Group President Appoints Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg as Chief Economist |url= http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/26/world-bank-group-president-appoints-pinelopi-koujianou-goldberg-as-chief-economist| access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/world-bank-lose-second-chief-172500978.html|title=World Bank Loses Chief Economist in under 15 months|last=Lawder|first=David|date=5 February 2020|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
| 2018–2020
|-
| Aart Kraay (Acting)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/world-bank-chief-economist-announces-resignation-12399274|title=World Bank Chief Economist announces resignation|date=6 February 2020|work=[[Channel News Asia]]|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206014827/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/world-bank-chief-economist-announces-resignation-12399274|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aart Kraay |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/people/a/aart-kraay |publisher=World Bank |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
| 2020–2020
|
|-
| [[Carmen Reinhart]]
| 2020–2022
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
|[[Indermit Gill]]
|2022–present
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|}

=== Staff ===
In 2020, the World Bank had 12,300 full-time staff, and it operated in 145 countries.<ref name=":1" />

=== Politicians who were World Bank employees ===
Some notable [[politicians]] who worked for the World Bank include:
* [[Ashraf Ghani]], was Lead Anthropologist at the World Bank and President of [[Afghanistan]] (2014–2021).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashraf Ghani {{!}} president of Afghanistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ashraf-Ghani|access-date=23 August 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]] was the chief adviser of the interim [[Government of Bangladesh]] during the [[2006–2008 Bangladeshi political crisis|political crisis of 2006–2008]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 933|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/01/13/d7011301011.htm|access-date=23 August 2021|work=The Daily Star}}</ref>
* [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]], former World Bank Managing Director who held several posts in the government of [[Nigeria]], including Minister of Finance.
* [[Sri Mulyani Indrawati]], former World Bank Managing Director and former Minister of Finance of [[Indonesia]] (2005–2010 & 2016–2025)
* [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], World Bank Director for West Africa and President of [[Liberia]] (2006–2018).

===List of World Bank Directors-General of Evaluation===
{{Main|World Bank Director-General Evaluation}}

*Christopher Willoughby, Successively Unit Chief, Division Chief, and Department Director for Operations Evaluation (1970–1976)
*Mervyn L. Weiner, First Director-General, Operations Evaluation (1975–1984)
*Yves Rovani, Director-General, Operations Evaluation (1986–1992)
*Robert Picciotto, Director-General, Operations Evaluation (1992–2002)
*Gregory K. Ingram, Director-General, Operations Evaluation (2002–2005)
*Vinod Thomas, Director-General, Evaluation (2005–2011)
*Caroline Heider, Director-General, Evaluation (2011–present)

==Criticisms and controversy{{anchor|Criticisms}}==
[[File:Worldbank protest jakarta.jpg|thumb|A young World Bank protester in [[Jakarta, Indonesia|Jakarta]], Indonesia]]
[[File:IMF and World Bank protests - damage in Logan Circle.jpg|thumb|World Bank/[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] protesters smashed the windows of this [[PNC Financial Services|PNC Bank]] branch located in the [[Logan Circle, Washington, D.C.|Logan Circle]] neighbourhood of Washington, D.C.]]
The World Bank has long been criticized by non-governmental organizations, such as the indigenous rights group [[Survival International]], and academics, including [[Henry Hazlitt]], [[Ludwig Von Mises]], and [[Joseph Stiglitz]], former Chief Economist for the World Bank.<ref name="Stiglitz 2003a">{{Cite book | title = The Roaring Nineties: A New History of the World's Most Prosperous Decade | author = Stiglitz, Joseph E. | year = 2003 | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-393-05852-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/roaringninetiesn00stig }}</ref><ref name="Stiglitz 2003b">{{Cite book | title = Globalization and Its Discontents | author = Stiglitz, Joseph E. | year = 2003 | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-393-32439-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/globalizationits00stig_0 }}</ref><ref name="Stiglitz 2007">{{Cite book | title = Making Globalization Work | author = Stiglitz, Joseph E. | year = 2007 | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-393-33028-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/makingglobalizat00stig }}</ref>
Stiglitz is equally critical of the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[US Treasury Department]], and the US and other developed country trade negotiators.<ref name="stiglitz">See [[Joseph Stiglitz]], ''[[The Roaring Nineties]]'', ''[[Globalization and Its Discontents]]'', and ''[[Making Globalization Work]]''.</ref> Hazlitt argued that the World Bank along with the monetary system it was designed within would promote world inflation and "a world in which international trade is State-dominated" when they were being advocated.<ref name="Hazlitt 1984">{{Cite book | title = From Bretton Woods to World Inflation: A Study of the Causes and Consequences | author = Hazlitt, Henry | year = 1984 | publisher = Regnery Publishing | location = Washington, D.C. | isbn = 978-0-89526-617-0}}</ref> Stiglitz argued that the [[free market]] reform policies that the bank advocates are often harmful to [[economic development]] if implemented badly, too quickly ("[[shock therapy (economics)|shock therapy]]"), in the wrong sequence or in weak, uncompetitive economies.<ref name="Stiglitz 2003b" /><ref name="Schneider 2002">{{Cite encyclopedia | title = World Markets: Anthropological Perspectives | author = Schneider, Jane | encyclopedia = Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines | editor = MacClancy, Jeremy | year = 2002 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 978-0-226-50013-3 | url = https://archive.org/details/exoticnomoreanth00macc }}</ref> Ludwig von Mises opposed institutions like the World Bank because he believed they replace market-based investment controlled by the collective decisions of voluntary participants with politically driven lending controlled by bureaucrats who are shielded from the consequences of their actions. He argued this practice distorts prices and interest rates leading to ''malinvestment'', or inefficient use of capital (see [[economic calculation problem]]). He also warned such systems raise [[moral hazard]] by encouraging government dependency and poor economic decision-making.<ref>Derviş, Kemal (2004). ''The Bretton Woods Institutions after 60 Years: Some Thoughts on Markets, Governance and the Role of the IMF''. Oesterreichische Nationalbank. Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/264838/1/OeNB-Workshop-No-03.pdf</ref>

World Bank loan agreements can also force procurements of goods and services at uncompetitive, non-free-market, prices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Word - IFI Watch Bangladesh_Vol_1 No_1.doc |url=http://www.unnayan.org/Other/IFI_Watch_Bangladesh_Vol_1%20No_1.pdf |access-date=31 May 2010 |archive-date=8 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041108100213/http://www.unnayan.org/Other/IFI_Watch_Bangladesh_Vol_1%20No_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Rp|5}} Other critical writers, such as [[John Perkins (author)|John Perkins]], label the international financial institutions as 'illegal and illegitimate and a cog of coercive American diplomacy in carrying out financial terrorism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Perkins |first=John |title=[[Confessions of an Economic Hit Man]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-452-28708-1 |pages=259|publisher=Plume }}</ref>

Defenders of the World Bank contend that no country is forced to borrow its money. The bank provides both loans and grants. Even the loans are concessional since they are given to countries that have no access to international [[capital market]]s. Furthermore, the loans, both to poor and middle-income countries, are below market-value [[interest rate]]s. The World Bank argues that it can help development more through loans than grants because money repaid on the loans can then be lent for other projects.

The IFC and MIGA and their way of evaluating the social and environmental impact of their projects has also been criticized. Critics state that even though IFC and MIGA have more of these standards than the World Bank, they mostly rely on private-sector clients to monitor their implementation and miss an independent monitoring institution in this context. This is why an extensive review of the institutions' implementation strategy of social and environmental standards is demanded.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Korinna Horta |date=February 2013 |title=Most relevant review |work=D+C |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/world-bank-reviewing-its-social-and-environmental-safeguards-and-civil-society-organisations |publisher=dandc.eu}}</ref>

One of the most common criticisms of the World Bank has been the way it is governed. While the World Bank represents 188 countries, it is run by a small number of economically powerful countries. These countries (which also provide most of the institution's funding) choose the bank's leadership and senior management, and critics argue the interests of these economically powerful nations dominate the World Bank agenda.<ref name="Woods 2007">{{Cite book | title = The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers | author = Woods, Ngaire | year = 2007 | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca, NY | isbn = 978-0-8014-7420-0}}</ref>{{rp|190}} Titus Alexander argues that the unequal voting power of western countries and the World Bank's role in [[Developing country|developing countries]] makes it similar to the South African Development Bank under apartheid, and therefore a pillar of [[global apartheid]].<ref name="Alexander 1996">{{Cite book | title = Unravelling Global Apartheid: An Overview of World Politics | author = Alexander, Titus | year = 1996 | publisher = Polity | location = Cambridge, UK | isbn = 978-0-7456-1352-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/unravellinggloba0000alex }}</ref>{{rp|133–141}}

In the 1990s, the World Bank and the IMF forged the [[Washington Consensus]], policies that included [[deregulation]] and liberalization of markets, privatization and the [[civil service reform in developing countries|downscaling of government]]. Though the Washington Consensus was conceived as a policy that would best promote development, it was criticized for ignoring equity, employment, and how reforms like privatization were carried out. Stiglitz argued that the Washington Consensus placed too much emphasis on GDP growth and not enough on the permanence of growth or on whether growth contributed to better living standards.<ref name="Stiglitz 2007" />{{rp|17}}

The [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] report criticized the World Bank and other international financial institutions for focusing too much "on issuing loans rather than on achieving concrete development results within a finite period of time" and called on the institution to "strengthen anti-corruption efforts".<ref name="Committee on Foreign Relations 2010">{{Cite report | title = The International Financial Institutions: A Call For Change | publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office | date = 2010 | author = Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 111th Congress | url = http://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/55285.pdf | access-date = 20 August 2012}}</ref>

[[James Ferguson (anthropologist)|James Ferguson]] has argued that the main effect of many development projects carried out by the World Bank and similar organizations is not the alleviation of poverty. Instead, the projects often serve to expand the exercise of bureaucratic state power. His case studies of development projects in [[Thaba-Tseka District|Thaba-Tseka]] show that the World Bank's characterization of the economic conditions in [[Lesotho]] was flawed, and the bank ignored the political and cultural character of the state in crafting its projects. As a result, the projects failed to help the poor but succeeded in expanding the government bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferguson|first1=James|last2=Lohmann|first2=Larry|date=September–October 1994|title=The Anti-Politics Machine|url=http://stuz-muk.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Ferguson-The-Anti-Politics-Machine.pdf|journal=The Ecologist|volume=24|issue=5|pages=176–181|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516125652/http://stuz-muk.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Ferguson-The-Anti-Politics-Machine.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Criticism of the World Bank and other organizations often takes the form of protesting, such as the [[World Bank Oslo 2002 Protests]],<ref name="Gibbs 2002">{{Cite news | title = Europe: Norway: Protests As World Bank Meets | author = Gibbs, Walter | date = 25 June 2002 | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/25/world/world-briefing-europe-norway-protests-as-world-bank-meets.html | access-date = 20 August 2012}}</ref> the 2007 [[October Rebellion]],<ref name="Williams & Ruane 2007">{{Cite news | title = Violence Erupts at Protest in Georgetown | author = Williams, Clarence | author2 = Ruane, Michael E. | date = 20 October 2007 | newspaper = The Washington Post | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/19/AR2007101901728.html | access-date = 30 May 2008}}</ref> and the 1999 [[World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity|Battle of Seattle]].<ref name="Wilson 1999">{{Cite news | title = Embattled police chief resigns | author = Wilson, Kimberly A.C. | date = 7 December 1999 | newspaper = Seattle Post-Intelligencer | url = http://www.iatp.org/news/embattled-police-chief-resigns | access-date = 19 May 2008}}</ref> Such demonstrations have occurred all over the world, even among the Brazilian [[Kayapo people]].<ref name="Clendenning 2008">{{cite magazine | title = Amazon Indians Attack Official Over Dam Project | author = Clendenning, Alan | date = 21 May 2008 | agency = Associated Press | magazine = National Geographic | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080521-AP-indians-dam.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528063255/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080521-AP-indians-dam.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 28 May 2008 | access-date = 21 May 2008}}</ref>

Another source of criticism has been the tradition of having an American head the bank, implemented because the United States provides the majority of World Bank funding. "When economists from the World Bank visit poor countries to dispense cash and advice," observed ''[[The Economist]]'' in 2012, "they routinely tell governments to reject cronyism and fill each important job with the best candidate available. It is good advice. The World Bank should take it."<ref name="The Economist 2012">{{Cite news | title = Hats off to Ngozi | date = 31 March 2012 | newspaper = The Economist | url = https://www.economist.com/leaders/2012/03/31/hats-off-to-ngozi |url-access=subscription | access-date = 2 April 2012}}</ref>

In 2021, an independent inquiry of the World Bank's ''Doing Business'' reports by the law firm [[Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr|WilmerHale]] found that World Bank leaders, including then-Chief Executive [[Kristalina Georgieva]] and then-President [[Jim Yong Kim]],<ref name="AP News"/> pressured staff members of the bank to alter data to inflate the rankings for [[China]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Azerbaijan]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Probe finds World Bank changed data to boost China ranking |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/17/probe-finds-world-bank-changed-data-to-boost-china-ranking |work=Al-Jazeera |date=17 September 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906080026/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/17/probe-finds-world-bank-changed-data-to-boost-china-ranking |archive-date= 6 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Investigation finds World Bank leaders pushed staffers to boost rankings for China and Saudi Arabia in high-profile reports |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/17/business/world-bank-investigation/index.html |work=CNN Business |first1=Philip |last1=Wang |date=17 September 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906124411/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/17/business/world-bank-investigation/index.html |archive-date= 6 September 2023 }}</ref>

In September 2023, it was revealed that the World Bank had poured billions of dollars into fossil fuel projects in 2022. Campaigners estimated that about $3.7bn in trade finance was supplied to oil and gas projects despite the World Bank's green pledges.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harvey |first1=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=12 September 2023 |title=World Bank spent billions of dollars backing fossil fuels in 2022, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/12/world-bank-spent-billions-of-dollars-backing-fossil-fuels-in-2022-study-finds |access-date=12 September 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===Allegations of corruption===

[http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/unit/integrity-vice-presidency The World Bank's Integrity Vice Presidency (INT)] is charged with the investigation of internal fraud and corruption, including complaint intake, investigation, and investigation reports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Integrity Vice Presidency - The Investigative Process |url=https://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ORGANIZATION/ORGUNITS/EXTDOII/0,,contentMDK:22641983~menuPK:2452528~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:588921,00.html |access-date=27 May 2012 |publisher=Web.world bank.org |archive-date=10 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210055132/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ORGANIZATION/ORGUNITS/EXTDOII/0,,contentMDK:22641983~menuPK:2452528~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:588921,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Structural adjustment===
The effect of [[structural adjustment]] policies on poor countries has been one of the most significant criticisms of the World Bank.<ref>{{cite book|last=Graeber|first=David|author-link=David Graeber|title=Direct Action: An Ethnography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnTDEQkCoc4C&pg=PA443 |publisher=[[AK Press]]|pages=442–443|isbn=978-1-904859-79-6|year=2009}}</ref> The [[1979 energy crisis]] plunged many countries into economic crisis.<ref name="deVries 1996">{{Cite encyclopedia | title = The World Bank's Focus on Poverty | author = deVries, Barend A. | encyclopedia = The World Bank: Lending on a Global Scale | editor = Griesgraber, Jo Marie | editor2 = Gunter, Bernhard G. | year = 1996 | publisher = Pluto Press | location = London, UK | isbn = 978-0-7453-1049-7}}</ref>{{rp|68}} The World Bank responded with [[structural adjustment loan]]s, which distributed aid to struggling countries while enforcing policy changes in order to reduce inflation and fiscal imbalance. Some of these policies included encouraging [[production (economics)|production]], investment and labour-intensive manufacturing, changing real [[exchange rates]], and altering the distribution of government resources. Structural adjustment policies were most effective in countries with an institutional framework that allowed these policies to be implemented easily. For some countries, particularly in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], economic growth regressed and inflation worsened.

By the late 1980s, some international organizations began to believe that structural adjustment policies were worsening life for the world's poor, due to a reduction in social spending and an increase in the price of food, as subsidies were lifted. It also have been criticized for being [[Debt-trap diplomacy]]. The World Bank changed structural adjustment loans, allowing for social spending to be maintained, and encouraging a slower change to policies such as transfer of subsidies and price rises.<ref name="deVries 1996" />{{rp|70}} In 1999, the World Bank and the IMF introduced the [[Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper]] approach to replace structural adjustment loans.<ref name="Tan 2007">{{Cite encyclopedia | title = The poverty of amnesia: PRSPs in the legacy of structural adjustment | author = Tan, Celine | encyclopedia = The World Bank and Governance: A Decade of Reform and Reaction | editor = Stone, Diane | editor2 = Wright, Christopher | year = 2007 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-415-41282-7}}</ref>{{rp|147}}

===Fairness of assistance conditions===
Some critics,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/treacherousconditions07052003.pdf | title=Treacherous conditions: How IMF and World Bank policies tied to debt relief are undermining development | publisher=World Development Movement | year=2003 | access-date=12 May 2013 | author=Hardstaff, Peter | archive-date=29 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329034727/http://www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/treacherousconditions07052003.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> most prominently the author [[Naomi Klein]], are of the opinion that the World Bank Group's loans and aid have unfair [[terms and conditions|conditions]] attached to them which reflect the interests, financial power and political doctrines (notably the [[Washington Consensus]]) of the bank and the countries that are most influential within it. Among other allegations, Klein says the Group's credibility was damaged "when it forced school fees on students in Ghana in exchange for a loan; when it demanded that Tanzania privatise its water system; when it made telecom privatisation a condition of aid for [[Hurricane Mitch]]; when it demanded labour 'flexibility' in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|Asian tsunami]]; when it pushed for eliminating food subsidies in post-invasion Iraq".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/apr/27/comment.business | title=The World Bank has the perfect standard bearer | newspaper=The Guardian | date=27 April 2007 | access-date=12 May 2013 | author=Klein, Naomi}}</ref>

A study of the period 1970–2004 found that a less-developed country would on average receive more World Bank projects during any period when it occupied one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dreher|first1=Axel|last2=Sturm|first2=Jan-Egbert|last3=Vreeland|first3=James Raymond|date=1 January 2009|title=Development aid and international politics: Does membership on the UN Security Council influence World Bank decisions?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387808000187|journal=Journal of Development Economics|language=en|volume=88|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.02.003|issn=0304-3878|hdl=10419/50418|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Sovereign immunity===
The World Bank requires [[sovereign immunity]] from countries it deals with.<ref name="IFI Watch 2004">{{Cite journal | title = The World Bank and the Question of Immunity | journal = IFI Watch – Bangladesh | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | year = 2004 | pages = 1–10 | author = IFI Watch | url = http://www.unnayan.org/Other/IFI_Watch_Bangladesh_Vol_1%20No_1.pdf | access-date = 4 September 2004 | archive-date = 8 November 2004 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041108100213/http://www.unnayan.org/Other/IFI_Watch_Bangladesh_Vol_1%20No_1.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="World Bank Sovereign Immunity 2007">{{Cite report | title = Sovereign Immunity | publisher = World Bank Group | date = 2007 | author = World Bank | url = http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINFANDLAW/Resources/sovereignimmunity.pdf | access-date = 20 August 2012 | archive-date = 11 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140311193319/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINFANDLAW/Resources/sovereignimmunity.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Hasson 2002">{{Cite journal | title = Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Sovereign Immunity on Trial: Noriega, Pinochet, and Milosevic – Trends in Political Accountability and Transnational Criminal Law | journal = Boston College International and Comparative Law Review | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | year = 2002 | pages = 125–158 | author = Hasson, Adam Isaac | url = http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol25/iss1/6/ | access-date = 25 April 2012}}</ref> Sovereign immunity waives a holder from all legal liability for their actions. It is proposed that this immunity from responsibility is a "shield which The World Bank wants to resort to, for escaping accountability and security by the people".<ref name="IFI Watch 2004"/> As the United States has veto power, it can prevent the World Bank from taking action against its interests.<ref name="IFI Watch 2004"/>

===Cronyism and Elite Capture===
Criticism was also leveled under the presidency of [[Jim Yong Kim]], particularly regarding financial management and staff morale. Reports of a controversial $94,000 bonus awarded to the Bank's CFO, [[Bertrand Badré]] (2013–2016), at his request on top of a tax-free salary of $379,000, while significant staff cuts and austerity measures were being implemented, drew criticism from within and outside the organization. This bonus, revealed by Senior Country Officer [[Fabrice Houdart]] amidst a broader effort by Kim to implement cost-cutting reforms, sparked debates over transparency, ethics, and the organization's commitment to its own principles, further exacerbating concerns about trust and leadership within the World Bank. Badré renounced the bonus and left the Bank shortly after.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Much Money Is the World Bank Spending to Intimidate Staff?|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-much-money-is-the-world-bank-spending-to-intimidate-staff_b_5a4e4a2ae4b0d86c803c77af|website=HuffPost|access-date=30 March 2024}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Opprobrium from the atrium|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2014/11/08/opprobrium-from-the-atrium|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Feder |first=J. Lester|title=LGBT Employee Leader Under Investigation At World Bank|url= https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/lesterfeder/lgbt-employee-leader-under-investigation-at-world-bank|publisher=BuzzFeed News|date=9 April 2015|access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Challenges Confronting Whistleblowing and the International Civil Servant|journal=Public Personnel Management|volume=39 |issue=4|year=2018 |doi=10.1177/0734371X18767247 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X18767247|access-date=30 March 2024 |last1=Moloney |first1=Kim |last2=Bowman |first2=James S. |last3=West |first3=Jonathan P. |pages=611–634 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/27/is-jim-yong-kim-destroying-the-world-bank-development-finance/ |title=Is Jim Yong Kim Destroying the World Bank? |publisher=Foreign Policy |date=27 April 2016|access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref>

The World Bank was the subject of a scandal with its then-president [[Paul Wolfowitz]] and his aide, [[Shaha Riza]], in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2007 |title=Pressure grows on World Bank boss |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6550995.stm |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

According to reports citing a recording of a 2018 staff meeting shared by a whistleblower, World Bank staff were informed Robert Malpass, a recent economics graduate of [[Cornell University]] and the son of [[David Malpass]], then US [[Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs]] and later [[President of the World Bank Group]], would be hired as an analyst in July of that year. On the recording, staff were reportedly told Robert Malpass was a "prince" and an "important little fellow" who could go "running to daddy." Bank officials also believed David Malpass was more influential than then-[[US Treasury Secretary]] [[Steven Mnuchin]], who they said "has little or no clue on things."<ref name="Makortoff">{{cite news |last1=Makortoff |first1=Kalyeena |date=12 April 2023 |title=World Bank staff were told to give special treatment to son of Trump official |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/apr/12/world-bank-staff-son-of-trump-official-david-malpass |work=The Guardian}}</ref> In April 2018, the US Treasury had changed its position to back a $13 billion capital infusion for the bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawder |first1=David |date=21 April 2018 |title=World Bank shareholders back $13 billion capital increase |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-imf-g20-wbank-idUSKBN1HS0QS |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

Malpass served as undersecretary of the [[United States Department of the Treasury|US Treasury]] in the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] before being appointed by Trump in February 2019 to be World Bank's president. Before Malpass became president, his son Robert had joined the [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC), a branch of the World Bank Group that lends money to private sector businesses and whose [[United States dollar|USD]] 5.5 billion funding from a USD 13 billion World Bank capital increase was secured by the US Treasury at the time that David Malpass was the Treasury's undersecretary.<ref name="Makortoff" />

===Criticism of specific loans and programs in Africa===
Almost 45% of all the World Bank's resources are going to Africa, despite this the region continues to face significant financing gaps and development challenges.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tadesse |first=Fasika |title=World Bank's $100 Billion Low-Cost Loan Facility Targets Africa |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-09-12/world-bank-s-100-billion-low-cost-loan-facility-targets-africa |work=Bloomberg News |date=12 September 2025 |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref>

On 9 August 2023, the World Bank announced it was suspending new loans to Uganda because it claims that a new [[Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023|anti-homosexuality act]], enacted in May 2023, contradicts its core values on human rights. The World Bank joined the United States in imposing sanctions against Uganda over the anti-homosexuality law. Uganda dismissed the move by the World Bank as unjust and hypocritical.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mackintosh|first1=Mackintosh|last2=Juma|first2=Mercy|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-66453098 |title=World Bank halts new Uganda loans over anti-LGBTQ+ law - BBC News |publisher=BBC News|date=9 August 2023 |accessdate=10 August 2023}}</ref>

The World Bank funded a program in Tanzania supposed to help nature conservation. The program was criticized because it led to severe violation of human rights toward the [[Maasai people]].<ref>{{cite web |title=URGENT ALERT: Tanzanian Government on a Rampage Against Indigenous People |url=https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/urgent-alert-tanzanian-government-rampage-against-indigenous-people |website=Oakland Institute |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

===Investments===
The World Bank Group has also been criticized for investing in projects with human rights issues.<ref name="upside down">{{Cite web |last=Mychalejko |first=Cyril |title=Beyond Reform: It's Time to Shut Down the World Bank |url=http://upsidedownworld.org/main/honduras-archives-46/4660-beyond-reform-its-time-to-shut-down-the-world-bank- |access-date=5 April 2014 |website=Upside Down World|date=23 January 2014 }}</ref>

The [[Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman]] (CAO) criticized a loan the bank made to the palm oil company Dinant after the [[2009 Honduran coup d'état]]. There have been numerous killings of Campesinos in the region where Dinant was operating.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malkin |first=Elisabeth |date=10 January 2014 |title=World Bank Is Criticized for Honduran Loan |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/11/world/americas/world-bank-is-criticized-for-honduran-loan.html |access-date=5 April 2014}}</ref>

Other controversial investments include loans to the [[Chixoy Hydroelectric Dam]] in Guatemala while it was under military dictatorship, and to [[Goldcorp]] (then Glamis Gold) for the construction of the [[Marlin Mine]].

In 2019, the [[Congressional-Executive Commission on China]] questioned the World Bank about a loan in [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang, China]], that was used to buy high-end security gear, including surveillance equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen-Ebrahimian |first=Bethany |date=27 August 2019 |title=The World Bank Was Warned About Funding Repression in Xinjiang |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/27/the-world-bank-was-warned-about-funding-repression-in-xinjiang/ |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Allen-Ebrahimian |first=Bethany |date=11 December 2019 |title=Scoop: China tried to get World Bank to fund surveillance in Xinjiang |work=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/china-world-bank-xinjiang-ai-huawei-surveillance-263c5753-1cb8-4366-aad3-c9be9b285fa5.html |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922080415/https://www.axios.com/china-world-bank-xinjiang-ai-huawei-surveillance-263c5753-1cb8-4366-aad3-c9be9b285fa5.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The bank launched an internal investigation in response to the allegation. In August 2020, U.S. lawmakers questioned the continued disbursement of the loan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Allen-Ebrahimian |first=Bethany |date=14 August 2020 |title=Lawmakers demand answers from World Bank on Xinjiang loan |work=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/lawmakers-malpass-about-world-bank-xinjiang-loan-china-f5c832cb-72d8-4fd9-8cea-9cc7e47d85cc.html |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824081440/https://www.axios.com/lawmakers-malpass-about-world-bank-xinjiang-loan-china-f5c832cb-72d8-4fd9-8cea-9cc7e47d85cc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks|Business}}
* [[Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group]]
* [[Architecture of Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Clean Energy for Development Investment Framework]]
* [[Energy Sector Management Assistance Program]] (ESMAP)
* [[New Development Bank]]

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Delonix regia

2026-05-24T17:45:23Z

Tjackson:

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae}}
{{Redirect|Gulmohar|the films|Gulmohar (2009 film)|and|Gulmohar (2023 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Royal Poinciana.jpg
|image_caption = Tree in full bloom ([[Florida Keys]])
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rivers, M. |date=2014 |title=''Delonix regia'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T32947A2828337 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T32947A2828337.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Delonix
|species = regia
|authority = ([[Wenceslas Bojer|Boj.]] ex [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]) [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]
|synonyms = *''Delonix regia'' var. ''flavida'' Stehle 
* ''Delonix regia'' var. ''genuina'' Stehle 
* ''Delonix regia'' var. ''genuina'' Stehlé 
* ''Poinciana regia'' Hook. 
* ''Poinciana regia'' Bojer 
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=''Delonix regia'' (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. |url=https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000166389 |date=2025 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=The World Flora Online Consortium |access-date=8 February 2025 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Delonix regia''''' is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the bean family [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Caesalpinioideae]] native to [[Madagascar]]. It is noted for its fern-like leaves and flamboyant display of orange-red flowers over summer. In many tropical parts of the world it is grown as an [[ornamental tree]]. It is a non-nodulating [[legume]].

Although its country of origin was unknown, it had been in widespread cultivation for centuries. Finally, in 1932, a natural colony was discovered on the west coast of [[Madagascar]] by J. Leandri.<ref>{{cite book | last1= Everard | first1= Barbara |last2= Morley | first2= Brian | date= 1970 | title= Wildflowers of the World | location= New York |publisher= G.P. Putnams Sons | page= Text to plate 113 }}</ref>

== Common names ==
Its common names include "[[flame tree (disambiguation)|flame tree]]" (one of several species given this name), '''peacock flower''',<ref name=WoA>{{citation |url=https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/delonix_regia.htm |title=Weeds of Australia |access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref> '''royal poinciana''',<ref name=WoA/> '''flamboyant''',<ref name=WoA/> '''phoenix tree''',<ref name="gov">{{cite web |title=''Delonix regia'' |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/8/2838 |publisher=[[National Parks Board]] (Singapore) |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref> '''flame of the forest'''.<ref name="gov" /> The name ''poinciana'' comes from a genus it was once placed in named ''[[Caesalpinia#Taxonomy|Poinciana]]'' after [[Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy]], a French noble who once governed the Caribbean island of [[Saint Kitts]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rice |first1=Diana |date=8 May 1938 |title=Poinciana Trees on the Island of St. Kitts--Belgium's Coast--Swiss Rail Fares |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/05/08/archives/notes-for-the-traveler-poinciana-trees-on-the-island-of-st.html |newspaper=The New York Times |page=171}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Bark of Delonix regia2.jpg|thumb|left|Close up of bark]]
[[File:Delonix regia (Gulmohar) leaves closeup.jpg|thumb|left|Close-up of part of a leaf]]
''Delonix regia'' is a medium-sized deciduous tree that grows to about {{cvt|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The bark is light brown. Often creased at branches, it has prominent [[lenticel]]s.<ref name="P_Krishen06"/> The foliage of one branch is made of 8–25 or more pairs of pinnae, each pinna is lined with 30–60 or more opposite leaflets. One leaflet is oblong with a length of 4–12 millimetres, it is dark green with a dull upper surface and a paler, greyish bottom.<ref name="KB"/>{{rp|466–467}}

The flowers are large, with four spreading scarlet or orange-red petals forming a diameter up to {{convert|8-11|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, and a fifth upright petal called the standard, which is slightly larger and spotted with yellow and white. They appear in [[corymb]]s along and at the ends of branches.<ref name="KB"/>{{rp|466–467}} The naturally occurring variety ''flavida'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ''Radhachura)'' has yellow flowers.<ref name="Burke2005">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Don|title=The complete Burke's backyard: the ultimate book of fact sheets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMMjW6AuzHAC&pg=PA269|access-date=9 March 2011|date=1 November 2005|publisher=Murdoch Books|isbn=978-1-74045-739-2|page=269}}</ref>

The pods are green and flaccid when young, then turn dark-brown and woody as they mature. They can be up to {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} wide. The seeds are small, weighing around {{convert|0.4|g|gr|abbr=off}} on average. The compound (doubly pinnate) leaves have a feathery appearance and are a characteristic light, bright green. Each leaf is {{convert|30|-|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with 20 to 40 pairs of primary leaflets or pinnae, each divided into 10–20 pairs of secondary leaflets or pinnules. Pollen grains are elongated, approximately 52 [[micrometre|μm]] in size.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

In [[India]], the trees are bare during the winter months from December to February. New leaves start to form in March–April. Flowers start to appear in April, reaching full bloom in May. Fruit pods are present for many months.<ref name="P_Krishen06">{{Cite book |last=Krishen |first=P. |title=Trees of Delhi: A Field Guide |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|Dorling Kindersley (India)]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-14400-070-8 |location=Delhi |pages=296–7 |language=English}}</ref>

[[File:2014.01-413-0528+529+530 flamboyant(Delonix regia(Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae) Moshi,TZ tue21jan2014-1051h.jpg|thumb|Frontal, lateral and rear views of a flower]]
[[File:Gulmohar2.jpg|thumb|Pollen grains of ''Delonix regia'']]

==Distribution==
''Delonix regia'' is endemic to [[Madagascar dry deciduous forests|Madagascar's dry deciduous forests]], but has been introduced into tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide. In the wild it is [[endangered species|endangered]], but it is widely cultivated elsewhere and is regarded as naturalised in many of the locations where it is grown.<ref name="P_Krishen06"/>

===Africa===
Trees are planted along streets and villages within Madagascar as an ornamental.<ref name="KB">{{cite journal |last1=Puy |first1=David J. Du |last2=Phillipson |first2=Peter B. |last3=Rabevohitra |first3=Raymond |title=The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar |journal=[[Kew Bulletin]] |date=1995 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=445–475 |doi=10.2307/4110322|jstor=4110322 |bibcode=1995KewBu..50..445P }}</ref>{{rp|467}} Outside Madagascar, it is present in the Horn of Africa, including [[Somalia]],<ref>{{cite web
|title=Delonix regia
|url=https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000166389
|website=World Flora Online
|publisher=World Flora Online Consortium
|access-date=17 August 2019
}}</ref> as well as in several Southern African countries such as [[South Africa]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]] and [[Namibia]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021"/>

===North America===
[[File:Yellow poinciana full bloom 20110518.jpg|thumb|''Delonix regia ''var.'' flavida'' is a rarer, yellow-flowered variety<ref name="Burke2005"/>]]

In the continental United States, it grows in [[South Florida]], [[Central Florida]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st228|title=ENH387/ST228: ''Delonix regia'': Royal Poinciana|last1=Gilman|first1=Edward F.|last2=Watson|first2=Dennis G.|name-list-style=amp|work=ufl.edu|date=2019-04-24}}</ref> in the [[Rio Grande Valley (Texas)|Rio Grande Valley]] of [[South Texas]] and can be found planted as far north as [[Houston]]. [[Hawaii]] is another location where the species is grown. It also grows in humid parts of [[Mexico]], especially in the southwest states like [[Campeche]], [[Chiapas]], [[Oaxaca]], [[Tabasco]], [[Veracruz]], and [[Yucatán]].{{cn|date=August 2025}}

===Caribbean and Central America===
In the Caribbean it is featured in many [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]] and [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] paintings. It can also be found in [[Belize]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], [[Haiti]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]], [[Sint Maarten]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], the [[Cayman Islands]], [[Grenada]],{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} [[Jamaica]], [[Curaçao]], [[Dominica]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Saint Lucia]]. It is the national flower of [[St. Kitts and Nevis]]. It can also be found in [[Bermuda]]. The town of [[Peñuelas, Puerto Rico]], located about {{convert|12|mi|km|disp=or|sp=us}} west of [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]], is nicknamed ''El Valle de los Flamboyanes'' ("The Valley of the Poinciana Trees"), as many flamboyant trees are found along the surrounding [[Río Guayanes]], [[Río Macana]], and [[Río Tallaboa]] rivers.

===South America===
It grows in [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], and [[Paraguay]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021"/>

=== Europe and the Middle East ===
[[File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_5.jpg|thumb|''Delonix regia'' ([[New Borg El Arab]], Egypt)]]

''Delonix regia'' is planted in Mediterranean parts of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, including [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[Costa del Sol|southern coast of Spain]], the [[Comunidad Valenciana|Valencian coast]], the [[Canary Islands]], [[Lebanon]], [[Egypt]], [[Iran]],{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} [[Palestine]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Cyprus]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].{{cn|date=August 2025}}

===Indian subcontinent===
[[File:Delonix regia - Gulmohar MDR700 Theppakadu Mudumalai Apr24 A7C 10869.jpg|thumb|Flowering trees, [[Theppakadu]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India]]
The tree is planted in India, where it is referred to as the ''May-flower tree'', ''Gulmohar'' or ''Gul Mohr''.<ref name="India">{{cite book |title=Flowering Trees and Shrubs in India |edition=Sixth |last=Cowen |first=D. V. |year=1984 |publisher=Thacker and Co. Ltd. |location=[[Bombay]] |page=1}}</ref> In [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]] it is called ''Krishna Chura'' (কৃষ্ণচূড়া), while its known as ''Nianbānā/Krushnachuṛā'' (ନିଆଁବାଣ/କୃଷ୍ଣଚୂଡ଼ା) in Odisha. In [[Sri Lanka]] it is known in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] as the ''Maara tree'', although for a short while it was known as the ''Lamaasuriya tree'' after Le Mesurier, the British civil servant who was responsible for introducing it as a shade tree.<ref>{{cite news|last=Devendra|first=Tissa|url=https://island.lk/lamasuriya-trees/|title=Lamasuriya trees|work=Island Newspaper|location=Colombo|date=2020-11-03}}</ref> It is also grown in [[Karachi]], Pakistan. In [[Mauritius]] and [[La Réunion]] it announces the coming of the new year.

In [[Bangladesh]] it is known as krisnachura (কৃষ্ণচূড়া). You can find this tree in various places in Bangladesh. It is found all over [[Dhaka]] City and is one of the iconic symbols of the Bengali month of [[Boishakh]]. In [[Nepal]] it is known as Shirish.

===Southeast Asia===
In [[Myanmar]], where it is called ''sein pan'' (စိန်ပန်း), the time of flowering is March in the south and early to late April in the north. It is planted in gardens and as a roadside tree. In Myanmar, this tree is a sign of the [[Thingyan|Thingyan Festival]] (13–16/17 April). In the [[Philippines]], its flowering signals the imminent arrival of the [[monsoon rains]]. It also grows in [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]. In [[Vietnam]] it is called "phoenix flower" and mostly grows in [[Haiphong]]. In [[Malaysia]], it is called "Semarak", which used to be the name of a street in the country's capital city, [[Kuala Lumpur]], now renamed as [[Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur|Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra]] where one of the oldest and highest ranked Malaysian universities, the [[University of Technology Malaysia]]'s Kuala Lumpur campus is located. "Semarak Api" is also the official flower of the [[Sepang District|Sepang]] district.

===East Asia===
It grows in Southern [[China]] such as in [[Hong Kong]]. It is the official tree in [[Tainan City|Tainan]], Taiwan; [[Xiamen]], [[Fujian Province]], and [[Shantou]], [[Guangdong Province]], People's Republic of China. [[National Cheng Kung University]], a university located in Tainan, included royal poinciana on its emblem.

===Australia===
It is very widely grown in Northern [[Australia]], in the southern extremes previously limited to South East [[Queensland]] where it is a popular street tree in the suburbs of [[Brisbane]]. It blooms successfully in [[Sydney]] and other parts of [[New South Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delonix regia – Royal Poinciana |url=https://theseedvine.com.au/product/delonix-regia/#:~:text=Delonix%20regia%20is%20a%20fast,towns%20of%20New%20South%20Wales. |access-date=2024-08-18|language=en-AU}}</ref>

===Micronesia===
It grows in [[Guam]], and is the official tree of the [[Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]].

===South Pacific===
It is a commonly planted ornamental shade tree in parks in [[New Caledonia]], and is now also found in the sub-tropical forests near major towns such as the capital, [[Noumea]]. When it is in flower, it is a prominent sight along the route between Noumea and its international airport at Tontouta.

==Cultivation==
===Required conditions===
The royal poinciana requires a tropical or near-tropical climate, but can tolerate drought and salty conditions. It thrives in open, free-draining sandy or loamy soil enriched with organic matter. The tree does poorly in heavy or clay soils, and flowers more profusely when kept slightly dry.

===Propagation===
====Seeds====
[[File:Royal Poinciana Tree Seeds.JPG|thumb|Seeds after soaking in water for 6 days]]
The royal poinciana is most commonly propagated by seeds. Seeds are collected, soaked in warm water for at least 24 hours, and planted in warm, moist soil in a semi-shaded, sheltered position. In lieu of soaking, the seeds can also be "nicked" or "pinched" (with a small pair of scissors or nail clipper) and planted immediately. These two methods allow moisture to penetrate the tough outer casing, stimulating germination. The seedlings grow rapidly and can reach {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} in a few weeks under ideal conditions.

====Cuttings====
Less common, but just as effective, is propagation by semi-hardwood cuttings. Branches consisting of the current or last season's growth can be cut into {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} sections and planted in a moist potting mixture. This method is slower than seed propagation (cuttings take a few months to root) but is the preferred method for ensuring new trees are true to form. As such, cuttings are a particularly common method of propagation for the rarer yellow-flowering variety of the tree.

===Uses===
In addition to its ornamental value, it is a useful shade tree in tropical conditions, because it usually grows to a modest height (mostly {{convert|5|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on|disp=or}}, but it can reach a maximum height of {{convert|12|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on|disp=or}}) but spreads widely, and its dense foliage provides full shade. In areas with a marked dry season, it sheds its leaves during the drought, but in other areas it is virtually evergreen.

==Cultural significance==
''Delonix regia'', natively called the ''[[gulmohar]]'' ({{Langx|hi|गुलमोहर|gulamōhara|the seal of the flower}}) is the [[List of Indian state trees#Union territories|state tree]] of [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi: Area, Population, Languages and Other Details |url=https://dashamlav.com/kb/india/states-union-territories/delhi/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=Dashamlav |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613021437/https://dashamlav.com/kb/india/states-union-territories/delhi/ |archive-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>

In the Indian state of [[Kerala]], royal poinciana is called ''kaalvarippoo'' ({{lang|ml|കാൽവരിപ്പൂവ്}}, {{Transliteration|ml|kālvarippūv}}) which means "the flower of [[Calvary]]". There is a popular belief among [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of Kerala that when [[Jesus]] was crucified, there was a small royal poinciana tree nearby his [[Christian cross|Cross]]. It is believed that the blood of Jesus Christ was shed over the flowers of the tree and this is how the flowers of royal poinciana got a sharp red color.<ref name="ThomasThomas1984">{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Annamma|title=Kerala Immigrants in America: A Sociological Study of the St. Thomas Christians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_M13GwAACAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Simons Printers|page=34}}</ref> It is also known as ''Vaaga'' in many areas of Kerala.

Its blossom is the national flower of [[St. Kitts and Nevis]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.stkittsnevis.net/governed/page5.htm | title=How We Are Governed, St. Kitts & Nevis - National Symbols | access-date=6 January 2018 | archive-date=1 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001132334/http://www.stkittsnevis.net/governed/page5.htm }}</ref> and in May 2018 the royal poinciana was adopted by the city of [[Key West]] as its official tree.<ref>{{cite news|last=Filosa|first=Gwen|url=https://www.flkeysnews.com/news/local/article211245829.html|title=It's invasive and filled with bugs. It's also pretty, and now Key West's official tree|work=FL Keys News|date=2018-05-16}}</ref> Known locally as {{lang|ms|semarak api}}, ''Delonix regia'' is the city flower of Sepang, [[Selangor]], Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bunga Rasmi Mpsepang |url=https://www.mpsepang.gov.my/bunga-kebanggaan-mpsepang/ |website=Portal Rasmi Majlis Perbandaran Sepang |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref>

In Vietnam, this is a popular urban tree and is called {{lang|vi|Phượng vỹ}}, or "phoenix's tail". Its flowering season is May–July, which coincides with the end of the school year in Vietnam. Because of this timing, the flower of poinciana is sometimes called the "pupil's flower". The tree is also commonly found on school grounds in Vietnam; however, after several incidents where a tree fell onto students, with one student killed, schools started cutting down or severely pruning the trees.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 June 2020|title='Don't kill 'em all,' experts urge as schoolyard trees 'massacred' following fatal middle school accident|work=Tuoi Tre News |url=https://tuoitrenews.vn//news/features/20200608/dont-kill-em-all-experts-urge-as-schoolyard-trees-massacred-following-fatal-middle-school-accident/54985.html}}</ref> [[Hải Phòng]] is nicknamed {{lang|vi|Thành phố hoa phượng đỏ}} ("City of red poinciana").

The song "[[Poinciana (song)|Poinciana]]" was inspired by the presence of this tree in [[Cuba]].<ref>{{cite book| first=Gary| last=Giddins| title=Bing Crosby: Swinging on a Star: the war years, 1940-1946| year=2018| publisher=Little Brown & Co| location=NYC| isbn=978-0-316-88792-2}}</ref><ref>[[Ted Gioia]], ''The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire'' p. 337 2012 "... 1996 Poinciana Composed by Nat Simon, with lyrics by Buddy Bernier And what exactly, you ask, is a Poinciana? ... They based the song on a Cuban folk tune named "Cancion del Arbol", which translates as—yes, you guessed it!"</ref>

In South India, these trees are common in schools, so children used to play with the stamens of the bud.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthuramalingam |first=Vivek |date=2017-05-10 |title=A Memoir of Trees |url=https://medium.com/@drvivekm/a-memoir-of-trees-6dd9fd7fdf2a |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shilpa |date=2011-05-11 |title=REFLECTIONS: Summer memories |url=https://shilps882.blogspot.com/2011/05/summer-memories.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=REFLECTIONS}}</ref>

== Gallery ==

[[File:Delonix_regia_flower_Navarre_St_7th_Brigade_Park_Chermside_P1200714.jpg|thumb|alt=newly opened flower|Newly opened flower with clear white and pale yellow petals, streaked with red, at the top.]]

[[File:Delonix_regia_15.jpg|thumb|alt=pollinated flower|Pollinated flower with top petal curling and turning yellow.]]

[[File:Delonix_regia_in_China_(2).jpg|thumb|alt=flower dropping its petals|Flower dropping it's petals.]]

[[File:Delonix_regia_(Caesalpiniaceae).jpg|thumb|alt=green seed pods|Green seed pods]]

[[File:鳳凰木_Delonix_regia_20210325175502_05.jpg|thumb|alt=Brown seeds with new leaves and brown pods as the tree comes out of dormancy|Brown seed pods with new leaves and flowers as the tree comes out of dry season dormancy]]

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.floridata.com/ref/d/delo_reg.cfm Floridata data base]
* ARKive – [https://web.archive.org/web/20060507053639/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/plants_and_algae/Delonix_regia/ images and movies of the flame tree ''(Delonix regia)'']

==External links==
* [https://eurekamag.com/newsearch.php?search=Delonix+regia Scientific information about ''Delonix regia'']
* {{cite book |url= https://erdb.denr.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/denr_v4.pdf |author=Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau |title=DENR Recommends |volume=4, Guidelines for the Establishment of Forest Parks |publisher=Government of the Philippines}}
* {{AfricanPlants|Delonix regia}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q238486}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Delonix|regia]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Decorative fruits and seeds]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Wenceslas Bojer]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Jackson Hooker]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]
[[Category:Plants with compound leaves]]
[[Category:Plants with red flowers]]

Music of Jigarthanda (2014 film)

2026-05-23T05:15:30Z

Tjackson: new a post

{{Short description|2014 albums by Santhosh Narayanan}}
{{italic title|string=Jigarthanda}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
The music for the 2014 Tamil-language crime comedy film ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' ({{Translation|cold-hearted}}) is composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]]. The film directed by [[Karthik Subbaraj]] and produced by [[S. Kathiresan]], stars [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] and [[Guru Somasundaram]]. The music for the film released under two different albums—one contains the original songs which had lyrics written by Muthamil, [[Arunraja Kamaraj]], [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]] and [[Sean Roldan]], and the other contained several cues of original music underscored in the background. The first album was released in March 2014, five months before the film's theatrical release with the second album being unveiled after the film's release. Both the albums were distributed under the [[Think Music]] label. Santhosh's work met with acclaim, both from critics and audiences, regarding it as one of his best works.

== Background ==
''Jigarthanda'' is Santhosh's second consecutive association with Subbaraj, after scoring the latter's debut film ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' (2012). With this film, Santhosh launched the Sandy Jazz Band, whose members—him playing the keyboard, Australian musicians Hamish Stuart and Graham Jesse playing the drums and saxophone and Chennai-based [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] and Naveen Napier, playing the electronic piano and guitar, respectively.<ref name="TNIEJig">{{cite news |author=Gupta, Rinku |date=5 March 2014 |title=Expect the Unexpected in 'Jigarthanda' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Expect-the-Unexpected-in-Jigarthanda/2014/03/05/article2090707.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310184456/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Expect-the-Unexpected-in-Jigarthanda/2014/03/05/article2090707.ece |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Besides, he also recorded music with a street folk band for a song, and also worked with [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Sean Roldan]] and [[Kalyani Nair]] to provide vocals.<ref name="TNIEJig" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Worst-song-in-the-history-gets-ready/articleshow/28512613.cms|title=Worst song in the history gets ready|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-29|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613081316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Worst-song-in-the-history-gets-ready/articleshow/28512613.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Lyricist Arunraja Kamaraj who previously wrote songs for ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' (2012) and ''[[Pizza II: Villa]]'' (2013), debuted as a singer through this film. He provided vocals for the song "Ding Dong" which was recorded in a way that he would mimic the voice of [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] for the antagonist's introduction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=2021-06-21 |title=The Santhosh Narayanan way: 'Stay original and don't fear how people will react' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/997927/the-santhosh-narayanan-way-stay-original-and-dont-fear-how-people-will-react |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222054846/https://scroll.in/reel/997927/the-santhosh-narayanan-way-stay-original-and-dont-fear-how-people-will-react |archive-date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> The album accompanied a variety of genres, which includes fusion of [[Folk music|folk]], [[Rapping|rap]] and [[electronic music]], and was primarily recorded at the [[Studios 301]] in [[Sydney]], where Santhosh had recorded music for his previous films, for two months.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=2014-03-15 |title=Audio Beat: Jigarthanda - Fusion, folk, rap and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-jigarthanda-fusion-folk-rap-and-more/article5788341.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613081316/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-jigarthanda-fusion-folk-rap-and-more/article5788341.ece |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=2019-12-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqdfliQxrXY |title=VadaChennai Theme is a Tribute to MSV {{!}} Santosh Narayanan |date=2018-10-08 |last= |publisher=Film Companion South |access-date=2024-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902163836/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqdfliQxrXY |archive-date=2020-09-02 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The album received positive response. Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated, "Santhosh Narayanan shows, yet again, that he is one of those composers to watch out for — both for his new sounds and tunes. Jigarthanda is another worthy addition" and rated the album 3 out of 5.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ramanujam, Srinivasa |date=4 April 2014 |title=Music Review: Jigarthanda |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Jigarthanda/articleshow/33177452.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328105014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Jigarthanda/articleshow/33177452.cms |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=8 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' reviewed that "Jigarthanda is Santhosh at his eclectic best".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2014-03-03 |title=Jigarthanda (Music review), Tamil – Santhosh Narayanan |url=https://milliblog.com/2014/03/03/jigarthanda-music-review-tamil-santhosh-narayanan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118212334/https://milliblog.com/2014/03/03/jigarthanda-music-review-tamil-santhosh-narayanan/ |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Milliblog |language=en-US}}</ref> According to Pulari M Baskar of ''[[Film Companion]]'', Santhosh's music is described as "unpolished yet pleasing on the ears, bustling and intense [...] the vocal diversity in this film's soundtrack really gives a totality to the experience of a big-city boy in a small town."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Baskar |first=Pulari M. |date=2021-05-18 |title=Moods And Musicality: Analysing Musical Palettes In Santosh Narayanan's Film Scores |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/santosh-narayanan-music-moods-and-musicality-analysing-musical-palettes-in-his-film-scores-karnan-vada-chennai-jigarthanda-soodhu-kavvum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121080235/https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/santosh-narayanan-music-moods-and-musicality-analysing-musical-palettes-in-his-film-scores-karnan-vada-chennai-jigarthanda-soodhu-kavvum |archive-date=2022-01-21 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Film Companion South |language=en}}</ref> He further added that the background score "echoes the small-town feel" of [[Madurai]].<ref name=":2" />

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] in his review wrote, "It’s a good thing Santhosh Narayanan is around. His flamboyant score imbues even the weaker scenes with a [[Quentin Tarantino|Tarantinoesque]] swagger".<ref name="thehindu1">[[Baradwaj Rangan|Rangan, Baradwaj]] (2 August 2014). [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jigarthanda-racket-science/article6275097.ece?homepage=true "Jigarthanda: Racket science"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009054643/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jigarthanda-racket-science/article6275097.ece?homepage=true|date=9 October 2020}}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 2 August 2014.</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Santosh Narayanan’s background score is the major plus of the movie, as he is able to capture the mood of the film. The songs are good, short and mostly in the background."<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Jigarthanda |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-review-tamil-15058085.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802081719/http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-review-tamil-15058085.html |archive-date=2 August 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Music by Santhosh Narayanan is a winner".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=1 August 2014 |title=Review: Jigarthanda is a fun ride |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-jigarthanda-is-a-fun-ride/20140801.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110224730/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-jigarthanda-is-a-fun-ride/20140801.htm |archive-date=10 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "Santhosh Narayanan’s musical score lends a solid support to the proceedings."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2 August 2014 |title=Movie Review 'Jigarthanda': A film not to be missed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140802/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-jigarthanda-film-not-be-missed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805194448/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140802/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-jigarthanda-film-not-be-missed |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Albums ==

=== Original soundtrack ===
{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = Jigarthanda
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| released = 3 March 2014
| recorded = 2013–2014
| studio = [[Studios 301]], [[Sydney]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:51
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| prev_title = [[Cuckoo (2014 soundtrack)|Cuckoo]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Madras (soundtrack)|Madras]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
The motion picture soundtrack to Jigarthanda consisted of nine tunes—seven songs and two instrumentals—as revealed in the official track list on 1 March 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' tracklist |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Jigarthanda-tracklist/articleshow/31202969.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424144907/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Jigarthanda-tracklist/articleshow/31202969.cms |archive-date=24 April 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Distributed by [[Think Music]], the album was launched at an event held in [[Sathyam Cinemas]], [[Chennai]] on 3 March,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-25 |title=Jigarthanda audio launch on March 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/jigarthanda-audio-launch-on-march-3/articleshow/30981913.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112095228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/jigarthanda-audio-launch-on-march-3/articleshow/30981913.cms |archive-date=2020-01-12 |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> which saw the presence of film producer [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] and director [[Bharathiraja]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=3 March 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' audio and trailer launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-audio-and-trailer-launched-news-tamil-oddqQ3jfieh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304060525/http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-audio-and-trailer-launched-news-tamil-oddqQ3jfieh.html |archive-date=4 March 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A live band performance of Anthony Daasan took place and theatrical trailer of the film was screened at the event.<ref name=":1" /> The soundtrack of the Telugu-dubbed version ''Chikkadu Dorakkadu'' was released on 17 July 2014 at [[Taj Hotels|Taj Deccan]] in [[Hyderabad]]. Unlike the original version, the Telugu album had five songs.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=First look: Chikkadu Dorakadu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/firstlook-chikkadudorakadu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715220838/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/firstlook-chikkadudorakadu.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |publisher=Idlebrain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2014 |title=Audio of 'Chikkadu Dorakadu' to be launched on July 17 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Chikkadu-Dorakadus-audio-to-be-launched-on-July-17/articleshow/38489125.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705151218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Chikkadu-Dorakadus-audio-to-be-launched-on-July-17/articleshow/38489125.cms |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Jigarthanda'' (Tamil)
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 26:51
| title1 = Kannamma
| lyrics1 = Muthamil
| extra1 = Rita Daasan, [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length1 = 3:33
| title2 = Ding Dong
| lyrics2 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| extra2 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]], Mose
| length2 = 3:54
| title3 = Paandi Naatu Kodi
| lyrics3 = Anthony Daasan
| extra3 = Anthony Daasan
| length3 = 3:38
| title4 = Dhesayum Ezhundhaney
| lyrics4 = [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| extra4 = Meenakshi Iyer, [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| length4 = 2:47
| title5 = Baby
| lyrics5 = Muthamil
| extra5 = Santhosh Narayanan
| length5 = 3:02
| title6 = Jigar
| lyrics6 = Pradeep Kumar
| extra6 = Pradeep Kumar
| length6 = 3:28
| title7 = Thanda
| length7 = 2:18
| title8 = Hoo Haa
| lyrics8 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| extra8 = [[Sean Roldan]], Santhosh Narayanan
| length8 = 1:41
| title9 = Ottam
| extra9 = Sandy's Jazz Band
| length9 = 2:35
| all_writing =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| extra7 = [[Instrumental]]
}}
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title9 =
| lyrics4 = Vennelakanti
| lyrics3 = Vennelakanti
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra5 = Azam Sheriff
| extra4 = Abhishek
| extra3 = Saradha Mohan
| extra2 = [[Raghu Kunche]]
| extra1 = Divya
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:39
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| length8 =
| title1 = Venchindi Venchindi
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title7 =
| length6 =
| title6 =
| length5 = 3:56
| title5 = Ding Dong
| length4 = 3:04
| title4 = Baby
| length3 = 2:47
| title3 = Dizaya
| length2 = 3:18
| title2 = Neelo Gundala
| length1 = 3:37
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| headline = ''Chikkadu Dorakkadu'' (Telugu)
}}

=== Film score ===
{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = Jigarthanda
| type = film
| artist = Santhosh Narayanan
| released = 25 August 2014
| recorded = 2013–2014
| studio = Studios 301, Sydney
| genre = [[Film score]]
| length = 40:42
| label = Think Music
| producer = Santhosh Narayanan
}}

Santhosh initially intended to bridge the original songs and background score, compiling it into a single album.<ref name=":0" /> After the film's release, the second album which primarily contains the film score and dialogues were released at the [[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi FM Station]] in [[Chennai]] on 25 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWMGL1ehpNo |title=Jigarthanda (Original Background Score) - Jukebox |date=2014-08-25 |last= |publisher=Think Music India |access-date=2024-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507024927/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWMGL1ehpNo |archive-date=2023-05-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| title1 = Assault Sethu
| length1 = 1:06
| title2 = Brains
| length2 = 1:01
| title3 = Boy from Madurai
| length3 = 1:58
| title4 = Kuppa Padam
| length4 = 1:10
| title5 = Results
| length5 = 1:06
| title6 = Oorni
| length6 = 0:18
| title7 = Giri from Madurai
| length7 = 1:13
| title8 = Potti Kada Pazhani
| length8 = 0:41
| title9 = Sethu Gang
| length9 = 1:06
| title10 = Ice Cube Sarakku
| length10 = 0:50
| title11 = Kuruvamma Kaviyam Hallucination
| length11 = 0:25
| title12 = Sorry Teacher
| length12 = 2:22
| title13 = Ruthless Killers
| length13 = 0:49
| title14 = Titanic
| note14 =
| length14 = 2:28
| title15 = Half Time
| length15 = 1:46
| title16 = Muthu Sir (Acting Teacher)
| length16 = 1:32
| title17 = Kayal's Love
| length17 = 0:51
| title18 = Inside a Delusional Mind
| length18 = 0:28
| title19 = Company Rules
| length19 = 2:34
| title20 = Film Roll
| length20 = 0:45
| title21 = Beginning of the End
| length21 = 1:00
| title22 = Palani's Dream
| length22 = 2:30
| title23 = Didgeridoo
| length23 = 0:38
| title24 = Soul Searching
| length24 = 1:13
| title25 = Epic Proportions
| length25 = 6:55
| title26 = Uyir Pichai
| length26 = 2:54
| title27 = Salfogree
| length27 = 1:30
| all_writing =
| total_length = 40:42
}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|8 January 2015
|Best Music Director
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]{{Efn|Also for ''[[Cuckoo (2014 soundtrack)|Cuckoo]]'' and ''[[Madras (soundtrack)|Madras]]''|name=Music}}
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2015 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் விருதுகள் 2014 |trans-title=Ananda Vikatan Awards 2014 |url=http://www.vikatan.com/article.php?track=prnxt&mid=module&aid=102483 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517081734/http://www.vikatan.com/article.php?track=prnxt&mid=module&aid=102483 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|23{{ndash}}26 April 2015
|Best Music Director
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]{{Efn|Also for ''[[Cuckoo (2014 soundtrack)|Cuckoo]]''}}
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="ntff1">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2015 |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival 2015 – Tamilar Awards Nomination 2015. |url=http://www.ntff.com/node/124 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084210/http://www.ntff.no/node/124 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]}}</ref> <ref name="ntff2">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2015 |title=The 6th annual Norway Tamil Film Festival – Tamilar Awards 2015 Winners announced! |url=http://www.ntff.com/node/125 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084344/http://www.ntff.no/node/125 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Vijay Awards]]
|[[9th Vijay Awards|25 April 2015]]
|Best Background Score
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2015 |title=Vijay Awards 2015 – Complete list of winners |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505133454/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=5 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|}

== Legacy ==
''Jigarthanda'' has been regarded as one of Santhosh Narayanan's best soundtracks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vashi |first=Kairam |date=2021-07-01 |title=Street music fuelled Santhosh Narayanan's journey |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/street-music-fuelled-santhosh-narayanan-s-journey-1004237.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202215252/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/street-music-fuelled-santhosh-narayanan-s-journey-1004237.html |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=2017-05-16 |title=After Pritam, Rahman... these are the best next-gen music composers to look out for |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sneha-khanwalkar-amaal-mallik-anupam-roy-best-composers-now-977406-2017-05-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304193833/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sneha-khanwalkar-amaal-mallik-anupam-roy-best-composers-now-977406-2017-05-16 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The theme music for Simha's character [[Assault Sethu]] has been described as one of his best compositions,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-01 |title=Seven years of 'Jigarthanda': Here's how Karthik Subbaraj shaped the characters in this thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/seven-years-of-jigarthanda-heres-how-karthik-subbaraj-shaped-the-characters-in-this-thriller/photostory/84859712.cms?picid=84859724 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002060101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/seven-years-of-jigarthanda-heres-how-karthik-subbaraj-shaped-the-characters-in-this-thriller/photostory/84859712.cms |archive-date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=2019-12-16 |title=Ten Tamil films from the last decade with the best 'mass' music: 'Theri', 'Mankatha' and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ten-tamil-films-from-the-last-decade-with-the-best-mass-music-theri-mankatha-and-more/article30320128.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112225135/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ten-tamil-films-from-the-last-decade-with-the-best-mass-music-theri-mankatha-and-more/article30320128.ece |archive-date=2020-01-12 |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and was used as the primary background music for his production banner [[Stone Bench Creations]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-07 |title=Short in the arm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/short-in-the-arm/article6969419.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611121109/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/short-in-the-arm/article6969419.ece |archive-date=2021-06-11 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Use in sequel ==
''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]'' is the [[spiritual successor]] and [[prequel]] to ''Jigarthanda'', released in 2023. Santhosh Narayanan was retained as the composer reusing the themes from the first film while composing fresh themes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=10 November 2023 |title=Jigarthanda DoubleX movie review: Karthik Subbaraj's ode to films is part meta cinema, part social commentary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jigarthanda-doublex-movie-review-karthik-subbarajs-ode-to-cinema-raghava-lawrence-sj-suryah-9021705/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110165615/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jigarthanda-doublex-movie-review-karthik-subbarajs-ode-to-cinema-raghava-lawrence-sj-suryah-9021705/ |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=10 November 2023 |title=Jigarthanda Double X Review: SJ Suryah, Lawrence dazzle in Karthik's political film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/jigarthanda-double-x-review-sj-suryah-lawrence-dazzle-in-karthiks-political-film-2461522-2023-11-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111001324/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/jigarthanda-double-x-review-sj-suryah-lawrence-dazzle-in-karthiks-political-film-2461522-2023-11-10 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Santhosh Narayanan}}
{{Jigarthanda (2014 film)}}

[[Category:2014 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Santhosh Narayanan soundtracks]]

Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-04T16:20:00Z

Tjackson: started new data w/ infobox...

{{short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Chennai Central
| map_image = chennai central lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Chennai Central constituency, post-2008 delimitation
|established = 1977
| incumbent_image = Dayanidhi Maran.jpg
|reservation=None
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|mp = [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons = [[Villivakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Villivakkam]] [[Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)|Egmore]] [[Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)|Harbour]] [[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni (State Assembly Constituency)|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]] [[Thousand Lights (State Assembly Constituency)|Thousand Lights]] [[Anna Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Anna Nagar]]
|electors = 14,65,323<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2 August 2013 }}</ref>
}}
The [[Lok Sabha]] [[constituency]] '''Chennai Central''' is one of three constituencies in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 4 of 39. Formerly it was known as '''Madras Central'''.It is also one of the smallest constituencies in India. The [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) system with [[Indian voting machines|EVM]]s was used for the first time in this Lok Sabha constituency in [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/safe-distance/|title=Safe distance : Paper train on test | date=15 April 2014 | newspaper=The Indian Express | access-date=6 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Voter-Paper-Audit-at-4K-Booths-for-Polls/2016/01/30/article3251887.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131081922/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Voter-Paper-Audit-at-4K-Booths-for-Polls/2016/01/30/article3251887.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2016|title=Voter Paper Audit at 4K Booths for Polls|website=newindianexpress.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/officials-to-spread-awareness-about-paper-trail-system/article8325423.ece|title=Officials to spread awareness about paper trail system|date=8 March 2016|access-date=5 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
===2009–present===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|14
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Chennai District|Chennai]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|16
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]
|SC
|-
|18
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|19
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
|None
|-
|20
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|21
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|None
|}

=== Before 2009 ===
[[File:1971 delimitation chennai central lok sabha constituency.png|thumb|right|Chennai North constituency as laid out by 1971 Delimitation. The boundaries for this constituency lasted until 2004 election, which was then replaced by 2008 Delimitation.]]
Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|archive-date=2008-10-31|access-date=2008-10-08|work=Tamil Nadu|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
|-
|1.
|[[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]] (defunct)
|-
|2.
|[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]] (defunct)
|-
|3.
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore (SC)]]
|-
|4.
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|-
|5.
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|-
|6.
|[[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]] (defunct)
|}

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|----
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[P. Ramachandran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|----
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan="2"|[[A. Kalanithi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|----
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Era. Anbarasu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|----
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Murasoli Maran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|----
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|----
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|----
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|----
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|----
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[S. R. Vijayakumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|69.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.52}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanidhi Maran]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=413,848 |percentage=56.65 |change= {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinoj P. Selvam|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=169,159 |percentage=23.16 |change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parthasarathy|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes= 72,016|percentage=9.86 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. R. Karthikeyan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=46,031 |percentage=6.30 |change= {{increase}}2.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=11,163 |percentage=1.53 |change= {{decrease}}0.24}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=244,689 |percentage=33.49 |change= {{decrease}}4.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 730,549|percentage=53.96 |change= {{decrease}}4.79}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,50,161 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= {{down}}0.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanidhi Maran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,48,911 |percentage=57.36 |change=+21.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. R. Sam Paul |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=147,391 |percentage=18.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kameela Nasser |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=92,249 |percentage=11.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. R. Karthikeyan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=30,886 |percentage=3.95 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheik Mohamed|party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=23,741 |percentage=3.03 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=13,822 |percentage=1.77 |change=-1.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,01,520 |percentage=38.52 |change=32.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,82,686 |percentage=58.75 |change= -0.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. R. Vijayakumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,33,296 |percentage=42.03 |change=+0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanidhi Maran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=287,455 |percentage=36.25 |change=-10.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Constandine Ravindran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=114,798 |percentage=14.48 |change=+8.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. D. Meyyappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,981 |percentage=3.28 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=21,959 |percentage=2.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Prabhakar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=19,553 |percentage=2.47 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,841 |percentage=5.78 |change=+0.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=792,935 |percentage=59.71 |change= -1.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,28,038 |change =+32.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanidhi Maran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,85,783 |percentage=46.83 |change=-14.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. M. K. Mogamed Ali Jinnah |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,52,329 |percentage=41.35 |change=+5.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. V. Ramakrishnan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=38,959 |percentage=6.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Hyder Ali |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes=13,160 |percentage=2.16 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,454 |percentage=5.48 |change=-20.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,00,705 |percentage=60.98 |change=+11.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanidhi Maran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,16,329 |percentage=61.68% |change=2.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Balaganga |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,82,151 |percentage=35.52% |change=-1.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Venkatesan |party=Janata Party |votes=2,896 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,34,178 |percentage=26.16% |change=4.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,12,820 |percentage=49.06% |change= 0.60% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=33|percentage=0.01% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,45,260 |change =-18.02% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Murasoli Maran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,64,565 |percentage=59.00% |change=-10.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Abdul Lathief]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,27,616 |percentage=36.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Janaki Ammal |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=5,046 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. G. Loganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,815 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ranganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,561 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Dominic Savio |party=Independent politician |votes=2,613 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,36,949 |percentage=22.16% |change=-25.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,17,900 |percentage=48.46% |change= -9.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,75,067 |change =5.66% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Murasoli Maran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,00,774 |percentage=51.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. Jayakumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,29,047 |percentage=39.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Anbarasu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,061 |percentage=7.58% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=71,727 |percentage=12.34% |change=-35.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,81,449 |percentage=49.50% |change= -8.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,06,719 |change =16.41% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Murasoli Maran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,03,867 |percentage=69.02% |change=31.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. K. J. Bharathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,23,400 |percentage=21.09% |change=-35.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prof. S. Krishnasamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,682 |percentage=3.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Kumaravelu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,948 |percentage=3.41% |change=-0.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Anbazhagan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,654 |percentage=1.31% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,80,467 |percentage=47.93% |change=29.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,85,149 |percentage=57.69% |change= 3.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,36,649 |change =0.23% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Era. Anbarasu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,12,302 |percentage=56.40% |change=3.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. V. N. Somu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,09,031 |percentage=37.75% |change=-4.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Rajendra Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,262 |percentage=3.48% |change=1.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Anbazhagan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,472 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,03,271 |percentage=18.65% |change=7.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,53,679 |percentage=54.28% |change= -6.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,34,301 |change =0.73% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Era. Anbarasu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,29,739 |percentage=53.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. Kalanidhi|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=2,63,333|percentage=42.61%|change=-15.61%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Rajendra Kumar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=12,215|percentage=1.98%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Raghunathan|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=4,454|percentage=0.72%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=66,406 |percentage=10.74% |change=-7.20% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,18,029|percentage=60.76%|change=-3.38%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,26,829 |change =18.99% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.86% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Kalanithi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,13,848 |percentage=58.21% |change=-1.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=E. Earnest Paul|party=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress|votes=2,17,104|percentage=40.27%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bastimal Surana|party=Independent politician|votes=2,595|percentage=0.48%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=96,744 |percentage=17.94% |change=-3.61% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=5,39,119|percentage=64.14%|change=-3.78%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,62,989 |change =18.71% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Kalanidhi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,90,199 |percentage=59.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ramachandran |party=Janata Party |votes=1,85,150 |percentage=37.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Rajagopalan |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=6,172 |percentage=1.27% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,05,049 |percentage=21.55% |change=5.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,87,409 |percentage=67.93% |change= 13.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,26,953 |change =-15.50% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress (O) |swing= 3.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Chennai Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,59,437 |percentage=56.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Raja Mohamed |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,86,026 |percentage=40.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. N. Bajpai |party=Independent politician |votes=7,013 |percentage=1.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subramaniam Alias P. N. S. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=2,565 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gaffoor |party=Independent politician |votes=2,092 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=73,411 |percentage=15.99% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,59,054 |percentage=54.12% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,60,316 |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress (O) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chennai]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
* [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190407183922/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/chennai_central/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Chennai Central lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|13.036|80.239|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Central (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]

Prem Saran Satsangi

2026-05-04T11:39:52Z

Tjackson: put up new info with sources

{{Short description|Indian systems scientist (born 1937)}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Satsangi Sahab
| image = File:Satsangi Sahab.jpg
| alias = Gracious Huzur, Param Guru Huzur Satsangi Sahab
| location = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| religion = Sant SatGuru of [[Radha Soami]] Sect
| sect = Sant Mat Radhasoami
| title = Spiritual Teacher (''Vaqt'' Sant [[Satguru]])
| period = 2003 – present
| predecessor = [[Makund Behari Lal]]
| successor =
}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name =
| honorific_prefix = PROFESSOR
| image = Revered_Prof._Prem_Saran_Satsangi.png
| caption = Prem Saran Satsangi
| predecessor =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1937|03|09}}
| birth_place = [[Benares]], [[Benares State]], [[British India]]
| fields = [[Consciousness]], [[Quantum field theory|Quantum Theory]], [[Systems engineering]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]
* [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi]]
* [[MBM Engineering College]]
* Dayalbagh Educational Institute
}}
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]]|[[Michigan State University]]|[[University of Waterloo]]|[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]}}
| doctoral_advisor = Jack B. Ellis
| thesis_title = A physical systems theory modelling frame work generalized for large scale economic system.
| thesis_year = 1968
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* Sant Satguru of Radhasoami Faith
* Founder of System Society of India
* Father of the system movement in India
* Systems modelling
* Applied systems research
* Eastern philosophy in the spiritual traditions
}}
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* National Systems Award {{small|1977}}
* Jacob Gold Medal {{small|(1987)}}
* Life Time Achievement Award from IIT Roorkee {{small|2008}}
* Distinguished Service Award from IIT Delhi {{small|2011}}
* Mahamana Science and Technology Ati Vishisht Ratna {{small|2024}}
}}
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Prem Saran Satsangi''' (born 9 March 1937) is the current [[Sant (religion)|sant]] [[satguru]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.dayalbagh.org.in/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref><ref>Official website of Radhasoami Satsang Sabha, Dayalbagh http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm</ref> of [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radha Soami Sect]], [[Dayalbagh]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Juergensmeyer|first1=Mark|title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith|date=1995|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691010922}}</ref> or [[Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh]] who succeeded [[Makund Behari Lal|Param Guru Lal Sahab]], seventh Sant Satguru in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sant Satguru in Ra Dha Sva Aa Mi Faith |url=https://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref>

He is also the founder and first president of the System Society of India, a professional body of [[Systems science|system scientists]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DSC2024 |url=https://dsc-dei.in/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=dsc-dei.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Systems Society of India - Sysi.org |url=https://www.sysi.org/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.sysi.org}}</ref> He holds the emeritus chair from the East of the Integrated East-West Forum at [[The Science of Consciousness]] Conferences since 2012.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.consciousness.arizona.edu/documents/TSC2013AgraBookofAbstracts.pdf | title=The Twentieth Conference on Toward a Science of Consciousness | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114042006/http://www.consciousness.arizona.edu/documents/TSC2013AgraBookofAbstracts.pdf | archive-date=14 January 2020 }} (22-23)</ref> He is the chairman of Advisory Committee on Education (ACE), Dayalbagh Educational Institute (deemed to be university).<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.consciousness.arizona.edu/documents/TSC2013AgraBookofAbstracts.pdf | title=The Twentieth Conference on Toward a Science of Consciousness | year=2013 | access-date=24 April 2017 | archive-date=6 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706071047/http://www.consciousness.arizona.edu/documents/TSC2013AgraBookofAbstracts.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Birth==

He was born on the campus of [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Varanasi]] on the day of Indian festival of [[Holi]] on 9 March 1937, to Krishna Kumar, a professor of botany at [[Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University|Agriculture College, Banaras Hindu University]] and Bhakt Saheli.

==Education and early career==
He studied [[electrical engineering]] at the Banaras Hindu University, now [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi|Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]], and graduated in 1957.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dhir |first=Dr. Bani Dayal |title=Travel Diaries with my Beloved Nana and Nani |publisher=[[StoryMirror Infotech Pvt.Ltd]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-93-6070-300-4 |edition=1st |publication-date=12 December 2024 |pages=168–169}}</ref>

He was initiated into Radhasoami faith on 13 February 1958. In 1960 he accepted a scholarship at [[Michigan State University]], where he received his M.S. in electrical engineering in 1961.<ref name=":0" /> The [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] extended his fellowship for PhD, but Satsangi declined the offer and returned to India in July 1961. He got an appointment as reader in electrical engineering at [[MBM Engineering College]] and was appointed to the faculty in 1964.

He, thereafter joined the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] in 1964.<ref>Past HOD's of IIT, Delhi http://dms.iitd.ac.in/past_hods.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327004808/http://dms.iitd.ac.in/past_hods.html |date=27 March 2018 }}</ref> In the initial years, he taught [[Network theory|basic network theory]] (analysis and synthesis), control theory and electric traction courses. He served as assistant professor for 8 years, associate professor in 1972 and professor of electrical engineering in 1973.

He was selected for a Canadian Commonwealth Research Fellowship award. He secured admission as a doctoral candidate at the [[University of Waterloo]] with research supervisor Jack B. Ellis in the research field of [[socio-economic systems]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Sant Mat - Radhasoami Mat | url=http://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/110/ET/72-110-ET-V1-S1__l_.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809220506/http://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in:80/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/110/ET/72-110-ET-V1-S1__l_.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-09}}</ref>

In the summer of 1970, he went to the University of Waterloo as a post doctoral fellow for three months for joint research assignment with the Department of Systems design engineering and Man-environment studies. During the period, he completed his PhD dissertation in the form of relevant papers.<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last1=Satsangi |first1=P. |date=March 1969 |title= Physical system theory modelling framework generalized for large scale economic systems |url=https://ocul-wtl.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01OCUL_WTL/vk29fk/alma991378333505162 |publisher=Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada |oclc=1124241330 |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref> He also attended a short summer course at [[MIT]] on [[transport system]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/03081070500422869|title = Systems movement:Autobiographical Retrospectives| journal=International Journal of General Systems| volume=35| issue=2| pages=127–167|year = 2006|last1 = Satsangi|first1 = Prem Saran|s2cid = 11209547}}</ref>

==Dayalbagh (1993–2002)==

He left IIT Delhi in May 1993 to join the Dayalbagh Educational Institute as its director.<ref name=":0" /> He became the member of [[Radhasoami Satsang Sabha]] in 1993. During the 1990s, he was involved in education and research in intelligent [[systems engineering]] applications to large and complex systems by invoking soft computing techniques and published several papers and produced a number of doctoral theses.

He held the office of Director of Dayalbagh Educational Institute for almost nine years. His primary duties involved academic administration, although he continued participating in systems science research and practice.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dei.ac.in/dei/ | title=Home}}</ref>

He is involved in the research of systemic education and experiences related to material, energy, information, mind, intellect, emotion and the science of spiritual consciousness transcending the one in ancient India and the recent advances in [[neurophysiology]] and [[cognitive psychology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/specialTalks/visionTalkQANSAS2012.htm|title = Special Talks}}</ref><ref>A Search in Secret India https://archive.org/details/ASearchInSecretIndia {{ISBN|1614272891}}</ref>

==As ''Vaqt'' Sant Satguru (2003-Present)==
On 18 May 2003, a gathering in [[Dayalbagh]] of about 25000 representatives of about half a million Followers of [[Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh]], from all over India and abroad Acclaimed Prem Saran Satsangi Sahab as the Eighth '''''Vaqt Sant Satguru''''' '''(Eighth Spiritual Leader)''' of the Faith.<ref name=":0" /> As a Sant Satguru, he preaches the teachings of [[Sant Mat]] and initiates thousands of his eligible [[Satsangi|followers]] into [[Surat Shabd Yoga]]. Under his guidance, [[Radhasoami Satsang Sabha]], initiated the Murar Declaration<ref>Murar Declaration as cited on the official webpage of Radhasoami Satsang Sabha, Dayalbagh http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/murar-declaration-2010.htm</ref> on 13 June 2010, for forging unity among different [[Radhasoami]] communities.

He believes that the theory of spiritual systems is fully consistent with the latest theory of everything of the Physical Universe.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/specialTalks/visiontalkTSC2013.htm | title=Special Talks}}</ref>

==Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh==
Located at: [[Dayalbagh]], Agra. Lineage: [[Shiv Dayal Singh]] (Soami Ji Maharaj)- [[Salig Ram]](Huzur Maharaj)— [[Maharaj Sahab|Brahm Shankar Misra]](Maharaj Sahab) — [[Kamta Prasad Sinha]](Sarkar Sahab) — [[Anand Swarup]] (Sahab Ji Maharaj, Founder of Dayalbagh) — [[Gurcharan Das Mehta]](Mehta Ji Maharaj) — [[Makund Behari Lal]](Lal Sahab) — Prem Saran Satsangi(Satsangi Sahab). Dayalbagh was founded by [[Anand Swarup]], Kt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/ |title=Home |website=dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref>
The present Guru<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sant Satguru in Radhasoami Faith |url=http://www.dayalbagh.org.in/radhasoami-faith/sant-satguru.htm |website=www.dayalbagh.org.in}}</ref> Prem Saran Satsangi<ref name="auto" /> is an emeritus professor, physicist and system scientist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapters - Sysi.org |url=https://www.sysi.org/chapters.html |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=www.sysi.org}}</ref> of [[IIT Delhi]]. The 200th birth anniversary of Shiv Dayal Singh was celebrated in [[Dayalbagh]] from August 2017 to 24 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/agra-temple-113-years-in-the-making-inches-towards-completion/articleshow/59040687.cms|title=Agra: Agra temple, 113 years in the making, inches towards completion | Agra News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bicentennial Celebration Closing Function August 24, 2018 Flyer |url=https://www.dei.ac.in/dei/files/events/2017/Bicentennial_Celebration_Closing_Function_August_24_2018_Flyer.pdf |website=www.dei.ac.in}}</ref>
{{Gallery
|| alt1=thumb|SANT SATGURU OF RADHASOAMI FAITH (DAYALBAGH GURU LINEAGE) }}

==Family==
Satsangi sahab got married on 11 November 1958 (Deepavali) to P.Bn. Satyavati and they have 2 daughters, Prem Pyari and Dayal Pyari, who are both married.

==Research papers==
Satsangi Sahab has published 90 research papers and has attended several national and international conferences. His major contributions are in the field of Applied systems engineering including socio-economic systems such as transportation and energy systems.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rscircle.com/pdf/Gracious_Huzur_Professor_Prem_Saran_Satsangi.pdf | title=Gracious Huzur Professor Prem Saran Satsangi's Profile | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028092946/https://www.rscircle.com/pdf/Gracious_Huzur_Professor_Prem_Saran_Satsangi.pdf | archive-date=28 October 2017 }}</ref>

==See also==
* Academics
** [[T. Karunakaran]] {{snd}} Ph.D. student supervised by P.S. Satsangi at IIT Delhi
** [[List of University of Waterloo people]]
* Religion
** [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh]] lineage
*** [[Shiv Dayal Singh|Param Guru Soami Ji Maharaj]] (1818–1878)
*** [[Salig Ram|Param Guru Huzur Maharaj]] (1829–1898)
*** [[Maharaj Sahab|Param Guru Maharaj Sahab]] (1861–1907)
*** [[Kamta Prasad Sinha|Param Guru Sarkar Sahab]] (1871–1913)
*** [[Anand Swarup|Param Guru Sahab Ji Maharaj]] (1881–1937)
*** [[Gurcharan Das Mehta|Param Guru Mehta Ji Maharaj]] (1885–1975)
*** [[Makund Behari Lal|Param Guru Lal Sahab]] (1907–2002)
*** Prem Saran Satsangi (born 1937)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Sant Mat}}
{{Systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satsangi, Revered Prem Saran}}
[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:Surat Shabd Yoga]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Consciousness researchers and theorists]]
[[Category:Indian cosmologists]]
[[Category:Quantum mind]]
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Mathematical physicists]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Pariwan Kulgam

2026-05-02T20:42:51Z

Tjackson: put up some stub v1...

{{Short description|Village in Kulgam district, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pariwan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Masjid-Bilal-Pariwan.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Masjid Bilal New colony Ganiepora Pariwan
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.663354|74.924305|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Kulgam
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body = Pariwan Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_ha =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1885
| population_total = 1566
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192231
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = JK18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Village code
| blank1_info_sec1 = 003980
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from Kulgam town
| blank2_info_sec1 = 9 km{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pariwan''' is a village in the Kulgam tehsil of [[Kulgam district]] in the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is located approximately 9 kilometres from Kulgam town, which serves as the district and sub-district headquarters.

== Geography ==
Pariwan has an average elevation of 1,885 metres (6,184 feet) above sea level.<ref name="census2011"/>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Pariwan has a total population of 1,566 people, comprising 793 males and 773 females. The village has 301 households.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Jammu and Kashmir - Series 02 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Kulgam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1324 |website=Census of India |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

The sex ratio of the village is 975 females per 1,000 males, higher than the state average of 889.<ref name="census2011"/> Children aged 0 to 6 years number 232, making up 14.81 per cent of the total population. The child sex ratio is 917.<ref name="census2011"/>

Literacy in Pariwan stands at 62.37 per cent, lower than the state average of 67.16 per cent. Male literacy is 72.62 per cent and female literacy is 51.96 per cent.<ref name="census2011"/> The census recorded no population from Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes in the village.<ref name="census2011"/>

== Administration ==
Pariwan is administered by the Pariwan Gram Panchayat under the Pombay Block Panchayat of Kulgam district. The village's census code is 003980.<ref name="census_code">{{cite web |title=List of Villages in Kulgam Tehsil |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0103_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |website=Census of India |page=17 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> The nearest town is Kulgam, located approximately 9 kilometres away, which serves as the main administrative and economic hub for the village.
[[File:Zakir.png|thumb|Boys Playing Gully Cricket]]

== Transport ==
As of the 2011 census, Pariwan had access to both public and private bus services within the village. A railway station was available within 10 kilometres of the village.<ref name="census2011"/>

== Education ==
The literacy rate of Pariwan was 62.37 per cent as of 2011, with male literacy at 72.62 per cent and female literacy at 51.96 per cent.<ref name="census2011"/>
[[File:Darisgah Jamia Farooqia.jpg|thumb|Jamia Farooqia Pariwan Kulgam]]

== See also ==
* [[List of villages in Kulgam district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kulgam district]]

Shalini (actress)

2026-05-01T21:49:28Z

Tjackson: creating new bio more to come - done

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1976)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shalini
| image = Shalini Ajith 2023 (cropped).png
| caption = Shalini in 2023
| birth_name = Shalini Babu<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/actors-ajith-shalini-skip-queue-at-polling-booth-as-fans-surround-them-get-scolded-by-people-365951.html |title=Actors Ajith & Shalini Skip Queue At Polling Booth As Fans Surround Them, Get Scolded By People |date=23 April 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|11|20}}<ref>https://www.news18.com/movies/in-pics-former-actress-shalini-celebrates-her-mother-alices-birthday-8853276.html</ref>
| birth_place = [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ajith Kumar]]|2000}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Shamlee]] (sister) [[Richard Rishi]] (brother)
| yearsactive = 1983–1991 (child artist); 1997–2001
}}

'''Shalini''' (formerly known as '''Baby Shalini'''; born 20 November 1979) is a former Indian actress and child artist who worked in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. During the 80s, Shalini was a child artist in Malayalam and Tamil films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2013 |title=Birthday Exclusive: Shalini Ajith Kumar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131120/entertainment-kollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-shalini-kumar |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

After a brief hiatus from acting, Shalini made a comeback in 1997 through [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language films as a lead heroine. She retired from films soon after marrying Tamil actor [[Ajith Kumar]] in April 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manjula |date=30 September 2020 |title=Shalini Ajith's Condition To Madhavan On Romantic Scenes In Alai Payuthey |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/shalini-ajiths-condition-to-madhavan-on-romantic-scenes-in-alai-payuthey-648838 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shalini is a [[Pentecostalism |Pentecostal]] Christian. She was born to Babu<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 November 2013 |title=Birthday Exclusive: Shalini Ajith Kumar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131120/entertainment-kollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-shalini-kumar |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> and Alice on 20 November 1979.<ref name="mangalamvarika.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/124/29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130050859/http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/124/29 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 January 2014 |title=Mangalam - Varika 27-Jan-2014 |website=Mangalamvarika.com}}</ref><ref>[http://celebrity.psyphil.com/ajith-shalini-marriage-ajith-kumar-wedding-photos-tamil-actor-details "Ajith Shalini Marriage Ajith Kumar Wedding Photos Tamil Actor Details"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308062312/http://celebrity.psyphil.com/ajith-shalini-marriage-ajith-kumar-wedding-photos-tamil-actor-details/ |date=8 March 2011 }}, Celebrity.psyphil.com, 3 January 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/124/28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130050854/http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/124/28 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 January 2014 |title=Mangalam - Varika 27-Jan-2014 |website=Mangalamvarika.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#HappyWeddingDayAjithShalini: How religious differences never hindered their successful married life |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/04/24/ajith-shalini-wedding-anniversary-special-interview-married-life.html |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=onmanorama.com|date=24 April 2020 }}</ref> Her father, a [[Muslim]] originally from [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2010 |title=Shalini's sibling Richard |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/Jul/26/shalinis-sibling-richard-172950.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-21 |title=पिता मुस्लिम, खुद क्रिश्चियन और पति ब्राह्मण सुपरस्टार, बॉलीवुड में की बस 1 फिल्म, फिर भी है अकूत संपत्ति |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/south-cinema-tamil-superstar-ajith-kumar-wife-shalini-born-to-a-muslim-father-raised-as-christian-married-brahmin-did-one-bollywood-film-with-anil-kapoor-ws-kl-9191275.html |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Savadi |first=Tanmayi |date=2025-05-01 |title=Who Is Shalini Ajith? Thala's Wife, Successful Child Actor - All You Need To Know |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/who-is-shalini-ajith-thalas-wife-successful-child-actor-all-you-need-to-know-article-151540197 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> migrated to [[Madras]] with an ambition of becoming an actor and the family settled there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/143728?page=0,1 |title=ശാലിനിയുടെ കഥ, ശ്യാംലിയുടേയും...! - Page 2 | mangalam.com |access-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307153750/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/143728?page=0,1 |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Alice is a Christian, whose parents are from Kerala. Shalini is the middle child. Her younger sister [[Shamili]] and her elder brother [[Richard Rishi|Richard]] are also film actors. Shalini attended Fatima Matriculation Higher Secondary School (K.G to 8th), and Adarsh Vidyalaya, Chennai (9th to 10th). She completed college at [[Annamalai University]].<ref name=":0" /> Shalini has stated that she enjoys [[badminton]] and has played in a few state-level tournaments.<ref name="hinduonnet.com">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712042524/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006101000460100.htm&date=2006/10/10/&prd=mp& `Acting is a lot of responsibility']}}, The Hindu, 10 October 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2006 |title=Tamil Nadu/Tiruchi News: From a child artiste to badminton player |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/15/stories/2006091517700200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304152603/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/15/stories/2006091517700200.htm |archive-date=4 March 2009 |access-date=12 July 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Shalini started her career as a child artist. She also played the lead character in the TV serial ''Amloo'' telecast in the late 1980s on Doordarshan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2020 |title=Retro Ticket |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/retroticket/status/1329747084640014336 |access-date=29 April 2022 |via=Twitter }}</ref>
Her iconic hairstyle, a short bob with a front fringe, was popularly known as the “Baby Shalini hair cut”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=30 November 2018 |title=Nadhiya hoops, Khushbu blouses, '96' kurta: A look at fashion inspired by Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nadhiya-hoops-khushbu-blouses-96-kurta-look-fashion-inspired-tamil-cinema-92482 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>

Shalini and her siblings, [[Shamili]] and [[Richard Rishi]], acted as child artists in the 1990 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language blockbuster film ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]''.

Shalini soon went to study, and she returned to acting with ''[[Aniyathipravu]]'', which was a blockbuster. In her next film ''[[Kaliyoonjal]]'' (1997), she co-starred with [[Mammootty]] and [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] and it released to mixed reviews. After the success of the Malayalam ''[[Aniyathipravu]]'', [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] remade it in Tamil as ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' (1997) with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]. Initially, Fazil was keen on casting a débutante in the lead female role, but Shalini insisted that she should also star in the Tamil version.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/5B14521EB99AB01765256940004C8B0E |title=Penchant for riveting romances - The Hindu |date=20 June 2004 |access-date=12 July 2012}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Like the Malayalam version, ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' was also a blockbuster, and Shalini's performance was also praised, with Indolink.com recommending the film and stating that "Shalini returns in this film with a good performance".<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaadhalukku Mariyaadhai: Movie Review |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/kmariyad.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610003624/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/kmariyad.htm |archive-date=10 June 2012 |access-date=12 July 2012 |publisher=Indolink.com}}</ref>

For the movie ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' (1999) with [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Saran (director)|Saran]] initially approached Shalini, who was studying at the time and she refused, however, after a three-month pursuit, he finally got her to sign on as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/feb/10saran.htm#4a |title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: Director Saran on matters close to his heart |work=Rediff.com |date=10 February 2000 |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> She was offered a role in ''[[Padayappa]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/03ss.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |work=Rediff.com |date=3 November 1998 |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> which she rejected. The success of the film ''Kadhalukku Mariyadhai'' prompted Fazil to make another film with the lead pair, Vijay and Shalini, in ''[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Film Statistics - 2001 |url=https://www.cooljilax.com/2001/stat2001.html |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=cooljilax.com}}</ref> She acted with [[R. Madhavan]] in the romantic drama ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' (2000) directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]. She was last seen in the romantic comedy film ''[[Piriyadha Varam Vendum]]'' (2001) with [[Prashanth]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shalini Ajith Kumar reunites with her 'Alaipayuthey' co-star R Madhavan after 24 years for a cute selfie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shalini-ajith-kumar-reunites-with-her-alaipayuthey-co-star-r-madhavan-after-24-years-for-a-cute-selfie/articleshow/114665176.cms |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1999, during the shoot of Saran's ''[[Amarkkalam]]'', Shalini began to date her co-star [[Ajith Kumar]], who proposed to Shalini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/15ajit.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: The Ajit-Shalini romance |work=Rediff.com |date=15 September 1999 |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> They got married on 24 April 2000 at Chennai. Ajith Kumar is a practicing [[Hindu]]. After their marriage, Shalini retired as an actress following the completion of two of her unfinished projects. The couple have two children; a daughter Anoushka (born January 3rd 2008) and a son Aadvik (born March 2 2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150302/entertainment-kollywood/article/ajith-and-shalini-welcome-baby-boy |title=Ajith and Shalini welcome baby boy |date=2 March 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/ajith-wife-blessed-with-baby-boy-twitter-calls-newborn-kutty-thala/article1-1322201.aspx |title=Ajith, wife blessed with baby boy, Twitter calls newborn Kutty Thala |access-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303005611/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/ajith-wife-blessed-with-baby-boy-twitter-calls-newborn-kutty-thala/article1-1322201.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As a child artist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" |1983
|''[[Bezawada Bebbuli]]''
|
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aadyathe Anuraagam]]'' || Rajumon || rowspan="3" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Oomakkuyil]]''||||
|-
| ''[[Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku]]'' || Mamattukuttiyama/Tintu || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
|-
| ''[[Apoorva Sahodarigal]]'' || || rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aanandha Kummi]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="13"|1984
| ''Muthodu Muthu'' || Achimol || rowspan="10"|[[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Sumangaliyude Katha]]'' || Raji ||
|-
| ''[[Chakkarayumma]]'' || Shalu Mol ||
|-
| ''[[Onnum Mindatha Bharya]]'' || Achuthan Nair's daughter ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Guruvayoorappa]]'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Amme Narayana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sandarbham]]'' || Ravi's daughter ||
|-
| ''[[NH 47 (film)|NH 47]]'' || Mini ||
|-
| ''[[Mangalam Nerunnu]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| ''[[Koottinilamkili]]'' || Nandini/Rajimol || Dual Role
|-
| ''[[Osai]]'' || Baby Shalini || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Minimol Vathicanil]]'' || Minimol || rowspan="3"|Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Onnanu Nammal]]'' || Sonykutty ||
|-
| rowspan="16" |1985
| ''[[Vannu Kandu Keezhadakki]]'' || Shalu ||
|-
|''Bandham''
|Asha
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Bandham (1985 film)|Bandham]]''|| Asha || rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Pillai Nila]]'' || Shalini / Shalu || Dual Role
|-
| ''[[Amudha Gaanam]]'' || Meena||
|-
| ''[[Jeevante Jeevan]]'' || Biju || rowspan="13" |Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Akkacheyude Kunjuvava]]'' ||Chakkimol||
|-
| ''[[Oru Nokku Kanan]]'' || Chinnukkutty/Unnimol || Dual Role
|-
|''Kongumudi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kongumudi (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZWU |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Padma
|
|-
| ''[[Katha Ithuvare]]'' || Ramyamol ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kudakeezhil]]'' || Baby Sridevi ||
|-
| ''[[Aazhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aanakkorumma]]'' || Bindu ||
|-
| ''[[Iniyum Kadha Thudarum]]'' || Ravindran's daughter ||
|-
| ''[[Ormikkaan Omanikkaan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu]]'' || Raji or Rajee ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1986
| ''[[Prathyyekom Shradikkuka]]'' || Minimol ||
|-
| ''[[Bharya Oru Manthri]]'' || Anithamol ||
|-
| ''[[Viduthalai (1986 film)|Viduthalai]]'' || Shalini || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Entethu Mathrem]]'' || Sreemol, Bindu || Malayalam ||Dual role
|-
| ''[[Ee Jeeva Ninagagi]]'' || Latha || [[Kannada]] || Also playback singer and only Kannada film till date
|-
| ''[[Nilave Malare]]'' || Priya || rowspan="2"|Tamil
|[[7th Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Child Artist]]
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Kannudayaal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jailu Pakshi]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1987
| ''[[Amme Bhagavathi]]'' || Durga || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Sirai Paravai]]'' || || rowspan="2"|Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Shankar Guru (1987 film)|Shankar Guru]]'' || Devi ||
|-
| ''[[Shankar Guru (1987 film)|Chinnari Devatha]]'' || Devi || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
|''Saradhamba''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Michael Raj]]'' || || rowspan="2"|Tamil ||
|-
| ''Rowdy Babai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1988
| ''[[Brahma Puthrudu]]'' || Sridevi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Chutti Poonai'' || Shalini || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[August 15 Raatri]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1989
|''[[Varusham 16]]''
|
|Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Rakhwala (1989 film)|Rakhwala]]'' || Mini || [[Hindi]] || Only [[Bollywood]] film till date
|-
| ''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]'' || Chitra || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Bhagavan'' || Baby || rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Atiloka Sundari]]'' || Pandu ||
|}

===As a lead actress===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || ''[[Aniyathipraavu]]'' || Mini || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kaliyoonjal]]'' || Ammu ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' || Mini || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Remake of ''[[Aniyathipraavu]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 || ''[[Nakshatratharattu]]'' || Hema || rowspan="4" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kaikudunna Nilavu]]'' || Veni ||
|-
| ''[[Sundarakilladi]]'' ||Devayani ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999 || ''[[Prem Poojari]]'' || Hema ||
|-
| ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' || Mohana || Tamil || Also playback singer
|-
| ''[[Niram]]'' || Sona || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]'' || Hema || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' || Shakti || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize for Best Actress]] Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Piriyadha Varam Vendum]]'' || Nithiyakalyani || Remake of ''[[Niram]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shalini}}
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Igorchem Bandh

2026-04-30T00:24:49Z

Tjackson: created new pg more to come

{{short description|Dirt road in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox street
| name = Igorchem Bandh
| image = Igorchem Bandh 2023.jpg
| caption = The main gate of Igorchem Bandh, 2023
| map_type = India Goa#India
| type = Isolated [[dirt road]]
| length_m = 340
| maint = ''Raia [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]''
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|18|52.47|N|73|59|20.31|E|display=inline,title}}
| status = [[Pedestrianised]]
| known_for = Midday hauntings
| location = Behind Our Lady of Snows Church, [[Raia, Goa]], India 403719
}}

'''Igorchem Bandh''' ({{translation|Church Road}}) is a road situated in the village of [[Raia, Goa|Raia]], adjacent to [[Rachol]], within the coastal state of [[Goa]]. It has gained attention for its association with midday hauntings. The name "''Igorchem Bandh''" is fittingly derived from its location behind the Church of [[Our Lady of Snows]]. This particular road has gained notoriety as a place where numerous individuals have reportedly experienced [[Spirit possession|unusual occurrences]].

The path area has gained notoriety due to a plethora of eerie haunting accounts. Witnesses have reported instances where individuals, shortly after experiencing possession, have met with bizarre and untimely deaths. Local residents have also attested to hearing inexplicable footsteps and the unsettling sound of heavy breathing emanating from the vicinity of trees and bushes, contributing to the pervasive ghostly ambiance of the location.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-20 |title=Legend Of Haunted Igorchem Road In Goa, India |url=https://mysteriesrunsolved.com/haunted-igorchem-road-of-goa/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023103833/https://mysteriesrunsolved.com/haunted-igorchem-road-of-goa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Description ==
The ''Igorchem Bandh'' refers to a tranquil and isolated section of a typically picturesque road. According to Hengul J Das and Shikha Gautam of ''[[The Times of India]]'', the profound stillness of the road, coupled with an air of mystique in the surrounding area, creates an ideal backdrop for a local legend.<ref name=":0" /> Steve Antao of ''ItsGoa'' characterizes the location as an eerie, slender, and desolate roadway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antao |first=Steve |date=2017-10-06 |title=5 of The Most Haunted Places In Goa That Will Freak You Out |url=https://itsgoa.com/5-of-the-most-haunted-places-in-goa-that-will-freak-you-out |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Folklore==
[[File:Our lady of Snows Church, Raia.jpg|thumb|[[Façade]] of the Our Lady of Snows Church, [[Raia, Goa|Raia]] in 2014.]]
Fernando Monte da Silva, of ''[[Media in Goa|The Goan Everyday]]'', recounts a local legend associated with crossing the specific area known as the "''bandh''" (road) at 2 pm. According to the legend, crossing the ''bandh'' during this time allegedly results in feelings of [[dizziness]] and subsequent episodes of [[Speaking in tongues|incomprehensible speech]]. However, from a logical perspective, it is plausible that such experiences could be attributed to a severe form of [[sunstroke]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeepers Creepers |url=http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Rec-Room/Jeepers-Creepers/01651.html |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021121810/http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Rec-Room/Jeepers-Creepers/01651.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Hengul J Das and Shikha Gautam of ''[[The Times of India]]'', there is a local belief associated with this particular route. The belief suggests that individuals who travel along this route between 2 pm and 3 pm are susceptible to being possessed by an [[Demon|malevolent entity]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Gautam |first=Hengul J. Das and Shikha GautamHengul J. Das and Shikha |title=The spookiest places in Goa |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-spookiest-places-in-goa/articleshow/48882018.cms |access-date=2023-10-23 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228100132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-spookiest-places-in-goa/articleshow/48882018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to reports from ''Incredible Goa'' magazine, local villagers have long believed in the existence of numerous spirits in the region. These spirits are said to possess a powerful presence, even during daylight hours, and are known to occasionally harm humans. According to local folklore, these spirits specifically target individuals with low [[self-control]], seeking to possess them. Once possessed, individuals reportedly exhibit unusual behavior, speaking in an incomprehensible language associated with ghosts. Additionally, their eyes allegedly turn red, and their complexion becomes pale. It is also believed that these malevolent spirits extract blood from their victims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Incredible Goa Staff |date=2018-03-17 |title=10 Most Haunted Places in Goa, That You May Never Want to Visit |url=https://www.incrediblegoa.org/feature/the-10-most-haunted-places-in-goa-that-you-may-never-want-to-visit/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Incredible Goa |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023103833/https://www.incrediblegoa.org/feature/the-10-most-haunted-places-in-goa-that-you-may-never-want-to-visit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*In November 2021, a [[podcast]] called ''Ectoplasm Show'' released episode 385 titled "Haunted Places in India," that featured a description of ''Igorchem Bandh''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=The Ectoplasm Show: Most Haunted Places In India |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/most-haunted-places-in-india-ectoplasm-show-episode-385/id920294351?i=1000542157440 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023133006/https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/most-haunted-places-in-india-ectoplasm-show-episode-385/id920294351?i=1000542157440 |archive-date=2023-10-23 |access-date=2023-10-23}}</ref>
*In October 2022, the ''Igorchem Bandh'' was featured in the book titled "''Ghostlight''" by the Canadian writer [[Kenneth Oppel]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oppel |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9yIEAAAQBAJ |title=Ghostlight |date=2022-10-13 |publisher=Michael O'Mara Books |isbn=978-1-913101-84-8 |language=en |access-date=2023-10-23 |archive-date=2023-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023103832/https://books.google.com/books?id=B9yIEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of reportedly haunted locations in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Roads in Goa]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in India]]

Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland

2026-04-25T20:56:24Z

Tjackson:

{{Short description|British Conservative politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Honourable]]
| name = The Marquess of Zetland
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|GCSI|GCIE|PC|JP|DL}}
| image = Lord Zetland.jpg
| order1 = [[Secretary of State for India]]
| term_start1 = 7 June 1935
| term_end1 = 28 May 1937
| monarch1 = [[George V]] [[Edward VIII]] [[George VI]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Stanley Baldwin]]
| predecessor1 = [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt]]
| successor1 = ''Office renamed Secretary of State for India and Burma''
| order = [[Secretary of State for India and Burma]]
| term_start = 28 May 1937
| term_end = 13 May 1940
| monarch = [[George VI]]
| prime_minister = [[Neville Chamberlain]]
| predecessor = ''New office''
| successor = [[Leo Amery]]
| order2 = [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency#Governors of Bengal (Restored, 1912–1947)|Governor of Bengal]]
| term_start2 = 26 March 1917
| term_end2 = 28 March 1922
| governor_general2 = [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|The Viscount Chelmsford]]
| predecessor2 = [[Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael|The Lord Carmichael]]
| successor2 = [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton|The Earl of Lytton]]
| office12 = Member of the [[House of Lords]] [[Lord Temporal]]
| term_start12 = 12 March 1929
| term_end12 = 6 February 1961 [[Hereditary Peerage]]
| predecessor12 = [[Lawrence Dundas, 1st Marquess of Zetland|The 1st Marquess of Zetland]]
| successor12 = [[Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland|The 3rd Marquess of Zetland]]
| office13 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hornsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornsey]]
| term_start13 = 5 June 1907
| term_end13 = 6 December 1916
| predecessor13 = [[Charles Balfour]]
| successor13 = [[Kennedy Jones (journalist)|Kennedy Jones]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1876|06|11}}
| birth_place = [[London, England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1961|02|6|1876|06|11}}
| death_place = [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond, England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| father = [[Lawrence Dundas, 1st Marquess of Zetland|Lawrence Dundas]]
| mother = Lady Lilian Selena Elizabeth Lumley
| relatives = [[John Dundas (1845–1892)|John Dundas]] (brother) [[Lawrence Aldred Mervyn Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland|Lawrence Dundas]] (son) [[Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough|Richard Lumley]] (maternal grandfather)
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Cicely Archdale|3 December 1907}}
}}

'''Lawrence John Lumley Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland''' (11 June 1876 – 6 February 1961), styled '''Lord Dundas''' until 1892 and '''Earl of Ronaldshay''' between 1892 and 1929, was a British [[hereditary peer]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician. An expert on India, he served as [[Secretary of State for India]] in the late 1930s.

==Early life and education==
Zetland was born in London in 1876, the eldest surviving son of [[Lawrence Dundas, 1st Marquess of Zetland]], and his wife Lady Lilian Selena Elizabeth Lumley, daughter of [[Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough]].<ref name="Oxford Dictionary">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Woods |first=Philip |date=January 2011 |title=Dundas, Lawrence John Lumley, second marquess of Zetland (1876–1961) |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-32932 |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32932|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He was educated at [[Harrow School]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=DNDS894LJ|name=Dundas, Lawrence John Lumley, Earl of Ronaldshay}}</ref> At Cambridge, he was a member of the [[University Pitt Club]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=Walter Morley |author-link1=Walter Morley Fletcher |title=The University Pitt Club: 1835–1935 |edition=First Paperback |year=2011 |orig-year=1935 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-60006-5 |page=92}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Bhawal Sannyasi Investiture Ceremony.jpg|left|thumb|Zetland as a [[Governor of Bengal]] in [[Dhaka]] (1919)]]
Lord Ronaldshay was commissioned a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] in the North Riding of York Volunteer Artillery. He was on 3 April 1900 appointed an extra [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Lord Curzon]], [[Viceroy of India]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence |date=26 March 1900 |page=10 |issue=36099}}</ref> While working for Curzon in the [[British Raj]], Ronaldshay travelled widely through Asia, having experiences which would later inform his fictional and non-fictional writing.<ref>[http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/lawrence-john-lumley-dundas Lawrence John Lumley Dundas], ''Making Britain''. Retrieved 11 July 2020.</ref>

Zetland was returned to Parliament for [[Hornsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornsey]] in 1907, a seat he held until 1916. Much of his public career centred on [[British India]]. In September 1912, he was appointed (with [[Lord Islington]], [[H. A. L. Fisher|Herbert Fisher]], [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Mr Justice Abdur Rahim]], and others) as a member of the [[Royal Commission on the Public Services in India]] of 1912–1915.<ref>''London Gazette'', Issue 28642 of 6 September 1912, [http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/issues/28642/pages/6631 p. 6631] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002152501/http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/issues/28642/pages/6631 |date=2 October 2013 }}</ref> He was [[Governor of Bengal]] between 1917 and 1922 and [[Secretary of State for India]] between 1935 and 1940. Although a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], his belief was that Indians should be allowed to take ever-increasing responsibility for the government of the country, culminating in [[Dominion]] status (enjoyed by Canada, Australia, and other formerly self-governing parts of the [[British Empire]]).

Zetland played an important role in the protracted negotiations which led to the [[Government of India Act 1935]], which began, subject to the implacable opposition of [[Winston Churchill]] and the "diehards" to anything that might imperil direct British rule over India, to implement those ideals.

[[File:LawrenceDundas LordRonalshay-EarlZetland asGovernorBengal 1917-22.jpg|thumb|Lord Ronaldshay as Governor of Bengal (1917–22).]]
Zetland was also an author: [[Rab Butler]], who served as his Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the India Office, records that he asked how he could understand better his chief's thinking about the future of India and received the answer: "Read my books!" Zetland kept Butler, who had helped to pass the Government of India Act and had enjoyed great influence under Zetland's predecessor Samuel Hoare, at arm's length, requiring him to book an appointment in advance if he wanted to see him. Butler continued to serve under him for another two years, but devotes only a single paragraph to this period in his memoirs.<ref>Jago 2015, p.83</ref>

Zetland was ideally placed as Secretary of State for India to implement the new Act, although the two Viceroys with whom he served, Lords [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Willingdon]] and [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Linlithgow]], were rather less idealistic than he. In the event, Willingdon and Linlithgow were proved right when the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] won the 1937 Provincial elections, much to the dismay of Zetland. Zetland's term as Secretary of State — and the experiment with democracy represented by the 1935 Act — came to an end with Churchill's assumption of the Prime Ministership in 1940: Zetland then offered his resignation, feeling that his ideas and Churchill's regarding India were so different that "I could only end by becoming an embarrassment to him." Two months prior to this, on 13 March 1940, Zetland was one of four people shot at the [[Caxton Hall]] by [[Indian nationalist]] [[Udham Singh]]; former lieutenant governor of the [[Punjab]], [[Michael O'Dwyer]], was killed. Zetland suffered only bruising to his ribs (the bullet was found in his clothes) and was able to take his seat in the House of Lords five days later.<ref name="Glasgow Herald1">{{cite news |work=Glasgow Herald |author= |title=Sir Michael O'Dwyer Shot Dead |location=Glasgow |date=13 March 1940 |page=23 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19400313&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref><ref name="Glasgow Herald2">{{cite news |work=Glasgow Herald |author= |title=The Caxton Hall Tragedy |location=Glasgow |date=19 March 1940 |page=4 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19400319&id=P3ZDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MpIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5525,7388166}}</ref>

Zetland, who was known to favour good relations between the UK and Germany, was associated with the [[Anglo-German Fellowship]] during the late 1930s.<ref>Richard Griffiths, ''Fellow Travellers on the Right'', Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 220</ref>

Zetland was sworn of the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]] in 1922<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32677 |date=21 April 1922 |page=3135 }}</ref> and made a [[Knight of the Garter]] in 1942. He also bore the Sword of State at the coronation of [[George VI]] in 1937<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34453 |date=10 November 1937 |page=7051 }}</ref> and was [[Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire]] between 1945 and 1951.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36965 |date=2 March 1945 |page=1210 }}</ref> He was elected [[President of the Royal Geographical Society]] in 1922 and President of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] for 1928–31.<ref>{{cite book |title=Modern Hindu Personalism: The History, Life, and Thought of Bhaktisiddhanta . |first=Ferdinando |last=Sardella |page=152}}</ref> From 1932 to 1945, he was chairman of the [[National Trust]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jennifer |last1=Jenkins |first2=Patrick |last2=James |title=From acorn to oak tree: the growth of the National Trust 1895–1994 |date=1994 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |page=335}}</ref>

==Marriage and children==
Lord Ronaldshay married on 3 December 1907 to Cicely Archdale (1886–1973), daughter of Mervyn Henry Archdale. They lived at [[Snelsmore]] at [[Chieveley]] in [[Berkshire]], and had five children:<ref name="Mosley2003">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Mosley |editor-first=Charles |editor-link=Charles Mosley (genealogist) |encyclopedia=Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage |title=Zetland |edition=107th |year=2003 |publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry LLC |volume=III |location=Wilmington, Delaware |isbn=0-9711966-2-1 |page=4286}}</ref>
* [[Lawrence Aldred Mervyn Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland]] (12 November 1908 - 5 October 1989)
* Lady Viola Mary Dundas (4 January 1910 - 21 March 1995)
* Lady Lavinia Margaret Dundas (31 December 1914 – 4 January 1974)
* Lady Jean Agatha Dundas (4 May 1916 – 13 May 1995), married on 2 September 1939 to Hector Lorenzo Christie.
* [[Flight Sergeant]] Lord Bruce Thomas Dundas (18 October 1920 – 24 February 1942), [[killed in action]] with the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]].<ref>[https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/loss/106634/ International Bomber Command Centre, losses database, Dundas, Bruce Thomas]</ref>

==Death==
Lord Zetland died in 1961 at the age of 84 and was succeeded in the marquessate and other titles by his elder and only surviving son, [[Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland|Lawrence]]. The Marchioness of Zetland died in January 1973.<ref name="Mosley2003" />

==Arms==
{{Emblem table

|image = {{center|[[File:Coat of arms of Dundas, Marquess of Zetland, KG.svg|280px]]}}
|crest = A Lion's Head affrontée struggling through an Oak Bush all proper fructed Or crowned with an Antique Crown of the last
|coronet = A [[Coronet|Coronet of a Marquess]]
|escutcheon = Argent a Lion rampant within a Double Tressure flory counter-flory all within a Bordure Azure
|supporters = On either side a Lion proper crowned with an Antique Crown Or and gorged with a Chaplet of Oak leaves Vert fructed Gold with a Shield pendent from each, the dexter being charged with Argent a Saltire and Chief Gules on a Canton of the field a Lion rampant Azure for Bruce, and the sinister being charged with lozengy Argent and Gules for Fitzwilliam
|motto = Essayez (Try)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Debrett's peerage, and titles of courtesy, in which is included full information respecting the collateral branches of Peers, Privy Councillors, Lords of Session, etc |date= |publisher=Dean |year=1921 |location=London |pages=946 |url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/946/mode/2up}}</ref>
}}

== Publications ==
*''[https://archive.org/details/awanderingstude00zetlgoog/ A Wandering Student in the Far East]''. 1904
*''Lands of the Thunderbolt: Sikhim, Chumbi & Bhutan''. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1923
*''India: a Bird's-eye View''. Constable, London, 1924
*''The heart of Âryâvarta; a study of the psychology of Indian unrest''. Constable, London, 1925
*''The Life Of Lord Curzon''. (3 vols). Ernest Benn Ltd, London, 1927–1928
*''Essayez: The Memoirs of Lawrence''. John Murray, London, 1956

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Book==
* Jago, Michael ''Rab Butler: The Best Prime Minister We Never Had?'', Biteback Publishing 2015 {{ISBN|978-1849549202}}

==References==
*[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm Bibliography]
*[http://www.aske.co.uk Zetland Estates]
*{{Rayment|date=February 2012}}

==External links==
*{{Hansard-contribs | earl-of-ronaldshay | the Marquess of Zetland }}
*{{UK National Archives ID}}
*{{PM20|FID=pe/042347}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box | title = [[Hornsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Member of Parliament for Hornsey]] | years = [[1907 Hornsey by-election|1907]]–1916 | before = [[Charles Balfour]] | after = [[Kennedy Jones (journalist)|Kennedy Jones]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title = [[Governor of Bengal|Governor of Fort William]] | years = 1917–1922 | before = [[Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael|The Lord Carmichael]] | after = [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton|The Earl of Lytton]]}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt]]|
title=[[Secretary of State for India]]|
years=1935–1937|
after=Secretary of State for India and Burma
}}
{{succession box|
before=New office|
title=[[Secretary of State for India and Burma]]|
years=1937–1940|
after=[[Leo Amery]]
}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box | before=[[William Orde-Powlett, 5th Baron Bolton|The Lord Bolton]] | title=[[Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire]] | years=1945–1951 | after=[[Sir William Worsley, 4th Baronet|Sir William Worsley, Bt]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Lawrence Dundas, 1st Marquess of Zetland|Lawrence Dundas]]|
title=[[Marquess of Zetland]]|
years=1929–1961|
after=[[Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland|Lawrence Aldred Mervyn Dundas]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{RGSPresidents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zetland, Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British anti-communists]]
[[Category:British governors of Bengal]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies|Dundas, Lawrence]]
[[Category:Dundas family|Lawrence]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Foreign Office personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights of Justice of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of the North Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Marquesses of Zetland|2]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939]]
[[Category:Ministers in the Chamberlain wartime government, 1939–1940]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:People from Chieveley]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Secretaries of state for India]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1906–1910|Dundas, Lawrence]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910|Dundas, Lawrence]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910–1918|Dundas, Lawrence]]
[[Category:UK MPs who inherited peerages|Zetland, M2]]
[[Category:National Trust people]]

Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:03Z

Tjackson: started basic entry w/ refs...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Ekamra-Bhubaneswar|the botanical garden in Bhubaneswar, India|Ekamra Kanan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ekamra-Bhubaneswar
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 114
| type = SLA
| map_image = 114-Ekamra-Bhubaneswar.svg
| map_caption = Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency in [[Khordha district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]]
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Babu Singh Politician Odisha.jpg
| mla = [[Babu Singh (Odisha politician)|Babu Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,69,327{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Ekamra-Bhubaneswar''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Khordha district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

This constituency includes 5 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Basuaghai, Itipur, Tikarapada, Dhauli and Sisupal) of Bhubaneswar block and Ward No.12, 14, 15 and 30 to 34 and Ward No. 38 to 47 of [[Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation|BMC]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

The constituency was formed in 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.03}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.07}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.86}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|65.63}}
}}

Since its formation in 2009, 4 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Ekamra-Bhubaneswar constituency is:<ref name=Candidate>{{cite web|title= Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/ekamra-bhubaneswar.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 24 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Portrait
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly Election Results 2024: Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/ekamra-bhubaneswar-constituency-result-18114 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[File:Babu Singh Politician Odisha.jpg|frameless|115x115px]]
|[[Babu Singh (Odisha politician)|Babu Singh]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Ashok Chandra Panda.jpg|frameless|126x126px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ashok Chandra Panda]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="Candidate" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Babu Singh (Odisha politician)|Babu Singh]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ashok Chandra Panda]] by a margin of 5,023 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Ekamra Bhubaneswar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Babu Singh (Odisha politician)|Babu Singh]]
|votes = 74,884
|percentage = 49.03
|change = {{up}}13.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ashok Chandra Panda]]
|votes = 69,861
|percentage = 45.74
|change = {{down}}11.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prasanta Kumar Champati
|votes = 5,482
|percentage = 3.59
|change = {{down}}1.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 987
|percentage = 0.65
|change = {{down}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,023
|percentage = 3.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,52,727
|percentage = 56.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ashok Chandra Panda]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Babu Singh (Odisha politician)|Babu Singh]] by a margin of 28,657 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Ekamra-Bhubaneswar<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="News18 2019">{{cite web | title=Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. | website=News18 | date=2019-04-23 | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/ekamra-bhubaneswar-election-result-s18a114/ | access-date=2020-08-21}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ashok Chandra Panda]]
|votes = 75,020
|percentage = 57.07
|change = {{decrease}}0.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Babu Singh (Odisha politician)|Babu Singh]]
|votes = 46,363
|percentage = 35.27
|change = {{increase}}9.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rashmi Mohapatra
|votes = 6,780
|percentage = 5.16
|change = {{decrease}}1.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,009
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{decrease}}0.28
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,657
|percentage = 21.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,31,446
|percentage = 46.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ashok Chandra Panda]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Amiya Dash by a margin of 36,476 votes.<ref name="Candidate" />

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Ekamra-Bhubaneswar<ref name=Candidate />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ashok Chandra Panda]]
|votes = 66,376
|percentage = 57.86
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Amiya Dash
|votes = 29,900
|percentage = 26.06
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shivananda Ray
|votes = 8,148
|percentage = 7.1
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1204
|percentage = 1.05
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 36,476
|percentage = 31.80
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,14,718
|percentage = 45.97
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,38,949
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ashok Chandra Panda]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Pratap Kumar Jena by a margin of 43,450 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=43450 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html# |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Ekamra-Bhubaneswar<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ashok Chandra Panda]]
|votes = 55,095
|percentage = 65.63
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pratap Kumar Jena
|votes = 11,645
|percentage = 13.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Samir Mohanty
|votes = 11,070
|percentage = 13.19
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,450
|percentage = 51.76{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 83,981
|percentage = 37.21
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,25,707
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Khordha district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|20.277|85.841|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Khordha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Nandod Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:44Z

Tjackson: added a pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nandod
| mla = Dr. Darshna Chandubhai Deshmukh(vasava)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Narmada district|Narmada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:235260}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 148
}}

'''Nandod''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Narmada district|Narmada]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. The seat came into existence due to the delimitation exercise in 2008 and it is a part of the [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

#Nandod Taluka – entire [[taluka]] except [[Dhefa]] village
#Tilakwada Taluka

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Shabdarshan Tadvi ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Vasava Premsinhbhai Devjibhai]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Darshna Vasava|Dr. Darshna Vasava]]||
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Darshna Vasava]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=70543|percentage=39.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hareshbhai Jayantibhai Vasava|party=Indian National Congress|votes=42341|percentage=23.85|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Harshadbhai Chunilal Vasava|party=Independent|votes=35362|percentage=19.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Prafulbhai Devjibhai Vasava|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=24463|percentage=13.78|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3104|percentage=1.75|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=15.89|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:231615}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Nandod<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Premsinhbhai Vasava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 81,849
|percentage = 48.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shabdarshan Tadvi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75,520
|percentage = 44.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jesingbhai Tadvi
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 2,329
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,329
|percentage = 3.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,277
|percentage = 76.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:220199}}
|ref=<ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shabdarshan Tadvi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 79580
|percentage = 50.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hareshbhai Vasava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 63853
|percentage = 40.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15727
|percentage = 9.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 158709
|percentage = 78.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.87|73.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Narmada district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Gokak II Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:44Z

Tjackson: started some stub w/ refs...

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gokak II
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency|Belagavi]]
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Gokak II Assembly constituency''' was one of the Vidhan Sabha seats in the state assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]], in India. It was part of [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency]], which is adjacent to [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Panchagavi Appanna Ramappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak II <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Panchagavi Appanna Ramappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,420 |percentage = 82.39% |change = {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamappa Bhimappa Hosamani |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,754 |percentage = 12.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nayakapa Rayappa Nayaki |party = Lok Sewak Sangh |votes = 1,182 |percentage = 5.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,666 |percentage = 70.08% |change = {{increase}}12.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,807 |percentage = 48.33% |change = {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,356}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,259 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak II <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Panchagavi Appanna Ramappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,141 |percentage = 74.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nayakapa Rayappa Nayaki |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,141 |percentage = 16.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Konnur Shantharayan. S |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,730 |percentage = 9.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,000 |percentage = 57.86% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,012 |percentage = 43.95% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,012}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,254 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|16.164942|74.823850|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

R. K. Padmanabha

2026-04-11T21:48:37Z

Tjackson: put up new details added tags...

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic music vocalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. K. Padmanabha
| image = R. K. Padmanabha in October 2022.png
| caption = Padmanabha in October 2022
| other_names =
| birth_name = Rudrapatna Krishnadikshita Padmanabha
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rudrapatna]], [[Mysore State]], India
| occupation = [[Carnatic music]] singer
| years_active = 1975–present
| awards = {{ubl
| [[Kempegowda Award]]
| [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://rkpadmanabha.in}}
}}
}}

'''Rudrapatna Krishnadikshita Padmanabha'''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=16 July 2022 |title=Vocal concert to mark Jayachamaraja Wadiyar birth anniversary in city on July 18 |url=https://starofmysore.com/vocal-concert-to-mark-jayachamaraja-wadiyar-birth-anniversary-in-city-on-july-18/ |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=[[Star of Mysore]]}}</ref> commonly known by his initials '''RKP''',<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=13 June 2012 |title=Musician does a novel double |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/musician-does-a-novel-double/article3520751.ece |access-date=22 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222123010/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/musician-does-a-novel-double/article3520751.ece |archive-date=22 December 2022 }}</ref> is an Indian [[Carnatic music]] vocalist, [[performer]], music teacher and author from the state of [[Karnataka]]. He established "Sapta Swara Devatha Dhyana Mandira" at native village [[Rudrapatna]], Karnataka, memorializing renowned musicians of [[Indian classical music]]. He has been serving as the president of [[Karnataka Ganakala Parishat]] since 2004. He received [[Kempegowda Award]] and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]].

== Early life ==
Padmanabha was born in [[Rudrapatna]] village, [[Hassan district]], [[Mysore State]] (now in Karnataka) where he received [[secondary education]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ranee |date=7 July 2011 |title=An architect of art |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/an-architect-of-art/article2207374.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221120044/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/an-architect-of-art/article2207374.ece |archive-date= 21 December 2022 }}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:R. K. Padmanabha sample 1.webm|thumb|A recital by Padmanabha in October 2022]]
Padmanabha moved to [[Bangalore]] and started working at [[State Bank of India]] in early 1970s.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Theres |first=Sudeep |date=30 January 2020 |title=Karnataka-focused music Parishat marks 50th year |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/karnataka-focused-music-parishat-marks-50th-year-799827.html |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221193520/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/karnataka-focused-music-parishat-marks-50th-year-799827.html |archive-date=21 December 2022 }}</ref> In 1974, he joined Vijaya College of Music in Bangalore to learn music,<ref name=":1" /> and debuted on-stage in 1975.<ref name=":2" /> He trained from his [[guru]], H. V. Krishnamurthy.<ref name=":4" />

Proficient in [[Tanam|''tanams'']] (one of the methods of ''[[raga]]'' improvisation),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ananth |first=Ambika |date=16 January 2020 |title=In harmony |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/in-harmony/article30575721.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221193525/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/in-harmony/article30575721.ece |archive-date= Dec 21, 2022 }}</ref> he conducted 500 concerts, {{As of|2011|7|lc=y}}, where group learning and singing is performed.<ref name=":1" /> He also teaches music – 99% of his students who learn ''goshti gayanam'' ({{Translation|[[group singing]]}}) are women.<ref name=":2" /> Known for teaching music to financially underprivileged students free of cost,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=15 March 2015 |title=Classical artistes reaching out to the poor |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/classical-artistes-reaching-out-to-the-poor/article6997278.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121635/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/classical-artistes-reaching-out-to-the-poor/article6997278.ece |archive-date=22 December 2022 }}</ref> he organizes free teaching classes at some of his gatherings in Bangalore,<ref name=":1" /> and held free music concerts in several towns across Karnataka – [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], [[Bijapur]], [[Gadag-Betageri]], [[Holenarasipura]], [[Mandya]], [[Nanjangud]], [[Ramanathapura, Hassan|Ramanathapura]] and [[Tumkur]].<ref name=":6" /> In 1990, he established a music school, Sharada Kala Kendra, at his house in [[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore|Jayaprakash Nagar]], Bangalore.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2010 |title=A fitting tribute to a legend |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-a-fitting-tribute-to-a-legend-1337701 |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link|Manasi Prasad|kn|ಮಾನಸಿ ಪ್ರಸಾದ್}}, a recipient of [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] from the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], is his disciple.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=18 November 2022 |title=Honours for Dr. RN Srilatha, Manasi Prasad at Karnataka Ganakala Parishat's annual conference |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/honours-for-dr-rn-srilatha-manasi-prasad-at-karnataka-ganakala-parishats-annual-conference/article66144235.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222183214/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/honours-for-dr-rn-srilatha-manasi-prasad-at-karnataka-ganakala-parishats-annual-conference/article66144235.ece |archive-date= 22 December 2022 }}</ref>

He established a cultural centre near [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] where he organizes an event of ''goshti gayanam'' with his students.<ref name=":2" /> {{As of|2013|6}}, he wrote 80 compositions, tuned 100 ''[[kritis]]'' (a format of composition in Carnatic music) of [[Vadiraja Tirtha]].<ref name=":4" />

He strives to bring awareness about music among people. In March 2013, he organized a six-hour walking tour singing all the way from [[Bannerghatta road]] until Nisarga Extension near [[Bannerghatta National Park]] in Bangalore covering a distance of {{Convert|16|km}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=12 March 2013 |title=When they turned minstrels for classical music |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/when-they-turned-minstrels-for-classical-music/article4497723.ece |access-date=23 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has involved himself in activism to improve the welfare of Arkalgud taluk, the [[Tehsil|sub-district]] which his native village Rudrapatna is a part of.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2015 |title=Call to develop A.Na.Kru.'s house into memorial |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/call-to-develop-anakrus-house-into-memorial/article7700680.ece |access-date=23 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2020, he was part of an expert committee formed by [[Kannada University]] to investigate the birth place of [[Purandara Dasa]], one of the chief founding-proponents of Carnatic music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=P. M. Veerendra |first= |date=25 May 2020 |title=Karnataka govt. takes efforts to solve mystery over birthplace of Purandara Dasa |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/purandara-dasas-birthplace-archaeology-dept-to-start-research-in-village-in-shivamogga-dist/article31673889.ece |access-date=23 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Padmanabha established a housing society, "Naada Loka", at Rudrapatna for musicians.<ref name=":0" /> In 2001, he presided as the chairman of the Experts Committee of [[Karnataka Ganakala Parishat]] and eventually became the organization's president in 2004 and has been since serving as such.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Deepa |date=13 February 2020 |title=Looking back, looking ahead |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/looking-back-looking-ahead/article30811009.ece |access-date=21 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Sapta Swara Devatha Dhyana Mandira ===
Padmanabha conceived a memorial "Sapta Swara Devatha Dhyana Mandira" at Rudrapatna, where several musicians, scholars and artists originated, in the shape of [[tanpura]] dedicated to 6 [[classical musicians]] – [[Kanaka Dasa]], [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]], [[Purandara Dasa]], [[Shyama Shastri]], Tyagaraja and [[Vadiraja Tirtha]]. Their statues lie in the memorial with a statue of [[Saraswati]], Hindu goddess of knowledge, at the centre – each of the 7 statues representing a ''[[svara]]'' (musical note) and collectively the seven ''svaras'' of [[Indian classical music]]. Opened in 2008–09,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=M. B. Girish |date=5 June 2017 |title=Rudrapatna: A village which speaks in musical notes |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/050617/rudrapatna-a-village-which-speaks-in-musical-notes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606013900/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/050617/rudrapatna-a-village-which-speaks-in-musical-notes.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jyothi |date=13 December 2009 |title=Seven-note stimuli, afresh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/dec/13/seven-note-stimuli-afresh-112588.html |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> the {{Convert|70|ft|m|adj=on}} high memorial structure hosts an exhibition of musicians and various annual concerts.<ref name=":0" />

=== Music festivals ===
Since 2002,<ref name=":5" /> Padmanabha organizes an annual music festival in May "Sangeetha Sammelanam" and "Gana Sharardham" at Rudrapatna commemorating the memories of [[Tyagaraja]], a composer and vocalist of Carnatic music.<ref name=":1" /> He founded Rudrapatna Sangeetotsava Samiti Trust,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sathish G. T. |date=23 May 2015 |title=Village with music in its veins |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/village-with-music-in-its-veins/article7240162.ece |access-date=23 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> which has been organizing a music festival in the village since early 2000s, and acts as its managing trustee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2017 |title='Music village' Rudrapatna set for another festival from May 18 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/music-village-rudrapatna-set-for-another-festival-from-may-18/article18460876.ece |access-date=21 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Proceeds from these events are used as aid in the village. He also established Vadiraja Kala Bhavana through which he organizes music festivals and conducts workshops in ''[[gurukula]]'' format.<ref name=":7" />

== Views ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "Music unites us, irrespective of our differences. It belongs to everyone[.]"
| author = R. K. Padmanabha on [[Indian classical music]]<ref name=":2" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
Padmanabha views classical music as an instrument of cleansing one's mind making them energetic and cheerful. However, he is against pursuing music as a profession.<ref name=":2" />

== Works ==
Padmanabha has authored several books.<ref name=":3" />

* {{Cite book |title=Anantha Naada (Geya Kadambari) |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Prism Publications |isbn=978-8172867072 |language=kn}}<ref name=":4" />
* {{Cite book |title=Mela Maala |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=Prism Publications |isbn=978-8172867041 |language=kn}} The book introduces the scheme of classification of ''ragas'' into 72 [[musical notes]], originally proposed by 17th century musicologist and composer [[Venkatamakhin]], along with his own compositions to neophytes of music. The book contains the lyrics and notations and the [[CD]] includes his voice recordings.<ref name=":4" />
* {{Cite book |title=Naadabindu |publisher=Darpan |year=2014 |isbn=978-8172868475 |language=kn}}<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9788172868475 |title=Naadabindu |publisher=Darpan |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-7286-847-5 |language=kn}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Nenapinangaladalli |date=1 January 2010 |publisher=Prism Publications |isbn=978-8172866136 |language=kn}}''<ref name=":3" />''
* {{Cite book |title=Purnadara Dasaru - Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamahare |publisher=Sampada Publications |year=2015 |isbn=978-9384197131 |language=kn}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9789384197131 |title=Purnadara Dasaru - Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamahare |publisher=Sampada Publications |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-84197-13-1 |language=kn}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Samarpana |publisher=Prism Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-8172866129 |language=kn}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9788172866129 |title=Samarpana |publisher=Prism Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7286-612-9 |language=kn}}</ref>
* ''Vipra Vikrama''<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Nudisiri Award 2015 to R K Padmanabha.JPG|thumb|Padmanabha being felicitated with Nadusiri Award at {{Interlanguage link|Alva's Nudisiri|kn|ಆಳ್ವಾಸ್ ನುಡಿಸಿರಿ}} conference in 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-18 |title=ಹತ್ತು ಮಂದಿಗೆ ಆಳ್ವಾಸ್ ನುಡಿಸಿರಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ |trans-title=Alvas Nudisiri award for ten people |url=https://www.prajavani.net/article/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=[[Prajavani]] |language=kn}}</ref>]]
Apart from books, he has also released several CDs with his recordings of various themes of Carnatic music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2015 |title=A teacher to the core |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-teacher-to-the-core/article7620609.ece |access-date=22 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Padmanabha was conferred with [[Kempegowda Award]] in 2013 by [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]], the administrative body of Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2013 |title=Kempe Gowda award for Venkatesh Prasad |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kempe-gowda-award-for-venkatesh-prasad/article4862954.ece |access-date=23 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], the highest civilian award in the country given to performing artists,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2019 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award to UoH professor |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/sangeet-natak-akademi-award-to-uoh-professor/article28614913.ece |access-date=2 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2022 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi award for Vasundhara Doreswamy, R K Padmanabha |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/sangeet-natak-akademi-award-for-vasundhara-doreswamy-r-k-padmanabha-1165771.html |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Padmanabha lives in Bangalore.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [[iarchive:rk-padmanabha-concert|Audio of R. K. Padmanabha performing]] in a concert in [[Indianapolis]] on 25 March 2016 – [[Wayback Machine]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmanabha, R.K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Hassan district]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Carnatic musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kempegowda Award]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Lal Bihari Yadav (Bihar politician)

2026-04-10T08:51:28Z

Tjackson: added a article

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Lal Bihari Yadav
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Laukaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Laukaha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1980/laukaha/|title=1980 Election Result|website=Latestly News}}</ref>
| term = 1990–2000
| predecessor = Abdul Hai Payami
| successor = Hari Prasad Sah
| term1 = 1980–1985
| predecessor1 = Kuldeo Goit
| successor1 = Abdul Hai Payami
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], Bihar
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Agriculturist]]
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Lal Bihari Yadav''' was an Indian politician and a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] of India. He represented the [[Laukaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Laukaha]] constituency in [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] district of [[Bihar]]. Yadav was elected in the 1980, 1990 and 1995 elections to the Bihar Assembly as a member of [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/laukaha.html|title=Bihar Legislative Assembly|website= Election in India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Lal Bihari}}
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Philip's (film)

2026-04-01T23:22:05Z

Tjackson: put up some entry w/ infobox...

{{Short description|2023 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Philip's
| image = Philip's Movie Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Alfred Kurian Joseph
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Suvin K. Varkey
* Prasobh Krishna
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mathukutty Xavier]]
* Alfred Kurian Joseph
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
* [[Noble Babu Thomas]]
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
* Navani Devanand
* Quinn Vipin
* [[Charle]]
}}
| music = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| editing = Nidhin Raj Arol
| cinematography = Jaison Jacob John
| studio = Little Big Films
| distributor = Funtastic Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|1}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Philip's''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[family drama]] film directed by Alfred Kurian Joseph in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] in the title role, alongside [[Noble Babu Thomas]] and [[Charle]]. The film marks the final appearance of actor [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] and is touted as the 300th film of Mukesh.<ref name="Mukesh">{{cite web |title='Philip's' Teaser:Mukesh starrer is a perfect family entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/philips-teaser-mukesh-starrer-is-a-perfect-family-entertainer/articleshow/104376363.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 October 2023 |date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031125844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/philips-teaser-mukesh-starrer-is-a-perfect-family-entertainer/articleshow/104376363.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Helen co-writer Alfred Kurian Joseph makes directorial debut with Philip's |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jan/14/helen-co-writer-alfred-kurian-joseph-makes-directorial-debut-with-philips-29012.amp |publisher=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=31 October 2023 |date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031125843/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jan/14/helen-co-writer-alfred-kurian-joseph-makes-directorial-debut-with-philips-29012.amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began in January 2022 and was completed in [[Bangalore]] and [[Kochi]]. The music was composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]].

''Philip's'' was released in India on 1 December 2023 and received positive reviews from critics.

==Plot==
Philip, a middle-aged [[widower]] from Kerala, works at a sports retail shop in [[Bangalore]] while raising his three children: Basil, Blessy, and Betty. Basil, the elder, is a young IT professional who aspires to pursue his culinary course in [[New Zealand]] with his girlfriend, Dona. Despite living in the same building, Basil hesitates to reveal his plans to his father due to fear of his reaction.

Blessy, the second, is a 12th grader with a passion for [[skateboarding]], who gets caught with chits during an exam, leading to a connection with Vivek, a fellow student. Betty, the youngest, enjoys playing [[chess]] and even places bets with classmates. During a school sports event, tragedy strikes when Vivek accidentally injures Betty in a [[shot put]] competition, resulting in her comatose state.

Devastated by Betty's condition, Philip takes legal action against the school for negligence. The legal battle puts a financial strain on Philip, but he finds support from his friend, Mani. Vivek's mental health deteriorates, prompting him to seek counseling.

As the case progresses in Philip's favor, three months pass, and financial difficulties continue to mount. Basil's relationship with Philip strains when he advises his father to prioritize Betty over the legal battle. Philip, however, pays no heed to Basil's advice. Senthil, Vivek's father, requests Philip to let go of Vivek from the case, but Philip denies the request.

Philip is forced to go on a 4-day business trip due to excess leaves. In his absence, Blessy undergoes a change, spending more time with Betty. Basil decides to leave his job after a work-related mix-up and chooses to seriously pursue his dream in New Zealand, following Mani's advice.

Upon Philip's return, a moment with Betty leads to his realization of the impact of his actions. He decides to back off from the legal battle, forgives Vivek, and mends his relationship with Basil and Blessy. Betty gradually regains consciousness. Basil confirms his decision to go to New Zealand with Dona, Blessy chooses to stay in Bangalore for her degree, and Philip and Betty decide to move back to Kerala.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Philip Abraham
*[[Noble Babu Thomas]] as Basil Philip
*Navani Devanand as Blessy Philip
*Quinn Vipin as Betty Philip
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Mani Uncle
*[[Charle]] as Senthil
*Asha Madathil as Ancy
*[[Sreedhanya]] as Asha
*Ajit Koshy as Dr. Anil Naresh
*Ansha Mohan as Dona
*Sacchin Nachi as Vivek Senthil
}}

==Production==

===Development===
After the 2019 film ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Phillip's teaser: Mukesh is a dotting and funny father in this family entertainer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/phillips-teaser-mukesh-is-a-dotting-and-funny-father-in-this-family-entertainer/3f2b42ba81227 |publisher=OttPlay |access-date=31 October 2023 |date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031131346/https://www.ottplay.com/news/phillips-teaser-mukesh-is-a-dotting-and-funny-father-in-this-family-entertainer/3f2b42ba81227 |url-status=live }}</ref> director [[Mathukutty Xavier]], Alfred Kurian Joseph and [[Noble Babu Thomas]] teamed again for ''Philip's'', with [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] in the lead, his 300th film.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഹെലൻ ടീം വീണ്ടും, ഫിലിപ്സ് ഫസ്റ്റ്ലുക്ക് പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/philips-poster-out-mukesh-innocent-noble-babu-1.6356631 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=31 October 2023 |date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031125843/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/philips-poster-out-mukesh-innocent-noble-babu-1.6356631 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=മൂകേഷിന്റെ മൂന്നൂറാമത്തെ സിനിമ, ഇതൊരു കിടു ആയിരിക്കും; ഫിലിപ്‌സിന്റെ ടീസര്‍ നല്‍കുന്ന ഉറപ്പ്! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/mukesh-starres-fil-philips-teaser-out/articleshow/104385197.cms |publisher=[[Samayam]] |access-date=31 October 2023 |date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031125844/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/mukesh-starres-fil-philips-teaser-out/articleshow/104385197.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film also marks the directorial debut of Alfred Kurian Joseph.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=Philips movie: After 'Helen'role, makers announce their next starring Mukesh, Noble Babu Thomas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/philips-movie-after-helen-makers-announce-their-next-starring-mukesh-innocent/articleshow/88890762.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127114230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/philips-movie-after-helen-makers-announce-their-next-starring-mukesh-innocent/articleshow/88890762.cms |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Casting===
The casting call for the film was a success and actors Navani Devanand as Blessy Philip and Quinn Vipin as Bitty Philip were selected.<ref>{{cite web |title=Philips movie - ബിറ്റിയെയും, ബ്ലെസിയെയും കിട്ടി; 'ഹെലൻ' ടീം ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന പുതിയ ചിത്രം 'ഫിലിപ്സ്' |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-first-look-of-philips-movie-is-out-mm-498445.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |access-date=31 October 2023 |date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118141743/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-first-look-of-philips-movie-is-out-mm-498445.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] of the film started on 14 January 2022 at different locations in [[Bangalore]] and [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=മുകേഷിന്റെ മുന്നൂറാം സിനിമ: 'ഫിലിപ്സ്' രസികൻ ടീസർ എത്തി |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/philips-movie-teaser-news.html |publisher=[[Vanitha]] |access-date=31 October 2023 |date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031125844/https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/philips-movie-teaser-news.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=മുകേഷിന്റെ കാസ്റ്റിംഗ് കോളിന് ക്ലൈമാക്സ്; ഫിലിപ്സ് ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/01/14/philips-movie-first-look.html |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=31 October 2023 |date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031131346/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/01/14/philips-movie-first-look.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==
The original soundtrack and songs were composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Latest single from Philip's is out: Khatija Rahman sings a breezy melody for Hesham Abdul Wahab|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/13/latest-single-from-philips-is-outkhatija-rahman-sings-a-breezy-melody-forhesham-abdul-wahab-49509.html|access-date=2023-11-13|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119074653/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/13/latest-single-from-philips-is-outkhatija-rahman-sings-a-breezy-melody-forhesham-abdul-wahab-49509.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who is known for ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' (2022).

==Release==
The original release date for the film was set for 24 November 2023 and it was later rescheduled for 1 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-05 |title=Mukesh starrer 'Philips' set to release on November 24 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mukesh-starrer-philips-set-to-release-on-november-24/articleshow/104987730.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106180430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mukesh-starrer-philips-set-to-release-on-november-24/articleshow/104987730.cms |archive-date=6 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2023 |title=Mukesh starrer 'Philip's gets a new release date! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mukesh-starrer-philips-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/105478124.cms |access-date=25 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125044552/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mukesh-starrer-philips-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/105478124.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The lead actor Mukesh announced the release date through his social media handles.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "If you are a fan of feel-good family dramas that have the potential to move you, then Mukesh's ''Philip'' will not disappoint. This simple film, which is based on true events, keeps it real. You might not feel a rush of uplifting emotions at the end of it, but it will leave you with a smile."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=1 December 2023 |title=Philip's movie review: This Mukesh-starrer has its heart in its right place |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/philips-movie-review-this-mukesh-starrer-about-a-family-handling-crisis-has-its-heart-in-the-right-place/ad197e601e783 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Philip's'' will perhaps be best remembered as a fitting swansong for Innocent. The late actor does what he does best—playing the good Samaritan."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=1 December 2023 |title=Philip's Movie Review: Typical but an effective feel-good drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/dec/01/philips-movie-review-typical-but-an-effective-feel-good-drama-50062.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203183326/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/dec/01/philips-movie-review-typical-but-an-effective-feel-good-drama-50062.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A critic of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "As ''Philip's'' prepares to unfold its heartwarming narrative on the big screen, audiences can anticipate a cinematic experience that explores the intricacies of family relationships, sprinkled with humour and unexpected turns."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |title=Philip's Movie Review: Mukesh Steals Heart As Single Father In This Light-Hearted Tale |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/philips-movie-review-mukesh-steals-heart-as-single-father-in-this-light-hearted-tale-imdb-reviews-ratings-review-105633222 |website=Times Now |language=en |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203183405/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/philips-movie-review-mukesh-steals-heart-as-single-father-in-this-light-hearted-tale-imdb-reviews-ratings-review-105633222 |url-status=live }}</ref> A staff of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "While the fun part of the movie, except for a few one-liners delivered by the two daughter characters, is ludicrously grotesque, the serious sequences are engrossing and nuanced."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |title=Philip's: A hackneyed theme made engrossing by performances {{!}} Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/12/01/philips-hackneyed-theme-made-engrossing-performances-movie-review.html |website=Onmanorama |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203183337/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/12/01/philips-hackneyed-theme-made-engrossing-performances-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab]]

Painganga River

2026-03-29T08:40:27Z

Tjackson:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Painganga River
| other_name =
| image = Painganga River Bridge Mehkar.jpg
| image = Painganga River Mehkar.jpg
| image_caption = Painganga River bridge at [[Mehkar]] during sunset (19 August 2025)
| map =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]]
| length = 495 km (308 mi)
| basin_size =
| source1_location = Near Madh in the Ajantha ranges, [[Buldhana district]], Maharashtra, India
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_location = Near Wadha village, Chandrapur taluka, Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, India
| mouth_coordinates =
| river_system =
| tributaries_left = Adan, Kas, Arunavati, Kayadhu, Pus Rivers
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
}}
The '''Painganga River''' (also known as the '''Penganga River''') is the chief river of the [[Buldhana district]], [[Hingoli district]], [[Nanded district]], [[Yavatmal district]], [[Chandrapur district]] and [[Washim district]] in the [[Maharashtra]] state in [[India]]. It flows along the southeast boundaries of the district{{Clarify|reason=Which particular district? Out of the six mentioned in the last sentence?|date=September 2025}} in a winding, meandering course. It is deeply entrenched and difficult to navigate. It rises in the [[Ajantha, Maharashtra|Ajantha]] range and is a major tributary of the [[Wardha River]], the other major river in the district. It is also divided [[Marathwada]] and [[Vidarbha]] near [[Umarkhed]] and [[Himayatnagar, Maharashtra|Himayatnagar]].

There is a small railway station named after the river in the [[Washim district]].

==River course==
The total length of the river is {{convert|495|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=tel1/> The Painganga River originates Near Madh in the [[Ajantha, Maharashtra|Ajantha]] ranges in [[Buldhana district]]in [[Maharashtra]]. It then flows through [[Buldhana district]] and [[Washim district]]. It flows through [[Risod]] Tehsil of [[Washim]] where it gets Kas river as the tributary near Shelgaon Rajgure village and then flows through the border of Washim and [[Hingoli district]]. Then it acts as a boundary between [[Yavatmal district]], [[Chandrapur district]] and [[Nanded district]] of Maharashtra. It then flows along the state border between [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]]. It converges with ''Pus'' river near [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] in Nanded. The small Vidarbha river merged with Painganga river. Near old Sangameshwar Temple
at village Deurwada near [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] Taluka of Yavatamal district and Kodsi bujruk village in [[Korpana]] taluka of [[Chandrapur district]]. There is an old Lord [[Shiva]] temple at Jugad near [[Wani, Yavatmal|Wani]] city of Yavatmal the river converges as an island. Every year at [[Guru Purnima]] in the November month, devotees from other places visit for worship. Penganga converges into [[Wardha River]] near a small village called Wadha in [[Chandrapur]] taluka of [[Chandrapur district]].

[[Wardha River]] flows into [[Pranhita River]] which in turn flows in to [[Godavari River]],<ref name=tel1/> which finally ends into the [[Bay of Bengal]] just east of [[Rajahmundry]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Tributaries==
The Penganga River's tributaries include the [[Adan River|Adan]], [[Kas River|Kas]], [[Arunavati River|Arunavati]], Kayadhu, and Pus Rivers.<ref name=tel1>[http://www.telangana360.com/2016/11/penganga-river.html Penganga river], telangana360.com, accessed 6 November 2019.</ref>

==Irrigation==
The river provides the irrigation to the [[Washim]] and [[Yavatmal]] districts in [[Maharashtra]]. There are two dams being constructed on the river, namely Upper Painganga Dam and Lower Painganga Dam. The Upper Painganga Dam dam is also known as [[Isapur Dam]]. This dam is administered by the 'Pusad' taluka. Nearby talukas are Kalamnuri, Pusad, Umarkhed and Hadgaon.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://yavatmal.nic.in/location.htm
|title = Yavatmal district
|access-date = 2007-04-13
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070713233417/http://yavatmal.nic.in/location.htm
|archive-date = 2007-07-13
}}</ref> Its tributary "Pus river" has [[Upper Pus Dam]] near [[Pusad]] town built in 1971,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Upper_Pus_(Pus)_D01030 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412225626/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Upper_Pus_(Pus)_D01030 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2013 | title=Upper Pus (Pus) D01030 | access-date=1 March 2013 }}</ref> and [[Upper Pus Dam]] near [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] built in 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Pus_D02869 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412232801/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Pus_D02869 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2013 | title=Lower Pus D02869 | access-date=1 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

The Penganga River gets flooded in rainy and winter season and partially flooded in summer. There is a proposal of making a large dam on the Painganga River.

==See also==
* [[Sahatrakund Waterfall]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/notifiedrivers/wainGanga.php Classification of Waters of Wainganga, Wardha, Penganga River Basin / Sub-Basin]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://wikimapia.org/1691956/ Wiki map]

{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}
{{Godavari basin}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Godavari River]]

Grand Trunk Express

2026-03-27T14:20:50Z

Tjackson: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{short description|Train in India}}{{Italic title}}{{Infobox rail service
| name = Grand Trunk Express
| logo = GT Express TB.jpg
| color = FFBB00
| image = Gt express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Grand Trunk Express at [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]]
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| status =
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1929|04|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk |Chennai Egmore}} (MS)
| stops = 36
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| distance = {{convert|2211|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 36 hours
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12615 / 12616
| speed = {{convert|62|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Grand Trunk Express and Tamil Nadu Express (NDLS-MAS) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12615 / 12616 '''Grand Trunk Express''' (commonly called '''G.T.''' or '''G.T Express''') is a Daily [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train on [[Indian Railways]], running between {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} and [[MGR Chennai Central railway station|Madras Central]]. From February 2024, the train starts from [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Madras Egmore]]. It is a historic train and is one of the oldest trains starting services in 1929. It originally ran between [[Peshawar]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North West Frontier Province]] (present-day capital of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province, [[Pakistan]]) and [[Mangalore Central]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day city in [[Karnataka]], India).<ref name=":0" /> From September 2021, it runs with modern new LHB coach with revised coach position.

==History==
For most of the 19th century, the main railway route from [[Madras]] to [[Calcutta]] and [[Delhi]] was through [[Bombay]]. The Madras–Bombay mail train carried through carriages between Madras and [[Manmad]] which were detached at [[Daund]]. Passengers would then transfer to the [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]]'s Calcutta Mail at Manmad to proceed to the northern and the eastern parts of the country. The [[Howrah–Chennai main line|East Coast line]] between Madras and Calcutta opened in 1900, providing a shorter route for the passengers bound to Calcutta, but the passengers bound to Delhi, [[Lahore]] and other major cities in the north, continued to rely on the Madras–Manmad mail service.

A record in through-train running was set in 1921 by a military train conveying families of a regiment from Peshawar to [[Cannanore]] (now Kannur in [[Kerala]]). The journey represented a continuous run of over 2500 miles over the [[North Western Railway (British India)]], [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]], [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] and the [[South Indian Railway]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Locomotive Railway Carriage and Wagon Review, Volume: XXVII.-January-December, 1921|year=1921|publisher=The Locomotive Publishing Company, Limited|location=3, Amen Corner, Paternoster row, E.C.4|page=5}}</ref> Following this record journey, interest in a shorter through route between Madras and Delhi was rekindled and the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] hastened the construction of the missing rail link between [[Kazipet]] and {{stnlnk|Balharshah Junction}}. The link was opened throughout on 15 November 1928 with the commissioning of the [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]] Road – {{stnlnk|Balharshah Junction}} section.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1928-29:Volume I|year=1930|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|location=Calcutta|page=28|chapter=III}}</ref> This link reduced the distance between Madras and Delhi by over 200 miles.

From 1 April 1929 the 'Grand Trunk' express commenced operating as two through carriages running between [[Peshawar]] in the [[North Western Railway (British India)]] and [[Mangalore]] in the [[South Indian Railway]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18188 |title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1929-30:Volume I |author=Railway Department, Government of India |publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India |year=1930 |location=Calcutta |page=38 |chapter=Chapter IV-Transportation and Working}}</ref> The two coaches, consisting of a composite First and Second class coach and a composite Third class and Luggage coach, made their way to [[Madras]] attached to the [[South Indian Railway]]'s Mangalore–Madras mail train. Between Madras and [[Itarsi]] sectional coaches to Itarsi, Bezwada (now [[Vijayawada]]) and [[Hyderabad]] were operated. At Itarsi, the two through coaches from Mangalore were attached to the Great Indian Peninsular Railway's Bombay–Delhi service. In the final leg of the journey between Delhi and Peshawar, the two through carriages were attached to the [[Golden Temple Mail|Frontier Mail]] and reached Peshawar traveling through [[Bathinda]], [[Ferozepore]] and [[Lahore]]. Thus the train covered a distance of 2497 miles in a little over 96 hours. This was not an independent train and the name 'Grand Trunk express' only referred to the 2 through carriages operating between Mangalore and Peshawar.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Railway Magazine:Volume 64|year=1929|publisher=IPC Business Press|page=490}}</ref>

Shortly after the inauguration of the service, from 15 October 1929, the two through carriages operating between Mangalore and Peshawar were restricted to run between [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] and Delhi with Slip Coach to Peshawar/Landi Kotal .<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/khyber-pass-railway.html | title=[IRFCA] Khyber Pass Railway }}</ref> From 1 March 1930, the service was extended to Lahore.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1929-30:Volume I|year=1930|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|location=Calcutta|page=71|chapter=VIII}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Classic Trains of India|url=http://irfca.org/~shankie/famoustrains/famtraingt.htm|work=Indian Railways Fan Club Association|accessdate=5 November 2013|author=S. Shankar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504053951/http://irfca.org/~shankie/famoustrains/famtraingt.htm|archive-date=4 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As the train consisted of only 2 through coaches, it proved insufficient to meet the traffic requirements. In addition, the train's schedule depended on the schedules of the trains carrying the through carriages, and was thus subject to regular delays. This led to a revision in the operation of the train and the revamped 'Grand Trunk express' commenced operating as a dedicated daily train between Madras and Delhi from 1 September 1930.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1930-31:Volume I|year=1932|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|location=Calcutta|page=36|chapter=IV}}</ref> The rakes used for the train were supplied by the [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]] for the next few years.

Until the mid-1960s, the Grand Trunk Express completed the 1356 mile journey between Madras and [[New Delhi]] in about 50 hours. After the introduction of the [[Dakshin Express]] in 1968, the Grand Trunk Express was moved to a faster schedule. For a few years after the change in schedule, the train operated as a fully air-conditioned service for two days every week and with a mixed consist on the remaining 5 days. In time, the air-conditioned service was discontinued. Today, the train covers the 2182.4 kilometer journey in 35 hours and 15 minutes, with 40 halts (exclusive of the terminals) at an average speed of 62kmph.

From 10 December 2015, the train started terminating at {{stnlnk|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}} instead of {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}.<ref name="NDLStoDEE">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Grand-Trunk-Express-train-to-be-operated-from-Delhi-Sarai-Rohilla-railway-station/articleshow/48792063.cms |title=Grand Trunk Express train to be operated from Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station |date=3 September 2015 |accessdate=2015-09-05 |location=Chennai |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> From 12 May 2018, the terminal was reverted to {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}.<ref name="DEEtoNDLS">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-railways-shifts-terminals-of-18-train/articleshow/64253859.cms|title=Indian Railway shifts terminals of 18 trains|date=21 May 2018|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

From 9 February 2024, This train got shifted to [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Madras Egmore]] few kms away from [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]. Additional stoppage provided in [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]].

==Timings==

12615 [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Madras Egmore]] - [[New Delhi]] Grand Trunk Express leaves [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Madras Egmore]] by 17:40 and reaches [[New Delhi]] by 05:05 the third day.

12616 [[New Delhi]] - [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Madras Egmore]] Grand Trunk Express leaves [[New Delhi]] by 16:10 and reaches [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Madras Egmore]] by 05:00 the third day.

==Schedule and service==

The train passes through the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] and [[Delhi]].{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

As per the numbering of the Indian Railways, the train has been assigned the numbers 12615/12616, with 12615 being assigned for the [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Madras Egmore]] (MS) – [[New Delhi]] (NDLS) run and 12616 for the [[New Delhi]] (NDLS) – [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Madras Egmore]] (MS) run.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Coach composition==

It runs with [[LHB coach]]. It has a total of 22 coaches.

* 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class Cum AC Two Tier]]
* 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Two Tier]]
* 6 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Three Tier]]
* 6 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper class]]
* 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Pantry car]]
* 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
* 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Luggage Cum Disabled Coach]]
* 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|End On Generator Car]]

==Route and halts==

The important halts of Grand Trunk Express are :-

* {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}}
* {{stnlnk|Gudur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nellore}}
* [[Ongole railway station|Ongole]]
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Khammam}}
* {{stnlnk|Warangal}}
* Ramagundam
* {{stnlnk|Mancherial}}
* {{stnlnk|Balharshah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|New Delhi}}'''

==Traction==
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]] based [[WAP-7]] locomotive on its entire journey.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>

File:Grand Trunk Express - AC 2 tier coach.jpg |Grand Trunk Express – AC 2 tier coach
File:Grand Trunk Express with Erode based WAP 4.jpg |Grand Trunk Express with [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]]-based [[WAP-4]]
File:Grand Trunk Express - Train board.jpg |Grand Trunk Express – Train board
File:Grand Trunk Express - AC 2 tier coach - A3.jpg |Grand Trunk Express – AC 2 tier coach – A3
File:Grand Trunk Express - AC 3 tier coach.jpg |Grand Trunk Express – AC 3 tier coach
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Andaman Express]]
* [[Vivek Express]]
* [[Himsagar Express]]
* [[Kerala Express]]
* [[Thirukural Express]]
* [[Ganga Kaveri Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Grand Trunk Express}}
* [http://www.indianrail.gov.in Indian Railways Official Site]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/map/563/664/35 GT Express Route Map]

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Historical trains in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grand Trunk Expres}}
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1929]]

1957 elections in India

2026-03-26T22:27:42Z

Tjackson: minor edit

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1955 elections in India
| previous_year = 1955
| election_date = 1957
| next_election = 1960 elections in India
| next_year = 1960
}}
{{Politics of India}}

==Presidential election==
{{main|1957 Indian presidential election}}

The Election Commission of India held the second [[President of India|presidential elections of India]] on May 6, 1957. [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] won his re-election with 459,698 votes over his nearest rival Chowdhry Hari Ram.

==General election==
{{main|1957 Indian general election}}

'''General elections''' to the [[2nd Lok Sabha|second]] [[Lok Sabha]] since independence were held in [[India]] between 24 February to 14 March 1957. The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) easily won the second term, winning 371 of the 494 seats and their vote share increased from 45.0% to 47.8%.<ref name="GE1957V1">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I | work=Election Commission of India | access-date=July 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="GE1957V2">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_II_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-II | work=Election Commission of India | access-date=July 11, 2015}}</ref>

==Legislative Assembly elections==
[[Legislative Assembly elections in India]] were conducted for [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]], [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]], [[Bombay State|Bombay]], [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]], [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]], [[Madras State|Madras]], [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] [[Legislative Assembly|legislative assemblies]] in 1957.

===Andhra Pradesh*===
{{Main|1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section-h:1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Results}}
'''*''' : On 1 November 1956, Andhra State was merged with [[Hyderabad State]] under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], to form a single state, [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The districts of Raichur, Gulbarga and the Marathwada district were detached from the Hyderabad State, while merging with [[Andhra State]]. In addition, the Siruguppa taluk, the Bellary taluk, the Hospet taluk and a small area of the Mallapuram sub-taluk were transferred from [[Mysore State]] to Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="1955ReorgStates">{{cite web | url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf | title=Reorganisation of States, 1955 | publisher=The Economic Weekly | date=October 15, 1955 | access-date=July 25, 2015}}</ref>

===Assam===
{{Main|1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===Bihar*===
{{Main|1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

'''*''' : Bihar was reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to [[West Bengal]] in 1956 under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Bombay*===
{{Main|1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

*: On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], [[Bombay State|Bombay state]] was re-organized by the addition of [[Saurashtra State]] and [[Kutch State]], [[Nagpur Division]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Marathwada]] region of Hyderabad. The state's southernmost districts of Bombay were transferred to [[Mysore State]] while Abu Road taluk of the Banaskantha district was transferred to [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Kerala*===
{{Main|1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Results}}
* : In 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], Kerala was formed by the merger of [[Travancore-Cochin]] state with the [[Malabar district]] of Madras State, [[Kasaragod]] taluk of the [[South Canara]] district and the Amindive Islands. The southern part of [[Travancore-Cochin]], [[Kanyakumari district]] was transferred to [[Madras State]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Madhya Pradesh*===
{{Main|1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], [[Madhya Bharat]] (except the Sunel enclave of the Mandsaur district), [[Vindhya Pradesh]], [[Bhopal State|Bhopal state]] and the Sironj sub-division of the Kota district of [[Rajasthan]] were merged into Madhya Pradesh while the [[Nagpur Division]] was transferred to Bombay State.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Madras*===
{{Main|1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, the southern part of [[Travancore-Cochin]] ([[Kanyakumari district]]) was added to the [[Madras State]] while the [[Malabar district]] of the state was transferred to the new state of [[Kerala]], and a new union territory, [[Laccadive|Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands]], was created.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Mysore*===
{{Main|1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, Mysore state was enlarged by the addition of [[Coorg State]], the [[Kollegal]] taluk of the Coimbatore district and the [[South Kanara]] district (except the [[Kasaragod]] taluk) of [[Madras State]], and the [[Kannada]] speaking districts from southern Bombay state and western [[Hyderabad State]] under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]. The Siruguppa taluk, the Bellary taluk, the Hospet taluk and a small area of the Mallapuram sub-taluk were detached from the Mysore State.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Odisha===
{{Main|1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section-h:1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===Punjab*===
{{Main|1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

'''*''' : [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] was enlarged by the addition of [[Patiala & East Punjab States Union]] in 1956 under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Rajasthan*===
{{Main|1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Results}}
* : On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], the [[Ajmer State]], the Abu Road taluk of the Banaskantha district of [[Bombay State]], the Sunel enclave of the Mandsaur district and the Lohara sub-tehsil of the Hissar district of the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] was merged with Rajasthan while the Sironj sub-division of the Kota district of Rajasthan was transferred to [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Uttar Pradesh===
{{Main|1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===West Bengal*===
{{Main|1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

'''*''' : West Bengal was enlarged by the addition of minor territories from [[Bihar]] in 1956 under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

==See also==
* [[1951–52 elections in India]]
* [[1954 elections in India]]
* [[1955 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1957 elections in India]]
[[Category:1957 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1957 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Maharashtrian cuisine

2026-03-24T21:04:06Z

Tjackson: added post

{{Short description|Cuisine of the Marathi people from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Indian cuisine}}

'''Maharashtrian''' or '''Marathi''' '''cuisine''' is the [[cuisine]] of the [[Marathi people]] from the [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It has distinctive attributes, while sharing much with other [[Indian cuisine]]s. Traditionally, [[Maharashtrians]] have considered their food to be more austere than others.

Maharashtrian cuisine includes mild and spicy dishes. [[Wheat]], [[rice]], ''[[jowar]]'', ''[[bajri]]'', [[vegetable]]s, [[lentil]]s and [[fruit]] are dietary [[Staple food|staples]]. [[Peanut]]s and [[cashew]]s are often served with vegetables. [[Meat]] was traditionally used sparsely or only by the well-off until recently, because of economic conditions and culture.

The urban population in metropolitan cities of the state has been influenced by cuisine from other parts of India and abroad. For example, the South Indian dishes ''[[idli]]'' and ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]'', as well as [[Indian Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] and Western dishes such as pizza, are popular in home cooking and in restaurants.

Distinctly Maharashtrian dishes include ''ukdiche [[modak]]'', {{transliteration|mr|aluchi patal bhaji}}, ''kanda pohe'' and ''[[thalipeeth]]''.

{{TOCLimit|3}}

== Regular meals and staple dishes ==
{{See also|Thali}}
[[File:Maharashtra Districts.png|thumb|300px|Regions and districts of Maharashtra]]
[[File:Varan Bhat.jpg|thumb|Varan bhat in Maharashtrian house]]
Since they occupy a vast area with distinct geographical differences and food availability, the Marathi people from different regions have produced a diverse cuisine. The diversity extends to the family level because each family uses its own unique combination of spices and ingredients. The majority of Maharashtrians are not averse to eating meat, fish and eggs, but the staple diet for most people is mostly [[lacto-vegetarian]]. Many communities such as the [[brahmin]]s and [[varkari]] sect members only follow the lacto-vegetarian diet.

The traditional staple food on Desh (the [[Deccan Plateau]]) is usually ''[[bhakri]]'', spiced cooked vegetables, ''[[dal]]'' and rice. [[Bhakri]] is a flatbread made from sorghum (''jowar'') or bajri. However, North Maharashtrians and urbanites prefer ''[[roti]]'' or ''[[chapati]]'', which is a plain bread made with [[wheat]].

In the coastal [[Konkan]] region, rice is the traditional staple food. Wet [[coconut]] and coconut milk are used in many dishes. Marathi communities indigenous to Mumbai and North Konkan have their own distinct cuisine.<ref group=note>Some of the indigenous Marathi communities of North Konkan and Mumbai are [[Agri caste|Aagri]], [[Koli people|Koli]], [[Pathare Prabhu]], SKPs ([[Panchkalshi]]) and ([[Chaukalshi]]), [[CKP]]s and [[Bombay East Indians|East Indian Catholic]]</ref> In South Konkan, near [[Malvan]], another independent cuisine developed called [[Malvani cuisine]], which is predominantly non-vegetarian. ''[[Kombdi vade]]'', fish preparations and baked preparations are more popular there.

In the [[Vidarbha]] region, little coconut is used in daily preparations but dry coconut and peanuts are used in dishes such as spicy ''[[savji]]''s, as well as in mutton and chicken dishes.

Maharashtrian lacto-vegetarian dishes are based on five main classes of ingredients that include grains, legumes, vegetables, dairy products and spices.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K.S.|title=Maharashtra|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-7991-100-4|page=XLIX|edition=first|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=OmBjoAFMfjoC}}|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Grains ===
[[File:A closeup of white sorghum.JPG|right|thumb|Grains of jwari (''[[Sorghum bicolor]]'')]]
[[File:Pearl millet after combine harvesting.jpg|right|thumb|Grains of bajri (pearl millet)]]
Staple dishes in the cuisine are based on a variety of [[flat bread|flatbreads]] and [[rice]]. Flatbreads can be wheat-based, such as the traditional trigonal ''ghadichi poli''<ref name="pandhra rassa">{{cite book|last=KHANNA|first=VIKAS|title=My Great Indian in Cookbook|date=Dec 1, 2012|publisher=Penguin UK|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=KS0KLIUuEoYC}}}}</ref> or the round ''chapati'' that is more common in urban areas. Bhakri is an [[unleavened bread]] made using grains such as ''[[Finger millet|ragi]]'' or [[millet]], [[Pearl millet|''bajra'']] or ''bajri'' or ''[[jowar|jwari]]'' and forms part of daily meals in rural areas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khatau|first=Asha|title=Epicure S Vegetarian CuisinesJOf India|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan ltd.|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-7991-119-5|pages=57|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=16mU1bzJx3AC}}}}</ref><ref name="AkhtarLearmonth1985">{{cite book|author1=Rais Akhtar|author2=Andrew Thomas Amos Learmonth|title=Geographical Aspects of Health and Disease in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lm-T1sbNdPwC&pg=PA245|year=1985|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=251|id=GGKEY:HH184Y8TYNS}}</ref>

==== Millets ====
Traditionally, the staple grains of the inland [[Deccan Plateau]] have been millets, ''jwari''<ref name="Popular Prakashan">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K.S.|title=People of India: Maharashtra (Vol. 30).|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan.|page=XLvii}}</ref><ref name="Srilakshmi2003">{{cite book|author=B Srilakshmi|title=Food Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pRVkS6nUPEC&pg=PR7|year=2003|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1481-3|pages=47–}}</ref> and ''bajri''.<ref>{{cite book|author=F. R. Ruskin|title=Lost Crops of Africa: Grains|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_87ou6aEaze8C|date=April 1999|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-7512-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_87ou6aEaze8C/page/n102 85]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=TIWALE|first1=SACHIN|title=Foodgrain vs Liquor: Maharashtra under Crisis|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=2010|volume=45|issue=22|pages=19–21|jstor=27807071}}</ref> These crops grow well in this dry and drought-prone region. In the coastal Konkan region the finger millet called ''ragi'' is used for ''bhakri''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stemler|first1=editors, Jack R. Harlan, Jan M.J. de Wet, Ann B.L.|title=Origins of African plant domestication|date=1976|publisher=Mouton|location=The Hague|isbn=978-0-202-90033-9|pages=409–412}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Hawley|editor-first1=John C.|title=India in Africa, Africa in India : Indian Ocean cosmopolitanisms|date=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-21975-6|page=207|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref> The staple meal of the rural poor was traditionally as simple as ''bajra [[bhakri]]'' accompanied by just a raw onion, a dry [[chutney]], or a [[gram flour]] preparation called ''[[jhunka]]''.<ref>Rao, S., Joshi, S., Bhide, P., Puranik, B., & Asawari, K. (2014). Dietary diversification for prevention of anaemia among women of childbearing age from rural India. Public health nutrition, 17(04), 939-947.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khatau|first1=Asha|title=Epicure's Vegetarian Cuisines of India|date=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-8179911198|page=57|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Jsjy5ht2Xh8C|page=75}}|access-date=2009-02-09}}</ref> Although in recent years consumption of millets has gone down, in central regions of Maharashtra it still accounts for 48% of cereal consumption per capita.<ref>Nagaraj, N., et al. "Sorghum and pearl millet economy of India: Future outlook and options." Economic and political weekly (2013): 74-81.</ref> Jhunka with bhakri has now become a popular street food in Maharashtra.<ref name="Kapadia2004">{{cite book|author=Harish Kapadia|title=Trek the Sahyadris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oICZM5HKRbAC&pg=PA9|date=March 2004|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-151-1|page=27}}</ref>

==== Wheat ====
Increased urbanization of the Maharashtra region has increased wheat's popularity.<ref name="Krishnamachari, K.A.V 1974. pp.20-27">Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R., Rao, N.P. and Rao, K.V., 1974. Food and nutritional situation in the drought affected areas of Maharashtra-a survey and recommendations. Indian journal of nutrition and dietetics, 11(1), pp.20-27.</ref> Wheat is used for making flatbreads called [[chapati]], trigonal ''ghadichi poli'',<ref name="pandhra rassa" /> the deep-fried version called [[Puri (food)|puri]] or the thick [[paratha]]. Wheat is also used in many stuffed flatbreads such as the [[puran poli]], gul poli (with sesame and jaggery stuffing),<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Naik*|first1=S.N.|last2=Prakash|first2=Karnika|title=Bioactive Constituents as a Potential Agent in Sesame for Functional and Nutritional Application|journal=Journal of Bioresource Engineering and Technology|date=2014|volume=2|issue=4|pages=42–60}}</ref> and satorya (with sugar and [[khoya]] (dried milk)).

[[File:Wheat Dough.jpg|thumb|Wheat dough in Maharashtrian house]]

Wheat flatbreads are also made with vegetable stuffings such as peas, potatoes and gram dal.<ref>Umrani, Shantabai (1984). Surasgandha (In Marathi language). Islampur, District Sangli, Maharashtra, India: K G Umrani. pp. 100–107</ref> One of the ancient sought-after breads was mande.<ref>Kulshrestha, V.P., 1985. History and ethnobotany of wheat in India. Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée, 32(1), pp.61-71.</ref> As with rice, flatbreads accompany a meal of vegetables or dairy items.

==== Rice ====
Rice is the staple food in the rural areas of coastal Konkan region but is also popular in all urban areas.<ref name="Popular Prakashan" /> Local varieties such as the fragrant ''[[ambemohar]]'' have been popular in Western Maharashtra.
In most instances, rice is boiled on its own and becomes part of a meal that includes other items. A popular dish is [[varan bhaat]], in which steamed rice is mixed with plain ''dal'' that is prepared with [[pigeon peas]], lemon juice, salt and ghee.<ref name="Bharadwaj2005">{{cite book|author=Monisha Bharadwaj|title=The Indian Spice Kitchen: Essential Ingredients and Over 200 Authentic Recipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTm23d7gIk0C&pg=PA233|date=30 June 2005|publisher=Hippocrene Books, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-7818-1143-9|page=51}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rice Bowl: Vegetarian Rice Recipes from India and the World|url=https://www.amazon.com/Rice-Bowl-Vegetarian-Recipes-Dinner-ebook/dp/B01BKM6LJU/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1459131360}}</ref> ''[[Khichdi]]'' is a popular rice dish made with rice, mung ''dal'' and spices. For special occasions, a dish called ''masalebhat'' made with rice, spices and vegetables is popular.<ref name="AdelkhahBayart2007">{{cite book|author1=Fariba Adelkhah| author-link1=Fariba Adelkhah|author2=Jean-François Bayart|author3=Fondation nationale des sciences politiques. Centre d'études et de recherches internationales|title=Dans les cuisines de Bombay. Travail au féminin et nouvelles sociabilités dans l'Inde d'aujourd'hui|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4F2sS3Ty6yUC&pg=PA7|date=1 November 2007|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-4229-2|page=69}}</ref>

=== Dairy ===
Milk is important as a staple food.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K.S.|title=People of India: Maharashtra (Vol. 30).|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan.|page=XLviii}}</ref> Both cow milk and [[water buffalo]] milk are popular. Milk is used mainly for drinking, to add to tea or coffee or to make homemade [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] (yogurt). Traditionally, yogurt is made every day using previous day's yogurt as the starting bacterial culture to ferment the milk. The Dahi is used as dressing for many salad or ''koshimbir'' dishes, to prepare [[Kadhi]], to prepare cultured buttermilk ([[Mattha|Taak]]) or as a side dish in a ''thali''.<ref>Misra, R., 2011. Indian Foods: AAPI's Guide Indian Foods: AAPI's Guide To Nutrition, Health and Diabetes [http://heartdrsingh.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/APPI_Guide_To_Health_And_Nutrition__2nd_Edition.pdf, page 46].</ref> Buttermilk is used in a drink called ''[[mattha]]'' by mixing it with spices.<ref name="ShiHo2010">{{cite book|author1=John Shi|author2=Chi-Tang Ho|author3=Fereidoon Shahidi|title=Functional Foods of the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VENd7fgLIkC&pg=PA51|date=21 October 2010|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-7193-1|pages=58–60}}</ref> It may also be used in curry preparations.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Yildiz|editor-first1=Fatih|title=Development and manufacture of yogurt and other functional dairy products|date=2010|publisher=CRC Press/Taylor & Francis|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-1-4200-8207-4|page=11|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=zMCDLlcRaQkC|page=1}}|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> Milk is also the prerequisite ingredient for [[butter]] and [[Ghee]] (clarified butter).

=== Vegetables ===
[[File:Veggies.JPG|thumb|right|Common vegetables used as seen on a market cart in [[Pune]]. Top row from left, Sweet potatoes, Awala, [[winter radish]]:Middle row from left [[Guar]] pods, [[Bhindi|Bhendi]], carrots far right; bottom row, [[Lablab|pavta]]]]
[[File:Taimo Okinawa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Colocasia|Aḷū]](अळू), a popular leafy vegetable]]
Until recently, canned or frozen food was not widely available in India. Therefore, the vegetables used in a meal widely depended on seasonal availability. In Maharashtra, spring (March–May) is the season of cabbages, onions, potatoes, ''[[okra|bhēṇḍī]], [[guar]] and [[Coccinia grandis|tondaḷi]]'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapman|first1=Pat|title=India--food & cooking : the ultimate book on Indian cuisine|date=2007|publisher=New Holland|location=London|isbn=978-1-84537-619-2|page=160|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=orHWFRMKf4EC|page=6}}|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> ''[[Moringa oleifera|śēvgyācyā śēṅgā]]'', ''[[Calabash|dudhi]]'', marrow and ''[[Trichosanthes cucumerina|padwal]]''. During the Monsoon season (June–September) green leafy vegetables, such as ''[[Taro|aḷū]]'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: अळू), or gourds such as ''[[Momordica charantia|karle]]'', ''[[Luffa|dodka]]'' and [[eggplant]] become available. Chili peppers, carrots, tomatoes, [[cauliflower]], [[French beans]], [[Dill|śēpu]], and peas become available in the cooler climate of October to February.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barve|first1=Mangala|last2=Translator: Datar|first2=Snehalata|title=Annapurna|publisher=Majestic Prakashan|location=Mumbai, India|isbn=9788174320032|edition=1|url=http://www.bookganga.com/eBooks/Books/Details/4737998995098041126|access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref>
Coal fired roasted young cobs of Sorghum ''(Jvārī)'' is a popular item during winter picnics to the farms.<ref>{{cite book|author=F. R. Ruskin|title=Lost Crops of Africa: Grains|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_87ou6aEaze8C|date=April 1999|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-7512-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_87ou6aEaze8C/page/n195 178]}}</ref>
Vegetables are typically used in making ''bhājīs'' (Indian stew). Some ''bhājīs'' are made with a single vegetable, while others are made with a combination. ''Bhājīs'' can be "dry" as in [[stir frying|stir fry]] or "wet" as in the well-known curry. For example, [[fenugreek]] leaves can be used with'' [[mung bean|mūg]] ḍāḷ'' or potatoes to make a dry ''bhājī'' or mixed with ''[[besan|bēsan]]'' flour and buttermilk to make a curry preparation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Camellia Panjabi|title=The Great Curries of India|url=https://archive.org/details/greatcurriesofin00panj|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-80383-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatcurriesofin00panj/page/44 44]}}</ref> Marathi ''bhājīs'' typically use ''gōḍa [[Spice mix|masālā]]'', consisting of a combination of cloves, corriander powder, cumin, cinnamon, asafoetida, etc. and kanda-lasun masala made up of onion, garlic, ginger, red chilli powder, green chillies, turmeric and [[mustard seeds]].<ref name="Batra2011">{{cite book|author=Neelam Batra|title=1,000 Indian Recipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UmQ9hLYcULMC&pg=PP50|date=12 April 2011|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-544-18910-2|pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="Goda masala">{{cite book|author=Monisha Bharadwaj|title=The Indian Spice Kitchen: Essential Ingredients and Over 200 Authentic Recipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTm23d7gIk0C&pg=PA233|date=30 June 2005|publisher=Hippocrene Books, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-7818-1143-9|page=90}}</ref> Depending on a family's caste or specific religious tradition, onions and garlic may be excluded. For example, a number of Hindu communities from many parts of India refrain from eating onions and garlic altogether during [[chaturmas]], which broadly equals the [[monsoon]] season.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K.S.|title=Maharashtra|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-7991-100-4|page=XLVIII|edition=first|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=OmBjoAFMfjoC}}}}</ref>

Leafy vegetables such as fenugreek, [[amaranth]], [[beetroot]], [[radish]], [[dill]], [[colocasia]], [[spinach]], ''[[Gongura|ambadi]]'', [[sorrel]] (Chuka in Marathi), ''[[Chenopodium album|chakwat]]'', [[safflower]] (Kardai in Marathi) and [[Amaranthus spinosus|tandulja]] are either stir-fried (pale ''bhaaji'') or made into a soup (''patal bhaaji'')<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=McWilliams|first1=Mark (Editor)|last2=Rowe|first2=Caroline (Author)|title=Food & material culture : proceedings of the oxford symposium on food and cookery|date=2014|publisher=Prospect books|location=Blackawton, Devon, UK|isbn=978-1-909248-40-3|pages=268–269|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=yj8QDgAAQBAJ}}|access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> using buttermilk and gram flour.<ref>Singh, G., Kawatra, A. and Sehgal, S., 2001. Nutritional composition of selected green leafy vegetables, herbs and carrots. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 56(4), pp.359-364.</ref><ref>Reddy, N.S. and Bhatt, G., 2001. Contents of minerals in green leafy vegetables cultivated in soil fortified with different chemical fertilizers. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 56(1), pp.1-6.</ref><ref name="Gupta, S. 2008. pp.111-116">Gupta, S., Lakshmi, A.J. and Prakash, J., 2008. Effect of different blanching treatments on ascorbic acid retention in green leafy vegetables. Nat. Prod. Radiance, 7, pp.111-116.</ref>

Many vegetables are used in salad preparations called ''koshimbir''s or ''[[raita]]''.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Yildiz|editor-first1=Fatih|title=Development and manufacture of yogurt and other functional dairy products|date=2010|publisher=CRC Press/Taylor & Francis|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-1-4200-8207-4|page=11|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=zMCDLlcRaQkC|page=11}}|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref><ref>Mane, Asha, et al. "Improvement in nutritional and therapeutic properties of daily meal items through addition of oyster mushroom." Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products (ICMBMP8), New Delhi, India, 19–22 November 2014. Volume I & II. ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, 2014.</ref><ref name="Misra2012">{{cite book|author=Anoop Misra|title=Dietary Considerations in Diabetes - ECAB|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lz7unrFubdEC&pg=PT6|date=5 July 2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-81-312-3209-5|page=86}}</ref> Most of these have [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] (yogurt) as the other main ingredient. Popular ''Koshimbir''s include those based on radish, [[Cucumber raita|cucumber]] and tomato-onion combinations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Camellia Panjabi|title=The Great Curries of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYCFJMLZ_-4C&pg=PA7|year=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-80383-8|page=177}}</ref> Many ''raita'' require prior boiling or roasting of the vegetable as in the case of [[eggplant]]. Popular ''raita'' include those based on carrots, eggplant, [[pumpkin]], ''[[Calabash|dudhi]]'' and [[beetroot]] respectively.

=== Legumes ===
[[File:Green gram sprout of Salem.jpg|right|thumb|Sprouted mung beans]]
Along with green vegetables, another class of popular food is various beans, either whole or split. Split beans are called ''[[dal]]'' and turned into ''amti'' (thin lentil soup), or added to vegetables such as ''dudhi''. ''Dal'' may be cooked with rice to make ''khichadi''. Whole beans are cooked as is or more popularly soaked in water until sprouted. Unlike Chinese cuisine, the beans are allowed to grow for only a day or two. Curries made out of sprouted beans are called ''[[usal]]'' and form an important source of proteins.<ref name="monisha">{{cite book|last=Bharadwaj|first=Monisha |title=The Indian Spice Kitchen|publisher=Hippocrene Books|year=2005|edition=Illustrated|pages=167|isbn=0-7818-1143-0|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=dTm23d7gIk0C|page=165}}|access-date=2009-03-03}}</ref> The legumes popular in Maharastrian cuisine include peas, [[chick peas]], ''[[Mung bean|mung]]'', ''[[Vigna aconitifolia|matki]]'', ''[[urid]]'', kidney bean, [[Chavali|black-eyed peas]], [[Macrotyloma uniflorum|kulith]]<ref name="Kulith pithale">{{cite book|author=Dr. Rupa Shah|title=What About My Calcium?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM-EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|date=2 December 2018|publisher=CircleOHealth|isbn=978-93-5311-051-2|page=50}}</ref> and toor (also called [[pigeon pea]]s).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bladholm|first1=Linda|title=The Indian grocery store demystified|date=2000|publisher=Renaissance Books|location=Los Angeles|isbn=978-1-58063-143-3|pages=55–63|edition=1st|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Yg6zCwAAQBAJ|page=55}}|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> Out of the above toor and chick peas are staples.<ref name="Popular Prakashan" />{{sfn|Reejhsinghani|1975|p=15}} The urid bean is the base for one of the most popular types of [[papadum]]<ref>Badami, M., Holla, K.S., Padgaonkar, S.V., JA, M.S. and Singh, M.S.D., PFNDAI Bulletin, 2006, page 6.[http://www.pfndai.com/Dec06.pdf]</ref>'.

=== Oils and fats ===
[[Peanut oil]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=McWilliams|first1=Mark (Editor)|last2=Rowe|first2=Caroline (Author)|title=Food & material culture : proceedings of the oxford symposium on food and cookery|date=2014|publisher=Prospect books|location=Blackawton, Devon, UK|isbn=978-1-909248-40-3|pages=267|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=yj8QDgAAQBAJ}}|access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> and [[sunflower oil]] are the preferred cooking oils; however, [[cottonseed oil]] is also used.<ref name="Corporation2007">{{cite book|author=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|title=World and Its People: Eastern and Southern Asia|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=V1pQkwIXTG0C|page=415}}|access-date=28 June 2012|date=September 2007|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3|pages=415–}}</ref> Clarified butter (called ''[[ghee|tūp]]'') is often used for its distinct flavor. It is served with ''[[puran poli|puraṇ pōḷī]], [[varan bhaat|varaṇa bhāt]], [[Roti|ĉapātī]]'', and many other dishes. Fresh homemade butter is usually served with ''[[bhakri|bhākri]]''.

=== Spices and herbs ===
[[File:Murraya koenigii leaves - curry leaves.jpg|right|thumb|Curry leaves are popular for garnishing many dishes]]Depending on region, religion and caste, Maharashtrian food can be mild to extremely spicy. Common spices include [[asafoetida]], [[turmeric]], [[mustard seeds]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], dried [[Bay leaf|bay leaves]], and [[chili powder]]. Ingredients used especially for kala or black masala spice blend include [[cinnamon]], [[cloves]], black pepper, [[cardamom]] and [[nutmeg]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Camellia Panjabi|title=The Great Curries of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYCFJMLZ_-4C&pg=PA7|year=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-80383-8|page=32}}</ref> Other spice blends popular in the cuisine include goda masala and Kolhapuri masala.<ref name="Iyer2016">{{cite book|author=Raghavan Iyer|title=660 Curries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfTnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=5 July 2016|publisher=Workman Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7611-8746-2|page=31}}</ref> Common herbs to impart flavor or to garnish a dish include [[Curry tree|curry leaves]] and [[coriander]] leaves. Many common curry recipes call for [[garlic]], [[onion]], [[ginger]] and green chilli pepper. Ingredients that impart [[Acidulant|sour flavor]] to the food include yoghurt, [[tomato]]es, [[tamarind]] paste, lemon, and ''[[Garcinia indica|amsul]]'' skin.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Christine|first1=Manfield|title=Spice|date=1999|publisher=Viking|location=London|isbn=978-0-670-87085-1|pages=22|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=GqJ2_MuNmtIC|page=6}}|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> or unripe mangoes.<ref name="Kokam">{{cite book|author1=Ron Herbst|author2=Sharon Tyler Herbst|title=The Deluxe Food Lover's Companion, 2nd edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8BoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|year=2015|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|isbn=978-1-4380-7621-8}}</ref><ref>Nandakumar Kamat (2005), Proceedings and compendium Second National Conference on Kokum.[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/58070208/wgkf-seminar-compendium.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3Dwgkf_seminar_compendium.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=ASIATUSBJ6BACWAOFPEZ%2F20200518%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200518T171841Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEI7%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQC7zODArJ4vn4s%2BUkIfg5UdOnAShxrk01vL2aGvKCrMbgIhAMzrGBl2%2FWNf3bTu6hNppboSNrsBt8b41lWyVU6tkYvpKr0DCNf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQABoMMjUwMzE4ODExMjAwIgx3BUj21erB%2BLPbNLAqkQMAo3yYnmY1R2kkXqlwga5bVPKPQNakGoGDsrs%2BwqFzq19m%2BBKNLJt68B5EbBK76C7j2p9qSb2aHPUx2%2FwOu9CkV3I1Tk57kXmReeCkCk5v3goM5zEQw1qgTlBrgpb3I%2BSjNVJUZo22OuWq8jNBtS1j0FbtNUgUN0%2F51hkz5WVayjMFSuIrWJpmRagBgv7LGjL4ZoVFx5I9aQwZHDsk6uLGfijypSxRjOx1qpS2t7SHnzWwNxNp%2FsJ8XwngehPFiEgGY1ZCBys7%2FXT8Oz1WA%2FvxhfDkofAeRdCVyOyxvPyvGSfNcExh9o%2FwCiPM7HnTY5ozUEOnJXDqj68YMtbuKvqNR3CXXWtzWjZldJYiZHHxCp9mTJJWuNX6aK8ZM7%2BBMgRuhjKccGMAiIVepfjzWpENxZ7dRO3R4ZqW2%2BH1GlOs9SZPp9SB3HXWYKvJliluGypFHCtRl%2F5PyNu50f17H2w77OSuomz2pQnY2IKCfwOdJe5Fu97YXcCavF2mij%2B79IZuhT1kTXKDhSp0TEvTP%2FoNYjDyo4r2BTrqASTSdWqdJPZrLSS56NeagaqFU%2FnN2nKrZSNYFyPoBB%2BqJdfp%2B2CoV5rPGwpjQN5o5lpqdUCyoyEJLJVATRr0TNpfB7mpCCzWWtzBp0Cbbo7Qkl%2BHKz3VWNtSc4IVxUEJP%2FIHRfORkLV3%2BFDWpf0ZSoV8D8RQka85exDK5PzsycE2lvOBst6KbKacer1Q%2BXXt3rElADkR6ZWY2k85JOrgthlZmWWfNMYMG2qHPrTJyN7ArTlx8xHgc8TMiRcUDNox3HRBgOR2%2FNFu4VJCnBWBzZi%2FLfjKqXMVV9DQanf8g%2BbWlBhi06Ol1h8xAg%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=810ce40b52ff46740493be15b92020c134d7d0c34e6c18dd3e507df84d6aa396]</ref>

=== Meat and poultry ===
[[File:Malwani Chicken Thali.jpg|thumb|Maharashtrian non-vegetarian thaali]]
[[Chicken]] and [[Goat meat|goat]] are the most popular sources for meat in Maharashtrian cuisine. Eggs are popular and exclusively come from chicken sources. Beef and pork are also consumed by some sections of Maharashtrian society.<ref>{{cite news|last1=PATOLE|first1=SHAHU|title=Why I wrote a book on Dalit food|url=http://www.expressfoodie.com/main-course/why-i-wrote-a-book-on-dalit-food/|access-date=11 September 2016|work=Express Foodie beta|issue=SEPTEMBER 8|date=2016|ref=Anna he Apoorna Brahma'}}</ref> However, these do not form part of traditional Maharashtrian cuisine.

=== Seafood ===
[[File:Indian Mackere.JPG|right|thumb|[[Indian mackerel|Bangda]] or Indian mackerel]]
Seafood is a staple for many [[Konkan]] coastal communities and is popular in other parts of the state too.<ref name="Food culture in India">{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Colleen Taylor|title=Food culture in India|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Conn.[u.a.]|isbn=0-313-32487-5|page=101|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=J3RSHWePhXwC|page=97}}|access-date=21 April 2016}}</ref> Most of the recipes are based on [[marine fish]], [[prawns]] and [[crab]]. A distinct [[Malvani cuisine]] of mainly seafood dishes is popular. Popular fish varieties include [[Bombay duck]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapman|first1=Pat|title=India--food & cooking : the ultimate book on Indian cuisine|date=2007|publisher=New Holland|location=London|isbn=978-1-84537-619-2|page=88|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=orHWFRMKf4EC|page=6}}|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> [[pomfret]], ''[[Indian mackerel|bangda]]'', [[Rawas]], and ''[[Indo-Pacific king mackerel|surmai]]'' (kingfish).<ref>Reejhsinghani, A. (1975). Delights from Maharashtra. Jaico Publishing House.[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=RwMRaDxJcWwC&oi=fnd&pg=PT15&dq=maharashtra+fish+pomfret+bangda+bombay+duck+&ots=7wxOQMuJmO&sig=lror1B3RdpuYTpTkO716zCUzO9k#v=onepage&q=maharashtra%20fish%20pomfret%20bangda%20bombay%20duck&f=false]</ref>These fish are used fresh as well as dried in areas around Mumbai.<ref>Wavare, A. K. (2015). A study of dry fish markets in Mumbai City. Ethos, 8(2), 11-17.</ref> Seafood recipes are prepared in different ways such as curried, [[Pan frying]], or steaming in [[Banana leaf|banana leaves]].<ref name="Gadia2000">{{cite book|author=Madhu Gadia|title=New Indian Home Cooking: More Than 100 Delicious Nutritional, and Easy Low-fat Recipes!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mY3cO8b5iToC&pg=PP11|year=2000|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-55788-343-8|page=15}}</ref>

=== Miscellaneous ingredients ===
Other ingredients include oil seeds such as [[flax]], [[Niger seed|karale]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Getinet|first1=A|last2=Sharma|first2=S. M.|title=Niger, Guizotia Abyssinica (L. F.) Cass By A|date=1996|publisher=Bioversity International|pages=18|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=FtamVcJzrTAC|page=6}}}}</ref><ref>Nikam, T.D. and Shitole, M.G., 1993. Regeneration of niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) CV Sahyadri from seedling explants. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, 32(3), pp.345-349.</ref> coconut, peanuts, almonds and cashew nuts. Peanut powder and whole nuts are used in many preparations including, [[chutney]], koshimbir and bhaaji. More expensive nuts such as (almonds and cashew) are used mainly for sweet dishes. Flax and [[Guizotia abyssinica|karale]] seeds are used in making dry chutneys.<ref>Arya, A.B., Pradnya, D., Zanvar, V.S. and Devi, R., 2012. Flax Seed Fortification for Value Addition of Chutneys. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 49(2), pp.68-77.</ref> Traditionally, sugar cane based [[jaggery]] was used as the sweetening agent, but has been largely replaced by refined [[cane sugar]]. Fruit such as mango are used in many preparations including pickles, jams, drinks and sweet dishes. Bananas and [[jackfruit]]
are also used in many dishes.

=== Typical menus ===
Urban menus typically have wheat in the form of chapatis and plain rice as the main staples. Traditional rural households would have millet in form of ''bhakri'' on the Deccan plains and rice on the coast as respective staples.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taylor Sen|first1=Colleen|title=Feasts and Fasts A History of Indian Food.|date=2014|publisher=Reaktion Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-78023-352-9|pages=254|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=VN_vCgAAQBAJ}}|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>

Typical breakfast items include ''[[misal]]'', ''[[pohe]]'', ''[[upma]]'', ''[[sheera]]'', ''sabudana khichadi'' and ''[[thalipeeth]]''. In some households leftover rice from the previous night is fried with onions, turmeric and mustard seeds for breakfast, making ''{{transliteration|mr|phodnicha bhat}}''. Typical Western breakfast items such as cereals, sliced bread and eggs, as well as South Indian items such as ''idli'' and ''dosa'' are also popular. Tea or coffee is served with breakfast.

==== Contemporary lunch and dinner menus ====
[[File:Maharashtrian Thali.jpg|thumb|right|A Maharashtrian vegetarian meal with a variety of items]]
Vegetarian lunch and dinner plates in urban areas carry a combination of:

* Wheat flatbread such as round ''[[chapati]]'' or ''ghadichi poli'' (layered triangular chapati)
*Boiled rice
*Salad or ''[[koshimbir]]'' based on onions, tomatoes or cucumber
* ''[[Papad]]'' or related snacks such as ''sandge'', ''kurdaya'' and ''{{transliteration|mr|sabudana papdya}}''<ref>Khedkar, R., Shastri, P. and Bawa, A.S., [http://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/23%20IJEAB-AUG-2016-17-Standardization,%20Characterization%20and%20Shelf%20Life%20Studies%20on%20Sandge,%20a%20Traditional%20Food%20Adjunct%20of%20Western%20India.pdf Standardization, Characterization and Shelf Life Studies on Sandge, a Traditional Food Adjunct of Western India]. IJEAB: Open Access Bi-Monthly International Journal: Infogain Publication, 1 (Issue-2)</ref>
* Dry or fresh chutney, mango or lemon [[South Asian pickles|pickles]]
* ''Aamti'' or ''varan'' soup based on ''[[toor dal]]'', other ''dal''s or ''[[kadhi]]''. When ''usal'' is part of the menu, the ''{{transliteration|mr|aamti}}'' may be omitted.
* Vegetables with gravy based on seasonal availability such as egg plants, [[okra]], potatoes, or cauliflower
* Dry leafy vegetables such as spinach
*[[Usal]] based on [[Sprouting|sprouted]] or unsprouted whole legumes

Apart from bread, rice, and chutney, other items may be substituted. Families that eat meat, fish and poultry may combine vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes, with rice and chapatis remaining the staples. Vegetable or non-vegetable items are essentially dips for the bread or for mixing with rice.

Traditional dinner items are arranged in a circular way. With salt placed at [[clock position|12 o'clock]], pickles, ''koshimbir'' and condiments are placed anti-clockwise of the salt. Vegetable preparations are arranged in a clockwise fashion with a sequence of leafy greens curry, dry vegetables, sprouted been curry (''usal'') and ''dal''. Rice is always on the periphery rather than in the center.<ref name="auto" />

==== Traditional lunch and dinner menus ====
[[File:Bhaji-Bhakari.jpg|thumb|right|A typical simple Maharashtrian meal with bhaaji, bhakari, raw onion and pickle]]


In the inland areas of Maharashtra such as [[Desh, Maharashtra|Desh]], [[Khandesh]], [[Marathwada]] and [[Vidarbha]], the traditional staple was ''bhakri'' with a combination of ''dal'', vegetables, or commonly the chickpea flour based [[Jhunka|pithale]]. The ''bhakri'' is increasingly replaced by wheat-based chapatis.<ref name="Krishnamachari, K.A.V 1974. pp.20-27" />

In the Konkan coastal area, boiled rice and ''rice bhakri'', ''nachni bhakri'' is the staple, with a combination of the vegetable and non-vegetable dishes described in the lunch and dinner menu.

== Methods and equipment ==
[[File:Indian Kitchen.JPG|thumb|right|Maharashtrian kitchen]]
[[Kitchen stove|Open stove]] cooking is the most commonly used cooking method. The traditional three-stone ''chulha'' has largely been replaced by [[Primus stove|kerosene]] or [[gas stove]]s. A stove may be used for cooking in many different ways:
[[File:Village kitchen in Pune district , India 2012 IMG 1583.jpg|thumb|right| A Maharashtrian kitchen in rural part of Maharashtra in 2011]]
*[[Chaunk|Phodani]] – Often translated as "tempering", is a cooking technique and garnish where spices such as mustard seeds, cumin seeds, turmeric, and sometimes other ingredients such as minced ginger and garlic are fried briefly in oil or [[ghee]] to liberate essential oils from cells and thus enhance their flavours. Other ingredients such as vegetables and meat are then added to the pan.<ref name="Singe Fry">{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=fAhtAwAAQBAJ|page=7}}|title=Curry, curry, curry : the heart of Indian cooking|date=1990|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-012993-9|location=New Delhi, India|last1=Rai|first1=Ranjit}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=2004|title=Women, Food and the Sustainable Economy: A Simple Relationship|url=http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=crp_fac|journal=Progressive Plannin|volume=158|issue=Winter issue|pages=41–43|last1=Dandekar|first1=Hemalata|access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> ''Phodani'' may be the first step in making a ''bhaaji'', ''{{transliteration|mr|aamti}}'' or curry. It may also be the last step, as part of a [[garnish (food)|garnish]].
*[[Simmering]] – Most curries and ''bhaaji''s are simmered for the meat or vegetables to cook
*[[Deep frying]] – This is used for making fritters such as onion bhaji, or sweet fried dumplings ([[Dumpling#Indian|''karanji'']])
*[[Pan frying]] – This is characterized by the use of minimal cooking oil or fat (compared to shallow frying or deep frying); typically using just enough oil to lubricate the pan. This method is used for cooking delicate items such as fish.
*[[Tava|Tawa]] – This is usually a concave metal pan used on an open stove for making unleavened flatbreads such as ''ghadichi poli'', ''chapatis'' or ''bhakri''s.
*[[Steaming]] – This method is mainly used for specialties such as ''ukadiche [[modak]]'', or ''[[Taro|aluchya]] wadya''.
*[[Roasting]] – [[Baingan bharta|Vangyache bharit]] involves roasting eggplant over open fire prior to mashing and adding other ingredients.<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=jFyqJdn0qZMC|page=13}}|title=Madhur Jaffrey Indian cooking.|date=2003|publisher=Barron's|isbn=978-0-7641-5649-6|edition=1st ed. for North American.|location=Hauppauge, N.Y.|pages=162|last1=Jaffrey|first1=Madhur|access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>
*[[Pressure cooker|Pressure cooking]] – This technique is used extensively for shortening the cooking time for lentils, meat and rice.

Other methods of food preparation include:
*[[Baking]] – Baking is seldom used at home. The bread buns or ''pav'' used in popular street foods such as ''vadapav'' are baked by commercial bakers.
*Sun drying – [[Papadum|Papad]], a popular snack, and related products called ''{{transliteration|mr|papdya}}'' and ''kurdaya'', are dried in the sun after rolling out. The dried products keep for many months.<ref>Khedkar, R., Shastri, P. and Bawa, A.S., Standardization, Characterization and Shelf Life Studies on Sandge, a Traditional Food Adjunct of Western India. IJEAB: Open Access Bi-Monthly International Journal: Infogain Publication, 1(Issue-2).</ref>
*[[Fermented milk products|Fermentation]] – This is used mainly for making [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] (yogurt) or home-made butter from cream-enriched milk.,<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=lKG1dWnpU2QC}}|title=Culinary Creation: An Introduction to Foodservice and World Cuisine|date=2006|publisher=Butterworth -Henneman|isbn=978-0-7506-7936-7|location=Oxford, UK|pages=281–282|last1=Morgan|first1=James LeRoy|access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>Badami, M., Holla, K.S., Padgaonkar, S.V., JA, M.S. and Singh, M.S.D., PFNDAI Bulletin, 2006, page 4.[http://www.pfndai.com/Dec06.pdf]</ref><ref name="Joshi2016">{{cite book|author=V.K. Joshi|title=Indigenous Fermented Foods of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjg0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA431|date=5 January 2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-8790-5|pages=86, 431}}</ref>

== Special dishes ==
[[File:Traditional Puranpoli - Homemade - maharashtra.jpg|thumb|[[Puran poli]]]]
A number of dishes are made for religious occasions, dinner parties or as restaurant items or street food.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Seal|first1=Partho Pratim|title=How to Succeed in Hotel Management Job Interviews Kindle Edition|date=2016|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-8184957426|edition=1st|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=26JKDAAAQBAJ|page=13}}|access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Meat and poultry ===
[[File:Bagdadi Restaurant, Colaba, Mumbai (4).jpg|thumb|right|Bagdadi Restaurant, Colaba]]
[[File:Dummy 19 W.jpg|thumb|right| A Thali from Kolhapur, Maharashtra with red (tambda rassa) and white (pandhara rass) gravies to be served with meat]]
Meat dishes are prepared in a variety of ways:
*''Taambda rassa'' is a hot spicy curry with red gravy from [[Kolhapur]].<ref name="Bharadwaj2005" />
*''Pandhara rassa'' is also a goat curry from Kolhapur with white coconut-milk-based gravy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=Clifford A.|title=Some like it hot : spicy favorites from the world's hot zones|date=2012|publisher=Harvard Common|location=Boston, Mass.|isbn=978-1-55832-269-1|edition=Uncorr. bound galley.|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=K6dkerTrg3IC|page=169}}|access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref>
*''Popati'' (पोपटी) – A chicken dish with eggs and ''[[Lablab|val papdi]]'' from the [[Raigad district]] of the coastal region.
*[[Malvani cuisine|Malvani chicken]]
*''[[Kombdi vade]]'' – A recipe from Konkan region. Deep-fried flatbread made from spicy rice and ''[[Vigna mungo|urid]]'' flour served with chicken curry, more specifically with Malvani chicken curry.

=== Seafood ===
[[File:Fried Bombay Duck.JPG|thumb|right|Fried Bombay duck]]
Seafood is a staple for many communities that hail from the [[Konkan]] region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=S.R. |last2=Mishra |first2=Anoop |title=Region-based diets in India |date=2009 |publisher=Reed Elsevier India private Limited |location=Gurgaon, India |isbn=978-978-81-1986-9 |pages=81–82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lz7unrFubdEC&dq=maharashtra&pg=PA75}}</ref><ref name="Food culture in India" /> Popular dishes include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Shrimp|prawn pullao]]'' rice{{sfn|Reejhsinghani|1975|p=x}}
* Stuffed crabs
* Crab ''[[masala (spice)|masala]]''
* [[Malvani cuisine|Malvani]] fish curries
* ''Kolambi masala''
* Stuffed pomfret{{sfn|Reejhsinghani|1975|p=x}}
* Bombay duck fry
* Prawns fry{{sfn|Reejhsinghani|1975|p=x}}
* ''Bangada'' curry{{sfn|Reejhsinghani|1975|p=x}}
* [[Indian salmon|Dry Rawas]] (Rawasche sukhe)
* Fried ''surmai''
* Fish ''koliwada''{{#tag:ref|Fish Koliwada is not part of traditional Maharashtrian cuisine, however, it is an iconic appetizer from Mumbai created by the Singh brothers, Bahadur and Hakam in the 1950s. In 1955, Bahadur Singh along with his brother Hakam Singh folded up their small dhaba near Delhi–Uttar Pradesh highway and moved to Sion in Mumbai where many from his community had already taken shelter after the Partition of India. The brothers started selling the fried fish from a bare-boned makeshift stall. The popularity of their crispy fried-fish led to their first eatery at Sion Koliwada in 1970, aptly named Mini Punjab.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=June 2017}}|group=note}}
{{Div col end}}
[[File:Solkadi and Bangda Fry.jpg|thumb|right| Solkadi and bangda fry]]

<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peter|first1=editor, K.V.|title=Underutilized and underexploited horticultural crops|date=2007|publisher=New India Pub. Agency|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788189422691|pages=311–316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAvg3xLSdTYC&q=calabash+chutney+mahjarashtra&pg=PA175}}</ref>

=== Curries and gravies served with rice ===
Various vegetable curries or gravies are eaten with rice, usually at both lunch and dinner. Popular dishes include:
*''Amti'' – Lentil or bean curry, which is made mainly from ''[[toor dal]]'' or other lentils such as [[mung bean]]s or [[chickpea]]s.{{sfn|Reejhsinghani|1975|p=x}} In many instances, vegetables are added to the ''amti'' preparation. A popular ''amti'' recipe has pods of [[Moringa oleifera|drumsticks]] added to the ''toor dal''.<ref name="Gupta, S. 2008. pp.111-116" />
* ''[[Kadhi]]'' – This type of "curry" is made from a combination of [[buttermilk]] [[yoghurt]] and chickpea flour (''besan'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bladholm|first1=Linda|title=The Indian Grocery Store Demystified: A Food Lover's Guide to All the Best Ingredients in the Traditional Foods of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|date=2000|publisher=Renaissance books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-250-12079-3|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yg6zCwAAQBAJ&q=kadhi&pg=PR9}}</ref> In some recipes fried balls based on [[besan]] are added.
* ''[[Solkadhi]]'' – This cold soup is prepared from coconut milk, garlic, cilantro, and ''[[Kokam (fruit)|kokam]]'' concoction, and is a specialty of the cuisine from the coastal region.
* ''Saar'' – Thin broth-like soups made from various ''dal''s or vegetables.
*''Amsulache saar'' – Made with ''kokam''.<ref name="epicure">{{cite book|last=Khatan|first=Asha|title=Epicure's Vegetarian Cuisines of India|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=58|isbn=81-7991-119-5|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Jsjy5ht2Xh8C|page=57}}|access-date=2009-02-09|date=February 2004}}</ref>

=== Pickles and condiments ===
*[[Chutney]] and preserves – Chutneys and preserves popular in the cuisine include those based on raw [[mango]], [[Mentha|mint]], [[tamarind]], cilantro, ''[[panchamrit]]'', Garlic and ''mirachicha [[thecha]]''.<ref name="Khatau2004">{{cite book|author=Asha Khatau|title=Epicure S Vegetarian Cuisines Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16mU1bzJx3AC&pg=PA15|date=February 2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-119-8|page=67}}</ref> Dry chutneys include those based on oil seeds such as [[flax seed]], peanut, sesame, coconut and ''[[Niger seed|karale]]''.<ref name="Karale">{{cite book|author=Dr. Rupa Shah|title=What About My Calcium?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM-EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|date=2 December 2018|publisher=CircleOHealth|isbn=978-93-5311-051-2|page=72}}</ref> Chutney based on the skin of roasted vegetables such as [[bottle gourd]] is also popular. Most chutneys include green or red chili pepper for their heat. Garlic may also be added.
*''Metkut'' – A dry preparation based on a blend of dry roasted legumes and spices.<ref>Renu, K., Pratima, S. and Bawa, A.S., 2016. Standardization, chemical characterization and storage studies on Metkut, a pulse based Indian traditional food adjunct. Food Science Research Journal, 7(1), pp.105-111.</ref><ref>Karanjkar, P.L., 1995. Nutritional evaluation of local diets with special reference to processing methods (Doctoral dissertation, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani).[http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/5810046084/1/TH2843.pdf]</ref>
*[[Indian pickle|Lon'che]] (pickle) – Maharashtrian and Indian pickles in general are prepared using a base of salt, oil and spices.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Colleen Taylor|title=Food culture in India|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Conn.[u.a.]|isbn=978-0-313-32487-1|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&q=pickles&pg=PA1}}</ref> Vegetables and fruits commonly used for pickling in Maharashtrian cuisine include [[Mango pickle|unripe mango]], lemons, [[Indian gooseberry|Aonla]], green chillies and [[Cordia dichotoma|Bhokar]].<ref>Patil, M.V. and Patil, D.A., 2000. Some more wild edible plants of Nasik District (Maharashtra). The ancient science of life, 19(3-4), p.102.</ref> Less commonly garlic, [[ridge gourd]] etc. are also used.
* ''Muramba'' — Made with unripe mangoes, spices, and sugar.

=== Beverages ===
[[File:Aam Panna (Kairi cha Panha).JPG|thumb|right|Kairi cha panha summer drink based on unripe mango and jaggery]]
In Maharashtra, the traditional offering (for a guest) used to be water and [[jaggery]] (Gulpani). This has been replaced by tea or coffee. These beverages are served with milk and sugar. Occasionally, along with tea leaves, the brew may include spices, freshly grated ginger<ref name="DUBEY2010">{{cite book|author=KRISHNA GOPAL DUBEY|title=THE INDIAN CUISINE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4woRbF8irsC&pg=PR1|date=27 September 2010|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4170-8|page=10}}</ref>
and cardamom<ref>{{cite web|title=ginger tea |url=http://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/ginger-tea-indian-ginger-tea-with-milk/|access-date=20 April 2016|date=2013-02-26}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=July 2019}} or [[lemon grass]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chaitime|url=http://www.chaitime.com/htmlTemplates/masala_lemongrass_chai.html|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> Coffee is served with milk or ground [[nutmeg]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vadani kaval gheta|url=http://www.vadanikavalgheta.com/2012/04/coffee-break-instant-coffee-with-touch.html|access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref>
Other beverages include:
* [[Aam panna|Kairi cha panha]] – A raw mango and jaggery-based drink which is popular during early summer,<ref>{{cite news|title=Flavours of Maharashtra at Renaissance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-festivals/Flavours-of-Maharashtra-at-Renaissance/articleshow/6049294.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030205423/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-12/food-festivals/28316194_1_maharashtrian-flavours-mumbai-convention-centre-hotel|url-status=live|archive-date=30 October 2012|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Feed your 'Desi Mania' at Nirula's|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=27515&sectionid=1|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=Fnbnews|date=10 May 2010}}</ref> served cold.
* ''Piyush'' – A ''shrikhand'' and buttermilk-based sweet preparation.
* ''[[Kokum]] [[Sharbat (beverage)|sarbat]]'' – ''kokum'' and sugar, served cold.<ref name="Kokam"/>
* [[Solkadhi]] -prepared with kokum and coconut milk
* [[Mattha]] – Spicy [[buttermilk]], served cold.<ref name="Yildiz2016">{{cite book|author=Fatih Yildiz|title=Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMCDLlcRaQkC&pg=PA1|date=19 April 2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-8208-1|page=11}}</ref>
* [[Sugar cane juice]] – The juice is obtained by crushing peeled sugar cane in a mill. In Maharashtra in every town there are dozens of juice centers where freshly squeezed sugarcane juice is served.
* Banana [[smoothie|Shikran]] – This is consumed with ''chapatis'' or ''puri'' as part of a meal.
* ''Masala doodh'' – Sweet and spicy milk.

=== Sweets and desserts ===
[[File:Sweet shira.jpg|thumb|Shira]]
[[File:Puran Poli and Katachi Amti by Dr. Raju Kasambe 03.jpg|thumb|right|Puran Poli and Katachi Amti.This is popular for many special occasions including [[Holi]]]]
[[File:Anarsa.jpg|thumb|right|Anarsa]]
Desserts are important part of festival and special occasions. Typical desserts include, flatbread called ''[[puran poli]]'' with stuffed lentil and jaggery mix, a preparation made from [[strained yogurt]], sugar and spices called ''[[shrikhand]]'', a sweet milk preparation made with evaporated milk called ''[[basundi]]'', semolina and sugar based ''[[kheer]]'' and steamed dumplings stuffed with coconut and jaggery called ''[[modak]]''. In some instances, the ''modak'' is deep-fried instead of steamed.<ref name="Ukadiche modak" />{{sfn|Reejhsinghani|1975|p=x}}<ref name="Taylor Sen 2014 p. 105" /> Traditionally, these desserts were associated with a particular festival. For example, ''modak'' is prepared during the [[Ganpati]] Festival.
* ''Puran Poli'' is one of the most popular sweet items in the Maharashtrian cuisine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lazy2cook.com/2015/04/puran-poli.html|title=Puran Poli – Lazy 2 Cook, Loves 2 Eat !!!|date=2015-04-22|work=Lazy 2 Cook, Loves 2 Eat !!!|access-date=2017-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> It is a buttery flatbread stuffed with a mix made of jaggery (molasses or ''gur''), yellow gram (''chana'') ''[[dal]]'', plain flour, [[cardamom]] powder and ''[[ghee]]''. It is consumed at almost all festivals. ''Puran Poli'' is usually served with milk or a sweet-and-sour ''dal'' preparation called ''katachi amti''. In rural areas it used to be served with a thin hot sugar syrup called ''gulawani''.{{sfn|Reejhsinghani|1975|p=x}}
* ''[[Modak]] is a'' sweet dumpling that is steamed (''ukdiche modak'')<ref name="Ukadiche modak">{{cite book|last=Khanna|first=Vikas|title=SAVOUR MUMBAI: A CULINARY JOURNEY THROUGH INDIA's MELTING POT|year=2013|publisher=Westland Limited|location=New Delhi|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=LSTRAQAAQBAJ|page=36}}}}</ref>{{sfn|Reejhsinghani|1975|p=x}} or fried. ''Modak'' is prepared during the Ganesha Festival around August, when it is often given as an offering to Lord [[Ganesha]], as it is reportedly his favorite sweet. The sweet filling is made up of fresh-grated coconut and jaggery, while the soft shell is made from rice flour, or wheat flour mixed with ''khava'' or [[maida flour]]. The dumpling can be fried or steamed. The steamed version called ''ukdiche modak'' is eaten hot with ghee.
* ''Chirote''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalchef.info/2011/10/recipe-for-chirote.html|title=Recipe for Chirote|date=22 October 2011}}</ref> is a combination of semolina and plain flour.
* ''[[Anarsa]]'' is made from soaked powdered rice with jaggery or sugar. The traditional process for creating the ''anarsa'' batter takes three days.{{sfn|Reejhsinghani|1975|p=x}}
* ''[[Basundi]] is a s''weetened dense milk dessert.<ref>CHOUGULE, VM, BK PAWAR, and DM CHOUDHARI. "Sensory quality of Basundi prepared by using cardamom and saffron." Research Journal of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science 5.1 (2015).</ref>
* ''Aamras'' is a pulp or thick juice made from mangoes, with added sugar and milk. You can learn [https://alphonsomango.in/blogs/recipe/aamras-recipe Aamras recipe] here
* ''[[Shrikhand]]'' is [[strained yogurt]] flavoured with sugar, [[saffron]], [[cardamom]] and charoli nuts.<ref name="Shrikhand">{{cite book|author=Camellia Panjabi|title=The Great Curries of India|url=https://archive.org/details/greatcurriesofin00panj|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-80383-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatcurriesofin00panj/page/179 179]}}</ref> Shrikhand is served with ''[[puri]]'' on auspicious occasions such as [[Gudhipadwa]] (Marathi new year).<ref name="SENAPATI, A. 2016">SENAPATI, A., PANDEY, A., ANN, A., RAJ, A., GUPTA, A., DAS, A.J., RENUKA, B., NEOPANY, B., RAJ, D., ANGCHOK, D. and CHYE, F.Y., 2016. INDIGENOUS FERMENTED FOODS INVOLVING ACID FERMENTATION.</ref><ref>Singh, Kumar Suresh. People of India: Maharashtra. Vol. 30. Popular Prakashan, 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Camellia Panjabi|title=The Great Curries of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYCFJMLZ_-4C&pg=PA7|year=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-80383-8|page=179}}</ref>
* ''[[Amrakhand]]'' is ''Shrikhand'' flavoured with mango, saffron, cardamom and charoli nuts.<ref name="SENAPATI, A. 2016" />
* ''[[Laddu|Ladu]]'' are a popular snack traditionally prepared for ''[[Diwali]]''. ''[[Laddu|Ladus]]'' can be based on semolina, gram flour or ''bundi''.
* ''[[Pedha]]'' are round balls made from a mixture of ''[[khoa]]'', sugar and saffron.
* ''Amba barfi'' is made from mango pulp.
* ''Gul Poli'' is a stuffed wheat-flatbread with ''[[Jaggery|gul]]''(Jaggery) paste.
* ''Amba poli'' or ''mango poli'': Although called poli, it is not a flatbread but more like a pancake. It is made in summer by sun-drying thin spreads of reduced mango-pulp, possibly with sugar added, on flat plates. (Traditionally large leaves were used instead of plates.) It has no grain in it. Since it is sun-dried in harsh summer, it is durable and can be stored for several months.
* ''Phanas poli'' (Jackfruit ''poli'') is similar to Amba poli but made with jackfruit pulp instead of mango.
* ''Ambavadi''
* ''Chikki'' is a sugar peanut or other nut preparation.
*''Narali paak'' is a sugar and coconut cake.
*''Dudhi halwa'' is a traditional dessert made with [[Calabash|dudhi]] and milk.
Other sweets popular in Maharashtra and other regions of India include: [[Kheer]], [[kaju katli]], [[gulab jamun]], [[jalebi]], various kinds of [[barfi]], and [[rasmalai]].

=== Street food, restaurant and homemade snacks ===

[[File:Vada Paav-The Mumbai Burger.jpg|thumb|Vada pav]]
[[File:Cooked Poha.jpg|thumb|Cooked [[Pohay|pohe/pohay]]]]
[[File:Maharastrian snack.jpg|thumb|Kothimbir wadi]]
[[File:Kolhapuri Misal Pav.jpg|thumb|Misal Pav]]
[[File:Mumbai-vada.jpg|thumb|right|Batata vada]]
In many metropolitan areas, including Mumbai and Pune, fast food is popular. The most-popular forms are ''[[pakora|bhaji]]'', ''[[vada pav]]'', ''[[misalpav]]'' and ''[[pav bhaji]]''. More-traditional dishes are ''sabudana khichadi'', ''[[pohe]]'', ''[[upma]]'', ''[[sheera]]'' and ''[[panipuri]]''. Most Marathi fast food and snacks are lacto-vegetarian.

Some dishes, including ''{{transliteration|mr|sev bhaji}}'', ''misal pav'' and ''patodi'' are regional dishes within Maharashtra.

* ''[[Chivda]]'' is spiced [[flattened rice]]. It is also known as "[[Bombay mix]]" in the [[UK]].
* ''[[Pohay|Pohe]]'' is a snack made from pounded rice.<ref>Lela Nargi
Gastronomica
Vol. 3, No. 2 (Spring 2003), pp. 83-86
Published by: University of California Press
DOI: 10.1525/gfc.2003.3.2.83
[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/gfc.2003.3.2.83]</ref> It is typically served with [[tea]] and is the most likely dish that a Maharashtrian will offer a guest. During arranged marriages, ''kanda pohe'' (literal translation, "pohe prepared with onion") is most likely the dish served when the two families meet. It is so common that sometimes arranged marriage itself is referred colloquially as ''kanda pohay''. Other variants include ''batata pohe'' (where diced potatoes are used instead of onion shreds). Other variants recipes of ''pohe'' are ''{{transliteration|mr|dadpe pohe}}'', a mixture of raw ''pohe'' with shredded fresh coconut, green chillies, ginger and lemon juice and ''kachche pohe'', raw ''pohe'' with minimal embellishments of oil, red chili powder, salt and unsautéed onion shreds.
* ''[[Upma]]'', ''sanja'' or ''upeeth'' is similar to the South Indian ''upma''. It is a thick porridge made from [[semolina]] perked up with green chillies, onions and other spices.
* ''[[Vada pav]]'' is a fast food dish consisting of a fried [[mashed potato]] dumpling (''vada''), eaten sandwiched in a wheat bread bun (''pav''). This is the Indian version of a burger and is almost always accompanied with red chutney made from garlic and fried red and green chillies. ''Vada pav'' in its entirety is rarely made at home, mainly because home baking is not common.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Graves|first1=Helen|title=Vada pav sandwich recipe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/oct/03/vada-pav-sandwich-recipe-potato-chutney|newspaper=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|access-date=27 January 2015|date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sarma|first1=Ramya|title=In Search of Mumbai Vada Pav|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/article3657300.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=27 January 2015|date=2012-07-21}}</ref>
* ''[[Pav bhaji]]'' is a fast food dish consisting of a vegetable curry ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: ''bhaji'') served with a soft bread roll (''pav'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dalal|first1=Tarla|title=Mumbai's Roadside Snacks|date=2010|publisher=Sanjay & Company|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-89491-66-6|page=60|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=4kjEPd1NmmkC|page=60}}|access-date=31 May 2015|ref=none}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wells|first1=Troth|title=The world of street food : easy quick meals to cook at home|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofstreetfoo0000well|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=New Internationalist|location=London|isbn=978-1-904456-50-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofstreetfoo0000well/page/54 54]}}</ref>
* ''[[Misal Pav]]'' is a dish made from curried sprouted lentils, topped with ''{{transliteration|mr|batata bhaji}}'', ''[[pohay]]'', ''[[chivda]]'', ''farsaan'', raw chopped onions and tomato. It is sometimes eaten with yogurt. Usually, the ''misal'' is served with a wheat-bread bun.<ref name="Hingle 2015">{{cite book | author=[[Richa Hingle]]| title=Vegan Richa's Indian Kitchen: Traditional and Creative Recipes for the Home Cook | publisher=Vegan Heritage Press, LLC | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-941252-10-9 | url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=LCUCBQAAQBAJ|page=237}} | access-date=May 25, 2016 | page=pt237}}</ref>
* ''[[Thalipeeth]]'' is a type of flatbread. It is usually spicy and eaten with curd.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khatau|first=Asha|title=Epicure S Vegetarian Cuisines Of India|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan ltd.|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-7991-119-5|pages=63|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=16mU1bzJx3AC|page=15}}}}</ref> It is a popular traditional breakfast that is prepared using ''bhajani'', a mixture of roasted lentils.
* ''[[Sabudana Khichadi]]'': Sautéed ''sabudana'' (pearls of [[Metroxylon sagu|sago palm]]), a dish commonly eaten on religious fast days.
* ''[[Khichdi]]'' is made of rice and ''dal'' with mustard seeds and onions to add flavor.
*[[Varanfal]] is traditional Maharashtrian cuisine made up of pieces of dough cooked in the curry of Toor dal. [[Dal dhokli]] is a similar dish popular in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]].
* ''[[Chana dal]]iche dheerde'' is a savory [[crepe]] made with ''chana dal''.
Like most Indian cuisines, Maharashtrian cuisine is laced with many fried savories, including:

* ''[[Patrode|Aluchi vadi]]'' is prepared from [[colocasia]] leaves rolled in chickpea flour, steamed and then pan fried.
* ''Kothimbirichi vadi'' is made with [[cilantro]] leaves.
* [[Suralichi vadi]] is a savory snack made from [[gram flour]] and [[yogurt]]. It consists of yellowish, tightly rolled bite-sized pieces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.maharashtrianrecipes.com/suralichi-vadi/|title=Suralichi Vadi{{!}}Maharashtrian Recipes|date=2016-04-14|work=Maharashtrian Recipes|access-date=2017-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> with garnishing of coconut, coriander leaves and mustard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaparenting.com/recipes/mainrecipe.cgi?recipe_id=1107&cuisine_id=12|title=Indiaparenting.com – Recipes|website=www.indiaparenting.com|access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref>
*''[[Bhelpuri]]'': ''Bhelpuri'' (Marathi भेळ) is a savoury snack, and is also a type of ''[[chaat]]''. It is made of puffed rice, chopped vegetables such as tomatoes and onions and a tangy tamarind sauce. ''Bhelpuri'' is often associated with Mumbai beaches, such as Girguam or Juhu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapman|first1=Pat|title=India--food & cooking : the ultimate book on Indian cuisine|date=2007|publisher=New Holland|location=London|isbn=978-1-84537-619-2|page=37|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=orHWFRMKf4EC|page=6}}|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> ''Bhelpuri'' is thought to have originated within the cafes and street-food stalls of Mumbai, and has spread across India where it was modified to suit local food availability. It is also said to be originated from Bhadang (भडंग), a spicy puffed-rice dish from Western Maharashtra. Dry ''bhel'' is made from ''{{transliteration|mr|bhadang}}''.
*''Sevpuri'' type of ''chaat''. It originates from Mumbai. In Mumbai, ''sev puri'' is strongly associated with [[street food]], but is also served at upscale locations. Supermarkets stock ready-to-eat packets of ''sev puri'' and similar snacks like [[bhelpuri]].
*''[[Ragda pattice]]'' is a popular Mumbai fast food. This dish is usually served at restaurants that offer Indian fast food along with other dishes. It is a main item on menus of food stalls. This dish has two parts: ''ragda'', a spicy stew based on [[Marrowfat peas|dry peas]] and [[Pattie (fried potato dish)|fried potato patties]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wells|first1=Troth|title=The world of street food : easy quick meals to cook at home|date=2006|publisher=New Internationalist|location=London|isbn=1-904456-50-2|page=50|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Ouz-AwAAQBAJ|page=1}}}}</ref>
*''Dahipuri'' is a form of ''chaat'' and from Mumbai. It is served with mini ''puri'' shells that are more-popularly recognized from the dish ''pani puri''. ''Dahi puri'' and ''pani puri chaats'' are often sold from the same vendor.
*''Sabudana vada'' is a deep-fried snack based on ''sabudana''. It is often served with spicy green chutney and hot chai and is best eaten fresh.

== Special occasions and festivals ==

=== Makar Sankrant ===
[[File:Tilgul kha god god bola.jpg|thumb|Two types of [[tilgul]], a Maharashtrian sweet snack]]
[[Makar Sankranti]] usually falls on January 14 of the [[Gregorian calendar]]. Maharashtrians exchange ''tilgul'' or sweets made of jaggery and sesame seeds along with the customary salutation, ''tilgul ghya aani god bola'' ({{langx|mr|तीळगुळ घ्या आणि गोड गोड बोला|link=no}}), which means "Accept the ''tilgul'' and talk sweetly." ''Tilgul Poli'' or ''gulpoli'' are the main sweet preparations. It is a wheat-based flatbread filled with [[sesame seed]]s and [[jaggery]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Colleen Taylor|title=Food culture in India|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Conn.[u.a.]|isbn=978-0-313-32487-1|page=142|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=YIyV_5wrplMC|page=4}}|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Mahashivratri ===
Marathi Hindu people fast on this day. Fasting food includes [[chutney]] prepared with pulp of the or ''kavath'' fruit (''[[Limonia (plant)|Wood apple]]'').<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterji |first1=Swati |title=Fruit sales surge during Shivratri |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/fruit-sales-surge-during-shivratri/914712/ |access-date=17 July 2021 |work=Indian express |issue=Feb 21 2012 |publisher=The express Group |date=2012}}</ref> Some communities use the pulp of [[Bael fruit|Bael]]/.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=February 2018}}

=== Holi ===
As part of [[Holi]], a festival that is celebrated on the [[full moon]] evening in the month of [[Falgun]] (March or April), a bonfire is lit to symbolize the end of winter and the slaying of a demon in Hindu mythology. People make ''[[puran poli]]'' as a ritual offering to the holy fire.<ref name="Taylor Sen 2014 p. 105">Taylor Sen, Colleen (2014). Feasts and Fasts A History of Indian Food. London: Reaktion Books. p. 105. {{ISBN|978-1-78023-352-9}}. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</ref> The day after the bonfire night is called Dhulivandan. Marathi people celebrate with colors on the fifth day after the bonfire on Rangpanchami.{{sfn|Gupte|1994|p=90}}

===Gudi Padwa===


On Gudi Padwa, most people make Puran poli, a sweet bread made by stuffing chana dal(Puran). Some peoplehave Puri with potato (batatyachi bhaaji) and bhaji.Shrikhand is also a popular dish for Gudi padwa.

=== Ganesh Chaturthi ===
[[File:Ukadiche Modak (Rice).jpg|thumb|right|Ukadiche (Steamed) Modak offered to Lord Ganesha]]
''Modak'' is said to be the favorite food of [[Ganesh]]. An offering of twenty-one pieces of this sweet preparation is offered on [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and other minor Ganesh-related events.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zealiot|first1=Eleanor|last2=Berntsen|first2=Maxine|title=The experience of Hinduism: Essays on religion in Maharashtra|date=1988|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, New York, USA|isbn=0-88706-662-3|pages=78|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=7PDr-QF4YmYC|page=76}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ghosh|first1=Shweta|title=Eating Spaces, Resisting Creation A study of creation and consumption of travel-based food shows on regional and national television|journal=SubVersions|date=2013|volume=1|issue=1|page=96|url=http://subversions.tiss.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Shweta-Ghosh_Subversions_pdf.pdf|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref> Various Maharashtrian communities prepare different dishes specially for Gauri poojan.

=== Diwali ===
[[File:Diwalicha pharal.JPG|200px|thumb|A typical Diwali plate of snack (''faral''). Clockwise from top: [[chakli]], kadboli, [[Sev (food)|shev]], gaathi, [[Chevdo|chiwda]] and in the center are yellow [[besan]] and white [[Semolina|rava]] [[Laddoo|ladu]].]]
[[Diwali]] is one of the most popular Hindu festivals. In Maharashtrian tradition family members have a ritual bath before dawn and then sit down for a breakfast of fried sweets and savory snacks called Diwali Faral. These sweets and snacks are offered to visitors and exchanged with neighbors. Typical sweet preparations include ''[[Laddu|ladu]]'', ''[[Anarsa|anarse]]'', [[shankarpali]] and ''[[Gujia|karanjya]]''. Popular savory treats include ''[[chakli]]'', ''[[Sevai|Shev]]'' and ''[[Poha (rice)|chiwda]]''.<ref name="Edmund2001">{{cite book |author1=Edmund W. Lusas |author2=Lloyd W. Rooney |title=Snack Foods Processing |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=W_5wlzckPkMC|page=488}} |date=5 June 2001 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-1254-5 |pages=488–}}</ref> High in fat and low in moisture, these snacks can be stored at room temperature for many weeks without spoiling.

=== Champa Sashthi ===
Many Maharashtrian communities from all social levels observe the [[Khandoba]] Festival or ''Champa Shashthi'' in the month of [[Agrahayana|Mārgashirsh]]. Households perform ''Ghatasthapana'' of ''Khandoba'' during this festival. The sixth day of the festival is called ''Champa Sashthi''. For many people, the ''[[Chaturmas]]'' period ends on ''Champa Sashthi''. It is customary for many families not to consume onions, garlic and [[eggplant]] during the Chaturmas. Following the festival, the consumption of these foods resumes with ritual preparation of ''vangyache bharit'' (''[[baingan bharta]]'') with ''rodga''.{{sfn|Gupte|1994|p=16}}{{sfn|Pillai|1997|p=192}}

=== Traditional wedding menu ===
The traditional wedding menu among Maharashtrian Hindu communities used to be a lacto-vegetarian fare with mainly multiple courses of rice dishes with different vegetables and ''dal''s. Some menus also included a course with ''[[puri (food)|puri]]''s. In some communities, the first course was plain rice and the second was ''dal'' with masala rice.<ref>{{cite web|title=Masale bhat|url=http://indianrecipedelights.blogspot.com/2011/11/masale-bhat_3.html|website=indianrecipedelights.blogspot.com|access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> The main meal typically ended with plain rice and ''mattha''. Some of the most-popular curries to go with this menu and with other festivals were those prepared from [[taro]] (Marathi: अलउ) leaves. Buttermilk with spices and coriander leaves, called ''mattha'', is served with the meal. Popular sweets for the wedding menu were ''[[shreekhand]]'', ''boondi [[Laddu|ladu]]'' and ''[[jalebi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=by|first1=SHRIYA|title=THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO CKP WEDDINGS: FOOD AND DESSERT|url=http://thebigfatindianwedding.com/2015/the-essential-guide-to-ckp-weddings-food-and-dessert|website=The big fat indian wedding|date=23 March 2015|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wadeshwar.com/restaurant/maharashtrian-marriage-menu.aspx |title=Maharashtrian Marriage Menu |access-date=2016-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603020655/http://www.wadeshwar.com/restaurant/maharashtrian-marriage-menu.aspx |archive-date=2016-06-03 }}</ref>

=== Hindu fasting cuisine ===
[[File:Sabudana Khichdi.jpg|right|thumb|Sabudana khichadi.A snack popular on Hindu fasting days]]
Marathi Hindu people fast on days such as [[Ekadashi]], in honour of Lord [[Vishnu]] or his [[Avatar]]s, [[Chaturthi]] in honour of [[Ganesh]], Mondays in honour of [[Shiva]], or Saturdays in honour of [[Hanuman|Maruti]] or [[Saturn]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=6}} Only certain kinds of foods are allowed to be eaten. These include milk and other dairy products (such as [[dahi (curd)|dahi]]), fruit and Western food items such as ''[[sago]]'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Arnott|first1=editor Margaret L.|title=Gastronomy : the anthropology of food and food habitys|date=1975|publisher=Mouton|location=The Hague|isbn=978-9027977397|page=319|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8mT_aCfrE0UC|page=315}}|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> [[potato]]es,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Walker|editor-first1=Harlan|title=Food on the move : proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1996, [held in September 1996 at Saint Antony's College, Oxford]|date=1997|publisher=Prospect Books|location=Devon, England|isbn=978-0-907325-79-6|pages=291|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uYqTiD7SbcQC}}|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> purple-red [[sweet potato]]es, [[amaranth]] seeds,<ref>{{cite book|title=Amaranth: Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1984|publisher=National Academies|page=6|isbn = 9780309324458|id=NAP:14295}}</ref> [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] and ''varyache tandul'' ([[shama millet]]).{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=7}} Popular fasting dishes include ''[[Sabudana Khichadi]]'' or ''danyachi amti'' ([[peanut soup]]).{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=63}}

=== Christmas ===

East Indian Catholic Community of North Konkan also have their own special recipes for Christmas. Just like Goa, this includes pork vindaloo and sorpotel. A popular sweet for Christmas includes Fogeas made out of flour, coconut milk, sugar and cottage cheese.<ref name="Banerji2008">{{cite book|author=Chitrita Banerji|title=Eating India: An Odyssey into the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfjOQfPtmw0C&pg=PR11|date=10 December 2008|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-59691-712-5|pages=194–195}}</ref> These sweets are offered to visitors and exchanged with neighbors and friends.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.east-indians.com/fooddrink.htm |title = The East Indian Community}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian cuisine]]
*[[List of plants used in Indian cuisine]]
*''[[Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada]]''

== Endnotes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://indianfood.bellaonline.com/Site.asp Sadhana Ginde]
* {{cite book|last=Reejhsinghani|first=Aroona|title=Delights from Maharashtra|year=1975|publisher=Jaico Publishing|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-7224-518-1|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=RwMRaDxJcWwC|page=10}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Tarla|title=Faraal Foods for fasting days|year=2010|publisher=Sanjay and Co|location=Mumbai|isbn=9789380392028|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-C1ZO3BopZUC|page=8}}}}
* {{cite book|first=B. A. |last=Gupte|title=Hindu Holidays and Ceremonials: With Dissertations on Origin, Folklore and Symbols|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=_FSWKWzNSagC|page=1}} |year=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0953-2|pages=1–}}
* {{cite book|last=Pillai|first=S Devadas|title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary|year=1997|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-7154-807-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&pg=PA192}}
* Mehendale, Āditya. Rare Gems: A Non-vegetarian Gourmet Collection from Maharashtra. India, Om Books International, 2015.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Cuisine of Maharashtra}}



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[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine| ]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by culture]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by state or union territory]]
[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi culture]]

Nitai Roy Chowdhury

2026-03-23T18:11:04Z

Tjackson:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable#Bangladesh|The Honourable]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|MP]]
| name = Nitai Roy Chowdhury
| native_name = {{nobold|নিতাই রায় চৌধুরী}}
| image = Nitai_Roy_Chowdhury.jpg
| caption = Chowdhury in 2024
| office = [[Minister of Cultural Affairs, Bangladesh|Minister for Cultural Affairs]]
| primeminister = [[Tarique Rahman]]
| term_start = 17 February 2026
| predecessor = [[Mostofa Sarwar Farooki]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency1 = [[Magura-2]]
| term_start1 = 17 February 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Biren Sikder]]
| constituency2 = [[Magura-2]]
| term_start2 = 3 March 1988
| term_end2 = 6 December 1990
| predecessor2 = [[Mohammad Asaduzzaman (politician)|Mohammad Asaduzzaman]]
| successor2 = Mohammad Asaduzzaman

| office3 = [[Minister of Youth and Sports (Bangladesh)|Minister for Youth and Sports]]
| term_start3 = 9 September 1990
| term_end3 = 6 December 1990
| president3 = [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]
| primeminister3 = [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]]
| successor3 = [[Alamgir M. A. Kabir]]
| predecessor3 = [[A. B. M. Ruhul Amin Howlader]]

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|7 January 1949}}
| birth_place = [[Magura District|Magura]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| otherparty = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]
| spouse = Jhuma Roy Chowdhury<ref>{{cite news |url=https://samakal.com/print/1501114343/print |script-title=bn:সাবেক মন্ত্রী নিতাই রায় চৌধুরীর স্ত্রীর পরলোকগমন |newspaper=Samakal|date=25 January 2015 |language=bn |access-date= 23 July 2019}}</ref>
| children = {{hlist| [[Debasish Roy Chowdhury|Debasish]]|Nupur|Mithun|[[Nipun Roy Chowdhury|Nipun]]|Jhinuk}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]]
}}

'''Nitai Roy Chowdhury''' (born 7 January 1949)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gov.bd/members/list-of-members?view=current&searchBy=name&page=1&search=Nitai|title=Member details|accessdate=2026-03-11|publisher=Bangladesh Parliament}}</ref> is a Bangladeshi lawyer and politician. He is the incumbent [[Minister of Cultural Affairs, Bangladesh|minister for cultural affairs]] and the incumbent [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Magura-2]] constituency since February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-17 |title=What Tarique's Cabinet looks like: 25 ministers, 24 state ministers sworn in |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/see-who-will-become-next-ministers-state-ministers-1363801 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> Over the course of his political career, he has served as the Minister of [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Youth and Sports]] of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:৪র্থ জাতীয় সংসদে নির্বাচিত মাননীয় সংসদ-সদস্যদের নামের তালিকা |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2014-03-23-11-54-09 | website=Bangladesh Parliament}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |script-title=bn:দুই দশক পর মন্ত্রী পেলেন মাগুরাবাসী|url=https://m.risingbd.com/fascinating-world/news/32994/দুই-দশক-পর-মন্ত্রী-পেলেন-মাগুরাবাসী|work=Risingbd.com|date=12 January 2014 |language=bn|access-date= 23 July 2019}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chowdhury was born on 7 January 1949 in Hatbaria village, [[Mohammadpur Upazila]], [[Magura District]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Profile - Nitai Roy Chowdhury |url=https://www.tritiyomatra.com/profile/312 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.tritiyomatra.com |language=en}}</ref> He passed higher secondary from Alokdia Pukhuria High School and graduated from Magura Government College (Under [[Rajshahi University]]).<ref name=":2" /> He finished his Law and Master Degree from the [[University of Dhaka]].<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Chowdhury was elected to parliament in 1988.<ref name=":2" /> He was the Minister of [[Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Education]], and [[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] in the government of People Republic of Bangladesh.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Magura-1 Constituency">{{Cite web |title=Magura-1 Constituency |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/11/28/d61128070194.htm |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> He was the [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Youth and Sports]] from 9 September 1990 to 6 December 1990.<ref name=":2" /> He had served as the Chairperson of Magura District Council.<ref name=":2" />

Chowdhury joined the Bangladesh Nationalist Party in 2001 from the Jatiya Party.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2008-09-20 |title=Nitai not allowed to attend BNP Iftar party |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-55637 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He stood as a candidate of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party in [[Magura-1]] in 2001.<ref name="archive.thedailystar.net">{{Cite web |title=In-fighting in Magura BNP Over Nomination |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/07/26/d60726070299.htm |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref name="Magura-1 Constituency"/>

The party in the district was divided in two fractions, one led by [[Quazi Kamal]] and another led by Chowdhury.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suja poses as a formidable rival of Nitai Roy |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/11/05/d61105070284.htm |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> In December 2006, he attended an event of the [[Jatiyatabadi Ainjibi Forum]] demanding punishment for pro-Awami League lawyers who blocked the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC judges start work abstention for culprits' punishment |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/2006/12/06/d6120601011.htm |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref>

[[Quazi Kamal]] supporters prevented Chowdhury from attending an iftar program of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party in Magura District in September 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Chowdhury and Kamal are involved in an interparty political struggle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-24 |title=Magura BNP men scuffle in presence of central leaders |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-56222 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Chowdhury accused Kamal of corruption in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-25 |title=Party men demand punishment of ex-BNP MP in Magura |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-5333 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Magura District unit of [[Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Jubodal|Jubo Dal]] accused Chowdhury of dividing the party in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-10 |title=Magura Jubo Dal faction says 'no' to new committee |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-237644 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He represented Aman Ullah Aman and Gayeshwar Chandra Roy in April 2014 in case filed over the murder of Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir activist who died in a clash with the police during March for Democracy programme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-29 |title=HC judge feels embarrassed to hear Gayeshwar's bail plea |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/hc-judge-feels-embarrassed-to-hear-gayeshwar-s-bail-plea-22138 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Chowdhury represented [[Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain (born 1946)|Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain]] in a money laundering case in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=HC grants bail to Mosharraf |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/hc-grants-bail-mosharraf-129562 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He represented [[Mirza Abbas]] in a corruption case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-05 |title=HC drops Abbas' bail plea from hearing list |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/hc-drops-abbas-bail-plea-hearing-list-80620 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He attended a session of the House of Lords on Bangladesh's political situation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-16 |title=AL, BNP to discuss Bangladesh situation at UK House of Lords |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/al-bnp-discuss-bangladesh-situation-uk-house-lords-1254631 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He represented Moniruzzaman Moni, mayor of Khulna City Corporation, in a case to reinstate him as Mayor and successfully secured a six month stay on his suspension order.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-07 |title=HC stays KCC mayor's suspension order |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/hc-stays-kcc-mayors-suspension-order-1235761 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Chowdhury represented Nipun Roy Chowdhury in November 2018 in three cases filed over clashes between the Bangladesh Nationalist Party activists and Bangladesh Police.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-17 |title=BNP leader Nipun, 6 others remanded |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/bnp-leader-nipun-roy-chowdhury-remanded-1661452 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Nipun was sent to jail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=Barrister Rafiqul, Nipun Roy, Giasuddin sent to jail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/naya-paltan-clash-nipun-roy-chowdhury-6-other-bnp-activists-sent-jail-1663702 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Chowdhury petitioned the High Court Division for withdrawal of thousands of cases filed by the government against Bangladesh Nationalist Party and other opposition party politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-26 |title=HC rejects writ challenging 'ghost cases' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/high-court-turns-down-writ-petition-against-fictitious-political-cases-1664983 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He was nominated by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party for the [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018 Bangladesh general election]] from Magura-2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-28 |title=BNP puts trust in 60 new faces |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/bnp-banks-60-new-faces-1666246 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-30 |title=BNP nominees for next election in six divisions |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-65574 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He received 52,668 votes but lost to Awami League candidate [[Biren Sikder]] who received 229,659.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-25 |title=Magura-2 - Constituency detail of Bangladesh General Election 2018 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/seats?s=Magura-2&d=khulna |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> In November 2021, he was part of a delegation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party that meet with Minister of Law Anisul Huq to ask about sending former Prime Minister [[Khaleda Zia]] abroad for treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=Khaleda's treatment abroad: BNP lawyers to meet law minister today |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/khaledas-treatment-abroad-bnp-lawyers-meet-law-minister-today-2900776 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He called for the party to identify its foreign friends and engage farmers, laborers, and students in a movement against the government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=Got to win even before the polls |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/movement-only-option-2176041 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He was an advisor to former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-26 |title=80 aspirants from AL, 45 from BNP |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/80-aspirants-al-45-bnp-1652083 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Chowdhury participated in a planning of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party rally in July to demand the resignation of the [[Sheikh Hasina]] led Awami League government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=BNP to press on with Dhaka sit-ins today |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/bnp-press-dhaka-sit-ins-today-3380996 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Chowdhury blamed the destruction of Bangladesh's legal framework for corruption in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Graft directly affects 74pc SMEs: study |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/graft-directly-affects-74pc-smes-study-3234001 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Chowdhury represented Nipun Roy Chowdhury and secured bail for her in August in case over a clash between the Police and Bangladesh Nationalist Party in [[Dholaikhal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Clash with police in capital: BNP leader Nipun gets HC bail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/clash-police-capital-bnp-leader-nipun-gets-hc-bail-3383796 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> In November 2023, Bangladesh High Court granted bail to Chowdhury, [[AM Mahbub Uddin Khokon]], and [[Zainul Abdin Farroque|Zainul Abedin]] in case filed over the vandalism of the residence of the [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh]] the previous month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=Vandalism of chief justice's house: HC grants anticipatory bail to 3 BNP leaders |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/vandalism-chief-justices-house-hc-grants-anticipatory-bail-3-bnp-leaders-3463876 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title=Attack on CJ residence: Zainul Abedin among 3 BNP leaders get bail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/attack-cj-residence-zainul-abedin-among-3-bnp-leaders-get-bail-3477071 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> In December 2023, Chowdhury represented [[Nipun Roy Chowdhury]] along with [[Debasish Roy Chowdhury]] and secured bail in eight cases at the Bangladesh High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Nipun Roy Chowdhury gets anticipatory bail in 8 cases |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/nipun-roy-chowdhury-gets-anticipatory-bail-8-cases-3485681 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He visited [[Dhaka Metropolitan Police]] headquarters to seek permission for the Bangladesh Nationalist Party to hold a victory day rally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=BNP seeks DMP's permission for Victory Day rally |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/bnp-seeks-dmps-permission-victory-day-rally-3493731 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Chowdhury secured bail for Gayeshwar Chandra Roy and Nipun Roy Chowdhury in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=HC grants BNP leaders Gayeshwar, Nipun anticipatory bail in 7 cases |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/hc-grants-bnp-leaders-gayeshwar-nipun-anticipatory-bail-7-cases-3525426 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He met with the Dhaka Metropolitan Police to secure permission for protests demanding the cancellation of the 12th national election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=BNP, allies to hold black-flag processions today, tomorrow |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/bnp-allies-hold-black-flag-processions-today-tomorrow-3528531 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He blamed Awami League for attacks against minority Hindu community during the election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-07 |title=Election violence, minorities, and erasure of data |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/election-violence-minorities-and-erasure-data-3538696 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Following the fall of the Sheikh Hasina led Awami League government, he called for reforms of the lower courts where legal harassments take place.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-24 |title=Need a year for judiciary reforms |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/need-year-judiciary-reforms-3783256 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He was part of a delegation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party that met with [[Pranay Verma]], Indian High Commissioner to Bangladesh in September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Indian High Commissioner meets BNP leaders in Gulshan |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/indian-high-commissioner-meets-bnp-leaders-gulshan-3709216 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He expressed confidence that the next elected government of Bangladesh will be a Bangladesh Nationalist Party government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitai Roy Chowdhury confident BNP will form next govt |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/368994/nitai-roy-chowdhury-bnp-to-form-the-next |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Chowdhury's daughter, advocate [[Nipun Roy Chowdhury]] is the member of the BNP Central Executive Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNB |first=Dhaka |date=2021-03-28 |title=BNP leader Nipun Roy arrested on conspiracy charges |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/dhaka/bnp-leader-nipun-roy-chowdhury-detained-2068221 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> She is married to the son of [[Gayeshwar Chandra Roy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=Rab arrests Nipun Roy Chowdhury |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/rab-arrests-nipun-roy-chowdhury-2068473 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Nitai Roy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:People from Magura District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi lawyers]]
[[Category:4th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Ministers of cultural affairs of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of youth and sports of Bangladesh]]

Ehsan Danish

2026-03-14T12:56:39Z

Tjackson:

{{short description|Pakistani poet and linguist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ehsan Danish
| native_name = {{lang |ur|احسان دانش}}
| image = [[File:Ehsan Danish.jpg|center]]
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Ehsan-ul-Haq
| birth_date = {{birth_date|1914|11|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kandhla]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death_date_and_age|1982|03|22|1914|02|02|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| occupation = Poet, prose writer, linguist & lexicographer
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period = 1914 - 1982
| genre = Poetry, prose, linguistics & lexicography
| subject = Urdu Language & Literature
| movement = [[Progressive Writers Movement]]
| notableworks = ''[[Jahan-i-Danish]]''
| spouse =
| children = 5
| awards = [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]] (Star of Excellence) Award by the [[President of Pakistan]] (1978)
| website = {{URL|https://shazandanish.wixsite.com/ehsandanish}}
}}

'''Ehsan Danish''' ({{transliteration|ur|''Eḥsān Dāniš''}}, 17 November 1914 – 22 March 1982), born '''Ehsan-ul-Haq''' {{transliteration|ur|''Eḥsānu l-Ḥaq''}}), was an [[Urdu]] poet, prose writer, linguist, lexicographer and scholar from Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1245469 |author=Rauf Parekh|title=Literary Notes: Ehsan Danish: a labourer, poet and lexicographer |date=14 March 2016|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=TheNation>{{cite news|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/23-Mar-2023/ehsan-danish-remembered|url-status=dead|title=Ehsan Danish remembered |date=23 March 2023|newspaper=The Nation (newspaper)|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404235012/https://www.nation.com.pk/23-Mar-2023/ehsan-danish-remembered}}</ref><ref name="samaa.tv"/> Ehsan Danish penned over 100 scholastic books of poetry, prose, linguistics, lexicography and prosody. At the beginning of his career, his poetry was very romantic but later his poems addressed the lot of the labourers and he came to be called the "Šhāʿir-e Mazdūr" (lit "the workman's poet") by his audience. According to one commentator, his poetry inspired the common people's feelings and he has been compared with [[Josh Malihabadi]]. He holds the unique position as one of the best poets of all time, with fine, romantic and revolutionary, but simple style of poetry.<ref>Urdu Shairi ka Tanqeedi Jaiza (Critical Review of Urdu Poetry) by Idrees Siddiqui-1971.p.541/542</ref>

==Biography==
Danish (birth name: Ehsan-ul-Haq) was born in Maulanan [[Kandhla]], a small town in the [[Shamli district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. He belonged to a poor family and he could not continue his studies due to financial reasons but still learned the [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages on his own. His father's name was Danish Ali.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name="samaa.tv">{{cite web|url=http://www.samaa.tv/newsdetail.aspx?ID=29853
|title=Ahsan Danish's death anniversary today |publisher=Samaa TV News website|date=22 March 2011 |access-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403134828/http://www.samaa.tv/newsdetail.aspx?ID=29853
|archivedate=3 April 2012 |df=dmy}}</ref> Later he migrated to [[Lahore]] and settled there permanently. He struggled very hard to earn his living. He worked as an ordinary labourer for years in odd jobs,<ref name="samaa.tv"/> finally becoming a poet of excellence. His autobiography, ''[[Jahan-i-Danish]]'', is a classic and has inspired many people.<ref name="samaa.tv"/> Danish wrote more than 80 books and hundreds of articles<ref name="samaa.tv"/> about and including poetry, [[prose]], [[linguistics]], [[philology]], autobiographies and the famous interpretation of "[[Diwan-e-Ghalib]]". Much of his literary work is still unpublished.<ref name="samaa.tv"/<ref name=TheNation/>

According to family records, he had sons named Zeeshan Danish, Salman Danish, and Fozan Danish.

==Death and legacy==
He died on 22 March 1982 in Lahore and was laid to rest at [[Miani Sahib Graveyard]]. His poetry and writings about the dignity of labour earned him the title of 'Shaer-i-Mazdoor' (poet of the labourers).<ref name="samaa.tv"/><ref name=Dawn/><ref name=rekhta>[https://www.rekhta.org/poets/ehsan-danish/profile Profile of Ehsan Danish on Rekhta.org website] Retrieved 17 April 2021</ref>

==Autobiography - Jahan-e-Danish==
Ehsan Danish was a prolific prose writer and had contributed hundred of articles, essays and books in the domain of Urdu prose. Ehsan Danish autobiography "Jahan-e-danish" is a splendid masterpiece in Urdu literature. It was first published in 1973 by Ehsan Danish in Lahore, Pakistan and duly received [[Adamjee Literary Award|Adam Ji literary award]] in recognition of its literary value and linguistic stature. The language, diction, realism, sincerity and above all a unique classical flavor of language and literature elevates this autobiography in the realm of Urdu autobiographies.<ref name=Dawn/>

==An excerpt==
Maulvi Saeed talks of Ehsan Danish, the poet. He recalls:

"In 1928, when we lived in [[Mozang Chungi|Mozang]], I happened to be present at a gathering in the street adjoining ours where a short-statured but a well-built darkish young man recited a naat in a voice which kept the audience spell-bound".
The poet was Ehsan-bin-Danish (now Ehsan Danish, for 'bin' though in Arabic stood for 'son of', in Hindi meant 'without'). The poet had come from across the [[Yamuna]] in search of employment – and perhaps recognition, too. [[Lahore]] gave him both; employment which hardly did any credit to this city, recognition, of course, which it never held back.

Ehsan was seen in the evening at the [[mushaira]]s; in the morning, at the building sites with a brush in one hand and the lime-bucket in the other; or doing a gardener's job on the [[Hill States#Simla Hills|Simla Hill]]. He has recorded the experiences of his early days in a fascinating autobiography – ''Jahan-e-Danish''. In the realm of poetry, he was not a mere labourer, but a master architect."<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1064153/dawn-features-february-3-2003|title=Day-night encounters (scroll down to read under this section about Ehsan Danish)|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|date=3 February 2003|accessdate=17 April 2021}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]] (Star of Excellence) Award (1978) from the [[President of Pakistan]].<ref name=Dawn/>

==Publications==
*''[[Jahan-i-Danish]]'', his autobiography.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TheNation/>
* ''Jahan-i Diger''
* ''Tazkir-o-Tanees''<ref name=Dawn/>
* ''Iblagh-i-Danish''
* ''Tashrih-i-Ghalib''
* ''Awaz sey Alfaz tak''
* ''Fasl-i-Salasil''
* ''Zanjir-i-Baharan''
* ''Abr-i-Naisan''
* ''Miras-i-Momin''
* ''Urdu Mutaradifaat''<ref name=Dawn/>
* ''Dard-i-Zindagi''<ref name=Dawn/>
* ''Hadis-i-Adab''<ref name=Dawn/>
* ''Lughat-ul-Islah''<ref name=Dawn/>
* ''Nafeer-i-Fitrat''
* ''Dasttoor-i-Urdu''<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TheNation/>
* ''Ramooz-i-Ghalib''<ref name=rekhta/>
* ''Meerras-i-maumin''
* ''Zakhm-o-Marham''<ref name=TheNation/>

==Ehsan Danish Poetry==
Ehsan Danish was titled Poet-Laborer (Shair-e-Mazdoor) due to his revolutionary, passionate and novel poems for the laborers, the poor people and the oppressed. He had presented stark realities about the labor class in a powerful and unique style. He was initially impressed with the poet [[Josh Malihabadi]]'s style of poetry.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=rekhta/>

yeh uDi uDi si rangat yeh khule khule se gesu 
teri sub,h keh rahi hai teri raat ka fasana <ref name=rekhta/>

==See also==
*[[List of Pakistani poets]]
*[[List of Urdu poets]]
*[[Naz Khialvi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060506042824/http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/i_today/index.htm Govt. of India Link]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danish, Ehsan}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Poets from Lahore]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Pakistani philologists]]
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:20th-century philologists]]
[[Category:Linguists from Pakistan]]
[[Category:Linguists of Urdu]]
[[Category:People from Shamli district]]

Geetha (TV series)

2026-03-07T20:31:51Z

Tjackson: started the info and citations

{{Short description|Kannada language TV drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| voices = Lokesh
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Mahesh Rao
| screenplay = mahesh Rao Coffee Raghavendra
| director = K.S. Ramji
| editor = Mahadev
| image = Geethha.png
| image_size =
| narrated =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Karthik Sharma
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_episodes = 1107
| executive_producer =
| producer = Vimala N.
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Dhanush Gowda
*[[Bhavya Gowda]]
}}
| location = [[Bengaluru]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Gagana Enterprises
| first_aired = {{start date|2020|01|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|03|09|df=y}}
| cinematography = Ravikumar
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| related =
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Colors Kannada]]
| released =
}}

'''''Geetha''''' is an Indian television drama in the [[Kannada language]] that premiered on [[Colors Kannada]] from 6 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Popular Kannada mega serial Agnisakshi to go off-air soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/popular-kannada-mega-serial-agnisakshi-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/72992457.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=27 December 2019}}</ref> It stars Dhanush Gowda and Bhavya Gowda in the lead roles. The show is produced by Gagana Enterprises and is directed by K.S.Ramji.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Team Geetha to feature in Majaa talkies for the first time - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/team-geetha-to-feature-in-majaa-talkies-for-the-first-time/articleshow/79790975.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhavya Gowda stays away from shooting due to ill health - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bhavya-gowda-stays-away-from-shooting-due-to-ill-health/articleshow/82175099.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=21 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Geetha teaches Vijaya and Sonu a lesson - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/geetha-geetha-teaches-vijaya-and-sonu-a-lesson/articleshow/78570927.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=9 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Geetha: Bhanumathi gets abducted - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/geetha-bhanumathi-gets-abducted/articleshow/77736883.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=25 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Geetha wins the college elections - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/geetha-geetha-wins-the-college-elections/articleshow/78201196.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=19 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title=From Bhavya Gowda to Ninaad Haritsa: Promising newbies of Kannada television|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/from-bhavya-gowda-to-ninaad-haritsa-promising-newbies-of-kannada-television/photostory/79687397.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Geetha, a college-going, lower-middle-class girl wants to make it big in her life on her own, but she faces hurdles from Vijay, who hails from a rich family, studying in the same college. Vijay is a son of a minister who respects women, but his son Vijay is quite opposite to him. An arrogant Vijay studies in the college-owned by his father, and he gets caught red-handedly for malpractice in the college. Geetha decides to complain to college authorities, which earns her the wrath of Vijay, who leaves no stone unturned to spoil Geetha's life. He even abducts Geetha to tarnish her image. Geetha claims in front of the media that Vijay has married her and her life takes different turn after her marriage. This forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Dhanush Gowda<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhanush Gowda shares a priceless, throwback childhood photo - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dhanush-gowda-shares-a-priceless-throwback-childhood-photo/articleshow/81186341.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=24 February 2021}}</ref> as Vijay; son of Minister Surya Prakash and Sudharani, Bhanumathi´s Stepson and Geetha's cousin & Husband
* [[Bhavya Gowda]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=I can relate to the fighting nature of Geetha, says Bhavya Gowda - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-can-relate-to-the-fighting-nature-of-geetha-says-bhavya-gowda/articleshow/81780079.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=31 March 2021}}</ref> as Geetha; A flower selling girl and Vijay's cousin & wife

=== Recurring ===
* Sharmitha Gowda as Bhanumathi; Minister Surya Prakash's Second wife and Vijay's Stepmother; Shruthi's mother
* Vijay Shobraj as Sithara; Bhanumathi's brother, Shruthi's uncle, Vijay's stepuncle
* Ashwath Neenasam as Sreenivas; Geetha's adoptive father
* Amrutha Roopesh as Susheela; Geetha's adoptive mother
* Nisarga as Sync Smitha; Geetha's college mate
* Jyesta as Kiran; Vijay's friend
* Unknown as Minister Surya Prakash; Bhanumathi and Sudharani's husband; Vijay and Shruthi's father; Chandrika's brother; Geetha´s maternal uncle
* Arathi Kulkarni as Sudharani; Minister Surya Prakash's first wife; Vijay's mother; Shruthi's stepmother
* Rekha Sagar as Chandrika; Minister Surya Prakash's sister; Vijay and Shruthi's paternal aunt; Geetha's biological mother
* Unknown as Shruthi; Minister Surya Prakash and Bhanumathi's daughter; Vijay's half-sister; Geetha's cousin and half sister-in-law
* Unknown as Shekhar; Chandrika´s husband, Geetha´s biological father; Vijay and Shruthi's paternal uncle
* Unknown as Vaiju alias Vajjayanthi, Bhanumathi and Sithara's sister, Shruthi's aunt, Vijay's stepaunt
*Jayanth as Kiran - Minister Surya Prakash and Bhanumathi's son, Sudharani's stepson, Shruthi's brother, Vijay's half-brother, Geetha's cousin and half brother-in-law

=== Cameo Appearances ===
* [[Anupama Gowda]] as Bhumika
* Divya Wagulkar as Dasavala; Tribal girl<ref>{{Cite news|title=Divya Wagukar joins Geetha as Dasavala - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/divya-wagukar-joins-geetha-as-dasavala/articleshow/81704402.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=26 March 2021}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Geetha'' ಗೀತಾ
|6 January 2020
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|9 March 2024
|Original
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Pherari Mon'' ফেরারি মন<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-28 |title=Did you know ‘Pherari Mon’ is inspired by a Kannada daily soap? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/did-you-know-pherari-mon-is-inspired-by-a-kannada-daily-soap/articleshow/101328219.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|7 November 2022
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|8 November 2024
|Remake
|}

== Production ==
The show owing to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in May 2021 started shooting in [[Ramoji Film City]], [[Hyderabad]] for around a month.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kannada serial teams head to Hyderabad to continue shooting - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-serial-teams-head-to-hyderabad-to-continue-shooting/articleshow/82940653.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=26 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=As Bengaluru reels under lockdown, makers of Kannada soap operas move sets to Hyderabad|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/may/26/as-bengaluru-reels-under-lockdown-makers-of-kannada-soap-operas-move-sets-to-hyderabad-2307483.html|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]

Trikalinga

2026-03-06T17:08:57Z

Tjackson: creating basic bio from scratch

{{Short description|Region in India}}
'''Trikalinga''' ({{lit|The Three Kalingas}}) is a [[historical region]] of central-east India, mentioned in several historical sources. Its identification and its relation to the term "[[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]" is debated among modern historians, who variously identify it as a distinct region to the west of Kalinga, a larger region comprising Kalinga and two other regions, a constituent of the greater Kalinga, or the three divisions of Kalinga proper.

The rulers of two ancient Indian dynasties - the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|eastern Gangas]] and the [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshis]] claimed the title ''Trikalingadhipati'' ("Lord of Trikalinga"). The [[Tripuri Kalachuris]] apparently also adopted the title after military successes in the region, and a [[Chandela]] king adopted it after military successes against the Kalachuris. In addition, the [[Chalukyas of Vengi]] claimed to rule over Trikalinga.

== Historical records ==

=== Eastern Gangas ===

The earliest extant record to mention the term Trikalinga is the 537 CE Jirjingi inscription of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] king Indra-varman I. The next record is the 562 CE Ponnuturu inscription of his successor Samanta-varman. Both these inscriptions describe the kings as ''Trikalingadhipati'' ("Lord of Trikalinga").<ref name="PKM_1986">{{cite journal |author=P.K. Mishra |title=Controversy over Trikalinga, A review |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=47 |issue=2 |year=1986 |pages=182–186 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44139956 }}</ref>

There is no record of any subsequent Eastern Ganga king claiming the title ''Trikalingadhipati'' until the 11th century.<ref name="PKM_1986"/> Three later Eastern Ganga kings claimed the title: Vajra-hasta V Ananta-varman, Rajaraja I Devendra-varman, and [[Anantavarman Chodaganga|Ananta-varman Choda-ganga]]. The inscriptions of these kings use the term ''Trikalinga-mahibhuj'' ("Kings of Trikalinga") for the Eastern Ganga kings in general.<ref name="AMS_1995">{{cite book |author=Ajay Mitra Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Inscriptions of the Śarabhapurīyas, Pāṇḍuvaṁśins, and Somavaṁśins: Part I |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0635-1 |pages=176–185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Idd9i5nP160C&pg=PA47 }}</ref> The inscriptions of Ananta-varman Choda-ganga state that Kamarnava-deva, the progenitor of the Ganga dynasty, was the founder of the Trikalinga country.<ref name="PKM_1986"/>

=== Somavamshis ===

The [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshis]] probably descended from the [[Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala]], who called themselves ''Kosaladhipati'' ("Lord of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]]"). The 9th century Somavamshi king Maha-bhava-gupta Janamejaya I moved eastwards, from Kosala towards [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], and claimed the title ''Trikalingadhipati'' in his inscriptions issued from a town called Suvarnapura. He seems to have conquered a part of the Trikalinga region, as his inscriptions do not use this title for his father Shiva-gupta. His successors also claimed this title.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>

The wife of the Bhanja king Vidyadhara of Vanjulvaka was known as Trikalinga Mahadevi: she was probably a Somavamshi princess.<ref name="PKM_1986"/>

=== Kalachuris of Tripuri ===

The 11th century [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Lakshmikarna|Karna]] claimed the title ''Trikalingadhipati'' in the [[Varanasi]] inscription issued during the first year of his reign, as well as several later inscriptions.<ref name="AMS_1995"/> According to historian [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi|V.V. Mirashi]], it is possible that Karna inherited this title from his father [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya]], who may have claimed it after a successful campaign in the Trikalinga region.<ref>{{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |author-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |chapter=The Kalacuris |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |page=490 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

The 10th century poet [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Raja-shekhara]] uses the title ''Trilingadhipati'' ("Lord of Trilinga") for the earlier Kalachuri king Yuvaraja-deva I, in ''Viddha-shalabhanjika''. Mirashi speculates this to be a mistake for ''Trikalingadhipati'', but historian [[Ajay Mitra Shastri|A.M. Shastri]] disputes this pointing out that "Trilinga" is known to be a distinct geographical region.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>

Karna's successors also claimed the title ''Trikalingadhipati''; these include [[Yashahkarna|Yashah-karna]], [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Nara-simha]], [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jaya-simha]], and [[Vijayasimha|Vijaya-simha]].<ref name="AMS_1995"/>

=== Other dynasties ===

The 966 CE [[Parbhani]] inscription of the [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulavada Chalukya]] chief [[Arikesari III]] states that his ancestor Yuddha-malla ruled over [[Vengi]] and the three Kalingas (''sa-Kalinga-trayim Vengim''), although this record does not use the exact term "Trikalinga".<ref name="AMS_1995"/>

Several [[Chalukyas of Vengi|Vengi Chalukya]] inscriptions suggest that Trikalinga was a part of their territory. For example:<ref name="PKM_1986"/><ref name="AMS_1995"/>
* The [[Masulipatnam]] inscription of Amma I states that his predecessor Vijayaditya IV (918 CE) ruled over the Vengi region (''mandala'') and the Trikalinga forest.
* The [[Kolavennu]] (or Kolavaram) inscription of Bhima II states that Vikramaditya II (later than 925 CE) ruled over the Vengi region and Trikalinga.
** The Arumbaka inscription of Badapada suggests that Amma II (c. 945-970 CE) ruled over Vengi and Trikalinga.

The 1297 CE [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] inscription of Kumara-pala of Kakaredika uses the title ''Trikalingadhipati'' for his overlord, the Chandela king [[Trailokyavarman|Trailokya-varman]], who did not actually rule the Trikalinga region. Kumara-pala was originally a Kalachuri vassal, and later shifted his allegiance to the Chandelas. Historian A.M. Shastri theorizes that he erroneously applied the various Kalachuri titles including ''Trikalingadhipati'' to his new overlord.<ref name="AMS_1995"/> According to historian P.K. Mishra, the Chandela king adopted the Kalachuri titles after conquering a part of the former Kalachuri territory.<ref name="PKM_1986"/>

== Hints for identification ==
<mapframe text="Places known to be located in Trikalinga from inscriptions" width="350" height="350" zoom="6" longitude="83.24" latitude="18.66">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Mukhalingam]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [83.9665, 18.6006] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Kalingapatnam]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [84.1213, 18.3399] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ramagiri" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.2350, 18.7681] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
Epigraphic and literary sources offer several hints for the identification of Trikalinga:

* The following places were located in Trikalinga:<ref name="AMS_1995"/><ref name="PKM_1986"/>
** [[Mukhalingam]]: An inscription from this place mentions the existence of a temple dedicated to Trikalinga-deva there.
** [[Kalingapatnam]]: The 1114-1115 CE ([[Shaka era|Shaka]] 1036) inscription from this place records the gift of a lamp to the god of Trikalinga-pattana ("Trikalinga port-town"). A 1152-1153 CE (Shaka 1074) inscription refers to this place as simply Pattana ("port town"). Based on this, historian A.M. Shastri theorizes that this was the only port town in the Trikalinga region.
** Ramagiri: The colphon of ''Kalyana-karaka'' by Ugradityacharya (or Udgitacharya) states that this text was composed at Ramagiri in the Trikalinga country, a part of the territory of the ruler of Vengi. This Ramagiri can be identified with the Ramgiri located in the Koraput district of Odisha.
* Neighbouring regions:<ref name="AMS_1995"/><ref name="PKM_1986"/>
** Trikalinga must have bordered the core territories of the three major dynasties whose rulers claimed to ''Trikalingadhipati'': the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]], the [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshis]], and the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuris]].
** Trikalinga either bordered or was very close to the [[Dakshina Kosala]] region, since the Somavamshi kings claimed to have ruled both these territories, as suggested by their titles ''Trikalingadhipati'' and ''Kosalendra'' ("Lord of Kosala").
** Trikalinga bordered the [[Vengi]] region, as several [[Chalukyas of Vengi|Vengi Chalukya]] inscriptions suggest that their territory included Vengi and Trikalinga.
* Trikalinga was located in [[Dakshinapatha]] according to an inscription of the Vengi Chalukya king Gunaga Vijayaditya III.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>
* [[Dantapuram|Danta-pura]] was the capital of Trikalinga in the 6th century, as suggested by the 537 CE Jirjingi inscription of Indra-varman I.<ref name="PKM_1986"/>

The following sources suggest that Trikalinga and Kalinga were distinct regions:

* The Vengi Chalukya inscriptions mention Kalinga and Trikalinga separately.<ref name="PKM_1986"/>
* The 1358 CE [[Srirangam]] inscription of Mummadi Nayaka states that Trikalinga was bordered by Maharashtra in the west, Kalinga in the east, [[Kanyakubja]] kingdom in the north, and [[Pandya kingdom]] in the south. While the northern boundary mentioned here seems doubtful, the inscription clearly suggests that Trikalinga and Kalinga were two distinct regions.<ref name="PKM_1986"/>
* A palm leaf manuscript of the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' at the Orissa State Museum defines Trikalinga as the region between the Jhanjhavati and the Vedavati (modern [[Indravati River|Indravati]]) rivers, and Kalinga as the region between the [[Rushikulya River|Rishikulya]] and the Jhanjhavati rivers.<ref name="PKM_1986"/> Shastri dismisses this portion of the manuscript as unreliable because it is incomplete, contains grammatical errors, and according to him, goes against the epigraphic evidence.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>

Some modern scholars have suggested that the term Trikalinga referred to three subdivisions of Kalinga: [[Kongoda]], [[Odra kingdom|Odra]] and [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]]. However, the following sources suggest that these regions were considered distinct from Kalinga:<ref name="AMS_1995"/>
* The Maranjamura inscription mentions Kalinga, Kongoda and Utkala as distinct units.<ref name="PKM_1986"/>
* The Jatesinga-Dungri inscription of the Somavamshi king Maha-shiva-gupta III Yayati mentions Kalinga, Kongoda, and Utkala as three different regions in the same phrase. Thus, Kongoda and Utkala do not appear to be constituent units of Kalinga.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>
* The [[Talcher]] inscription of the Bhauma-Kara king Shivakara III states that his ancestor Shubhakara had subjugated Kalinga, which suggests that Kalinga was distinct from the Bhuama-kara territory of Utkala.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>
* Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] mentions Odra (U-cha or Oda), Kongoda (Kong-yu-to) and Kalinga as distinct kingdoms. He describes Odra and Kongoda as part of eastern India, and Kalinga as a part of southern India.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>
* 10th century poet [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Raja-shekhara]] describes Kalinga and Utkala as distinct regions.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>
* The [[List_of_rulers_of_Odisha#Vigraha_dynasty_(575–630)|Vigrahas]] of South Toshali (south of [[Mahanadi]]) claimed to rule over ''Kalinga-rashtra'', while the [[List_of_rulers_of_Odisha#Mudgalas dynasty (580 CE–?)|Mudgalas]] of North Toshali (north of [[Mahanadi]]) claimed to rule over Utkala.{{verification failed|date=August 2024}}

== Identification ==

According to the following scholars Trikalinga was different from Kalinga, and was located to the west of Kalinga:

* According to G. Ramdas, the term "Trikalinga" means "high or elevated or hilly Kalinga", and does not include the coastal region. He identifies Trikalinga as the [[Eastern Ghats]] region extending from the source of Mahanadi in the north to the source of the Languliya river in the south. [[Harekrushna Mahatab]] generally agrees with this theory, specifying the Rishikulya river as the northern boundary of Trikalinga.<ref name="AMS_1995"/><ref name="PKM_1986"/>
* [[R.C. Majumdar]] similarly identifies Trikalinga as the hilly region to the west of Kalinga.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>
* [[Dineshchandra Sircar|D.C. Sircar]] favours the theory that Trikalinga refers to a distinct region lying between Kalinga and [[Dakshina Kosala]] (including [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]] area), although this cannot be said with certainty. Alternatively, he identifies Trikalinga with the eastern part of Dakshina Kosala.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>
* According to P.K. Mishra, Trikalinga was distinct from Kalinga, Utkala, and Kosala: it included parts of [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Balangir district|Balangir]], and [[Koraput district|Koraput]] districts.<ref name="PKM_1986"/>
* V.V. Mirashi also considers Trikalinga distinct from Kalinga, Kongoda, Utkala, and Kosala.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>

According to following scholars, Trikalinga was a larger region comprising Kalinga as one of its constituents:<ref name="AMS_1995"/>

* According to Ganga Mohan Laskar, the Trikalinga region included Kalinga, some neighbouring districts, and Kosala.
* B.C. Mazumdar, Binayak Misra, and R.G. Basak identify the three Kalingas as the Kalinga proper, Kongoda, and Utkala.
* According to [[John Faithfull Fleet|J.F. Fleet]], the three Kalingas included probably the whole of present-day [[Odisha]].

Similarly, the following scholars theorize that Trikalinga referred to the three divisions of Kalinga at its widest extent:<ref name="AMS_1995"/><ref name="PKM_1986"/>

* According to H. C. Ray, Trikalinga refers to the wider extent of Kalinga, which includes parts of present-day Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh.
* [[R.D. Banerji]] theorizes that Trikalinga refers to three divisions of Kalinga, which according to him extended from the Ganges delta in the north to Godavari delta in the south.
* R. Subba Rao identifies the three Kalingas as Utkala (north Kalinga), Kalinga proper, and Tel-Kalinga (Telangana or south Kalinga). Like Banerji, he theorizes that Kalinga extended from Ganges in the north to Godavari in the south.

According to following scholars, Trikalinga refers to three subdivisions of Kalinga proper:<ref name="AMS_1995"/>

* According to [[Ajay Mitra Shastri|A.M. Shastri]], sometime between first and sixth centuries, Kalinga region came to be divided into three parts, which were collectively known as Trikalinga. Several kings boasted to be ''Trikalingadhipati'' even if they controlled only a part of the Trikalinga region. Shastri identifies the three parts as follows, based on the hints given in historical records and natural boundaries (such as mountains and rivers):
** North Kalinga: Bordered by the Mahanadi river in the north and west, and the Eastern Ghats in the south and east. This region included the northern part of Koraput, and the south-eastern region of Kalahandi.
** South Kalinga: Bordered by the Indravati river in the west and the north-west, Godavari river in the south, and the Eastern Ghats in the east. This region included the southern portion of Koraput, a considerable part of Bastar, and a small region of north-west Srikakulam district.
** Eastern Kalinga: Bordered in the west by the Eastern Ghats, the Mahanadi delta in the north, and the Godavari delta in the south. This region included eastern Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam and Ganjam.
* D.C. Ganguly notes that the Eastern Ganga inscriptions mention the term ''Madhyama'' (middle) Kalinga. Based on this, he theorizes that Trikalinga refers to the three parts of Kalinga extending from Ganjam district in the north to Godavari-Vishakhapatnam districts in the south.

Some earlier scholars identified Trikalinga with the [[Telangana]] region. For example, [[Alexander Cunningham]] identified Trikalinga with the three kingdoms referred to as "Macco-Calingae", "[[Gangaridae|Gangarides]]-Calingae", and "Calingae" by the first century Roman author [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]. Cunningham identified these "three Kalingas" as [[Dharanikota|Dhanakataka]]-[[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravati]] area, [[Uttarandhra|Andhra]], and Kalinga proper. According to him, the term "[[Telangana]]" is a corruption of "Trikalinga". [[Arthur Coke Burnell|A.C. Burnell]] generally agreed with Cunningham, and interpreted the "Modogalingae" mentioned by Pliny as "Modogalingam", deriving the term from the Telugu word "Mudu" (three) and "Kalinga". However, Pliny does not make any connection between these three terms with similar spellings. He mentions Calingae as the tribes nearest to the sea, and then mentions the Mandei people (who can be identified as the people of the Mahendra mountain). He mentions "Macco-Calingae" (or "Maco-Calingae") as one of tribes of hill-dwelling Brachmanae people, and does not connect them the Calingae in any way. Similarly, according to Pliny, the country of Gangarides and the city of Calingae were two different entities: the later writers John Bostock and H.T. Riley combined the two into a single people called "Gangarides Calingae". Further, Pliny describes "Modogalingae" as a single tribe living on "a very large island in the Gangas", not as three tribes living in or around the Kalinga region. A.M. Shastri notes that "Telangana" is more likely a derivative of "Trilinga", which is distinct from "Trikalinga" as suggested by epigraphic and literary evidence.<ref name="AMS_1995"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Kalinga (India)]]

Oorukku Uzhaippavan

2026-03-04T04:49:37Z

Tjackson: adjusted structure after review after review

{{Short description|1976 film by M. Krishnan Nair}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Oorukku Uzhaippavan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]]
| screenplay = Poovai Krishan
| producer = S. Krishnamoorthy T. Govindarajan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
*[[Vanisri]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]]
}}
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = Krishnan-Sundharam
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Venus Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1976|11|12}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Oorukku Uzhaippavan''''' ({{Translation|Worker for the country}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]], starring [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Vanisri]] and [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]]. It is a remake of the 1970 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Baalu Belagithu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2020 |title=Dr Rajkumar's 91st birth anniversary: 12 films of the actor that were released in 1970 and so complete 50 years this year |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/apr/24/dr-rajkumars-91st-birth-anniversary-12-films-of-the-actor-that-were-released-in-1970-and-so-comple-1010--10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506223608/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/Apr/24/dr-rajkumars-91st-birth-anniversary-12-films-of-the-actor-that-were-released-in-1970-and-so-comple-1010.html |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |at=slide 10}}</ref> The film was released on 12 November 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2011 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆர். நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181114041813/http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Ithayakkani |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=27 December 2019 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 54 {{!}} An Overview of the Final 31 movies of 1970s |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-54/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005730/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-54/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Selvam, an undercover policeman, takes the place of a rich industrialist, Raja. The operation is facilitated because both men look alike. A gang rages in the region and swindles the wealthy citizens like Raja. Selvam 's mission is to neutralise this group. The infiltrated policeman is going to find himself in the centre of a huge problems that Raja faces both on the personal and professional front while Selvam's absence also causes trouble for his own personal life.

How Selvam manages to solve Raja's problems while capturing the gang at the cost of his own personal life is the rest of the story as he lives up to the title, someone who works for welfare of others.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Selvam and Raja
* [[Vanisri]] as Maliga
* [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] as Kanchana
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Maliga's mother
* [[Kumari Padmini]] as Kumudha and Rita, alias Radha
* Baby Rajkumari as Rani, Raja's daughter
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Panduragan James Bond, Selvam's assistant
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Police inspector
* [[P. S. Veerappa]] as Nagappan
* K. Kannan as Raja Velu, Maliga's father
* [[M. B. Shetty]] as a hired man
* [[Shanmugasundari]] as Slum people
* [[Karikol Raju]]
}}

== Production ==
''Oorukku Uzhaippavan'' was shot in [[Karnataka]] in places such as [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=5 March 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 {{!}} 15 - நிர்வாகத்தில் சிறந்து விளங்கியவர்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/74553-100-15.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210083624/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/74553-100-15.html |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 April 1976 |title='ஊருக்கு உழைப்பவன்' உபசரிப்பில் 3 நாட்கள் |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-4-119#?xywh=3407%2C2097%2C3826%2C2156&cv=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251122063145/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_119/4.jp2/full/1000,1469/0/default.jpg |archive-date=22 November 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1976 |title=Oorukku Uzhaippavan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/oorukku-uzhaippavan/PGIQQrAK4EI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210083622/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/oorukku-uzhaippavan/PGIQQrAK4EI_ |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Idhuthan Mudhal Rathiri
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length1 = 4:27
| title2 = Iravu Padagan Oruvan
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]
| length2 = 2:13
| title3 = It's Easy To Fool You
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Usha Uthup]]
| lyrics3 = Vaali, [[Randor Guy]] (English lyrics)
| length3 = 5:21
| title4 = Iravu Padagan Oruvan
| note4 = reprise
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas
| lyrics4 = Na. Kamarasan
| length4 = 2:13
| title5 = Azhagennum Oviyam
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas, [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics5 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| length5 = 3:02
| title6 = Iravu Padagan Oruvan
| note6 = reprise
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas, [[Vanisri]] (dialogues)
| lyrics6 = Na. Kamarasan
| length6 = 2:13
| title7 = Iravu Padagan Oruvan
| note7 = instrumental
| extra7 = —
| lyrics7 = —
| length7 = 2:13
| title8 = Pillai Thamizh Paadugiren
| extra8 = K. J. Yesudas
| lyrics8 = Muthulingam
| length8 = 3:29
}}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''Kalki'' praised the cast, songs and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=28 November 1976 |title=ஊருக்கு உழைப்பவன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/nov/28-11-1976/p71.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728040249/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/nov/28-11-1976/p71.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=71 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Krishnan Nair]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=July 2024}}

Malabar Police

2026-03-03T04:44:04Z

Tjackson: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Malabar Police.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| writer = P. Vasu
| producer = Shanthi Vasudevan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]|[[Mumtaj]]}}
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Kamalam Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|08|06}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Malabar Police''''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|l|ə|b|ɑːr}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime comedy]] film written and directed by [[P. Vasu]]. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]] in a dual role, [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Mumtaj]]. It revolves around an eloping couple witnessing a murder, and evading an attack by the murderer. A [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer investigates the murder, and suspects it is connected to a rivalry between two businessmen.

''Malabar Police'' was released on 6 August 1999, and was one of the most successful Tamil films of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2005 |title=Khakis fit for Sathyaraj |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/12520.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029022930/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/12520.html |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2023}}
Raja and Julie are lovers in [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]. Raja is of [[Tamil Nadu diaspora|Tamil]] ancestry, while Julie is from a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] family. Julie's rich parents vehemently oppose their marriage and keep her in confinement. They eventually act upon their plan to elope at dawn, to get married. On the way, they witness the murder of minister Madhavan Nair; the murderer Varadappan tries to kill Raja and Julie too to eliminate any witness of the murder. However, they escape and reach [[Chennai]] (the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|capital]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]) by train.

Chinnasamy is a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer who is appointed to investigate the murder of the minister. He is also from a Tamil family, residing for three generations in [[Kerala]]. He comes to Chennai and starts to search for Raja with assistance from constable Govindan. Meanwhile, Nagarajan and Sivashankar are leading businessmen in Chennai but are business rivals. Chinnasamy sets his eyes on Nagarajan, boss of Varadappan, doubting him to be the murderer of Varadappan when he is killed in a blast after his arrest. Sivashankar joins hands with Chinnasamy and helps him gather evidence against Nagarajan due to his business rivalry. Meanwhile, Raja and Julie accidentally get separated, and they keep searching for each other. Chinnasamy spots Julie and employs her as a maid in his home.

Finally, Chinnasamy solves the case and finds that Sivashankar is the actual murderer. Chinnasamy pretended to doubt Nagarajan, which made him close to Sivashankar, helping him gather evidences. It is revealed that Sivashankar used Varadappan as a spy employed with Nagarajan to know his business secrets and he was the real murderer. Sivasankar was a covert friend of Madhavan, and Madhavan had recently given Sivasankar a huge amount of black money for safekeeping. To prevent the money being returned, Sivasankar used Varadappan to finish off Madhavan Nair. In the end, Raja and Julie are united with the help of Chinnasamy as they return to Kerala, while Govindan is promoted to Inspector rank as he assisted to solve the 'criminal case'.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Chinnasamy and Ramasamy
*[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Raja
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Ammukutty
*[[Mumtaj]] as Julie/Jothi
*[[Sivakumar]] as Nagarajan
*[[Goundamani]] as Govindrajan
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as [[Inspector General]] of Tamil Nadu Police
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as Shivashankar
*[[Anandaraj]] as Varadappan
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Driver Anand
*Indhu as Rani, Anand's wife
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Meganathan
*[[Mohan Raman]] as Raja's father
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Inspector General of Kerala Police
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Perumal
*[[Hemanth Ravan]] as Police Officer in Chinnasamy's Investing Team
*[[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]]
*Laxmi Rattan as Kerala Minister Madhavan Nair
*[[Scissor Manohar]]
*[[Thalapathi Dinesh]]
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as a goon
*Naga Kannan as martial arts hitman from Kerala
* [[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] as a dancer (special appearance)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malabar Police (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/malabar-police-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1339583922 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119060058/https://music.apple.com/us/album/malabar-police-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1339583922 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Hollywood Mudhal" is the debut song of lyricist [[Na. Muthukumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2022 |title=Late Na Muthukumar wins the State Film Award for Best Lyricist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/late-na-muthukumar-wins-the-state-film-award-for-best-lyricist/articleshow/93979762.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908090037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/late-na-muthukumar-wins-the-state-film-award-for-best-lyricist/articleshow/93979762.cms |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:22
| title1 = En Kannadi Thoppukkulle
| lyrics1 = [[Arivumathi]]
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:45
| title2 = En Kannadi Pesavillai
| lyrics2 = Arivumathi
| extra2 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length2 = 4:33
| title3 = Hollywood Mudhal
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra3 = Gopal Rao
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = Palakaattu Ponnu
| lyrics4 = Kalaikumar
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sathyaraj]]
| length4 = 4:44
| title5 = Sona Sona
| lyrics5 = Kalaikumar
| extra5 = [[S. A. Rajkumar]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length5 = 4:09
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Malabar Police'' was released on 6 August 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malabar Police ( 1999 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2233 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815155921/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2233 |archive-date=15 August 2004 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> K. P. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that viewers could enjoy the last 10 minutes if they could endure old fashioned sentiments and lengthy dialogues.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கே. பி. எஸ். |date=22 August 1999 |title=மலபார் போலீஸ் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-08-22/page/n13/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230126154527/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-08-22/page/n13/mode/2up |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=18 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=12–13 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Satyaraj is quite at ease in delivering the Malayalam mixed Tamil while unravelling the mystery of the murder of a Kerala Minister, the involvement of a young pair of eloping lovers making it more interesting". Ramanujam concluded, "Ashok Kumar handles the camera with his known efficiency while S. A. Rajkumar has scored the music which is adequate".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=13 August 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Poovellam Kaettupaar/Kanavae Kalayathae/Malabar Police |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/13/stories/09130225.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413132359/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/13/stories/09130225.htm |archive-date=13 April 2001 |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2325845}}

{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s police comedy films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rais Amrohvi

2026-03-01T03:58:07Z

Tjackson: quick enhance information as per guidelines further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Pakistani poet (1914–1988)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rais Amrohvi {{Nastaliq|رئیس امروہوی}}
| image = File:Rais_Amrohvi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Syed Muhammad Mahdi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1914|09|12}}
| birth_place = [[Amroha]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1988|09|22|1914|09|12}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| known_for =
| occupation = Poet, journalist, parapsychologist
}}

'''Syed Muhammad Mahdi{{efn|{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سید محمد مہدی}}}}}}''' (September 1914 – 22 September 1988), commonly known as '''Rais Amrohvi''','''{{efn|{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|رئیس امروہوی}}}}}}''' was a Pakistani [[Urdu poet]], [[paranormal]] investigator and [[psychoanalyst]]. He was known for his style of ''qatanigari'' (quatrain writing). He wrote quatrains for Pakistani newspaper [[Daily Jang|Jang]] for several decade. He promoted the Urdu language and supported the Urdu-speaking people of Pakistan.<ref name="pakob">{{cite news|url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=174866|title=Rais Amrohvi's 24TH Death Anniversary Today|newspaper=Pakistan Observer.net|date=12 September 2012|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref> His family is regarded as a family of poets.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://dailymailnews.com/2015/09/22/27th-death-anniversary-of-urdu-poet-rais-amrohvi-observed/ |title=27th death anniversary of urdu poet Rais Amrohvi observed | publisher= The Daily Mail International| date=22 September 2015| accessdate=12 September 2016}}</ref> He was the elder brother of poet [[Jaun Elia]].

The [[Sindh Assembly]] passed [[1972 Sindhi Language Bill|The Sind Teaching, Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language Bill, 1972]] that created conflict and [[1972 Language violence in Sindh|language violence]] in the regime of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. Amrohvi wrote his famous poem ''Urdu ka janaza hai zara dhoom say niklay'' (It's Urdu's funeral, make it befitting!).<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1129631|title=Herald exclusive: Big brother is watching|newspaper=Daily Dawn.com|date=3 September 2014|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&pg=PA53 |title=Speakin Like a State-page.53|via= Google Books|date=23 July 2009|isbn=9780521519311|accessdate=10 September 2014|last1=Ayres |first1=Alyssa |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> He also intended to translate the [[Bhagavad Gita]] into standard Urdu.<ref name="samaa">{{cite web|url=http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/22-Sep-2011/renowned-poet-rais-amrohvi-s-death-anniversary-today|title=Renowned poet Rais Amrohvi's death anniversary today|work=Samaa TV |publisher=Samaa.tv|date=22 September 2011|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref>

He was also a scriptwriter, one of the movies he wrote being ''Waqt Ki Pukar'' (1967), a spy thriller about a journalist, based on his brother Muhammad Taqi, exposing anti-state elements and which anticipated the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Bangladesh separation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuayb |first=Muhammad |date=26 March 2023 |title=IN MEMORIAM: The Unsung Hero of Pakistani Film |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1743895 |website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref>

==Biography==
Amrohvi was born on 12 September 1914 to a [[Shia Muslims|Shia Muslim]] family in [[Amroha]], India.<ref>{{cite web|author= Web Admin|url= http://www.amroha.co.in/index.php/history-culture/personalities/rais-amrohvi.html|title= RAIS AMROHVI 1914-1988|publisher= Amroha.co.India|date= |accessdate= 11 September 2016|archive-date= 12 August 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160812033636/http://www.amroha.co.in/index.php/history-culture/personalities/rais-amrohvi.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> His father, Shafiq Hasan, was a scholar of literature and astronomy well-versed in the Arabic, English, Persian, Hebrew and Sanskrit languages, and who corresponded with leading intellectuals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Altaf |first=Salman |date=2017-11-05 |title=Essay: The Elia Paradox |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1367921 |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> He migrated to [[Pakistan]] on 19 October 1947 and settled in [[Karachi]].<ref name="Daily Dawn">{{cite web |author= Dr. Rauf Parekh|url= http://www.dawn.com/news/659913/raees-amrohvis-qatas-signposting-pakistans-history|title= Raees Amrohvi's qatas : signposting Pakistan's history | publisher= Daily Dawn | date=18 September 2011| accessdate=11 September 2016}}</ref> He was known for his style of Qatanigari (quatrain writing). For several decades he published quatrains for Pakistan's daily newspaper, ''[[Daily Jang|Jang]]''. He was also a supporter of the Urdu language and the Urdu-speaking people of Pakistan. He established an institution ''Raees Academy'' where writers were trained in emotional and moral values.<ref name="pakob"/>

He also published a number of books on the topic of [[metaphysics]], [[meditation]], and [[yoga]].<ref>{{cite web |author= Parvez Jabri|url= http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/general-news/255196-27th-death-anniversary-of-urdu-poet-rais-amrohvi-observed.html |title=27th Death Anniversary of Urdu Poet Rai Amrohvi observed | publisher= Business Recorder | date=22 September 2015| accessdate=12 September 2016}}</ref> He was assassinated by virtue of his faith on 22 September 1988 by an extremist religious militant group.<ref>{{cite web |author= Suleman Akhtar|url= http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/10477/shia-killing-identified-offloaded-and-shot/|title= Shia killing: Identified, offloaded and shot| publisher= Express Tribune | date=12 March 2012| accessdate=12 September 2016}}</ref>

==Publications==
'''Poetry'''

* ''Alif''
* ''Masnavi Lala-e-Sehra'' (1956)<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=http://bio-bibliography.com/authors/view/3720|title=Global Urdu Bio Encyclopedia|publisher=Bio-Bibliography.com|date=|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref>
* ''Pase Ghubar'' (1969)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Qattat'' - I (1969)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Qattat'' - II (1969)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Hikayaat'' (1975)
* ''Ba-Hazrat-e-Yazdaan'' (1984)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Malboos-e-Bahar'' (1983)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Aasaar'' (1985)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Kulliyat''<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Naseemus sahar''<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Zameer e khama''<ref name="bio"/>

'''Other'''
* ''Muraqabah''
* ''Ma'badun-Nafsiyaat'' (Parapsychology)
* ''Nafseyaat-o-Mabaad-an-Nafseyaat'' (3 vols)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Ajaib-e-Nafs'' (4 vols)
* ''Le Sans Bhi Ahista'' (2 vols)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Jinseyaat'' (2 vols)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Aalam-e-Barzagh'' (2 vols)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Hazraat-e-Arwah''
* ''Hypnotism''
* "Tawajjuhaat" (2 volumes)
* "Jinnaat" (2 volumes)<ref name="bio"/>
* "Aalam-e-Arwah" (2 volumes)<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Almiye e mashraqi Pakistan''<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Achche Mirza''<ref name="bio"/>
* ''Ana minal husain''

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==See also==
* [[Jaun Elia]]

==External links==
* [https://shiacelebrities.com/poet/rais-amrohvi/ Rais Amrohvi Biography]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amrohvi, Rais}}
[[Category:Pakistani scholars]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:Pakistani male poets]]
[[Category:Pakistani male journalists]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:People from Amroha]]
[[Category:Pakistani Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Pakistani psychoanalysts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Karachi]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Karachi]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

Balu Anand

2026-02-27T02:52:16Z

Tjackson: adjust article also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian actor and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balu Anand
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1954
| birth_place = Kalampalayam, [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date = 3 June 2016 (aged 62)
| death_place = Kalampalayam, [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| birth_name =
| othername =
| occupation = Director Actor
| years_active = 1985-2016
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Balu Anand''' (1954 – 3 June 2016) was an Indian actor and director who worked in [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]]-language films (Kollywood). He appeared in over 100 films as an actor and directed several films, such as ''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]'', ''[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru]]'' and ''[[Unakkaga Piranthen]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil actor-director Balu Anand dies of heart attack|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/tamil-actor-director-balu-anand-dies-of-heart-attack-2832171/|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=2016-06-26|date=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Actor Balu Anand passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-balu-anand-passes-away/article8686086.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2016-06-26|date=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Actor-director Balu Anand dies of heart attack|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/actor-director-balu-anand-dies-of-heart-attack-356071|publisher=abplive|accessdate=2016-06-26|date=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=തമിഴ് നടൻ ബാലു ആനന്ദ് അന്തരിച്ചു|url=http://www.reporterlive.com/2016/06/03/266548.html|publisher=Reporter Live|accessdate=2016-07-21|date=3 June 2016|archive-date=7 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707102733/http://www.reporterlive.com/2016/06/03/266548.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==

Anand was supposed to make his directorial debut with a film ''Idhazhgalin Azhaipithazh'' with Kapil Dev and Nalini, however it was shelved.<ref>{{cite news|title=இதழ்களின் அழைப்பிதழ்|newspaper=Anna|language=ta|access-date=13 June 2025|page=4|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-7-89|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|date=16 January 1983}}</ref> He is known as the director of successful films ''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]'' (his directorial debut) starring [[Vijayakanth]] and the [[Sathyaraj]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] starrer ''[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru]]'', a remake of [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]] film ''[[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil actor director Balu Anand passes away|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/tamil-actor-director-balu-anand-passes-away/|publisher=bollywoodlife|accessdate=2016-06-26|date=3 June 2016}}</ref>

In the early 2000s, Anand attempted to make a comeback through two films as a director, ''Paapoo...Paapoo'' and ''Low Class Loganathan'', but neither film was theatrically released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2001/april/27-4-01.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050306225907/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2001/april/27-4-01.htm|archive-date = 6 March 2005|title = Dinakaran}}</ref> His last directorial venture ''Anandha Thollai'' starring [[Powerstar Srinivasan]] is still unreleased.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil actor-director Balu Anand dies at 62|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tamil-actor-director-balu-anand-dies-62-681216|publisher=ibtimes|accessdate=2016-06-26|date=3 June 2016}}</ref>

==Death==
Anand died of a heart attack in his home town of Kalampalayam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Director Balu Anand dies of heart attack|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Actor-director-Balu-Anand-dies-of-heart-attack/articleshow/52568656.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|accessdate=2016-06-26|date=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Director Balu Anand dies of heart attack|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-actor-director-balu-anand-dies-following-a-heart-attack/story-6tzL7g8oh6Q6BELaKv9htI.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=2016-06-26|date=3 June 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year
! Film
|-
| 1985
|''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]''
|-
| 1986
|''[[Rasigan Oru Rasigai]]''
|-
| 1986
|''Endravathu Oru Naal''
|-
| 1988
|''[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru]]''
|-
| 1992
|''[[Unakkaga Piranthen]]''
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja Raja Kulothunga Raja Marthanda Raja Gambeera Kathavaraya Krishna Kamarajan]]''
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Sindhu Bath]]''
|-
| 2013
|''[[Sandhithathum Sindhithathum]]''
|-
|2015
|''[[Athiradi]]''
|-
|}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1989
|''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]''
| Lorry Driver
|
|-
|1990
|'' [[Engitta Mothathay]] ''
|Mutton shop owner
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Naadu Adhai Naadu]]''
|Driver of Bullock cart
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Thirumathi Palanisamy]]''
|Priest
|
|-
|1994
|''[[En Aasai Machan]]''
|Nachimuthu
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Gandhi Pirantha Mann]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1996
|''[[Dhinamum Ennai Gavani]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aavathum Pennale Azhivathum Pennale]]''
|Manush
|
|-
|''[[Thayagam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tata Birla]]''
|Deluxe Pandiyan
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1997
|''[[Gopura Deepam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dhinamum Ennai Gavani]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pistha (1997 film)|Pistha]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]''
|Kunju Gounder
|
|-
|''[[Thedinen Vanthathu]]''
|Peter Pandian
|
|-
|''[[Pagaivan]]''
|Security guard
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Ulavuthurai]]''
|Neurotic
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1999
|''[[Annan (film)|Annan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Suyamvaram]]''
|Kanna's father
|
|-
|''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Manaivikku Mariyadhai]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000
|''[[Vaanathaippola]]''
|Ramasamy
|
|-
|''[[James Pandu]]''
|Railway Porter
|
|-
|''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]''
| Pattabi
|
|-
|''[[Vanna Thamizh Pattu]]''
|Velusamy
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2001
|''[[Paarvai Ondre Podhume]]''
|Murugan
|
|-
|''[[Krishna Krishna]]''
|Unnikrishnan
|
|-
|''[[Kunguma Pottu Gounder]]''
|Textile shop owner
|
|-
|''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]'' || Chandru's relative ||
|-
|''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]''
|Police inspector
|
|-
|''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
|''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''
|Police Inspector
|
|-
|''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]''
|Radha's father
|
|-
| ''[[Guruvamma]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
|''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
|Train Ticket Checker
|
|-
|''[[Anbu Thollai]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jay Jay]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2004
| ''[[Image (film)|Image]]''
|
|
|-
|''Settai''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vayasu Pasanga]]''
|Vicky's father
|
|-
|''[[Super Da]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Arivumani]]''
|
|
|-
|''En Purushan Ethir Veetu Ponnu''
|Rekha's father
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2005
|''[[Kadhal FM]]''
|Balaji
|-
|''Pesuvoma''
|Shanmugam
|
|-
|''[[Englishkaran]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|''[[Kusthi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vattaram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vanjagan]]''
|Avudaiyappan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
|''[[Kalakkura Chandru]]''
|Police inspector
|
|-
|''[[Nee Naan Nila]]''
|Ulundurpet Uthamarasu
|
|-
|''[[Veerappu]]''
|Police Inspector
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]''
|Jail warden
|
|-
|''[[Kasimedu Govindan]]''
|Vedi Muthu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
| ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]''
|Shanmugam
|
|-
|''[[Unnai Kann Theduthe]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Engal Aasan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vedappan]]''
|Vedappan's father
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
| ''[[Rasikkum Seemane]]''
|
|
|-
|''Pournami Nagam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pollachi Mappillai]]''
| Sali Veera
|
|-
|''[[Aattanayagann]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2012
|''Vachathi''
|
|
|-
|2015 || ''[[Athiradi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2016
|''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]''
|Constable
|
|}

===As voice actor===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|1996
|''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]''
|Mimicking Goundamani's voice
|-
|1996
|''[[Aanazhagan]]''
|Mimicking Manivannan's voice
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1428051}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Balu}}
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]

Gill Adarsh Matriculation Higher Secondary School

2026-02-22T00:30:43Z

Tjackson: quick adjusted section for consistency also

{{short description|Indian secondary school}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Gill Adarsh School
| image =
| image_size = 100
| caption =
| motto = Duty, Devotion and Discipline
| established = 1980 <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.thinkvidya.com/gill-adarsh-matriculation-higher-secondary-school-chennai/10213 | title=Gill Adarsh School , Royapettah, Chennai }}</ref>
| type = Private
| affiliation = CBSE Board of Tamil Nadu, State Board of Tamil Nadu
| grades = Pre-KG – 12
| president =
| dean =
| faculty =
| staff =
| enrollment = 3500
| campus_type =
| campus_size =
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| information =
| website =
}}
'''Gill Adarsh School''' is a co-educational CBSE school by the Punjab Association. It is located in [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]], India.

President Giani [[Zail Singh]] dedicated Gill Adarsh School to the founder, Lt Col G.S. Gill. The school has a student strength of around 3500 with over 110 class rooms.
The school is based on CBSE. The school was established in 1980 and their motto is Duty, Devotion and Discipline.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Primary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1980]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-school-stub}}

Swaralipi

2026-02-20T02:24:17Z

Tjackson: creating a bio more to come

{{Short description|System of the classic Indian music notes}}

'''Swaralipi''' ({{langx|bn|স্বরলিপি}}) is any system used in [[sheet music]] in order to represent aurally perceived [[music]] through the use of written notes for [[Indian classical music]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sobhana Nayar|title=Bhatkhande's Contribution to Music: A Historical Perspective|date=1989|publisher=Papular Prakshan PVT LTD|location=Delhi|isbn=086132238X|page=129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ74dNGEnoEC&q=%22swaralipi%22&pg=PA294}}</ref>
[[File:Akar swaralipi example 2.png|400px|right|border|Example of Bengali ''ākārmātrik sôrôlipi'' ({{langx|bn|আকারমাত্রিক স্বরলিপি}})]]

==History==
The Indian scholar and musical theorist [[Pingala]] (c. 200 BC), in his ''Chanda Sutra'', used marks indicating long and short syllables to indicate meters in Sanskrit poetry.

[[File:Bhat notation1.jpg|400px|right|border|Example of Hindi Swarlipi ({{langx|hi|हिन्दी स्वरलिपि}})]]

In the notation of Indian [[rāga]], a solfege-like system called [[swara|sargam]] is used. As in Western solfege, there are names for the seven basic pitches of a major scale ({{lang|hi-Latn|Shadja, Rishabh, Gandhar, Madhyam, Pancham, Dhaivat and Nishad}}, usually shortened Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni). The tonic of any scale is named Sa, and the dominant Pa. Sa is fixed in any scale, and Pa is fixed at a fifth above it (a [[Pythagorean tuning|Pythagorean]] fifth rather than an [[Equal temperament|equal-tempered]] fifth). These two notes are known as achala swar ('fixed notes'). Each of the other five notes, Re, Ga, ma, Dha and Ni, can take a 'regular' ({{lang|hi-Latn|shuddha}}) pitch, which is equivalent to its pitch in a standard major scale (thus, {{lang|hi-Latn|shuddha Re}}, the second degree of the scale, is a whole-step higher than Sa), or an altered pitch, either a half-step above or half-step below the {{lang|hi-Latn|shuddha}} pitch. Re, Ga, Dha and Ni all have altered partners that are a half-step lower (Komal-"flat") (thus, {{lang|hi-Latn|komal Re}} is a half-step higher than Sa). Ma has an altered partner that is a half-step higher ({{lang|hi-Latn|teevra}}-"sharp") (thus, {{lang|hi-Latn|tivra}} Ma is an augmented fourth above Sa). Re, Ga, ma, Dha and Ni are called {{lang|hi-Latn|vikrut swar}} ('movable notes'). In the written system of Indian notation devised by Ravi Shankar, the pitches are represented by Western letters. Capital letters are used for the {{lang|hi-Latn|achala swar}}, and for the higher variety of all the {{lang|hi-Latn|vikrut swar}}. Lowercase letters are used for the lower variety of the {{lang|hi-Latn|vikrut swar}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindustani Classical Music page end}}
{{Musical notation}}

[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Musical notation]]
[[Category:Musical scales]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]

{{India-music-stub}}

The Mahabharata (1989 film)

2026-02-19T20:50:37Z

Tjackson: minor adjusted content for clarity and improved wording for consistency

{{About|Peter Brook's 1989 film|the Indian epic|Mahabharata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Mahabharata
| image = TheMahabarata1989.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Peter Brook]]
| producer =
| writer = Peter Brook [[Jean-Claude Carrière]] [[Marie-Hélène Estienne]]
| narrator = 
| starring = Robert Langton-Lloyd Antonin Stahly-Vishwanadan  [[Bruce Myers (actor)|Bruce Myers]] [[Vittorio Mezzogiorno]] [[Andrzej Seweryn]] [[Georges Corraface]] [[ Mallika Sarabhai]]
| music = [[Tsuchitori Toshiyuki]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| cinematography = [[William Lubtchansky]]
| editing =
| distributor = [[Virgin Vision]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-mahabharata-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0yote0mdu |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref> R.M. Associates<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata de Peter Brook (1989) - Unifrance |url=https://en.unifrance.org/movie/9160/the-mahabharata |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=en.unifrance.org}}</ref> (United Kingdom) [[BAC Films]] (France) [[MK2 Films|MK2 Productions]] (United States) Festival Video<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 1992 |title=MAHABHARATA, THE |url=https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/mahabharata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318110518/https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/mahabharata |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=[[Australian Classification Board]]}}</ref> (Australia)
| released = {{Film date|1989}}
| runtime = 171 minutes (theatrical release) 330 minutes (miniseries)
| country = United Kingdom Japan Denmark France Belgium United States Australia Ireland Iceland Sweden Portugal Norway Netherlands Finland
| language = English
| budget = $5 million
}}

'''''The Mahabharata''''' is a 1989 film adaptation of the [[Indian epic poetry|Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', directed by [[Peter Brook]]. Brook's [[The Mahabharata (1985 stage play)|original 1985 stage play]] was nine hours in length and toured worldwide for four years. In 1989, and abridged adaptation, just short of six hours, was made as a [[television]] [[miniseries]]. This was in return edited into a nearly three-hour cut for theatrical release. The screenplay was the result of eight years' work by Brook, [[Jean-Claude Carrière]] and [[Marie-Hélène Estienne]].
It was restored in [[8K resolution]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|title=‘Mahabharata’ 8K Restoration Brings Peter Brook’s Epic Back to Venice|url=https://variety.com/2024/artisans/festivals/mahabharata-8k-restoration-peter-brook-venice-1236129755/|date=4 September 2024|website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Restored version of Peter Brook’s ‘The Mahabharata’ to premiere at London Indian Film Festival|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/restored-version-of-peter-brooks-the-mahabharata-to-premiere-at-london-indian-film-festival-2025/cid/2110315|date=28 June 2025|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>
==Synopsis==
{{Main|Mahabharata}}
In general terms, the story involves epic incidents between two warring families, the [[Pandavas]] (representing good) and the [[Kauravas]] (representing evil). Each side, being the offspring of kings and gods, struggles for dominion. They have both been advised by the god [[Krishna]] to live in harmony and abstain from the bloody lust for power. Their fights come to threaten the very order of the Universe. The plot [[framing device|is framed]] by a dialogue between the [[Brahmin]] sage [[Vyasa]] and the Hindu deity [[Ganesha]], and directed towards an unnamed Indian boy who comes to inquire as to the story of the human race.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Robert Langdon Lloyd]] as [[Vyasa]]
*{{ill|Antonin Stahly-Vishwanadan|fr|}} as Boy
*[[Bruce Myers (actor)|Bruce Myers]] as [[Ganesha]]/[[Krishna]]
*[[Vittorio Mezzogiorno]] as [[Arjuna]]
*[[Andrzej Seweryn]] as [[Yudhishthira]]
*[[Mamadou Dioumé]] as [[Bhima]]
*[[Georges Corraface]] as [[Duryodhana]]
*[[Jean-Paul Denizon]] as [[Nakula]]
*{{ill|Mahmoud Tabrizi-Zadeh|fr|}} as [[Sahadeva]]
*[[Mallika Sarabhai]] as [[Draupadi]]
*[[Miriam Goldschmidt]] as [[Kunti]]
*{{ill|Ryszard Cieślak|lt=Ryszard Cieślak|fr|3=Ryszard Cieslak}} as [[Dhritarashtra]]
*[[Hélène Patarot]] as [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]
*[[Myriam Tadesse]] as Gandhari's servant
*[[Urs Bihler]] as [[Dushasana]]
*[[Lou Elias Bihler]] as Young [[Karna]]
*[[Jeffrey Kissoon]] as [[Karna]]
*[[Maurice Bénichou]] as [[Kitchaka]]
*{{ill|Yoshi Oida|fr|}} as [[Drona]]
*[[Sotigui Kouyaté]] as [[Parashurama]] / [[Bhishma]]
*[[Tuncel Kurtiz]] as [[Shakuni]]
*[[Ciarán Hinds]] as [[Ashwatthama|Ashwatthaman]]
*[[Erika Alexander]] as [[Madri]] / [[Hidimbi]]
*{{ill|Bakary Sangaré|fr|}} as [[Kindama]] / [[Surya|The Sun]] / [[Rakshasa]] / [[Ghatotkacha]]
*[[Tapa Sudana]] as [[Pandu]]/[[Shiva]]/[[Shalya|Salya]]
*[[Akram Khan (dancer)|Akram Khan]] as [[Ekalavya]]
*[[Nolan Hemmings]] as [[Abhimanyu]]
*[[Hapsari Hardjito]] as [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Utari (Abhimanyu's wife)]]
*[[Mas Soegeng]] as [[Virata]]
*[[Yumi Nara]] as [[Sudeshna|Virata's wife]]
*[[Amba Bihler]] as Virata's daughter
*[[Tamsir Niane]] as [[Urvasi]]
*[[Lutfi Jakfar]] as [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]]
*[[Gisèle Hogard]] as [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|1st princess]]
*[[Julie Romanus]] as [[Ambalika|2nd princess]]
*{{ill|Abbi Patrix|fr|}} as [[Salwa kingdom#Salwa king contemporary to Bhishma|Salvi]]
*[[Ken Higelin]] as [[Markandeya|Deathless boy]]
*{{ill|Corinne Jaber|fr|}} as [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]] / [[Sikhandin]]
*[[Joseph Kurian]] as [[Dhristadyumna]]
*[[Clément Masdongar]] as [[Pandu#Kindama's curse|Gazelle]]
*[[Leela Mayor]] as [[Satyavati]]
*[[Paris Viswanathan|Velu Viswanathan]] as [[Parashara|The hermit]]
{{div col end}}

==Production==
The French and eventual English version of the ''Mahabharata'' took several years for Brook and Carrière to write and bring to the stage. Three years before the film version was made, Peter Brook staged their adaptation in [[French language|French]] at a quarry in [[Avignon, France]]. This and the eventual filmed version were the first time that the entire (albeit abridged) story of the ''Mahabharata'' was brought to the stage and made into a feature film.<ref name="race">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/881133/mahabharata-doesnt-belong-to-one-country-or-race-peter-brooks-nine-hour-play-is-proof-of-that|title='Mahabharata' doesn't belong to one country or race – Peter Brook's nine-hour play is proof of that
|website=scroll.in|access-date=21 October 2019 |first=Sanjukta |last=Sharma |date=14 June 2018}}</ref> In his book ''In Search of the Mahabharata: Notes of Travels in India with Peter Brook 1982-1985'', Carrière speaks about the difficulty of adapting the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] into the European languages, particularly in regards to choosing the right words for certain terms. An example of this is [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]], which is translated in the adaptation as ''depth of one's being''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carriére |first=Jean-Claude|date=2001|title=In Search of the Mahabharata: Notes of Travels in India with Peter Brook|location=New Delhi|publisher=Laxmi Publications|isbn=0333937201}}
</ref>

{{quote box
| quote = "It’s quite impossible to ‘forget’ the ''Mahabharata''. The poem says it itself: ‘Everything which is in the ''Mahabharata'' is elsewhere; which is not in the ''Mahabharata'' is nowhere.'"
| author = [[Jean-Claude Carrière]], co-writer
| align = left
| width = 28%
}}

Using an [[epic theatre|elaborate-yet-minimal]] set and multi-racial cast from 16 different countries for the film, Brook's ''Mahabharata'' stood in contrast with the "opulently religious melodrama" of the 94-episode [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|BR Chopra version of the ''Mahabharata'']] which aired a year before the Brook-Carrière adaptation appeared on TV. Along with one Indian actress, other actors of Caucasian, African, Asian ancestry filled the cast of Brook's version, including [[Vittorio Mezzogiorno]] as [[Arjuna]], [[Sotigui Kouyaté]] as [[Bhishma]], and Tapa Sudana as both [[Pandu]] and [[Lord Shiva]].<ref name="race"/>

While working on the adaptation, [[Marie-Hélène Estienne]] travelled across Nepal and India, journeying from [[Manipur]] to [[Kanchipuram]], in order to learn of the many different forms of the ancient epic from "Brahmins and writers and dancers and theatre people" across the subcontinent. Music composer Tsuchitori Toshiyuki remained in India for months on request from Brook to make sure the play would "not use the music which everybody knows". Musicians from [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], and [[Denmark]] joined the production in order to score musical elements discovered by Tsuchitori, who was particularly influenced by [[Rabindra Sangeet]].<ref name="notes">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/803515/the-mahabharata-does-not-leave-you-notes-from-peter-brooks-third-play-about-the-epic|title='The Mahabharata does not leave you': Notes from Peter Brook's third play about the epic|website=scroll.in|access-date=21 October 2019 |first=Saumya |last=Ancheri |date=15 February 2016}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film version of the ''Mahabharata'' received a 20-minute standing ovation at the [[Venice Film Festival|1989 Venice Film Festival]] and received an [[Emmy Award]] after the film was aired on TV.<ref name="notes"/> The production's use of an international cast caused heated intercultural debate.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} On the topic of the multi-racial cast, Mumbai-based writer and critic Sanjukta Sharma writes: "The epic becomes intelligible and universal – and tells us why something as captivatingly human as the ''Mahabharata'' should not belong just to one nation or race."<ref name="race"/>

==Awards==
In 1990, the film won the award for [[List of International Emmy Award winners#Performing Arts|Performing Arts]] of the [[International Emmy Awards]] and the Audience Award for Best Feature at the [[São Paulo International Film Festival]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0097810|title=The Mahabharata}}
*[http://www.miracosta.cc.ca.us/home/gfloren/mahabfilm.htm The Mahabharata at miracosta.cc.ca.us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901091515/http://www.miracosta.cc.ca.us/home/gfloren/mahabfilm.htm |date=1 September 2015 }}
*[http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum210/coursepack/mahabharata.htm Mahabharata film notes at web.cocc.edu]
*[https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/mahabharata-our-times Review of Brook's Mahabharata in Caravan Magazine]
* {{Discogs master|179875}}

{{Peter Brook}}
{{Jean-Claude Carrière}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahabharata (1989 film), The}}
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Peter Brook]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Jean-Claude Carrière]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Historical epic films]]
[[Category:1980s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1989 English-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Jean-Claude Carrière]]
[[Category:English-language historical drama films]]

Suvra Mukherjee

2026-02-12T05:40:20Z

Tjackson:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suvra Mukherjee
| nickname =
| image = Suvra Mukherjee.jpg
| caption = Mukherjee during the "At home" ceremony, 2012
| order1 = [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of India|First Lady of India]]
| term_label1 = In role
| term_start1 = 25 July 2012
| term_end1 = 18 August 2015
| president1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor1 = [[Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat]] (as First Gentleman)
| successor1 = [[Savita Kovind]] (2017)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|09|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Narail]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|8|18|1940|9|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]|1957|2015}}
| children = 3 (including [[Sharmistha Mukherjee]] and [[Abhijit Mukherjee]])
| signature =
| party =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Suvra Mukherjee''' (17 September 1940 – 18 August 2015) was the [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of India|First Lady of India]] serving from the year 2012 until her death in 2015.

==Early and personal life==
Mukherjee was born on 17 September 1940 to a [[Bengali Brahmin]] family in [[Jessore District]] of [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[Bangladesh]] ),<ref>{{Cite web|title = President Pranab Mukherjee's wife Suvra passes away|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150818/nation-current-affairs/article/president-pranab-mukherjees-wife-suvra-mukherjee-passes-away|website = Deccan Chronicle|date = 18 August 2015|access-date = 19 October 2015}}</ref> and moved to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] when she was 10 years old.<ref name="Zee">{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/suvra-mukherjee-what-you-didnt-know-about-her_1648848.html|title=Suvra Mukherjee: What you didn't know about President Pranab Mukherjee's wife|date=19 August 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015|publisher=Zee News}}</ref> She married [[Pranab Mukherjee]] on 13 July 1957 and the couple had two sons and a daughter.<ref name="Zee" /> She held two master's degrees, in history and in political science{{Sfn|Sabha|2000|p=379}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120725/jsp/bengal/story_15768118.jsp|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205621/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120725/jsp/bengal/story_15768118.jsp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 4 March 2016|title = Wife's Days As Teacher|last = Jana|first = Naresh|date = 24 July 2012|work = The Telegraph|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> and also taught history and English grammar during the early 1970s in [[Paschim Medinipur district|West Midnapore]].<ref name=":0" />

Mukherjee, was an accomplished singer and a vocalist of songs composed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], which are known as ''[[Rabindra Sangeet]]''. She performed in his dance-dramas for many years in India, Europe, Asia and Africa,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-pranab-mukherjees-wife-suvra-mukherjee-dies-at-74/articleshow/48524439.cms|title=President Pranab Mukherjee's wife Suvra Mukherjee dies at 74 |accessdate=20 August 2015|date=18 August 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> as well as being the founder of the [[Geetanjali]] Troupe, whose mission is to disseminate Tagore's philosophy through song and dance.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-20/news/65667338_1_rabindranath-tagore-suvra-mukherjee-first-lady|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003160113/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-20/news/65667338_1_rabindranath-tagore-suvra-mukherjee-first-lady|url-status = dead|archive-date = 3 October 2015|title = With Suvra Mukherjee's Demise, Gitanjali Troup Will Not Be the Same Again|date = 20 August 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015|website = Economic Times|last = Das|first = Madhuparna}}</ref> The group often rehearsed in her home on Talkatora Road.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110228/jsp/business/story_13646403.jsp|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110304223912/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110228/jsp/business/story_13646403.jsp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 4 March 2011|title = Mrs FM's aam-aadmi Tune|last = Chowdhury|first = Jayanta Roy|date = 28 February 2011|work = The Telegraph|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> She passed on her love of classical dance to her daughter, [[Sharmistha Mukherjee]],<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/everyone-in-mumbai-delhi-seems-to-want-a-free-ticket/article5106133.ece|title = Everyone in Mumbai, Delhi Seems to Want a Free Ticket|last = Ramachandran|first = Smriti Kak|date = 8 September 2013|work = The Hindu|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> with whom she also occasionally performed.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110112/jsp/calcutta/story_13426607.jsp|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120619080635/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110112/jsp/calcutta/story_13426607.jsp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 19 June 2012|title = Dancer Who Happens to Be 'His' Daughter|last = Das|first = Mohua|date = 12 January 2011|work = The Telegraph|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> She was also a painter who participated in both group and solo exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://presidentofindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/PressRelease/1706/1_PROFILE_OF_FIRST_LADY_MRS_SUVRA_MUKHERJEE.pdf|title = Profile of First Lady Mrs Suvra Mukherjee|accessdate=19 October 2015|website = President of India}}</ref>

Mukherjee authored two books: ''Chokher Aloey'' is a personal account of her close interaction with Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], and ''Chena Achenai Chin'' is a travelogue recounting her visit to China. She also supported singer [[Kumar Sanu]] and released many of his musical albums related Rabindra Sangeet and religious music.<ref name=Zee/>

== Death ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi paying homage at the mortal remains of Smt. Suvra Mukherjee, First Lady, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on August 18, 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] paying homage to the remains of [[First Ladies and Gentlemen of India|First Lady]] Suvra Mukherjee at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]]]
Mukherjee died in a hospital in [[New Delhi]], India, aged 74. She had respiratory problems and was treated as a heart patient.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Suvra-Mukherjee-President-Pranab-Mukherjees-wife-passes-away/articleshow/48524004.cms|title= Suvra Mukherjee, President Pranab Mukherjee's wife, passes away|accessdate=20 August 2015|date=18 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Durgesh Nandan |last=Jha}}</ref>

[[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] said: "... (she) will be remembered as a lover of art, culture and music. Her warm nature endeared her to everyone she met".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-condoles-the-passing-away-of-first-lady-mrs-suvra-mukherjee/|title=PM condoles the passing away of First Lady Mrs. Suvra Mukherjee|date=18 August 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015|publisher=Office of the Prime Minister of India}}</ref> Her friend, [[Sheikh Hasina]], the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] who attended the funeral stated: "Bangladesh has lost a great friend and well-wisher with her passing away".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newagebd.net/149112/hasina-pays-tributes-to-suvra-mukherjee/|title= Hasina pays tributes to Suvra Mukherjee|accessdate=20 October 2015|newspaper=Newage}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Sabha|first=India Parliament Rajyya|title=Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnKPAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat.}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat]]|as=First Gentleman of India}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[First Ladies and Gentlemen of India|First Lady of India]]|years=2012–2015}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Savita Kovind]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Suvra}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:First ladies and gentlemen of India]]
[[Category:People from Jessore District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]

Upen Patel

2026-02-12T03:17:47Z

Tjackson: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|British actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Upen Patel
| image = Upen Patel at the screening of ‘Shubh Mangal Saavdhan’.jpg
| caption = Patel at the screening of ''[[Shubh Mangal Savdhan (2017 film)|Shubh Mangal Savdhan]]''
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|08|16}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| years_active = 2002–2019
| occupation = Actor
| known_for = {{plainlist|
*''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''
*''[[36 China Town]]''
*''[[Namastey London]]''
*''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]''
*''[[Nach Baliye 7]]''
*''[[MTV Love School]]''
}}
}}

'''Upen Patel''' (born 16 August 1982<ref name="bdate">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Upen-Patel-turns-34-today-some-lesser-known-facts-about-him/articleshow/53719155.cms |title=Upen Patel turns 34 today, some lesser known facts about him | website= [[Times of India]]|first=Dimple|last=Bajwa |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>) is a British actor who worked predominantly in [[Hindi films]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= Mathur |first= Yashika |date= 18 July 2017 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/upen-patel-i-am-single-and-it-would-be-great-if-someone-nice-comes-in-my-life/story-n95Sbcd5sju5OfMJZYan0H.html |title=Upen Patel: I am single and it would be great if someone nice comes in my life |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> In addition to working in Hindi films, he has participated in several television reality shows including ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]'' and ''[[Nach Baliye 7]]''. He also hosted ''[[MTV Love School]]'' with [[Karishma Tanna]].

==Early and personal life==
Upen Patel was born on 16 August 1982 to a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family in [[London]], England.<ref name="mid-day">{{cite news |date=1 May 2018 |title=Upen Patel: I celebrate Maharashtra Diwas in my own special way to show respect to the state |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/upen-patel-i-celebrate-maharashtra-diwas-in-my-own-special-way-to-show-respect-to-the-state/19376167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328005334/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/upen-patel-i-celebrate-maharashtra-diwas-in-my-own-special-way-to-show-respect-to-the-state/19376167 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |quote=Actor Upen Patel, a Britain-born Gujarati |agency=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Veenu |date=16 January 2010 |title=Personal agenda Upen Patel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/personal-agenda-upen-patel/story-gBcz5e67yl8yGOYXn6fxrO.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 December 2024 |quote=Born and brought up in London, Upen Patel was studying computer science}}</ref> He studied [[computer science]] at the [[University of Hertfordshire]]. He modelled for fashion designer [[JJ Valaya]] at the [[Lakmé Fashion Week]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Upen Patel: New kid on the block |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/03slid2.htm |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

Patel dated actress [[Karishma Tanna]] from 2014 to 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sometimes-two-wonderful-people-are-not-meant-to-be-together-says-karishma-tanna-on-her-break-up-with-upen-259214.html|title = Sometimes Two Wonderful People Are Not Meant to be Together, Says Karishma Tanna|date = 31 July 2016|access-date = 15 November 2021|archive-date = 15 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211115173635/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sometimes-two-wonderful-people-are-not-meant-to-be-together-says-karishma-tanna-on-her-break-up-with-upen-259214.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
In May 2006, Patel made his film debut with ''[[36 China Town]]'', directed by the duo [[Abbas–Mustan]]. His next film, ''[[Namastey London]]'', was released in March 2007, where Patel played the character of a Pakistani Muslim living in London. In April 2007, his third film ''[[Shakalaka Boom Boom]]'' was released, which was produced and directed by [[Suneel Darshan]]. He also appeared in ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]''. Patel appeared in the 2008 film, ''[[One Two Three]]''. He then appeared in ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'', released in November 2009. Patel made his Tamil film début with the movie, ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'', released in January 2015 and directed by [[S. Shankar]].

Patel worked for the weekly cooking show ''Cook Na Kaho''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Television – Food for thought|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041205/spectrum/tv.htm|access-date=30 November 2014|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|issue=5 December 2004}}</ref> In March 2005, he was replaced by [[Shayan Munshi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Television – Cook's corner|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050306/spectrum/tv.htm|access-date=30 November 2014|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=6 March 2005}}</ref>

Patel was a participant in the daily reality television show, ''[[Bigg Boss]]''.<ref name=ndtvm /> [[NDTV]] stated that he participated in the show to give his career a boost.<ref name=ndtvm />

Patel was one of the contestants in ''[[Nach Baliye 7]]'' along with [[Karishma Tanna]] which is produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under the banner of [[Balaji Telefilms]]. They became one of the finalists.

Patel was judged as the Model of the Year for four consecutive years at the Asia Fashion Award, and was featured among the top 10 sexiest men in Asia for five years running. [[MTV India]] awarded him as the most stylish male for two years in a row.<ref name=ndtvm>{{cite web|last1=Goyal|first1=Divya|title=Upen Patel: Trailing a Second Innings|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/upen-patel-trailing-a-second-innings-669272|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=22 September 2014|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>

Patel has appeared in several music videos including [[DJ Suketu]]'s ''Kya Khoob Lagti Ho'' in 2005. The music video, with several special effects, was directed and choreographed by [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]. It was the most expensive music video of its time shot for a private album.<ref>{{cite news|author=Zeeshan Jawed|title=Hot sight 'n' sound|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050817/asp/calcutta/story_5111660.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126063036/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050817/asp/calcutta/story_5111660.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2005|access-date=30 November 2014|issue=[[Kolkata|Calcutta]]|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=17 August 2005}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[36 China Town]]'' || Rocky || rowspan="6" | [[Hindi]]||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Namastey London]]'' || Imran Khan ||
|-
||''[[Shakalaka Boom Boom|Shakalaka Boom]]'' || Reggie Kapoor ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008 || ''[[One Two Three (2008 film)|One Two Three]]'' || Chandu ||
|-
|| ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]'' || Manik Khiralal ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' || Rahul Jalan ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || John || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ek Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha]]'' || Sunny || Hindi||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]'' || Sooraj || Tamil||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]]'' || Sohail / Body Double
|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Notes !! Ref(s)
|-
|2005
|''Cook Na Kaho''
|Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050122/saturday/sight.htm|title=The Tribune - Magazine section - Saturday Extra - Sight & Sound}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]''
| Contestant
| Entered Day 1, Evicted Day 101
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/upen-patel-evicted-from-bigg-boss-house-in-mid-week-surprise/story-WMiMAj315KIcmGSVhnCLOM.html|title=Upen Patel evicted from Bigg Boss house in mid-week surprise|date=2 January 2015|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Nach Baliye#Season 7|Nach Baliye 7]]''
| Contestant
|2nd runner-up
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Nach Baliye 7: After engagement, get ready for Upen & Karishma's sangeet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/upen-patel-and-karishma-tanna-sangeet-ceremony-in-nach-baliye-7-after-engagement-255094-2015-06-01 |access-date=3 June 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=2 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[MTV Love School]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Upen Patel and Karishma Tanna to turn judges of Love School |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/upen-patel-and-karishma-tanna-to-judge-mtv-reality-show-love-school-267288-2015-10-09 |access-date=3 June 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=9 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Upen Patel}}
* {{IMDb name|1574606}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|upen-patel}}
* {{Twitter|upenpatelworld}}

{{Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut}}
{{IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male}}
{{Bigg Boss 8}}
{{Nach Baliye}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Upen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British male models]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from London]]
[[Category:English people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:British expatriates in India]]
[[Category:British expatriate actors in India]]
[[Category:Expatriate male actors in India]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century British male actors]]

Corporation

2026-02-10T00:11:46Z

Tjackson: added references

{{Short description|Legal entity incorporated through a legislative or registration process}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Corporate}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Corp.|Copyright notice{{!}}"Copr."}}
}}
{{pp-pc}}
[[File:New McDonald's restaurant in Mount Pleasant, Iowa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.95|[[McDonald's|McDonald's Corporation]] is one of the most recognizable corporations in the world.]]
{{Companies law}}
{{Capitalism sidebar}}

A '''corporation''' or '''body corporate''' is an individual or group, such as an association or [[company]], that has been authorized by the [[State (polity)|state]] to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as "born out of statute"; a [[legal person]] in a legal context) and recognized as such in [[Corporate law|law]] for certain purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirst|first=Scott|date=2018-07-01|title=The Case for Investor Ordering|url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/343|journal=The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance Discussion Paper|volume=2017-13|access-date=2020-11-16|archive-date=2021-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117120553/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/343/|url-status=live}}</ref>'''{{rp|10}}''' Early incorporated entities were established by [[charter]] (i.e., by an ''[[ad hoc]]'' act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature). Most [[jurisdiction]]s now allow the creation of new corporations through [[List of company registers|registration]]. Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered based on two aspects: whether they can issue [[share capital|stock]], or whether they are formed to make a [[profit (accounting)|profit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.corpnet.com/types-of-corporations/#gfp|title=Types Of Corporations {{!}} Incorporate A Business|website=www.corpnet.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015152228/https://www.corpnet.com/types-of-corporations/#gfp|archive-date=2017-10-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> Depending on the number of owners, a corporation can be classified as ''aggregate'' (the subject of this article) or ''[[corporation sole|sole]]'' (a legal entity consisting of a single incorporated [[office]] occupied by a single [[natural person]]).

Registered corporations have a [[legal personality]] recognized by local authorities and their shares are owned by shareholders,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pettet |first1=B. G. |title=Company Law |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2005 |page=151 |quote=Reading the above, makes it possible to forget that the shareholders are the ''owners'' of the company.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Courtney |first1=Thomas B. |title=The Law of Private Companies |publisher=Bloomsbury Professional |year=2002 |edition=2nd |at=4.001}}</ref> whose liability is generally [[limited liability|limited]] to their investment. One of the attractive early advantages corporations offered to their [[investors]], compared to earlier business entities like [[sole proprietorship]]s and [[joint partnership]]s, was limited liability. Limited liability separates control of a company from ownership and means that a passive shareholder in a corporation will not be personally liable either for contractually agreed obligations of the corporation, or for [[tort]]s (involuntary harms) committed by the corporation against a third party (acts done by the controllers of the corporation).<ref>{{Citation |title=Liability of Companies, Shareholders and Directors |date=2020 |work=Sustainability and Corporate Mechanisms in Asia |pages=235–283 |editor-last=Lim |editor-first=Ernest |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/sustainability-and-corporate-mechanisms-in-asia/liability-of-companies-shareholders-and-directors/CDEDAD9B555575037800AD3FF0FB559B |access-date=2024-12-18 |series=International Corporate Law and Financial Market Regulation |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108658508.007 |isbn=978-1-108-49451-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Where [[Local ordinance|local law]] distinguishes corporations by their ability to issue [[stock]], corporations allowed to do so are referred to as ''stock corporations''; one type of investment in the corporation is through stock, and owners of stock are referred to as ''stockholders'' or ''[[shareholder]]s''. Corporations not allowed to issue stock are referred to as ''non-stock corporations''; i.e. those who are considered the owners of a non-stock corporation are persons (or other entities) who have obtained membership in the corporation and are referred to as a ''member'' of the corporation. Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for-profit are referred to as ''for-profit'' and ''not-for-profit'' corporations, respectively.

Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation; shareholders instead elect or appoint a [[board of directors]] to control the corporation in a [[fiduciary]] capacity. In most circumstances, a shareholder may also serve as a director or officer of a corporation. Countries with [[co-determination]] employ the practice of workers of an enterprise having the right to vote for representatives on the board of directors in a company.

== History ==
{{see also|Collegium (ancient Rome)|List of oldest companies}}
[[File: Stora Kopparberg 1288.jpg|thumb|1/8 share of the [[Falun Mine|Stora Kopparberg]] mine, dated June 16, 1288]]
The word "corporation" derives from ''corpus'', the [[Latin]] word for body, or a "body of people". By the time of [[Justinian I|Justinian]] (reigned 527–565), [[Roman law]] recognized a range of corporate entities under the names ''Universitas'', ''corpus'' or ''collegium''. Following the passage of the ''[[Lex Julia]]'' during the reign of [[Julius Caesar]] as [[Roman consul|Consul]] and [[Roman dictator|Dictator]] of the [[Roman Republic]] (49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of [[Augustus|Caesar Augustus]] as ''[[Princeps senatus]]'' and [[Imperator]] of the [[Roman army|Roman Army]] (27 BC–14 AD), ''collegia'' required the approval of the [[Roman Senate]] or the [[Roman emperor|Emperor]] in order to be [[Charter|authorized as legal bodies]].<ref name="de Ligt 2001">{{Cite journal|last=de Ligt|first=L.|date=2001|title=D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41539517|journal=Latomus|volume=60|issue=2|pages=346–349|jstor=41539517|issn=0023-8856|access-date=2021-06-18|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112195606/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41539517|url-status=live}}</ref> These included the state itself (the ''Populus Romanus''), municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a [[Cult (religious practice)|religious cult]], [[Burial society|burial clubs]], political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders. Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts, to receive gifts and legacies, to sue and be sued, and, in general, to perform legal acts through representatives.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Davenport|first=Caillan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsyCDwAAQBAJ&q=roman+contract+feeding+of+the+sacred+geese&pg=PT82|title=A History of the Roman Equestrian Order|date=2018-12-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-75017-2|language=en}}</ref> Private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor.<ref>Harold Joseph Berman, ''Law and Revolution'' (vol. 1)'': The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition'', Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 215–216. {{ISBN|0-674-51776-8}}</ref>

The concept of the corporation was revived in the [[Middle Ages]] with the recovery and annotation of Justinian's {{Lang|la|[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]}} by the [[glossator]]s and their successors the [[postglossators|commentators]] in the 11th–14th centuries. Particularly important in this respect were the Italian jurists [[Bartolus de Saxoferrato]] and [[Baldus de Ubaldis]], the latter of whom connected the corporation to the metaphor of the [[body politic]] to describe the [[state (polity)|state]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Canning|first=Joseph|year=1996|title=A History of Medieval Political Thought: 300–1450|place=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39415-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jx_KAgAAQBAJ|page=172}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Canning|first=Joseph|year=2011|title=Ideas of Power in the Late Middle Ages, 1296–1417|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpMdtNgggN8C|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01141-0|pages=145–46}}</ref>

Early entities which carried on business and were the subjects of legal rights included the [[collegium]] of [[ancient Rome]] and the ''[[sreni]]'' of the [[Maurya Empire]] in ancient India.<ref>Vikramaditya S. Khanna (2005). [https://ssrn.com/abstract= ''The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327104142/http://ssrn.com/abstract= |date=2009-03-27 }} [[University of Michigan]].</ref> In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the [[City of London Corporation]]. The point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity. The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the [[Falun Mine|Stora Kopparberg]] mining community in [[Falun]], [[Sweden]], obtained a [[charter]] from King [[Magnus Eriksson]] in 1347.

In [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], traders would do business through [[common law]] constructs, such as [[partnership]]s. Whenever people acted together with a view to profit, the law deemed that a partnership arose. Early [[medieval guilds|guilds]] and [[Livery company|livery companies]] were also often involved in the [[restraint of trade|regulation of competition]] between traders.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

=== Mercantilism ===
{{See also|Mercantilism}}
Dutch and English chartered companies, such as the [[Dutch East India Company]] (also known by its Dutch initials: VOC) and the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], were created to lead the colonial ventures of European nations in the 17th century. Acting under a charter sanctioned by the Dutch government, the Dutch East India Company defeated [[Portugal|Portuguese]] forces and established itself in the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccan Islands]] in order to profit from the [[Europe]]an demand for [[spice]]s. Investors in the VOC were issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership, and were able to trade their shares on the original [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]]. Shareholders were also explicitly granted [[limited liability]] in the company's royal charter.<ref>{{cite book |first=Om |last=Prakash |title=European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |date=1998}}</ref>

In England, the government created corporations under a [[royal charter]] or an [[Act of Parliament]] with the grant of a [[monopoly]] over a specified territory. The best-known example, established in 1600, was the [[East India Company]] of [[London]]. [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] granted it the exclusive right to trade with all countries to the east of the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. Some corporations at this time would act on the government's behalf, bringing in revenue from its exploits abroad. Subsequently, the company became [[company rule in India|increasingly integrated]] with English and later British military and colonial policy, just as most corporations were essentially dependent on the [[Royal Navy]]'s ability to control trade routes.

Labeled by both contemporaries and historians as "the grandest society of merchants in the universe", the English East India Company would come to symbolize the dazzlingly rich potential of the corporation, as well as new methods of business that could be both brutal and exploitative.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |title=The Honorable Company: A History of the English East India Company |publisher=MacMillan |location=New York |date=1991}}</ref> On 31 December 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted the company a 15-year monopoly on trade to and from the [[East Indies]] and [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.utk.edu/~gerard/romanticpolitics/britisheastindia.html |title=British East India Company |first1=Gerard |last1=Cohen-Vrignaud |first2=Stephanie |last2=Metz |first3=Jody |last3=Dunville |first4=Shannon |last4=Heath |first5=Julia P. |last5=McLeod |first6=Kat |last6=Powell |first7=Brent |last7=Robida |first8=John |last8=Stromski |first9=Brandon |last9=Haynes|access-date=19 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082932/http://web.utk.edu/~gerard/romanticpolitics/britisheastindia.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> By 1711, shareholders in the East India Company were earning a [[return on investment|return on their investment]] of almost 150 per cent. Subsequent stock offerings demonstrated just how lucrative the company had become. Its first stock offering in 1713–1716 raised £418,000, and its second in 1717–1722 raised £1.6 million.<ref>''Ibid.'' at p. 113{{Full citation needed|date=August 2020}}</ref>

A similar [[chartered company]], the [[South Sea Company]], was established in 1711 to trade in the Spanish South American colonies, but met with less success. The South Sea Company's monopoly rights were supposedly backed by the [[Treaty of Utrecht]], signed in 1713 as a settlement following the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], which gave [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] an ''[[asiento]]'' to trade in the region for thirty years. In fact, the Spanish remained hostile and let only one ship a year enter. Unaware of the problems, investors in Britain, enticed by extravagant promises of profit from [[Corporate promoter|company promoters]], bought thousands of shares. By 1717, the South Sea Company was so wealthy (still having done no real business) that it assumed the [[government debt|public debt]] of the British government. This accelerated the inflation of the share price further, as did the [[Bubble Act|Bubble Act 1720]], which (possibly with the motive of protecting the South Sea Company from competition) prohibited the establishment of any companies without a royal charter. The share price rose so rapidly that people began buying shares merely in order to sell them at a higher price, which in turn led to higher share prices. This was the first [[economic bubble|speculative bubble]] the country had seen, but by the end of 1720, the bubble had "burst", and the share price sank from £1,000 to under £100. As bankruptcies and recriminations ricocheted through government and high society, the mood against corporations and errant directors was bitter.

[[File:South-sea-bubble-chart.png|thumb|right|Chart of the [[South Sea Company]]'s stock prices. The rapid inflation of the stock value in the 1710s led to the [[Bubble Act|Bubble Act 1720]], which restricted the establishment of companies without a [[royal charter]].]]

In the late 18th century, [[Stewart Kyd]], the author of the first treatise on [[corporate law]] in English, defined a corporation as:

{{blockquote|a collection of many individuals united into one body, under a special denomination, having [[perpetual succession]] under an artificial form, and vested, by the policy of the law, with the capacity of acting, in several respects, as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations, and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common, and of exercising a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its institution, or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation or at any subsequent period of its existence.|A Treatise on the Law of Corporations, Stewart Kyd (1793–1794)}}

=== Development of modern company law ===
Due to the late 18th century abandonment of [[Mercantilism|mercantilist]] economic theory and the rise of [[classical liberalism]] and [[laissez-faire]] economic theory due to a revolution in [[economics]] led by [[Adam Smith]] and other economists, corporations transitioned from being government or [[guild]] affiliated entities to being public and private economic entities free of governmental directions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://political-economy.com/adam-smith-laissez-faire/|title=Adam Smith Laissez-Faire|website=political-economy.com|date=24 July 2010 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-10|archive-date=2010-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731092626/http://political-economy.com/adam-smith-laissez-faire/|url-status=live}}</ref> Smith wrote in his 1776 work ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' that mass corporate activity could not match private entrepreneurship, because people in charge of others' money would not exercise as much care as they would with their own.<ref>A Smith, ''[[An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), Book V, ch 1, para 107.</ref>

==== Deregulation ====
[[File: Jack and the Giant Joint-Stock.jpg|thumb|"Jack and the Giant Joint-Stock", a cartoon in ''Town Talk'' (1858) satirizing the 'monster' joint-stock economy that came into being after the [[Joint Stock Companies Act 1844]]]]
The British [[Bubble Act 1720]]'s prohibition on establishing companies remained in force until its repeal in 1825. By this point, the [[Industrial Revolution]] had gathered pace, pressing for legal change to facilitate business activity.<ref>See [[Bubble Companies, etc. Act 1825]], 6 Geo 4, c 91</ref> The repeal was the beginning of a gradual lifting on restrictions, though business ventures (such as those chronicled by [[Charles Dickens]] in ''[[Martin Chuzzlewit]]'') under primitive companies legislation were often scams. Without cohesive regulation, proverbial operations like the "Anglo-Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life Assurance Company" were undercapitalized ventures promising no hope of success except for richly paid promoters.<ref>See [[C Dickens]], ''[[Martin Chuzzlewit]]'' (1843) [[s:Martin Chuzzlewit/Chapter 27|ch 27]]</ref>

The process of [[incorporation (business)|incorporation]] was possible only through a [[royal charter]] or a [[local and personal Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom|private act]] and was limited, owing to Parliament's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted. As a result, many businesses came to be operated as [[Voluntary association|unincorporated associations]] with possibly thousands of members. Any consequent [[Lawsuit|litigation]] had to be carried out in the joint names of all the members and was almost impossibly cumbersome. Though Parliament would sometimes grant a private act to allow an individual to represent the whole in legal proceedings, this was a narrow and necessarily costly expedient, allowed only to established companies.

Then, in 1843, [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]] became the chairman of a Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies, which led to the [[Joint Stock Companies Act 1844]], regarded as the first modern piece of company law.<ref>''Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies'' (1844) in ''British Parliamentary Papers'', vol. VII</ref> The Act created the [[Registrar of Companies|Registrar of Joint Stock Companies]], empowered to register companies by a two-stage process. The first, provisional, stage cost £5 and did not confer corporate status, which arose after completing the second stage for another £5. For the first time in history, it was possible for ordinary people through a simple registration procedure to incorporate.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQflMqcZyOoC|title=Introduction to Company Law|author=Paul Lyndon Davies|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=1|isbn=978-0-19-960132-5}}</ref> The advantage of establishing a company as a [[Legal personality|separate legal person]] was mainly administrative, as a unified entity under which the rights and duties of all investors and managers could be channeled.

==== Limited liability ====
However, there was still no limited liability and company members could still be held responsible for unlimited losses by the company.<ref>''Re Sea Fire and Life Assurance Co., Greenwood's Case'' (1854) 3 De GM&G 459</ref> The next, crucial development, then, was the [[Limited Liability Act 1855]], passed at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade, [[Robert Lowe]]. This allowed investors to limit their liability in the event of business failure to the amount they invested in the company – [[shareholder]]s were still liable directly to [[creditor]]s, but just for the unpaid portion of their [[share (finance)|shares]]. (The principle that shareholders are liable to the corporation had been introduced in the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844.)

The 1855 Act allowed limited liability to companies of more than 25 members (shareholders). [[Insurance|Insurance companies]] were excluded from the act, though it was standard practice for insurance contracts to exclude action against individual members. Limited liability for insurance companies was allowed by the [[Companies Act 1862]].

This prompted the English periodical ''[[The Economist]]'' to write in 1855 that "never, perhaps, was a change so vehemently and generally demanded, of which the importance was so much overrated."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ehs.org.uk/ehs/conference2004/assets/AchesonTurnerPaper.pdf |title=The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877–1914 |first1=Graeme G. |last1=Acheson |first2=John D. |last2=Turner |publisher=School of Management and Economics, Queen's University of Belfast |access-date=2011-11-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113082939/http://www.ehs.org.uk/ehs/conference2004/assets/AchesonTurnerPaper.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-13 }} and {{cite web|url=http://www1.fee.uva.nl/fm/conference/legal/ehr_2006_%20Acheson%20and%20Turner.pdf |title=The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877–1914 |first1=Graeme G. |last1=Acheson |first2=John D. |last2=Turner |work=Economic History Review |date=2006 |access-date=2011-11-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111172110/http://www1.fee.uva.nl/fm/conference/legal/ehr_2006_%20Acheson%20and%20Turner.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-11 }}.</ref> The major error of this judgment was recognised by the same magazine more than 70 years later, when it claimed that, "[t]he economic historian of the future... may be inclined to assign to the nameless inventor of the principle of limited liability, as applied to trade corporations, a place of honour with [[James Watt|Watt]] and [[George Stephenson|Stephenson]], and other pioneers of the Industrial Revolution. "<ref>''Economist'', December 18, 1926, at 1053, as quoted in Mahoney, ''supra'', at 875.</ref>

These two features – a simple registration procedure and limited liability – were subsequently codified into the landmark 1856 [[Joint Stock Companies Act 1856|Joint Stock Companies Act]]. This was subsequently consolidated with a number of other statutes in the Companies Act 1862, which remained in force for the rest of the century, up to and including the time of the decision in ''[[Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd]]''.<ref>''[[Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd]]'' [1897] AC 22</ref>

The legislation quickly led to a railway boom, resulting in a surge in the formation of companies. However, in the later nineteenth century, a period of depression set in, causing many of these companies to collapse and become insolvent. Strong academic, legislative, and judicial opinions emerged, opposing the notion that businessmen could escape accountability for their role in the failing businesses.

==== Further developments ====
[[File:LordLindley cropp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nathaniel Lindley, Baron Lindley|Lindley LJ]] was the leading expert on partnerships and company law in the ''[[Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd|Salomon v. Salomon & Co.]]'' case. The landmark case confirmed the [[corporate identity|distinct corporate identity]] of the company.]]
In 1892, [[Germany]] introduced the {{Lang|de|[[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung]]}} with a separate [[legal personality]] and limited liability even if all the shares of the company were held by only one person. This inspired other countries to introduce corporations of this kind.

The last significant development in the history of companies was the 1897 decision of the House of Lords in ''[[Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd|Salomon v. Salomon & Co.]],'' where the House of Lords confirmed the separate legal personality of the company, and that the liabilities of the company were separate and distinct from those of its owners.

In the [[United States]], forming a corporation usually required an act of legislation until the late 19th century. Many private firms, such as [[Andrew Carnegie|Carnegie]]'s steel company and [[John D. Rockefeller|Rockefeller]]'s [[Standard Oil]], avoided the corporate model for this reason (as a [[Trust law|trust]]). State governments began to adopt more permissive corporate laws from the early 19th century, although these were all restrictive in design, often with the intention of preventing corporations from gaining too much wealth and power.<ref name="Corporate Law textbook">{{Citation|last1=Smiddy|first1=Linda O.|last2=Cunningham|first2=Lawrence A.|title=Corporations and Other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems|publisher=LexisNexis|year=2010|edition=Seventh|pages=228–231, 241|isbn=978-1-4224-7659-8}}</ref>

In 1896, [[New Jersey]] was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzqaBv7X_sC&pg=PA159 The Law of Business Organizations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105140507/https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzqaBv7X_sC&pg=PA159 |date=2023-01-05 }}, Cengage Learning</ref> In 1899, Delaware followed New Jersey's lead by enacting an enabling corporate statute. However, Delaware only emerged as the leading corporate state after the enabling provisions of the 1896 New Jersey corporate law were repealed in 1913.<ref name = "Corporate Law textbook"/>

The end of the 19th century saw the emergence of [[Holding company|holding companies]] and corporate [[Mergers and acquisitions|mergers]] creating larger corporations with dispersed shareholders. Countries began enacting [[Competition law|antitrust]] laws to prevent anti-competitive practices and corporations were granted more legal rights and protections. The 20th century witnessed a proliferation of laws allowing for the creation of corporations through registration worldwide. These laws played a significant role in driving economic booms in many countries both before and after World War I. Another major post World War I shift was toward the development of [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerates]], in which large corporations purchased smaller corporations to expand their industrial base.

Starting in the 1980s, many countries with large state-owned corporations began moving toward [[privatization]], which involved selling publicly owned (or 'nationalized') services and enterprises to corporations. [[Deregulation]] aimed at reducing the regulation of corporate activity, often accompanied privatization as part of a laissez-faire policy.

== Ownership and control ==
A corporation is, at least in theory, owned and controlled by its members. In a [[joint-stock company]], the members are known as shareholders, and each of their shares in the ownership, control, and profits of the corporation is determined by the portion of shares in the company that they own. Thus, a person who owns a quarter of the shares of a joint-stock company owns a quarter of the company, is entitled to a quarter of the profit (or at least a quarter of the profit given to shareholders as dividends) and has a quarter of the votes capable of being cast at general meetings.

In another kind of corporation, the legal document which established the corporation or which contains its current rules will determine the requirements for membership in the corporation. What these requirements are depends on the kind of corporation involved. In a [[worker cooperative]], the members are people who work for the cooperative. In a [[credit union]], the members are people who have accounts with the credit union.<ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Finance |first1=Scott |last1=Besley |first2=Eugene |last2=Brigham |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-324-65588-9 |edition=4th |page=[https://archive.org/details/principlesoffina0000besl_4edi/page/105 105] |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesoffina0000besl_4edi/page/105 }}</ref>

The day-to-day activities of a corporation are typically controlled by individuals appointed by the members. In some cases, this will be a single individual but more commonly corporations are controlled by a committee or by committees. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of committee structure.
* A single committee known as a [[board of directors]] is the method favored in most [[common law]] countries. Under this model, the board of directors is composed of both executive and non-executive directors, the latter being meant to supervise the former's management of the company.
* A two-tiered committee structure with a [[supervisory board]] and a [[Vorstand|managing board]] is common in [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Company & Commercial – Netherlands: In a nutshell – one-tier boards |date=10 April 2012 |publisher=International Law Office |url=http://www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/detail.aspx?g=f4815d3b-0de3-44d3-81d8-16114b49b8d8 |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116125800/http://www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/detail.aspx?g=f4815d3b-0de3-44d3-81d8-16114b49b8d8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In countries with [[co-determination]] (such as in [[Germany]]), workers elect a fixed fraction of the corporation's board.

=== Formation ===
Historically, corporations were created by a charter granted by the government. As explained above, such charters were often enacted as [[Public and private bills|private bills]].

Today, a corporation is formed, or incorporated, by registering with the state, province, or national government and regulated by the laws enacted by that government. Registration is the main prerequisite to the corporation's assumption of limited liability. The law sometimes requires the corporation to designate its principal address, as well as a [[registered agent]] (a person or company designated to receive legal service of process). It may also be required to designate an [[Law of agency|agent]] or other legal representatives of the corporation.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

Generally, a corporation files [[articles of incorporation]] with the government, laying out the general nature of the corporation, the amount of stock it is authorized to issue, and the names and addresses of directors. Once the articles are approved, the corporation's directors meet to create [[By-law|bylaws]] that govern the internal functions of the corporation, such as meeting procedures and officer positions.

In theory, a corporation cannot own its own stock. An exception is [[treasury stock]], where the company essentially buys back stock from its shareholders, which reduces its outstanding shares. This essentially becomes the equivalent of unissued capital, where it is not classified as an asset on the balance sheet (passive capital).

Under the [[internal affairs doctrine]], the law of the jurisdiction in which a corporation is incorporated will govern its internal activities—that is, conflicts between shareholders and managers such as the board of directors and corporate officers.<ref name="LoPucki_Page_74">{{cite book |last1=LoPucki |first1=Lynn M. |last2=Verstein |first2=Andrew |author1-link=Lynn M. LoPucki |title=Business Associations: A Systems Approach |edition=2nd |date=2024 |publisher=Aspen Publishing |location=Burlington, Massachusetts |isbn=9798892073653 |pages=74–75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMIG0QEACAAJ&pg=PA74 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> If a corporation operates outside its home state, it is usually required to register with other governments as a [[foreign corporation]] and must formally appoint a registered agent to accept service of process within such other jurisdictions.<ref name="LoPucki_Page_74" /> A foreign corporation is almost always subject to the laws of its host state pertaining to external affairs such as [[employment]], [[crime]]s, [[contract]]s, [[Lawsuit|civil actions]], and the like.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

=== Naming ===
Corporations generally have a distinct name. Historically, some corporations were named after the members of their boards of directors: for example, the "[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]]" is the name of one of the two governing boards of [[Harvard University]], but it is also the exact name under which Harvard was legally incorporated.<ref name="GoverningHarvard">{{cite news |last1=Chait |first1=Richard P. |last2=Daniel |first2=D. Ronald |last3=Lorsch |first3=Jay W. |last4=Rosovsky |first4=Henry |author-link2=Ron Daniel |author-link3=Jay Lorsch |author-link4=Henry Rosovsky |title=Governing Harvard: A Harvard Magazine Roundtable |url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2006/05/governing-harvard.html |work=Harvard Magazine |date=May–June 2006 |access-date=2020-11-24 |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416101007/https://harvardmagazine.com/2006/05/governing-harvard.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nowadays, corporations in most jurisdictions have a distinct name that does not need to make reference to the members of their boards. In Canada, this possibility is taken to its logical extreme: many smaller Canadian corporations have no names at all, merely numbers based on a registration number (for example, "12345678 Ontario Limited"), which is assigned by the provincial or territorial government where the corporation incorporates.

In most countries, corporate names include a term or an abbreviation that denotes the corporate status of the entity (for example, "Incorporated" or "Inc." in the United States) or the limited liability of its members (for example, "Limited", "Ltd.", or "LLC").<ref name="Bartlett_Page54">{{cite book |last1=Bartlett |first1=Joseph W. |title=Equity Finance: Venture Capital, Buyouts, Restructurings and Reorganizations |date=1995 |publisher=Aspen Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-07355-7077-1 |page=54 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5ngCEGebrwC&pg=PA54 |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="LoPucki_Page_58">{{cite book |last1=LoPucki |first1=Lynn M. |last2=Verstein |first2=Andrew |author1-link=Lynn M. LoPucki |title=Business Associations: A Systems Approach |edition=2nd |date=2024 |publisher=Aspen Publishing |location=Burlington, Massachusetts |isbn=9798892073653 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMIG0QEACAAJ&pg=PA58 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> These terms vary by jurisdiction and language. In some jurisdictions, they are mandatory, and in others, such as California, they are not.<ref name="LoPucki_Page_58" /><ref>California does not require corporations to indicate corporate status in their names, except for close corporations. The drafters of the 1977 revision of the California General Corporation Law considered the possibility of forcing all California corporations to have a name indicating corporate status, but decided against it because of the huge number of corporations that would have had to change their names, and the lack of any evidence that anyone had been harmed in California by entities whose corporate status was not immediately apparent from their names. However, the 1977 drafters were able to impose the current disclosure requirement for close corporations. See Harold Marsh, Jr., R. Roy Finkle, Larry W. Sonsini, and Ann Yvonne Walker, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uVKArsf8CtIC&pg=SA5-PA15 ''Marsh's California Corporation Law''], 4th ed., vol. 1 (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2004), 5–15 — 5–16.</ref> Their use puts everybody on [[constructive notice]] that they are dealing with an entity whose [[legal liability|liability]] is limited: one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls when one obtains a judgment against it.

Corporate names are supposed to be unique to the jurisdiction in which the corporation is registered.<ref name="LoPucki_Page_59">{{cite book |last1=LoPucki |first1=Lynn M. |last2=Verstein |first2=Andrew |author1-link=Lynn M. LoPucki |title=Business Associations: A Systems Approach |edition=2nd |date=2024 |publisher=Aspen Publishing |location=Burlington, Massachusetts |isbn=9798892073653 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMIG0QEACAAJ&pg=PA59 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Governments will not allow another corporation or any other kind of legal entity to register a name that is too similar to the name of an existing corporation.<ref name="LoPucki_Page_59"/> However, since "different states may register entities with the same names, a corporate name is a unique identifier only when combined with the name of the state of incorporation".<ref name="LoPucki_Page_59"/> This explains why lawyers in legal papers often expressly refer to a corporation's state of incorporation after the first mention of its name.<ref name="LoPucki_Page_59"/>

Some jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word "'''company'''" alone to denote corporate status, since the word "[[company]]" may refer to a partnership or some other form of collective ownership (in the United States it can be used by a [[sole proprietorship]] but this is not generally the case elsewhere).{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

== Personhood ==
{{main|Corporate personhood}}
Despite not being human beings, corporations have been ruled [[Legal personality|legal persons]] in a few countries, and have many of the same rights as [[natural person]]s do. For example, a corporation can own property, and can sue or be sued for as long as it exists. Corporations can exercise [[human rights]] against real individuals and the state,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Human Rights of Companies: Exploring the Structure of ECHR Protection |first1=Marius |last1=Emberland |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-928983-7 |page=1 |url=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-928983-2.pdf |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617104051/http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-928983-2.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>e.g. [[South African Constitution]] Sect.8, especially Art.(4)</ref> and they can themselves be responsible for human rights violations.<ref>Phillip I. Blumberg, The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality, (1993) discusses the controversial nature of additional rights being granted to corporations.</ref> Corporations can be "dissolved" either by statutory operation, the order of the court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders. [[Insolvency]] may result in a form of corporate failure, when creditors force the liquidation and dissolution of the corporation under court order,<ref>See, for example, the Business Corporations Act (B.C.) [SBC 2002] chapter 57, Part 10</ref> but it most often results in a restructuring of corporate holdings. Corporations can even be convicted of special criminal offenses in the UK, such as [[fraud]] and [[corporate manslaughter]]. However, corporations are not considered living entities in the way that humans are.<ref>e.g. [[Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007]]</ref>

Legal scholars and others, such as [[Joel Bakan]], have observed that a business corporation created as a "legal person" has a [[psychopathy|psychopathic personality]] because it is required to elevate its own interests above those of others even when this [[externality|inflicts major risks and grave harms]] on the public or on other third-parties. Such critics note that the legal mandate of the corporation to focus exclusively on corporate profits and self-interest often victimizes employees, customers, the public at large, and/or the [[environmental economics|natural resources]].<ref>Joel Bakan, [https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Corporation/Joel-Bakan/9780743247467 "The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730014716/https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Corporation/Joel-Bakan/9780743247467 |date=2021-07-30 }} (New York: The Free Press, 2004)</ref> The political theorist [[David Runciman]] notes that corporate personhood forms a fundamental part of the 21st century conception of the [[state (polity)|state]], and believes the idea of the corporation as a legal person can help to clarify the role of citizens as political [[Stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholders]], and to break down the sharp conceptual dichotomy between the state and the people or the individual, a distinction that, in his account, is "increasingly unable to meet the demands placed on the state in the modern world".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Runciman|first=David|author-link=David Runciman|year=2000|title=Is the State a Corporation?|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=35|number=1|pages=90, 103–104|doi=10.1111/1477-7053.00014|s2cid=143599471}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
'''Law'''
* [[Commercial law]]
* [[United States corporate law]]
* [[Canadian corporate law]]
* [[European corporate law]]
* [[German company law]]
* [[History of company law in the United Kingdom]]
* [[United Kingdom company law]]

'''Other'''
* [[Anti-corporate activism]]
* [[Business attire]]
* [[Blocker corporation]]
* [[Body politic]]
* [[Co-determination]]
** [[Worker representation on corporate boards of directors]]
* [[Community interest company]]
* [[Cooperative]]
* [[Corporate crime]]
* [[Corporate finance]]
* [[Corporate governance]]
* [[Corporate group]]
* [[Corporate haven]]
* [[Corporate propaganda]]
* [[Corporate warfare]]
* [[Corporate welfare]]
* [[Corporation sole]]
* [[Corporatism]]
* [[Corporatization]]
* [[Decentralized autonomous organization]]
* [[Evil corporation]]
* [[Good standing]]
* [[State-owned enterprise|Government-owned corporation]]
* [[History of competition law]]
* [[Incorporation (business)]]
* [[Limited liability company]]
* [[Living wage]]
* [[Megacorporation]]
* [[Multinational corporation]]
* [[Nationalization]]
* [[Nonprofit corporation]]
* [[Organizational culture]]
* [[Preferred stock]]
* [[Privatization]]
* [[Professional corporation]] (PC or P.C.)
* [[Public limited company]] (PLC)
* [[Shelf corporation]]
* [[Small business]]
* [[South Sea Company]]
* [[Tulip mania]]
* [[United States antitrust law]]
* [[Unlimited company]]
* [[Unlimited liability corporation]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Barnet |first1=Richard |last2=Muller |first2=Ronald E. |title=Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporation |url=https://archive.org/details/globalreachpower00barn |url-access=registration |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1974 |location=New York}}
* Bakan, Joel. ''The New Corporation: How "Good" Corporations Are Bad for Democracy''. (2020)
* Blackstone, W. ''Commentaries on the Laws of England'' (1765) 455–473
* Blumberg, Phillip I., ''The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality'', (1993)
* Blumberg, PI, ''The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law'' (1993)
* Bromberg, Alan R. ''Crane and Bromberg on Partnership''. 1968.
* Brown, Bruce. [http://www.astonisher.com/archives/corporation/corporation_intro.html ''The History of the Corporation''] (2003)
* Cadman, John William. ''The Corporation in New Jersey: Business and Politics'' (1949)
* Conard, Alfred F. ''Corporations in Perspective''. 1976.
* Cooke, C.A., ''Corporation, Trust and Company: A Legal History'', (1950)
* Davies, PL, and LCB Gower, ''Principles of Modern Company Law'' (6th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, 1997), chapters 2–4
* Davis, John P. [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/davisjohn/index.html ''Corporations''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611003708/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/davisjohn/index.html |date=2011-06-11 }} (1904)
* Davis, Joseph S. [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/davisjoe/index.html ''Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610214651/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/davisjoe/index.html |date=2011-06-10 }} (1917)
* Dignam, Alan and John Lowry (2020), ''Company Law'', [[Oxford University Press]] {{ISBN|978-0-19-928936-3}}
* Dodd, Edwin Merrick. ''American Business Corporations Until 1860, with Special Reference to Massachusetts'' (1954)
* DuBois, A. B. ''The English Business Company after the Bubble Act'' (1938)
* Formoy, RR, ''The Historical Foundations of Company Law'' (Sweet and Maxwell 1923) 21
* Freedman, Charles. ''Joint-stock Enterprise in France: From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation'' (1979)
* Frentrop, P, ''A History of Corporate Governance 1602–2002'' (Brussels et al., 2003)
* [[Ernst Freund|Freund, Ernst]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050129193644/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/freund/index.html ''The Legal Nature of the Corporation''] (1897), MCMaster.ca
* Hallis, Frederick. ''Corporate Personality: A Study in Jurisprudence'' (1930)
* [[Robert Hessen|Hessen, Robert]]. ''[[In Defense of the Corporation]]''. Hoover Institute. 1979.
* Hunt, Bishop. ''The Development of the Business Corporation in England '' (1936)
* Klein and Coffee. ''Business Organization and Finance: Legal and Economic Principles''. Foundation. 2002.
* Kocaoglu, Kagan (Cahn Kojaolu) [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1103644 A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law]
* Kyd, S, ''A Treatise on the Law of Corporations'' (1793–1794)
* Mahoney, PG, "Contract or Concession? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law" (2000) 34 Ga. Law Review 873
* Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/majumdar/index.html ''Corporate Life in Ancient India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185250/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/majumdar/index.html |date=2011-07-06 }}, (1920)
* Means, Robert Charles. ''Underdevelopment and the Development of Law: Corporations and Corporation Law in Nineteenth-century Colombia'', (1980)
* Micklethwait, John and Wooldridge, Adrian. ''The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea''. New York: Modern Library. 2003.
* {{cite book |last1= Provost|first1=Claire|last2=Kennard |first2=Matt |author-link2=Matt Kennard (journalist)|date=2023 |title=Silent Coup: How Corporations Overthrew Democracy|url= |location= |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|page= |isbn=978-1350269989}}
* Owen, Thomas. ''The Corporation Under Russian Law: A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy'' (1991)
* Rungta, Radhe Shyam. ''The Rise of the Business Corporation in India, 1851–1900'' (1970)
* Scott, W. R. [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/scott/index.html ''Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185257/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/scott/index.html |date=2011-07-06 }} (1912)
* [[Robert Sobel|Sobel, Robert]]. ''The Age of Giant Corporations: A Microeconomic History of American Business''. (1984)
* [[Adam Tooze|Tooze, Adam]], "Democracy and Its Discontents", ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVI, no. 10 (6 June 2019), pp. 52–53, 56–57. "Democracy has no clear answer for the mindless operation of [[bureaucracy|bureaucratic]] and [[technology|technological power]]. We may indeed be witnessing its extension in the form of [[artificial intelligence]] and [[robotics]]. Likewise, after decades of dire warning, the [[environmentalism|environmental problem]] remains fundamentally unaddressed.... Bureaucratic overreach and environmental catastrophe are precisely the kinds of slow-moving existential challenges that democracies deal with very badly.... Finally, there is the threat du jour: corporations and the technologies they promote." (pp. 56–57.)

== External links ==
{{wikiquote|Corporations}}
* [[b:US Corporate Law|US Corporate Law]] at Wikibooks
* [http://www.brh.org.uk/dwtf2008/kcc.html Audio from a talk about the history of corporations and English law by barrister Daniel Bennett]

{{Aspects of corporations}}
{{Workplace}}
{{Portal bar|Companies}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Business law| ]]
[[Category:Corporate law]]
[[Category:Corporations| ]]
[[Category:Legal entities]]
[[Category:Types of organization]]

N. Subba Rao Pantulu

2026-02-08T17:59:11Z

Tjackson: edit

{{Short description|Indian politician and social activist (1856-1941)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| name = Nyapathi Subba Rao Pantulu
| post-nominals =
| image = File:Nyapathi Subbarao Panthulu.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Statue of Nyapati Subba Rao Pantulu at Freedom Fighters' Park, [[Rajahmundry]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1856|01|14}}
| birth_place = [[Nellore]],[[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
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| alma_mater = [[Madras Christian College]]
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| known_for = [[Indian freedom movement]], Founding member of [[The Hindu]] ([[Triplicane Six]]), [[Mylapore clique]]
| notable_works = 
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| title = [[Member of Legislative Council]]
| term = 1893-1909
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'''Nyapathi Subba Rao Pantulu''' (popularly known as '''Andhra Bhishma''')<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Indian Patriots Volume 1|author=P. Rajeswar Rao|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTrs9MF9374C&pg=PA275|page=275|publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-280-6 |quote=He was rightly acclaimed as Andhra Bhishma - grand old man of Andhra.}}</ref> (14 January 1856 – 15 January 1941) was an Indian politician and social activist who served as a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]]<ref name="Krishnaswamy">{{cite book | title=The role of Madras Legislature in the freedom struggle, 1861-1947| author=S. Krishnaswamy| year=1989| page=11| publisher=People's Pub. House (New Delhi) }}</ref> between 1893 and 1909.<ref name="minoritiesp45">{{cite book|title=Minorities in Madras State: group interests in modern politics|page=45|author=S. Saraswathi|publisher=Impex India|year=1974}}</ref><ref name="hazellp209">{{cite book|title=Hazell's annual, Volume 1896|author=E. D. Price |author2=William Palmer |author3=Thomas Allan Ingram |publisher=Hazell, Watson and Viney|year=1896|page=209}}</ref><ref name="indianyearbookp208">{{cite book|title=The Indian year-book and annual|page=208|year=1912}}</ref><ref name="nationalliberationp147">{{cite book|title= Struggle for national liberation: role of the Telugu people from early days to 1947|page=147|publisher=Uppal Publishing House|author=K. Seshadri|year=1993}}</ref> He was also one of the [[Triplicane Six]], founders of ''[[The Hindu]],''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=Pathways to Nationalism: Social Transformation and Nationalist Consciousness in Colonial Tamil Nadu, 1858–1918|author=S. Ganeshram|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2016|isbn=978-1-351-99737-9}}</ref> and General Secretary of the [[Indian National Congress]] from 1914 to 1917''.''

== Early life ==

Pantulu was born in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]] family<ref>{{cite book|title=The Calcutta Historical Journal, Volume 18|publisher=University of Calcutta|year=1996|page=44|quote=The second Andhra Conference, held at Bezwada (Vijayawada) under the presidentship of Nyapati Subba Rao Pantulu, a (Maratha-Telugu Brahman) Desastha descended from a long line distinguished civil servants, unanimously passed the resolution demanding a separate province for Andhras which had been drawn up the previous year in Bapatla}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three surveyors who contributed to our knowledge of India|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/Three-surveyors-who-contributed-to-our-knowledge-of-India/article16896164.ece1|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kandukuri Viresalingam, 1848-1919: A Biography of an Indian Social Reformer · Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wa2xAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=University of Wisconsin -Madison|page=323|quote=They also complained that men like Nyapati Subba Rao were allowed to travel all over Southeast Asia without fear of being outcast. Sankaracharya replied that Subba Rao was a Madhva and beyond his jurisdiction.}}</ref> in [[Nellore]] on 14 January 1856, but later moved to [[Rajahmundry]]. His father Veera Raghava Rao worked in the Customs Department (Salt Branch) in the Madras Government. His mother was Rangamma. As a student, Subba Rao was known for his intelligence and industry. After passing the Matriculation examination, he joined the Christian College at Madras and obtained his B.A degree in 1876. Three years later, he obtained his law degree.
After qualifying for the Bar, he set up his practice at Rajahmundry in 1880. At Rajahmundry, he came into contact with [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]], the well known Andhra social reformer. Subba Rao was attracted by the literary and social reform activities of Veeresalingam. Within a few years Subba Rao became a leading lawyer in [[Rajahmundry]].

== Literary Interests ==
Subba Rao was interested in journalism and [[Telugu literature]]. While studying in [[Madras]], he founded ''The Hindu'' in 1878 along with his friends [[G. Subramania Iyer]] and [[M. Veeraraghavachariar]]. He also founded two other journals : ''Chintamani'' in Telugu and ''Indian Progress'' in English. ''Chintamani'' encouraged the writing of Telugu novels by instituting annual awards.

== Political activities ==
Pantulu was involved in politics from his early life, and aligned with the [[Mylapore clique]]. He served as the first Chairman of the Rajahmundry municipality. He attended the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885. In 1892, he was elected as a member of the Madras Legislative Council. In 1894, he presided over the annual session of the Krishna District Association. In the following year he established the Godavari District Association. He presided over the annual session of the Madras Provincial Conference held at Visakhapatnam on 5 June 1907.

== Indian Independence Movement ==
Subbarao was a moderate by conviction. He did not support the activists of the extremists. At the same time, he supported the Swadeshi Movement as it fostered the growth of indigenous industries. Along with [[C.Y. Chintamani]] he toured the coastal Andhra districts to propagate Swadeshi. Pantulu was elected as the General Secretary of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1914 and remained in that position till 1917. When the [[Andhra Mahasabha]] held its second session at [[Vijayawada]] on 11 April 1914, Pantulu presided over the meeting in which he demanded a separate Andhra state for Telugu-speaking people of [[Madras Presidency]]. This resulted in the formation of the Andhra Congress Council on 22 January 1918 with Pantulu as its first President and [[Konda Venkatappayya]] as its Secretary.

== Death ==

Pantulu died in late 1940 at the age of 84. In a tribute which appeared in ''The Hindu'' in January 1941, Pantulu was hailed as "a man of magnificent vitality" and "a promoter of 'liberal Hinduism'".

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite news|title=Indian press should not allow its core values to be undermined: N. Ram|date=31 May 2010|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article443047.ece}}
* {{cite book|title=Growth of public opinion in the Madras Presidency (1858-1909)|page=42|publisher=University of Madras|author=D. Sadasivan|year=1974}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pantulu, N. Subba Rao}}
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]

Reason, Romanticism and Revolution

2026-01-29T06:17:45Z

Tjackson: put up new data first draft...

{{Short description|Book by M. N. Roy}}
{{Infobox book
| author = [[M. N. Roy]]
| pub_date = 1952
| image = Roy-reasonromanticism-dj.jpg
| caption = Dust jacket of the Indian first edition of Volume Two of Reason, Romanticism and Revolution, published posthumously in 1955
}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Mn roy2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Philosopher and political activist M.N. Roy (1887–1954), author of ''Reason, Romanticism and Revolution'']]
'''''Reason, Romanticism and Revolution''''' is the last major work by [[India]]n [[humanism|humanist]] philosopher and political activist [[M. N. Roy]]. Deemed by some to be his "magnum opus," the book was published in two volumes, with the final manuscript readied for the press in the spring of 1952.

The first volume appeared in August 1952 with the second volume published posthumously in May 1955. The work is a survey of the development of Western political thought as reflected through the prism of Roy's philosophical ideas and includes a presentation of his own original thinking about "New Humanism".

==History==

===Background===

[[India]]n political philosopher [[M. N. Roy]] began work on what would be his final major project, ''Reason, Romanticism and Revolution,'' in 1948.<ref name=IEP>Ramendra Nath, [http://www.iep.utm.edu/roy_mn/ Manbendra Nath Roy (1887—1954),"] Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, www.iep.utm.edu/</ref> Roy's process of research, writing, and revision would continue for nearly half a decade, with the final typescript prepared for the press in April 1952.<ref name=IEP />

In introducing his work, Roy asserted that modern civilization faced a "cultural and moral crisis" that compelled thoughtful people to seek a return to society's "humanist tradition".<ref name=RoyI-v>M.N. Roy, ''Reason, Romanticism and Revolution: Volume One.'' Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1952; pg. v.</ref> Roy attributed this crisis to a negative byproduct of the 19th Century victory of [[skepticism]] and [[empiricism]] over other more immutable and [[determinism|deterministic]] belief systems — a process which not only "set human spirit free" but which also ushered in new forms of subjugation.<ref name=RoyI-v /> "If empiricism deposed reason from the seat of the supreme judge, [[pragmatism]] subordinated moral values to practical considerations," Roy declared.<ref name=RoyI-v />

''Reason, Romanticism and Revolution'' was in some ways an extension of an argument begun by Roy in his 1946 book, ''Beyond Communism to Humanism,'' in which the centralism and deterministic economic basis of Marxism was rejected as well as the atomized society associated with [[individualism]], in favor of a loosely structured "radical democracy" of self-governing local units which administered society at a local level, coordinating a cooperative economy.<ref>"Manabendra Nath Roy, 1887–1954," in Robert Benewick and Philip Green (eds.), ''The Routledge Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Political Thinkers.'' London: Routledge, 1998; pp. 276-277.</ref>

Attempting to move past Marxism, Roy presented his book as a grand "humanist interpretation of cultural history" which also sought to "outline a comprehensive philosophy which links up social and political practice with a scientific metaphysics of rationality and ethics."<ref>Roy, ''Reason, Romanticism and Revolution: Volume One,'' pg. vi.</ref>

===Structure===
Roy's book attempted to systematically review the development of Western [[political philosophy]] from the birth of modern thought through the [[Age of Enlightenment]], the emergence of 19th Century [[Romanticism]] and [[Liberalism]] as a reforming ethos, as well as the [[Marxism|Marxist]] response. Roy perceived Marxism at an impasse and posited his own theory of a "New Humanism" as an alternative to what he characterized as the "Crisis of the Twentieth Century".

'''Volume One''' (1952)

:Chapter 1: Introduction
:Chapter 2: Human Nature
:Chapter 3: The Law-Governed Universe
:Chapter 4: The Revolt of Man
:Chapter 5: Revolt of the Angels
:Chapter 6: The Natural Law
:Chapter 7: Birth of Modern Philosophy
:Chapter 8: The New Science
:Chapter 9: The Enlightenment
:Chapter 10: The Great Revolution—I
:Chapter 11: The Great Revolution—II

'''Volume Two''' (1955)

:Chapter 1: Reaction and Romanticism
:Chapter 2: History of Romanticism
:Chapter 3: Romantic Extravagance
:Chapter 4: Liberalism: Origin and Tradition
:Chapter 5: Fallacies of Liberalism
:Chapter 6: Utilitarianism
:Chapter 7: Neo-Classical Rationalism
:Chapter 8: Hegel to Marx
:Chapter 9: Marxism
:Chapter 10: The Twins of Irrationalism
:Chapter 11: The Crisis of the Twentieth Century
:Chapter 12: The Way Out
:Chapter 13: New Humanism

===Critical response===

''Reason, Romanticism and Revolution'' proved to be Roy's best-known work, generating critical attention in European intellectual circles during the decade of the 1950s.<ref name=Narisetti8>Innaiah Narisetti, ''M.N. Roy: Radical Humanist: Selected Writings.'' New York: Prometheus Books, 2004; pg. 8.</ref> Roy's work was lauded as "thorough" and "brilliant" by philosopher [[Erich Fromm]] in his 1955 book, ''The Sane Society.''<ref name=Narisetti8 />

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==

* V. Karnik, ''M.N. Roy.'' New Delhi: National Book Trust, 1980.
* Akhtar Khan Mohd, "M.N. Roy: Reason and Revolution in Politics", ''Indian Journal of Political Science,'' vol. 51, no. 3 (July–Sept. 1990), pp. 416–423. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855506 In JSTOR]
* Ramendra Nath, ''M.N. Roy’s New Humanism and Materialism.'' Patna: Buddhiwadi Foundation, 2001.
* Sibnarayan Ray (ed.), ''M.N. Roy Philosopher-Revolutionary.'' New Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1995.
* M.N. Roy, ''Reason, Romanticism and Revolution: Volume One.'' Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1952.
* M.N. Roy, ''Reason, Romanticism and Revolution: Volume Two.'' Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1955.
* V.M. Tarkunde, ''Radical Humanism.'' New Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1983.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reason, Romanticism and Revolution}}
[[Category:1952 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1955 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Universal history books]]
[[Category:Books about political philosophy]]
[[Category:Political books]]
[[Category:Books critical of capitalism]]
[[Category:Humanist literature]]

Sheba Chhachhi

2026-01-29T01:54:27Z

Tjackson: creating some post more to come - done

{{short description|Indian artist (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheba Chhachhi
| image = Sheba Chhachhi 2012.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Chhachhi in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1958}}
| birth_place = Harar, Ethiopia
| education = Delhi University, Delhi and
National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad
| known_for = Photography and contemporary art
| awards = Prix Thun for Art and Ethics, Switzerland (2017),
Juror’s Prize for contemporary art in Asia by the Singapore Art Museum (2011)
}}
'''Sheba Chhachhi''' (born 1958), is an Ethiopian-born Indian photographer, women's rights activist, writer, filmmaker, and installation artist. She is based in [[New Delhi]] and has exhibited her works widely in India and internationally.<ref name="Saffron">{{cite web|title=Sheba Chhachhi|url=http://www.saffronart.com/fixed/ItemDetails.aspx?iid=32538&a=Sheba%20%20Chhachhi&pt=2&eid=3476|work=saffronart.com/|publisher=saffron Art|accessdate=10 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Thearts">{{cite web|title=Understanding Sheba Chhachhi's visual and intellectual realm|url= http://www.theartstrust.com/Magazine_article.aspx?articleid=145|work=theartstrust.com/|publisher=The Arts Trust|accessdate=10 December 2013}}</ref>

Issues centring on women and impact of urban transformations informs most of Chhachhi's site-specific [[Installation art|installations]] and independent artworks.<ref name="River">{{cite journal|last=Dhar|first=Jyoti|title=A RIVER OF MEMORIES:SHEBA CHHACHHI |journal=ArtAsiaPacific Magazine|date=March–April 2012|issue=77|url= http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/77/ARiverOfMemoriesShebaChhachhi |accessdate=10 December 2013}}</ref> Chacchhi has had her work exhibited in 9 solo gallery shows in 18 countries, her work has been sold in 4 auctions. She has also been a part of 5 Special Projects and published in 5 Museum/ Public collections. In 2011, she was awarded the Juror's Prize for Contemporary Art by the Singapore Art Museum and in 2017, she received the prestigious Prix Thun for Art and Ethics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/id=69093|title=Artist Sheba Chhachhi Wins 2017 Prix Thun for Art and Ethics Award |work=artforum.com|access-date=2017-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Chhachhi was born in 1958 in [[Harar]], [[Ethiopia]] where her father was stationed by the Indian Army and returned to India at the age of 3 years. The family frequently moved from one place to the other due to her father's job. She recalls of her teen years, "I spent some of my teen years hanging out with folksingers and mystics," before getting involved with the feminist movement.<ref name=Berkeley>{{cite news|last=Bergman|first=Barry|title=Transforming the 'poison of time': Sheba Chhachhi brings her art, and activism, to the Townsend Center|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2005/02/09_chhachhi.shtml|accessdate=10 December 2013|newspaper=UCBerkeley News|date=9 February 2005}}</ref>
She was educated at [[Delhi University]] after which she attended Chitrabani, [[Kolkata]] and the [[National Institute of Design]] (NID), [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=Saffron /><ref name=Volte>{{cite web|title=Sheba Chhachhi: Biography|url=http://www.volte.in/sheba-chhachhi-biography.php|work=www.volte.in|publisher=Volte.in|accessdate=10 December 2013}}</ref>

==Major works==
Chhachhi started her career in the 1980s with [[documentary photography]], chronicling the women's movement in India.<ref name=Saffron /><ref name=Thearts /> Chhachhi recorded the mass protests in Delhi in the same time period.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://artradarjournal.com/2017/07/30/indias-sheba-chhachhi-winner-of-2nd-prix-thun-for-art-and-ethics-artist-profile/|title=India's Sheba Chhachhi: winner of 2nd Prix Thun for Art and Ethics – artist profile {{!}} Art Radar|last=Radar|first=Art|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref>

Her first international exhibition was titled, ''Four Women Photographers'' that opened at Horizon Gallery, [[London]] in 1988 as a part of the Spectrum Photography Festival.<ref name="Artnet">{{cite web|title=Sheba Chhachhi|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/sheba-chhachhi/|work=artnet.com|publisher=Artnet.com|accessdate=10 December 2013}}</ref> ''Seven Lives in a Dream'' (1998) was the first of a series of close collaborations with the subjects of her art. In an interview with ''ArtAsiaPacific'' in 2011 she says, ”It shifted my mode of practice, this inter-subjectivity where the subject and photographer create together. In a way, that was my movement towards ‘art.’ ” <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/77/ARiverOfMemoriesShebaChhachhi|title=ArtAsiaPacific: A River Of Memories Sheba Chhachhi|website=artasiapacific.com|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref>

She further reinvented her mode of art practice by moving on to photo based installations making use of photographs, text, sculpture, found objects which she calls, "the perfect form because it brought photography, text, and sculpture together".<ref name="Thearts" /><ref name="Berkeley" /> These multimedia installations explores the questions of history, the feminine experience, [[visual culture]], urban ecologies, personal and collective memory, and retrieves marginal worlds: of women, mendicants, and forgotten forms of labour and the play between the mythic and social. Chhachhi creates immersive environments, bringing the contemplative into the political in both site-specific public art and independent works.<ref name="Thearts" /><ref name="khoj">{{cite web|title=Sheba Chhachhi| url=http://www.khojworkshop.org/user/sheba_chhachhi|work=khojworkshop.org|publisher=KHOJ, International Artists' Association|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213164709/http://www.khojworkshop.org/user/sheba_chhachhi|archivedate=13 December 2013|url-status=dead|accessdate=10 December 2013}}</ref>

Her photo installation, 'When the Gun Is Raised, Dialogue Stops', a collaborative effort with writer Sonia Jabbar attempts to create a "third space" in which the voice of women of [[Kashmir]] can be heard over the violence that plagues the region.<ref name="Berkeley" /> It opened as a solo exhibition in India Habitat center, New Delhi in 2000. Chhachhi and Sonia Jabbar made numerous visits to Kashmir and the refugee camps to "bring the human back into the discourse" that is otherwise blurred out in the violence.<ref name="Berkeley" />
In 2004, Chhachhi came up with a series of portraits of women ascetics in India. Titled 'Ganga's Daughters: Meetings With Women Ascetics, 1992-2004' it was exhibited in Nature Morte, [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Berkeley" /><ref name="Tehelka">{{cite news|last=Padmanabhan|first=Chitra|title=Wild Mothers|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main7.asp?filename=hub103004Wild_Mothers.asp|accessdate=11 December 2013|newspaper=Tehelka|date=30 October 2004}}</ref> She spent more than a decade in getting to know these women ''sadhus'' and documenting their lives. She was fascinated with the poetry of women ascetics dating back to ancient and [[medieval India]] and was introduced to a world in which these women broke free of codified confines of the social order. And thus, she closely followed the women ascetics of North and East India and the result was 'Ganga's Daughters'. She explains, "They are not wives, they are not mothers, they are not daughters. They reinvent themselves as individual beings…. The self-definition is in relation to the metaphysical, and not the social."<ref name="Berkeley" />
Her work, 'Winged Pilgrims: A Chronicle' was hosted by Bose Pacia gallery, [[New York City]] in 2007. A multi-part installation including sculptures, lightboxes, and a recorded soundtrack that present various iconographies like birds, landscapes, and robed figures articulates the language of migration and a response to globalization. With a series of imaginary landscapes and digital props interspersed with references from Indian sculpture, Persian/ Mughal miniature, Chinese brush painting and documentary photography shown through a moving image light box, the work went on to be exhibited in many other galleries elsewhere."<ref name="Thearts" /> The moving image light box (which she uses in her later works as well), that Chhachhi developed as a new artistic medium, uses a series of still and moving layers of photographic images to almost cinematic effect.<ref name="khoj" /> She expounds on the work, "This work configures a spatial, temporal and conceptual field within which the movement of ideas, objects, forms across Asia - with China and India as significant nodes - is articulated through three key elements that are simultaneously material and metaphoric: Birds, the robes of Buddhist Pilgrims and the 'Plasma Action' Electronic T.V. toy."<ref name="Thearts" />

Her investigations with globalisation and its effects on urban transformations continued further with video installation 'The Water Diviner' (2008) hosted by Volte, New Delhi and the installation 'Black Waters Will Burn' (2011).<ref name="River" /><ref name="Lise">{{cite web|title=Sheba Chhachhi|url=http://www.lisemckean.org/sheba-chhachhi.html|work=lisemckean.org|publisher=Lise McKean|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref> She regards the former as her favorite work till date.<ref name="River" /> She describes that in the sacred text of '''Yamunashtak'' hymn', Yamuna River is described as a beautiful, sensual woman. But in actuality, Chhachhi perceives it as a wounded female form.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Sheba Chhachhi.jpg|340px|thumb|Sheba Chhachhi during the Hans Ulrich Obrist Khoj Marathon, 2011.]]

Chhachhi was also a part of the 1998 documentary, 'Three Women and a Camera' directed by Sabina Gadhioke, about three women photographers in India, Sheba Chhachhi, [[Dayanita Singh]] and [[Homai Vyarawalla]].<ref name="Imdb">{{cite web|title=Three Women and a camera|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0410760/?ref_=nm_flmg_slf_1|work=imdb.com|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref> She also acted in Sonali Fernando's 1992 short film, 'Shakti' as a creative woman who recycles rubbish around her into works of art.<ref name="Shakti">{{cite web|title=Movies: Shakti|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/435647/Shakti/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306033950/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/435647/Shakti/overview|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2016|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref>

Chhachhi's work encompasses documentary photography, installation, video, and new media, creating immersive environments and bringing the contemplative into the political in both site-specific public art and independent works. Her works are held in significant public and private collections, including the [[Tate Modern]], London; [[Kiran Nadar]] Museum, Delhi; Bose Pacia, New York; the [[Singapore Art Museum]]; and [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fotofestindia.art/sheba-chhachhi.aspx#.XKhJ7K17HkI|title=FotoFest 2018 Biennial - Sheba Chhachhi|website=www.fotofestindia.art|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref>

== Recent exhibitions ==
Chhachhi's recent solo exhibitions include Agua de Luz, Volte Gallery, [[Mumbai]] (2016); Evoking the Pause, Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum, Mumbai (2011); and Luminarium, Volte Gallery Mumbai (2011).

* Her group shows include Part Narratives, Bikaner House, New Delhi, and Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum (2017)
* 50:50: Photography to Digital Imaging and Back, Birla Academy of Art and Culture, Kolkata (2017)
* Seven Lives & A Dream: Citizen, Tate Modern, London (2016–17)
* Precariously Yours, National Museum of World Cultures, Museum of Ethnology, Leiden, the Netherlands (2016)
* The Eye and the Mind: New Interventions in Contemporary Art, Guangdong Museum of Art, Guangzhou, China Art Museum, Shanghai, Minsheng Art Museum, Beijing, and National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi (2015)
* Locust Time, Chandigarh Museum of Art (2014); Water, Europalia Festival, Grand Curtis Museum, Liege, Belgium (2013)
* Everywhere But Now, 4th Thessaloniki Biennale, Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki, Greece (2013)
* Record/Resist: Zones of Contact, Kiran Nadar Museum, Noida, India (2013)
* The Water Diviner: Difficult Loves, Kiran Nadar Museum, Saket, New Delhi (2013)
* Chimera: The Collectors’ Show, Singapore Art Museum (2012).<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhachhi, Sheba}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ethiopian photographers]]
[[Category:Ethiopian women photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Ethiopian artists]]
[[Category:Ethiopian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Ethiopian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian installation artists]]
[[Category:People from Harari Region]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women installation artists]]
[[Category:21st-century women artists]]

Shirui Lily Cup

2026-01-21T21:04:03Z

Tjackson: creating new pg more to come

{{Multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=November 2021}}{{notability|1=Events|date=November 2021}}{{original research|date=November 2021}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox football tournament
|name = Shirui Lily Cup
|organiser = Ukhrul District Sports Association (UDSA)
|founded = {{Start date and age|1973}}
|region = India
|number of teams = 10
|current =
|current champions = Sagolband United
|most successful team =
}}

'''Shirui Lily Cup''', also known as the '''Shirui Lily National Level Football Knockout Cup''', is an Indian [[association football|football]] tournament held in [[Ukhrul]] and organized by Ukhrul District Sports Association (UDSA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shirui Lily Cup begins, United Brothers FC beat Phungyar FC 2-0|url=https://ifp.co.in/11119/shirui-lily-cup-begins-united-brothers-fc-beat-phungyar-fc-2-0|access-date=2021-11-27|website=ifp.co.in|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127034616/https://ifp.co.in/11119/shirui-lily-cup-begins-united-brothers-fc-beat-phungyar-fc-2-0|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The Shirui Lily Cup has been held under the aegis of Ukhrul DSA and is named after the State Flower of Manipur Shirui Lily. The tournament was first held in 1973 as a district level tournament. The next year, it was made a state level tournament by AMFA and eventually designated an All India national level competition by AIFF in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ukhrul readies for Shirui Lily national football|url=https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport5..300911.sep11|publisher=E-Pao|date=29 September 2011}}</ref>

Ukhrul District Sports Association had announced that the 29th edition of the Shirui Lily Cup football tournament was going to be held from November 22 to December 4, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shirui Lily Cup 2021 to kick-start from November 22|url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/udsa-to-organise-shirui-lily-cup-2021/|access-date=27 November 2021|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127033107/https://ifp.co.in/11119/shirui-lily-cup-begins-united-brothers-fc-beat-phungyar-fc-2-0|archive-date=27 November 2021|url-status=dead|website=thefrontiermanipur.com|publisher=Imphal Free Press|date=25 November 2021}}</ref>

==Venue==
The competition is held at Tangkhul Naga Long Ground at [[Ukhrul]].

==Results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of Shirui Lily Cup Finals
! scope="col" |Edition
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Winners
! scope="col" |Score
! scope="col" |Runners-up
! scope="col" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|25th
|2004
|'''[[Eastern Sporting Union]]'''
|1–0
|Youth Social Welfare Association
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ESU pip YSWA to retain Shirui cup|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..191204.dec04|publisher=E-Pao|date=18 December 2004}}</ref>
|-
|26th
|2005
|'''TRUGPU, Nambol'''
|1–0
|Lenali, Churachandpur
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nambol lift Shirui Cup|url=https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport3.14.041205.dec05|publisher=E-Pao|date=3 December 2005}}</ref>
|-
|27th
|2008
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRUGPU enter Shirui Cup final|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport3..280308.mar08|publisher=E-Pao|date=27 March 2008}}</ref>
|-
|28th
|2011
|'''AIM, Khabam'''
|0–0 {{pso|4–3}}
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIM champions of Shirui Lily Cup 2011 : 09th nov11 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport3..091111.nov11|access-date=27 November 2021|publisher=E-PAO|website=e-pao.net|archive-date=27 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227082957/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport3..091111.nov11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|29th
|2021
|'''[[Shillong Lajong]]'''
|4–3
|[[KLASA FC|KLASA]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shillong Lajong FC emerge champs of 29th Shirui Lily Cup|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/12/5/Mungchan-ZimikUkhrul-Dec-4-Shillong-Lajong-FC-SLFC-emerged-the-champions-of-the-29th-Shirui-L.html|access-date=11 November 2023|language=en|first1=Mungchan|last1=Zimik|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111073654/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/12/5/Mungchan-ZimikUkhrul-Dec-4-Shillong-Lajong-FC-SLFC-emerged-the-champions-of-the-29th-Shirui-L.html|archive-date=11 November 2023|location=Ukhrul|website=thesangaiexpress.com|publisher=The Sangai Express|date=5 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|30th
|2023
|'''Sagolband United'''
|2–2 {{pso|13–12}}
|YOSC Khurai
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sagolband United Win Shirui Lily Cup|url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/sagolband-united-win-shirui-lily-cup/|publisher=The Frontier Manipur|date=19 April 2023}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in Manipur}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1973]]
[[Category:Ukhrul]]
[[Category:Football in Manipur]]

Upper Wardha Dam

2026-01-18T01:47:22Z

Tjackson: creating first info from scratch - done

{{short description|Dam in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Upper Wardha Dam Nal Damayanti Sagar
| image = Upper Wardha Dam.jpg
| image_caption =
| name_official = Upper Wardha Dam D02982
| dam_crosses = Wardha River
| location = [[Morshi]]
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]]
| dam_length = {{convert|5920|m|abbr=on}} (Spillway {{convert|268|m|abbr=on}})
| dam_height = {{convert|46.2|m|abbr=on}} (Spillway), {{convert|36.62|m|abbr=on}} Earth Dam
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1993<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Upper_Wardha_D02982 | title=Upper Wardha D02982 | access-date=28 February 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = 786,480,000 cubic metres (live storage 614,790,000 cubic metres)
| res_catchment = {{convert|4302|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{convert|9748|ha|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|16|35|N|78|03|26|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website = [http://wikimapia.org/256578/Upper-Wardha-Dam-Nal-Damayanti-Sagar Upper Wardha Dam]
| extra =
}}
The '''Upper Wardha Dam''' is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] straight [[dam#Gravity dams|gravity]] dam across the [[Wardha River]], a tributary of the [[Godavari River]], near [[Simbhora]] village in [[Morshi]] taluk in [[Amravati]] district in the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The dam provides multipurpose benefits of irrigation, drinking water supply, [[flood control]] and hydropower generation.<ref name=Facts>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20dams%202009.pdf|title=National Register of Dams 2009|access-date=21 March 2011|publisher=Central water Commission: National Informatics Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Tributaries>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sakti.in/godavaribasin/tributaries.htm|title=Data base on Godavari Basin:Wardha|access-date=21 March 2011|publisher=Sakti a Voluntary Organization|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093649/http://www.sakti.in/godavaribasin/tributaries.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Upper Wardha Dam is also known as the Nala Damayanti Sagar, named after the famous characters [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]] of an epic love story in [[Hindu mythology]], [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]].<ref name=Facts/>

The multipurpose Upper Wardha Dam project is considered the lifeline for [[Amravati]] city, and Morshi and [[Warud Taluka]]s. It is an integral component of the Upper Wardha Irrigation Project, which envisages providing water for irrigation, drinking water supply and for industrial use and also flood control. Hydropower generation is planned only when irrigation develops.<ref name=Facts/><ref name=Tributaries/><ref name=Reservoir>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ijetch.org/papers/034.pdf|title= Optimal Reservoir Operation Policies Using Genetic Algorithm|access-date=21 March 2011|publisher=International Journal of Engineering and Technology|volume=1|issue=2|date=June 2009|author=Y. P. Mathur, S. J. Nikam|pages=184–187}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Wardha River, across which the Upper Wardha Dam is built, is a tributary of the Godavari River. From its origin, at an altitude of {{convert|785|m|abbr=on}} in [[Satpura Range]] from the [[Multai plateau]] in [[Betul District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], the river flows {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}} in Madhya Pradesh and then enters into Maharashtra near the Multai plateau of the Satpuda range. It flows along the entire northern and western border of the [[Wardha district]]. After traversing {{convert|528|km|abbr=on}}, it joins [[Wainganga River]] and together it is called the [[Pranhita]], which ultimately flows into the Godavari River. Kar, Wena, Jam and Erai are its left-bank tributaries whereas Madu, Bembla and Penganga are the right-bank tributaries. The catchment area is hilly and forested in its upper reaches from its source and the lower reaches are flat wide valleys.<ref name=Facts/><ref name=Tributaries/><ref name=River>{{Cite web|url= http://wardha.gov.in/htmldocs/rivers.asp|title=Rivers|access-date=21 March 2011|publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

The project is located near Morshi, about {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}} towards to the east of Morshi and {{convert|56|km|abbr=on}} from the Amravati City, in the Godavari River Basin. The river drains a catchment area of {{convert|4302|km2|abbr=on}} up to the dam site.<ref name=Facts/><ref name=Tributaries/>

==Hydrology==
The path of [[Monsoon depressions]] that originate in the [[Bay of Bengal]] descends directly on the Upper Wardha catchment area. In the months of August and September, intense [[cyclonic precipitation]] also occurs over the catchment for one of two days as the low-pressure area formed in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the cyclone moved in North West direction. On such occasions, intense rainfall is followed by flash flood runoff in the catchment. In view of these meteorological aspects heavy floods have been very common feature in this catchment. For such a flashy type of catchment with varying topography, runoff estimates at dam site are an involved process. The catchment drained at the dam site is of {{convert|4302|km2|abbr=on}} and is fan shaped. The parameters of slope, soil and vegetation cover, which influence the hydrology of the project, vary widely.<ref name=Forecasting>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ijcaonline.org/volume8/number12/pxc3871777.pdf|title=Short Term Flood Forecasting Using General Recurrent|access-date=21 March 2011|publisher= International Journal of Computer Applications (0975–8887) Volume 8– No.12, October 2010}}</ref> The average annual rainfall in the catchment is {{convert|840|mm|abbr=on}}, with 95% of occurring during monsoon period from June to September. The average annual inflow to the Upper Wardha Reservoir is estimated at 783 million cubic metres. The 75% dependable runoff is estimated as 500,720,000 cubic metres.<ref name=Reservoir/><ref name="CommissionJain1972">{{cite book|author1=India. Irrigation Commission|author2=Ajit Prasad Jain|title=Report, 1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WF3VAAAAMAAJ|access-date=21 March 2011|year=1972|publisher=Ministry of Irrigation and Power}}</ref>

==Specifications==

[[File:Upper wardha Reservoir.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Upper Wardha reservoir]]
Upper Wardha dam has two sections, the spillway at the central part of the river is flanked by long earthen embankment dams. The height of the masonry dam, which is the spillway, above the lowest foundation is {{convert|46.2|m|abbr=on}} and its length is {{convert|268|m|abbr=on}}. The height of the earth dam on both flanks of the spillway is {{convert|36.62|m|abbr=on}} and its total length is {{convert|5920|m|abbr=on}}. The dam structure has a volume content of 6500 million cubic metres. The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 786,480,000 cubic metres (27.8 TMC) with the live or effective storage capacity fixed at 614.79 million cubic metres (21.7TMC). The Dead Storage capacity is 171,690,000 cubic metres. Water utilization is planned at 390 million cubic metres. The spillway built in the gorge section of the river, which is {{convert|240.5|m|abbr=on}} long, is a gated structure with 13 radial gates designed to pass the design flood discharge of {{convert|19457|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Facts/><ref name=Tributaries/><ref name=Reservoir/><ref name="CommissionJain1972"/>

;Submergence
The reservoir water spread at Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of {{convert|342.50|m|abbr=on}} is {{convert|9748|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Facts/> The reservoir submergence involved 24 villages in Amravati and Wardha Districts, which were partially or fully submerged involving rehabilitation of 3000 families (11,817 people) of farmers and fish workers who were displaced and resettled. These families were still in an agitation mode seeking better compensation, as only a small cash compensation was provided to them when resettled. Their demand centred on right to access the Upper Wardha dam (the Nal Damayanti Sagar) reservoir for fisheries as a measure of rehabilitation.<ref name="(India)2008">{{cite book|author=Socialist Party (India)|title=Janata|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT1WAAAAYAAJ|access-date=13 May 2011|year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.savingiceland.org/2008/07/fishworkers-affected-by-upper-wardha-dam-take-action/|title=Fishworkers Affected by Upper Wardha Dam Take Action |access-date=14 May 2011|publisher= Savingiceland.org}}</ref>

;Irrigation benefits
[[File:Upper Wardha Dam Canal near Teosa 2.jpg|thumb|Canal from Upper Wardha Dam near Teosa]]
The irrigation system of the project was planned to irrigate lands through the right bank main canal of {{convert|95|km|abbr=on}} length and left bank main canal of {{convert|42.4|km|abbr=on}} with complement of a system to carry the water to the fields. The total irrigation potential created is in an irrigable area of {{convert|70169|ha|abbr=on}}, out of an irrigation potential of {{convert|75080|ha|abbr=on}} (Gross Command Area is {{convert|116970|ha|abbr=on}}, Culturable Command Area is {{convert|93603|ha|abbr=on}}), which is spread over the districts of Amravati and Wardha. The command area is principally made up of [[Black Cotton Soils]]. Jowar, cotton, soybean, tur, ground nut, and oranges are the major crops grown in the command area. The canal systems are slated for completion by June 2013.<ref name=Reservoir/> To ensure better irrigation planning to ensure supplies reach the tail end of the canal system even during the low flow years, a "General Algorithm" model to operate the reservoir with a [[Rule Curve]] (reservoir operating rules) in real time with inputs of all variable parameters (such as monthly demands for irrigation) has been developed. The model results indicate that irrigation releases matched irrigation demand. The reservoir operation in this process is aimed by maintaining minimum storage at the beginning of monsoon (which is the end of water year) and maintaining maximum storage during the peak of the monsoon period.<ref name=Reservoir/>
However, due to the heavy sediment inflow the reservoir is losing its active storage capacity.

;Water supply
Amravati town is now provided water supply from the Upeer Wardha reservoir supplementing an earlier supply source.. Water supply to the [[Warud|Warud town]] (a flourishing commercial town about {{convert|85|mi|abbr=on}} from Amravati city) is also planned to be supplemented from the Upper Wardha reservoir storage, which will supplement the existing tube well sources and the interim measure of tapping the Shekhdari River as a source. The plan envisages supplementation from the storage at the dam to meet the needs of the projected population of 34,500 in 2011 and 34500 in 2026 at 4,209,000 litres per day and 4,974,000 litres per day, respectively.<ref name=Supply>{{Cite web|url= http://warudnagarparishad.org.in/water-supply.html|title= Water Supply|access-date= 13 May 2011|publisher= Warudnagar Parishad|archive-date= 1 September 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110901232953/http://warudnagarparishad.org.in/water-supply.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> Water for industrial use has also been allocated and based on this allotment, a 25,000,000 litre per day water treatment plant has been built near Amravati town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eldecosez.com/faq.html.|title=Faq: (A) SEZ Related Queries|access-date=14 May 2011|publisher=Gowthcity Amravati SEZ}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Another project to divert 4,230,000 cubic metres of water from the Upper Wardha Dam Pandhurna district in Madhya Pradesh has also been approved at a cost of US$18 million.

;Flood control
The reservoir water level is regulated in such a way that the river flooding in the districts of Amravati and Wardha is avoided. An automatic system of operating gates of the spillway dam to release flood water safely downstream has been installed in a control chamber of the dam. The digital instrument installed (based on Genetic Algorithm) is a two-part ultrasonic gauging device. This system is linked to the management system through "RS-232 digital connection" to receive continuous gauge measurement data and concurrently converting the gauge level to volume figures.<ref name=Reservoir/>

;Other benefits
The dam and its surroundings provide are picturesque. Several rare species of birds have been reported from the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Upper-Wardha-Dam-46748.htm|title=Upper Wardha Dam|access-date=13 May 2011|publisher=India9.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Upper Wardha Dam}}
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Godavari basin}}

[[Category:Dams in Amravati district]]
[[Category:Gravity dams]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Chimnabai I

2026-01-16T05:10:09Z

Tjackson:

{{Short description|Queen of Baroda State (1880–1885)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Maharani Chimnabai I
| image = A full-length portrait of the Princess Srimant Lakshmibai (1864 - 1885) of Tanjore.jpg
| caption = Full-length portrait as Princess Srimant Lakshmibai
| succession = [[Maharani]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]]
| reign = 1880–1885
| coronation =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]|1880}}
| issue = {{plainlist|* Bajubai (1881–1883)
* Putlabai (1882–1885)
* Fatehsingh Rao (1883–1908)}}
| house = [[Gaekwad]]
| father = Shrimant Sardar Haibat Rao Sahib Chavan Mohite
| mother = Nagamma Bai Sahib Mohite
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1864}}
| birth_place = [[Tanjore]]
| birth_name = Lakshmibai Mohite
| death_date = {{death date and age|1885|05|07|1864|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Baroda State|Baroda]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
[[Maharani]] '''Chimnabai I''' (1864{{dash}}7 May 1885) was a queen and the first wife of [[Maharaja]] [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]] (now in [[Gujarat]]), [[British India]]. Several memorials were built by Sayajirao following her early death.

==Biography==
Chimnabai was born Lakshmibai in a [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] family to her parents Shrimant [[Sardar]] Haibat Rao Sahib [[Chavan]] [[Mohite (clan)|Mohite]] and Nagamma Bai Sahib Mohite in 1864. Her father was Amirrao of [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]] and known as Daji Sahib. Her mother was a daughter of Sri Abaji Rao Ghatge, Serjirao, of Tanjore. Lakshmibai, along with her two sisters, were adopted by princess [[Vijaya Mohana Muktamba Bai|Vijaya Mohana]] (1845–1885) who was the daughter of [[Shivaji of Thanjavur|Sivaji]], the last Maharaja of Tanjore. There is not much details about her life. She was educated at the Tanjore Fort. She had training in Sadir Attam dance and she played [[veena]]. As a dowry, a Sadir Attam dance troupe was sent with her to Baroda which introduced the dance form there.<ref name="Hirschfeld Jeetendra">{{cite web |last1=Hirschfeld |first1=Jeetendra |date=27 September 2011 |title=Life & Times of the Tanjore Princess: Vijaya Mohana (1845–1885) |url=https://www.academia.edu/93204952 |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=Sathir Dance Art Trust, Amsterdam-Chennai |pages=1–2, 4 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720140848/https://www.academia.edu/93204952 |url-status=live }}</ref>

She changed her name to Chimnabai I when she married Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda State on 6 January 1880.<ref name="Gujarat Samachar">{{cite news |title=મહારાણી લક્ષ્મીબાઈના નામે ભવ્ય લક્ષ્મી વિલાસ પેલેસનું નિર્માણ |trans-title=Construction of grand Lakshmi Vilas Palace in the name of Maharani Lakshmibai |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/madhya-gujarat/maharaja-sayajirao-built-palace-from-his-wifes-name |access-date=22 June 2023 |newspaper=Gujarat Samachar |date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622174845/https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/madhya-gujarat/maharaja-sayajirao-built-palace-from-his-wifes-name |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hirschfeld Jeetendra" /> They had two daughters and a son. Both of their daughters; Bajubai (1881–1883) and Putlabai (1882–1885); died at an early age.<ref name="HoV Sayajirao Gaekwad ">{{cite web |title=Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad 3 |url=https://historyofvadodara.in/maharaja-sayajirao-gaekwad-3/ |website=History of Vadodara |date=January 2005 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624051951/https://historyofvadodara.in/maharaja-sayajirao-gaekwad-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The foundation stone of the present royal residence of the [[Gaekwad]] family was laid by Sayajirao and Chimnabai. The palace is named [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Lakshmi Vilas Palace]] after her birth name Lakshmi.<ref name="Gujarat Samachar"/><ref name="Priya Maholay-Jaradi">{{cite book |last1=Maholay-Jaradi |first1=Priya |title=Fashioning a National Art: Baroda's Royal Collection and Art Institutions (1875–1924) |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199466849 |page=271}}</ref>

She died on 7 May 1885 of pregnancy related complications.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taleyarkhan |first1=Dinshah Ardeshir |title=Selections from My Recent Notes on the Indian Empire |year=1886 |publisher=Times of India Steam Press |pages=395–397 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYMcAAAAMAAJ |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720140851/https://books.google.com/books?id=fYMcAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the birth of Fatehsingh Rao (b.1883), she died due to pregnancy related complications.<ref name="Sethi">{{cite book |last1=Sethi |first1=Anirudh |title=Royal Fakshily of Baroda: Gaekwad's |date=4 October 2019 |publisher=Notion Press |pages=140 |isbn=9781645879794 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5uzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720140848/https://books.google.com/books?id=E5uzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Samachar"/> According to ''Hirschfeld J.'', she died from [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="Hirschfeld Jeetendra"/>

==Memorials==
{{quote box
| bgcolor = #CCDDFF
| align = left
| width = 26em
| quote = "I wish to commemorate the virtues of Her Late Highness and the admiration I entertained for her-the mild, charitable, amiable woman, the devoted mother and loving wife."
| source = —Words by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] as he laid the foundation stone for ‘The Maharani Chimnabai Market’ in memory of his queen.<ref name="HoV Nyay Mandir"/>
}}
[[File:Raopura Tower Vadodara.jpg|thumb|Clock tower at [[Raopura]] area of [[Vadodara]] named as [[Chimnabai Clock Tower]]]]
Sayajirao Gaekwad III built the clock tower at [[Raopura]] area of [[Vadodara]] and named it as [[Chimnabai Clock Tower]] (1896) in her memory.{{sfn|Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II|p=465}}<ref name="ToI 2017-05-24">{{cite news |last1=Rupera |first1=Prashant |title=Raopura tower to start chiming again |newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 May 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/raopura-tower-to-start-chiming-again/articleshow/58814361.cms |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621163855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/raopura-tower-to-start-chiming-again/articleshow/58814361.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chimnabai Tower, Baroda – 1895 |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/postDetail.php?id=196174216674_10150207889496675 |website=rarebooksocietyofindia |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621163856/https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/postDetail.php?id=196174216674_10150207889496675 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HoV Clock Tower">{{cite web |title=Clock Tower |url=https://historyofvadodara.in/raopura-tower/ |website=History of Vadodara |date=25 August 2009 |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621170144/https://historyofvadodara.in/raopura-tower/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A vegetable market near [[Sursagar Lake]] was built and named 'The Maharani Chimnabai Market', which was later used as a town hall. The building was then converted in an imperial court named [[Nyay Mandir|Maharani Chimnabai Nyay Mandir]].{{sfn|Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II|p=349}}<ref name="HoV Nyay Mandir">{{cite web |title=Nyay Mandir |url=https://historyofvadodara.in/nyay-mandir/ |website=History of Vadodara |date=13 August 2009 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624071645/https://historyofvadodara.in/nyay-mandir/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Souvenir |date=1999 |publisher=Reception Committee, All India Library Conference, the University of California |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpKAQAAIAAJ&q=Chimnabai |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720140850/https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpKAQAAIAAJ&q=Chimnabai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=District Court Vadodara, Gujarat ઇતિહાસ |url=https://vadodara.dcourts.gov.in/gu/about-department/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AF-%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87/ |website=vadodara.dcourts.gov.in |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625112911/https://vadodara.dcourts.gov.in/gu/about-department/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AF-%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A white marble statue of the queen is placed in the main room of the Nyay Mandir.{{sfn|Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II|p=467}}<ref name="Divya Bhaskar">{{cite news |last1=Nishant |first1=Dave |title=મહારાણી ચિમણાબાઇની મૂર્તિ માટે 17 વર્ષથી રાજવી પરિવારનો સંઘર્ષ |trans-title=The royal family's struggle for 17 years for the statue of Maharani Chimnabai |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/vadodara/news/royal-family-struggle-for-17-years-for-maharani-chimanabai-idol-131422856.html |newspaper=Divya Bhaskar |access-date=24 June 2023 |date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623200115/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/vadodara/news/royal-family-struggle-for-17-years-for-maharani-chimanabai-idol-131422856.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As Chimnabai had died due to pregnancy-related complications, a hospital was built in 1885 in Baroda by Sayajirao for the well-being and safe delivery of other women of the state. The hospital was named Dufferin Hospital as it was inaugurated by [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]], the then governor of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. At present, the hospital is known as Sir Sayajirao General Hospital.<ref>{{cite news |title=એસએસજી હોસ્પિટલમાં વિકાસના નામે હેરિટેજનો વિનાશ – ૧૦૦ વર્ષ જુની અને સયાજીરાવે બનાવેલી હેરિટેજ ઇમારતને તોડવા સામે ભારે વિરોધ |trans-title=Destruction of heritage in the name of development at SSG Hospital – Massive protest against demolition of 100-year-old heritage building built by Sayajirao |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/vadodara-government-civil-hospital-ssg-going-to-destroy-100-year-old-heritage-building#google_vignette |newspaper=Gujarat Samachar |access-date=25 June 2023 |date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625112909/https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/vadodara-government-civil-hospital-ssg-going-to-destroy-100-year-old-heritage-building#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref>

A lake was constructed by Sayajirao in Kadarpur village near [[Kheralu]]{{sfn|Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II|p=339}} in memory of Chimnabai I and named [[Chimnabai Lake]]. The construction was started in 1898 and completed in 1905. It has a water storage capacity of 632 million cubic feet.<ref>{{cite news |title=ચીમનાબાઈ સરોવર બન્યું જળસમૃદ્ધ, ધરોઈની સપાટી ૬૨૧ ફૂટને વટાવી |trans-title=Chimnabai lake became water rich, the level of the lake exceeded 621 feet |url=https://www.sandesh.com/gujarat/chimnabai-lake-became-water-rich-the-level-of-the-lake-exceeded-621-feet |newspaper=Sandesh |access-date=25 June 2023 |date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625114537/https://www.sandesh.com/gujarat/chimnabai-lake-became-water-rich-the-level-of-the-lake-exceeded-621-feet |url-status=live }}</ref>

The girl students who have excelled in medical education at the [[Baroda Medical College]] are honoured with the prize named after Chimnabai I.<ref name="Gujarat Samachar"/>

A white marble statue of Chimnabai I is placed in the [[Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery]].<ref name="Gujarat Samachar"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II, Administration |date=1923 |publisher=G. H. Desai |location=Baroda |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94278/page/n481/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=22 June 2023|ref=CITEREFGazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II}}

{{Vadodara topics}}

[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:Baroda State]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Veena players]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in India]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]

2025 Chhattisgarh train collision

2026-01-01T06:48:31Z

Tjackson: adding some pg first draft

{{Short description|Train collision in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Infobox public transit accident
| name = 2025 Chhattisgarh train collision
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|04|df=y}}
| time = {{Circa}}4:00{{nbsp}}p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| location = Near [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
| country = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| line = [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]
| operator = [[South East Central Railway]]
| type = [[Train collision|Collision]]
| cause = Passenger train ignoring signal
| trains = 2 trains
* A [[MEMU]]
* A [[freight train|goods train]]
| deaths = 11
| passengers =
| crew =
| injuries = 20
|owner=[[Indian Railways]]|service=68733 {{rws|Gevra Road}}—{{rws|Bilaspur Junction}} MEMU <ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=68733 Gevra Road—Bilaspur MEMU |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/7533 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>}}
On 4 November 2025, a [[passenger train]] collided with a [[Freight train|goods train]] near [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. The passenger train, which was traveling between [[Gevra Road railway station|Gevra]] and [[Bilaspur Junction railway station|Bilaspur]] on the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]], collided with the rear of a stationary goods train. The accident resulted in the deaths of at least 11 people and injuries to at least 20 others.

==Crash==
At about 4:00{{nbsp}}p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 4 November 2025, a [[MEMU]] [[passenger train]] of the [[Indian Railways]], which originated from [[Gevra Road railway station|Gevra]], was traveling towards [[Bilaspur Junction railway station|Bilaspur]] on the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=11 Dead As Passenger Train Collides With Goods Train In Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/passenger-train-collides-with-goods-train-in-chhattisgarh-deaths-feared-9573814 |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The passenger train collided with the rear of a stationary [[freight train|goods train]] near the Bilaspur station.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Chhattisgarh train accident: Toll reaches 8; compensation of 10 lakh announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chhattisgarh-passenger-train-coach-collides-with-goods-train-near-bilaspur-injured-toll/articleshow/125086775.cms |access-date=October 4, 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Bilaspur train accident: Congress leader calls for railway minister resignation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bilaspur-train-accident-live-updates-passenger-train-collides-with-goods-train-in-chhattisgarh-101762261018763.html |access-date=4 November 2025 |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The collision resulted in some of the coaches of the passenger train climbing over each other.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=5 dead in central India train accident |url=https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20251104/b3d2448bd089467dab3b07d02007806d/c.html |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref>

==Victims==
At least 11 people, including the driver of the passenger train, were killed in the collision.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Passenger train collides with cargo train in central India, killing at least 11 |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-train-crash-bilaspur-fatalities-14dea2aaf55b2fee62d9839569a6ec84 |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> An estimated 20 people were reported to be injured in the accident.<ref name="TOI"/><ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Passenger train collides with cargo train in central India, killing at least 8 people |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-train-crash-bilaspur-fatalities-14dea2aaf55b2fee62d9839569a6ec84 |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Chhattisgarh train accident: Passenger train hit parked cargo rake after signal breach, death toll rises to 11 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-train-accident-passenger-train-hits-parked-cargo-rake-after-signal-breach-death-toll-rises-to-11/articleshow/125099527.cms |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The [[Government of Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh government]] announced a compensation of {{INRconvert|1|m}} to the families of the deceased, {{INRconvert|0.5|m}} to the seriously injured, and {{INRconvert|0.1|m}} to the minor injured.<ref name="TOI" />The collision resulted in damage to tracks, overhead electrical wires and the signalling system, which resulted in the traffic on the section being disrupted with several trains being cancelled or diverted.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=6 killed, 5 injured as passenger train rams goods train in Chhattisgarh's Bilaspur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/passenger-train-hits-goods-train-in-chhattisgarhs-bilaspur-2-dead-2813362-2025-11-04 |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==Investigation==
A preliminary investigation found that the passenger train overshot a red signal, and entered the track section where the goods train was halted.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2025 |title=Chhattisgarh train accident: investigation confirms train overshot signal in red |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-train-accident-investigation-confirms-train-overshot-signal-in-red/article70259340.ece |access-date=9 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway accidents and incidents in 2025}}
{{Disasters in India in 2025}}
{{Railway accidents in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhattisgarh train collision, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:November 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2025]]
[[Category:Train collisions in India]]
[[Category:Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2020s in Chhattisgarh]]

Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti

2025-12-10T15:40:32Z

Tjackson:

{{short description|Indian NGO fighting superstition}}
{{Infobox organization
| founder= [[Narendra Dabholkar]]
| founded= {{start date and years ago|1989|df=y|paren=y}}
| image= 41 Manvel Tuscano.jpg
| caption = An awareness campaign organized by the Samiti to highlight Narendra Dabholkar's death
}}
'''Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmulan Samiti''' (MANS; or Committee for Eradication of Blind Faith, CEBF) is an organisation dedicated to fighting against [[Religion in India|religion]] and [[superstition in India]], particularly in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. It was founded by [[Narendra Dabholkar]] in 1989.<ref name="not against"/> Since 2010, the organization has been headed by Avinash Patil.

==History and work==

MANS was founded by [[Narendra Dabholkar]] in 1989.<ref name="not against">{{cite news |last=Kakodkar |first=Priyanka |date=21 August 2013 |title=He was not against God but fought exploitation |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/he-was-not-against-god-but-fought-exploitation/article5042507.ece?ref=relatedNews |accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref> In 1999, MANS had protested the canonisation of [[Mother Teresa]] on the basis of purported miracles, although they had praised her service to the ailing and diseased.<ref name=teresa>{{cite news|title=Don't ascribe miracles to Mother Teresa|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/128448/|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 October 1999}}</ref>

The organisation campaigned against immersion of [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesha]] idols in water bodies and urged people to use smaller idols and vegetable dyes to avoid polluting rivers and lakes.<ref name="idol">{{cite news |date=18 September 1999 |title=Samiti appeals against immersion of idols |work=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/122216/ |accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref> MANS proposed that citizens could instead immerse the idols into the tanks built specially for this purpose on the riverbanks.<ref name=tanks>{{cite news|title=Pune Municipal Corporation failed to curb river pollution|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-pune-municipal-corporation-failed-to-curb-river-pollution-1587736|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=16 September 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, MANS protested the torture of mentally ill people under the superstitious belief that it will cure them. Such practices were carried out in a [[dargah]] in [[Chalisgaon]].<ref name=mentally>{{cite news|title=Stop inhuman treatment of mentally ill at Chalisgaon, demands organisation|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-stop-inhuman-treatment-of-mentally-ill-at-chalisgaon-demands-organisation-1619386|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=30 November 2011}}</ref>

MANS has also challenged [[Godman (India)|godmen]] who claim to perform miracles. In December 2002, a prize of {{currency|11|INR}} [[lakh]] was announced to be given to anyone who could perform one of the listed 12 miracles. The list included walking on water, floating in air, standing on hot coals for five minutes, being present in two places simultaneously and materialising necklaces from thin air, among others. Members of MANS toured rural areas debunking these godmen.<ref name=godmen>{{cite news|title=State-wide drive against godmen under way|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-11/pune/27324744_1_godmen-ans-andhashraddha-nirmulan-samiti|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131023145252/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-11/pune/27324744_1_godmen-ans-andhashraddha-nirmulan-samiti|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2013|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 December 2002}}</ref>

They have campaigned against astrology. In October 2009, MANS organised a contest with a prize money of {{currency|21|INR}} [[lakh]] challenging astrologers to predict the results of the Maharashtra Assembly poll election with at least 80% accuracy.<ref name=poll>{{cite news|title=Predict poll results in Maharashtra, win Rs 21 lakh!|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/predict-poll-results-in-maharashtra-win-rs-21-lakh/528976/|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=14 October 2009}}</ref>

==Internal Rift in Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti (MANS)==
A leadership dispute has emerged within MANS following the appointment of Saroj Patil as its head, highlighting tensions between members and the Dabholkar family. Avinash Patil, a close associate of founder Narendra Dabholkar, accused Hamid and Mukta Dabholkar of undemocratic practices and mismanagement of trust funds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shinde |first=Shalaka |date=30 Jan 2022 |title=Dispute arises between trust members of Dabholkar's Andhashradha Nirmoolan Samiti |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/dispute-arises-between-trust-members-of-dabholkar-s-andhashradha-nirmoolan-samiti-101643565143549.html |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Bill==
{{main|Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Ordinance}}

MANS had been campaigning for a law to check the exploitation of people's superstitions in Maharashtra for a long time. In 1989 at the Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Jahirnama Parishad held that year in [[Pune]], then Chief minister Sharad Pawar had indicated the formation of a law in that direction. The issue was raised again in 1995 in the Legislative Council. On 28 July 2003, MANS members organised a hunger strike outside the State Assembly in Mumbai to protest the state's inaction.<ref name=strike>{{cite news|title=Hunger strike planned for anti-superstition law|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=57174|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 July 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030716020619/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=57174|archivedate=16 July 2003}}</ref>

On 2 March 2009, MANS members wrote a letter in blood and sent to then Chief Minister [[Ashok Chavan]] and others to urge them to take steps towards the passing of the law.<ref name="blood letter">{{cite news|title=ANS members write letters in blood|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-03/pune/28005676_1_ans-state-wide-protest-blood|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131023145330/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-03/pune/28005676_1_ans-state-wide-protest-blood|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2013|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 March 2009}}</ref> On 7 April 2011, they organized a rally to spread awareness about the law.<ref name=rally>{{cite news|title=Rally to press for anti-superstition bill|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-05/pune/29384219_1_anti-superstition-bill-training-programme-narendra-dabholkar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012011302/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-05/pune/29384219_1_anti-superstition-bill-training-programme-narendra-dabholkar|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2013|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2011}}</ref> They also ran [[telegram]]-sending campaign from 7 July to 25 July 2011 to draw attention to the issue. The telegrams were sent to the Chief Minister.<ref name=cable>{{cite news|title=Putting pressure: Cable campaign for anti-superstition bill|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-putting-pressure-cable-campaign-for-anti-superstition-bill-1563688|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=8 July 2011}}</ref>

Dabholkar was murdered on 20 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/dabholkar-murder-pune-court-frames-charges-all-five-accused-plead-not-guilty-7510291/ | title=Dabholkar murder case: Court frames charges against five accused, they plead not guilty | date=15 September 2021 }}</ref> The pending Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Ordinance was [[promulgated]] in the state of Maharashtra, four days after his death.<ref name=ordinance>{{cite news|title=The anti-black magic and superstition ordinance has been promulgated in Maharashtra|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-the-anti-black-magic-and-superstition-ordinance-has-been-promulgated-in-maharashtra-1879444|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=24 August 2013}}</ref>

== Financial ==
In 2017, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] issued a showcase notice to MANS for not disclosing foreign funds which constituted a violation of the [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010|Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act]] (FCRA), 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Vijay Chavan|date=Jul 12, 2017|title=MANS pulled up for not disclosing funds from foreign shores|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/mans-pulled-up-for-not-disclosing-funds-from-foreign-shores/articleshow/59550621.cms|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513163132/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/mans-pulled-up-for-not-disclosing-funds-from-foreign-shores/articleshow/59550621.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-19|title=When will financial scrutiny of scams committed by of 'Andha-shraddha Nirmulan Samiti (ANiS)' Trust be conducted which is trying to scrutinize Dharma ?|url=https://www.afternoonvoice.com/when-will-financial-scrutiny-of-scams-committed-by-of-andha-shraddha-nirmulan-samiti-anis-trust-be-conducted-which-is-trying-to-scrutinize-dharma.html|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Afternoon Voice|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-activists-slam-witch-hunt-of-foreign-funded-ngos/a-60286446 | title=India: Activists slam 'witch hunt' of foreign-funded NGOs | DW | 29.12.2021 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Maharashtra Rationalist Association|Sapiens Foundation]]
*[[Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199812608|author=Johannes Quack|author-link=Johannes Quack|chapter=Recent History of Organized Rationalism in Maharashtra}}

==External links==
*[https://antisuperstition.org/ Official website]
*[http://www.thoughtnaction.co.in/ ''Thought & Action''], Official journal
*Andhshraddha Nirmulan Vartapatra, official monthly magazine

{{Sceptic organisations}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rationalist groups based in India]]
[[Category:Scientific skepticism organizations]]

Kerala Bhasha Institute

2025-12-08T19:55:44Z

Tjackson: refine structure further and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Indian academic publishing house}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Primary sources|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox institute
|name = Kerala Bhasha Institute
|image =
|image_size =
|image_name =
|image_alt =
|caption = Kerala Bhasha Institute
|established = 1968 Sep 16
|president =
|chairman =
|head_label = Director
|head = Dr. Sathian M<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/keycont.htm |title=Official website of silkerala |website=www.keralabhashainstitute.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121102520/http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/keycont.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|faculty =
|staff =
|budget =
|endowment =
|debt =
|members =
|location =
|city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|state = Kerala
|province =
|country = India
|coor =
|address =
|website = https://www.keralabhashainstitute.org
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Kerala Bhasha Institute''' is an academic [[publishing house]] in India that was established on 11 March 1968 as a part of the [[fourth five-year plan of India|fourth five-year plan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://keralaculture.org/kerala-bhasha-institutue/171|title=The Kerala Bhasha Institute (Institute of Language)|website=keralaculture.org|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> Twelve years later, on 1 November 1980, a regional center was set up in [[Kozhikode]]. It is located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in [[Kerala]]. It publishes books on [[STEM fields|science and technology]], [[the arts]], [[literature]], [[folklore]] and [[information technology]]. In addition to book publication, the institute also runs translation camps, book festivals, computer training and seminars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/preface.htm |title=Official website of keralabhashainstitute |website=www.keralabhashainstitute.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109224347/http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/preface.htm |archive-date=9 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/activities.htm |title=Official website of keralabhashainstitute |website=www.keralabhashainstitute.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109223758/http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/activities.htm |archive-date=9 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
The first publications of the institute included 16 glossaries (''shabdaavali'') including a ''Vijnaanashabdaavali'' and a ''Maanavikashabdaavali''. Such glossaries were made in keeping with the guidelines for technical terminology put in place by a standing commission dealing with the production of scientific and technological glossaries. This was largely the result of the work done by the [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad|Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad]] during 1967-69<ref name=":0" />

The then Minister of Education Sree Triguna Sen inaugurated the functions of Kerala Bhasha Institute at Kanakakkunnu Palace, Thiruvananthapuram on 16 September 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/ml/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82-0 |title=ചരിത്രം | Kerala Bhasha Institute |website=www.keralabhashainstitute.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621180005/http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/ml/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82-0 |archive-date=21 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1996, then the Computer Book Series scheme was initiated, the Institute changed its policies with regard to its glossaries. They also rewrote the Malayalam Shorthand Manual, and are involved in the work of publishing the complete works of famous authors and comprehensive study books.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

On the anvil are plans to develop a mechanism for recording dictation in [[Malayalam]] as is currently available in English, a ‘work bench’ for translators, a system for providing the Vijnaanakairali magazine and other publications on mobile phones and a plan to develop a CD and tutoring system for language study.<ref name=":0" />

== Aim ==
# Developing [[Malayalam]] into an effective medium of communication for modern scientific and technological knowledge
# Prepare [[Malayalam]] text books for higher education and for reinventing the language so as to enable it to adapt to the changing needs of the times<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and honors==
# N. V. Sahitya Award for 'Keralthily Chumar Chitrangal' (''Mural paintings in Kerala'') - M. G. Shashibhooshan{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
# Naalappadu Award for ''Adipra Roopangal'' by [[M. Leelavathi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/awards.htm|title=official website of silkerala|website=www.keralabhashainstitute.org|access-date=2016-07-17|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624230529/http://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/awards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100817021129/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/14/stories/2010081453600400.htm Kerala Bhasha Institute awards announced]
*[http://www.keralaevents.com/KeralaEventsDetail-27/KERALA+BHASHA+INSTITUTE+INTERNATIONAL+BOOK+FESTIVAL+ARAYIDATHUPALAM+GROUND+FROM+11+AM+DEBATE+ON+RELIGION+FAITH+AND+COMMUNALISM+4+PM+BOOK+LAUNCH+BY+INDUSTRIES+MINISTER+ELAMARAM+KARIM+6+P.html?event_type=L&id=2444&linkid=27 International book festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713144446/http://www.keralaevents.com/KeralaEventsDetail-27/KERALA+BHASHA+INSTITUTE+INTERNATIONAL+BOOK+FESTIVAL+ARAYIDATHUPALAM+GROUND+FROM+11+AM+DEBATE+ON+RELIGION+FAITH+AND+COMMUNALISM+4+PM+BOOK+LAUNCH+BY+INDUSTRIES+MINISTER+ELAMARAM+KARIM+6+P.html?event_type=L&id=2444&linkid=27 |date=13 July 2011 }}

[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indic literature societies]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1968]]

Harmohan Dhawan

2025-11-25T06:06:50Z

Tjackson: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian politician (1940–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harmohan Dhawan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|07|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = Fatehjung, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|01|27|1940|07|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| residence = Ambala Canttt
| constituency = [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| term = 1989–1991
| predecessor = [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| successor = [[Madhavrao Scindia]]
| party =
| spouse = Satinder Dhawan
| children = 2 sons and 1 daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source = http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/3273.htm
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]
}}

'''Harmohan Dhawan''' (14 July 1940 – 27 January 2024) was an Indian politician who was [[Indian Parliament|Member of Parliament]] from [[Chandigarh, India|Chandigarh]].

==Life and career==
Harmohan Dhawan was born on 14 July 1940 at Fatehjung, District Caimbalpur (now in Pakistan). After the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, his family migrated to [[Ambala Cantonment]] where he did his Matriculation from B.D. High School, and Intermediate from S.D. College.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date= 28 January 2024|title=Former Chandigarh MP passes away, last rites today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/former-chandigarh-mp-harmohan-dhawan-passes-away-last-rites-9131033/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 1960, Dhawan joined the Department of [[Botany]] at [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]], and did his [[Bachelor of Science|'''B.Sc.''']] (Honours) in 1963 and [[Master of Science|'''MSc''']] (Honours) in the year 1965. He was a research scholar from 1965 to 1970 and joined the PL 480 aided project, wherein he did research on "[[Cell biology|Cytological Studies]] of the Economic Plants of North West Himalayas". In 1970 he started a Small Scale Unit and became president of the[http://www.iaoc.in/ Industries Association of Chandigarh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109160648/http://iaoc.in/ |date=9 January 2016 }}.<ref>{{Cite web|title = IAOC|url = http://www.iaoc.in/rollofhonour.html|website = www.iaoc.in|access-date = 28 October 2015|archive-date = 24 August 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150824035002/http://iaoc.in/rollofhonour.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 1979, he opened ''Mehfil'', a fine-dining restaurant.<ref name=":0" />

Dhawan received the best Young Entrepreneur Award from the [[Vice President of India]] in 1983.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

In 1977 he entered politics, and was mentored by the late prime minister [[Chandra Shekhar]]. He became president of the Janata Party in 1981. Because of his [[Socialism|Socialist]]<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://jagoreindians.blogspot.in/2009/04/harmohan-dhawan-working-hard-honestly.html|title = Harmohan Dhawan – Working Hard & Honestly}}</ref> philosophies, he worked for the welfare of the downtrodden and went to jail more than 10 times for their cause.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

In 1989 he was elected as [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from the Chandigarh constituency and became [[Minister of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/made-in-chandigarh-panjab-university-groomed-me-for-politics-says-mla-rajiv-pratap-rudy/story-gKqy1iEgyzGLSH6CGXzPjN.html|title=Made in Chandigarh: Panjab University groomed me for politics, says MP Rajiv Pratap Rudy}}</ref> in the late Mr. Chandra Shekhar's Government.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910131-a-look-at-how-some-of-the-freshers-in-chandra-shekhar-cabinet-are-coping-813960-1991-01-30|title = Savouring the power}}</ref>

Dhawan was a senior leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Shri Harmohan Dhawan {{!}} BJP Chandigarh Pradesh|url = http://www.bjpchandigarh.org/shri-harmohan-dhawan/|website = www.bjpchandigarh.org|access-date = 28 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = National Executive|url = http://www.bjp.org/organisation/national-executive?u=special-invitees|website = www.bjp.org|access-date = 28 October 2015|archive-date = 9 July 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150709173652/http://www.bjp.org/organisation/national-executive?u=special-invitees|url-status = dead}}</ref> which is now the single most dominant party of the Indian parliament after the 2014 general election. Dhawan later joined the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] after being impressed by the performance of the Arvind Kejriwal-led Govt of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2018 |title=BJP's Harmohan Dhawan joins AAP, says 'I am here for the Aam Aadmi, will work for him' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bjps-harmohan-dhawan-joins-aap-says-i-am-here-for-the-aam-aadmi-will-work-for-him-5452867/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Dhawan died on 27 January 2024, at the age of 83.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Union Minister Harmohan Dhawan dies after prolonged illness at Mohali hospital |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/former-union-minister-harmohan-dhawan-dies-after-prolonged-illness-at-mohali-hospital-584914 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Tribune |date=27 January 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141018214340/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/3273.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhawan, Harmohan}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Civil aviation ministers of India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Chandigarh]]

Palai C. K. Ramachandran

2025-11-01T11:38:39Z

Tjackson: put up basic info and citations

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Palai C. K. Ramachandran
| birth_date = 1929
| birth_place = [[Palai]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Carnatic musician, music teacher
| known_for = Contributions to Carnatic music education and performance
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2019) Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram (2011) Swathi Music Award (2020) Madras Music Academy Gold Medal (1959)
}}
'''Palai C. K. Ramachandran''' (born 1929) is an Indian [[Carnatic music]]ian and [[Music education|music teacher]] from [[Kerala]], known for his contributions to [[Carnatic music]] education and performance, and for receiving the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2019.<ref name="SNA2010">{{cite web |title=Palai C K Ramachandran |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1740996549_Palai%20C%20K%20Ramachandran_11zon.pdf |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ramachandran was born in 1929 in [[Palai]], [[Kerala]]. He began learning [[Carnatic music]] at a young age and trained under several musicians. In 1959, he received a scholarship from the [[Government of India]] to study music in [[Chennai]], where he trained under prominent Carnatic musician [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar]].<ref name="Hindu2019">{{cite web |title=Meet a winner from six decades ago |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/meet-a-winner-from-six-decades-ago/article30100161.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ramachandran worked as a music teacher at the [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], where he taught for several decades until his retirement in 1984.<ref name="Hindu2019"/> He has performed as a vocalist in [[Carnatic music]] concerts and has been recognized for his adherence to traditional styles.<ref name="Hindu2011">{{cite web |title=Award for Palai Ramachandran |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/award-for-palai-ramachandran/article2226680.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 June 2011 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
*In 1959, Ramachandran won a gold medal at the Carnatic music competition organized by the [[Madras Music Academy]].<ref name="Hindu2019"/>
*In 2011, he was awarded the [[Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram]] by the [[Government of Kerala]] for his contributions to [[Carnatic music]].<ref name="Hindu2011"/>
*In 2019, he received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for his contributions to [[Carnatic music]].<ref name="SNA2010"/>
*In 2020, he received the Swathi Music Award from the Swathi Music Festival, alongside Carnatic musician [[T. M. Krishna]].<ref name="NIE2021">{{cite web |title=Swathi Music Award for Pala C.K. Ramachandran, T.M. Krishna |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Feb/02/swathi-music-award-for-pala-ck-ramachandran-tm-krishna-2258667.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2 February 2021 |access-date=14 April 2025 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214727/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/feb/02/swathi-music-award-for-pala-ck-ramachandran-tm-krishna-2258667.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
As of 2019, Ramachandran resided in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], and remained active in music-related activities.<ref name="Hindu2019"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Palai C. K.}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Shubhankar Tawde

2025-10-14T22:05:12Z

Tjackson:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shubhankar Tawde
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|10|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2017–present
| father = Sunil Tawde
}}

'''Shubhankar Tawde''' (born 26 October 1994) is an Indian actor who works in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi films]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-27 |title=Freshers fame Shubhankar Tawde celebrates birthday with special children, says "I have got positive energy from them" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/freshers-fame-shubhankar-tawde-celebrates-birthday-with-special-children-says-i-have-got-positive-energy-from-them/articleshow/87304772.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is the son of veteran actor Sunil Tawde. In 2019 He made his lead role debut in ''[[Kaagar]]'', a [[Romance film|romantic]] [[political thriller]] film directed by [[Makarand Mane]] Opposite [[Rinku Rajguru]] and went on to win the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – Marathi]].

== Early life and background ==
Tawde was born on 26 October 1994 in [[Mumbai]] to Sunil Tawde, a veteran actor in Marathi films, and Sonali Tawde, a homemaker.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-08 |title='माझा होशील ना'मधील 'बंधू मामा'चा लेकही आहे अभिनेता, दिसतो फारच हॅण्डसम |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/know-about-majha-hoshil-na-fame-bandhu-mama-aka-sunil-tawde-son-shubhankar-tawde-a590/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-10-26 |title=Exclusive! Shubhankar Tawde rings in his birthday with special kids |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/exclusive-shubhankar-tawde-rings-in-his-birthday-with-special-kids/articleshow/87281782.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shubhankar Tawde |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shubhankar-tawde/articleshow/88457217.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Ref
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2019
| scope="row" |''[[Kaagar]]''
|Yuvraj Kadam
|Debut film
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-01 |title=Ahead of teaser release of 'Kaagar', the makers release a new poster of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ahead-of-teaser-release-of-kaagar-the-makers-release-a-new-poster-of-the-film/articleshow/68666853.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivani Surve to Shubhankar Tawde: Meet the actors who marked their debut in Marathi films in 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shivani-surve-to-shubhankar-tawde-meet-the-actors-who-marked-their-debut-in-marathi-films-in-2019/photostory/72956143.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2022
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|Jonty
|Remake of [[Majili]] a Telugu Movie
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-13 |title='Ved' trailer: Riteish Deshmukh and Genelia Deshmukh starrer is worth waiting for for- WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ved-trailer-riteish-deshmukh-and-genelia-deshmukh-starrer-is-worth-waiting-for-for-watch/articleshow/96194822.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |2024
|''[[8 Don 75]]''
|Amol Moghe
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-24 |title='8 Don 75' teaser: Sushrut Bhagwat gives us a sneak-peek into Sanskruti Balgude and Shubhankar Tawde starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/8-don-75-teaser-sushrut-bhagwat-gives-us-a-sneak-peek-into-sanskruti-balgude-and-shubhankar-tawde-starrer/articleshow/81184552.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kanni (Marathi-language film)|Kanni]]''
|Soham Kalsekar
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-06 |title=Shubhankar Tawde kick-starts shooting for Sameer Joshi's 'Kanni' in London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shubhankar-tawde-kick-starts-shooting-for-sameer-joshis-kanni-in-london/articleshow/94683236.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Priya |date=2024-01-10 |title=8 Don 75 Movie: अवयवदाननाचे महत्व सांगणाऱ्या '८ दोन ७५: फक्त इच्छाशक्ती हवी!'चा ट्रेलर रिलीज |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/shubhankar-tawde-and-sanskruti-balgude-marathi-movie-8-don-75-trailer-out-watch-one-time-pvm91 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Saam TV Marathi News {{!}} साम टीव्ही |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Like Aani Subscribe]]''
|Ravi
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Like Aani Subscribe Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} लाईक आणि सबस्क्राईब {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/like-aani-subscribe-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=15 July 2024 |date=16 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2025
|''Gaadi Number 1760''
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Shruti |date=2025-05-20 |title=Gadi Number 1760: पैशांनी भरलेली बॅग, एक गाडी आणि अनेक रहस्ये; लवकरच उलगडणार 'गाडी नंबर १७६०' चे रहस्य |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/prathamesh-parab-film-gaadi-number-1760-is-set-to-hit-the-screens-on-july-4th-svk01 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Marathi News {{!}} Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Thakabai}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-27 |title='Thakabai': Shubhankar Tawde and Hemal Ingle come together for Yuveen Kapse's debut film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/thakabai-shubhankar-tawde-and-hemal-ingle-come-together-for-yuveen-kapses-debut-film/articleshow/102174309.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|The Trap: Daav Pech}}
|Kabir Soman
|Post-production
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Dil Dosti Duniyadari}}
|Tharun
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-02 |title=Shubhankar Tawde to feature in upcoming rom-com movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shubhankar-tawde-to-feature-in-upcoming-rom-com-movie/articleshow/78431667.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-02 |title='कागर'नंतर शुभंकर तावडे दिसणार 'या' चित्रपटात |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/actor-shubhankar-tawde-new-upcoming-marathi-movie-dil-dosti-duniyadari/220952/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|2016–2017
| scope="row" |''[[Freshers (Indian TV series)|Freshers]]''
|Sangram Patil
|Debut
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-04 |title=Marathi TV serial Freshers to go off air |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/marathi-tv-serial-freshers-to-go-off-air/articleshow/58986771.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Web Series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|2019
| scope="row" |''Kaale Dhande''
|Vicky
|
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2022
|Best Actor & Director Awards
|Best Supporting Actor
| rowspan="3" |''[[8 Don 75]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=2022-02-27 |title=8 Don 75 : संस्कृती बालगुडेच्या '8 दोन 75' सिनेमाला 50 हून अधिक राष्ट्रीय - आंतरराष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanskriti-balgude-8-don-75-has-won-more-than-50-national-and-international-awards-1036651 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Birsamunda International Film Festival
|Best Supporting Actor
| {{won}}
|-
|2022
|DRUK International Film Festival
|Outstanding Achievement Award for Best Actor
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[5th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2020]]
| [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – Marathi|Best Male Debut]]
| rowspan="1" |''[[Kaagar]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="1" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-28 |title=#MarathiFilmfareAwards: Shubhankar Tawde bags best actor debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathifilmfareawards-shubhankar-tawde-bags-best-actor-debut/articleshow/81260097.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=शुभंकर तावडेला कागरमधील अभिनयासाठी मिळाला फिल्मफेअरचा सर्वोत्कृष्ट पदार्पणाचा पुरस्कार |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/shubhankar-tawde-wins-best-debut-filmfare-award-kagar-a592/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Gangtok International Film Festival
|Best Actor
| rowspan="4" |''8 Don 75''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=2022-02-27 |title=8 Don 75 : संस्कृती बालगुडेच्या '8 दोन 75' सिनेमाला 50 हून अधिक राष्ट्रीय - आंतरराष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanskriti-balgude-8-don-75-has-won-more-than-50-national-and-international-awards-1036651 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Indo French International Film Festival
|Best Actor International & Indian Feature Film
| {{won}}
|-
|2022
|South Film and Arts Academy Festival
|Honorable Mention Best Lead Actor
| {{won}}
|-
|2022
|Wisdom Tree International Film Festival
|Best Supporting Actor
| {{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tawde, Shubhankar }}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]

Diocese of Nellore

2025-08-24T08:50:22Z

Tjackson: started initial info initial version

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Nellore
|latin = Dioecesis Nellorensis
|country = [[India]]
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = St Joseph’s Cathedral in [[Nellore]]
|cocathedral =
|established = 3 July 1928
|area_km2 = 30,800
|population = 6,601,312
|population_as_of = 2004
|catholics = 79,765
|catholics_percent= 1.2
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Doraboina Moses Prakasam]]
|metro_archbishop = Prakash Mallavarapu
|coadjutor = Anthony Dhass Pilli
|auxiliary_bishops=
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Nellore''' ({{langx|la| Nelloren(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Nellore]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]] in India.

==History==
* 3 July 1928: Established as Diocese of Nellore from the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Metropolitan Archdiocese of Madras]]

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Nellore ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop Doraboina Moses Prakasam (7 December 2006 – present)
** Bishop [[Prakash Mallavarapup]] (Apostolic Administrator 22 October 2005 – 7 December 2006)
** Bishop [[Pudhota Chinniah Balaswamy]] (17 December 1973 – 7 December 2006)
** Bishop [[Bala Shoury Thumma]] (16 March 1970 – 4 August 1973)
** Bishop [[William Bouter]], [[M.H.M.]] (28 May 1929 – 16 March 1970)

==References==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/nell0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnell.html Catholic Hierarchy]

{{coord|14.4573|N|79.9847|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nellore}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1928]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Nellore]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

AMPIN Energy Bhadla Solar Power Plant

2025-08-21T04:24:58Z

Tjackson:

{{Short description|Photovoltaic power station in Bhadla, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = AMPIN Energy Bhadla Solar Power Plant
| name_official =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.485071|N|71.997756|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = Bhadla, [[Rajasthan]]
| status =
| construction_began = 2021
| commissioned = 2023
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner =
| operator =
| solar_type = pv
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_site_area =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 100 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| ps_annual_generation =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''AMPIN Energy Bhadla Solar Power Plant''' (also known as '''AMPIN Energy Green Four Solar Power Plant''') is a [[photovoltaic power station]] in Bhadla, [[Jodhpur district]], [[India]].

==History==

The 100 MW solar plant has been built at the phase 2 of the [[Bhadla Solar Park]] by AMPIN Energy India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Amp Energy Bhadla Solar PV Power Plant 100 MW in Rajasthan |url=https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/amp-energy-bhadla-solar-pv-power-plant-100-mw-rajasthan-profile-snapshot/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[GlobalData]] |id=GDCON382141-MP}}</ref> It is supported by the Bhadla-II PS 220 kV section line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Applications Granted Connectivity to ISTS (for project based on renewable energy resources) |url=https://www.ctuil.in/uploads/applications_granted/169027919520RE%20Connectivity%2031052023.pdf |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Central Transmission Utility of India Limited |page=7}}</ref> In 2022, the operator of the plant signed a [[power purchase agreement]] with [[Amazon India]] to supply power through the Inter State Transmission System (ISTS).<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2022 |title=Amp Energy India Signs a Long-Term Power Purchase Agreement with Amazon |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/amp-energy-india-signs-a-long-term-power-purchase-agreement-with-amazon-news-225971 |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kala |first=Rishi Ranjan |date=21 September 2022 |title=Amazon to set up its first solar projects in India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/amazon-to-set-up-its-first-solar-projects-in-india/article65918203.ece |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{India-powerstation-stub}}
{{Renewable-power-plant-stub}}

[[Category:Renewable energy power stations in India]]
[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in India]]

2016 Kerala Blasters FC season

2025-08-05T04:32:49Z

Tjackson:

{{Short description|3rd season in existence of Kerala Blasters FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| logo =
| season = 2016
| manager = [[Steve Coppell]]
| mgrtitle = Head Coach
| chairman =
| chrtitle = Chairman
| stadium = {{nowrap|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]}}
| league = {{nowrap|[[Indian Super League]]}}
| league result = ''[[2016 Indian Super League|2nd]]''
| cup1 = [[2016 Indian Super League playoffs|Finals]]
| cup1 result = ''Runners-Up''
| league topscorer = {{nowrap|[[C.K. Vineeth]]}} (5 goals)
| season topscorer = {{nowrap|[[C.K. Vineeth]]}} (5 goals)
| average attendance = 55,535
| highest attendance = 80,294
| lowest attendance =

|pattern_la1 = _blasters15h
|pattern_b1 = _blasters15h
|pattern_ra1 = _blasters15h
|pattern_sh1 = _blasters14h
|pattern_so1 = _blasters14h
|leftarm1 = 0000BB
|body1 = blasters15h
|rightarm1 = FFCC00
|shorts1 = 0000BB
|socks1 = 0000BB
|pattern_la2 =_blasters15h
|pattern_b2 = _blasters15h
|pattern_ra2 = _blasters15h
|pattern_so2 = _blasters14h
|leftarm2 = blasters14h
|body2 =
|rightarm2 =
|shorts2 =
|socks2 =
| prevseason = [[2015 Kerala Blasters FC season|2015]]
| nextseason = [[2017-18 Kerala Blasters FC season|2017-18]]
}}
The 2016 season was the [[List of Kerala Blasters FC seasons|third season]] in [[Kerala Blasters FC]]'s existence, as well as their third season in [[Indian Super League]]. After finishing second position in the league stage, the club managed to make it to the [[2016 Indian Super League final|final]]. In the finals, they were again defeated by [[Atlético de Kolkata]], this time through the penalty shoot-out.

==Background==
In 2016, in an effort to rebuild after failing to qualify for the finals the [[2015 Kerala Blasters FC season|previous season]], [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] announced the signing of former [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] manager [[Steve Coppell]] as head coach on 21 June 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Blasters announce Steve Coppell as manager for ISL 2016|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/kerala-blasters-announce-steve-coppell-as-manager-for-isl-2016-2848038.html|accessdate=14 July 2017|work=FirstPost|date=22 June 2016|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729030608/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/kerala-blasters-announce-steve-coppell-as-manager-for-isl-2016-2848038.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A week later, the club announced the signing of [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]] international [[Aaron Hughes]] as their marquee player for the season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Blasters bags Aaron Hughes as marquee player|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Kerala-Blasters-bags-Aaron-Hughes-as-marquee-player/articleshow/53432056.cms|accessdate=14 July 2017|work=Times of India|date=28 June 2016|archive-date=2 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802025134/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Kerala-Blasters-bags-Aaron-Hughes-as-marquee-player/articleshow/53432056.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Other moves made before the season included the signing of [[Graham Stack (footballer)|Graham Stack]], [[Kervens Belfort]], [[Duckens Nazon]], and [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] and return of former players [[Michael Chopra]] and [[Cédric Hengbart]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Super League 2016 Team Profile - Kerala Blasters|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/09/30/27886432/indian-super-league-2016-team-profile-kerala-blasters|accessdate=14 July 2017|work=Goal.com|date=30 September 2016|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801140956/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/09/30/27886432/indian-super-league-2016-team-profile-kerala-blasters|url-status=live}}</ref>

The season began where the previous left off, with a 1–0 defeat away from home against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NorthEast United 1-0 Kerala Blasters - Katsumi Yusa wins it for Highlanders|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/northeast-united-vs-kerala-blasters/2348820/report|accessdate=14 July 2017|work=Goal.com|date=1 October 2016|archive-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126130701/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/northeast-united-vs-kerala-blasters/2348820/report|url-status=live}}</ref> After the first month of the season, the Blasters had one of the best defenses statistically in the league but struggled in attack.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bali|first1=Rahul|title=Kerala Blasters' invoke defensive rally as FC Goa continue to crumble|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/10/26/28857572/indian-super-league-day-22-review-kerala-blasters-invoke|accessdate=14 July 2017|work=Goal.com|date=26 October 2016|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828234438/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/10/26/28857572/indian-super-league-day-22-review-kerala-blasters-invoke|url-status=live}}</ref> In the second half of the season, after the return of [[C.K. Vineeth]] from loan with [[Bengaluru FC]], the Blasters managed to surge their way into the [[2016 Indian Super League playoffs|playoffs]].<ref>{{cite news|title=CK Vineeth - If I prove myself, I'll get selected in the national team|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/12/10/30347042/isl-2016-exclusive-ck-vineeth-if-i-prove-myself-ill-get-selected-|accessdate=14 July 2017|work=Goal.com|date=10 December 2016|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828234442/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/12/10/30347042/isl-2016-exclusive-ck-vineeth-if-i-prove-myself-ill-get-selected-|url-status=live}}</ref> They achieved this by defeating [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] 3–0 in a penalty shootout during the semi-final.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Puri|first1=Rohan|title=Delhi Dynamos fumble at the post|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-delhi-dynamos-fumble-at-the-post/articleshow/55986851.cms|accessdate=26 July 2017|work=Times of India|date=15 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220023753/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-delhi-dynamos-fumble-at-the-post/articleshow/55986851.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the final, the Kerala Blasters would play host to [[Atlético de Kolkata]]. The Blasters took the lead early through [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]] before Kolkata equalized soon after. The match went into a penalty shootout, Despite taking the lead early in the shootout, the Kerala Blasters lost 4–3 and thus were defeated in their second final in three seasons.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghosh|first1=Sayan|title=Atletico de Kolkata beat Kerala Blasters 4-3 on penalties to win ISL 2016|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/isl-2016-final-live-football-score-kerala-blasters-fc-face-atletico-de-kolkata/story-VSlBMvCYDkYfRkV5ECZOgK.html|accessdate=26 July 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 December 2016|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727195319/http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/isl-2016-final-live-football-score-kerala-blasters-fc-face-atletico-de-kolkata/story-VSlBMvCYDkYfRkV5ECZOgK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Players==
===Squad===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IRL|pos=GK|name=[[Graham Stack (footballer)|Graham Stack]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Pratik Chowdhary]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=FRA|pos=DF|name=[[Cédric Hengbart]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=NIR|pos=DF|name=[[Aaron Hughes]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Vinit Rai]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=HAI|pos=FW|name=[[Kervens Belfort]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=GRN|pos=FW|name=[[Antonio German]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ishfaq Ahmed]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[C.K. Vineeth]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Mehtab Hossain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Gurwinder Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Farukh Choudhary]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=SEN|pos=DF|name=[[Elhadji Ndoye]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sandesh Jhingan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Kunal Sawant]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Sandip Nandy]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=ENG|pos=FW|name=[[Michael Chopra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Mohammad Ansari (footballer, born 1994)|Mohammad Ansari]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Rino Anto]]}}
{{Fs player|no=57|nat=CIV|pos=MF|name=[[Didier Kadio]]}}
{{Fs player|no=78|nat=HAI|pos=FW|name=[[Duckens Nazon]]}}
{{Fs player|no=88|nat=CHA|pos=MF|name=[[Azrack Mahamat]]}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=[[Josué Currais Prieto|Josu]]}}
{{Fs end}}
Source: [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/kerala-blasters-fc Indian Super League 2016]

==Transfers==
{{Main|List of 2016 Indian Super League season roster changes}}

===Retained===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

====Foreign players====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Position
! Player
|-
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Josué Currais Prieto|Josu]]<ref name="KBFC Retained">{{cite web|title=Antonio German and Josué Currais Prieto return to don the Yellow Jersey for Kerala Blasters in ISL Season 3|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/3729-antonio-german-and-josue-currais-prieto-return-to-don-the-yellow-jersey-for-kerala-blasters-in-the-indian-super-league-2016|website=Indian Super League|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109224903/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/3729-antonio-german-and-josue-currais-prieto-return-to-don-the-yellow-jersey-for-kerala-blasters-in-the-indian-super-league-2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Antonio German]]<ref name="KBFC Retained"/>
|}
{{col-2}}

====Indian players====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Position
! Player
|-
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandip Nandy]]<ref name="KBFC Retained"/>
|-
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurwinder Singh]]<ref name="KBFC Retained"/>
|-
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]<ref name="KBFC Retained"/>
|-
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]]<ref>{{cite web|title=CK Vineeth retained|url=https://twitter.com/KBFCOfficial/status/769114665079103488|website=Kerala Blasters FC (Twitter)|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701175600/https://twitter.com/KeralaBlasters/status/769114665079103488|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]]<ref name="KBFC Retained"/>
|-
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hossain]]<ref name="KBFC Retained"/>
|-
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]<ref name="KBFC Retained"/>
|}
{{col-end}}

===New signings===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Last club
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|7 July 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-07|title=Kerala Blasters sign 22-year old forward Thongkhosiem Haokip for ISL season three|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/kerala-blasters-sign-22-year-old-forward-thongkhosiem-haokip-for-isl-season-three-2879944.html|access-date=2021-07-01|website=Firstpost|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822234752/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/kerala-blasters-sign-22-year-old-forward-thongkhosiem-haokip-for-isl-season-three-2879944.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pratik Chowdhary]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|13 July 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters sign defender Pratik i|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/kerala-blasters-sign-defender-pratik-chaudhari-isl-mumbai.html|access-date=2021-07-01|website=OnManorama|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701175524/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/kerala-blasters-sign-defender-pratik-chaudhari-isl-mumbai.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|NIR}} [[Aaron Hughes]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne City FC|Melbourne City]]
|28 July 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Super League Live Football Scores, News, Stats, Schedules, Results, Highlights, Photos, Videos – NDTV Sports|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league|access-date=2021-07-01|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628091749/https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Graham Stack (footballer)|Graham Stack]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]]
|3 August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters sign former Arsenal stopper Graham Stack|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/kerala-blasters-sign-goalkeeper-graham-stack-isl-arsenal.html|access-date=2021-07-01|website=OnManorama|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701175545/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/kerala-blasters-sign-goalkeeper-graham-stack-isl-arsenal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Chopra]]
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Alloa Athletic F.C.|Alloa Athletic]]
|7 August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters bring back English striker Michael Chopra|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/kerala-blasters-sign-striker-michael-chopra.html|access-date=2021-07-01|website=OnManorama|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701175524/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/kerala-blasters-sign-striker-michael-chopra.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Elhadji Ndoye]]
|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[FC Kyzylzhar|Kyzylzhar]]
|9 August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maitra|first=Sayantan|date=2016-08-09|title=After Michael Chopra, top Senegalese defender joins Kerala Blasters ahead of ISL 2016|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-michael-chopra-top-senegalese-defender-joins-kerala-blasters-ahead-isl-2016-689443|access-date=2021-07-01|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en|archive-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116190521/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-michael-chopra-top-senegalese-defender-joins-kerala-blasters-ahead-isl-2016-689443|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Kervens Belfort]]
|{{flagicon|TUR}} [[1461 Trabzon]]
|12 August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL 2017: Kervens Belfort - Kochi is my home, Kerala is my family {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-kerala-blasters-jamshedpur-fc-kervens-belfort/um8oyd5nzhy41pogojbk3esfp|access-date=2021-07-01|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021033027/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-kerala-blasters-jamshedpur-fc-kervens-belfort/um8oyd5nzhy41pogojbk3esfp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cédric Hengbart]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|16 August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters defender Cedric Hengbart signs for Maltese club Mosta FC {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/indian-super-league-2016-kerala-blasters-cedric-hengbart/y15tq37lfw3j1gb8oqfk1tr14|access-date=2021-07-01|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701175526/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/indian-super-league-2016-kerala-blasters-cedric-hengbart/y15tq37lfw3j1gb8oqfk1tr14|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|22 August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-13|title=Mohammed Rafique: Kolkata's loss, Kerala's gain in ISL3?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/mohammed-rafique-kolkata-s-loss-kerala-s-gain-in-isl3/story-EyILCAezAKYW4MsYQjODiP.html|access-date=2021-07-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123192120/http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/mohammed-rafique-kolkata-s-loss-kerala-s-gain-in-isl3/story-EyILCAezAKYW4MsYQjODiP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|CHA}} [[Azrack Mahamat]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Levadiakos F.C.|Levadiakos]]
|23 August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters bolster midfield with signing of Azrack Mahamat|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/internet/kerala-blasters-bolster-midfield-with-signing-of-azrack-mahamat/|access-date=2021-07-01|website=ANI News|language=en|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701175527/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/internet/kerala-blasters-bolster-midfield-with-signing-of-azrack-mahamat/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rino Anto]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|26 August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 August 2016|title=Rino Anto signs for Kerala Blasters|url=https://twitter.com/kbfcofficial/status/769169966457171968|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-01|website=Kerala Blasters (Twitter)|language=en|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701175546/https://abs.twimg.com/responsive-web/client-web/ondemand.Dropdown.a11cf515.js}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Didier Kadio]]
|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[FC Zhetysu|Zhetysu]]
|30 August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bharali|first=Abhijit|date=2017-08-21|title=ISL 2017: Ex-Kerala Blasters star slams rumours linking him to other ISL clubs|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-ex-kerala-blasters-star-slams-rumours-linking-him-to-other-isl-clubs|access-date=2021-07-01|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701175527/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-ex-kerala-blasters-star-slams-rumours-linking-him-to-other-isl-clubs|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinit Rai]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|2 September 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Sports|date=2010-09-15|title=Vinit Rai signs for Kerala Blasters|url=https://assamtribune.com/vinit-rai-signs-for-kerala-blasters|access-date=2021-07-01|website=assamtribune.com|language=en|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701175528/https://assamtribune.com/vinit-rai-signs-for-kerala-blasters|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Duckens Nazon]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[C.D. Tondela|Tondela]]
|6 September 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters strengthen their attack with Haitian footballer Duckens Nazon for Indian Super League 2016|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/498-kerala-blasters-fc-profile/press-releases/kerala-blasters-strengthen-their-attack-with-haitian-footballer-duckens-nazon-for-indian-super-league-2016|access-date=2021-07-01|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060032/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/498-kerala-blasters-fc-profile/press-releases/kerala-blasters-strengthen-their-attack-with-haitian-footballer-duckens-nazon-for-indian-super-league-2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kunal Sawant]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|7 September 2016
|<ref name="KBFC Squad">{{cite news|title=Kerala Blasters announces final squad for Indian Super League 2016|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/3978-kerala-blasters-announces-final-squad-for-indian-super-league-2016|accessdate=11 September 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=7 September 2016|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729022051/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/3978-kerala-blasters-announces-final-squad-for-indian-super-league-2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Ansari (footballer, born 1994)|Mohammad Ansari]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|7 September 2016
|<ref name="KBFC Squad"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[AIFF Elite Academy]]
|7 September 2016
|<ref name="KBFC Squad"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Farukh Choudhary]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lonestar Kashmir F.C.|Lonestar Kashmir]]
|7 September 2016
|<ref name="KBFC Squad"/>
|}

==Pre-season==
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|9|12|df=y}}
|time =
|round = Friendly
|team1 = [[BBCU F.C.|BBCU]] {{flagicon|THA}}
|score = 1–2
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/09/12/27429192/indian-super-league-kerala-blasters-down-big-bang-chula Report]
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium =
|location = [[Bangkok]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|9|15|df=y}}
|time =
|round = Friendly
|team1 = [[Bangkok United F.C.|Bangkok United]] {{flagicon|THA}}
|score = 0–0
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/09/15/27562392/indian-super-league-kerala-blasters-hold-bangkok-united-to-a?ICID=TP_NL_9 Report]
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium =
|location = [[Bangkok]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|9|24|df=y}}
|time =
|round = Friendly
|team1 = [[Southern Samity]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 1–1
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/09/24/27832492/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-held-by-cfl-side-southern-samity?ICID=TP_NL_19 Report]
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium =
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}

==Indian Super League==
{{main|2016 Indian Super League}}
{{:2016 Indian Super League|showteam=KB}}

===Results summary===
{{Fb_rs |hw=5 |hd=1 |hl=1 |hgf=9 |hga=4 |aw=1 |ad=3 |al=3 |agf=4 |aga=11 }}
{{Fb_rs_footer |u=|s=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/kerala-blasters/31407/matches/ |date=November 2016}}

===Results===
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|10|1|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 1
|team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|score = 1–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/4117-northeast-beat-kerala-blasters-1-0-as-yusa-marks-his-hero-isl-bow-with-a-goal Report]
|team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 = [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|location = [[Guwahati]]
|attendance = 27,629
|referee = Pranjal Banerji
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|10|5|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 2
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 0–1
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/4206-atk-beat-kerala-blasters-1-0-to-pick-up-their-first-win-of-the-season Report]
|team2 = [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Javi Lara|Lara]] {{goal|53}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 54,900
|referee = Umesh Bora
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|10|9|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 3
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 0–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/4282-kerala-blasters-and-delhi-dynamos-share-the-spoils-in-kochi Report]
|team2 = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 54,913
|referee = Tejas Nagvenkar
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|10|14|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 4
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 1–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/4373-kerala-blasters-end-mumbai-city-s-unbeaten-start-with-1-0-win Report]
|team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|goals1 = [[Michael Chopra|Chopra]] {{goal|58}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 40,013
|referee = Ajit Dutta
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|10|17|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 5
|team1 = [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|score = 1–1
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/4439-pune-city-draw-with-kerala-blasters-thanks-to-sissoko-s-first-hero-isl-goal Report]
|team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 = [[Mohamed Sissoko|Sissoko]] {{goal|68}}
|goals2 = [[Cédric Hengbart|Hengbart]] {{goal|3}}
|stadium = Balewadi Stadium
|location = [[Pune]]
|attendance = 8,556
|referee = Ajit Meetei
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|10|24|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 6
|team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|score = 1–2
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/4560-kerala-come-from-behind-to-beat-goa-2-1-in-fatorda Report]
|team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 = [[Júlio César da Silva e Souza|César]] {{goal|24}}
|goals2 = [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Rafi]] {{goal|46}} [[Kervens Belfort|Belfort]] {{goal|84}}
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|location = [[Margao]]
|attendance = 18,157
|referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|10|29|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 7
|team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|score = 0–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/4650-chennaiyin-kerala-share-points-after-goalless-draw-in-south-indian-derby Report]
|team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Chennai]]
|attendance = 23,163
|referee = Pranjal Banerjee
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2014|11|4|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 8
|team1 = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|score = 2–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/4748-delhi-go-top-of-the-table-with-a-2-0-win-over-kerala-blasters Report]
|team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 = [[Kean Lewis|Lewis]] {{goal|56}} [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]] {{goal|60}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Delhi]]
|attendance = 15,471
|referee = Nick Waldron
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|11|8|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 9
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 2–1
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/4827-kerala-edge-goa-2-1-in-a-heated-encounter-in-kochi Report]
|team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1 = [[Kervens Belfort|Belfort]] {{goal|48|pen}} [[C.K. Vineeth|Vineeth]] {{goal|90+9}}
|goals2 = [[Rafael Coelho|Coelho]] {{goal|9}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 34,196
|referee = Nick Waldron
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|11|12|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 10
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 3–1
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/4914-vineeth-s-brace-scripts-stunning-comeback-win-for-kerala-against-chennai Report]
|team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1 = [[Didier Kadio|Kadio]] {{goal|66}} [[C.K. Vineeth|Vineeth]] {{goal|85||89}}
|goals2 = [[Bernard Mendy|Mendy]] {{goal|22}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 53,152
|referee = Nivon Robesh Gamini
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|11|19|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 11
|team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|score = 5–0
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5038-forlan-fires-mumbai-to-the-top-with-hat-trick-against-kerala Report]
|team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 = [[Diego Forlán|Forlán]] {{goal|5||14||63}} [[Cafu (footballer, born 1996)|Alves]] {{goal|69}} [[Lucian Goian|Goian]] {{goal|73}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
|location = [[Mumbai]]
|attendance = 7583
|referee =
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|11|25|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 12
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 2–1
|report = [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5148-kerala-blasters-boost-semis-hopes-after-2-1-win-against-pune-city Report]
|team2 = [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|goals1 = [[Duckens Nazon|Nazon]] {{goal|7}} [[Aaron Hughes|Hughes]] {{goal|57}}
|goals2 = [[Aníbal Zurdo|Zurdo]] {{goal|90+5}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 51341
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|11|29|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 13
|team1 = [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|score = 1–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 = [[Stephen Pearson]] {{Goal|18}}
|goals2 = [[C.K. Vineeth]] {{Goal|8}}
|stadium = [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2016|12|4|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = 14
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score = 1–0
|report =
|team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|goals1 = [[C.K. Vineeth]] {{Goal|66}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 53000
|referee =
|result = W
}}

==Player statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:50%; text-align:center;"
|+ style="background:#FFFFFFF; border-top:#FFFF00 5px solid; border-bottom:#0000FF 5px solid;"| Season stats
|-
! #
! Position
! Player
! {{abbr|GP|Games played}}
! {{abbr|G|Goals}}
|-
| 1 || GK ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Graham Stack (footballer)|Graham Stack]] || 6 || 0
|-
| 2 || DF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pratik Chowdhary]] || 8 || 0
|-
| 5 || DF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cédric Hengbart]] || 17 || 1
|-
| 6 || DF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|NIR}} [[Aaron Hughes]] || 9 || 1
|-
| 7 || MF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] || 10 || 0
|-
| 8 || MF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinit Rai]] || 2 || 0
|-
| 9 || FW ||align="left"|{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Kervens Belfort]] || 13 || 3
|-
| 10 || FW ||align="left"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Antonio German]] || 11 || 0
|-
| 11 || MF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]] || 6 || 0
|-
| 12 || FW ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]] ||1 || 0
|-
| 13 || FW ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]] || 9 || 5
|-
| 14 || MF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hossain]] || 16 || 0
|-
| 16 || DF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurwinder Singh]] || 1 || 0
|-
| 17 || FW ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Farukh Choudhary]] || 2 || 0
|-
| 19 || DF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Elhadji Ndoye]] || 4 || 0
|-
| 20 || FW ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]] || 13 ||2
|-
| 21 || DF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]] || 17 || 0
|-
| 22 || FW ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni]] || 0 || 0
|-
| 23 || GK ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kunal Sawant]] || 0 || 0
|-
| 24 || GK ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandip Nandy]] || 10 || 0
|-
| 27 || FW ||align="left"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Chopra]] || 10 || 1
|-
| 30 || GK ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Ansari (footballer, born 1994)|Mohammad Ansari]] || 0 || 0
|-
| 31 || DF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rino Anto]] || 3 || 0
|-
| 57 || MF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Didier Kadio]] || 11 || 1
|-
| 78 || FW ||align="left"|{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Duckens Nazon]] || 11 || 2
|-
| 88 || MF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|CHA}} [[Azrack Mahamat]] || 11 || 0
|-
| 99 || DF ||align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Josué Currais Prieto|Josu]] || 15 || 0
|}

==See also==
* [[2016–17 in Indian football]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Blasters FC}}
{{2016–17 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC seasons]]
[[Category:2016 Indian Super League season by team|Kerala Blasters FC]]

G. Bhargavan Pillai

2025-05-25T09:11:55Z

Tjackson: started a entry needs work...

{{Short description|Indian writer on folklore (1933–2009)}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Bhargavan Pillai.jpg|thumb|Pillai during official days]]
'''G. Bhargavan Pillai''' (1933–2009), published under the name '''Ji Bhārggavanpiḷḷa''', was an Indian writer on [[folklore]] in [[Kerala]].

== Early life and education ==
G. Bhargavan Pillai was born in 1933<ref name=openlibauthor/> into a Mundakkal family from [[Kudassanad]]u, a small village in [[Alappuzha|Alappey]] district (near [[Pandalam]]), Kerala.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

He earned his degree from [[NSS College Pandalam|Pandalam NSS College]] in [[botany]], and also earned a [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] from [[Kerala University|University College of Kerala]] in [[Malayalam]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Career==
[[File:G.Bhargavan Pillai.jpg|thumb|G. Bhargavan Pillai during retirement]]
Pillai worked as a producer for [[All India radio]] for over 30 years, retiring in 1991.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

He was founding chair of [[Kerala Folklore Academy]], located at [[Kannur]], Kerala.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

He published many books, sometimes recorded under the name Ji Bhārggavanpiḷḷa.<ref name=worldcat>{{cite web | title=au="Bhārggavanpiḷḷa, Ji" [Search Results]| website=Worldcat | url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Bha%CC%84rggavanpil%CC%A3l%CC%A3a%2C%20Ji%22 | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=openlib>{{cite web | title=Malayalam Folk drama | website=[[Open Library]] | url=https://openlibrary.org/subjects/malayalam_folk_drama | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>

One of his most well-known works is ''Kakkarissinatakam'' (1976; [[Malayalam]]: ''Kākkariśśināṭakaṃ: gavēṣaṇagrandhaṃ''), a book on [[Kakkarissi Natakam]], a [[folk arts|folk art]] of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/artforms/kakkarissi-natakam/20|title=Kakkarissi Natakam - a satirical dance-drama, Performing art}}</ref><ref name=openlibauthor>{{cite web | title=Ji Bhārggavanpiḷḷa | website=Open Library | date=28 August 2008 | url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL649325A/Ji_Bha%CC%84rggavanpil%CC%A3l%CC%A3a | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/228659 ''Kakkarissi Natakam''], library catalogue entry at the [[University of Calicut]]</ref>

== Recognition and awards ==
* 1977: Senior fellowship from the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] for his research works in traditional art forms of Kerala{{cn|date=May 2025}}
* 1986: Scholarship from the Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust{{cn|date=May 2025}}
* 1994: [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], category Keraleeya Kalakal<ref>{{cite web | title=Fellowship List| website= [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] | date=2 July 2017 | url=http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fellowship_awards.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301174252/http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fellowship_awards.html | archive-date=1 March 2016 | url-status=dead | access-date=25 May 2025}} See no. 32, Keraleeya Kalakal</ref>
* 1996: [[Revathi Pattathanam|Revathi Pattathanam Award]]{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Death==
Pillai died on 17 April 2009 at the age of 75, in [[Trivandrum]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}

== Selected works ==
His major works include:<ref name=worldcat/>
* Porottu Nadakaum Mattum
* Keralathile Paananmar Paadunnu
* Mathilerikanni Paniyalayil
* Radio Nadakam (study)
* ''Kakkarissinadakam'' (1976)
* "Aalayaal Thara Venam" (folk song)
* Nattarangu: Vikasaum Parinaamavum
* Ithihaasa Puthrikal
* Poomukham
* E.V. yude Jeevacharithram
* Pandalam K.P. - Kavyajeevitham
* Akashavaniyil Innale
* Naadodi Nadakangalude Pinnale

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, G Bhargavan}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]

Ghoralia

2025-05-20T00:26:58Z

Tjackson: started the biography needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghoralia
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2433|N|88.4587|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.9508
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5268
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741404
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03454
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Santipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Santipur]]
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ghoralia''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Santipur (community development block)|Santipur]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in the [[Ranaghat subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11|1 mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= Ghoralia (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Phulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badkulla]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Hijuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat |label-size24=13 | numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[Ranaghat]] (M)|label-color24=#800000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar |label-size26=13 | numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Birnagar]] (M)|label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur |label-size28=11 | numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Taherpur]] (M)|label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|36|17|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Aranghata]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|45|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Nokari]] (R)| shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Ghoralia is located at {{coord|23.2433|N|88.4587|E|display=inline}}.

The map of Santipur CD block, in the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', shows Ghoralia and [[Beharia, Nadia|Beharia]] as adjacent census towns, between [[Shantipur]] and [[Phulia]].<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Santipur CD block, page 423| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 October 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Ranaghat subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] districts lying across the river. Topographically, Ranaghat subdivision is spread across the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district, and the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Churni River|Churni]] separates the two plains. A portion of the east forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]]. The lower portion of the east is covered by a portion of the [[North 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision has achieved reasonably high urbanisation. 41.68% of the population lives in urban areas and 58.32% lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ghoralia had a total population of 5,268, of which 2,776 (53%) were males and 2,492 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 441. The total number of literate persons in Ghoralia was 3,740 (77.48% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 October 2020}}</ref>

The following municipality, notified area, outgrowths and census towns were part of Shantipur Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: [[Shantipur]] (M), [[Taherpur]] (NA), Taherpur (OG), Barasat (OG), Bhaduri (OG), Mahisdanga (OG), [[Phulia]] (CT), [[Patuli, Nadia|Patuli]] (CT), [[Badkulla]] (CT), Ghoralia (CT), [[Beharia, Nadia|Beharia]] and [[Gangni]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 18 October 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', Ghoralia covered an area of 1.9508 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 12 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, tube well, borewell. It had 523 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 1 mobile health clinic. Among the educational facilities it had 2 primary schools, 1 middle school, the nearest secondary, senior secondary schools at [[Shantipur]] 4 km away. An important item it produced was sari. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 635-656; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 635; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 641; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 643; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 646; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 655; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 2833 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 30 September 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Bathna Krittibas railway station]], a halt railway station of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system, on the [[Lalgola and Gede branch lines|Ranaghat-Shantipur branch line]], is located nearby.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bathna-krittibas-btkb/7874|title=BTKB/Bathna Krittibas|access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Santipur College]] was established at [[Santipur]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.santipurcollege.in/ | title = Santipur College | publisher = SC |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SantipurCollege/Santipur_College.shtml | title = Santipur College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref>

[[Ranaghat College]] was established at [[Ranaghat]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ranaghatcollege.org.in/ | title = Ranaghat College | publisher = RC |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/RanaghatCollege/Ranaghat_College.shtml | title = Ranaghat College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Nabla (Fulia) Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds at [[Phulia|Fulia Colony]], is the major government medical facility in the Santipur CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =4 October 2020 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

Santipur State General Hospital at [[Santipur]] functions with 131 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 October 2020 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]