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Nathaniel Wallich

2026-04-30T07:39:29Z

Tiwari63: starting first article more to come

{{Short description|Danish surgeon and botanist (1786–1854)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Redirect|Wall.|the US Supreme Court reporter|John William Wallace|other uses|Wall (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nathaniel Wulff Wallich
| image = NathanielWallich.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Portrait of Wallich
| caption = Wallich, from an old lithograph by T. H. Maguire
| birth_name = Nathan ben Wulff
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1786|1|28}}
| birth_place = [[Copenhagen]], Denmark
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1854|4|28|1786|1|28}}
| death_place = London, England
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| fields = {{Unbulleted list | Surgeon | [[Botanist]]}}
| workplaces = {{Unbulleted list | [[Royal Danish Academy of Surgery|Royal Academy of Surgeons]] | [[East India Company]] | [[Asiatic Society|Oriental Museum of the Asiatic Society]]}}
| alma_mater = [[Royal Danish Academy of Surgery|Royal Academy of Surgeons]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = {{Unbulleted list | ''[[Tentamen Florae Nepalensis Illustratae]]'' | ''[[Plantae Asiaticae Rariores]]''}}
| author_abbrev_bot = '''Wall.'''<ref>{{cite book|last = Brummitt|first = R. K.|author2=C. E. Powell|title = Authors of Plant Names |publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year = 1992 |isbn = 1-84246-085-4}}</ref>
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nathaniel Wolff Wallich''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRSE}} (28 January 1786 – 28 April 1854) was a surgeon and [[botanist]] of Danish origin who worked in India, initially in the Danish settlement near [[Calcutta]] and later for the [[Danish East India Company]] and the [[British East India Company]]. He was involved in the early development of the [[Calcutta Botanical Garden]], describing many new plant species and developing a large herbarium collection which was distributed to collections in Europe. Several of the plants that he collected were named after him.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Wallich Grant.jpg|thumb|Portrait by [[Colesworthy Grant]]|left]]
Nathaniel Wallich was born in [[Copenhagen]] in 1786 as Nathan Wulff Wallich. His father Wulff Lazarus Wallich (1756–1843) was a [[Sephardi_Jews|Sephardic]] Jewish merchant originally from the [[Holstein|Holsatian]] town [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]] near [[Hamburg]], who settled in Copenhagen late in the 18th century.<ref name="taylor&janick"/>{{sfnp|Taylor|2009|p=103}}{{sfnp|Kothari|Chhapgar|2009|p=194}} His mother was Hanne née Jacobson (1757–1839).{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Wallich attended the [[Royal Danish Academy of Surgery|Royal Academy of Surgeons]]{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|In the old Danish spelling "Chirurgiske Akademie", and "Kirurgiske Akademi".}} in Copenhagen, where his professors trained in the botanical science included [[Erik Viborg]], [[Martin Vahl]], [[Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher]] and [[Jens Wilken Hornemann]].{{sfnp|Indian Museum|1914|p=104}}<ref name="taylor&janick"/> He obtained the diploma from the Academy in 1806, and at the end of the year was appointed as surgeon in the Danish settlement at [[Serampore]], then known as ''Frederiksnagore'' in [[Bengal]].<ref name="taylor&janick"/>{{sfnp|Indian Museum|1914|p=104}}

==Career==
Wallich sailed for [[India]] in April 1807 via the [[Cape of Good Hope|African cape]] and arrived at [[Serampore]] the following November.{{sfnp|Indian Museum|1914|p=104}} However, the Danish alliance with [[Napoleon]]ic France resulted in many Danish colonies being seized by the British, including the outpost at [[Serampore|Frederiksnagore]]. When the [[British East India Company]] took over Frederiksnagore,{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Spelt "Frederichsnagor" in older literature;{{sfnp|Indian Museum|1914|p=104}} "Frederiksnagore" is the modernized spelling.<ref name="hansen"/> "Frederischnagor"<ref name="taylor&janick"/> seems to be a typographical error.}} Wallich was imprisoned,<ref name="taylor&janick"/>{{sfnp|Indian Museum|1914|p=104}} but released on parole in 1809 on the merit of his scholarship.{{sfnp|Kothari|Chhapgar|2009|p=194}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Delfs|first=Tobias|date=2021|title=The German Network around the Danish Botanist and Superintendent of the Botanical Garden in Calcutta, Nathaniel Wallich (1786–1854)|url=https://www.projekt-mida.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Delfs-Tobias-The-German-Network-around-the-Danish-Botanist-and-Superintendent-of-the-Botanical-Garden-in-Calcutta-Nathaniel-Wallich-1786-1854-1.pdf|journal=MIDA Archival Reflexicon|pages=1}}</ref>

===Service in East India Company===

From August 1814, Wallich became an assistant surgeon in the [[East India Company]]'s service and resigned as superintendent of the [[Indian Museum]] in December 1814.

===First curator of Indian Museum===

Wallich proposed the forming of a museum in a letter dated 2 February 1814 to the Council of the Asiatic Society. Wallich offered his services to the society and some items from his own collections for the museum. The society heartily supported the proposal and resolved to set up a museum and to appoint Wallich to be the honorary curator and then superintendent of the [[Indian Museum|Oriental Museum of the Asiatic Society]]. Dr. Nathaniel Wallich took charge of the museum on 1 June 1814. The museum thus inaugurated, grew rapidly under the guidance of its founder Wallich and private collectors. Most of these private contributors were Europeans except for one Indian, Babu [[Ramkamal Sen]], initially a collector and later the first Indian secretary to the [[Asiatic Society]]. Wallich was not only the enthusiastic founder and the first curator the Indian Museum, he was one of the largest donors to the museum at its inception. Out of one hundred seventy four items donated to the museum till 1816, Wallich donated forty-two botanical specimens.<ref>[http://indianmuseumkolkata.org/wallich.html Official website of Indian Museum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205072834/http://www.indianmuseumkolkata.org/wallich.html |date=5 February 2012 }},''Biography of Nathaniel Wallich''</ref>

=== Royal Botanical Garden, Calcutta ===
[[File:Nathaniel Wallich00.jpg|thumb|upright|''Saurauia nepalensis'' from ''[[Plantae Asiaticae Rariores]]'']]
Wallich was also temporarily appointed superintendent of the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta]], and later permanently joined the garden in 1817, and served there until 1846, when he retired from the service. Ill health forced Wallich to spend the years 1811–1813 in the more temperate climate of [[Mauritius]], whence he continued his studies. In 1822, at the behest of his friend Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] he travelled to Singapore to design the botanical garden. While travelling to Singapore, Wallich fell ill and stayed at Botany Hall to recuperate. During his recuperation, Raffles persuaded him to write a report to the government to start a botanic and experimental garden in Singapore. In November, Wallich submitted a proposal for a botanical garden in Singapore.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Wallich |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=01f878e7-2ea5-4d60-aa27-daf9122369a8 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref> Wallich would returned to Calcutta the following year.

Wallich prepared a catalogue of more than 20,000 specimens, known informally as the "Wallich Catalogue". The specimens in the catalogue were either collected by Wallich himself or from other collectors around the same period, including Roxburgh, Gomez, Griffith and Wight. The collector of each specimen is clearly cited in the catalogue itself. Today, Wallich's personal collection is housed at the [[Kew Herbarium]] as the Wallich Collection. In addition to the specimens there, Wallich also distributed duplicates of his specimens to herbaria, including some to [[Sir Joseph Banks]], which are in the Kew general collection.<ref>''Numerical List of Dried Specimens of Plants in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company / Which Have Been Supplied by Dr. Wallich, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden at Calcutta''. London, 1828–1849. (see External links below).</ref>

He published two books, ''Tentamen Florae Nepalensis Illustratae'' and ''[[Plantae Asiaticae Rariores]]'', and went on numerous expeditions. One of Wallich's greatest contributions to the field of plant exploration was the assistance he regularly offered to the many plant hunters who stopped in Calcutta on their way to the [[Himalayas]].

The three volumes of ''Plantae Asiaticae Rariores'' made use of artists employed by the Calcutta Botanic Garden: 146 drawings by Gorachand, 109 by Vishnupersaud and one work by Rungiah (the artist employed by [[Robert Wight]]); the rest of the plates were by John Clark and three by [[William Griffith (botanist)|William Griffith]]. Two hundred and fifty copies of the work were printed, of which 40 were purchased by the East India Company.<ref name=Ray>Desmond, Ray 1994. ''The European Discovery of the Indian Flora''. Oxford University Press.</ref>

=== Scholarly distinctions ===
Wallich received an M.D. from Aberdeen in 1819.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/b20457273M002#page/759/mode/1up |author=Comrie, John D. |year=1932| title= History of Scottish Medicine. Volume 2. |publisher=Wellcome Historical Medical Museum|place= London}}</ref> Wallich was later appointed assistant to [[William Roxburgh]], the East India Company's botanist in [[Calcutta]]. By 1813 he had become interested in the flora of India, and undertook expeditions to Nepal, West Hindustan, and lower Burma. During 1837 and 1838, Nathaniel Wallich served as professor of botany at [[Calcutta Medical College]]. Two years later in 1821, he was conferred the degree of honorary doctor at the [[University of Copenhagen]] and in 1826, elected member of the [[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]].{{sfnp|Sangwan|1998|p=226}} Wallich became a freemason early in his Calcutta life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=David |date=2008 |title=Plant Capitalism and Company Science: The Indian Career of Nathaniel Wallich |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026749X0700296X/type/journal_article |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=899–928 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X0700296X |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] in 1822, his proposer being [[John Yule (botanist)|John Yule]]. This was followed in 1828 by his being elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of London]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-902198-84-5|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Retirement, death, and legacy===

Wallich had suffered deteriorating health for many years, at one time contracting [[cholera]], and he was finally obliged to resign his post in 1846 and retire to London, where he became vice-president of the [[Linnean Society]], of which he had been a fellow since 1818.

Wallich remained in London until his death seven years later. He died at [[Gower Street, London|Gower Street]] in [[Bloomsbury]] on 28 April 1854 aged 68.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-902198-84-5|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was buried in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]].

Part of Wallich's herbarium collections held at Kew, and known as the Wallich Herbarium, is the largest separate herbarium. Another part of the collection is the Central National Herbarium of the Botanical Survey of India in Calcutta, making in all about 20,500 specimens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wallich.rbge.info/|title=The Wallich Catalogue|publisher=Wallich Catalogue Online|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/gotoWallich.do|title=Nathaniel Wallich|publisher= Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew}}</ref> Wallich is also credited with the authorship of 35 papers, mostly botanical.<ref name=Kew>Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. ''About Nathaniel Wallich''. {{cite web |url=http://www.kew.org/learn/library-art-archives/nathaniel-wallich/about-nathaniel-wallich |title=About Nathaniel Wallich | the Wallich Collection at Kew |access-date=2016-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017034330/http://www.kew.org/learn/library-art-archives/nathaniel-wallich/about-nathaniel-wallich |archive-date=17 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}.</ref>

{{botanist|Wall.|border=0}}When Wallich stayed at Botany Hall, a residence in Singapore, on top of a hill to recuperate from his illness, the hill was then named [[Mount Wallich]] after him.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
Wallich's was the maternal uncle of the Danish zoologist [[Theodore Cantor]].<ref>''Natural History Publications Arising from Theodore Cantor’s Visit to Chusan, China, in 1840'', Archives of natural history 43.1 (2016): 30–40 Edinburgh University Press, I. M. Turner, page 36</ref> Wallich married Juliane Marie Hals (born 1797), later known as Mary Ann, on 30 May 1812, but she died only two months later. In 1815, Wallich married Sophia Collings (1797–1876). Together, they had seven children, two of whom died in infancy. Their eldest son [[George Charles Wallich|George Charles]] became a distinguished oceanographer.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Kew" />

<gallery heights="170px" mode="packed-hover" style="margin-top:3em;" caption="Some images of plates from ''Plantae Asiaticae Rariores''">
File:Plantae Asiaticae Rariores - plate 004 - Hibiscus Lindlei.jpg|''[[Hibiscus radiatus]]''
File:Plantae Asiaticae Rariores - plate 001 - Amherstia nobilis.jpg|''[[Amherstia nonilis]]''
File:Plantae Asiaticae Rariores - plate 012 - Melanorrhoea usitata.jpg|''[[Gluta usitata]]''
File:Plantae Asiaticae rariores, or, Descriptions and figures of a select number of unpublished East Indian plants (Tab. 13) BHL449471.jpg|''[[Aspidopterys hirsuta]]''
File:Nathaniel Wallich05.jpg|''[[Curcuma roscoeana]]''
</gallery>

== Species named after Wallich ==
{{Col-begin|width=75%}}
{{Col-break}}

* ''[[Allium wallichii]]'' (jimbur or Himalaya onion)
* ''[[Apostasia wallichii]]''
* ''[[Brahmaea wallichii]]''
* ''[[Bulbophyllum wallichii]]''
* ''[[Burmannia wallichii]]''
* ''[[Castanopsis wallichii]]''
* ''[[Catreus wallichii]]'' (cheer pheasant or Wallich's pheasant)
* ''[[Clerodendrum wallichii]]''
* ''[[Convolvulus wallichianus]]''
* ''[[Debregeasia wallichiana]]''
* ''[[Dioscorea wallichii]]''
* ''[[Diospyros wallichii]]''
* ''[[Dombeya wallichii]]''
* ''[[Dryopteris wallichiana]]''
* ''[[Eriophyton wallichii]]''
* ''[[Euphorbia wallichii]]''
* ''[[Geranium wallichianum]]''
{{Col-break}}
* ''[[Heptapleurum wallichianum]]''
* ''[[Horsfieldia wallichii]]''
* ''[[Hoya wallichii]]''
* ''[[Ilex wallichii]]''
* ''[[Koilodepas wallichianum]]''
* ''[[Ligusticum wallichii]]'' (Szechuan lovage)
* ''[[Lilium wallichianum]]''
* ''[[Meconopsis wallichii]]''
* ''[[Memecylon wallichii]]''
* ''[[Nageia wallichiana]]''
* ''[[Pinus wallichiana]]'' (blue pine or Bhutan pine)
* ''[[Pteris wallichiana]]''
* ''[[Rhododendron wallichii]]''
* ''[[Rotala wallichii]]''
* ''[[Rubus wallichii]]''
* ''[[Salacca wallichiana]]''
* ''[[Sarcococca wallichii]]''
* ''[[Schima wallichii]]''
{{Col-break}}
* ''[[Sorbus wallichii]]''
* ''[[Strobilanthes wallichii]]'' (Kashmir acanthus, hardy Persian shield, wild petunia or kandali)
* ''[[Taxus wallichiana]]'' (Himalayan yew)
* ''[[Ternstroemia wallichiana]]''
* ''[[Tylecodon wallichii]]''
* ''[[Thysia wallichii]]''
* ''[[Ulmus wallichiana]]'' (Himalayan elm or Kashmir elm)
* ''[[Valeriana wallichii]]'' (Indian valerian or Tagar-ganthoda)
* ''[[Wallichia]]'' (a genus of palms)
* ''[[Widdringtonia wallichii]]'' (Clanwilliam cedar or Clanwilliam cypress)
{{col-end}}

==See also==
* ''[[Plantae Asiaticae Rariores]]''
* [[Zoological Survey of India]]

== Film ==
* Morten Skriver (director): ''"[http://www.dfi.dk/faktaomfilm/film/da/35956.aspx?id=35956# Nathanial Wallich & Botanikkens Imperium]"'', [[Zentropa]] Real (2003) {{in lang|da}}

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="hansen">{{citation|last=Hansen |first=Alfred |author-link= |title=List of Danes honoured in naming of plant genera |journal=Botanisk Tidsskrift |volume=69 |date=1974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yIoAQAAIAAJ&q=Wallich |page=215}}</ref>

<ref name="taylor&janick">{{cite web|last1=Taylor |first1=Judith M. |author1-link= |last2=Janick |first2=Jules |author2-link= |title=Lorenzo Da Ponte and Nathaniel Wallich: Jews in the Enlightenment |date=2021|url=https://www.horthistoria.com/articles/articles_articles/articles_articles_lorenzo_da_ponte_nathaniel_wallich/ |website=Horthistoria.com |accessdate=2022-05-07}}</ref>
}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kothari |first1=Ashok S. |author1-link= |last2=Chhapgar |first2=Boman F. |author2-link=:en:Boman Framji Chhapgar |title=Living Jewels from the Indian Jungle |publisher=OUP India |date=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjEgAQAAMAAJ&q=Wallich |isbn=9780198064657}}

* {{cite book|author=Indian Museum |authorlink=:en:Indian Museum, Kolkata |chapter=Nathaniel Wallich |title=The Indian Museum, 1814-1914 |location=Calcutta |publisher=trustees of the Indian museum and printed at the Baptist mission Press |date=1914 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZZMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA104 |pages=104–107}}

* {{cite book|last=Sangwan |first=Satpal |author-link= |chapter=8 From Gentlemen Amateurs to Professionals: Reassessing the Natural Science Tradition in Colonial India 1780-1840 |title=Nature and the Orient: The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia: Studies in social ecology and environmental history |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsYsAQAAMAAJ&q=Wallich |pages=210–236 |isbn=9780195638967}}

* {{cite book|last=Taylor |first=Judith M. |author-link= |title=The Global Migrations of Ornamental Plants: How the World Got Into Your Garden |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden Press |date=2009 |isbn=9781930723696 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIRFAQAAIAAJ&q=Wallich}}

* {{cite book|last=Krieger |first=Martin |author-link=| title=Nathaniel Wallich: Global Botany in Nineteenth Century India| publisher=Routledge| date=2022 |isbn=9781032377117}}

{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{BHL author}}
* [http://anayglorious.in/science-conservation/collections/nathaniel-wallich/about-nathaniel-wallich.html Kew: About Nathaniel Wallich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123073832/http://www.anayglorious.in/science-conservation/collections/nathaniel-wallich/about-nathaniel-wallich.html |date=23 November 2019 }}
* [http://anayglorious.in/science-conservation/collections/nathaniel-wallich/introducing-the-collection.html Kew: Nathaniel Wallich: About the collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123073957/http://www.anayglorious.in/science-conservation/collections/nathaniel-wallich/introducing-the-collection.html |date=23 November 2019 }}
* [http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/gotoWallich.do Kew botanical gardens: Nathaniel Wallich]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921100134/http://indianmuseumkolkata.org/history.php Indian Museum Kolkata: History]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/1917 Wallich Catalog]
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k976214 Tentamen Florae Napalensis Illustratae] on [[Gallica]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wallich, Nathaniel}}
[[Category:Botanists with author abbreviations]]
[[Category:1786 births]]
[[Category:1854 deaths]]
[[Category:Botanists active in India]]
[[Category:Pteridologists]]
[[Category:19th-century Danish botanists]]
[[Category:18th-century Danish Jews]]
[[Category:19th-century Danish Jews]]
[[Category:Danish mycologists]]
[[Category:Jewish scientists]]
[[Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Scientists from Copenhagen]]
[[Category:Danish emigrants]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Danish India]]
[[Category:Danish people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Danish surgeons]]
[[Category:Plant collectors]]

Krishnudu

2026-04-29T00:54:59Z

Tiwari63: put up initial pg initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Krishnudu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age| 1975 |07| 15}}
| birth_place = [[Chintalapalli, East Godavari district|Chintalapalli]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| height = 5' 10'<nowiki/>'
| birthname = Alluri Krishna
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| homepage =
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| agent =
}}

'''Krishna''', more commonly known as '''Krishnudu''', is an Indian actor in the [[Telugu film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/krishnudu-turns-rowdy/articleshow/16432060.cms|title=Krishnudu turns rowdy|date=15 January 2017|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

==Career==
Originally from a farmer background from [[East Godavari district|Rajavolu]], Krishnudu received his diploma in automobile engineering from Bengaluru. Interested in acting in cinema, he left for Hyderabad but a injury in his leg caused him to gain weight and he was immobile for two years. He worked as a fashion photographer alongside Subi Samuel in Mumbai before returning to Hyderabad, where he established his own photo studio The Faces in 1999 and worked on films like ''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]'', ''[[Appudappudu]]'' and Puri Jagannadh's films. He worked as an assistant director for ''[[Bhageeratha]]'' (2004).<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/krishnudu.html|title=Krishnudu interview - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film actor|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

He has mostly done supporting roles until ''[[Vinayakudu (film)|Vinayakudu]]'', where he played the lead role.<ref name="I"/> He is currently affiliated with YSRCP party as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suryaa.com/ap-english-3180-tollywood-actor-krishnudu-joins-ysrcp.html|title=Tollywood actor Krishnudu joins YSRCP|website=suryaa}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
! Notes
|-
|2005 || ''[[Modati Cinema]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2006 || ''[[Manodu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Veedhi]]'' || Gangster ||
|-
|''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]'' || Sekhar's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Party (2006 film)|Party]]'' || Doctor
|
|-
| ''[[Pokiri]]'' || Pandu's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2007 || ''Premalekha Rasa'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Madhumasam]]'' || Sanjay's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' || Bandodu
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Vaana (film)|Vaana]]'' || Mani
|
|-
| ''[[Yuvatha]]'' || Suribabu
|
|-
| ''[[Vinayakudu (film)|Vinayakudu]]'' || Kartik
| Debut as lead actor; partially reshot in Tamil as ''Vinayaga''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Fat-chance/articleshow/5883485.cms?from=mdr|title=Fat chance!|date=3 May 2010|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009 || ''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]'' || Fatso
|
|-
| ''[[Ninnu Kalisaka]]'' || Chanti
|
|-
| ''[[Villagelo Vinayakudu]]'' || Kartik
|
|-
| ''[[Arya 2]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|2010|| ''[[Ye Maaya Chesaave]]'' || Himself
|
|-
| ''[[Sneha Geetham]]'' || Pitamaha
|
|-
| ''Pappu'' || Pappu
|
|-
| ''Koti Mooka'' || Ramana
|
|-
| ''Amayakudu'' || Krishna
|
|-
| ''Mango'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|2011 || ''[[Katha Screenplay Darshakatvam Appalaraju]]'' || Banda
|
|-
| ''[[Vykuntapali]]'' || Chandu
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'' || Krishna
|
|-
| ''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]'' || Anji
|
|-
| ''[[Brahmi Gadi Katha]]'' || Pandu || <ref name="Chowdhary">Chowdhary, Y. Sunita (2011) "[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2153090.ece A comic caper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704094208/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2153090.ece |date=4 July 2011 }}", ''[[The Hindu]]'', 2 July 2011, Retrieved 2011-07-12</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mogudu (film)|Mogudu]]'' ||
|
|-
|''Naaku O Loverundi''||Krishna Sastry
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012 || ''[[Nippu]]'' || Subbu
|
|-
| ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' || Prakash
|
|-
| ''Ramadandu'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2013 || ''Bullabbai'' || ||
|-
| ''Mr. Manmadha'' ||Madan
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mr-manmadha/movie-review/19307111.cms|title=Mr Manmadha Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Mr Manmadha by Times of India|work=The Times of India|first=Karthik|last=Pasupulate|date=31 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dalam]]'' || Veerabhadram
|Simultaneously shot in Tamil
|-
| ''Turum'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|2014 || ''[[Chandamama Kathalu]]'' || G. Venkateshwera Rao
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/krishnudu-as-a-29-year-old-virgin/articleshow/29446255.cms|title=Krishnudu as a 29-year-old virgin|date=15 January 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Brindavanamlo Gopika'' || Krishnudu
|
|-
| ''Vishnu Moorti'' || [[Lord Vishnu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' || Doctor
|
|-
| ''Ram Bhai Bheem Bhai'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Erra Bus]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2015 || ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' || Ottu
|
|-
|''[[365 Days (2015 film)|365 Days]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ram Leela (2015 Telugu film)|Ram Leela]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jyothi Lakshmi (film)|Jyothi Lakshmi]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016|| ''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (2016 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]'' || Rani's brother
|
|-
| ''Dr. Prasad c/o Sitara'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' ||Pani Puri seller
|
|-
|2019 || ''[[Hulchul (2019 film)|Hulchul]]'' || Rudra's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' || Srinivasa Rao || [[Tamil film]]
|-
|''[[Laggam]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]'' || Mall Malleshwarao ||
|-
|''[[Shanmukha (film)|Shanmukha]]''
|Subrahmanyam
|
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Bad Boy Karthik]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===TV series===
* ''Yuva'' ([[Star Maa]])
* ''Gangato Ram Babu'' ([[Zee Telugu]])

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3809856}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Vasai Creek Railway Bridge

2026-04-26T15:35:24Z

Tiwari63:

{{Short description|Bridge in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

The '''Vasai Creek Railway Bridge''' is located between [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway's]] [[Bhayandar railway station|Bhayandar]] and [[Naigaon railway station|Naigaon]] railway stations, above the [[Vasai Creek]] in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-22 |title=Built in 1864, second Vasai creek bridge now being dismantled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/built-in-1864-second-vasai-creek-bridge-now-being-dismantled/articleshow/79347624.cms |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This rail bridge starts from Bhayandar at the northern end of [[Salsette Island]], passes through [[Panju Island]], and ends at Naigaon on the mainland.
[[File:Old South Bassein Bridge.jpg|thumb|The Old Bassein Creek Railway Bridges]]

== History ==
When the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway|BB&CI Railway's]] (precursor to Western Railway) first line was to be laid between Ahmedabad and Bombay, the Bassein Creeks (Vasai Creeks) were among the more formidable obstacles. The creeks were regarded as 'tidal', with high and low tides ranging a difference of around 15 ft (4.572 m). The creek was divided into two by the intermediate [[Panju Island|Panjoo island]] (Panju Island), and hence the crossing bridge too had to be divided as such. They were opened for traffic, when the Grant Rd-Ahmedabad line opened in 1864. The Southern portion of this bridge was 4,312'-6<nowiki>''</nowiki> (1,314.45 m) long, while the Northern portion was just 1,562'-6<nowiki>''</nowiki> (476.25 m) long. The Bridges were erected with 60 ft (18.288 m) deck Warren Girders, on 2'-6<nowiki>''</nowiki> (0.762 m) diameter cast iron screw piles. These were screwed till depths, the shallowest being 20 ft (6.096 m), the deepest 72 ft (21.945 m). The bridge piers were 62'-6<nowiki>''</nowiki> (19.05 m) centres, and each consisted of three piles, 14 ft (4.267 m) centres. These were held together, with 14 ft (4.627 m) long bearing girders. The Southern Bassein was bridged by 69 spans, the Northern by just 25. For Screwing, 16 oxen yokes were employed. These would move in circular paths on rafts anchored in set positions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crossing the River, BB&CI Annual, December 1924 |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1393922426595-article3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810174303/https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1393922426595-article3.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-10 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=wr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

With passing years, the bridge's girders and foundations were found weak for increasing loads. Between the years 1896-1902 it was deemed necessary to strengthen the structure. In fact, when the Government of Bombay later appointed [[Charles Hesterman Merz|C.H. Merz]] as a consultant for the electrification of suburban railways, he had suggested the replacement of the Bassein Bridge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Alexander |date=November 1940 |title=Dr. C. H. Merz |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/146613a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=146 |issue=3706 |pages=613 |doi=10.1038/146613a0 |bibcode=1940Natur.146..613R |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aklekar |first=Rajendra B. |title=Halt Station India: The Dramatic Tale of the Nation's First Rail Lines |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-291-3497-4 |pages=132 |language=English}}</ref> The warren girders were replaced with fish plate girders, and the foundations were strengthened with the addition of 2' 6" diameter screw piles to each Pier, on both the west and east sides. Besides, a continuous girder was introduced over the five piles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=105 |language=English}}</ref> In screwing the additional piles, a different method from the previous one was utilised. The capstan had radiating arms, forming a 12 ft diameter circle, and around this ropes were wound in opposing directions, and the falls were fastened to hand winches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crossing the River, BB&CI Annual, December 1924 |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1393922426595-article3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810174303/https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1393922426595-article3.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-10 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=wr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

Eventually, it was discovered that even the above reinforcements were inadequate to bear the ever increasing traffic loads, and investigations were commenced for replacement of the bridges. Around this time, speed restrictions were imposed on the trains passing through the bridges. Local trains were limited to 15 mph (24 kph), while through trains were limited to 8 mph (13 kph). Several alternatives were considered, and it was finally decided that the new bridge must be built 120 ft east of the old bridges, to avoid the stone pitching dumped around the old piers. These were to have the same number and length of spans as the old bridges, but capable of withstanding the BB&CI Standard loading of 1916.

The piers were to be of braced cast iron screw piles. Every pier would comprise six piles spaced 9 ft centres. Five of these piles would be 3 ft in diameter, with a 5' 8" diameter cast steel blade, while the westernmost pile (the fender pile) would be 2' 6" in diameter, with a 4' 6" diameter blade. The westernmost pile was to be kept 3 ft in diameter, so as to allow future widening of the bridges, in case the line would be quadrupled .

The [[Panju Island|Panjoo Island]] served as the base of operations, where the main stocking house, powerhouse, and stores were located.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=105 |language=English}}</ref> Preliminary works for the construction of approach banks and stacking yards were commenced at the start of 1920, but the preparatory works wasn't taken in hand until the start of 1923. Although it was initially expected that all plant would be ready for work by 1923-24; however this was delayed due to the non delivery of electrical and other plant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crossing the River, BB&CI Annual, December 1924 |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1393922426595-article3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810174303/https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1393922426595-article3.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-10 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=wr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> The bridges reached an advanced stage of construction in August 1925.

The original steel bridge was decommissioned and replaced by the new, first concrete bridge to the east in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=150-plus year old bridge near Mumbai to be brought down |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/150-plus-year-old-bridge-near-mumbai-to-be-brought-down-918575.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The second concrete bridge was constructed in 2004 as part of the {{Stnlnk|Borivali}}–{{Stnlnk|Virar}} quadrupling work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second concrete bridge over Vasai Creek under construction |url=https://irfca.org/gallery/Trips/west-konkan/VivekMisc/Bassein_Creek_bridge.jpg.html |website=IRFCA}}</ref> 2018, a dredger, 'Sea King' hit the piers of the abandoned bridge.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/old-railway-bridge-near-vasai-damaged-after-dredger-hits-piers-118031900596_1.html Old railway bridge near Vasai damaged after dredger hits piers]</ref>

== Bridge Information ==

* Overall Length: {{convert|5|km|mi }}
* Width: {{convert|12|m|ft}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Old North Bassein Bridge.jpg|The remains of the Old North Bassein Creek Bridge
File:South Bassein Bridge 01.jpg|The Old South Bassein Creek Railway Bridge, in a better condition
File:South Bassein Bridge 02.jpg|The Old South Bassein Creek Railway Bridge
File:South Bassein Bridgeː View from Local.jpg|A view of the new South Bassein Bridges from a Local; looking northward
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]
[[Category:Bridges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Vasai-Virar]]
[[Category:Proposed bridges in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Mira-Bhayandar]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Maharashtra]]

{{India-rail-transport-stub}}
{{India-bridge-struct-stub}}

Sehari

2026-04-24T04:46:41Z

Tiwari63: added new post

{{short description|2022 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sehari
| image = Sehari poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Gnanasagar Dwaraka
| writer = Harsh Kanumilli
| producer = Advaya Jishnu Reddy
| starring = Harsh Kanumilli [[Simran Choudhary]] [[Abhinav Gomatam]]
| cinematography = Suresh Sarangam
| editing = Ravi Teja Girijala
| music = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| studio = Virgo Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2022|02|11|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sehari''''' ({{translation|Celebration}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by debutant Gnanasagar Dwaraka. The film stars debutant Harsh Kanumilli and [[Simran Choudhary]]. The title is inspired from the song of the same name from the film [[Oy! (film)|''Oy!'']] (2009).<ref>{{cite web |title=Audience will fall in love with Sehari: Director Gnanasagar |url=https://telanganatoday.com/audience-will-fall-in-love-with-sehari-director-gnanasagar |website=Telangana Today |date=3 February 2022}}</ref>

The music is composed by [[Prashanth R Vihari]] while cinematography and editing is done by Suresh Sarangam and Ravi Teja Girijala respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sehari Movie - Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/movies/sehari |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=11 Feb 2022}}</ref> Produced by Virgo Pictures, the film was theatrically released on 11 February 2022.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title='Khiladi', 'Sehari', DJ Tillu; 5 Telugu movies hitting theatres this week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/khiladi-sehari-dj-tillu-5-telugu-movies-hitting-theatres-this-week/photostory/89453322.cms |work=[[The Times Of India]] |access-date=15 Feb 2022}}</ref> The film received negative critical reviews on release.

== Plot ==
Shattered by his break-up with his toxic girlfriend Subbalachmi, a disturbed young man Varun takes a hasty decision to get married, despite objection from his friends Vasu and Vinni. During the arrangements for his wedding with his fiancé Aliya, things take a different turn as Varun ends up falling for Aliya's elder sister Amulya, a fashion designer who is four years elder than him.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Harsh Kanumilli as Varun<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Harsh Kanumilli, Gangasagar Dwaraka, Virgo Pictures Sehari Teaser Out |work=Sakshi Post |date=16 April 2021 |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/harsh-kanumilli-gangasagar-dwaraka-virgo-pictures-sehari-teaser-out-133639 |publisher=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |access-date=15 Feb 2022}}</ref>
* [[Simran Choudhary]] as Amulya<ref name=":1"/>
* [[Abhinav Gomatam]] as Vasu<ref name=":1"/>
* Snehaja Velidindi as Aliya
* Akshitha Shetty as Subbalachmi
* Praneeth Reddy Kallem as Vinni
* Anisha Alla as Pooja Akka
* [[Saluri Koteswara Rao]] as Vikram, Varun's father
* Rajeshwari Mullapudi as Varun's mother
* N Balakrishna as Amulya and Aliya's father
* [[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]] as a passerby ([[Cameo appearance|Cameo]])
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sehari
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=29|s=59}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Prashanth R Vihari
| prev_title = [[Raja Vikramarka (2021 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Skylab (film)|Skylab]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|J0thUDKfgvY|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack and score of the film is composed by [[Prashanth R Vihari]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022|title=Sehari by Prahanth R Vihari|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sehari/61bkBXMP7Mo_|website=Jio Saavn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022|title=Title song of Harsh Kanumilli and Simran Choudhary starrer Sehari out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/title-song-of-harsh-kanumilli-and-simran-choudhary-starrer-sehari-out/articleshow/83309270.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:59
| title1 = Sehari
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| length1 = 3:39
| title2 = Idhi Chala Baagundhi Le
| lyrics2 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length2 = 3:54
| title3 = Manase Swayanga
| lyrics3 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra3 = Yashika Sikka
| length3 = 3:34
| title4 = Rama Rama
| lyrics4 = Sanapati Bharadwaj Patrudu
| extra4 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| length4 = 3:23
| title5 = Naa Disha Neeve
| lyrics5 = Sanapati Bharadwaj Patrudu
| extra5 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length5 = 3:09
| title6 = Life of Varun
| lyrics6 = Pranav Chaganty
| extra6 = [[Mangli]], Pranav Chaganty
| length6 = 3:24
| title7 = Subbalachmi
| lyrics7 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra7 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length7 = 3:51
| title8 = Wrongu Ringa
| lyrics8 = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| extra8 = Prashanth R Vihari
| length8 = 2:06
| title9 = Rap Battle
| lyrics9 = Pranav Chaganty
| extra9 = Pranav Chaganty, [[Abhinav Gomatam]]
| length9 = 2:59
}}

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 11 February 2022 coinciding with the release of [[Khiladi (2022 film)|''Khiladi'']].<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
The film received negative reviews from critics. ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123 Telugu]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.75/5 and wrote "'Sehari' is a passable rom-com that has a good first half and climax. The situational comedy works out well but the film is filled with lag in multiple scenes".<ref>{{cite web |title=Review : Sehari – Works to an extent |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/sehari-telugu-movie-review.html |website=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123 Telugu]] |date=12 February 2022 |access-date=15 Feb 2022}}</ref> Thadhagath Pathi of [[The Times Of India|''The Times of India'']] gave the film 2.5/5 and wrote "'Sehari' is not a terrible rom-com, it's just not innovative or fresh either. If you're not bored of the same stories the film industry keeps churning out, this one's for you".<ref>{{cite web |title=Sehari Movie Review : Entertains in parts but lacks souls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sehari/movie-review/89504607.cms |work=[[The Times Of India]] |date=11 Feb 2022}}</ref>

''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 and wrote "Abhinav Gomatam, as Varun's friend, is deployed to do the needful. In a film whose writing is consistently silly, Prashanth R Vihari's music is the film's only meritorious aspect. 'Idhi Chala Bagundhile' is enjoyable. The cinematography is another asset".<ref>{{cite web |title=Sehari Review: A wafer-thin rom-com that lacks substance |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sehari-review-consistently-silly-film-over-indulges-immature-male-lead-1020956 |publisher=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=12 Feb 2022}}</ref> Prakash Pecheti of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' stated "Although 'Sehari' looks to be a tested trope in the very first glimpse, it has the screenplay that doesn't deviate your attention as an audience. Away from the regular cliched film conversation in a commercial cinema, director Gnanasagar tries to present the comedy in a more organic and subtle manner".<ref>{{cite web |title='Sehari', a madcap, silly fun ride |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sehari-a-madcap-silly-fun-ride |website=[[Telangana Today]] |date=11 February 2022 |access-date=15 Feb 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1347027}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Prashanth R Vihari]]

Eastern Hindi languages

2026-04-16T14:09:36Z

Tiwari63: Starting post

{{Short description|Group of languages spoken in northern and central India}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Eastern Hindi
| map = Indo-Aryan language map.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#feb836|Geographical distribution of Eastern Hindi languages}}
| region = [[Awadh]], [[Baghelkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| ethnicity = [[Awadhis]], [[Bagheli]]s, [[Chhattisgarhi]]s, [[Halba people|Halbi]]s, [[Powar]]is
| speakers = approx. 65 million in [[India]]{{cn|date=April 2026}}
| date =
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Central Indo-Aryan]]{{efn|According to Katre, Nigam, Cardona, Turner, Kausen, and Kogan. However others also classify it within Eastern-Central, Western-Eastern, Intermediate or Eastern.}}
| ancestor = [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]]
| glotto = east2726
| glottorefname = Eastern Hindi
}}
The '''Eastern Hindi languages''' are a branch of the [[Indo-Aryan language family]] spoken primarily in [[Awadh]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Baghelkhand]] region of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Chhattisgarh]], in [[Northern India|Northern]] and [[Central India]]. Eastern Hindi languages evolved from [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]], which is thought to be transitional between [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Sauraseni]] and [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi.]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Zograph|first=G.A.|title=Languages of South Asia: A guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB-yEAAAQBAJ|isbn=9781000831658|quote=Numerically, the content of the Central Group of the Indo-Aryan languages has been very variously assessed by different researchers: Chatterji sees in it one language while Grierson enumerated six. Strictly speaking, the core of this group is represented not by languages at all, but by a number of closely related dialects-Braj, Kanauji and Bundell, which together with Khari Boli and Hariani, can be lumped under the common title 'Western Hindi'. The last-mentioned two dialects which occupy the north-western corner of the area covered by Hindi, display a number of common features with Panjabi, which in its turn can be seen as a transitional link with the most typical representative of the North Western group – Lahnda. Closely connected with the dialects of the 'Western Hindi' group are Awadhi, Bagheli and Chattisgarhi, which come under the heading of 'Eastern Hindi". Linguistically, these can be regarded as a transitional stage between the Central and the Eastern groups of languages. The 'intermediate' character of this group of dialects seems to have taken shape as far back as the Old Indo-Aryan period. The Middle Indo-Aryan forerunner of the contemporary Eastern Hindi dialects was the Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, which was a transitional form between Sauraseni and Magadhi; the present-day Central dialects go back to Sauraseni, while the languages of the Eastern group derive from Magadhi}}</ref>

==Geographical extent==
Eastern Hindi languages are primarily spoken in [[India]] and [[Nepal]], but also have significant minorities in the [[Caribbean]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[South Africa]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistan]] due to immigration. In [[India]], they are mainly spoken in the [[Awadh]] region in eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], in the [[Baghelkhand]] region in northeastern [[Madhya Pradesh]], and in [[Chhattisgarh]].

==Languages and dialects==
* [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] (3.85 m),<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-slow-death-of-bhojpuri-and-awadhi-2122062|title=The Slow Death of Awadhi and Bhojpuri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/270676192/awadhi-language-is-grouped-as-mother-tongue-under-hindi|title='Awadhi language is grouped as mother tongue under Hindi' says Minister of State for Home Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/the-myth-of-hindi-heartland/article38277377.ece/|title=Going Native: Ghalib goes to Awadh…}}</ref> spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as the [[Caribbean]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]] and [[South Africa]]
**[[Caribbean Hindustani]] (300 k) {{small|(mostly based on [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Magahi language|Magahi]] but has major Awadhi influence)}}
**[[Sarnami Hindustani]]
**[[Fiji Hindi]] (460 k) {{small|(mostly based on Maithili and Awadhi with Magahi influence)}}
*[[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] (8 m), spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh.
* [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] (18 m), spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and central [[Chhattisgarh]].
**[[Surgujia dialect|Surgujia]] (1.7 m), spoken in Chhattisgarh

==See also==
*[[Western Hindi languages]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

Uripok Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:07Z

Tiwari63: added article.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}{{expand list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Uripok
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| mla = [[Khwairakpam Raghumani Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:25727}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = File:Map of Uripok AC.png
}}

'''Uripok Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Imphal West district]].

== Extent ==
Uripok is the 10th of 60 assembly constituencies in Manipur. It consists of 35 parts namely: 1 - Iroishemba, 2 - Langol Lairembi Leikai, 3 - Langol Aying Leikai, Langol, 5 - Langol Ningthou, 6 - Iroishemba Mamang Leikai, 7 - Iroishemba Mayai Leikai, 8 - Lamboikhongnangkhong (A), 9 - Lamboikhongnangkhong (B), 10 - Uripok Naoremthong (A), 11 - Uripok Naoremthong (B), 12 - Uripok Naoremthong (C), 13 - Lamphel Sana Keithel Makha, 14 - Lamphel Sana Keithel Awang, 15 - Uripok Polem Leikai, 16 - Uripok Yambem Leikai, 17 - Uripok Khumanthem Leikai, 18 - Uripok Achom Leikai (A), 19 - Uripok Achom Leikai (B), 20 - Uripok Khaidem Leikai, 21 - Uripok Ahanthem Leikai, 22 - Uripok Khoisnam Leikai (A), 23 - Uripok Khoisnam Leikai (B), 24 - Uripok Sorbon Thingel Kabrabam Leikai, 25 - Uripok Sorbon Thingel Leirak, 26 - Uripok Bachaspati Leikai (A), 27 - Uripok Bachaspati Leikai (B), 28 - Uripok Bachaspati Leikai (C), 29 - Uripok Khwai Brahmapur (A), 30 - Nagamapal Singjubung Leirak, 31 - Uripok Khwai Brahmapur (B), 32 - Singjubung Leirak, 33 - Sorbol Thingel (A), 34 - Uripok Tourangbam Leikai, and 35 - Sorbol Thingel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral |first=Officer Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{cite web |title=Uripok Election Result 2022 LIVE: Uripok MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/uripok-assembly-elections-mn-10/ |website=www.oneindia.com |access-date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Paonam Achou Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| T. Gunadhwaja Singh
|-
|[[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| N. Nodiachand
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Paonam Achou Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Yumnam Joykumar Singh]]<ref name=results2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Khwairakpam Raghumani Singh]]

|{{Full party name with color|
Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|36.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|32.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|27.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|32.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|27.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|26.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|38.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|45.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.00}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khwairakpam Raghumani Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,335 |percentage=36.17% |change=6.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yumnam Joykumar Singh]]|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=7,426|percentage=32.23%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khombongmayum Suresh Singh|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=5,472|percentage=23.75%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nunglepam Mahananda Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,540|percentage=6.68%|change=-23.64%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=268|percentage=1.16%|change=-0.24%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=909 |percentage=3.95% |change=2.24% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=23,041|percentage=89.56%|change=4.57%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,727 |change =8.27% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= 4.14% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yumnam Joykumar Singh]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=6,469 |percentage=32.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,124 |percentage=30.32% |change=2.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Nameirakpam Dwijamani Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,986 |percentage=29.64% |change=20.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Santosh Singh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,332 |percentage=6.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=284 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=345 |percentage=1.71% |change=-4.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,195 |percentage=84.99% |change= 3.53% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,762 |change =10.74% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.21% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Nandakumar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,864 |percentage=27.83% |change=-13.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Dwijamani Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,779 |percentage=21.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Shyamananda Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=3,712 |percentage=21.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Nameirakpam |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,734 |percentage=9.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doctor Nando Ningthoukhongjam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,623 |percentage=9.28% |change=6.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naorem Ibema Devi |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,357 |percentage=7.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achou Singh Paonam |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=401 |percentage=2.29% |change=0.80% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,085 |percentage=6.21% |change=0.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,480 |percentage=81.41% |change= 0.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,458 |change =2.45% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.61% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,066 |percentage=41.44% |change=-5.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Achou Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,120 |percentage=35.89% |change=34.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Nando Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,132 |percentage=12.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Tombi Raj |party=Communist Party of India |votes=798 |percentage=4.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laimayum Raghumani Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=540 |percentage=3.17% |change=1.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoukhongjam Radhakanta Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=255 |percentage=1.50% |change=-0.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Nodiachand Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=141 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=946 |percentage=5.55% |change=-9.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,052 |percentage=81.42% |change= -0.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,944 |change =13.25% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.25% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,037 |percentage=46.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Achou Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=4,740 |percentage=31.45% |change=0.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoukhongjam Tombi Raj |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=1,637 |percentage=10.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khongbantabam Jadumani |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=822 |percentage=5.45% |change=-27.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Radhakanta |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=360 |percentage=2.39% |change=1.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Nodiachand Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=260 |percentage=1.72% |change=-15.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konthoujam Surchand Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=217 |percentage=1.44% |change=-9.16% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,297 |percentage=15.24% |change=13.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,073 |percentage=82.13% |change= -3.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,494 |change =4.21% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 19.22% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Achou Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,866 |percentage=32.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]] |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=4,540 |percentage=30.49% |change=5.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Nodiachand Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,577 |percentage=17.30% |change=-10.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takhellambam Gunadhwaja |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,579 |percentage=10.60% |change=-2.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Tombi Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=984 |percentage=6.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Radhakanta Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=239 |percentage=1.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Birendra Sharma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=107 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=326 |percentage=2.19% |change=-0.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,892 |percentage=84.81% |change= -0.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,747 |change =13.32% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 5.21% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Nodiachand Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,646 |percentage=27.46% |change=3.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]] |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,347 |percentage=25.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paonam Achaou Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,151 |percentage=23.73% |change=-11.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chongtham Bijoy Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,743 |percentage=13.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meinam Mithai Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=730 |percentage=5.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chirom Kamal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=659 |percentage=4.96% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=299 |percentage=2.25% |change=-4.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,276 |percentage=85.77% |change= 2.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,661 |change =7.57% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.40% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Gunadhwaja Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,159 |percentage=34.86% |change=3.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achou Singh Paonam |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=3,324 |percentage=27.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Nodiachand Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,904 |percentage=24.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laimayum Raghumani Sharma |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,093 |percentage=9.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lamabam Pardeshi |party=Independent politician |votes=291 |percentage=2.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Megha Barna |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=158 |percentage=1.32% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=835 |percentage=7.00% |change=2.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,929 |percentage=82.95% |change= 3.53% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,559 |change =23.77% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.03% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Paonam Achaou Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,883 |percentage=31.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Gunadhwaja Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,469 |percentage=27.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Rachumani Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,717 |percentage=18.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Nodiachand Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,145 |percentage=12.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thiyam Meghachandra Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=643 |percentage=7.10% |change=-4.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoukhonjam Dorendra |party=Independent politician |votes=199 |percentage=2.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=414 |percentage=4.57% |change=-6.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,056 |percentage=79.42% |change= 7.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,763 |change =3.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 5.02% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Paonam Achaou Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,140 |percentage=26.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Rachumani Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=1,242 |percentage=15.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Gokulchandra |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,147 |percentage=14.37% |change=-21.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Meghachandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,088 |percentage=13.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thiyam Meghachandra Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=922 |percentage=11.55% |change=-26.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Tombi Singh |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=568 |percentage=7.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Ibochouba |party=Independent politician |votes=470 |percentage=5.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konthoujam Mangi |party=Independent politician |votes=311 |percentage=3.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Gambhir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=53 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=898 |percentage=11.25% |change=8.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,981 |percentage=72.24% |change= -3.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,372 |change =26.16% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -11.68% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Meghachandra Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,547 |percentage=38.49% |change=-6.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laisram Jugeswar Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,341 |percentage=35.38% |change=31.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yambem Tajendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,307 |percentage=19.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soibam Gulap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=422 |percentage=6.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=206 |percentage=3.11% |change=-10.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,617 |percentage=75.70% |change= 0.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,014 |change =9.70% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -6.67% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Meghachandra Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,743 |percentage=45.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Rajmani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,932 |percentage=31.81% |change=-21.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ibetombi Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,166 |percentage=19.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dwijamani Sharma |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=233 |percentage=3.84% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=811 |percentage=13.35% |change=-16.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,074 |percentage=75.47% |change= 12.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,217 |change =-54.09% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.84% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Uripok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Tombi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,841 |percentage=53.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Upendra |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=2,546 |percentage=23.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Tompok |party=Independent politician |votes=2,075 |percentage=18.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Indramani |party=Independent politician |votes=559 |percentage=5.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,295 |percentage=29.90% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,021 |percentage=63.46% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,899 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal West district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.81|93.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Merta Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:21Z

Tiwari63: starting some post from scratch

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Merta
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-111-Merta.svg
| mla = [[Laxmanram Meghwal]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency|Rajsamand]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:286760}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 111
}}
'''Merta Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. It is also part of [[Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/merta.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Merta Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Gopal Lal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Nathu Ram]]
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Gordhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ram Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Ram Lal
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Ram Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Nathu Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Ram Karan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Bhanwar Singh Dangawas]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Mangi Lal Danga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Bhanwar Singh Dangawas]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2004 (By-election)]]
| [[Ramchandra (politician)|Ramchandra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan=2|[[Sukharam Netdiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Indira Devi (politician)|Indira Devi]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Laxmanram Meghwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Merta<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Laxman Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:77493}}
|percentage = 38.36
|change = +15.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shivratan (Chiman Valmiki)
|votes = {{formatnum:59978}}
|percentage = 29.69
|change = +16.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Indira Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:56761}}
|percentage = 28.1
|change = -3.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Abhinav Rajasthan Party
|candidate = Madan Lal Balotiya
|votes = {{formatnum:3540}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1939}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change = -0.69
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17515}}
|percentage = 8.67
|change = +1.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202030}}
|percentage = 70.45
|change = -0.9
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Merta<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Indira Devi
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|votes = {{formatnum:57662}}
|percentage = 32.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxman Ram Meghwal
|votes = {{formatnum:44827}}
|percentage = 24.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhanwraram Rithadiya
|votes = {{formatnum:41860}}
|percentage = 23.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sonu Chitara Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:24018}}
|percentage = 13.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Jagdish Kumar Nayak
|votes = {{formatnum:3180}}
|percentage = 1.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2970}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12835}}
|percentage = 7.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180092}}
|percentage = 71.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Merta City]]
* [[Nagaur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.65|74.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Shikha Goel

2026-04-12T11:58:27Z

Tiwari63: added new post

{{Short description|Indian Police Services officer}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shikha Goel
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| image = Shikha Goel IPS as Addl CP Crimes & SIT at Hyderabad City Police.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|03|07|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] [[Miranda House]] [[Indian School of Business]]
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]]
| awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] Police Medal for Meritorious Service
| module = {{Infobox police officer
|child=yes
|service_years=1994-Present
|rank=[[Director general of police]]
|department=[[Telangana Police]], [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]], Women Safety, [[Cyber security]]
}}
}}
'''Shikha Goel''' (born 7 March 1969) is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] of the 1994 batch from the [[Telangana]] cadre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS.GOV.IN |url=https://ips.gov.in/pdfs/DIG-EMPL.pdf |website=ips.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Journey Of Four Incredible Women Leaders Who Chose To Challenge The Status Quo |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/a-journey-of-four-incredible-women-leaders-who-chose-to-challenge-the-status-quo/66837/1 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

She is the incumbent [[director general of police]] (DGP), CID, of [[Telangana|Telangana State]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Telangana government promotes five IPS officers to DGP rank |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-government-promotes-five-ips-officers-to-dgp-rank/article68500123.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=8 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Telangana: IPS Shikha Goel takes charge as additional DGP, CID |url=https://www.siasat.com/telangana-ips-shikha-goel-takes-charge-as-additional-dgp-cid-2938434/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[director general of police]], women safety, SHE teams and Bharosa;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=29 IPS officers transferred in a major reshuffle |website=INDToday |url=https://indtoday.com/29-ips-officers-transferred-in-a-major-reshuffle/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Ms. Shikha Goel, IPS takes over the mantle of Head of Women Safety Wing, TS |url=https://womensafetywing.telangana.gov.in/ms-shikha-goel-adgp-wsw/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=womensafetywing.telangana.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

She is also the director of Telangana Cyber Security Bureau and director of Telangana Forensic Science Laboratory.<ref>{{cite web |title=INTERVIEW{{!}}Cybercrime highly preventable, says Shikha Goel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Nov/19/interviewcybercrime-highly-preventable-says-shikha-goel |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

Shikha Goel is the recipient of [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]] and [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Two IPS officers to get President's Police Medal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2011/Jan/26/two-ips-officers-to-get-presidents-police-medal-222134.html |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=16 May 2012}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shikha Goel was born on March 7, 1969. She completed her higher education at [[Delhi University]], earning a bachelor's degree with Honours in [[botany]] from [[Miranda House]], followed by a master's degree and an [[M. Phil]] in botany. She also completed an Advanced Management Programme in public policy from the [[Indian School of Business]] and is an accredited civil and commercial mediator through ADR ODR International, England.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shikha Goel IPS: An Inspiring Woman Leader in Indian Police |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/shikha-goel-ips-an-inspiring-woman-leader-in-indian-police?fbclid=IwY2xjawGYRnhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHYD3LmKHEZT6EM4LVhuQ3MPlv6Py6w82wLsv57lZvhOdc4Ry_RprPVZNtA_aem_d4EjQXEYOtTJtDNzo0y78w |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dc">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Swati |date=2017-06-03 |title=Bridging the gap |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/030617/bridging-the-gap.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shikha Goel began her career in the [[Indian Police Service]] in 1995 after completing her training at the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]], [[Hyderabad]]. She first joined in [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] serving as an [[Assistant superintendent|assistant superintendent of police]]. After serving few years in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], she was transferred to [[Andhra Pradesh Police]]. She joined there in 1999 and served in various positions. She joined as [[additional director general of police]] (ADGP), [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]], of [[Telangana|Telangana State]] in 2023.<ref name="th">{{cite web |title=Two senior police officers from TS awarded President's Police Medal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/two-senior-police-officers-from-ts-awarded-presidents-police-medal/article33660831.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

She also served as director, Anti-Corruption Bureau, [[Telangana State]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2021-12-25 |title=Telangana: Major reshuffle in police department |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/telangana-major-reshuffle-in-police-department-721523 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> FAC director of the [[Telangana|Telangana State]] Cyber Security Bureau;<ref>{{cite web |title=Telangana citizens lose ₹4-₹5 crore every day to cyber criminals: police official |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-citizens-lose-4-5-crore-every-day-to-cyber-criminals-police-official/article68836031.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=6 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rathnam |first1=Priya |title=137 of 1K blocked Skype accounts are from Telangana says Shikha Goel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/May/20/137-of-1k-blocked-skype-accounts-are-from-telangana-says-shikha-goel |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=20 May 2024}}</ref> in-charge director of the [[forensic science laboratory]] (FSL); in-charge [[additional director general of police]], Women Safety Wing;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=IPS Transfers: Shikha Goel Given Charge of Women Safety, SHE Teams |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/telangana/telangana-police-29-ips-officers-transferred-shikha-goel-given-charge-women-safety |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana State Police Government Portal |url=https://www.tspolice.gov.in/jsp/userMenu.do?method=viewOrganizationStructure}}</ref> [[Additional Commissioner of Police|additional commissioner of police]], crimes & [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]], [[Hyderabad]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major police reshuffle in Telangana |url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/major-police-reshuffle-in-telangana/7361 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=IndianMandarins |language=en}}</ref> [[inspector general of police]], CISF NS Headquarters, [[New Delhi]]; [[deputy commissioner of police]], North Zone, [[Secunderabad]]; and [[superintendent of police]] in various districts/units.<ref name="dc"/>

== Decorations ==
* [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30x30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for distinguished service]] – Received in 2021<ref name="th"/>
* [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30x30px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for meritorious service]] – Received in 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Medal for Meritorious Service Republic Day-2011 |website=mha.gov.in |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/pm-rd11.pdf }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfJBfVUxF7Q Shikha Goel] speaking at [[TED (conference)|Ted]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goel, Shikha}}
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Telangana Police]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women civil servants]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]

Prahlad Stambh

2026-04-08T04:17:43Z

Tiwari63: New New Entry...

{{Short description|Legendary pillar related to Lord Vishnu devotee Prahlad}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Prahlad Stambh
| native_name = प्रह्लाद स्तम्भ
| native_name_lang = Mai
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| image = Prahalad Sthambh Purnea.jpg
| caption = View of the Prahlad Stambh in the premises of the Narsingh Mandir at Sikligadh Dharhara in Purnia
| mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|25.9035205|N|87.1871661|E}}
| location = Prahlad Nagar, Sikligadh Dharhara
| deity = Lord Vishnu
| festivals = Holika Dahan, Holi
| district = Purnia
| state = Bihar
| region = Mithila
| country = India
| type = Legendary pillar
| architecture_type = Ancient stone pillar
}}

'''Prahlad Stambh''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: प्रह्लाद स्तम्भ) also called as ''Manikya Stambh'' is a legendary stone pillar in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holika Dahan 2022: भक्त प्रहलाद को बचाने के लिए खंभे से प्रकट हुए थे भगवान नरसिंह, यहां आज भी है ये स्तंभ - holi dahan 2022 manikya sthumb in dharhara village of bihar where lord narsinga saved his devotee Prahlad |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-holi-dahan-2022-manikya-sthumb-in-dharhara-village-of-bihar-where-lord-narsinga-saved-his-devotee-prahlad-22548950.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-22 |title=इस स्तंभ में साक्षात प्रकट हुए थे भगवान नरसिंह, कहां है ये जानिए |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/dharm/news/manikya-sthumb-in-dharhara-village-1586403 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> It is located in the premises of the Narsingh Mandir at ''[[Sikligarh|Sikligadh]] Dharhara'' in the [[Banmankhi]] block of the [[Purnia district]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. According to [[Hindus|Hindu]] adherents, it is believed that [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] himself took the incarnation of [[Narasimha]] here to protect his beloved devotee [[Prahlada|Prahlad]]. The length of this legendary pillar is approximately 1411 inches, major part of which is buried under the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भगवान नरसिंह स्थल पर तीन मार्च को होलिका महोत्सव |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/purnia/holika-festival-on-march-3-at-lord-narasimha-sthal |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Holika Dahan: जहां होलिका प्रहलाद को लेकर अग्नि में लेकर बैठी थी, उसी जगह आज राजकीय सम्मान के साथ हुआ दहन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/purnea/holika-dahan-with-state-honors-in-sikligadh-dharhara-purnea-a-flood-of-faith-and-tradition-overflows-2026-03-02 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2022-03-17 |title=बिहार के इस जिले में हुआ था होलिका दहन, भक्त प्रहलाद को बचाने खम्भे से निकले थे नरसिंह, पहली बार लोगों ने खेली थी राख की होली |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/bihar/holi-started-from-sikligarh-in-purnia-bihar-where-holika-dahan-is-played-holi-of-ashes-is-played-here-1122589.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=स्तंभ फाड़ भगवान नरसिंह ने लिया था अवतार:प्रह्लाद नगर से शुरू हुआ होली का त्योहार, मुगल भी नहीं उखाड़ सके माणिक्य स्तंभ |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/purnia/news/prahlad-nagar-where-lord-narasimha-incarnated-by-tearing-the-pillar-purnia-132776006.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=आज कहां है हिरण्यकश्यप का किला, जहां होलिका ने की प्रह्लाद को जलाने की कोशिश, इस खंभे से निकले थे नरसिंह भगवान |url=https://ndtv.in/bihar-news/the-origin-of-holika-dahan-mystical-manikya-pillar-and-narasimha-temple-in-purnia-sikligarh-temple-11162198 |work=NDTV India}}</ref>

==Legend==
The legendary pillar of Prahlad Stambh is associated with the legend of the Narasimha Avatar of Lord Vishnu in [[Hinduism]]. According to legend, it is believed the remains of that pillar in [[Puranas]] which was torn apart and Lord Vishnu appeared in the form of [[Narasimha]] in front of the Asura king [[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyakashyapa]]. After the incarnation as Lord Narasimha, he torn the chest of the Asura king Hiranyakashyapa there and killed him to death.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], attempts were made to uproot or topple this pillar with the help of elephants, but it remained unmoved. They were not able to uproot the legendary pillar. Even today, the pillar remains slightly tilted, a testimony to that struggle. In the complex of the temple, there is still ruined remains of a fort believed to be of the [[Asura]] King Hiranyakashipu. There is an ancient cave, where he is believed to performed his tough penance dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]. Presently, the ancient cave is under the supervision of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=":0" />

==State recognition==
The site of the Prahlad Stambh is believed to be the location where the first legendary festival of [[Holika Dahana|Holika Dahan]] was performed after the death of [[Holika]], the sister of Asura King Hiranyakashipu. The most prominent Holika Dahan of the country is organised here. In the year 2017, the [[Government of Bihar]] recognised the festival of Holika Dahan at the premises of Prahlad Stambh as a state festival.

Since last 20 years, every year a 45 feet tall Holika statue is erected in the premises and it is burnt as the celebration of the festival Holika Dahan. It is claimed to be a unique celebration of the festival Holika Dahan in the country.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Purnia district]]
[[Category:Purana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]

Gopimohan

2026-03-26T17:03:50Z

Tiwari63: minor edit

{{short description|Indian screenplay and story writer (born 1974)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Gopimohan
| image =Gopimohan.jpg
| imagesize =
| website=
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1974|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Gudivada]], India
|module={{Infobox person|child=yes
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=11}} }}
| birth_name = Pinnamaneni Gopi Mohan
| pseudonym = Gopi, Mohan
| language = Telugu
| spouse = Praveena
| occupation = Screenplay, screenwriter
| yearsactive = 2001
| notableworks =[[Nuvvu Nenu]], [[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]], [[Venky]], [[Dhee (film)|Dhee]], [[Dubai Seenu]], [[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]], [[Swagatam]], [[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]], [[King (2008 film)|King]], [[Namo Venkatesa]], [[Dookudu]], [[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]], [[Loukyam]], [[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]], [[Sarrainodu]], [[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh Baby]] }}

'''Gopimohan''' (born '''Pinnamaneni Gopi Mohan''') is an Indian screenplay and story writer who works in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film industry. Gopi Mohan was born in Kurumaddali village Near Vuyyuru, Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. From childhood, he was passionate about movies.<ref>{{cite news|author=Y Krishna Jyothi|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article309628.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927041804/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article309628.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2013|title=Gopimohan to turn director!|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gopi Mohan worked in the direction department for [[N.Shankar]]'s 1999 Telugu film ''Yamajathakudu'' and [[B. Gopal]]'s 2000 Telugu film ''[[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]]. He'' assisted in script and direction for [[Teja (film director)|Teja]]'s 2001 Telugu film ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''.

Later he wrote the screenplay in 2002 Telugu film ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]''.
He is associated with successful directors [[Dasaradh]], [[Sreenu Vytla]], [[Surender Reddy]], [[Teja (film director)|Teja]], [[G.Nageswara Reddy]] from past ten years.
In the past, he has written screenplays for movies such as ''Santosham'', ''[[Venky]]'', ''[[Mr & Mrs Sailajakrishnamurthy]]'', ''[[Sri (2005 film)|Sri]]'', ''[[Ashok (film)|Ashok]]'', ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'', ''[[Dubai Seenu]]'', ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'', ''[[Swagatam]]'', ''[[Jhummandi Naadam]]'', ''[[Dhenikaina Ready]]'', ''[[Greeku Veerudu]]'', ''[[Doosukeltha]]'', and ''[[Loukyam]]''.

He first wrote the story in the 2008 Telugu film ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]''.
He wrote stories for director [[Sreenu Vytla]] films ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'', ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'', ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]'', ''[[Dookudu]]'', ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''.
Gopi Mohan and [[Kona Venkat]] worked together for many films as script writers.

== Filmography ==

=== As an assistant director ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title
|-
|1999 || ''[[Yamajathakudu]] ''
|-
|2000 || ''[[Vamsy|Vamsi]]''
|-
|2001 || ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]] ''
|}

=== As screenplay writer ===
{| class="wikitable"

! Year !! Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes and {{refh}}
|-
|2002 || ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004 || ''[[Venky]]''
| Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Mr & Mrs Sailajakrishnamurthy]]''
|
|-
|2005 || ''[[Sri (2005 film)|Sri]]''
|
|-
|2006 || ''[[Ashok (film)|Ashok]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007 || ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Dubai Seenu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]''
|
|-
|2008|| ''[[Swagatam]]''
|
|-
|2010|| ''[[Jhummandi Naadam]]''
|
|-
|2012|| ''[[Dhenikaina Ready]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013|| ''[[Greeku Veerudu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Doosukeltha]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014|| ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Alludu Sreenu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Loukyam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 ||''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]''
|<ref name="D">[http://www.movienewz.in/2015/05/balakrishnas-dictator-movie-launch.html "Balakrishna's 99th Movie Dictator Launch"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120837/http://www.movienewz.in/2015/05/balakrishnas-dictator-movie-launch.html |date=26 June 2015 }} MovieNewz.in. Retrieved 29 May 2015</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shourya (2016 film)|Shourya]]''
|
|-
|2019|| ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh Baby]]''
|
|}

=== As story writer ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008 || ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]''
|
|-
| ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]''
|
|-
|2010 || ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]''
|
|-
|2011|| ''[[Dookudu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013 || ''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Bruce Lee – The Fighter]]''
|
|-
|2016 ||''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]''
| <ref name="D"/>
|-
|2017 || ''[[Mister (2017)|Mister]]''
|
|-

|2024 || ''Dhoom Dham''
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2022987}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]

Ambala

2026-03-21T18:49:58Z

Tiwari63: expanded layout additionally and added references

{{Short description|City in Haryana, India}}
{{About|the city in Haryana, India|the film|Aambala|the British confectionary company|Ambala Foods}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date = December 2011}}
{{Copy edit|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambala
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Ambala Cantonment Railway Station.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ambala Cantonment Railway Station, Haryana, India
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
|pushpin_relief=yes
| coordinates = {{coord|30.38|N|76.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ambala district|Ambala]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 14th century CE
| founder = Amba Rajput{{who|date=August 2024}}
| named_for = Amba Rajput, Bhawani Amba (Goddess)
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Ambala Municipal Corporation]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Ambala Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.mcambala.gov.in/ |date= June 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Shailja Sachdeva
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Varun Chaudhary]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title3 = [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Nirmal Singh (Haryana politician)|Nirmal Singh]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Anil Vij]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title4 = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name4 = Sachin Gupta ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 264
| population_total = 207,934 (UA)<ref name="2011 census" />
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Ambalvi
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 24 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 4 February 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="punjabiofficial">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/story-MTUeEQDE4fRCbEyPkAm63N.html |title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=IANS |date=28 January 2010 |access-date=2 January 2019|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgc/ |website=Ethnologue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601091217/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgc/ |access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=1 June 2016 }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 1330xx,1340xx
| area_code = 0171
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| registration_plate = HR 01 (city), HR 04 (Naraingarh), HR 54 (Barara), HR 85 (Ambala Cantonment), HR37 (commercial)
| website = {{URL|https://ambala.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Ambala-Kos_Minar.jpg|thumb|[[Kos Minar]] near Ambala along [[Grand Trunk Road]] in [[Haryana]]]]

'''Ambala''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Ambālā|əmbalaː}}) is a city and a [[municipal corporation]] in [[Ambala district]] in the state of [[Haryana|Haryana, India]], located on the border of the Indian state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and in proximity to both states' capital, [[Chandigarh]].

Politically, Ambala has two sub-areas: [[Ambala Cantonment]] (also known as Ambala Cantt) and [[Ambala City railway station|Ambala City]], eight kilometres apart. It is also known as "Twin City." Ambala has a large [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force]] presence within its cantonment area. It is located 200 km (124 mi) to the north of [[New Delhi]], India's capital, and has been identified as a [[National Capital Region (India)#Counter magnets|counter-magnet]] city for the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] to develop as an alternative center of growth to Delhi.

Ambala separates the [[Ganges]] river network from the [[Indus River|Indus]] river network and is surrounded by two rivers – [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]] and [[Dangri|Tangri]] – to the north and to the south. Due to its geographical location, the Ambala district plays an important role in local tourism, being located {{cvt|47|km}} south of Chandigarh, {{cvt|50|km}} north of [[Kurukshetra]], {{cvt|148|km}} southwest of [[Shimla]], {{cvt|198|km}} north of New Delhi and {{cvt|260|km}} southeast of [[Amritsar]].

==History==
{{see also|History of Haryana|Tourism in Haryana}}

===Etymology===
The town is said to derive its name from Amba [[Rajput]], who supposedly founded it during the 14th century CE. According to another version, it is named after the goddess "Bhawani Amba," whose Temple still exists in Ambala city.<ref name=hargazc1>[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/hr-gaz-ch-5.pdf Haryana Gazateer], Revenue Dept of Haryana, Capter-V.</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Tourism Management|author1=Bajwa, J.S.|author2=Kaur, R.|year=2007|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788131300473|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVXCiwdwPxsC}}</ref> The English spelling Umballa has sometimes been used; this spelling was used by [[Rudyard Kipling]] in his 1901 novel ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bibliomania.com/0/0/31/66/frameset.html |title=Bibliomania: Free Online Literature and Study Guides |access-date=2 December 2023}}</ref>

===Classical era===
Archaeological surveyor C.J Rodgers found [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] coins as well as coins of [[Huna people|Hunas]], [[Mihirakula]], and [[Toramana]], which indicated that after the disintegration of the [[Mauryan empire]], the area was taken over by Indo-Parthians and later incorporated into the domain of the Hunas.<ref name=hargazc1/>

===Late medieval era===
In 1709, the Battle of Ambala was fought, and the [[Sikhs]] captured Ambala from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|url=https://archive.org/stream/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty_djvu.txt}}</ref> It was under the rule of Gill [[Jats]] from 1748 to 1825.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siṅgha |first1=Bhagata |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> It was also the capital of [[Nishanwalia Misl]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Khazan |title=History of the Sikh Religion |date=1970 |publisher=Department of Languages, Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImAgAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> For some time, it had been under the rule of [[Jawahir Singh]] of [[Mustafabad, Haryana|Mustafabad]], a descendant of Desu Singh Randhawa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh K. |title=Haryana: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n7vV0eiS3YC&q=jawahir+singh+ambala+mustafabad |access-date=30 May 2023 |publisher=Mittal Publications |date=1 February 2006 |isbn=9788183240468 |language=en}}</ref>

===British colonial era===
====The Ambala Cantonment====
[[File:Busy Grand Trunk Road in India, section Ambala ←→ Delhi 1940s.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Grand Trunk Road]], at Ambala Cantonment, during the [[British Raj]]]]

=====Ambala Army Base =====
[[Ambala Cantonment|Ambala Army Cantonment]] was established in 1843 after the British were forced to leave its [[Karnal]] Cantonment following the [[malaria]] epidemic of 1841–42, as there were not any known effective means to control malaria epidemics in those days. The cantonment houses the '2 Corps', one of the three Strike Corps of the [[Indian Army]].

=====Ambala Air Force Base=====
[[Ambala Air Force Base]] is one of the oldest and largest airbases that were inherited from the British by the [[Indian Air Force]]. It was from this airbase that [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfires]] and [[T-6 Texan|Harvards]] flown by Instructors of the Advanced Flying Training School took part in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]. Subsequently, Ambala was the front line airfield for many years. This base was home to various aircraft that were inducted into the Indian Air Force like Harvards, [[de Havilland Vampire|Vampires]], [[Dassault Ouragan|Ouragans]], [[Hawker Hunter|Hunters]], [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|Liberators]], Spitfire, [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]], and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]]. The airbase was briefly attacked in 1965 by [[B-57 Canberra|B-57 bombers]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]]. Today, the Airbase houses the '7 Wing', with 2 squadrons of [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguars]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=No.5 Squadron, Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/5%20Sqn |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No.14 Squadron, Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/14%20Sqn |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> and 1 squadron of [[Dassault Rafale]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No.17 Squadron, Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/17%20Sqn |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

=====European Cemetery=====
[[Ambala Cantonment]] is the location of the historic [[European Cemetery]]. It is 200 km north of Delhi and 55 km southwest of [[Chandigarh]].

===== 1857 War Memorial =====
{{anchor | 1857 | First War of Independence | Memorial }}
{{see also|Bengal Native Infantry#1857|l1=Bengal Native Infantry in aftermath of 1857|History_of_Haryana#Colonial_period|l2=Haryana in 1857|Ballabhgarh#History|l3=Ballabhgarh history|Farrukhnagar#Under_British_Raj|l4=Farrukhnagar history|Nahar Singh|Rao Tula Ram|Shaheed Smarak Patna}}

'''First War of Independence Memorial, Ambala''', also '''1857 War Memorial, Ambala''', '''Shaheed Smarak Ambala''', costing Rs300 crore in the honour of Indian rebels of [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 First War of Independence]] against British Colonial [[company raj]] in India, is spread over 22 acres on [[National Highway (India)|NH-44]].<ref name=hindin1/> The memorial has four sections: an administrative building, a museum building, a library and food court, and an open-air theatre.<ref name=hindin2>{{cite news |title=Panel of historians meets to discuss 1857 memorial in Ambala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/panel-of-historians-meets-to-discuss-1857-memorial-in-ambala/articleshow/92153635.cms |access-date=8 July 2023 |work= Times of India |date= 12 June 2022}}</ref> The complex has a 63m-tall memorial tower at the centre. The museum showcases the First War of Indian Independence in 1857 in 22 galleries across three sections: outbreak of war at Ambala, expansion of war in Haryana, and the martyrs across the country. Short films and light-and-sound shows will be displayed on five screens to elaborate the valor of martyrs and the circumstances of the revolution. Before the war, 50 to 60 major movements across India had taken place against the British Colonial rule in India.<ref name=smarak1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/shaheed-smarak-to-commemorate-unsung-heroes-tell-untold-stories/ Shaheed Smarak to commemorate unsung heroes, tell untold stories,The first big step towards freedom], The Triune, 10 May 2025.</ref>

The war started at Ambala on 10 May 1857,<ref name=hindin1/> 9 hours before the revolt also began at Meerut,<ref name=smarak1/> by the Indian sepoys of [[5th Cavalry (India)|5th]] & [[Bengal Native Infantry|60th]] regiments of [[Bengal Native Infantry]] stationed at Ambala Cantonment.<ref name=hindin1/> This is evident by the 10 May 1857 telegram to the Chief Commissioner Punjab, [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]], by the Deputy Commissioner of Ambala which states ''"This morning, the 60th and 5th regiments were in an excited state and under arms on their parade ground. Cavalry and artillery ordered out, but no actual row. The guard over one treasury turned out under arms and were in an excited state. I ordered the police corps to be in readiness and in their own lines. I have consulted with the General, who has sent an officer of the 5th to the treasury guard to dismiss the men to their lines, if necessary. The General will not give any orders without your sanction. This step will not, I think, be necessary unless some further disturbance takes place."''<ref name=smarak1/>

The Ambala rebellion was led by Ananti Mishra, Parmeshwar Pandey, Beni Prasad, Sheikh Faiz Ul-Khan, and Bikhan Khan, who moved towards [[Red Fort]] in Delhi via [[Bilaspur, Haryana|Bilaspur]], [[Sadhaura]], [[Yamunanagar]], and [[Saharanpur]].<ref name=hindin1/> War spread to Ambala, [[Hisar (city)#British era|Hisar]], Kaithal, Karnal, Gulha Cheeka, Rohtak, Kharkhoda, Rohtak, Jhajjar, Palwal, Sohna, Rewari, and Narnaul.<ref name=smarak1/>

The Indian revolutionaries were defeated by the British Colonisers.<ref name=smarak1/> After the war was over, the execution of Baba Mohar Singh on 5 June 1857 at Ambala Cantonment was the first recorded execution of a captured Indian rebel by the [[British Raj|British colonial regime]].<ref name=hindin1/> The British killed 26 people, who started the revolt at Ambala, by hanging them on trees, including Sardar Mohar Singh, Kahan Singh, and Ramprasad Bairagi.<ref name=smarak1/> British authorities burnt the villages of Bilaspur and Sadhaura as punishment for providing aid to the rebels. The [[Bengal Native Infantry#1857|5th & 60th Regiments]] of the [[Bengal Native Infantry]] were also disbanded.<ref name=hindin1>{{cite news |last1=Nagpal |first1=Bhavey |title=Ambala's 1857 War Memorial likely to be opened by year end |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/indias-largest-war-memorial-on-nh-44-in-ambala-nears-completion-dedicated-to-first-war-of-independence-in-1857-101683855697490.html |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 May 2023}}</ref> For their participation in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|first war of independence]], the [[Chaudhary]]s and [[Lambardar]]s of villages who participated in rebellion were also deprived of their land and property, including 368 people of [[Hisar district|Hisar]] and [[Gurugram district|Gurugram]] who were hanged or transported for life, and a fine was imposed on the people of [[Thanesar]] (Rs 235,000), Ambala (Rs. 253,541) and [[Rohtak]] (Rs. 63,000 mostly on [[Ranghar]]s, [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikh]]s and [[Qassab|Muslim Kasai]]).<ref name=balidan1>Satish Chandra Mittal, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC Haryana, a Historical Perspective], p58.</ref> The museum commemorates the valor and sacrifice of the Indian martyrs and the brutality of British Colonial rulers.<ref name=smarak1/>

====Formation of Ambala district====
Ambala was given the status of a district in 1847, formed by the merging of the jagir estates of hitherto independent chieftains whose territories had lapsed or had been confiscated by the British Indian Government. In its 160 years of existence as a district, Ambala has witnessed many changes in its boundaries. Previously, it extended across [[tehsils]] of Ambala, [[Chandigarh]], [[Jagadhri]], Pipli, Kharar, [[Ropar]], and [[Nalagarh]]. Kalka-cum-Kurari State, [[Pinjore]], [[Mani Majra]], [[Kasauli]], and [[Sanawar]] were also merged later into the district at different times.

===Post-independence===
====Hanging of Nathuram Godse====
In November 1949, [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's]] assassin [[Nathuram Godse]] was hanged at Ambala Central Jail<ref>''The Times'' (London), page 3, 16 November 1949</ref> along with [[Narayan Apte]], a co-conspirator.

==Geography==
===Climate===

The climate is a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Koppen: Cwa), with the monsoon season being noticeably rainier than the rest of the year, along with being much hotter and more humid than the winter, which is mild/cold and dry.

{{Weather box
| location = Ambala (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 29.1
| Feb record high C = 33.9
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 45.0
| May record high C = 47.8
| Jun record high C = 47.8
| Jul record high C = 46.7
| Aug record high C = 43.9
| Sep record high C = 40.6
| Oct record high C = 39.4
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 29.4
| year record high C = 47.8
| Jan record low C = -1.3
| Feb record low C = -0.6
| Mar record low C = 3.7
| Apr record low C = 9.4
| May record low C = 13.9
| Jun record low C = 17.8
| Jul record low C = 19.4
| Aug record low C = 20.0
| Sep record low C = 15.6
| Oct record low C = 8.3
| Nov record low C = 1.8
| Dec record low C = -0.6
| year record low C = -1.3
|Jan high C = 18.1
|Feb high C = 22.5
|Mar high C = 27.7
|Apr high C = 35.1
|May high C = 38.4
|Jun high C = 37.9
|Jul high C = 34.5
|Aug high C = 33.5
|Sep high C = 33.1
|Oct high C = 31.7
|Nov high C = 26.9
|Dec high C = 21.0
| year high C = 30.0
| Jan mean C = 12.4
| Feb mean C = 16.1
| Mar mean C = 21.0
| Apr mean C = 27.4
| May mean C = 31.1
| Jun mean C = 31.7
| Jul mean C = 30.1
| Aug mean C = 29.3
| Sep mean C = 28.2
| Oct mean C = 24.8
| Nov mean C = 19.4
| Dec mean C = 14.3
| year mean C = 23.8
|Jan low C = 6.7
|Feb low C = 9.6
|Mar low C = 14.3
|Apr low C = 19.6
|May low C = 23.8
|Jun low C = 25.5
|Jul low C = 25.7
|Aug low C = 25.1
|Sep low C = 23.3
|Oct low C = 17.8
|Nov low C = 11.8
|Dec low C = 7.5
| year low C = 17.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 30.7
| Feb rain mm = 35.9
| Mar rain mm = 29.4
| Apr rain mm = 20.1
| May rain mm = 35.3
| Jun rain mm = 111.4
| Jul rain mm = 257.0
| Aug rain mm = 228.0
| Sep rain mm = 136.5
| Oct rain mm = 14.3
| Nov rain mm = 6.5
| Dec rain mm = 15.4
| year rain mm = 920.5
| Jan rain days = 2.0
| Feb rain days = 2.4
| Mar rain days = 2.0
| Apr rain days = 1.7
| May rain days = 3.0
| Jun rain days = 5.5
| Jul rain days = 8.7
| Aug rain days = 8.9
| Sep rain days = 5.5
| Oct rain days = 0.8
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.8
| year rain days =
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 66
| Feb humidity = 55
| Mar humidity = 45
| Apr humidity = 29
| May humidity = 30
| Jun humidity = 44
| Jul humidity = 68
| Aug humidity = 72
| Sep humidity = 66
| Oct humidity = 52
| Nov humidity = 53
| Dec humidity = 63
|year humidity = 53
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Ambala Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 7 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M63
| access-date = 1 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|width = 250px
|barwidth = 200px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Ambala city<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/31-ambala.html|title=Ambala City Population Census 2011 – Haryana|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|14.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|1.44}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.25}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.78}}}}

{{As of|2011}} India census, Ambala UA had a population of 207,934, consisting of 112,840 males and 95,094 females, a ratio of 843. There were 20,687 children ages 0–6, and Ambala had an average literacy rate of 89.31%, with 91.76% of males and 86.41% of females literate.<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=Census India|access-date=29 December 2015|ref=2011 census}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Ambala City (1868−2011){{efn|1868-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Ambala, which included Ambala Municipality, Ambala Civil Lines, Sadar Bazar Ambala Municipality, and Ambala Cantonment.<ref name="Census1941"/>{{rp|30}}|name="AmbalaCity1868to1941"}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1868<ref name="Census1868">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057644 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057644 |access-date=7 July 2024 |title=Report on the census of the Punjab taken on 10th January, 1868. |year=1868 |pages=66 |last1=(India) |first1=Punjab }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 }}</ref>{{rp|520}}
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/|title=Census of India, 1891 General Tables British Provinces and Feudatory States Vol I|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|68}}
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1901-26575826/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901 VOLUME I-A INDIA PART II-TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|44}}
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1911 VOLUME XIV PUNJAB PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|20}}
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1921-26575918/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1921 VOLUME XV PUNJAB AND DELHI PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|23}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1931-26575928/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1931 VOLUME XVII PUNJAB PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|26}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|32}}
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="auto"/>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 27,008
| {{Percentage | 27008 | 50696 | 2 }}
| 34,522
| {{Percentage | 34522 | 67463 | 2 }}
| 40,339
| {{Percentage | 40339 | 79294 | 2 }}
| 39,601
| {{Percentage | 39601 | 78638 | 2 }}
| 38,192
| {{Percentage | 38192 | 80131 | 2 }}
| 37,765
| {{Percentage | 37765 | 76326 | 2 }}
| 39,945{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| {{Percentage | 39945 | 86592 | 2 }}
| 50,679{{efn|name=ad-dharmi}}
| {{Percentage | 50679 | 107383 | 2 }}
| 159,912
| {{Percentage | 159912 | 195153 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 19,570
| {{Percentage | 19570 | 50696 | 2 }}
| 27,115
| {{Percentage | 27115 | 67463 | 2 }}
| 30,523
| {{Percentage | 30523 | 79294 | 2 }}
| 32,149
| {{Percentage | 32149 | 78638 | 2 }}
| 31,641
| {{Percentage | 31641 | 80131 | 2 }}
| 31,448
| {{Percentage | 31448 | 76326 | 2 }}
| 38,089
| {{Percentage | 38089 | 86592 | 2 }}
| 47,881
| {{Percentage | 47881 | 107383 | 2 }}
| 2,431
| {{Percentage | 2431 | 195153 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 1,362
| {{Percentage | 1362 | 50696 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 4,899
| {{Percentage | 4899 | 79294 | 2 }}
| 3,610
| {{Percentage | 3610 | 78638 | 2 }}
| 5,918
| {{Percentage | 5918 | 80131 | 2 }}
| 2,373
| {{Percentage | 2373 | 76326 | 2 }}
| 3,138
| {{Percentage | 3138 | 86592 | 2 }}
| 1,054
| {{Percentage | 1054 | 107383 | 2 }}
| 739
| {{Percentage | 739 | 195153 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 1,235
| {{Percentage | 1235 | 50696 | 2 }}
| 1,867
| {{Percentage | 1867 | 67463 | 2 }}
| 2,407
| {{Percentage | 2407 | 79294 | 2 }}
| 2,168
| {{Percentage | 2168 | 78638 | 2 }}
| 3,392
| {{Percentage | 3392 | 80131 | 2 }}
| 3,622
| {{Percentage | 3622 | 76326 | 2 }}
| 4,143
| {{Percentage | 4143 | 86592 | 2 }}
| 4,926
| {{Percentage | 4926 | 107383 | 2 }}
| 28,471
| {{Percentage | 28471 | 195153 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 410
| {{Percentage | 410 | 67463 | 2 }}
| 1,119
| {{Percentage | 1119 | 79294 | 2 }}
| 1,096
| {{Percentage | 1096 | 78638 | 2 }}
| 957
| {{Percentage | 957 | 80131 | 2 }}
| 1,083
| {{Percentage | 1083 | 76326 | 2 }}
| 1,269
| {{Percentage | 1269 | 86592 | 2 }}
| 1,814
| {{Percentage | 1814 | 107383 | 2 }}
| 2,816
| {{Percentage | 2816 | 195153 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 79294 | 2 }}
| 14
| {{Percentage | 14 | 78638 | 2 }}
| 31
| {{Percentage | 31 | 80131 | 2 }}
| 30
| {{Percentage | 30 | 76326 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 86592 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 79294 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 78638 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 80131 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 76326 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 86592 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 55
| {{Percentage | 55 | 195153 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 79294 | 2 }}
| N/A
| N/A
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 80131 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 76326 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 86592 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| Others
| 1,521
| {{Percentage | 1521 | 50696 | 2 }}
| 3,549
| {{Percentage | 3549 | 67463 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 79294 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 78638 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 80131 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 76326 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86592 | 2 }}
| 1,008
| {{Percentage | 1008 | 107383 | 2 }}
| 729
| {{Percentage | 729 | 195153 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 50,696
! {{Percentage | 50696 | 50696 | 2 }}
! 67,463
! {{Percentage | 67463 | 67463 | 2 }}
! 79,294
! {{Percentage | 79294 | 79294 | 2 }}
! 78,638
! {{Percentage | 78638 | 78638 | 2 }}
! 80,131
! {{Percentage | 80131 | 80131 | 2 }}
! 76,326
! {{Percentage | 76326 | 76326 | 2 }}
! 86,592
! {{Percentage | 86592 | 86592 | 2 }}
! 107,383
! {{Percentage | 107383 | 107383 | 2 }}
! 195,153
! {{Percentage | 195153 | 195153 | 2 }}
|}

==Economy==
===Cloth Market===
The Cloth Market is considered to be the largest textile market in this region. The market is known for catering to wedding-related shopping. The most commonly bought items are [[saree]]s and [[silk]] clothing.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Cloth Market |url=https://www.yatra.com/india-tourism/shopping-in-ambala/cloth-market |website=[[Yatra.com]] |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2019}}

==Transport==
Ambala is connected to all of the other major cities of [[north India]]. It is a big interchange for various commuters for all neighbouring states.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Reach {{!}} District Ambala, Government of Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://ambala.gov.in/how-to-reach/ |access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref>

National Highway [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]], popularly known as [[GT road]] and earlier known as NH 1, passes through Ambala and connects it to the national capital (Delhi), [[Panipat]], [[Ludhiana]], and [[Amritsar]]. [[National Highway 152 (India)|NH 152]] connects Ambala to the state capital, Chandigarh, and Kaithal.
Apart from the Interstate service, Ambala also houses one of the oldest local bus services in Haryana, which is run by both Haryana roadways and private companies. Other means of local transportation include [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[cycle rickshaw]]s.

===Roadways===
Bus service is the major means of public transport in this district. The Ambala depot came into being on 1 August 1950. The office of the General Manager iss situated on the premises of the depot workshop at Ambala City. Ambala depot has a sub-depot at Naraingarh.

Presently, [[Haryana Roadways]], Ambala has 200 buses, which carry about 34.88 lakh passengers daily and cover a distance of about 19000 km daily. Out of these, the total distance covered on interstate routes is {{cvt|24,711|km}} and {{cvt|41.469|km}} are operated within [[Haryana]] every day.

New Bus Stand at Ambala Cantt was inaugurated on 12 July 1999, and the total land of bus stand is {{cvt|6.7|acre}}. Bus stands in this district exist at Ambala City, Naraingarh, and Barara as well. A sub-depot level workshop has also been provided at Naraingarh. 'Yatri Niwas' exists on the campus of Ambala Cantt bus stand for the convenience of the commuters who wish to stay for the night.

Besides the Haryana Roadways buses, the government has issued permits to private operators on local routes. Presently, 60 buses are plying in Ambala district.
The bus stand is very near to Ambala Cantt Jn. (railway station). Most of the buses plying on GT road (NH1) stop in front of the railway station.

===Railways===
Ambala is a divisional headquarters of the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway Zone]] and is an important railway junction. Ambala Cantt station is among the top 100 booking stations in India. The city is served by three railway stations:
* [[Ambala Cantonment railway station|Ambala Cantt]] [UMB] (Junction on [[Delhi-Kalka line]] and [[Moradabad-Ambala line]]/[[Ambala-Attari line]])
* [[Ambala City railway station|Ambala City]] [UBC] (On [[Ambala-Attari line]])
* Dhulkot [DKT] (on [[Delhi-Kalka line]])

The Ambala Cantonment railway station was founded on the junction of the Delhi-Kalka and [[Ludhiana]]-[[Saharanpur]] lines. The historic Delhi-Panipat-Ambala-Kalka railway line dates back to 1889, while the Ludhiana-Saharanpur line was built in 1870. Situated {{cvt|200|km}} north of Delhi, this town is well connected by the rail and road network.{{Citation needed |date=October 2013}}

Ambala Cantt railway station is the main station of the city and well-connected with the major cities of India.
[[Kalka-Shimla Railway]], which is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]], also comes under Ambala division.

[[Ambala Cantonment railway station]] serves maximum [[Shatabdi Express]] after [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]].
Ambala railway station was mentioned in the famous story '[[The Woman on Platform 8]]' by [[Ruskin Bond]], although in reality, there is no platform 8 in Ambala Cantt.

==Education==
Ambala has a large number of schools and colleges. Notable colleges are as follows:

* [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Ambala]]
* [[D.A.V. College (Lahore), Ambala City]]
* [[E-Max School of Engineering and Applied Research]]
* [[Government Polytechnic College, Ambala]]
* [[Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana]]
* [[Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur]]
* [[Philadelphia Hospital & School of Nursing, Ambala]]
* [[Sanatan Dharma College]] (S.D. College)
* [[Shri Atmanand Jain Institute of Management and Technology]]


==Notable people==
[[File:BJP Party leader Sushma Swaraj2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sushma Swaraj]]]]


* [[Zohrabai Ambalewali]]
* [[Hansraj Behl]]
* [[Urvashi Butalia]]
* [[Simi Chahal]]
* [[Juhi Chawla]]
* [[Parineeti Chopra]]
* [[Swadesh Deepak]]
* [[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]]
* [[Sanjeev Kapoor]]
* [[Manpreet Kaur]]
* [[Nasir Kazmi]]
* [[Sucheta Kripalani]]
* [[Shalabh Kumar]]
* [[Selja Kumari]]
* [[Talib Dehlavi]]
* [[Kim Philby]]
* [[Ash K. Prakash]]
* [[Om Puri]]
* [[Saghar Siddiqui]]
* [[Sanjiv Sam Gambhir]]
* [[Sushma Swaraj]]
* [[Zeba (actress, born 1945)|Zeba]]



== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Ambala district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ambala| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ambala district]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 14th century]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]

Sambucus nigra

2026-03-21T15:00:41Z

Tiwari63: added info

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the moschatel family}}
{{Redirect|Black elderberry|the species native to North America sometimes known by the same name|Sambucus canadensis}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Sambucus nigra 004.jpg
|image_caption = Shrub in flower
|genus = Sambucus
|species = nigra
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| range_map = Sambucus nigra range.svg
| range_map_caption= Distribution in Europe
| range_map2 = Sambucus nigra canadensis & cerulea range map 2.png
| range_map2_caption= Natural range of North American subspecies: ''[[Sambucus cerulea|S.{{nbsp}}cerulea]]'' (dark/light blue) and ''[[Sambucus canadensis|S.{{nbsp}}canadensis]]'' (green/red)
}}

'''''Sambucus nigra''''' is a [[species complex]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Viburnaceae]] native to most of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Sambucus&SPECIES_XREF=nigra&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=|title=Flora Europaea Search Results|website=Rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Common names include '''elder''', '''elderberry''', '''black elder''', '''European elder''', ''' European elderberry''', and '''European black elderberry'''.<ref>{{ITIS |id= 35324 |taxon= ''Sambucus nigra''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SANI4|title=Plants profile for ''Sambucus nigra'' L. (black elderberry)|publisher=Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture|date=2023|access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations. The plant is widely grown as an [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]] shrub or small tree.

Both the flowers and the berries have a long tradition of culinary use, primarily for [[Elderflower cordial|cordial]] and wine.<ref name= RHSAZ/> Although the plant is commonly used in [[dietary supplement]]s and [[traditional medicine]], there is no [[evidence-based medicine|scientific evidence]] that it provides any significant health benefit.

==Description==

Elderberry is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to {{convert|6|m|ft|0}} tall and wide,<ref name= RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Michael and Vikram |isbn= 978-1405332965}}</ref> rarely reaching {{cvt|10|m|ft|0}} tall. The bark, light gray when young, changes to a coarse gray outer bark with lengthwise furrowing, [[lenticel]]s prominent.<ref>Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968 ''Excursion Flora of the British Isles Second Edition'' Cambridge.{{ISBN| 0-521-04656-4}}</ref> The [[leaves]] are arranged in opposite pairs, {{Convert|10–30|cm|abbr=off|frac=2}} long, pinnate with five to seven (rarely nine) leaflets, the leaflets {{convert|5–12|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long and {{Convert|3–5|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} broad, with a serrated margin. The young stems are hollow.<ref>Vedel, H. and Lange, J. 1971. ''Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow''. p. 196. Methuen and Co. Ltd. {{ISBN|0416-61780-8}}</ref>

The [[Plant reproductive morphology#Variations|hermaphroditic]] [[flower]]s have five stamens,<ref name= "Parnell 12">Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. ''Webb's An Irish Flora''. Cork University Press. {{ISBN|978-185918-4783}}</ref> which are borne in large, flat [[corymb]]s 10–25 cm in diameter in late spring to mid-summer. The individual flowers are ivory white, {{convert|5–6|mm|frac=32}} in diameter, with five petals, and are pollinated by flies.

The [[fruit]] is a glossy, dark purple to black [[berry (botany)|berry]] 3–5 mm diameter, produced in drooping clusters in late autumn.<ref name=RHSAZ /> The dark color of elderberry fruit occurs from its rich [[polyphenol|phenolic]] content, particularly from [[anthocyanin]]s.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |date=4 August 2021 |title=Elderberry |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/elderberry.html |access-date=4 September 2021 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Flowers Black Elder.jpg|Flowers
File:Sambucus nigra RF.jpg|Inflorescences and leaves
File:Sambucus nigra2.jpg|Fruit cluster
File:Elder growing on Sycamore, Dalry, Scotland.JPG|Growing as an [[epiphyte]] on a [[sycamore]]
</gallery>

== Taxonomy ==

===Subspecies===
{{See also|Sambucus}}

There are several other closely related species, native to Asia and North America, which are similar, and sometimes treated as [[subspecies]] of ''Sambucus nigra'', including [[Sambucus canadensis|''S. nigra'' subsp. ''canadensis'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7320 |title=Sambucus mexicana |publisher=Calflora |access-date=2012-07-16}}</ref> and [[Sambucus cerulea|''S. nigra'' subsp. ''cerulea'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=10348 |title=Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea |publisher=Calflora |access-date=2012-07-16}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The Latin [[specific epithet]] ''nigra'' means "black", and refers to the deeply dark colour of the berries.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book | last=Harrison |first=Lorraine | title=RHS Latin for Gardeners | year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref> The English term for the tree is not believed to come from the word "old", but from the [[Middle English|Anglo Saxon]] {{Lang|enm|æld}}, meaning fire, because the hollow stems of the branches were used as [[bellows]] to blow air into a fire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elder (Sambucus nigra) - British trees - |url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/visiting-woods/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/native-trees/elder/ |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=Woodland Trust |language=en}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==

''Sambucus nigra'' is native to [[Europe]] as far east as [[Turkey]].<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Sambucus nigra'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=10 February 2022 |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30122169-2 }}</ref> It is native in, and common throughout, the [[British Isles]].<ref name="BRC">{{cite web |title=''Sambucus nigra'' |work=Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora |publisher=Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/sambucus-nigra |access-date=10 February 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211023852/https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/sambucus-nigra |archivedate=2022-02-11}}</ref> It has been introduced to parts of most other continents of the world.<ref name="POWO" />

Hedges, waste-ground roadsides, and woods are the typical habitats for the species.<ref name="Parnell 12" />
''S. nigra'' is recorded as very common in [[Ireland]] in hedges as scrub in woods.<ref>Hackney, P. 1992. ''Stewarts and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland.'' Institute of Irish Studies The Queen's University of Belfast. {{ISBN|0 85389 446 9}}(HB)</ref><ref>Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. ''An Irish Flora''. Dundalgan Press Ltd, Dundalk. {{ISBN|0-85221-131-7}}</ref>

== Ecology ==
{{multiple image
|direction=vertical
|perrow=2
|image1=Hyphodontia sambuci Eglinton.JPG
|caption1=[[Elder whitewash fungus]]
|image2=Auricularia auricula-judae Eglinton.JPG
|caption2=[[Auricularia auricula-judae|Jelly ear fungus]]
}}

Like other elderberries, ''Sambucus nigra'' is subject to [[elder whitewash fungus]] and [[Auricularia auricula-judae|jelly ear fungus]]. Strong-scented flowers in wild populations of ''S. nigra'' attract numerous, minute flower [[thrips]] which may contribute to the transfer of pollen between inflorescences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scott-Brown |first1=A.S. |last2=Arnold |first2=S.E.J. |last3=Kite |first3=G.C. |last4=Farrell |first4=I. |last5=Farman |first5=D.I. |last6=Collins |first6=D.W. |last7=Stevenson |first7=P.C. |title=Mechanisms in mutualisms: A chemically mediated thrips pollination strategy in common elder |journal=Planta |date=2019 |volume=250 |issue=1 |pages=367–379 |doi=10.1007/s00425-019-03176-5|pmid=31069523 |s2cid=253886497 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019Plant.250..367S |url=http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/23721/3/23721%20ARNOLD%20Planta%20Sambucus%20and%20Thrips%20AAM%202019.pdf }}</ref>

=== Wildlife value ===
Elder rates as fair to good forage for animals such as [[mule deer]], [[elk]], [[sheep]], and small birds. The fruit are an important food for many fruit-eating birds, notably [[blackcap]]s. Ripe elderberries are a favorite food for migrating [[band-tailed pigeon]]s in northern California, which may sometimes strip an entire bush in a short time. The species provides good habitat for large and small mammals,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/samnigc/all.html#MANAGEMENT |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=Fs.fed.us |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528224449/https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/samnigc/all.html |archivedate=2017-05-28}}</ref> as well as nesting habitat for many birds, including hummingbirds, warblers, and vireos. It is also a larval host to the [[spring azure]].<ref>The Xerces Society (2016), ''Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects'', Timber Press.</ref>

Except for the flowers and ripe berries (but including the ripe seeds), all parts of the plant are poisonous to mammals, containing the [[cyanogenic glycoside]] [[sambunigrin]] (C14H17NO6, [[CAS registry number|CAS number]] 99–19–4).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campa |first1=Cristiana |last2=Schmitt-Kopplin |first2=P |last3=Cataldi |first3=T R |last4=Bufo |first4=S A |last5=Freitag |first5=D |last6=Kettrup |first6=A |name-list-style=vanc |year=2000 |title=Analysis of cyanogenic glycosides by micellar capillary electrophoresis |journal=[[Journal of Chromatography B]] |volume=739 |issue=1 |pages=95–100 |doi=10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00375-8 |pmid=10744317}}</ref> The bark contains [[calcium oxalate]] crystals.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

==Cultivation==
It is a very common feature of hedgerows and scrubland in Britain and northern Europe.

Some selections and cultivars have [[variegated]] or coloured leaves and other distinctive qualities, and are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s. ''S. nigra'' f. ''porphyrophylla'' has dark maroon or black leaves, and pale pink flowers.

The following cultivars have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 95 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>
*''S. nigra'' f. ''laciniata'' (cut-leaved elder)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/50846/Sambucus-nigra-f-laciniata/Details |title=''Sambucus nigra'' f. ''laciniata'' / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref>
*''S. nigra'' f. ''porphyrophylla'' 'Eva'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/197771/i-Sambucus-nigra-i-f-i-porphyrophylla-i-Eva-sup-(PBR)-sup/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Sambucus nigra'' 'Eva' | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref> ('Black Lace')<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/194381/sambucus-black-lace/details | title = "Sambucus" 'Black Lace' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 2 June 2024}}</ref>
*''S. nigra'' f. ''porphyrophylla'' 'Gerda'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/139890/Sambucus-nigra-f-porphyrophylla-Gerda-(PBR)/Details |title=''Sambucus'' nigra f. ''porphyrophylla'' 'Gerda'|publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref>
[[File:PurpleLacyElderberryflowers.jpg|thumb|150px|A purple, cut-leafed elder variety with pale pink flowers]]

==Toxicity==
Components of the elderberry plant, including its fruit, contain diverse [[phytochemical]]s, such as [[alkaloid]]s, [[lectin]]s, and cyanogenic glycosides, which may be toxic if consumed raw.<ref name="drugs" /> The seeds and all green parts of the plant contain cyanogenic glycosides.<ref name="nccih">{{cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=European elder |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/elderberry |access-date=4 September 2021 |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine}}</ref> Consumption of berries, leaves, bark or stems, if not properly prepared, may cause [[nausea]], vomiting, and severe [[diarrhea]].<ref name="nccih" /><ref name="drugs" /><ref name="msk">{{cite web |date=2020 |title=Elderberry |url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/elderberry-01 |access-date=11 July 2020 |publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center}}</ref> Elderberry plant constituents or products should not be consumed during pregnancy or by people with [[allergy|allergies]] or [[gastrointestinal disease]]s.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="msk" /> Elderberry products may cause [[adverse effect]]s when used with [[prescription drug]]s.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="msk" />

==Uses==

The dark blue or purple berries are mildly poisonous in their raw state, but are edible after cooking.<ref name="nccih" /><ref name="Fagan-2019" /> They can be used to make [[Fruit preserves|jam]], jelly,<ref name="Fagan-2019">{{Cite book|last=Fagan|first=Damian|title=Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert|publisher=[[FalconGuides]]|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4930-3633-2|location=Guilford, CT|pages=16|oclc=1073035766}}</ref> [[chutney]], and Pontack sauce. In Scandinavia and Germany, soup made from the elderberry (e.g. the German ''Fliederbeersuppe'') is a traditional meal.<ref name="jorg">{{cite journal | last1=Jørgensen | first1=Ulla | last2=Hansen | first2=Merete | last3=Christensen | first3=Lars P. | last4=Jensen | first4=Karina | last5=Kaack | first5=Karl | title=Olfactory and Quantitative Analysis of Aroma Compounds in Elder Flower (''Sambucus nigra'' L.) Drink Processed from Five Cultivars | journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume=48 | issue=6 | date=2000-05-12 | issn=0021-8561 | doi=10.1021/jf000005f | pages=2376–2383| pmid=10888553 | bibcode=2000JAFC...48.2376J }}</ref>

Commonly, the flowerheads are used in [[infusion]]s, giving a drink in Northern Europe and the [[Balkans]]. These drinks are sold commercially as [[elderflower cordial]] or [[elderflower pressé]].<ref>Kikbracken, J. 1995. ''Easy way guide Trees''. Larousse.</ref> In [[Europe]], the flowers are made into a [[syrup]] or [[Squash (drink)|cordial]] (in Romanian: [[socată]], in Swedish: fläder(blom)saft, in Danish: hyldeblomstsaft / hyldedrik), which is diluted with water before drinking. The popularity of this traditional drink recently has encouraged some commercial [[soft drink]] producers to introduce elderflower-flavoured drinks ([[Fanta]] Shokata, Freaky Fläder). The flowers also may be dipped into a light batter and then fried to make elderflower fritters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mabey |first=Richard |title=Food for free |date=2012 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-743847-1 |edition= |location=London |pages=83 |oclc=761378530}}</ref>

The berries may be made into [[elderberry wine]].<ref name="Fagan-2019" /> In [[Hungary]], an elderberry [[brandy]] is made that requires 50 kilograms of fruit to produce 1 [[litre]] of brandy. In south-western [[Sweden]], it is traditional to make a [[snaps]] liqueur flavoured with elderflower. Elderflowers are used in liqueurs such as [[St-Germain (liqueur)|St-Germain]], and in a mildly alcoholic sparkling elderflower 'champagne', although a more alcoholic home-made version can be made. In [[Beerse]], Belgium, a variety of [[jenever]] called ''beers vlierke'' is made from the berries.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

<gallery>
File:Elderberry-jam.JPG|Elderberry jam
File:Sambuci flos dried.jpg|''Sambuci flos'': dried sambucus nigra flowers as used in herbal tea
File:"Godfrey's Extract of Elder-Flowers" ad - Woman's Exhibition, 1900, Earl's Court, London, S.W. - official fine art, historical and general catalogue (IA gri 33125013839424) (page 7 crop).jpg|"Godfrey's Extract of Elder-Flowers" ad in 1900
</gallery>

=== Traditional medicine ===
{{anchor|Medicinal}}

This plant is used in traditional medicine by native peoples and [[herbal medicine|herbalists]].<ref name=nccih/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+nigra|title=''Sambucus nigra'': Elderberry - European Elder, Black elderberry, American black elderberry, Blue elderberry|publisher=Plants for a Future|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Extracts of the flowers and fruits are used for cold and flu symptoms,<ref name=nccih/><ref name=drugs/> although there is no high-quality [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] that it is effective for treating any disease.<ref name=nccih/><ref name=drugs/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Neltje |last=Blanchan |author-link=Neltje Blanchan |title=Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors |year=1900 |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |location=[[New York City]] |oclc=16950204|title-link=Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors }}
*Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. HarperCollins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Sambucus nigra|''Sambucus nigra''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q22701}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sambucus|nigra]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Northern America]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the Western United States]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Flora of Algeria]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]

Aakanksha Singh

2026-03-18T11:00:18Z

Tiwari63:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1990)}}
{{For|the Indian basketball player|Akanksha Singh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aakanksha Singh
| image = Aakanksha Singh at the screening of Rangbaaz in Juhu (cropped).jpg
| caption = Singh in 2022
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|07|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012–present
| height_m =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Kunal Sain|2014}}
| relatives =
}}

'''Aakanksha Singh''' (born 30 July 1990) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language films and television. Started as a theatre artiste, she made her screen debut with the [[Colors TV]]'s television series ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]'' (2012). She made her film debut with ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]'' (2017).

Singh made her Telugu film debut with ''[[Malli Raava]]'' (2017), for which she received [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]] nomination. Post this, she earned success with the Telugu film ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]'' (2018), Kannada film ''[[Pailwaan]]'' (2019) and Hindi film ''[[Runway 34]]'' (2022). She has been part of television series including, ''[[Rangbaaz (web series)|Rangbaaz: Darr Ki Rajneeti]]'' and ''[[Meet Cute (2022 series)|Meet Cute]]'' (both 2022).

==Personal life==
Singh was born on 30 July 1990 in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="NaBole">{{cite news |title='Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha' fame Aakanksha Singh celebrates her birthday in London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/na-bole-tum-na-maine-kuch-kaha-fame-akanksha-singh-celebrates-her-birthday-in-london/articleshow/65199207.cms |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=3 August 2018}}</ref> Her mother is a theatre artist. Singh is a [[physical therapist|physiotherapist]] by education.<ref name="Background">{{cite news |last=Shukla |first=Richa |date=4 June 2014 |title=Jaipur girl Akanksha is officially a physiotherapist |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Jaipur-girl-Akanksha-is-officially-a-physiotherapist/articleshow/36002186.cms |access-date=8 June 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607030832/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Jaipur-girl-Akanksha-is-officially-a-physiotherapist/articleshow/36002186.cms|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> She has married her longtime boyfriend Kunal Sain, a marketing professional, in 2014 in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lesser-known husbands of TV bahus |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/lesser-known-husbands-of-tv-bahus-anita-hassanandani-drashti-dhami-disha-vakani-kavita-kaushik-6329517/9/ |access-date=2 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Initial television career (2012–2017) ===
[[File:Aakanksha Singh and Kunal Karan Kapoor on the sets of TV serial 'Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha'.jpg|thumb|Singh and Kapoor on the sets of ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]'']]
Singh made her acting debut in 2012 with the television show ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''. She portrayed Megha Vyas Bhatnagar, a widow with two children opposite [[Kunal Karan Kapoor]]. She won [[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Female]] for her performance. The show ended in 2013, with two seasons.<ref>{{cite news |agency=IANS |title='Na Bole...' to return with season 2 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/na-bole-to-return-with-season-2-5154.html |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=India TV News |date=27 September 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

She next appeared in the finite series, ''[[Gulmohar Grand]]'' in 2015. The show based on the hotel industry saw her portraying Anahita "Annie" Mehta Fernandez. Singh has also been part of ''Box Cricket League'' for the team Ahmedabad Express in 2016. In 2017, she played a lawyer in an episode of ''Aye Zindagi''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Aakanksha Singh to play a lawyer in an episode of Aye Zindagi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/naa-bole-tum-naa-maine-kuch-khaha-fame-actress-aakanksha-singh-comeback-tv-show-aye-zindagi-lifetv-339115-2016-09-04 |magazine=India Today |date=4 September 2017 |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Film debut and further career (2017–present) ===
Singh made her film debut with the Hindi film ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]'' in 2017. In the same year she made her [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut with ''[[Malli Raava]]'' opposite [[Sumanth]]. It received mixed to positive reviews<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Hemanth |title=Malli Raava movie review: This Sumanth, Aakanksha Singh starrer is a pleasant surprise |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/malli-raava-movie-review-this-sumanth-aakanksha-singh-starrer-is-a-pleasant-surprise-4249009.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=8 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> and she got nominated with [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]] for her performance.<ref>{{Cite news|author=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=17 September 2018|title=SIIMA 2018: Baahubali multi-lingual film soars high in the Telugu category|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/siima-2018-baahubali-multi-lingual-film-soars-high-in-the-telugu-category|access-date=22 October 2020|work=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref>

In 2018, she appeared in her second Telugu film ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]'' opposite [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]. It received positive reviews and was a commercial success.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} The same year, she appeared in two short films ''Methi Ke Laddoo'' and ''Qaid''.<ref name="Tribune2020">{{cite news |title=Aakanksha Singh roped in for Mayday |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/aakanksha-singh-roped-in-for-mayday-186037 |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=Tribune |date=18 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Aakanksha Singh.png|thumb|Singh in 2018]]
Singh marked her [[Kannada]] film debut with the 2019 film ''[[Pailwaan]]'' opposite [[Sudeep]]. It was released in 5 languages and was an average hit at the box office.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Top 8 highest-grossing Kannada movies of all time|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/top-8-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-all-time/737261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102221336/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/top-8-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-all-time/737261 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=18 April 2022|work=Times Now |date=25 March 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, she made her web debut with the Telugu web series ''[[Parampara (2021 TV series)|Parampara]]''.<ref name=Cast>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/aakanksha-singh-to-make-her-digital-debut-with-gharshana-series|title=Aakanksha Singh to make her digital debut with 'Gharshana' series|date=20 August 2021|website=Telangana Today|access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> It premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].

Singh made her Tamil debut in 2022 with the Tamil-Telugu [[bilingual]] film, ''[[Clap (film)|Clap]]'' opposite [[Aadhi Pinisetty]]. It released on [[SonyLIV]] platform.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 June 2019|title=Aadhi's upcoming sports drama titled Clap|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/aadhis-upcoming-sports-drama-titled-clap/articleshow/69757955.cms|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> She next appeared in the Tamil film ''[[Veerapandiyapuram]]'' which received negative reviews.<ref name="VP review ToI">{{Cite news |title=Veerapandiyapuram Movie Review: A generic village drama which fails to create an impact |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/veerapandiyapuram/movie-review/89644738.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217134432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/veerapandiyapuram/movie-review/89644738.cms |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

She next played [[Ajay Devgn]]'s wife in the Hindi film ''[[Runway 34]]'', which marks her second Hindi project.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 December 2020|title=Aakanksha Singh joins the cast of Ajay Devgn's Mayday|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/dec/14/aakanksha-singhjoins-the-cast-of-ajay-devgns-mayday-2235797.html|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> It received mixed to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news|title=Runway 34 Movie Review : Ajay Devgn's aviation drama lands well within the runway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/runway-34/movie-review/91149917.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> She portrayed a cop in her first Hindi web series ''[[Escaype Live]]'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].

Singh will next appeared in the Hindi web series ''[[Rangbaaz (web series)|Rangbaaz: Darr Ki Rajneeti]]'' opposite [[Viineet Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |date=19 July 2022 |title=Rangbaaz 3: Vineet & Aakanksha Singh on being part of the popular franchise, their character preparation & more |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangbaaz-3-vineet-kumar-singh-and-aakanksha-singh-on-being-part-of-the-popular-franchise-their-character-preparation-more-10924471.html |work=Firstpost |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> She has also appeared in the Telugu film ''Meet Cute'', an anthology produced by [[Nani (actor)|Nani]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Aakanksha Singh and Nani come together for a new project titled 'Meet Cute'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/aakanksha-singh-and-nani-come-together-new-project-titled-meet-cute-799577 |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=Pinkvilla|date=4 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==In the media==
[[File:Aakanksha Singh.jpg|thumb|upright|Singh during a photoshoot in 2019]]

Singh was placed 12th in [[Times of India|''Bangalore Times''{{'}} 30 Most Desirable Women]] list of 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Bangalore Times Top 30 Most Desirable women of 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bangalore-times-top-30-most-desirable-women-of-2019/articleshow/74224298.cms|date=21 April 2020|work=Times Of India|access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Singh is a celebrity endorser for brands and products such as [[Hindustan Unilever|Bru]], [[Complan]], [[Marico|Saffola]], and [[Procter & Gamble|Evion]] among others.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New commercial for Evion India |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CFClB1Bh7hB/ |via=[[Instagram]]|author=Aakanksha Singh|access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rizvi |first=S Farah |date=16 August 2022 |title=Aakanksha Singh: As actors we should readily take up challenges |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/aakanksha-singh-as-actors-we-should-readily-take-up-challenges-101660658302147.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!class="unsortable"|Notes
!class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]''
| Kiran Kakkar
| [[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Masand |first1=Rajeev |last2=Tulsiani |first2=Kriti |date=1 November 2017 |title=Badrinath Ki Dulhania Review: Has Its Heart in the Right Place|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/badrinath-ki-dulhania-review-has-its-heart-in-the-right-place-but-its-writing-clumsy-1358649.html |work=CNN-IBN |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Malli Raava]]''
| Anjali
| rowspan=2| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018
| ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]''
| Jahnavi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nagaruna-and-nani-starrer-devadasu-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/64960783.cms |title=Nagaruna and Nani-starrer Devadasu gets a release date |work=The Times of India |date=12 July 2018 |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828101427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nagaruna-and-nani-starrer-devadasu-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/64960783.cms |archive-date=28 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Methi Ke Laddoo''
| Radhika
| rowspan="2"|Hindi
| rowspan="2"|Short film
|
|-
| ''Qaid''
| {{unknown}}
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Pailwaan]]''
| Rukmini
| [[Kannada]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Pailwan: Sudeep, Sunil and Aakanksha starrer to release in 7 languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pailwan-the-sudeep-starrer-to-release-in-7-languages/articleshow/66602177.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2018 |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117031245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pailwan-the-sudeep-starrer-to-release-in-7-languages/articleshow/66602177.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
| ''The Turn Ahead''
| Sophie
| Hindi
| Short film
|
|-
| ''[[Clap (film)|Clap]]''
| Mithra
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{Br}}Telugu
| rowspan="3" |Bilingual film
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=I'm enjoying the roles coming my way in the south: 'Clap' actress Aakanksha Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/im-enjoying-the-roles-coming-my-way-in-the-south-clap-actress-aakanksha-singh/articleshow/90216402.cms |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=15 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Veerapandiyapuram]]''
| Yasodha
| Tamil
| rowspan="2"|<ref name="VP trailer ToI">{{Cite news |title=Jai-Suseenthiran's Veerapandiyapuram trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jai-suseenthirans-veerapandiyapuram-trailer/articleshow/89368924.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308195615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jai-suseenthirans-veerapandiyapuram-trailer/articleshow/89368924.cms |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sivudu''
| {{unknown}}
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Runway 34]]''
| Samaira Khanna
| Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajpal |first1=Roktim |title=I don't play a trophy wife in 'Runway 34': Aakanksha Singh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/i-dont-play-a-trophy-wife-in-runway-34-aakanksha-singh-1102567.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=21 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Shashtipoorthi]]''
|Janaki
| Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Anil Ravipudi releases Rajendra Prasad, Archana, Rupesh and Aakanksha starrer Shashtipoorthi motion poster |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/anil-ravipudi-releases-the-shashtipoorthi-motion-poster |work=Telugu Cinema |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Language
! Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''
| rowspan="3"|Megha Vyas Bhatnagar
| rowspan="6" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2012 |title=New twist in love story on Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/new-twist-in-love-story-on-na-bole-tum-na-maine-kuch-kaha/articleshow/14671109.cms |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| rowspan="2"|Special appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohan and Megha at Shiv & Anandi's wedding! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/special-guests-for-shiv-anandis-wedding/articleshow/17555074.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125150522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/special-guests-for-shiv-anandis-wedding/articleshow/17555074.cms |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=2 July 2014 |newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Na Bole Tum meets Uttaran: Is integration between two shows working? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-is-integration-between-two-shows-working-1678364 |access-date=12 September 2014 |website=DNA India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Gulmohar Grand]]''
| Anahita Mehta Fernandez
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Richa |date=29 January 2015 |title=Aakanksha Singh in a new love triangle on TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aakanksha-singh-in-a-new-love-triangle-on-tv/articleshow/46042630.cms |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''Box Cricket League''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
|2017
|''Aye Zindagi''
|Lawyer
|Episode 13
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2017 |title=WATCH! Aye Zindagi Episode 13 Starring Aakanksha Singh and Kanwar Dhillon |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/aye-zindagi/0-6-298/aye-zindagi-episode-13-april-20-2017-full-episode/0-1-82452 |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=ZEE5}}</ref>
|-
|2021–present
|''[[Parampara (2021 TV series)|Parampara]] ''
|Rachana
|Telugu
|2 seasons
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Escaype Live]]''
|Devna
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|
|-
|[[Rangbaaz (TV series)|''Rangbaaz'']]
|Sana Baig
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2022 |title=Watch Aakanksha Singh's transformation to play a character spanning across three age groups in Rangbaaz 3 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/watch-aakanksha-singhs-transformation-play-character-spanning-across-three-age-groups-rangbaaz-3/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Meet Cute (2022 series)|Meet Cute]]''
|Pooja
|Telugu
|Segment: "In L(aw)ove"
|<ref name="MeetCute">{{cite magazine |last1=K. |first1=Janani |date=5 August 2021 |title=Nani's Meet Cute anthology is in progress. Producer shares BTS pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-s-meet-cute-anthology-is-in-progress-producer-shares-bts-pics-1837114-2021-08-05 |access-date=24 April 2022 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond]]''
|Richa Singh
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=25 April 2024 |title=Ranneeti: Balakot And Beyond Review: India Shines Again |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-review/20240425.htm |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bench Life]]''
|Jagadiswari
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter]]''
|[[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]] Officer Aratrika Bhowmick
|Hindi
|
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Female)|Debut in a Lead Role (Female)]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiascanner.com/5th-boroplus-gold-awards-2012-winners-71716 |title=Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar, Samir Soni wins top awards at 5th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2012 |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115758/http://indiascanner.com/5th-boroplus-gold-awards-2012-winners-71716 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Female|Fresh New Face – Female]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly Awards 2012: Check the Popular Awards winners list |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archive-date=2 July 2012 |work=Indiantelevision.com |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
|''[[Malli Raava]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/in-other-news/260818/pantaloons-siima-to-host-its-7th-edition-in-dubai-on-september-14-15.html |title='Pantaloons SIIMA' to host its 7th Edition in Dubai on September 14–15 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=26 August 2018 |access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aakanksha Singh}}
* {{IMDb name|5091766}}
* {{Instagram|aakankshasingh30}}

{{Indian Telly Award Fresh New Face Female}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Aakanksha}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Bengal 1947

2026-03-11T11:10:29Z

Tiwari63: created info!

{{Not to be confused with|Partition of Bengal (1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bengal 1947 First Look.jpg
| caption = First Look Poster
| director = [[Akashaditya Lama]]
| writer = Akashaditya Lama
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Rishabh Pande
*Satish Pande
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]]
*[[Aditya Lakhia]]
*[[Sohaila Kapur]]
*Ankur Armam
}}
| cinematography = Vinod Chhabra
| editing = Rajendra Mahapatra
| music = [[Abhishek Ray]]
| studio = {{plain list|
*Comfed Productions
*Think Tank Global
}}
| distributor = Platoon One Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|29|India|}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Bengal 1947: An Untold Love Story''''' is a 2024 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi-language]] [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Akashaditya Lama]] and produced by Satish Pande and Rishabh Pande under the banner of Comfed Productions and Think Tank Global. The distribution was handled by Platoon One Films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Bengal 1947: Love amidst history hits screens March 29th! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/bengal-1947-love-amidst-history-hits-screens-march-29th-1503278721.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Director Akashaditya Lama: Bengal 1947 is not just a historical drama; it's a call for equality and love |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Mar/12/director-akashaditya-lama-bengal-1947-is-not-just-a-historical-drama-its-a-call-for-equality-and-love |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]], [[Aditya Lakhia]], [[Sohaila Kapur]], and Ankur Armam as lead characters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Sohaila Kapur-starrer Hindi film 'Bengal 1947: An Untold Love Story,' trailer out |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/devoleena-bhattacharjee-sohaila-kapur-starrer-hindi-film-bengal-1947-an-untold-love-story-trailer-out-2024-03-24-922995 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

The background score music was composed by [[Abhishek Ray]], while Vinod Chhabra and Rajendra Mahapatra handled the cinematography and editing. ''Bengal 1947'' was theatrically released on 29 March 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Devoleena Bhattacharjee To Make Her Film Debut With Bengal 1947: An Untold Love Story |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/devoleena-bhattacharjee-to-make-her-film-debut-with-bengal-1947-an-untold-love-story |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*[[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]]
*[[Aditya Lakhia]]
*[[Sohaila Kapur]]
*Ankur Armam
*Omkar Das Manikpuri
*Anil Rastogi
*Pramod Pawar
*Surabhi Srivastava
*Falaq Rahi
*Vikram TDR
*Atul Gangwar
*Vevek Upadyay
*Yogendra Choubey
*Rajesh Bonik
*Harish Bhimani}}

== Release ==
''Bengal 1947'' was theatrically released on 29 March 2024.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated this film 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and noted "''This real-incident-inspired-fictional-drama makes a sincere effort but ultimately lacks depth.''"<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bengal 1947 Movie Review : This story of love and conflict is sincere yet a shallow portrayal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bengal-1947/movie-review/108878841.cms |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''[[Times Now]]'' rated this film 3 stars out of 5 stars and noted "At its core, Bengal 1947 aspires to more than mere storytelling; it aims to provoke reflection and introspection. By intricately weaving together historical events with compelling character arcs, the film offers audiences a window into the past while illuminating timeless themes of love, resilience, and the human spirit."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Bengal 1947 Movie Review: Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Aditya Lakhia's Partition Drama Features Powerful Performances BUT... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/bengal-1947-movie-review-devoleena-bhattacharjee-aditya-lakhias-partition-drama-features-powerful-performances-but-review-108847883 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt31702328}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

[[Category:Films scored by Abhishek Ray]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in the partition of India]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengal]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films set in 1947]]
[[Category:Films set in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]

{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{2020s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Radha (2017 film)

2026-03-03T17:52:52Z

Tiwari63: New New Pg...

{{short description|2017 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Radha
| image = Radha 2017 poster.jpg
| director = Chandra Mohan
| producer = [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] Bhogavalli Bapineedu
| writer =
| narrator =
| screenplay = Chandra Mohan
| story = Chandra Mohan
| starring = [[Sharwanand]] [[Lavanya Tripathi]] [[Aksha Pardasany]]
| music = [[Radhan]]
| cinematography = [[Karthik Gattamneni]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|5|12|}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹27 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=When small is big Entertainment |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/160717/when-small-is-big.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |date=15 July 2017 |access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Radha''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy]] film written and directed by Chandra Mohan, making his debut.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tfpc.in/radha-movie-pre-release-event/ |title=Radha Movie Pre Release Event |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512064251/http://www.tfpc.in/radha-movie-pre-release-event/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film which tells the story of [[Lord Krishna]] in modern times, is produced by Bhogavalli Bapineedu under [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260217/sharwanands-film-titled-radha.html|title=Sharwanand's film titled Radha|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509151800/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260217/sharwanands-film-titled-radha.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film features [[Sharwanand]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/sharwanands-next-entertainer-titled-radha-see-first-look-4542916/|title=Sharwanand's next entertainer titled Radha, see first look|work=The New Indian Express|date=25 February 2017|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301045759/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/sharwanands-next-entertainer-titled-radha-see-first-look-4542916/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Lavanya Tripathi]] in lead roles along with [[Aksha Pardasany]] in an extended cameo role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/movies/aksha-confident-of-radha.html|title=Aksha Confident of Radha|work=Telugu mirchi|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=20 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020225507/http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/movies/aksha-confident-of-radha.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], and [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] play supporting roles. The [[film score|score]] and [[soundtrack]] is composed by [[Radhan]] and cinematography is by Karthik Ghattamneni. The film released on 12 May 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sharwanand-starrer-radhas-release-date-postponed-to-may/articleshow/57704017.cms|title=Sharwanand starrer 'Radha's' release date postponed to May|work=Times of India|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531191548/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sharwanand-starrer-radhas-release-date-postponed-to-may/articleshow/57704017.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=July 15, 2017 |title=When small is big |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/160717/when-small-is-big.html |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Radha Krishna ([[Sharwanand]]) grows up admiring Lord Krishna. He does not miss any chance to know about Krishna and his stories of protecting Dharma. An incident makes him believe that he can help people in need by becoming a police officer just like Krishna did. After completing his studies, he helps the police bust a gang and gets a police job with special permission. Radha Krishna completes his training in Hyderabad and gets posted to a small village with a 0% crime rate in Warangal district. He feels unhappy in the beginning that he had not gotten any adventurous work that he had always dreamt of, but he later sees a girl named Radha ([[Lavanya Tripathi]]) and tries to win her heart.

Meanwhile, the home minister ([[Ashish Vidyarthi]]) of the state wants to become a chief minister and tries to influence the party observer and current chief minister ([[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]). However, the party observer declares his aide MLA Sujatha ([[Ravi Kishan]]) as a candidate for the post of Chief Minister, a very honest leader. On the other end, Radha Krishna gets transferred to the old city, Hyderabad. Suddenly, bomb blasts occur in Sujatha's election campaign. In the bomb blast, Radha Krishna loses his colleagues and promises to take revenge on the responsibility for the bomb blasts. It is then revealed that those bomb blasts were planned by Sujatha himself to gain sympathy from the people as an aspirant for the Chief Minister position.

Meanwhile, due to Radha Krishna's unpredictable actions, Sujatha gets suspicious on Radha and promotes him to his personal security. In the course of events, it is revealed by his henchmen that Radha Krishna is well-aware of Sujatha's plans and actions. Then after some comical sequences and fights, Radha Krishna reveals Sujatha's true nature in the public. Sujatha gets run over in a stampede and dies. Radha Krishna concludes with a message that the public must respect the police as it is them that protect and maintain the good in the society just like Lord Krishna did during his entire life. The film ends with Radha Krishna again getting transferred to another place.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sharwanand]] as SI Radha Krishna
* [[Lavanya Tripathi]] as Radha
* [[Aksha Pardasany]] as Rukmini "Rukku"
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as Minister Sujatha
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Home Minister
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Party Observer/Chief Minister
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Radha Krishna's father
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Radha Krishna's mother
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Constable Pardhu
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Dr. DNA
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Giri R
* [[Brahmaji]] as Constable Rahim Bhai
* Aditi Myakal as Sound Engineer near Sujatha
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Acharya Deva
* [[Gautam Raju]] as Police Officer
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Police Officer
* Mukhtar Khan as D.G.P
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Sujatha's henchman
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as Sujatha's henchman
* Ambati Srinivas as Thief
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Radha
| type = film
| artist = [[Radhan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = [[Times Music]]
| producer = [[Radhan]]
| prev_title = [[Darling 2]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Arjun Reddy]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
The music is composed by [[Radhan]] and was released on [[Times Music]] Company.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atozmp3.in/radha-2017.html |title=Radha (2017)Songs |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511052717/http://www.atozmp3.in/radha-2017.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Rabbit Rabbit Pilla
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra1 = Ramee
| length1 =

| title2 = Choopultho
| lyrics2 = KK
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Kaakhi Chokka
| lyrics3 = Suresh Banisetty
| extra3 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Ramee
| length3 =

| title4 = Oye Mera Krishnuu
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = [[Priya Himesh]], Sameera Bharadwaj, [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]]
| length4 =

}}

==Release==
The film was dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Nerukkadi''. It was also dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Jurmana''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nerukadi|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/nerukadi/1260013704|website=Disney+ Hotstar|language=en|access-date=4 October 2023|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814210153/https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/nerukadi/1260013704|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt6138680}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:2017 masala films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]

Vrindavani vastra

2026-03-03T09:55:40Z

Tiwari63: added new article

[[File:Vrindavani Vastra.jpg|thumb|Vrindavani Vastra (detail), circa 1680, British Museum]]{{Short description|A religious drape}}
'''Vrindavani Vastra''' is a drape woven by Assamese weavers led by Mathuradas Burha Aata during 16th century under the guidance of [[Srimanta Sankardeva]], a Vaishnavite saint and scholar who lived in present-day [[Assam]].<ref name=reach>{{cite news|title=Vrindavani Vastra ‘out of reach’ for govt|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130323/jsp/northeast/story_16704689.jsp#.Un_VB3BHJgg|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131111163632/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130323/jsp/northeast/story_16704689.jsp%23.Un_VB3BHJgg|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 11, 2013|accessdate=10 November 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph, Kolkotta|date=23 March 2013}}</ref> The lead weaver Mathuradas Burha Aata a disciple of Sri Sri Madhabdev, who was the first Satradhikar of the [[Barpeta Satra]]. Mathuradas Burha Aata along with his 12 assistant weavers wove the Brindavani Bastra. The large drape illustrates the childhood activities of Lord Krishna in [[Vrindavan]].<ref name=reach/> Parts of the original ''Vrindavani vastra'' are presently owned by the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London and [[Musee Guimet]] (the Guimet Museum) in Paris. The piece of cloth demonstrates the skillful weaving methods developed during medieval times and such complexity is rarely seen in present-day Assam.<ref name=editorial/>

==History==
Assamese silk weavers depicted scenes from Bhagavatha, Mahabharatha, mainly of the childhood days of Lord Krishnalala on silk clothes under the supervision of Saint, scholar, and poet Srimanta Sankardeva and his disciple Madhvadeva during 16th Century.<ref name=gogoi>{{cite news|title=Vrindavani Vastra: Gogoi to move British Museum|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/vrindavani-vastra-gogoi-to-move-british-museum/article5334146.ece|accessdate=10 November 2013|newspaper=TheHindu|date=10 November 2013}}</ref> First woven between 1567 and 1569, it was taken to Bhutan and then later to Tibet, where European merchants brought it back to Europe. Presently, it is owned by the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Musee Guimet in Paris.<ref name=reach/> Some reports suggest that the Vrindavani Vastra piece was collected by a reporter of "The Times" (London) and donated to the museum <ref name=gogoi/> around 1904.<ref name=editorial>{{cite news|last=Bezboruah|first=D N|title=Lengths of precious fabric|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=nov1009/edit2|accessdate=10 November 2013|newspaper=The Assam Tribune (editorial)|date=March 2013|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111173238/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=nov1009/edit2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similar silk drapes are also held by other museums like The [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]].<ref name=phil>{{cite web|title="Cloth of Vrindavan" (Vrindavani Vastra) depicting Scenes from the Life of Krishna|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/85842.html|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art|accessdate=10 November 2013|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111182402/http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/85842.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2004, a similar piece of silk drape, probably designed by Sankaradeva during 16th Century, was put up for auction by the auction house of Christie's in New York, with a reserve price of $120,000.<ref name=hugh>{{cite news|last=Hugh and Colleen Gantzer|first=Colleen Gantzer|title=The polymath guru of Assam|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-28/edit-page/33426189_1_religious-leaders-teachings-monasteries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615193733/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-28/edit-page/33426189_1_religious-leaders-teachings-monasteries|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|accessdate=10 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 August 2012}}</ref> This type of silken-weaving artwork was produced up to around 1715 in Assam and its neighborhood<ref name=mac>{{cite book|last=Mary Schoeser|first=Foreword by JulienMacdonald|title=Silk|year=2007|publisher=Yale Univ. Press|location=New Haven, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=9780300117417|page=[https://archive.org/details/silk00scho/page/70 70]|url=https://archive.org/details/silk00scho|url-access=registration|quote=vrindavani vastra.|author2=Marcandalli, contrib. by Bruno }}</ref> and exported to places like Tibet.<ref name=reach/>

The exhibit owned by [[British Museum]], acquired in 1904 from Tibet, is nine and half meters long and is made up of several pieces of silk drapes depicting Krishna's (or Vishnu's) life.<ref name=editorial/> Along with colorful pictorial depictions, it has a portion of a poem written by Srimanta Sankardev woven on it.<ref name=editorial/>

There were futile efforts by government agencies of India to bring back the silk drape back to India.<ref name=reach/> During 2013, Assam government, India has requested British Museum to exhibit Vrindavani Vastra at London so that art lovers, researchers, and local people with Assamese heritage can admire the piece of art.<ref name=gogoi/> This textile is now on display until August 2016 in the exhibition 'Krishna in the garden of Assam: the cultural context of an Indian textile' in Room 91 of the British Museum. Entry is free.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/exhibitions/krishna_in_the_garden_of_assam.aspx Krishna in the Garden of Assam], exhibit at British Museum, 2016</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Borgeet]]
* [[Ankia Naat]]
* [[Bhaona]]
* [[Dihanaam]]
* [[Hiranaam]]
* [[Kirtan Ghoxa|Kirtan Ghosha]]
*[[Khol]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Narrative_Curtain_Depicting_Avatars_of_Vishnu_(Vrindavani_vastra)_LACMA_AC1995.94.1.jpg Vrindavani vastra], circa 1570, [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]

{{Assam}}

[[Category:Asian objects in the Victoria and Albert Museum]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:16th century in India]]
[[Category:Weaving]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Thaye Neeye Thunai

2026-03-03T05:13:19Z

Tiwari63: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thaaye Neeye Thunai.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = P. R. Somasundar
| writer = P. R. Somasundar
| producer = {{ubl|Ramakrishnan|P. R. Somasundar|[[T. S. Raghavendra]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[K. R. Vijaya]]|[[Srividya]]|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]}}
| music = [[Raveendran]]
| studio = Bhuvaneshwari Kalamandhir
| cinematography = [[S. Maruti Rao]]
| editing = K. Ramalingam
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1987|1|14|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thaye Neeye Thunai''''' ({{Translation|Mother, you are protection}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] written, co-produced and directed by P. R. Somasundar. The film stars [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Srividya]] and [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manian |first=Aranthai |title=Tamil Cinemavin Oli Oviyargal |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |year=2020 |pages=119 |language=ta}}</ref> It was released on 14 January 1987, during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2020 |title=பொங்கலுக்கு வெளியான தமிழ் படங்கள் - 2 |url=https://screen4screen.com/news/pongal-released-movies-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207054332/https://screen4screen.com/news/pongal-released-movies-2 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thaye Neeye Thunai ( 1987 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1090 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823181131/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1090 |archive-date=23 August 2004 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Pandian, a circus ringmaster, shoulders the financial responsibilities of his family, comprising his retired school teacher father, homemaker mother Rajeshwari, and unmarried sister, Seetha, whose prospective grooms' families demand exorbitant dowries. Pandian, driven by financial necessity, accepts the high-risk task of performing with the lion, worrying his family.

Meanwhile, in the sacred precincts of Karunaiyur Kamakshi Amman temple, traditional healer Kamakshi Paatti raises orphaned Sivagami as her granddaughter. Upon discovering her true identity, Sivagami confronts Paatti. Paatti reveals Sivagami's lineage: her father, Devanatha Gurukkal, the temple priest, had left his toddler daughter at the temple. Defying temple protocol, he reopened the sanctum sanctorum door at night, seeking his child. Goddess Adiparasakthi manifested before Sivagami's parents, emphasizing the importance of adhering to rituals. Overwhelmed, they succumbed to divine awe. In a profound revelation, Sivagami's grandmother is none other than Goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Kamakshi Amman]] herself.

Karthik, a successful businessman, who is searching for a bride rejects a girl with an extra finger and a wealthy girl with [[strabismus]] after a confrontation with her brother. At a [[Cassette tape|cassette]] shop, Karthik meets Seetha and falls in love. Karthik's secretary arranges their marriage without dowry, generously providing all the necessary jewelry. However, their happiness is short-lived, as Seetha loses her vision due to [[night blindness]]. The strabismus-eyed girl, still bitter from Karthik's rejection, informs him of Seetha's condition. Seetha and her mother, Rajeshwari, pray at the temple for Seetha's cure. Karthik confronts Seetha, questioning her condition, and takes her to a dark area to test her. Miraculously cured by divine grace, Seetha accurately identifies her surroundings, dispelling Karthik's doubts. Acknowledging Seetha's past condition, Karthik vows to care for his wife.

Meanwhile, Uma's brother Kathiresan returns from [[Dubai]] after losing his right hand in an accident. Kathiresan asks his brother Manikam for financial support, but Manikam claims poverty. Unbeknownst to Kathiresan, Manikam has converted Kathiresan's money into gold coins hidden in his walking stick. Manikam's associates advise him to fake a promise at Kamakshiamman temple to feign innocence. However, Kathiresan and his pregnant wife Kannamma leave before Manikam returns. Kamakshi Paatti, wise to Manikam's malicious intentions to exploit poor farmers, confronts him. So, Manikam plots to humiliate her by staging his aide's death but is foiled when the aide unexpectedly dies. Further, Manikam frames her for theft, by making his men loot the temple jewels, but Kamakshi Paatti, the Goddess, confronts and defeats the thieves. Manikam attempts to shame Kamakshi Paatti at the village panchayat, ordering her [[whipping]]. However, she endures with a smile, while the villagers bear the pain. Kannamma's complicated childbirth is saved by Kamakshi Paatti's timely intervention, while Sivagami rescues Kannamma, who is struggling with menial jobs, and provides temple food allocated to them.

Uma's daughter contracts [[smallpox]], prompting Rajeshwari to suggest faith healing but Uma refuses, citing her mother's tragic death from smallpox due to her father's reliance on faith healing. During a circus performance, a ferocious tiger charges at Pandian, but a photo of Goddess Adiparasakthi miraculously saves his life. Now with a change of mind, Pandian along with his mother Rajeshwari, take the ailing child to various temples and spiritual centers, like [[Mariamman Temple, Irukkankudi|Irukkankudi Mariamman Temple]], Thengal Mouna Guru Swamigal Ashramam, [[Arulmigu Koniamman Temple|Koniamman Temple]], [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple, Coimbatore|Perur Pateeswarar Temple]], [[Bannari Mariamman Temple]], [[Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman Temple]] and Salem Kottai Periya Mariamman Temples despite Uma's reservations.

On Naga Sathurthi, the [[indian cobra]], believed to be an incarnation of Goddess Adiparashakthi, visits Kannamma's house, blessing her child. The family then offers koozh, a holy porridge to Kamakshi Paatti. Meanwhile, Manikam, after a scuffle, beats people and wastes the koozh, leaving them starving. Kamakshi Paatti confronts him, warning him of imminent punishment. Eventually, Manikam suffers seizures and becomes bedridden, making him realize that his karma is the cause, and he prostrates before Kamakshi Paatti, seeking a cure. She demands Manikam's land in exchange, demarcating boundaries by her goat's run. Overnight, Sivagami discovers her grandmother's true identity as Goddess Adiparasakthi. Manikam recovers, and Kamakshi Paatti claims the land as promised. Manikam's associates plot revenge, attempting to molest Sivagami but Pandian rescues her. En route to Kamakshi Paatti, Manikam's associates fatally stab Rajeshwari.

Kamakshi Paatti insists Uma visit to cure her daughter, so now a reformed Uma requests Kamakshi Paatti's help. Goddess Adiparasakthi reveals her true form, curing Pandian's daughter and explaining Uma's mother's death as fate. The Goddess bids farewell to Sivagami and Uma promises to arrange Sivagami's marriage.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] in a [[dual role]] as
** [[Mahadevi|Goddess Adhiparashakthi]]
** Kamakshi Paatti
*[[Srividya]] as Rajeshwari, Pandian and Seetha's mother
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Karthik
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Uma, Pandian's wife
*[[Sudha Chandran]] as Sivagami
*[[Sumitra]] as Kannamma, Kathiresan's wife
*[[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]] as Seetha, Karthik's wife
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Pandian and Seetha's father
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Karthik's secretary
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Devanatha Gurukkal, Sivagami's father
*V.P. Ramakrishnan as Manikam, a landlord
*[[T. S. Raghavendra]] as Kathiresan, Uma's brother
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as a [[strabismus]] eyed girl
*[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] in a special appearance as Pandian, a [[Ringmaster (circus)|ringmaster]]
* MLA Thangaraj as Rani's father
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]] as a temple priest
*Sivaraman as a temple priest
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]] as a villager
*[[Pakoda Kadhar]] as a devotee who offers goat
*[[Kalpana Raghavendar|Baby Kalpana]]
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as strabismus eyed girl's brother (uncredited)
}}

==Production==
The film was launched at [[AVM Studios]] along with song recording.<ref>{{cite news|title=20 ஆயிரம் பாம்புகள் இடம்பெறும் தமிழ் படம் |work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=11 July 2025|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-239|date=1 July 1986|pages=4|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The scene where Karthik meets Sabitha Anand was shot at Taj Coromandel hotel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 1986 |title=கார்த்திக்கிற்கு மணப்பெண் தேர்வு |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_10_263/4.jp2/full/1000,1364/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709040539/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_10_263/4.jp2/full/1000,1364/0/default.jpg |archive-date=9 July 2025 |access-date=12 July 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Raveendran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaaye Neeye Thunai Tamil Film LP VInyl Record |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/thaaye-neeye-thunai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620153031/https://macsendisk.com/product/thaaye-neeye-thunai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record/ |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
|Sri Bhuvaneswari||[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]||[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
|Vaama Devi||[[P. Susheela]]||Thirupathooran
|-
|Kukku Kuyile||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]||Chidambaranathan
|-
|Chellakiliye||Chithra||Ponnaruvi
|-
|Aayiram Kangal||Vani Jairam, Chithra||[[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Maadathy

2026-03-03T03:02:31Z

Tiwari63: starting some stub added tags...

{{Short description|2019 Indian film by Leena Manimekalai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maadathy
| image = Maadathy.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = [[Leena Manimekalai]]
| producer = Leena Manimekalai, Bhavana Goparaju, Abinandhan Ramanujam, Abhayanand Singh, Elango Raghupathy
| screenplay = Leena Manimekalai Rafiq Ismail Yavanika Sriram
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Ajmina Kassim
*Patrick Raj
*[[Semmalar Annam]]
*Arul Kumar
}}
| music = [[Karthik Raja]]
| cinematography = Jeff Dolen Karthik Muthukumar [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]]
| editing = Thangaraj Palanivel
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|2019|10||[[Busan International Film Festival]]|2021|06|24|India|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 90 minutes
}}
'''''Maadathy: An Unfairy Tale'''''<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=With Maadathy — An Unfairy Tale, Leena Manimekalai skewers the blindness of dominant castes to oppression |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/with-maadathy-an-unfairy-tale-leena-manimekalai-skewers-the-blindness-of-dominant-castes-to-oppression-7651481.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206185540/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/with-maadathy-an-unfairy-tale-leena-manimekalai-skewers-the-blindness-of-dominant-castes-to-oppression-7651481.html |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language folklore drama film directed by [[Leena Manimekalai]]. The film stars Ajmina Kassim, Patrick Raj, [[Semmalar Annam]] and Arul Kumar in the lead roles.

The film premiered at the 2019 Busan International Film Festival, where it received positive critical response.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joseph |first=Ashish Ittyerah |date=7 September 2019 |title=Maadathy was a real testing ground: Leena Manimekalai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maadathy-was-a-real-testing-ground-leena-manimekalai/articleshow/71022268.cms |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film later got released in the OTT platform Neestream globally on  24, June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Streaming date of Leena Manimekalai's Maadathy out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jun/15/streaming-date-of-leena-manimekalais-maadathy-out-25007.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is set against the backdrop of a river which symbolizes both the oppressor and the oppressed. The river is a way out, for the protagonist, a Dalit, Yosana; a liberation from the blind realities of caste. India is a land of Subaltern deities. Each deity has a unique legend, and these legends are often interwoven with sociohistoric tropes of India. The Puthirai Vannaar, an ‘unseeable’ Dalit caste group in southern India, are traditionally assigned the task of washing the clothes of other Dalits, the dead, and menstruating women. This film is a tale about a young girl who grew up in ''Puthirai vannaa''r caste group and how she came to be immortalized as their local deity, ''Maadathy''.

== Cast ==
* Ajmina Kassim as Yosana<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=24 June 2021 |title='Maadathy — An Unfairy Tale' movie review: The ghost of Yosana and the duality of being a woman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maadathy-movie-review/article34946344.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624094928/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maadathy-movie-review/article34946344.ece |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* Patrick Raj as Panneer
* [[Semmalar Annam]] as Veni<ref name="The Hindu" />
* Arul Kumar as Sudalai<ref name="The Hindu" />

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[The News Minute]]'' reviewed "It's rare to see a film where the male body is subjected to the female gaze".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2019 |title='Maadathy: An Unfairy Tale': This Leena Manimekalai film shows an ugly caste reality |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maadathy-unfairy-tale-leena-manimekalai-film-shows-ugly-caste-reality-112129 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> ''The Cinema Express'' wrote, "Remarkably exudes the power of cinema, of storytelling that is poignantly reflective of a society where legends of sin circle and haunt our deities".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Maadathy: An Unfairy Tale' film review - A blazing, poignant tale of terror |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/jun/26/maadathy-an-unfairy-tale-film-review--a-blazing-poignant-tale-of-terror-2321500.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Awards ==
# World Premiere, [[Busan International Film Festival]], October 2019.
# India Premiere, International Competition, [[Kolkata International Film Festival]], November 2019.


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8530836}}


[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

INS Ranvijay

2026-02-26T01:31:29Z

Tiwari63: improved article

{{Short description|Indian Navy destroyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Ranvijay at annual bi-lateral naval field training exercise.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Ranvijay'' during [[Exercise Malabar#2012|Exercise Malabar 2012]]
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = ''Ranvijay''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder = [[61 Kommunara Shipbuilding Plant]]
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched =
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 21 December 1987
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned =
| maiden_voyage =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport =
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: D55
| motto = {{lang|sn|Sangrame Vaibhavasya}} (Glorious in War)
| nickname =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
| badge = [[File:INS Ranvijay (D55) crest.JPG|120px]]
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Rajput|destroyer}}
| displacement = *3,950 tons standard
*4,974 tons full load<ref name=in-rajput>{{Cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/destroyers_rajput.htm |title=Surface Ships -- Indian Navy |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-date=19 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619085343/http://indiannavy.nic.in/destroyers_rajput.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| length = {{convert|147|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|16|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught = {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| power =
| propulsion = 4 x gas turbine engines; 2 shafts, {{convert|72,000|hp|abbr=on}}
| speed = {{convert|35|kn|km/h}}
| range = *{{convert|4000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|18|kn|km/h}}
*{{convert|2600|mi|km}} at {{convert|30|kn|km/h}}
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 320 (including 35 officers)
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *''Air/Surface:'' [[EL/M-2238 STAR]]<ref name=nigwn>{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapon systems|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute|location=Annapolis, Md|isbn=1557502625|page=243|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4S3h8j_NEmkC&q=%E2%80%9CSurveillance+%26+Threat+Alert+Radar+-+STAR+-+EL%2FM-2238&pg=PA243|edition=5th}}</ref> (replacing MR-310U Angara (NATO: Head Net-C) radar at E-band)
*''Air:'' Bharat RAWL (Dutch Signaal LW08) radar at D-band ( replacing MP-500 Kliver (NATO: Big Net-A) radar at C-band)
*''Navigation:'' 2 x Volga (NATO: Don Kay) radar at I-band frequency,
*''Communication:'' [[Inmarsat]],
*''Sonar:'' 1 x hull mounted Vycheda MG-311 (NATO: Wolf Paw) sonar replaced with Bharat HUMSA during MLR, 1 x Vyega MG-325 (NATO: Mare Tail) variable depth sonar
| EW =
| armament = *''Anti-surface:''
*8 × [[BrahMos]] supersonic missiles in aft VLS (replaced aft S-125 SAM launcher)
*4 × [[P-15 Termit|SS-N-2D Styx AShM]] missiles in inclined launchers
*''Air-defence:''
*2 × [[Barak SAM]] 8 cell launchers (port and starboard)
*1 × [[S-125 Neva/Pechora#Naval version|S-125M]] (NATO: SA-N-1) [[Surface to air missile|SAM]] launcher (Removed by 2025)
*''Guns:''
*1 x [[OTO Melara 76 mm]] [[Naval artillery|naval gun]] (replaced [[AK-726|AK-726 twin 3" naval gun]])
*2 × {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} [[AK-630|AK-630M]] [[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]]
*''Anti-submarine:''
*1 × {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} PTA 533 quintuple [[torpedo tube]] launcher,
*2 × [[RBU-6000]] anti-submarine rocket launcher.
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 × [[Ka-28]] helicopter
| aircraft_facilities =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Ranvijay''''' ({{Lit|Victorious in Battle}}) is a {{sclass|Rajput|destroyer|1}} in active service with the [[Indian Navy]]. ''Ranvijay'' was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 21 December 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-21 |title=Navy vessel INS Ranvijay completes 37 years |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/navy-vessel-ins-ranvijay-completes-37-years-1848682 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Service history==
''Ranvijay'' participated in the multinational [[Malabar 2007|Malabar Naval Exercise]] between [[Australia]], [[India]], [[Singapore]], [[Japan]] and [[United States]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the years 2011-2015 and 2020-2021.

In July 2014, ''Ranvijay'', accompanied by the stealth [[frigate]] {{INS|Shivalik|F47|2}} and fleet [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] {{INS|Shakti|A57|2}}, took part in the INDRA War Games, a naval and army counter-terrorism exercise with [[Russia]].

In November 2016, ''Ranvijay'', accompanied by the [[corvette]] [[INS Kamorta (P28)]], took part in the [[SIMBEX]] War Games, a naval exercise with [[Singapore]] Navy which bought the RSN’s stealth frigate, RSS [[Formidable-class frigate|Formidable]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-and-singapore-navies-hold-simbex-2016-annual-bilateral-maritime-exercise-5661064/ |title=naval-technology.com |access-date=10 April 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054216/http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-and-singapore-navies-hold-simbex-2016-annual-bilateral-maritime-exercise-5661064/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 23 October 2021, ''Ranvijay'' caught fire at the [[Visakhapatnam]] Naval Base. Four of her crew were hospitalised.<ref name="Fleetmon35917">{{cite web |url=https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2021/35917/indian-navy-destroyer-fire-4-hospitalized/ |title=Indian Navy destroyer fire, 4 hospitalized |publisher=Fleetmon |first=Mikhail |last=Voychenco |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>

INS ''Ranvijay'' participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at Visakapatanam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-14 |title=India’s indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant to steal the show in IFR 2026 in Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/indias-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-to-steal-the-show-in-ifr-2026-in-vizag/articleshow/128355649.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
INS ''Ranvijay'' has won the prestigious Cock Trophy in the annual Western Fleet whaler boat regatta held at the Naval Dockyard on 7 January 2006.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2006 |title=INS Ranvijay triumphs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/ins-ranvijay-triumphs/article3236972.ece |access-date=6 July 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

''Ranvijay'' received the best ship of the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] Trophy for the year 2006–07 and 2011–12.

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="5" heights="100px" widths="150px">
File:Comm.C.S. Patham and Capt. Ajith.jpg|Commander C.S. Patham and Captain [[Ajithkumar J Varma]]
File:INS Ranvijay Malabar 07.jpg| ''Ranvijay'' during [[Exercise Malabar#2007|Exercise Malabar 2007]]
File:INS_Ranvijay_(D55).jpg| ''Ranvijay'' with sailors on deck in blue uniform
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kashin-class destroyer}}
{{Destroyers of the Indian Navy}}
{{2021 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranvijay (D55)}}
[[Category:Rajput-class destroyers]]
[[Category:Ships built at Shipyard named after 61 Communards]]
[[Category:1986 ships]]
[[Category:Destroyers of India]]
[[Category:Destroyers of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2021]]

{{India-mil-stub}}
{{Mil-ship-stub}}

Central Forensic Science Laboratory

2026-02-18T20:55:42Z

Tiwari63: updated content for consistency

{{Short description|Forensics institute of the Government of India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
<references group="http://www.Dileepparvatgoswsmi.com/india/report-rajnath-singh-lays-foundation-of-central-forensic-science-laboratory-in-guwahati-2039593{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" />[[Image:CFSL Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|The [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyderabad]]]] The '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' (CFSL) is a wing of the Indian [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], which fulfills the [[forensic]] requirements in the country.<ref>{{cite book |title=Criminal Justice India Series, Vol. 8 |editor-last=Menon |editor-first=N. R. Madhava |year=2003 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=81-7764-490-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ze5yedbjkg8C&dq=%22Central+Forensic+Science+Laboratory%22&pg=PA141|page=141 }}</ref>

==Locations==
There are seven central forensic [[laboratory|laboratories]] in India, at [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata|Kolkata]], [[Chandigarh]], [[New Delhi|New Delhi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bhopal]] and [[Pune|Pune]]. An
eighth central forensic [[laboratory|laboratory]] is currently under construction in India, at [[Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh|Amaravati]].

[[CFSL Hyderabad]] is a centre of excellence in [[chemical sciences]], CFSL Kolkata (the oldest laboratory in India) in [[biological sciences]], and CFSL Chandigarh in [[physical sciences]]. The CFSL New Delhi comes under the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], Delhi, whereas the other laboratories are under the control of the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (DFSS) of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The laboratory in New Delhi is under the control of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) which investigates cases on its behalf. Dr. Asha Srivastava is currently the Director of CFSL (CBI) New Delhi. Mr. Mithilesh Jha an alumnus of the Delhi Campus of National Forensic Sciences University (Formerly LNJN-NICFS) is working as a Senior Scientific Officer and HOD of the Serology division of CFSL (CBI), Delhi. Mr. Brijendra Badonia is the Director of CFSL Kolkata, Sh Mahesh Chandra Joshi is the Director of CFSL Hyderabad and Dr. S.K. Jain is in charge of CFSL Chandigarh.

==See also==
*[[National Forensic Sciences University]]
*[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dfs.nic.in/ Directorate Of Forensic Science (DFS), Official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030316041653/http://cbi.nic.in/cfsl/about.htm CFSL, Delhi] at ''CBI'' website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155637/http://dfs.gov.in/laboratorycfslkolkata.htm CFSL, Kolkata, website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Forensics organizations]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Medical and health government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{forensics-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Penguin Books Ltd. v. India Book Distributors and Others

2026-02-18T15:22:52Z

Tiwari63: New New Data

{{Multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=May 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2019}}}}
{{Short description|Decision of the Delhi High Court (1984)}}

'''''Penguin Books Ltd. v. India Book Distributors and Others''''', was a 1984 [[Delhi High Court]] court case. [[Penguin Books|Penguin Books Ltd.]] of [[England]] brought a suit for perpetual [[injunction]] against the respondents, India Book Distributors of New Delhi, to restrain them from infringing Penguin's territorial license in 23 books, the subject matter of the suit.

==Facts==
A [[consent decree]] had been obtained in the [[United States]] stating that there shall be no restriction in regard to a book that is lawfully published for sale, import, export, distribution, or resale. Penguin Books Ltd. (PBL) holds territorial [[copyright]] license in some books under the [[Indian Copyright Act|Indian Copyright Act, 1957]]. The respondents, India Book Distributors, were distributing, importing or offering for sale 13 of 23 titles as American editions. A suit for personal injunction was brought against them restraining them from infringing on PBL's territorial license in the subject matter of the suit. The relief of [[temporary injunction]] was declined by a single judge on the ground of the US Court’s consent decree.

Clauses V and VI of the consent decree provide as follows:

:V. Each defendant is enjoined and restrained, directly or indirectly, from preventing or restricting any purchaser of a lawfully published book from importing or exporting such book to or from the United States. Or such purchaser from selling, distributing or providing for the resale of such Book to customers in United States interstate or foreign commerce."

:VI. "Nothing in this Final Judgment shall prevent any defendant, in and of itself, from acquiring, granting or otherwise transferring exclusive or non-exclusive copyright rights, or from exercising or authorizing the exercise of such rights under the copyright law of any country, including the United States, or from the assertion of such other statutory rights as such defendant may have, provided that no foreign copyright law or other foreign statutory right may be used by any defendant to exclude or restrict the importation or resale in the United States of a lawfully published Book.”

==Issues discussed==

# Contended that the consent decree is not a bar to asserting rights under the Copyright Act, 1956.
# It was contended by the [[plaintiff]] that the importation of American Editions for the purpose of resale is an infringement of copyright.
# Whether temporary injunction can be granted?

==The Court’s ruling==
Several contentions were raised.

'''1. Contended that the consent decree is not a bar to asserting rights under the Copyright Act, 1956.'''
It was prima facie evident that PBL had the license to the books in question. The Whitford Committee also observed that there is a practice of challenging the title is more often than not an abuse of process.
The court held that the consent decree has no extraterritorial application. The United States of America, being a foreign state, is an independent sovereign government which exercises sovereign authority over its own territory and in accordance with international law has no right to exercise sovereign authority beyond its own territory. The courts of India cannot recognize the writ of a District Court of the United States notwithstanding the principle of comity of nations. This is made abundantly clear from Clause VI which acts as a saving clause. The effect of the clause is that Clause V will not affect the statutory rights that belong to publishers under foreign regional arrangements.

It was also held by the Court that copyright law is territorial in nature and while US might disallow restrictions on the resale of books, the laws of US may not abrogate the effects of laws in the place where those books have been imported. Thus, the importer will be forced to comply with the laws of the country to which he imports, and he cannot defeat the rights of the exclusive license holder.

'''2. It was contended by the plaintiff that the importation of American Editions for the purpose of resale is an infringement of copyright.'''

'''Importation:'''

The court held that ‘Importation is forbidden unless a license has been given.’ The court said that the above idea needs to be respected as if it is not, then the purpose of granting exclusive licenses would be defeated, as would the idea of the national division of copyright which has been provided for in the International Copyright Convention.

The argument by the defendant was that importation of lawfully published books is not an infringement of copyright under the Act. The court was dismissed this argument by saying that the owner of copyright has been defined to include an exclusive license. Exclusive license in turn has been defined as a license having ‘any right comprised in the copyright’ in a work to the exclusion of all others including the owner of the copyright. The license may be limited in scope, time and territory.

Copyright has been defined to include the exclusive right, among others, to reproduce the work in any form and to publish the work. Furthermore, S. 51 of the Act deals with infringement. It says that copyright in a work will be infringed when an infringing copy of the work has been imported. Infringing copy of work has been defined as any work which has been imported in contravention to the provisions of the Act. The mainstay of S.51 is that a copyright is deemed to be infringed when any person does something which the Act confers as an exclusive right to the owner of the copyright.

The court holds in the judgment that the test of whether an imported work infringes copyright is laid down in S.53 (this section allows seizure of goods by the Registrar of Copyrights). The test is that whether the copy if made in India would infringe copyright? If so, then it infringes upon copyright. This is because the essence of infringement is taking what is not yours. Copyright is a territorial right and has been regarded as something worth protecting in the ultimate public interest.

The court held that the import has infringed upon the copyright of PBL because if they are made here, they would offend the copyright of PBL.

'''Publication'''

The court also held that the work has been published in India. To do this, the court said that for literary works publication is ‘the issue of copies of the work, either in whole or in part, to the public in a manner sufficient to satisfy the reasonable requirements of the public having regard to the nature of the work.’
The court held that the India Distributors is not guilty of primary infringement but is guilty of secondary infringement when it allows public distribution of titles.

'''3. Whether temporary injunction can be granted?'''

The last question is whether a temporary injunction can be granted. The court said that temporary injunctions are granted in cases where damages are an inadequate remedy. The test for this was laid down in [[American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd]]. The following questions must be asked:
# Is there a serious issue to be tried? If there is not no injunction will be issued. If yes, then the next question is looked into by the court.
# Can the plaintiff adequately be compensated with damages? If no, the court must see if the defendant can adequately be compensated with the plaintiffs undertaking to pay at trial, then an injunction shall be ordered.
# If there is no clear answer, then the court shall look into who shall suffer greater inconvenience if the injunction is granted or not. This is called the balance of convenience test.
# If the balance of convenience test fails, then the relative strength of each side’s case should be evaluated by looking at the [[affidavit]] evidence.

Injunctions in such cases will usually be granted, as most infringements constitute continuing offences and won’t be granted if the damage to the plaintiff would be out of proportion with the infringement.

==Significance==
This decision was useful in clarifying the law in India with regard to parallel importation. There was a change in law after the judgment where Section 14 of the Act was amended from "publication" to "issue of copies of the work to the public not being copies already in circulation."<ref>Copyright (Amendment Act), 1994</ref>

In light of this amendment which when read with S. 40, which says that all provisions of this will apply to works first published in any territory as if it was first published in India, would mean that all books published abroad would be akin to books published in India. So, the same limitations should apply, including the doctrine of first sale. This has been the position taken by various commentators.<ref name=exhaustion>{{cite web|url=http://cis-india.org/a2k/publications/exhaustion.pdf|title=Exhaustion: Imports, Exports and the Doctrine of First Sale in Indian Copyright Law|author=Pranesh Prakash|website=Cis-india.org|accessdate=8 January 2019|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092253/http://cis-india.org/a2k/publications/exhaustion.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Court, however, in the recent Eurokids<ref>MANU/MH/0938/2005</ref> decision seemed not to have taken notice of the change in law and followed the reasoning given in the Penguin judgment.

The decision has also been criticized as it does not deal with the issue of [[privity of contract]] i.e. how are the terms of the license (namely the territorial limitation) being imposed on a third party who has no knowledge of the license, and neither is a party to the license?<ref name=exhaustion/>

==Comparative analysis of other jurisdictions==
===United States===
The US believes in the doctrine of first sale which enables the resident of the US to resell legally obtained items without the copyright owner's permission. In Kirstaeng v. [[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] Inc, The US [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] held that the protections and exceptions offered under the copyright act are applicable anywhere and not copies made just in the US. So, the first sale doctrine is applicable anywhere and parallel imports are allowed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/56491-a-textbook-case.html |title=What Does Kirtsaeng v. Wiley Mean for the Industry? |access-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408004938/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/56491-a-textbook-case.html |archive-date=2015-04-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Europe===
Europe follows an idea of regional exhaustion where the first sale doctrine applies within the [[European Economic Area (EEA)]]. This is because the idea of free trade of goods is placed on a very high pedestal. However, for goods originating outside the EEA, the countries are free to enact law which stops parallel importation using copyright law.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aippi.org/download/commitees/240/WG240English.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092806/https://www.aippi.org/download/commitees/240/WG240English.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Copyright case law]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]

Ravindra Kumar Sinha (biologist)

2026-02-10T02:59:57Z

Tiwari63: New New Bio...

{{Short description|Dolphine Man of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravindra Kumar Sinha
| image = Prof Ravindra Kumar Sinha receiving Padmashri from President Pranab Mukherjee.jpg
| caption = Ravindra Kumar Sinha receiving Padmashri from President Pranab Mukherjee
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place = Keotar village, Jehanabad dist. [[Bihar]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Served as Vice Chancellor of [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]], Professor, Researcher and Wildlife Conservationist
| spouse = Uma Sinha
| children =
| relatives =
| father = Ram Dahin Sinha
| mother = Gauri Devi
| awards = Order of the Golden Ark by His Royal Highness Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands (1999) Golden Jubilee Award of National Academy of Sciences, India (2000) Padma Shri by the President of India (2016) Farsh Se Arsh Tak by Outlook Magazine (2019)
| website =
| signature =
| imagesize =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername = Dolphin Man of India Dolphin Sinha
| yearsactive =
| known for = Conservation of Gangetic Dolphins
}}
'''Ravindra Kumar Sinha''' is a [[Padma Shri]] awarded Indian [[biologist]] and [[environmentalist]]. He served as [[Vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]] from 2019-2023 and also served in [[Nalanda Open University]]. Previously he was the Head of the Department of Zoology at [[Patna University]], and is a pioneer [[research]]er and wildlife conservationist, famous for his efforts for the conservation of [[South Asian river dolphin|Gangetic Dolphins]], he is popularly known as the '''"Dolphin Man of India"'''.

His scientific research and conservation campaign for the last 4 decades have been crucial to the efforts of saving the [[South Asian river dolphin]] from extinction. In response to the awareness of the urgency of protecting the [[South Asian river dolphin|Ganga River dolphin]] raised by Sinha, the [[Government of India]] designated this [[Dolphin]] as the [https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=8 National Aquatic Animal of India]<ref name="'Dolphin Man' from Bihar gets Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Dolphin-Man-from-Bihar-gets-Padma-Shri/articleshow/50727382.cms|title='Dolphin Man' from Bihar gets Padma Shri|date=26 January 2016|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="National Aquatic Animal">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_aquatic_animal.php|title=National Aquatic Animal|date=2016|publisher=Know India|accessdate=9 August 2016|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122033020/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_aquatic_animal.php|archivedate=22 January 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in 2009.

==Early life==

A member of the [[IUCN Species Survival Commission]]{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} and the [[National Ganga River Basin Authority]], his contributions are reported in the establishment of the [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]], Bhagalpur and he is a recipient of the [[Order of the Golden Ark]] of the [[Netherlands]].<ref name="Saving the freshwater dolphin is a life's work for a Bihar professor">{{cite web | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/saving-the-freshwater-dolphin-is-a-lifes-work-for-a-bihar-professor/213169 | title=Saving the freshwater dolphin is a life's work for a Bihar professor | publisher=Outlook India | date=17 September 2001 | accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2016, for his contributions to environmental conservation.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | accessdate=3 January 2016 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085913/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf | archivedate=3 August 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Work==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2016}}
Prof. R K Sinha conducted surveys of the entire length of the [[Ganges]] and most of its tributaries in [[India]] and [[Nepal]] to assess the distribution, population status, ecological requirements, and threats to the dolphin. The animal was facing extinction due to indiscriminate poaching and habitat degradation and loss in many areas. Sinha organized education and awareness programs among the local fishermen as well as secondary and college students. The national and international print and electronic media widely promoted his research and conservation efforts, attracting the attention of both national and international policy makers, executives, and scientific communities.

He was designated as the "Dolphin Man of India" by [[Syed Zahoor Qasim|S.Z. Qasim]], Member of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], in the International Seminar on River Dolphins in Delhi in 1992. Sinha was invited to membership of the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland in 1994; was elected Fellow of the [[Linnean Society of London]] in 1996, and elected Chairman of the Asian River Dolphin Committee in 1997 under the aegis of the IUCN.

Sinha has published over 100 [[Academic paper|research papers]] in peer-reviewed journals, four books, and over 40 technical and research reports primarily on the Ganges dolphin, river biodiversity, and Ganges pollution. In 2001, he accomplished the first ever rescue and translocation of a stranded pregnant dolphin.

This Gangetic dolphin, which Dr. Sinha is trying to conserve, is one of the only three obligate [[River dolphin|fresh water dolphins]] in the world, one of the most endangered mammals on earth; an endemic species of the Indian subcontinent; a natural aquatic heritage of India and an indicator species of the health of the Ganga system. The Gangetic dolphins have long been poached for the extraction of their body oil as a fish attractant for use in oil fishery. Sinha discovered an alternative made from fish scraps. By effectively communicating and popularizing this alternative among Indian fishermen, dolphin poaching has been significantly reduced. This discovery was published in the internationally reputed journal [[Biological Conservation (journal)|Biological Conservation]] (London). Sinha developed the Conservation Action Plan for the Gangetic Dolphin in 2010 which was enthusiastically accepted by the Government of India.

Sinha is also known for his contribution to two famous documentaries ''Alert on the Ganges'' (26 minutes, French) and ''Mr. Dolphin Sinha: Think Globally and Act Locally'' (52 minutes, English) both produced by Mr. Christian Gallissian in 2007.

[[Jairam Ramesh|Sri Jairam Ramesh]], Union Minister of Environment and Forests, highlighted Sinha's work in the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 8 March 2011 stating, "..one of the leading authorities on dolphin is a Professor. His name is R.K. Sinha, popularly called 'Dolphin Sinha.' With the help of people like him, we are trying to bring back the Gangetic dolphin which is a unique heritage resource for India." [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]], Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission of India attended dolphin watches in Patna in 2011 and 2012. His enthusiasm for Sinha's conservation efforts led him to establish the National Dolphin Research Center in Patna, now in progress.

==Teaching experience==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2016}}
* [[Patna University]]
** Professor of Zoology (since 30 March 1994). Teaching Ecology including Ecosystem Dynamics, Hydro Ecology, Limnology, Water Pollution-causes and control; Air Pollution-causes and control; Population Ecology, Wildlife Conservation, Natural Resources.
** Associate Professor of Zoology (22 December 1986 to 21 December 1994), Teaching Ecology including Ecosystem Structure and Functions, Water Pollution-causes, effects and control; Air Pollution-causes, effects and control; Wildlife Conservation
** Assistant Professor of Zoology (17 April 1979 to 21 December 1986). Teaching Ecology including Ecosystem Structure and Functions, Water Pollution-causes, effects and control; Air Pollution-causes, effects and control; Wildlife Conservation
* [[Central University of South Bihar|Central University of Bihar]]
** Dean, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, 18 April 2011 to 18 July 2012. He was instrumental in appointment of five faculty members for the Centre of Environmental Sciences, four in Centre of Biotechnology and three in Centre of Bioinformatics.
** Professor of Environmental Science 19 July 2010 to 18 July 2012 (appointed as a Distinguished Professor on invitation)
** Teaching Ecology and Environmental Science; Hydro Ecology, Hydrological Cycle, Planning for water resource development, Water pollution and control, River and wetlands ecosystems, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Restoration Ecology.
* [[Bhagalpur University]]
** Assistant Professor of Zoology (30 March 1978 to 16 April 1979) Teaching Ecology including Ecosystem Structure and Functions, Water Pollution and control, Wildlife Conservation
*[[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]] • Served as Vice-Chancellor of this Prestigious University of India from 2019-2023. Although his term was recognised by the students as a turbulent one with widespread protests and criticisms against his decisions.

==Administrative experience==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2016}}
* [[In-Charge Vice-chancellor|In-Charge Vice-Chancellor]], [[Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University]] from 29 October 2020 till 13 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2021-02-13 |title=Prof Akbar Masood is new VC BGSBU Rajouri |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/prof-akbar-masood-is-new-vc-bgsbu-rajouri/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]], [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]] from 6 August 2019 till March 2023
*[[Vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]], [[Nalanda Open University]] from 2 May 2017 till 5 August 2019
* Acting [[Vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]], [[Central University of South Bihar|Central University of Bihar]] on different dates during 2010 - 2012.
* Acting Finance Officer, [[Central University of South Bihar|Central University of Bihar]] from August 2010 to June 2012.
* Nominated Member of the First Academic Council of [[Central University of South Bihar|Central University of Bihar]] from August 2009 for 3 years.
* Head, Centre for Environmental Sciences, [[Central University of South Bihar|Central University of Bihar]] from 19 July 2010 to 18 July 2012.
* Dean, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, [[Central University of South Bihar|Central University of Bihar]], April 2011 to July 2012.
* Head, Department of Zoology, [[Patna University]], [[Patna]] from 24 May 2014 to 1 May 2017.
* Coordinator of the M.Sc. Course in Environmental Science and Management in [[Patna University]], 2007 to 2010.

==Awards==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2016}}
* [[Order of the Golden Ark]] by His Royal Highness Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Dolphin-man-felicitated-in-Patna-varsity/articleshow/51916431.cms <nowiki>[1999]</nowiki>]
* Golden Jubilee award of [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] [2000]
* [[Padma Shri|Fourth Highest Civilian Award, Padma Shri]] by [[President of India|The President of India]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085913/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf <nowiki>[2016]</nowiki>]
*[https://www.outlookhindi.com/bihar-icons-2019 <nowiki>Farsh Se Arsh Tak by Outlook Magazine [2019]</nowiki>]
*[https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/smvdu-vc-gets-elite-academician-award/ ‘Elite Academician Award’] by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)]] of the [[United States|United States of America]] [2022]

==Research experience==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2016}}
* Principal Investigator, Impact of River Front Development Project on the Ganges dolphin in the River Ganges at Patna, funded by the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation, Patna, started July 2014 for three years.
* Lead Scientist, in a "Concurrent Monitoring of Persistent Toxic Substances (PTS) in India, China, South Korea, Vietnam and Japan", for two years starting September 2012. It is an International Collaborative Project.
* Chairman, Dolphin Conservation Committee. A Research Project funded by State Government of Bihar for Survey of Gangetic dolphin and their habitats in River Ganga and Gandak, 2012.
* Principal Investigator, Collaborative Research Project with the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba, Japan to study Pharmaceutical wastes and drug resistant pathogens in sewage and rivers of Ganga system 2012-16.
* Principal Investigator, Collaborative Research Project with the National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, ICAR to study Fish Diversity in the lower middle stretch of the Ganges River 2007-09
* Principal Investigator, International collaborative research project on 'Monitoring of movement of Persistent Organic Pollutants through atmosphere with Dr. Tom Harner of 'Environment Canada' during 2005-2007.
* Principal Investigator, NRCD, Min. Env. & Forests, Govt. of India sponsored project for Water Quality Monitoring of River Ganga in Bihar under Ganga Action Plan-II. October, 2003 -ongoing.
* Principal Investigator, Sandia National Laboratory, Department of State and Energy, Govt. of USA sponsored South Asian Trans boundary Water Quality Monitoring Project under SAWAN (South Asian Water Analysis Network), Nov., 2002-Oct., 2005.
* Principal Investigator, NRCD, Ministry of Env. & Forests, Govt. of India sponsored project on "Monitoring of Heavy Metal load in the Ganga at Varanasi" January, 2001- September, 2002.
* Principal Investigator, WWF India sponsored Project on status of Ganges dolphins in the River Sone and Kosi in Bihar. 2001-02.
* Principal Investigator, Department of Wildlife, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India sponsored project "Habitat Preference, Population Dynamics, Behaviour, Reproduction, and Ecology of the Ganges River dolphin" April, 2000 – March, the Ganges River dolphin 2000-2007
* Principal Investigator, Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, UK, sponsored Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary Project 1998 – 2000.
* Principal Investigator, WWF India sponsored Project on status of Ganges dolphins in rivers of Araria Dist. Bihar. 1998-99
* Principal Investigator, Ganges Biodiversity Research Project under Biodiversity Support Programme. of U.S.A.I.D.- a Consortium of WWF, The Nature Conservancy and World Resources Institute, Washington, U.S.A, 1996-1998.
* Principal Investigator, Ganga Fishery Project, Funded by ODA (UK), through Marine Resources Assessment Group Ltd, Imperial College, University of London, 1993-95.
* Co-Principal Investigator, Water Quality Monitoring Project, sponsored by the Ganga Project Directorate, Govt of India, 1993, ongoing.
* Principal Investigator, Ganges Dolphin Project funded by the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, England, 1993-96.
* Principal Investigator, Evaluation and Monitoring Project of Ganga Action Plan and Hazardous Substance Management in Industries; sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, 1992-93.
* Principal Investigator, Dolphin Conservation Project, sponsored by the Ganga Project Directorate, Govt. of India 1991-96.
* Principal Investigator, Interdisciplinary Ganga Basin Research Project, sponsored by the Ganga Project Directorate, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1985-88.
[[File:GangeticDolphin.jpg|thumb|Gangetic dolphin, 1894 book illustration]]

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[South Asian river dolphin]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Environment}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Ravinder Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Patna]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Patna University]]
[[Category:Cetacean research and conservation]]
[[Category:People from Jehanabad district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

Kavita Daswani

2026-02-04T20:00:56Z

Tiwari63: put up first article initial version - done

{{short description|Indian-American author|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2012}}
'''Kavita Daswani''' is an Indian-American author. Her novels, such as ''[[Salaam, Paris]]'', deal with the Indian practice of arranged marriages, and features heroines that refuse to go along with tradition.

==Career==
She grew up in [[Hong Kong]], starting her career at age 17 as a journalist for ''[[South China Morning Post]]''. She moved to [[Los Angeles]] in 2000.

Her books represent the changes taking place in the diaspora Indian communities, especially regarding institutions such as marriage, the wife's role in families, and increasing opportunities for women. Daswani's combination of humor and culture tension make her books an ''escapist'' read.

She was once matched with a man in [[Nashik]], India, who, it turned out, had spent two days in jail for having [[stripper]]s in his bar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/10inter1.htm|title='Few men did not like me because I was dark'|access-date=2011-06-09|archive-date=2016-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601012436/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/10inter1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

She has been a fashion correspondent for [[CNN]], [[CNBC Asia]], and ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]'',<ref>Matthew Thornton, "Deals", Publishers Weekly, 2/13/2006, Vol. 253 Issue 7, p10</ref> has written for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' and the International Herald Tribune, among many other publications, and has been the fashion editor for the ''South China Morning Post'' in Hong Kong.

==Publications==

* {{Cite book |title=For Matrimonial Purposes |date=2003 |publisher=Putnam |isbn=978-0-399-15070-8 |location=New York}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-06-30 |title=FOR MATRIMONIAL PURPOSES by Kavita Daswani |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780399150708 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |archive-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907184622/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780399150708 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=The Village Bride of Beverly Hills |date=2004 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |isbn=978-0-399-15214-6 |location=New York, NY}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-06-21 |title=THE VILLAGE BRIDE OF BEVERLY HILLS by Kavita Daswani |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780399152146 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |archive-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907184518/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780399152146 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Salaam, Paris |date=2006 |publisher=Plume |isbn=978-0-452-28746-4}}<ref name="bl">{{Cite magazine |last=Huntley |first=Kristine |date=2006-01-06 |title=Salaam, Paris |url=https://www.booklistonline.com/Salaam-Paris-Kavita-Daswani/pid=1665784 |magazine=[[Booklist]] |page=36 |volume=102 |issue=19/20 |access-date=2024-09-07 |archive-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907184526/https://www.booklistonline.com/Salaam-Paris-Kavita-Daswani/pid=1665784 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Indie Girl |date=2007 |publisher=Simon Pulse |isbn=978-1-4169-4892-6 |edition= |location=New York, NY}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-11-12 |title=Indie Girl by Kavita Daswani |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416948926 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |archive-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907184606/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416948926 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Lovetorn |publisher=HarperTeen |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-06-167311-5}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-02 |title=Lovetorn |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/kavita-daswani/lovetorn/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |archive-date=2021-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731004312/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/kavita-daswani/lovetorn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daswani, Kavita}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American novelists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American women journalists]]
[[Category:Hong Kong emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century American women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:South China Morning Post journalists]]

2018–19 East Bengal FC season

2026-02-02T19:35:11Z

Tiwari63: created new data!

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| season = [[2018–19 in Indian football|'''2018–19''']]
| manager = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bastob Roy]]{{efn|[[Bastob Roy]] remained the coach under Technical-Director [[Subhash Bhowmick]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2018-19-east-bengal-appoint-new-head-coach-bastob-roy|title=Kolkata giants East Bengal appoint Bastob Roy as new head coach|work=Khel Now|accessdate=28 October 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031141824/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2018-19-east-bengal-appoint-new-head-coach-bastob-roy|url-status=live}}</ref>}} {{nowrap|''(until 19 August 2018)''}} {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alejandro Menéndez]] {{nowrap|''(from 19 August 2018)''}}
| owner = Quess East Bengal Pvt. Ltd.
| chairman = Ajit Issac
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]] [[East Bengal Ground]]
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = '''[[2018–19 I-League|Runners-up]]'''
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| league2 result = '''[[2018 CFL Premier Division|3rd]]'''
| cup1 = [[2018 Indian Super Cup|Indian Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = '''[[2019 Indian Super Cup|Pre-Quarter Finals]]'''
| International Tournament =
| International Tournament result =
| league topscorer = [[Jobby Justin]] [[Enrique Esqueda]] ('''9 each''')
| season topscorer = [[Jobby Justin]] ('''13''')
| largest win = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] 5–0 [[Shillong Lajong F.C.]] ([[2018–19 I-League]])
| highest attendance = 64,867 vs [[Mohun Bagan]] (16.12.2018)
| lowest attendance = 9952 vs [[Indian Arrows]] (18.01.2019)
| average attendance = 27,270

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| prevseason = [[2017–18 East Bengal F.C. season|2017–18]]
| nextseason = [[2019–20 East Bengal F.C. season|2019–20]]
}}

The 2018–19 season is the club's '''99th season''' in existence. [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] discontinued its tie-up with their main sponsors "Kingfisher" after 20 long years of partnership. On 5 July 2018, [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] announced a partnership with business giants [[Quess Corp]] as their main sponsors, leading to the formation of a new entity named "Quess East Bengal FC Pvt. Ltd." (QEBFC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/quess-corp-come-onboard-as-east-bengals-investor/u0vmufw8boye1ahh8kl4si46i|title=Quess Corp come onboard as East Bengal's investor - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>

==Preseason overview==
[[East Bengal FC]] roped in 4 players from [[2017–18 I-League]] champions [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]]: goal-keeper [[Rakshit Dagar]], defender [[Kamalpreet Singh]], midfielder [[Kassim Aidara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/kassim-aidara-officially-signs-east-bengal-minerva-punjab/1awiq4vzfeqk017p2sgajyqwv0|title=East Bengal sign Kassim Aidara, shortlist foreign striker - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> and forward [[Bali Gagandeep]]. [[East Bengal FC]] also signed experienced defender [[Kingshuk Debnath]] from arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]]. Veteran custodian [[Abhra Mondal]] rejoined [[East Bengal FC]] from [[Bengaluru FC]]. [[East Bengal FC]] also announced the signing of midfielder ''Sanchayan Samaddar'' who was part of the Bengal Santosh Trophy squad and promoted youngstar ''Ginkaholen Haokip'' from their junior squad. [[East Bengal FC]] roped in [[Costa Rica]] national team centre-back [[Jhonny Acosta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/east-bengal-costa-rica-world-cupper-johnny-acosta-zamora/465y47dadkx41d790co4usbtt|title=East Bengal ropes in Costa Rican World Cupper Johnny Acosta Zamora - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> who played all 3 games in the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] for a rumored fee of Rs. 1.4 Cr. 
On 18 August, [[East Bengal FC]] announced former [[Real Madrid Castilla|Real madrid B]] manager [[Alejandro Menéndez|Alejandro Menéndez García]] as the new coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/east-bengal-alejandro-menendez-garcia-appointment-new-era/9huw0gp4vywv1v5gn3tddastm|title=Alejandro Menendez's appointment marks the beginning of new era in East Bengal - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> 
On 24 August, [[East Bengal FC]] announced the signing of former [[Granada C.F.]] centreback [[Borja Gómez Pérez]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/east-bengal-sign-spanish-defender-borja-gomez-perez/o2hlmksjklip18eqx7zf6dnr1|title=East Bengal sign Spanish defender Borja Gomez Perez - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>
On 30 August, [[East Bengal FC]] signed former [[Mexico]] international [[Enrique Esqueda]] on a free transfer, however making him the highest paid footballer in I-League with a rumoured of Rs 4.2 Cr.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/east-bengal-sign-enrique-esqueda-mexico-striker/mr7dd21rtvml10atiuz5votre|title=I-League: East Bengal sign Enrique Esqueda - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>

==Transfers==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Promoted from Academy===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Name
|-
|26
|FW
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]]</td>
|-
|34
|FW
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} Talem Suranjit Singh</td>
|-
|36
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} Ginkaholen Haokip</td>
|-
|37
|FW
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} Tetepuia Lalchanhima</td>
|-
|39
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} Gurmukh Singh</td>
|-
|41
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} [[Manoj Mohammed]]</td>
|-
|43
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} PC Rohlupuia</td>
|}

===Transfers in===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Previous Team
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Month
|-
|5
|GK
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Abhra Mondal]]'''</td>
|[[Bengaluru F.C.]]
|June
|-
|4
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Kingshuk Debnath]]'''</td>
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|June
|-
|40
|GK
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Rakshit Dagar]]'''</td>
|[[Minerva Punjab F.C.]]
|June
|-
|26
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Senegal}} '''[[Kassim Aidara]]'''</td>
|[[Minerva Punjab F.C.]]
|June
|-
|14
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Kamalpreet Singh]]'''</td>
|[[Minerva Punjab F.C.]]
|June
|-
|9
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Bali Gagandeep]]'''</td>
|[[Minerva Punjab F.C.]]
|June
|-
|39
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''Sanchayan Samaddar'''</td>
|[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|June
|-
|23
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Lalrozama Fanai]]'''</td>
|[[Aizawl F.C.]]
|June
|-
|16
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Lalrindika Ralte]]'''</td>
|[[NorthEast United FC]]
|July
|-
|2
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} '''[[Jhonny Acosta]]'''</td>
|[[Rionegro Águilas]]
|July
|-
|3
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Borja Gómez Pérez]]'''</td>
|[[UD San Sebastián de los Reyes|UD San Sebastian]]
|August
|-
|9
|FW
<td align="left">{{flagicon|MEX}} '''[[Enrique Esqueda]]'''</td>
|[[Arka Gdynia]]
|August
|-
|8
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Jaime Santos]]'''</td>
|[[UP Langreo]]
|November
|-
|
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|IND}} '''Hira Mondal'''</td>
|[[Peerless Group|Peerless FC]]
|September
|-
|10
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale]]'''</td>
|[[Nea Salamis Famagusta FC|Nea Salamina FC]] (loan)
|January
|-
|15
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Siam Hanghal]]'''</td>
|[[Delhi Dynamos FC]] (loan)
|January
|}
{{col-2}}

===Released mid-season===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Remarks
|-
|6
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|SYR}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]]</td>
|Released due to Season-long Injury
|}

===Loaned out===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Team
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Duration
|-
|19
|FW
<td align="left">{{flagicon|IND}} [[Suhair VP]]</td>
|[[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]]
|End of Season
|-
|21
|MF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|IND}} Yami Longvah</td>
|[[TRAU F.C.]]
|End of Season
|-
|29
|DF
<td align="left">{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]</td>
|[[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]]
|End of Season
|}
{{col-end}}

==Team==

===First-team Squad===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Nationality
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Position
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Date of birth (age)
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#ffff00; color:#ff0000; text-align:center;"|Goalkeepers
|-
|1
|[[Ubaid CK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|2|5}}
|-
|12
|[[Abhra Mondal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|10|3}}
|-
|32
|[[Mirshad Michu]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|2|3}}
|-
|40
|[[Rakshit Dagar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|10|16}}
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Defenders
|-
|2
|[[Jhonny Acosta]]
|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|7|21}}
|-
|3
|[[Borja Gómez Pérez]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|5|14}}
|-
|4
|[[Kingshuk Debnath]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|5|8}}
|-
|5
|[[Kamalpreet Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|11|15}}
|-
|23
|[[Lalrozama Fanai]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|11|30}}
|-
|24
|[[Salam Ranjan Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB/LB]]/[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|12|4}}
|-
|25
|[[Samad Ali Mallick]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|9|30}}
|-
|27
|[[Lalramchullova]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB/LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|1|14}}
|-
|28
|[[Koushik Sarkar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|2|8}}
|-
|29
|[[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|6|5}}
|-
|33
|Rahul Ghosh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|9|13}}
|-
|39
|Gurmukh Singh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|
|-
|41
|[[Manoj Mohammed]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|1|8}}
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#ffff00; color:#ff0000; text-align:center;"|Midfielders
|-
|7
|[[Surabuddin Mollick]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|5|4}}
|-
|8
|Jaime Santos Colado
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]/[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|4|27}}
|-
|10
|[[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Midfielder|CAM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|4|4}}
|-
|15
|[[Siam Hanghal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|5|26}}
|-
|16
|[[Kassim Aidara]]
|{{flagicon|SEN}}
|[[Midfielder|CDM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|5|12}}
|-
|17
|[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|12|19}}
|-
|20
|[[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|9|7}}
|-
|30
|[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|1|28}}
|-
|34
|Sanchayan Samaddar
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|
|-
|35
|Yami Longvah
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|5|15}}
|-
|36
|Ginkaholen Haokip
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CAM]]
|
|-
|38
|Prakash Sarkar
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CDM]]/[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|2|15}}
|-
|43
|PC Rohlupuia
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CAM]]
|
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Forwards
|-
|9
|[[Enrique Esqueda]]
|{{flagicon|MEX}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|4|19}}
|-
|11
|[[Bali Gagandeep]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|6|2}}
|-
|22
|[[Jobi Justin]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|11|10}}
|-
|26
|K. Bidyashagar Singh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|3|11}}
|-
|37
|Tetepuia Lalchanhima
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|
|-
|42
|Telem Suranjit Singh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|
|-
{{Fb_cs_footer|s={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120213155103/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/team.php East Bengal First Team ]}} |u=11 July 2018|date=December 2017}}

===Technical staff===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"| Position
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"| Name
|-
| Manager (Head Coach)
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alejandro Menéndez]]
|-
| Physical Trainer
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Carlos Nodar Paz
|-
| Video Analyst
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Mario Rivera Campesino
|-
| Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bastob Roy]]
|-
| Assistant Physical Trainer
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rudra Pratim Roy
|-
| Club Doctor
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Shantiranjan Dasgupta
|-
| Team Media Officer
| {{flagicon|IND}} Gautam Roy
|-
| Team Observer
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Rakshit]]
|-
|}
{{clear}}

==Season overview==
[[East Bengal FC]] started the season with an entire makeover. [[East Bengal FC]] parted ways with long time sponsors [[Kingfisher]] after 20 years and entered into a new partnership with [[Quess Corp]] as their main investors. [[East Bengal FC]] is will be taking part in the [[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19 I- League]]. [[East Bengal FC]] roped in [[Costa Rica]] national team center back [[Jhonny Acosta]] who played all 3 games in the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]. [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] also roped in ex-[[Granada CF]] centre-back [[Borja Gómez Pérez]] to strengthen their defence for their quest for the [[2018–19 I-League]]. [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] announced ex-[[Real Madrid Castilla|Real madrid B]] manager [[Alejandro Menéndez]] as the new coach.

===August===
[[East Bengal FC]] started off as the 8 times defending champions of the [[Calcutta Football League]], in search of the 9th consecutive league title. The red and gold brigade started off with an abandoned game against [[Tollygunge Agragami]] however, won 2–0 comfortably against [[West Bengal Police|WB Police FC]] with [[Lalrindika Ralte]] opening the scoring for the season and [[Kassim Aidara]] making it 2–0. [[East Bengal FC]] succumbed to the defensive of Calcutta Customs FC as they failed to score and the match ended a goalless draw. 
[[East Bengal FC]] won the next 5 games to lead to the all-important [[Kolkata Derby]].

===September===
[[East Bengal FC]] made a great comeback against their arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] in the first [[Kolkata Derby]] of the season, after the Mariners led 2-0 within 30 minutes. [[East Bengal FC]] rallied from behind with goals from star debutante [[Jhonny Acosta]] and the equalised from [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] from a [[Lalrindika Ralte]] corner. 
[[East Bengal FC]] however lost the 2 next matches against [[Peerless Group|Peerless FC]] and [[Mohammedan SC (India)|Mohammedan SC]] and eventually lost the title to arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] after holding it for 8 long years.

[[East Bengal FC]] suffered a huge blow when the AIFF put on a ''Transfer Ban'' on the Red and Golds which will prevent them from signing any further player until 31 January 2018. The Transfer Ban was imposed after the AIFF disciplinary committee found [[East Bengal FC]] guilty of unethically poaching Sukhwinder Singh of Minerva Punjab which the player was still in contract with the team from Punjab. 
[[Alejandro Menéndez]] took over the reins of the [[East Bengal FC]] manager after the [[Calcutta Football League]] ended and planned to play a few friendlies as a pre-season before the [[2018–19 I-League]]. 
[[East Bengal FC]] played [[FC Goa]] in a pre-season friendly on 22 September at Bambolim, Stadium, [[Goa]] and lost via a single goal after a terrific solo effort from [[Ferran Corominas]] put the Goan side ahead in the 75th minute. [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] put up a great fight against the [[Indian Super League]] side after just 3 days of new coach [[Alejandro Menendez]] took over.

===October===
[[East Bengal FC]] flew off to [[Malaysia]] for 3 weeks to conduct the Pre-season for the upcoming [[2018–19 I-League]]. [[East Bengal FC]] would stay at the ''MSN Sports Complex'' Residential Training Facilities at [[Kuala Lumpur]] and play 5 practice matches in the interim. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Malaysia Premier League]] side [[UiTM F.C.]] on 7 October in the first Pre-season game in [[Malaysia]]. After conceding an early goal, the Red and Gold brigade made a come-back and rallied past 4 goals to win 1–4 against the Malaysian side. Yami Longvah, [[Enrique Esqueda]], [[Mahmoud Amnah]] and [[Jobi Justin]] were on the score-sheet. [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] was to play against another [[Malaysia Premier League]] side [[UKM F.C.]] on 10 October in the second of the 5 pre-season friendlies however due to bad pitch conditions due to excessive rainfall, the match was abandoned before kick-off. [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] played against [[Malaysia Super League]] side [[Terengganu F.C. I|Terengganu F.C.]] on 13 October in the next Pre-season friendly game in Malaysia. Ex-East Bengal fans' heartthrob [[Do Dong-hyun|Do Dong Hyun]] featured in the match against the Red and Golds. [[East Bengal FC]] drew 0–0 against the [[Malaysia Super League]] side who became runners-up in the [[2018 Malaysia Cup]]. [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] played against [[Malaysia Premier League]] side [[PDRM FA]] in the next pre-season game where they won handsomely by a 6-2 margin, with [[Jobi Justin]] netting twice and goals each from [[Enrique Esqueda]], [[Surabuddin Mollick]] and Bidyashagar Singh with another one being an own-goal. 
[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] faced [[UiTM F.C.|UiTM F.C. Reserves]] in the last pre-season friendly at [[Malaysia]] where they won 1-0 courtesy of a goal from [[Enrique Esqueda]]. The Red and Gold brigade remain undefeated in the pre-season tour in [[Malaysia]]

[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[NEROCA F.C.]] in the first game of [[2018–19 I-League]] season, away at [[Imphal]]. Mexican frontman [[Enrique Esqueda]]'s brace with one in each half ensured the Red and Golds have a perfect start to the campaign. Academy graduate [[Manoj Mohammed]] debuted for the Red and Golds as a Left-back and gained huge praise for his excellent performance. 

===November===
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Shillong Lajong F.C.]] in the second game of the campaign, again away at [[Shillong]] which they won 3–1. [[Jobi Justin]]'s brace in the first half along with academy graduate [[Bidyashagar Singh]]'s goal in the second half ensured [[East Bengal FC]] win. [[Manoj Mohammed]] again started for the Red and Gold brigade as [[East Bengal FC]] defence looked properly organized to throw off any attack from the home side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2018-19-east-bengal-coach-alejandro-menendez/pld5sruqn3l611wg4m2m4v0ov|title=I-League 2018-19: Alejandro Menendez heaps praise on East Bengal defence - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> With 6 points from the first two games, this is [[East Bengal FC]]'s best start to an [[I-League]] campaign since [[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Chennai City F.C.]] on 13 November, at [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]] for the first home game of the season which they lost 1–2. [[Sandro Rodríguez]] scored the first goal from a free-kick in the dying moments of the first half for [[Chennai City F.C.]] to give them a 1–0 lead at HT. [[Enrique Esqueda]] equalized for the Red and Golds however [[Néstor Gordillo]] scored the winner for the away team in the 85th min from the spot. 
On 21 November, AIFF lifted the ban imposed on [[East Bengal FC]] on signing new players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/relieved-of-ban-east-bengal-search-for-sixth-foreigner/articleshow/66740507.cms|title='Relieved' of ban, East Bengal search for sixth foreigner|website=The Times of India}}</ref> On 23 November, [[East Bengal FC]] announced the signing of their 6th Foreigner ][[Jaime Santos Colado]] of [[Spain]] who previously played in the [[Segunda Division B]] for teams like [[Sporting de Gijón B]] and [[CD Mirandés]] as a Winger and Attacking midfielder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/i-league-2018-19-east-bengal-jaime-santos-sixth-foreigner/1met1yigh9gp15ukfmazki24v|title=I-League 2018-19: Jaime Santos Colado to become East Bengal's sixth overseas signing - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Aizawl F.C.]] next on 24 November, away at [[Aizawl]] and in a crunch game, the Red and Gold brigade lost 3–2. [[Aizawl F.C.]] took the lead early, but [[East Bengal FC]] came back into the game in the second half to lead 1-2 however two late goals from the home side took the game away from [[East Bengal FC]]. [[East Bengal FC]] was denied a clear goal, when [[Lalramchullova]]'s free-kick hit the crossbar and bounced back from inside the goal into play, the referee kept the game on, not adjudging it a goal. 

===December===
[[East Bengal FC]] faced the reigning champions [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]] on 4 December, at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]] where they lost by a solitary goal. [[William Opoku]] scored the decisive goal in the 78th minute of the game after East Bengal custodian Ubaid C.K. made a mistake. This was [[East Bengal FC]]'s 3rd defeat in succession. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced the [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]] on 8 December, at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]] next which they won by 3–1, credit to an all-round performance from [[Jobi Justin|Joby Justin]] who assisted the first goal for [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]], scored the second and was a constant threat at the Gokulam Kerala's penalty box. [[Lalramchullova]] scored the third for the Red and Gold Brigade which ensured 3 points for the home side. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Mohun Bagan]] on 16 December, at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]] for the first leg of [[Kolkata Derby]] of the [[I-League]] season and in a thrilling encounter, the Red and Gold brigade emerged victorious by 3–2 with the Mariners going down to 10 men in the second half. It was [[Mohun Bagan]] who took an early lead in the 13 min when [[Omar Elhussieny]] dodged past [[Lalramchullova]] to put in a perfect cross for [[Azharuddin Mallick]] to slot in into an empty net. [[East Bengal FC]] equalized just 4 minutes later with [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] netting home from an excellent through ball from [[Jobi Justin]]. [[Jobi Justin]] was again on the mark when he scored in the 44th minute with a sublime overhead volley to take the lead in the [[Kolkata Derby]]. After the break, [[Mohun Bagan]] was down to 10 men as [[Kingsley Obumneme]] was sent off for a double booking when he stopped [[Jobi Justin]] from behind after he was nutmegged. [[East Bengal FC]] increased their lead from the resulting free-kick as [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] was again at the position from a perfect cross from [[Lalrindika Ralte]] to make it 3–1 in the 61st minute. This was [[Laldanmawia Ralte]]'s 4th goal in [[Kolkata Derby]]. [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dipanda Dicka]] reduced the margin for [[Mohun Bagan]] in the 75th minute, however, the Red and Gold brigade held on to the lead and won their first Derby after 33 months gap. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Churchill Brothers]] on 20 December, at the [[Tilak Maidan]] in [[Goa]] and after being 1-0 down within 2 minutes from a [[Willis Plaza]] strike, [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] rallied back with strikes from [[Jaime Santos]] and [[Lalrindika Ralte]]. [[Jaime Santos]] scored a perfect volley from a [[Lalrindika Ralte]] corner to equalize the game and in the second half it was [[Lalrindika Ralte]] himself who scored directly from a free-kick to win 3 points for the Red and Gold brigade. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Real Kashmir F.C.]] on 28 December, at home but failed to get 3 points from the fixture after the game ended in a 1–1 draw. [[Lalramchullova]] put the ball inside his own net just after the break but it was none other than [[Jobi Justin]] who scored the equalizer for [[East Bengal FC]] to secure a point for the home side.

===January===
On 8 January 2019, [[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Indian Arrows]] at [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and in a hard-fought contest the Red and Gold brigade came out victorious by 1–2, courtesy of goals from [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] and [[Jobi Justin]] one in each half.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-08 |title=I-League 2018-19: Jobby Justin on target as East Bengal register comfortable victory over Indian Arrows {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-2018-19-east-bengal-indian-arrows-jobby-justin/6fkmvhqpde6d1dpmlm8lo3hfg |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.goal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=b69 |url=https://b69.gg/ |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref> Arrows scored one consolation late in the second half but [[East Bengal FC]] managed to hold on to the lead and emerge with 3 points/ [[Lalrindika Ralte]] missed a penalty in the first half which could have increased the lead for [[East Bengal FC]]. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Chennai City F.C.]] away at [[Coimbatore]] on 14 January next where in a crunch encounter [[East Bengal FC]] lost 2-1 even after taking the lead in the 9th minute courtesy of a [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] goal. The home team rallied to score 2 goals with defensive lapses from the Red and Gold Brigade. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Indian Arrows]] next on 18 January at home and in a lacklusture game, the Red and Gold brigade managed to win by a solitary goal courtesy of [[Jaime Santos]] who tapped home from a [[Jobby Justin]] grounded cross. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Mohun Bagan]] next on 27 January in the return leg of the [[Kolkata Derby]] and like the first leg derby, [[East Bengal FC]] again managed to win against their arch-rivals by 2–0 with goals from [[Jaime Santos]] and [[Jobby Justin]]. This was the first time since 2003–04, and only the 3rd time overall that [[East Bengal FC]] managed an [[National Football League (India)|NFL]]/[[I-League]] Derby Double against their arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]].

===February===
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[NEROCA F.C.]] next on 7 February at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] and made a remarkable comeback victory after going behind 0-1 as early as in the 3rd minute when [[Chencho Gyeltshen]] scored for the visitors. The home team tried hard but could find the back of the net, until [[Enrique Esqueda]] came in as a super sub and scored a brilliant headed brace to secure all three points for [[East Bengal FC]] 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Shillong Lajong F.C.]] next on 14 February at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] and displayed complete dominance as they won by 5–0 against the highlanders. [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] bragged the first hat-trick of the season for [[East Bengal FC]] while the other two were scored by [[Jobby Justin]] and [[Enrique Esqueda]]. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Churchill Brothers S.C.]] next on 17 February at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] and could only manage a 1–1 draw after ex-[[East Bengal FC]] frontman [[Willis Plaza]] scored to take a 0–1 lead for the away team, which was equalized by [[Kassim Aidara]], who headed home from a [[Lalrindika Ralte]] freekick to make it 1–1. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Aizawl F.C.]] next on 25 February at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] for the last home game of the season and could only manage a point which hampered their title hopes. [[Aizawl F.C.]] took the lead in the first half which was then equalized by [[Enrique Esqueda]] in the second half. The Red and Gold brigade failed to score the winning goal as [[Jobby Justin]]'s header came off the bar in the dying minutes of the match. 
[[Jobby Justin]] was suspended after the match for spitting charges and is supposed to miss the next 6 matches. 
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Real Kashmir F.C.]] next on 28 February at [[Delhi]] and in a sublime first half display took an early lead of 2–0 with goals from [[Enrique Esqueda]] and [[Jaime Santos]]. The Kashmir team managed to score a goal in the second half from the penalty spot however [[East Bengal FC]] managed to emerge victorious, keeping their title hopes alive. 

===March===
[[East Bengal FC]] faced [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]] in the penultimate game of the season on 3 March at [[Chandigarh]] and had to win to keep their title hopes alive and in a thriller of a game, East Bengal FC managed a 1–0 win courtesy of a cool finish from none other than frontman [[Enrique Esqueda]]. With this victory, East Bengal FC sits at 39 points from 19 matches, just 1 point behind the league leaders [[Chennai City F.C.]] with the last match scheduled on 9 March 2019 for both the teams, which will be the decider for the [[2018–19 I-League]] title. 
On 6th Match, East Bengal FC announced a 2 years contract extension for coach [[Alejandro Menéndez|Alejandro Menéndez Garcia]] and his team. 

===April===
[[East Bengal F.C.]] gave walk over to [[Delhi Dynamos F.C.]] in the Round of 16 in [[2019 Indian Super Cup]].

==Kit==
'''Supplier:''' TYKA / '''Sponsors:''' [[Quess Corp]] / '''Co-Sponsor:'''
{| border-"0"
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal1819
|pattern_la = _EastBengal1819
|pattern_ra = _EastBengal1819
|leftarm = ff0000
|rightarm = ffff00
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title=Home
}}
|
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal201819_a
|pattern_la = FFFFFF
|pattern_ra = FFFFFF
|pattern_sh = _redsides
|pattern_so =
|leftarm = FFFFFF
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|
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal1819th
|pattern_la =
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|pattern_so = _red_midband_color
|leftarm = 000040
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|}

==Competitions==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:850px;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:150px;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | First match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Last match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Final Position
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[IFA Shield]] {{efn-ua|U-19 Tournament since 2015.}}
| 8 July 2018
| 19 July 2018
<td style="background:gold">'''Champions''' </td>
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Calcutta Football League]]
| 3 August 2018
| 18 September 2018
| '''3rd'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|GTA Chairman's Gold Cup ([[Darjeeling]])
|15 December 2018
|23 December 2018
<td style="background:gold">'''Champions''' </td>
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2018–19 I-League|I-League]]
| 27 October 2018
| 9 March 2019
<td style="background: silver"> '''Runners up'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2018 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
| 30 March 2019
| 30 March 2019
| '''Round of 16''' {{efn-ua|Walkover given in Round of 16<ref name="auto18">{{cite web|url=http://www.supercup.in//news/delhi-dynamos-progress-to-the-quarter--finals-after-east-bengal-withdrawal|title=Delhi Dynamos progress to the quarter- finals after East Bengal's withdrawal|website=Hero Super Cup}}</ref>}}
|-
|}
{{notelist-ua}}

===Overview===
{{Fb overview
|c=3
|c1=[[2018 CFL Premier Division|CFL]]
|w1=7|l1=2|d1=2|f1=19|a1=7
|c2=[[2018–19 I-League|I League]]
|w2=13|l2=4|d2=3|f2=37|a2=20
|c3=[[2019 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
|w3=0|l3=0|d3=0|f3=0|a3=0
|u=9 March 2019
}}

===Calcutta Football League===
{{Main|2018 CFL Premier Division}}
{{:2018 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=EB}}

====Matches====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|date=3 August 2018
|round=''1''
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=''[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]''
|score= ''1–1'' ({{color|green|ABD}})
|report = '''To be Replayed'''
|team2=''[[Tollygunge Agragami]]''
|goals1= ''Richard {{own goal}} {{goal|2}}''
|goals2= ''[[Daniel Bedemi]] {{goal|30}}''
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 23000
|result= P
|motm=
|referee= Uttam Sarkar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=6 August 2018
|round=2
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/east-bengal-v-west-bengal-police/report/9m3bsr6j6n41ljmkl1zts9rai Report]
|team2=[[West Bengal Police|WB Police FC]]
|goals1= [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{goal|14}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{goal|38}}
|goals2= Subhas Ghosh {{yel|60}}
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 11000
|result= W
|motm= [[Lalrindika Ralte]] ([[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]])
|referee= Animesh Biswas
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=10 August 2018
|round=3
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|referee= Biplab Poddar
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–0
|report= [http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/east-bengal-v-calcutta-customs/report/9m9cb8t54d1503dp5n8k2eeei Report]
|team2=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Rajon Barman {{yel|31}} Amit Das {{yel|45+2}} John Ampong {{yel|49}} Sourav Das {{yel|81}}
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 17000
|result= D
|motm= Subham sen (Culcatta Customs)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=14 August 2018
|round=4
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/east-bengal-v-patha-chakra/report/2ikigef9riymwvwhjqy0qx562 Report]
|team2=Pathachakra FC
|goals1= [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|15}}{{goal|78}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{goal|41|pen}}
|goals2= Futa Nakamura {{yel|65}}
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 10000
|result= W
|motm= [[Jobi Justin]] ([[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]])
|referee= Pranjal Bannerjee
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=18 August 2018
|round=5
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/east-bengal-v-techno-aryan/report/a4eeufa5y62qbi1q8oo0q2ezu Report]
|team2=[[Aryan Football Club|Aryans FC]]
|goals1= [[Kassim Aidara]] {{goal|27}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{goal|50}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]] {{yel|65}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]] {{goal|69}} [[Lalramchullova]] {{yel|73}}
|goals2= Sameer Pradhan {{yel|45+3}}
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 22000
|result= W
|motm= [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
|referee= Tannmoy Dhar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=23 August 2018
|round=1* ({{green|'''Rematch'''}})
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/east-bengal-v-tollygunge/report/27hdwghs4wc17vlpql986gnsa Report]
|team2=[[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|goals1= [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] {{goal|15}} [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|21}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]] {{goal|41}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 18,000
|result= W
|motm= [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
|referee= Prabir Dhar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=26 August 2018
|round=6
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–0
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/east-bengal-v-rainbow/report/27qfc3o1qxt1hglggfga9rqzu Report]
|team2=[[Rainbow AC|NBP Rainbow AC]]
|goals1= [[Lalramchullova]] {{goal|26|pen}} [[Kamalpreet Singh]] {{yel|49}} [[Rakshit Dagar]] {{yel|90+5}}
|goals2= Abhijit Sarkar {{yel|22}} Dibyendu Sarkar{{yel|25}} Godwin Quashiga {{yel|87}}
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 20,000
|result=W
|motm= [[Mahmoud Amnah]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
|referee= Dipy Roy
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=29 August 2018
|round=7
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–1
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/calcutta-football-league-2018-east-bengal-george-telegraph/nq4ks665bq181cy7fi9xc1w5c Report]
|team2=[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
|goals1=Mehtab Singh {{goal|75}} [[Koushik Sarkar]] {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2=Justice Morgan {{goal|69}} Rajiv Shaw {{yel|77}}
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 16,000
|result=W
|motm= [[Koushik Sarkar]] ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]])
|referee= Uttam Sarkar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=2 September 2018
|round=8
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–2
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-mohun-bagan/report/28fi9dtmvj7g1j6puntylz59m Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Jhonny Acosta]] {{goal|45+2}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{yel|52}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]] {{yel|58}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{goal|61}}
|goals2=[[Pintu Mahata]] {{goal|20}} [[Henry Kisekka]] {{goal|30}} [[Shilton D'Silva]] {{yel|49}} [[Shilton Paul]] {{yel|58}}
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=66,182
|result=D
|referee= [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
|motm= [[Pintu Mahata]] ([[Mohun Bagan]])
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=6 September 2018
|round=9
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–2
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/calcutta-football-league-2018-east-bengal-peerless-johnny/d7c4mrbjvo4i1t5y87rssifpm Report]
|team2=[[Peerless Group|Peerless FC]]
|goals1=[[Kassim Aidara]] {{goal|71}}{{yel|80}}
|goals2=[[Ansumana Kromah]] {{goal|6}} Sandip Kumar Paul {{yel|26}} Dalraj Singh {{yel|29}} Narahari Srestha {{goal|77}}
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=12,000
|result=L
|motm= Narahari Srestha ([[Peerless Group|Peerless FC]])
|referee= Prabir Dhar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=11 September 2018
|round=10
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–2
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-mohammedan/6g9nxzhsov6f1whhanurtg12i Report]
|team2=[[Mohammedan SC (India)|Mohammedan]]
|goals1=[[Jhonny Acosta]] {{goal|12}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{yel|22}}
|goals2=Laltu Hembram {{yel|23}} Lancine Toure {{yel|45}} Philip Adjah {{goal|87}}{{goal|90+11}}
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=5,000
|result=L
|motm= Philip Adjah ([[Mohammedan SC (India)|Mohammedan]]
|referee= Dipu Roy
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=18 September 2018
|round=11
|time= 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–0
|report = [https://www.goal.com/en-sg/match/east-bengal-v-food-corporation/6iu6ji3zym9nysoftcv8mgeay Report]
|team2=[[Food Corporation of India]]
|goals1= [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|14}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=2,000
|result=W
|motm=
}}

===Preseason===

====Fixtures and results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|date=22 September 2018
|round=Friendly
|time= 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[FC Goa]]
|score= 1–0
|report = [https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/HOMECOMING-VICTORY-FC-Goa-defeat-Quess-East-Bengal-in-first-friendly-at-home/136515.html Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Ferran Corominas]] {{goal|75}}
|goals2=
|stadium=Bambolim Stadium, [[Goa]]
|attendance= 500
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=7 October 2018
|round=Friendly
|time= 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[UiTM F.C.]]
|score= 1–4
|report = [http://www.arunfoot.com/east-bengal-win-4-1-against-uitm-fc-in-pre-season-friendly-in-malaysia/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= {{goal|28}}
|goals2= Yami Longvah {{goal|39}} [[Enrique Esqueda]] {{goal|45|pen}} [[Borja Gomez Perez]] {{yel|60}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]] {{goal|80|pen}} [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|82}}
|stadium=[[UiTM Stadium]], [[Shah Alam]], [[Malaysia]]
|attendance= 200
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=10 October 2018
|round=Friendly
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[UKM F.C.]]
|score= ({{color|green|ABD}})
|report = '''Abandoned due to bad playing conditions'''
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=USIM Mini Stadium, [[Nilai]], [[Malaysia]]
|attendance=
|result=
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=13 October 2018
|round=Friendly
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Terengganu F.C. I|Terengganu F.C.]]
|score= 0–0
|report = [https://www.anandabazar.com/sport/east-bengal-has-drawn-their-practice-match-against-terengganu-f-c-1.881438 Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=USIM Mini Stadium, [[Nilai]], [[Malaysia]]
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=17 October 2018
|round=Friendly
|time= 07:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[PDRM FA]]
|score= 2–6
|report = [http://www.arunfoot.com/east-bengal-beat-pdrm-fa-6-2-in-malaysia-friendly/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Petri?or Voinea]] {{goal|49||53}}
|goals2= [[Surabuddin Mollick]] {{goal|30}} [[Enrique Esqueda]] {{goal|43||63}} ?? {{own goal}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]] {{goal|70}} [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|73||89}}
|stadium=MSN Ground, [[Kuala Lumpur]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=19 October 2018
|round=Friendly
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[UiTM F.C.|UiTM F.C. Reserves]]
|score= 0–1
|report =
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Enrique Esqueda]] {{goal|30}}
|stadium=Sime Darby Field, [[Kuala Lumpur]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

===I-League===
{{Main|2018–19 I-League}}
{{:2018–19 I-League|showteam=EAB}}

====Result summary====
{{Fb_rs |hw=5 |hd=3 |hl=2 |hgf=20 |hga=10 |aw=8 |ad=0 |al=2 |agf=17 |aga=10}}
{{Fb rs footer|s = [http://i-league.org/ i-league.org]|u=9 March 2019|date=November 2018}}

====Results by round====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label1= Ground
| res1=A /A /H /A /H /H /H /A /H /A /A /H /A /H /H /H /H /A /A /A
|label2= Result
| res2=W /W /L /L /L /W /W /W /D /W /L /W /W /W /W /D /D /W /W / W
|label3= Position
| res3=2 /1 /2 /4 /8 /6 /5 /2 /4 /4 /4 /4 /4 /4 /3 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_10-=red1

|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/east-bengal-club-fc/ Soccrway]
|updated=9 March 2019
}}

====Matches====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|date=27 October 2018
|round=1
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[NEROCA F.C.|Neroca FC]]
|score= 0–2
|report = [https://www.goal.com/en/match/neroca-v-east-bengal/3t4atlxiefyjbsdgqeoonrpt6 Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Eduardo Ferreira]] {{yel|27}} [[Subhash Singh]] {{yel|60}}
|goals2= [[Enrique Esqueda]] {{goal|10||48|pen}} Manoj Mohammed {{yel|62}}
|stadium=[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]], [[Imphal]]
|attendance= 26,400
|result= W
|motm= [[Enrique Esqueda]] ([[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]])
|referee= Raktim Saha
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=1 November 2018
|round=2
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.]]
|score= 1–3
|report = [https://www.goal.com/en/match/shillong-lajong-v-east-bengal/report/3uf4tmax9zkqobbiu83rf9ch6 Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= Lalrohlua {{yel|43}} Rakesh Pradhan{{goal|71}}
|goals2= [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|12||41}} [[Jhonny Acosta]] {{yel|46}} Bidyashagar Singh {{goal|74}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|JL Nehru Stadium]], [[Shillong]]
|attendance=4320
|result=W
|motm= [[Jobi Justin]] ([[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]])
|referee= Rabichandra Singh Irengbam
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=13 November 2018
|round=3
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–2
|report =[https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2018-19-east-bengal-chennai-city-fc-akbar-nawaz/19vp4kide9wb3104755bt3r72q Report]
|team2= [[Chennai City F.C.]]
|goals1= [[Surabuddin Mollick]] {{yel|41}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{yel|45}} [[Enrique Esqueda]] {{goal|52}} {{yel|67}} [[Rakshit Dagar]] {{yel|86}}
|goals2=[[Sandro Rodríguez]] {{goal|45+2}} [[Néstor Gordillo]] {{goal|87|pen}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=25,272
|result=L
|motm= [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul|Edwin Vanspaul]] ([[Chennai City F.C.]])
|referee= Crystal John
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date=24 November 2018
|round=4
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Aizawl F.C.]]
|score= 3–2
|report =[https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2018-19-aizawl-fc-vs-east-bengal-report/gmb63e0wcn1h1qt6z0xk2sywh Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Léonce Dodoz Zikahi]] {{goal|25}} [[David Lalrinmuana]] {{yel|33}} [[Albert Zohmingmawia]] {{yel|36}} Joe Zoharliana {{goal|74}} David Lalbiakzara {{yel|79}} [[Lalkhawpuimawia]] {{goal|84}}
|goals2= [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{yel|13}} [[Enrique Esqueda]] {{yel|33}} [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|64}} [[Borja Gomez Perez]] {{goal|70}}
|stadium=[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl]]
|attendance= 3,612
|result= L
|motm= [[Léonce Dodoz Zikahi]] ([[Aizawl F.C.]])
|referee= Rosario Fernandes
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=4 December 2018
|round=5
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0-1
|report = [https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-minerva-punjab/3uo4j6uyrflbakag0n8kh3yi2 Report]
|team2= [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]]
|goals1= [[Jhonny Acosta]] {{yel|73}}
|goals2= [[William Opoku]] {{goal|78}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=16,821
|result= L
|motm= [[William Opoku]] ([[Minerva Punjab F.C.]])
|referee= Crystal John
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=8 December 2018
|round=6
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–1
|report = [https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-gokulam/report/3zrcn27yq5kw9lqt681pncokq Report]
|team2= [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|goals1= [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] {{goal|4}} [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|15}} [[Lalramchullova]] {{yel|63}} {{goal|82}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{yel|77}}
|goals2= Deepak kumar {{yel|33}} Christian Sabah {{goal|57}} [[Guilherme Batata]] {{yel|77}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 14,206
|result=W
|motm= [[Jobi Justin]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Priyobrata Singh
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=16 December 2018
|round=7
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–2
|report = [https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-mohun-bagan/40480pm3emvcxxuk89brx0tii Report]
|team2= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1= [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{goal|17||63}} [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|44}} [[Jhonny Acosta]] {{yel|48}} Manoj Mohammed {{yel|53}}
|goals2= [[Kingsley Obumneme]] {{sent off|2|12|59}} [[Azharuddin Mallick]] {{goal|13}} [[Shilton D'Silva]] {{yel|18}} [[Yuta Kinowaki]] {{yel|25}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{goal|75}} Gurjinder Kumar {{yel|76}} [[Abhishek Ambekar]] {{yel|82}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=64,867
|result=W
|motm= [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Venkatesh R
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=20 December 2018
|round=8
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Churchill Brothers S.C.]]
|score= 1–2
|report = [https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/churchill-brothers-v-east-bengal/report/412njo7p91z7ifkj1j1fds222 Report]
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Willis Plaza]] {{goal|3}} {{yel|3}} [[Khalid Aucho]] {{yel|45+3}} [[Richard Costa]] {{yel|68}} [[Nallappan Mohanraj]] {{yel|90+4}}
|goals2= [[Jaime Santos]] {{goal|34}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{goal|79}} [[Bali Gagandeep]] {{sent off|2|87|90}}
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan]], [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]
|attendance=3,027
|result= W
|motm= [[Jaime Santos]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Maria Joseph Arokia
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=28 December 2018
|round=9
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|report =
|team2= [[Real Kashmir F.C.]]
|goals1= [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|57}}
|goals2= [[Lalramchullova]] {{own goal|}}{{goal|46}} [[Loveday Enyinnaya]] {{yel|65}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 19,778
|result= D
|motm= [[Jobi Justin]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=8 January 2019
|round=10
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Indian Arrows]]
|score= 1–2
|report =
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Aniket Jadhav]] {{sent off|2}}82' 84' [[Ninthoinganba Meetei]] {{goal|90|pen}}
|goals2=[[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{goal|26}} [[Lalramchullova]] {{sent off|0|55}} [[Jobi Justin]] {{goal|59}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] {{yel|90+4}}
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]]
|attendance=500
|result=W
|motm= [[Jobi Justin|Joby Justin]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Senthil Nathon S
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=14 January 2019
|round=11
|time= 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Chennai City F.C.]]
|score= 2–1
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= Sri Ram {{yel|37}} [[Pedro Manzi]] {{goal|49}} [[Roberto Eslava]] {{yel|55}} Alexander Romario {{goal|60}}
|goals2=[[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{goal|9}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]] {{yel|27}} [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale]] {{yel|31}} [[Jaime Santos]] {{yel|55}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{yel|55}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|JL Nehru Stadium]], [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=
|result=L
|motm= Alexander Romario ([[Chennai City F.C.]])
|referee= Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=18 January 2019
|round=12
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–0
|report =
|team2= [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1= [[Jaime Santos]] {{yel|28}} {{goal|48}} [[Lalramchullova]] {{yel|29}} [[Manoj Mohammed]] {{sent off|2|86|90+4}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 9952
|result=W
|motm= [[Borja Gomez Perez]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=27 January 2019
|round=13
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 0–2
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Omar Elhussieny]] {{yel|22}} [[Darren Caldeira]] {{yel|73}} [[Sony Norde]] {{yel|83}}
|goals2=[[Jaime Santos]] {{goal|35}} [[Jobby Justin]] {{goal|75}} {{yel|76}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=62,628
|result=W
|motm=[[Jobby Justin]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee=CR Srikrishna
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=7 February 2019
|round=14
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|report =
|team2= [[NEROCA F.C.|Neroca F.C.]]
|goals1= [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{yel|31}} [[Kamalpreet Singh]] {{yel|37}} [[Borja Gomez Perez]] {{yel|62}} [[Enrique Esqueda]] {{goal|67||86}}
|goals2= [[Chencho Gyeltshen]] {{goal|3}} [[Varney Kallon]] {{yel|12}} [[Singam Subhash Singh]] {{yel|63}} Saikhom Ronald Singh {{yel|89}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=34,852
|result=W
|motm= [[Enrique Esqueda]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Venkatesh R
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=14 February 2019
|round=16
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 5–0
|report =
|team2= [[Shillong Lajong F.C.]]
|goals1=[[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{goal|8||27||60}} [[Jobby Justin]] {{goal|29}} [[Enrique Esqueda]] {{goal|45}}
|goals2=Aiban Dohling {{yel|87}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=24,979
|result=W
|motm= [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Om Prakash Thakur
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=17 February 2019
|round=17
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|report =
|team2= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.]]
|goals1= [[Borja Gomez Perez]] {{yel|9}} [[Jhonny Acosta]] {{yel|33}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2= [[Willis Plaza]] {{yel|36}} {{goal|70}} [[Anthony Wolfe]] {{yel|55}} [[Lorougnon Christ Remi]] {{yel|81}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 43,768
|result=D
|motm= [[Lalrindika Ralte]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Raktim Saha
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=25 February 2019
|round=18
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|report =
|team2= [[Aizawl F.C.]]
|goals1= [[Enrique Esqueda]] {{goal|65}} [[Borja Gomez Perez]] {{yel|70}}
|goals2= [[Léonce Dodoz Zikahi]] {{goal|23}} [[Ansumana Kromah]] {{yel|45}} [[Kareem Omolaja]] {{sent off|1|69|69}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=17,204
|result=D
|motm= [[Léonce Dodoz Zikahi]] ([[Aizawl F.C.]])
|referee= Umesh Bora
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=28 February 2019
|round=15*
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Real Kashmir F.C.]]
|score= 1–2
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Enrique Esqueda]] {{goal|20}} [[Jaime Santos]] {{goal|42}} [[Borja Gomez Perez]] {{yel|87}}
|goals2=[[Mason Robertson]] {{yel|26}} [[Abednego Tetteh]] {{sent off|0|28}} [[Aaron Katebe]] {{goal|67|pen}} [[Gnohere Krizo]] {{yel|83}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|JLN Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
|attendance=2,792
|result=W
|motm=[[Enrique Esqueda]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Rowan Arumughan
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=3 March 2019
|round=19
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Minerva Punjab F.C.]]
|score= 0–1
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Enrique Esqueda]] {{goal|75}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{yel|80}} [[Rakshit Dagar]] {{yel|83}}
|stadium=[[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]
|attendance=3,800
|result=W
|motm= [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Om Prakash Thakur
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=9 March 2019
|round=20
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|score= 1–2
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= Monotosh Chakladar {{yel|52}} [[Marcus Joseph]] {{goal|70}} {{yel|89}} [[Daniel Addo (footballer, born 1989)|Daniel Addo]] {{yel|86}}
|goals2=[[Jaime Santos]] {{goal|79|pen}} {{yel|90+7}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] {{goal|86}}
|stadium=[[EMS Stadium]], [[Kozhikode]]
|attendance= 4,123
|result=W
|motm= [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] ([[East Bengal FC]])
|referee= Rahul Gupta
}}

===Super Cup===
{{Main|2019 Indian Super Cup}}

[[East Bengal FC]] along with six other [[I-League]] clubs — [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]], [[Mohun Bagan]], [[NEROCA F.C.]], [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]], [[Aizawl F.C.]], and [[Chennai City F.C.]] — announced they will withdraw from Super Cup, citing "unfair treatment to I-League clubs."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/916643/super-cup-minerva-punjab-miss-pre-match-conference-meeting-aiff-terms-it-blatant-disregard|title=Super Cup: Minerva Punjab miss pre-match conference, meeting; AIFF terms it 'blatant disregard'|date=14 March 2019}}</ref>

====Brackets====
<onlyinclude>{{Round16
|3rdplace=no
|widescore=yes
|RD1 = [[2019 Indian Super Cup#Round of 16|Round of 16]]
|RD2 = [[2019 Indian Super Cup#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
|RD3 = [[2019 Indian Super Cup#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD4 = [[2019 Indian Super Cup Final|Final]]


|31 March|[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]||'''[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]'''|w/o
|31 March|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]|2|'''[[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]'''|'''4'''
|30 March|[[Indian Arrows]]|0|'''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''|'''3'''
|2 April|'''[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]'''|w/o|[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]|
|29 March|'''[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]'''|'''2'''|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|0
|3 April|[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]||'''[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]'''|w/o
|30 March|'''[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]'''|w/o|[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]|
|1 April|'''[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]'''|'''3'''|[[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]|1

|4 April|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]|1|'''[[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]'''|'''2'''
|6 April|'''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''|'''4'''|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]|3
|7 April|'''[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]'''|'''2'''|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|1
|5 April|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]|3|'''[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]'''|'''4'''

|9 April|[[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]|0|'''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''|'''3'''
|10 April|'''[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]'''|2|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]|0

|13 April|'''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''|'''2'''|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]|1

|||||
}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|date=30 March 2019
|round=Pre QF
|time= 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|score=({{color|red|Walkover}}){{efn|Walkover given by East Bengal due to protest<ref name="auto18"/>}}
|report = http://www.supercup.in/news/delhi-dynamos-progress-to-the-quarter--finals-after-east-bengal-withdrawal
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneshwar]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{notelist}}

==Statistics==

===Appearances===

: Players with no appearances are not included in the list.
{{updated|end of 2018–19 season.}}<ref name=stats>{{cite web |work=Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/east-bengal-club-fc/3346/squad/ |title=East Bengal FC - Squad}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
!colspan="14"| Appearances for East Bengal in 2018–19 season
|-
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|No.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Pos.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Nat.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:165px;" rowspan="2" |Name
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |CFL
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |I League
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |Super Cup
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
|-
! colspan="12"| Goalkeepers
|-
| 1
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Ubaid CK]]
| 2||1||2||2||-||-||'''4'''||'''3'''
|-
| 40
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Rakshit Dagar]]
| 10||10||18||18||-||-||'''28'''||'''28'''
|-
! colspan="12"| Defenders
|-
| 2
| DF
| {{flagicon|Costa Rica}}
| [[Jhonny Acosta]]
| 3||3||18||18||-||-||'''21'''||'''21'''
|-
| 3
| DF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Borja Gomez Perez]]
| -||-||19||19||-||-||'''19'''||'''19'''
|-
| 4
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Kingshuk Debnath]]
| 8||8||-||-||-||-||'''8'''||'''8'''
|-
| 5
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Kamalpreet Singh]]
| 11||9||13||10||-||-||'''24'''||'''19'''
|-
| 23
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalrozama Fanai]]
| 2||2||-||-||-||-||'''2'''||'''2'''
|-
| 24
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Salam Ranjan Singh]]
| -||-||5||3||-||-||'''5'''||'''3'''
|-
| 25
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Samad Ali Mallick]]
| 9||9||14||3||-||-||'''23'''||'''12'''
|-
| 27
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalramchullova]]
| 9||9||18||17||-||-||'''27'''||'''26'''
|-
| 28
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Koushik Sarkar]]
| 1||1||-||-||-||-||'''1'''||'''1'''
|-
| 29
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Mehtab Singh
| 11||11||-||-||-||-||'''11'''||'''11'''
|-
| 41
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Manoj Mohammed]]
| -||-||16||16||-||-||'''16'''||'''16'''
|-
! colspan="12"| Midfielders
|-
| 6
| MF
| {{flagicon|Syria}}
| [[Mahmoud Amnah]]
| 11||9||-||-||-||-||'''11'''||'''9'''
|-
| 7
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Surabuddin Mollick]]
| 8||2||4||0||-||-||'''12'''||'''2'''
|-
| 8
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Jaime Santos]]
| -||-||14||12||-||-||'''14'''||'''12'''
|-
| 10
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale]]
| -||-||11||9||-||-||'''11'''||'''9'''
|-
| 15
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Siam Hanghal]]
| -||-||2||0||-||-||'''2'''||'''0'''
|-
| 16
| MF
| {{flagicon|Senegal}}
| [[Kassim Aidara]]
| 11||11||18||16||-||-||'''29'''||'''27'''
|-
| 17
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
| 10||10||19||19||-||-||'''29'''||'''29'''
|-
| 20
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
| 7||5||18||18||-||-||'''25'''||'''23'''
|-
| 21
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Yami Longvah
| 2||1||4||3||-||-||'''6'''||'''4'''
|-
| 26
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Bidyashagar Singh]]
| 6||2||6||0||-||-||'''12'''||'''2'''
|-
| 30
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
| 9||7||19||9||-||-||'''28'''||'''16'''
|-
| 34
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Sanchayan Samaddar]]
| 3||0||-||-||-||-||'''3'''||'''0'''
|-
| 38
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Prakash Sarkar]]
| 3||1||3||0||-||-||'''6'''||'''1'''
|-
| 43
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| P.C. Rohlupuia
| -||-||1||0||-||-||'''1'''||'''0'''
|-
! colspan="12"| Forwards
|-
| 9
| FW
| {{flagicon|MEX}}
| [[Enrique Esqueda]]
| -||-||14||12||-||-||'''14'''||'''12'''
|-
| 11
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Bali Gagandeep]]
| 10||3||3||0||-||-||'''13'''||'''3'''
|-
| 22
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Jobi Justin]]
| 9||9||17||17||-||-||'''26'''||'''26'''
|-
|}

===Goal scorers===
{{updated|end of 2018–19.}}<ref name=stats/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
! colspan="9" |Goals for East Bengal in 2018–19 season
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Rank
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|No.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Pos.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Nat.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|CFL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|I League
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Indian Super Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| rowspan="1|1
| 22
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Jobi Justin]]
| 4||9||0||'''13'''
|-
| 2
| 17
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
| 3||8||0||'''11'''
|-
| 3
| 9
| FW
| {{flagicon|MEX}}
| [[Enrique Esqueda]]
| -||9||0||'''9'''
|-
| 4
| 8
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Jaime Santos]]
| 0||5||0||'''5'''
|-
| 5
| 16
| MF
| {{flagicon|Senegal}}
| [[Kassim Aidara]]
| 3||1||0||'''4'''
|-
| rowspan="4"| 6
| 20
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
| 1||1||0||'''2'''
|-
| 30
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
| 1||1||0||'''2'''
|-
| 27
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalramchullova]]
| 1||1||0||'''2'''
|-
| 2
| DF
| {{flagicon|Costa Rica}}
| [[Jhonny Acosta]]
| 2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="6"| 10
| 26
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Bidyashagar Singh]]
| 0||1||0||'''1'''
|-
| 3
| DF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Borja Gomez Perez]]
| 0||1||0||'''1'''
|-
| 6
| MF
| {{flagicon|Syria}}
| [[Mahmoud Amnah]]
| 1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 25
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Samad Ali Mallick]]
| 1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 29
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Mehtab Singh
| 1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 28
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Koushik Sarkar]]
| 1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
|colspan="4"|
|''Own Goals''
||-||-||-
!scope="col"|
|-
|colspan="4"|
|'''TOTAL'''
| '''19''' || '''37''' || '''0'''|| '''56'''
|}

====Hat-tricks====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" | Player
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" | Against
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" | Result
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" | Date
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" | Competition
|-align="center"
|[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
|[[Shillong Lajong F.C.]]
|5-0
|14 February 2019
|[[2018–19 I-League]]
|-
|}

===Clean sheets===

:''Correct as of matches played on 9 March 2019''

{| class="wikitable sortable alternance" ; style="text-align:center; "
|-
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" width=10|No.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:180px;"|Player
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" width=100|CFL
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" width=100|I League
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" width=100|Super Cup
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" width=100|TOTAL
|-
| 40 || [[Rakshit Dagar]] || 6 || 5 || 0 || '''11'''
|-
| 1 || [[Ubaid CK]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''1'''
|-
|}

===Disciplinary record===
{{updated|matches played 9 March 2019}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| No.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Pos.
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Name
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| CFL
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| I League
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Indian Super Cup
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Total
!style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
|-
|25
|DF
|[[Samad Ali Mallick]]
|1||0||0||1||0||0||||||||'''1'''||'''1'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|27
|DF
|[[Lalramchullova]]
|1||0||0||3||0||1||||||||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''1'''
|Suspended for match against [[Chennai City F.C.]]
|-
|5
|MF
|[[Kamalpreet Singh]]
|1||0||0||1||0||0||||||||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|40
|GK
|[[Rakshit Dagar]]
|1||0||0||2||0||0||||||||'''3'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|16
|MF
|[[Kassim Aidara]]
|2||0||0||1||0||0||||||||'''3'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|6
|MF
|[[Mahmoud Amnah]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||||||||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|17
|MF
|[[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||||||||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|41
|DF
|[[Manoj Mohammed]]
|0||0||0||3||1||0||||||||'''3'''||'''1'''||'''0'''
|Suspended for match against [[Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|2
|DF
|[[Jhonny Acosta]]
|0||0||0||4||0||0||||||||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|Suspended for match against [[Aizawl F.C.]]
|-
|7
|MF
|[[Surabuddin Mollick]]
|0||0||0||1||0||0||||||||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|20
|MF
|[[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|0||0||0||5||0||0||||||||'''5'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|Suspended for match against [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
|9
|FW
|[[Enrique Esqueda]]
|0||0||0||2||0||0||||||||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|11
|FW
|[[Bali Gagandeep]]
|0||0||0||1||1||0||||||||'''1'''||'''1'''||'''0'''
|Suspended for match against [[Real Kashmir F.C.]]
|-
|30
|MF
|[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
|0||0||0||1||0||0||||||||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|10
|MF
|[[Antonio Rodriguez Dovale]]
|0||0||0||1||0||0||||||||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|8
|MF
|[[Jaime Santos]]
|0||0||0||3||0||0||||||||'''3'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|22
|FW
|[[Jobby Justin]]
|0||0||0||1||0||0||||||||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|
|-
|3
|DF
|[[Borja Gomez Perez]]
|0||0||0||4||0||0||||||||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|Suspended for match against [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]]
|-
|}

==Honours==

===Titles Won===
* [[2018 IFA Shield]] Champions ('''29th time''')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/ifa-shield-2018-final-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/j6y20z37bjfl1sis75e18br1b|title=IFA Shield 2018 Final: East Bengal beat arch-rivals Mohun Bagan to be crowned champions - Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>
'''*U-19 tournament since 2015. Defeated [[Mohun Bagan|Mohun Bagan U-19]] in the final: 1–1; 4–3 {{pen}} '''

* '''GTA Chairman's Gold Cup''' ([[Darjeeling]] Gold Cup 2018) Champions ('''5th time''')
'''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal Reserves]] team played in the tournament. Defeated [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] in the final: 0-0; 3-1 {{pen}} '''

===Player Awards===

====Quess EBFC Player of the Month====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"| No.
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"| Month
!style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"| Name
|-
|1
|October
|{{align|left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manoj Mohammed]]}}
|-
|2
|November
|{{align|left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]]}}
|-
|3
|December
|{{align|left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]]}}
|-
|4
|January
|{{align|left|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Jhonny Acosta]]}}
|-
|5
|February
|{{align|left|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Enrique Esqueda]]}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[2018–19 in Indian football]]
* [[2018 CFL Premier Division]]
* [[2018–19 I-League]]
* [[Super Cup (India)|2019 Super Cup]]
* [[List of East Bengal F.C. managers]]
* [[List of Foreign Players for East Bengal FC]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{2018–19 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2018-19 East Bengal F.C. season}}
[[Category:East Bengal Club seasons]]
[[Category:2018–19 I-League by team|East Bengal F.C.]]

William Logan (author)

2026-01-29T19:16:45Z

Tiwari63: added layout based on references

{{Short description|Scottish writer and colonial officer (1841–1914)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2008}}
[[File:വില്യംലോഗൻ.jpg|thumb|William Logan]]

'''William Logan''' (1841–1914) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] officer of the [[Madras]] Civil Service under the British Government. Before his appointment as Collector of [[Malabar District|Malabar]], he had served in the area for about 20 years in the capacity of Magistrate and Judge. He was conversant in [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. He is remembered for his 1887 guide to the [[Malabar District]], popularly known as the ''[[Malabar Manual]]''.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Early life==
William logan was born on 17 May 1841 at Ferney Castle, near Reston – Berwickshire, Scotland. His father was David Logan, an agriculturist and Mother was Elizabeth Hasti. He received his primary education at the Musselberg School near Edinburgh. William, who excelled in his studies, won the Duke's Medal for the most intelligent student. He later joined the University of Edinburgh and appeared for the Madras Civil Service Examination. He also belonged to a peasant family, breaking the monopoly of the rich and aristocratic families that had hitherto existed in the civil service. In December 1872 he married Anne Selby Burrell Wallace, daughter of a banker. She moved to Thalassery along with Logan. Their first child Mary Ord was born in Thalassery in 1873. They later had a son, William Malcolm, in Kozhikode. Elizabeth Helen was born in Scotland in 1877 and her youngest daughter in 1880.

===In India===
He came to India in 1862 to serve in the Madras Civil Service. After passing the vernacular examinations in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam, he was first appointed Assistant Collector and Joint Magistrate in Arcot District and later Sub-Collector in North Malabar (1867) and Joint Magistrate. He returned home in 1872 and returned a year later. This time in Thalassery he was appointed as the Acting District Sessions Judge of North Malabar and as the Collector of Malabar. The following year he was appointed Acting District Sessions Judge of South Malabar. With his appointment as the District Judge of South Malabar, he studied the agricultural problems of the Mappila taluks and the immigration problem created by the colonial rule. In 1875 he became the Malabar Collector. At the same time he also served as the District Magistrate. It was during this time that he began to take a special interest in the popular affairs of the land.

A lengthy report has been prepared after a detailed study on the current Kana-Janma etiquette in Mappilathaluk, Malabar. (1882) This is known as the Malabar Tenancy Report. In the same year he was appointed a Fellow of the University of Madras. He was later promoted to the third Acting Member of the Madras Revenue Board. The following year he became the Acting Resident of Travancore-Kochi (May 1883–February 1884).

In July 1884, it was the turn of the Attappady Valley case. Logan also thwarted a conspiracy by some to seize the Attappady forest, including the Silent Valley. William Logan has been described as a liberal official and historian. Initially, he maintained a unilateral stance, as did other British authorities, but later changed his approach. William Logan's assessment that landlords and the British government were equally responsible for creating the Mappila riots as much as the Mappila tenants shook the British authorities.

===In administration===
Logan was very attentive to the economic development of Malabar. He understood the characteristics of the plantation industry. He recommended the expansion of crops such as Liberian coffee, vanilla, cocoa and rubber. Plans have been prepared to develop the Kozhikode port. While an acting resident in Travancore, he recommended a railway to connect Thiruvananthapuram with Madurai. Attempts by private individuals to seize the Silent Valley in Attappady were thwarted by clear evidence to challenge in court. He was instrumental in declaring Attappady a government forest. When the Malabar district was formed, he worked for Mappila schools in South Malabar. He recommended legislation that would give tenants permanent rights to the land. He observed that the Malayalees would be liberated only if the centuries-old marriage ended.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Venu |first1=P. |title=An Historiographical Critique of William Logan (With Reference to Modern Kerala History)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142664|journal=Indian History Congress|date=1991 |volume=52 |pages=604–613 |jstor=44142664 }}</ref>

==Later life==
He left India in 1887. William Logan, who returned to England after a long career in India, spent the rest of his life enjoying hunting, shooting and golf. He had four houses in his own country. He died April 3, 1914, at his home in Collington, Edinburgh.

==Legacy==
His work and life in [[Thalassery]] is commemorated there by Logan's Road, the main road that cuts across the town.

==Books==
''Malabar'' by William Logan (popularly known as the ''Malabar Manual'') is an 1887 publication commissioned by the Government of Madras, and originally published in two volumes. It is a guide to the Malabar District under the Presidency of Madras in [[British India]], compiled during Logan's tenure as Collector of Malabar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Narayanan|first1=M.T.|title=Agrarian relations in late medieval Malabar|date=2003|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172111359|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHtbkuXruzwC}}</ref> It is an exhaustive volume giving the details of the [[geography]], people, their religion and castes, language and culture. It depicts the life and style of the vernacular people of Malabar District, with notes on the life of members of the [[East India Company]].

The work was later followed up by the ''[[Malabar Gazetteer]]'' of 1908, written by [[Charles Alexander Innes|Charles Alexander Inne]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/MalabarManual Malabar Manual at archive.org]
* [https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=0TJFDwAAQBAJ Commentary on Malabar Manual ]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, William}}
[[Category:1841 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Linguists from Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish travel writers]]
[[Category:Scottish encyclopedists]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish writers]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Historians of Kerala]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]

Earthsky Pictures

2026-01-21T03:28:50Z

Tiwari63: Starting a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Earthsky Pictures
| image =
| type = [[Limited liability partnership]]
| industry = [[Entertainment]] [[Film production]] [[Advertising]]
| founded = March 2018
| key_people = [[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]] [[Nitesh Tiwari]]
| products = {{Unbulleted list|Ghar Ki Murgi|[[Ankahi Kahaniya]]|[[Break Point (2021 TV series)|Break Point]]|[[Tarla]]|[[Bawaal]]}}
}}
'''Earthsky Pictures''', founded in March 2018, is an Indian [[production company]] owned by filmmakers and writers, [[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]] and [[Nitesh Tiwari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EARTHSKY PICTURES LLP - Company, directors and contact details {{!}} Zauba Corp |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/EARTHSKY-PICTURES-LLP/AAM-3140 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=www.zaubacorp.com}}</ref>

Earthsky's first film, ''Ghar Ki Murgi''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-09 |title=Ghar Ki Murgi review: Sakshi Tanwar shines in Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari's short film saluting the silent toil of homemmakers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ghar-ki-murgi-review-sakshi-tanwar-shines-in-ashwiny-iyer-tiwari-s-short-film-saluting-the-silent-toil-of-homemmakers/story-E5AE4n4Hsf0TvQ0g37VDcP.html |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> starring [[Sakshi Tanwar]], received critical acclaim. It released on [[SonyLIV|SonyLiv]] in 2020.

Their recent works include another film directed by [[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]], in ''[[Ankahi Kahaniya]]'', [[Netflix]]'s anthology and documentary series, ''[[Break Point (2021 TV series)|Break Point]]''. The web series was released on [[ZEE5|Zee5]] on 1 October 2021. The [[docu-series]] is directed by [[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]] and [[Nitesh Tiwari]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-08-28 |title=ZEE5 unveils first look of 'Break Point' |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/zee5-unveils-first-look-of-break-point-210828 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-03-16 |title=Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari goes down memory lane of her first tech shot of Break Point : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ashwiny-iyer-tiwari-goes-memory-lane-first-tech-shot-break-point/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |language=en}}</ref>

The series is based on the former Indian [[doubles tennis]] players [[partnership]] and [[success]] of [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] and [[Leander Paes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-01 |title=Break Point: Mahesh Bhupathi offers his glasses to Ashwiny Iyer as she picks DiCaprio to play Leander Paes in biopic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/break-point-mahesh-bhupathi-offers-his-glasses-to-ashwiny-iyer-as-she-picks-leonardo-dicaprio-to-play-leander-paes-in-biopic-101633084180051.html |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It garnered positive reviews from critics and audience alike.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramamoorthy |first=Preethi |date=2021-10-02 |title='Break Point' review: A reminder of the Paes-Bhupathi magic on court |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/break-point-review-a-reminder-of-the-paes-bhupathi-magic-on-court/article36788858.ece |access-date=2022-05-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Their recent films include ''[[Tarla]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=Huma Qureshi transforms into home chef Tarla Dalal, see first photo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/huma-qureshi-transforms-into-home-chef-tarla-dalal-see-first-photo-7876329/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> starring [[Huma Qureshi]] and [[Sharib Hashmi]] and ''[[Bawaal]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Bawaal first look: A dapper Varun Dhawan rides a bike in streets of Lucknow |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bawaal-first-look-dapper-varun-dhawan-rides-bike-lucknow-streets-7874325/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> starring [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Janhvi Kapoor|Jahnvi Kapoor.]] They also produce ad films. [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] and Earthsky Pictures will be producing an upcoming musical romantic film titled ''Disco Star'' starring [[Ishaan Khatter]] and [[Krithi Shetty]] in lead roles.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Film production companies of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2018]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]

Garladinne mandal

2026-01-13T01:16:18Z

Tiwari63: Starting a pg

{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.8222662|77.5980019}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Garladinne]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=432}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 270.25
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 53,780
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Garladinne mandal''' is one of the 31 [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|mandals]] in [[Anantapur district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandal {{!}} Ananthapuramu District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ananthapuramu.ap.gov.in/mandal/}}</ref> It is under the administration of [[Anantapuramu revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Garladinne]] village.

== Demographics ==

As of the 2011 [[Census of India]], Garladinne mandal comprises 13,192 households. The total population is 53,780, with 27,299 males and 26,481 females. The child population is 5,868. Scheduled Castes constitute 10,077 of the population, while Scheduled Tribes account for 1,716 individuals. The number of literate individuals stands at 28,407. The workforce in Garladinne mandal includes 30,420 workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract Indicators Andhra Pradesh, Anantapur District, Garladinne Sub-District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

== Villages ==
List of villages/settlements in Garladinne mandal<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=431}}</ref>

#Ankampeta
#Budedu
# [[Garladinne]]
#Illuru
#Jambuladinne
#Kalluru
#Kalluru Agraharam
#Kanampalle
#Kesavapuram
#Koppalakonda
#Kotanka
#Krishnapuram
#Marthadu
#Muntimadugu
#Obulapuram
#Penakacherla
#Penakacherla Kothapalli
#Penakacherla Dam
#Sirivaram
#Yerraguntla
#Sanjeevapuram
#Mukundapuram

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anantapur district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Anantapur district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Salford Royal Hospital

2025-12-31T23:00:50Z

Tiwari63: Creating Post

{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Salford Royal Hospital
| image = Hope Building, Salford Royal Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 2586383.jpg
| caption = Hope Building, Salford Royal Hospital
| org_group = [[Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust]]
| region = [[City of Salford|Salford]]
| state = England
| country = UK
| healthcare = NHS
| type = Teaching
| standards = 
| emergency = [[Major trauma centre]]
| affiliation = [[University of Manchester]] [[University of Salford]]
| beds = 728
| founded = 1882
| closed = 
| coordinates = {{Coord|53.48807|-2.32139|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline, title}}
| pushpin_map = Greater Manchester
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Greater Manchester
}}
'''Salford Royal Hospital''' (formerly known as '''Hope Hospital''') is a large university teaching hospital in the metropolitan borough of [[City of Salford|Salford]], England operated by [[Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust]]. It was previously one of the top-performing hospitals in the United Kingdom.<ref name="cqc.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.cqc.org.uk/content/salford-royal-nhs-foundation-trust-awarded-outstanding-rating-chief-inspector-hospitals|title=Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust is awarded Outstanding rating by Chief Inspector of Hospitals|website=www.cqc.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="Hospital trust rated 'outstanding'">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-32076992|title=Hospital trust rated 'outstanding'|date=27 March 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="ITV News">{{cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-03-27/what-makes-salford-royal-hospital-outstanding/|title=What makes Salford Royal Hospital 'outstanding'|work=ITV News}}</ref><ref name="Ankers">{{cite news|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/david-cameron-visits-outstanding-salford-8939396|title=David Cameron visits 'outstanding' Salford Royal to promise seven-day NHS|first=Wayne|last=Ankers|date=28 March 2015|work=Manchester Evening News}}</ref><ref name="CQC rates Northern Care Alliance NH">{{cite web |title=CQC rates Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust requires improvement - Care Quality Commission |url=https://www.cqc.org.uk/press-release/cqc-rates-northern-care-alliance-nhs-foundation-trust-requires-improvement |website=www.cqc.org.uk}}</ref>

==History==
{{stack
|[[File:Former Salford Royal Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 1494221.jpg|thumb|The former Salford Royal Hospital in Chapel Street (now luxury flats)]]
[[File:Hope Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 384661.jpg|thumb|The Clinical Sciences Building, at the former Hope Hospital in Eccles Old Road. The taller block on the right has since been demolished.]]
}}
The original hospital in Salford was established in Chapel Street in 1827 and was known as the Salford and Pendleton Dispensary.<ref name=mh>{{cite web|url= http://manchesterhistory.net/manchester/outside/SALFORD/salfordroyal.html|title= The Former Salford Royal Hospital - Chapel Street|publisher=Manchester History|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> It became the Salford and Pendleton Royal Hospital and Dispensary in 1847 and the Salford Royal Hospital in the 1870s.<ref name=mh/>

In June 1941, during the [[Manchester Blitz]], the hospital on Chapel Street was struck by German bombs and 14 nurses died.<ref name=nurses>{{cite web|url= https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/nurse-remembers-blitz-victims-at-old-1186058|title= Nurse remembers blitz victims at old bomb-site|date=17 February 2007|publisher=Manchester Evening News|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Following the formation of the [[NHS Trust]] in 1990 and budget cuts imposed by the Government in the early 1990s, the hospital on Chapel Street closed in 1994 and was converted into luxury flats.<ref name=revamp>{{cite web|url= https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/royal-approval-in-hospital-revamp-1003988 |title= Royal approval in hospital revamp|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Manchester Evening News|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> A memorial stone tablet to commemorate the nurses killed during the Blitz remains above the original Chapel Street entrance.<ref name=nurses/>

Meanwhile, the original hospital in Hope, which was built on the south side of Eccles Road between 1880 and 1882 to accommodate sick paupers working at the local workhouse, was known as the Salford Union Infirmary.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=162}}</ref> The hospital became known as Hope Hospital, taking the name of the medieval Hope Hall, which had been demolished in 1956.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=84}}</ref> A redevelopment scheme for Hope Hospital was procured under a [[Private Finance Initiative]] contract in 2007. The construction work, which was designed by Ryder / [[HKS, Inc.|HKS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hanson.co.uk/en/system/files_force/assets/document/7e/66/hope-hospital-in-salford-case-study.pdf?download=1|title=Hope hospital, Salford|publisher=Hanson|access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> and carried out by [[Balfour Beatty]] at a cost of £136 million, was completed in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.insidermedia.com/insider/northwest/93330-|title= Balfour Beatty sells Salford PFI stake for £22m|publisher=Insider Media|date=1 July 2013|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> The hospital at Hope was rebranded as the Salford Royal Hospital during the redevelopment.<ref name=revamp/>

In January 2018, it was announced that a major trauma centre, complete with a rooftop [[helipad]], would be built at the Salford Royal Hospital at a cost of £48 million.<ref name=trauma>{{cite web|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/salford-royal-major-trauma-centre-14154525|title=Salford Royal Hospital to get £48m major trauma centre ... complete with a helipad|date=15 January 2018|publisher=Manchester Evening News|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref> It is intended that 90 per cent of all major trauma patients in the [[Greater Manchester]] area will be treated there once it is completed.<ref name=trauma/>
It was previously one of the top-performing hospitals in the United Kingdom<ref name="cqc.org.uk"/><ref name="Hospital trust rated 'outstanding'"/><ref name="ITV News"/><ref name="Ankers"/> but is now rated as "Requires Improvement" in the latest inspection by the [[Care Quality Commission]] and the first inspection since joining the [[Northern Care Alliance]] group.<ref name="CQC rates Northern Care Alliance NH"/>

== Notable staff ==

* Mildred Alice Nodal [[Royal Red Cross|RRC]]<ref>Mildred Alice Nodal, 27 April 1918, Register of The Royal Red Cross, 1883–1994; WO145/1, 289; The National Archives, Kew [Available at: www.findmypast.co.uk, accessed on 8 February 2018].</ref> (1861–1947), [[matron]] from 1907 to 1925.<ref name=":0">Rogers, Sarah (2022). 'A Maker of Matrons'? A study of Eva Lückes's influence on a generation of nurse leaders:1880–1919' (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Huddersfield, April 2022)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=4 January 1908 |title=Appointments |journal=[[The Nursing Times]] |volume=4 |pages=16}}</ref><ref>Nodal, Mildred Alice, Register of Nurses, General Part 1925, 1179; The General Nursing Council for England and Wales; The Nursing Registers, 1898–1968 [Available at: www.ancestry.co.uk, accessed on 8 February 2018].</ref> Nodal trained at [[Royal London Hospital|The London Hospital]] under [[Eva Luckes]] between 1892 and 1894.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Mildred Alice Nodal, Register of Probationers; RLHLH/N/1/4, 42; Barts Health NHS Trust Archives and Museums, London</ref>

==See also==
* [[Healthcare in Greater Manchester]]
* [[School of Medicine, University of Manchester|Manchester Medical School]]
* [[List of hospitals in England]]

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |first=Glynis |last=Cooper |title=Salford: An Illustrated History |publisher=The Breedon Books Publishing Company |year=2005 |isbn=1-85983-455-8}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.srft.nhs.uk/ Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust (Website no longer updated)]
*[http://www.scanlite.co.uk/clients/salford-nhs-trust/ Double Helix LED sculpture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415131920/http://www.scanlite.co.uk/clients/salford-nhs-trust/ |date=15 April 2016 }} – Salford NHS Trust sculpture
*[http://www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk/ Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester]
*[https://www.northerncarealliance.nhs.uk/ Northern Care Alliance]

{{Salford B&S |state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1882]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Salford]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1882]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:NHS hospitals in England]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in England]]
[[Category:Health in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Poor law infirmaries]]

Shreekrishna Kirtana

2025-11-03T07:36:18Z

Tiwari63: added article.

{{Music of West Bengal}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
'''Shreekrishna Kirtana Kabya''' ({{langx|bn|শ্রীকৃষ্ণকীর্তন কাব্য}}) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] pastoral [[Vaishnava]] drama in verse composed by [[Boru Chandidas]].<ref name=":0" /> It is considered to be one of the most significant works after [[Charyapada]] in the history of [[Bengali literature]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Prof. Dinesh Chandra |title=History of Bengali Language And Literature |pages=44, 45, 46, 47, 48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikrishnakirtan, Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Srikrishnakirtan}}</ref> These verses are believed to be written in the pre-Chaitanya era of the later half of 14th century CE.

==History of publication==
In 1909, Basanta Ranjan Roy Bidvatballava retrieved the ''punthi'' (manuscript) of Sri Krishna Kirtana from a shelf in the cowshed of Debendranath Mukhopadhyay, a resident of Kankilya Village, [[Bankura]]. Since the ''punthi'' was found shorn of its pages including the opening and ending ones, its original name could not be ascertained. A slip inside the ''punthi'' reveals that it was initially preserved in the royal library of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] under the name of Sri Krishna Sandarva. However, the ''punthi'', edited and rechristened as Shreekrishna Kirtana by Bidvatballava, was published by [[Vangiya Sahitya Parishad]] in 1916.

==Origin==
The Sri Krishna Kirtana of Boru Chandidas was deeply influenced by the [[Vishnu Purana]], the popular folk-literature of the period<ref name=s1>Sen, Sukumar (1991, reprint 2007). ''Bangala Sahityer Itihas'', Vol.I, {{in lang|bn}}, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7066-966-9}}, pp.120-154</ref> and the [[Gitagovindam]] by [[Jaydeva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sukumar |title=History of Bengali Literature |pages=72}}</ref> The influence of other [[Purana]]s like the [[Padma Purana]] and the [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]] and the Vaishnava scriptures is also substantial. There is a strong affinity of popular folk literature of the time in the style of the verse.

==Contents==
Sri Krishna Kirtana consists of 418 Bengali ''pada''s (verses) and 133 Sanskrit ''shloka''s (a total of 161, with 28 shlokas repeated twice), which were also likely composed by the poet.<ref name=":0" /> Among these 418 verses, 409 verses have the name of the author in them. The extant work is divided into 13 ''khanda''s (sections), namely, ''Janma'' (birth), ''Tamvula'' (piper betel which was considered as a token of love in that time), ''Dana'' (tax-collection), ''Nauka'' (boat), ''Bhara'' (burden), ''Vrindavana'', ''Yamuna'', ''Bana'' (arrow), ''Vamshi'' (flute) and ''Radha Viraha'' (estrangement of Radha) (the last khanda is not named by the poet).<ref name=s1/> ''Yamuna khanda'' is further divided into three sub-sections. The first sub-section is ''Kaliya Damana khanda'' (coercion of Kaliya, the snake-demon section), and the third sub-section is ''Hara khanda'' (necklace section). The name of the second sub-section has not been found in the manuscript, but its subject matter is Radha's ''vastraharana'' (stealing Radha's robes). ''Bhara Khanda'' consists of a sub-section, named ''Chatra khanda'' (umbrella section). Three characters, [[Krishna]], [[Radha]] and Badayi, the messenger interrelate the plot of the play. Dialogues and counter-dialogues in ''payar'' and ''tripadi'' meters have added to the dramatic quality of Sri Krishna Kirtana.

{{Wikisource|bn:শ্রীকৃষ্ণকীর্তন|Shreekrishna Kirtana}}

==Story==
{{Hinduism}}
Shrikrsnakirtan is a lyrical composition involving Radha and Krishna ; its storyline is not based on the [[Bhagavata Purana]], but the popular folk-songs, known as the ''dhamali''s.<ref name=s1/> However, Baru Chandidas managed to add substantial originality, making it a masterpiece of medieval Bengali literature.<ref name=":0" /> It in the yearning of Radha, captures much of the social conditions of the day.
== Plot summary ==
The plot begins with Radha and Krishna, celestial beings predestined to incarnate as humans on Earth. Radha, in her human form, marries Ayan Gopa, a eunuch. Radha spends her days with Ayan's aunt, Barai, and travels to [[Mathura]] with other young women to sell milk products.

During a trip, Barai loses Radha and seeks help from Krishna, a charming youth. Intrigued by Radha's description, Krishna sends a romantic proposal to Radha, which she refuses, honoring her marital vows. Krishna then playfully obstructs Radha's path, asking for an intimate favor as a toll. Radha, standing firm, considers drastic measures to evade Krishna's advances but ends up succumbing to his persistence in the forest.

As the seasons change, Radha, burdened by guilt and shame, isolates herself. Krishna, pining for her, devises a plan to bring her back into the open. Disguised, he meets Radha and persuades her to sell milk and curd again, but his identity is soon revealed. Krishna continues his pursuit, but Radha skillfully dodges his advances.

Krishna's love takes a creative turn as he beautifies [[Vrindavan]] to attract Radha. His valor is further displayed when he confronts [[Kaliya]], a mythical five-headed snake in the River Yamuna, and seemingly vanishes, causing panic among the villagers.

Radha, frustrated by Krishna's antics, complains to his foster mother, [[Yashoda]]. Krishna, irked, is advised by Barai to cast a love spell on Radha. Struck by a flower arrow, Radha falls deeply in love with Krishna. Her obsession grows, leading her to steal Krishna's flute to gain control over their relationship.

Krishna, in response, feigns indifference, leaving Radha in despair. Her longing intensifies, and she searches for him, eventually finding him in Vrindavan. A confrontation ensues, where Radha pleads for forgiveness and Krishna, softening, agrees to reconcile if advised by Barai.

However, the story takes a tragic turn when Krishna, after a brief reunion, leaves for Mathura to confront Kamsa, leaving Radha heartbroken. Despite Barai's intervention, Krishna refuses to return to Vrindavan or accept Radha again, unable to bear the harsh words and treatment he received from her.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite book |last=Bhowmik |first=Dulal |year=2012 |chapter=Srikrishnakirtan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Srikrishnakirtan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/SrikrishnaKirtan |title=Sri Krishna Kirtan |website=archive.org |access-date=2023-12-22}}

{{Culture of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Music of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]

Ros omelette

2025-09-30T15:52:35Z

Tiwari63:

{{Short description|Street food from Goa, India}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Ros omelette
| image = Ros omelette.jpg
| caption = A typical ros omelette preparation accompanied by two Goan breads
| alternate_name = Ras omelette
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Goa]]
| creator =
| course = [[Snack food]]
| type = [[Curry]] over [[Indian omelette|omelette]] accompanied by Goan [[Pao de Queijo|pão]]
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = [[Xacuti]] (or gravy) of Mutton curry/chicken or [[chickpea]]s poured over an omelette of [[egg (food)|eggs]], onions, herbs and green [[chili peppers]]
| variations = Xacuti can be of [[mushroom]]s or [[cauliflower]]
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Ros omelette''', also known as '''ras omelette''',<ref name="goanflavour">{{cite web|url=http://goanflavour.com/tag/ros-omelette/|title=Ros Omelette | Goan Flavour|publisher=goanflavour.com|accessdate=2014-08-11|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730104650/http://goanflavour.com/tag/ros-omelette/|archivedate=2014-07-30}}</ref> is a snack and street food in the [[Goan cuisine]] of India.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2921086.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Goa and its cuisine | date=3 April 2008}}</ref> ''Ros'' means "gravy" in [[Konkani in the Roman script|Konkani]]. It is a spicy gravy of either chicken or [[chickpea]]s, which is often similar to [[xacuti]] which is commonly seen in the [[Goan Catholics|Goan Catholic]] style of cooking. It's believed that only the lucky ones get the pieces of Chicken/Mutton in their Ros(curry). If it is not a xacuti then it is probably a spicy gravy consisting of onions, [[curry leaves]], black [[mustard seed]]s, scraped [[coconut]] and spices mostly prepared by Goan [[Hindus]]. Ingredients such as [[mushroom]]s or [[cauliflower]] are also commonly used. The omelette contains [[egg (food)|eggs]], herbs, finely chopped green [[chili peppers]], onions (or [[shallots]]), finely chopped fresh green [[coriander]] and salt, with many variations. The ros is cooked separately. The hot ros is poured over the freshly fried [[Indian omelette|omelette]] and served with Goan bread (Paõ).

Ros omelette is traditionally sold by food carts in towns of Goa.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Goan cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian egg dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]

Jaihindpuram

2025-09-13T16:39:36Z

Tiwari63: put up the stub v1 - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Jaihindpuram
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
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|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
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|pushpin_label_position =
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|pushpin_map_caption = Jaihindpuram, Madurai (Tamil Nadu)
|coordinates = {{coord|9.905100|N|78.107800|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district]]
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|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 625011
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +91452xxxxxxx
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Other Neighborhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madurai]], [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], Goripalayam, [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]], [[Nelpettai]], East Gate, [[South Gate, Madurai|South Gate]], [[Thathaneri]], [[Koodal Nagar, Madurai|Koodal Nagar]], [[Arappalayam]], Arasaradi, [[Kalavasal]], [[S. S. Colony]], [[Ellis Nagar]], [[Palanganatham]], [[Vasantha Nagar, Madurai|Vasantha Nagar]], [[Pasumalai]], [[Thiruparankundram]]
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|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
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|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Madurai West Assembly constituency]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[S. Venkatesan]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[Sellur K. Raju]]
|website = https://madurai.nic.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Jaihindpuram''' is a neighbourhood in [[Madurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Amitava |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajmYAsimjgoC&dq=jaihindpuram&pg=PA558 |title=Environment and Development: Views from the East & the West |last2=Agnihotri |first2=V. K. |date=1993 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-788-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=Padmasani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euq5NDOqgK0C&dq=jaihindpuram&pg=PA109 |title=Letters for All Occasions |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7254-172-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiyākarājan̲ |first=Aru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln8FAQAAIAAJ&q=%25E0%25AE%259C%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B9%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D |title=Mutalamaiccar Mun̲iyammā |date=1992 |publisher=Kaṇmaṇip Patippakam |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vināyakamūrtti |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM7nAAAAIAAJ&q=%25E0%25AE%259C%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B9%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D |title=Patippuc cintan̲aikaḷ |date=1994 |publisher=Pālamurukan̲ Patippakam |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Ganeshraj |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R45SDwAAQBAJ&dq=%25E0%25AE%259C%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B9%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D&pg=PP4 |title=Iyarkkaiyai Seerkulaitha 'Aararivu' |date=2018-03-22 |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |language=ta}}</ref>

Jaihindpuram is located at an altitude of 160 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|9.905100|N|78.107800|E}} (i.e., 9°54'18.4"N, 78°06'28.1"E). [[Madurai]], [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], Goripalayam, [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]], [[Nelpettai]], East Gate, [[South Gate, Madurai|South Gate]], [[Thathaneri]], [[Koodal Nagar, Madurai|Koodal Nagar]], [[Arappalayam]], Arasaradi, [[Kalavasal]], [[S. S. Colony]], [[Madakulam]], [[Ellis Nagar]], [[Palanganatham]], [[Vasantha Nagar, Madurai|Vasantha Nagar]], [[Pasumalai]] and [[Thiruparankundram]] are some of the important neighbourhoods of Jaihindpuram.

Among 250 bull tamers, Vijay from the Jaihindpuram region takes first place in the bull taming competition held in Avaniapuram during the Pongal festival in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=Madurai: Over 60 injured in Avaniyapuram Jallikattu as bull tamers grab limelight |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/tamil-nadu/madurai-over-60-injured-in-avaniyapuram-jallikattu-as-bull-tamers-grab-limelight-au385-2026519 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref> Sundararajapuram Corporation Higher Secondary School in Jaihindpuram is one of the five schools that brought under Smart Schools programme.<ref>{{Cite web |author=TNN |date=2023-01-24 |title=5 Corpn Schools Brought Under Smart Schools Programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/5-corpn-schools-brought-under-smart-schools-programme/articleshow/97266952.cms |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In Madurai, road overbridge connecting [[Madakulam]] and T V S Nagar was constructed in the year 2015. The second arm of the bridge towards Jaihindpuram, of 251 m long, with the project cost of about ₹16.62 crore, is being in construction.<ref>{{Cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2022-11-18 |title=Construction of Jaihindpuram arm of Madakulam - TVS Nagar road overbridge begins |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/contruction-of-jaihindpuram-arm-of-madakulam-tvs-nagar-flyover-begins/article66152532.ece |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> Jaihindpuram has a police station.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3f4sNPHuMgC&dq=Jaihindpuram&pg=PA180 |title=Criminal Justice India Series |date=2002 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-519-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Jaihindpuram area falls under the [[Madurai West Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=மதுரை மாநகராட்சி பகுதியில் - வார்டு வாரியாக சட்டப்பேரவை தொகுதிகள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/todays-paper/regional01/647019-.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The winner of the election held in the year 2021 as the member of its assembly constituency is [[Sellur K. Raju]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jaihindpuram&params=9.905100_N_78.107800_E_type:city_region:IN Geohack]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Madurai]]

Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)

2025-08-27T08:17:55Z

Tiwari63: created new info

{{for|the Royal Navy appointment|Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (United Kingdom)}}

{{Infobox official post
| post = Assistant Chief
| body = the Naval Staff
| native_name =
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| flag = File:Rear_Admiral_ensign_of_Indian_Navy.svg
| flagsize =
| flagborder = yes's flag)
| flagcaption = Flag of the ACNS (Rear Admiral flag)
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent =
| acting =
| incumbentsince =
| department = {{Navy|India}}
| style =
| type = Assistant Principal Staff Officer (APSO)
| status =
| abbreviation = ACNS
| member_of =
| reports_to =
| residence =
| seat = Naval Headquarters, [[New Delhi]]
| nominator =
| appointer =
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = 1967
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
}}

The '''Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff''' (ACNS) is a senior appointment in the [[Indian Navy]]. The ACNS is an assistant PSO (Principal Staff Officer) at Naval Headquarters in [[New Delhi]]. At present, there are eight appointments of ACNS who head different directorates. The appointments are held by a [[Two-star rank|Two star officer]] in the rank of [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]].

==History==
The appointment of ACNS was created in 1967. The Chief of Naval Aviation (CONA) was re-designated '''Assistant Chief of Naval Staff'''. The ACNS was responsible for the directorates of ''Air Staff'' and ''Air Materiel'' and was held by an officer of the rank of [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]. The first officer to hold the appointment was Comodore [[Nilakanta Krishnan]]. In 1969, it was decided to redistribute responsibilities amongst appointments at naval headquarters. The directorates of ''Submarines'', ''Acquisition project'' and ''Meteorology'' were added to the ACNS.{{sfn|Hiranandani|1999}}

In 1972, the appointment was re-designated [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)]] and upgraded to the rank of Rear Admiral. An assistant PSO in the rank of Rear admiral was created and called '''ACNS (Policy & Plans)''', reporting to the [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]. The ACNS (P&P) had the directorates of ''Plans'', ''Works'' and ''Acquisitions'' under him. A new directorate of ''Management Services'' was created in 1974 and placed under ACNS (P&P).{{sfn|Hiranandani|1999}} In 1984, the appointments of Director Naval Operations (DNO) and Director Naval Air Staff (DNAS) were upgraded to the rank of Rear admiral and designated '''ACNS (Ops)''' and '''ACNS (Air)''' respectively. They reported into the Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff.{{sfn|Hiranandani|2005}}

In 1996, the submarine arm was reorganised and the appointment of '''ACNS (Submarines)''' was created as a class authority coordinating all aspects of submarine operations, logistics and maintenance. The ACNS (SM) would function as the senior submarine advisor at NHQ and report into the Controller Warship Production & Acquisition (CWP&A).{{sfn|Hiranandani|2009}} The [[Flag Officer Submarines (India)|Flag Officer Submarines]] dual-hatted as the ACNS (SM) until 2001, when it was created as a separate billet.{{sfn|Singh|2018}} The post of '''ACNS (Special Submarine Projects)''' was created in 2001 and is responsible for all aspects related to the acquisition of special platforms built indigenously or from abroad and creation of related infrastructure for all special projects. The ACNS (SSP) reports into the Inspector General Nuclear Safety.{{sfn|Singh|2018}}

In 2005, a new Assistant PSO position of '''ACNS (Foreign Cooperation and Transformation)''' was created with the Directorates of Foreign Cooperation (DFC), Foreign Liaison (DFL) and Strategy, Concepts and Transformation (DSCT) under it. A year later, it was rechristened ACNS (Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence) with the Directorate of Intelligence under it.{{sfn|Singh|2018}} In 2012, the post of '''ACNS (Communications, Space and Network Centric Operations)''' was created with a plan to seamlessly integrate all combat platforms and terrestrial nodes through state-of-the art communications and space systems towards network-centric operations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Navy creates new post to harness space-based capabilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/navy-creates-new-post-to-harness-space-based-capabilities/articleshow/13774463.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 December 2023 |date=3 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Navy creates new post for network-centric operations |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/navy-creates-new-post-for-network-centric-operations-480508.html |website=News18 |access-date=26 December 2023 |language=en |date=4 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Navy creates new post for network-centric operations |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/navy-creates-new-post-for-network-centric-operations-112060300249_1.html |website=business-standard.com |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>

In 2013, a Technical Assistant PSO was created under the Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff - '''ACNS (Air Materiel)'''. The same year, the position of ACNS (Ops) was upgraded to the rank of [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] and redesignated Director General Naval Operations (DGNO).{{sfn|Doraibabu|Godbole|2023}} In 2018, the post of '''ACNS (Staff Requirements)''' was created under the Vice Chief of Naval Staff.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Antony George assumes charge as Chief Staff Officer at Southern Naval Command |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/rear-admiral-antony-george-assumes-charge-as-chief-staff-officer-at-southern-naval-command-2265224.html |website=Zee News |access-date=26 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Current organisation==
There are eight appointments of Assistant Chief of Naval Staff at naval headquarters. Four each are under the Staff Branch-I and Staff Branch-II headed by the Vice Chief of Naval Staff and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff respectively.<ref name="Staff Branch-I">{{cite web |title=Staff Branch-I |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/staff-branch-i |website=indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Staff Branch-II">{{cite web |title=Staff Branch-II |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/staff-branch-ii |website=indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>

===Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Policy & Plans)===
The directorates under the ACNS (P&P) are:<ref name="Staff Branch-I" />
* Directorate of Naval Plans
* Directorate of Works

===Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Air)===
The directorates under the ACNS (Air) are:<ref name="Staff Branch-II"/>
* Directorate of Naval Air Staff
* Directorate of Aircraft Acquisition
* Directorate of Air Warfare and Flight Safety
* Directorate of Aviation Projects Management

===Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Submarines)===
The ACNS (SM) reports into the Controller Warship Production & Acquisition (CWP&A). The directorate under the ACNS (Submarines) is:<ref name="Staff Branch-I" />
* Directorate of Submarine Acquisition

===Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Special Submarine Projects)===
The ACNS (SSP) reports into the [[Inspector General Nuclear Safety]]. The directorates under the ACNS (SSP) are:<ref name="Staff Branch-I" />
* Directorate of Nuclear Submarine Acquisition
* Directorate of Nuclear Submarine Project & Infrastructure

===Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence)===
The directorates under the ACNS (FCI) are:<ref name="Staff Branch-II"/>
* [[Directorate of Naval Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Naval Intelligence]]
* Directorate of Foreign Co-operation
* Media and Public Information Cell

===Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Communications, Space and Network Centric Operations)===
The ACNS (CSNCO) reports into the [[Director General Naval Operations]] (DGNO). The directorates under the ACNS (CSNCO) are:<ref name="Staff Branch-II"/>
* Directorate of Naval Signals
* Directorate Network and Space Operations
* Directorate of Network Centric Operations

===Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Air Materiel)===
The directorates under the ACNS (AM) are:<ref name="Staff Branch-II"/>
* Directorate Aircraft Systems Engineering
* Directorate of Air Projects & Plans
* Directorate of Air Logistics Support

===Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Staff Requirements)===
The directorates under the ACNS (SR) are:<ref name="Staff Branch-I" />
* Directorate of Staff Requirements
* Directorate of Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence

==See also==
* [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]
* [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first1=Gulab Mohanlal|last1=Hiranandani|title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975|year=1999|isbn= 978-1897829721|publisher= Spantech & Lancer}}
*{{citation|first1=Gulab Mohanlal|last1=Hiranandani|title=Transition to eminence : The Indian Navy 1976-1990|year=2005|isbn=978-8170622666|publisher=Lancer Publishers}}
*{{citation|last1=Hiranandani|first1=Gulab Mohanlal|year=2009|title=Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy, 1991–2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=978-1-935501-66-4}}
*{{citation|last1=Singh|first1=Anup|year=2018|title=Blue Waters Ahoy! The Indian Navy 2001–2010|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=9789353025526}}
* {{citation |last1=Doraibabu |first1=M |last2=Godbole|first2=Amrut| year=2023 |title=A Decade of Transformation: The Indian Navy 2011-2021 |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers India|isbn=9789394407909}}

{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Indian Navy appointments]]
[[Category:Indian military appointments]]
[[Category:Assistant chiefs of staff]]

Bharati script

2025-02-19T12:16:21Z

Tiwari63: created a stub

{{Short description|Proposed common script for Indian languages}}
{{Other uses of |Bharati}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox writing system
| type = [[Abugida]]
| name = Bharati script
| native_name = Bhārati Lipi
| sample = Bharati.svg
| caption = "Bhārati" written in the Bharati script
| creator = Research team led by Srinivasa Chakravathy
| fam1 = [[Devanagari]], [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Tamil script|Tamil]], [[Telugu script|Telugu]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali-Assamese]]
| language = [[Languages of India|Multiple Indian languages]]
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Wikipedia In Bharati Script.jpg|thumb|"Wikipedia" in Bharati script]]
The '''Bharati''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: Bhārati) script is a [[constructed script]] created by a research team led by V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy at [[IIT Madras]]. It is designed to serve as a common script or link script for [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |first=Karthik |last=Malli |title=Why It Isn't Easy to Devise an Intermediary Script for Indian Languages |url=https://thewire.in/culture/bharati-intermediary-script-iit-madras-indian-languages-unicode |date=2019-05-30 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Wire |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007064430/https://thewire.in/culture/bharati-intermediary-script-iit-madras-indian-languages-unicode |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |first=Tiki |last=Rajwi |title=One nation, one script: Bharati is the common script for all Indian languages |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/oct/02/one-nation-one-script-bharati-is-the-common-script-for-all-indian-languages-1665812.html |date=2017-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007064425/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/oct/02/one-nation-one-script-bharati-is-the-common-script-for-all-indian-languages-1665812.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Desikan |first=Shubashree |date=2019-04-27 |title=IIT Madras team develops easy OCR system for nine Indian languages |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/iit-madras-easy-ocr-system-for-nine-indian-languages/article26966671.ece |access-date=2022-10-07 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724082724/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/iit-madras-easy-ocr-system-for-nine-indian-languages/article26966671.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Naik |first1=Manali |last2=Chakravarthy |first2=V. Srinivasa |chapter=A comparative study of complexity of handwritten Bharati characters with that of major Indian scripts |pages=3050–3057 |title=2017 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) |year=2017 |doi=10.1109/IJCNN.2017.7966235 |arxiv=1609.09227 |isbn=978-1-5090-6182-2 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-04 |title=Script which helps read 22 Indian languages on cards |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/041017/script-which-helps-read-22-indian-languages-on-cards.html |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007080043/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/041017/script-which-helps-read-22-indian-languages-on-cards.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2013 |first=M. |last=Ramya |title=IIT prof writes one script to unify 22 languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iit-prof-writes-one-script-to-unify-22-languages/articleshow/21114141.cms |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=October 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014010338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iit-prof-writes-one-script-to-unify-22-languages/articleshow/21114141.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a left-to-right [[abugida]] in which the vowel [[Diacritic|diacritics]] may be placed below, upon, or to the right of the primary character.<ref name=":4" />

The script borrows characters and concepts from multiple [[Writing system|scripts]] including the [[Latin script]], [[Devanagari]], [[Tamil script]], [[Telugu script]], [[Kannada script]], [[Malayalam script]], and the [[Bengali–Assamese script]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy: Bharati is a script not a language |url=https://www.india.com/education/dr-v-srinivasa-chakravarthy-bharati-is-a-script-not-a-language-1591965/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.india.com |language=en |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007064429/https://www.india.com/education/dr-v-srinivasa-chakravarthy-bharati-is-a-script-not-a-language-1591965/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Like the [[Gujarati script]], it does not feature a running horizontal line above the characters, which is a characteristic of the Devanagari and Bengali-Assamese scripts.

== Development ==
Bharati is proposed to be a common script or link script of [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], including both [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] language families, much as the [[Latin script]] serves as a common script for many [[European languages]].

It may also serve the purpose of providing a written means for tribal languages that do not have a writing system.

V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy started this project at [[IIT Madras]] and a research team led by him developed it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Unified script of India - Bharati |url=https://bharatiscript.com/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=bharatiscript.com |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007060013/https://bharatiscript.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

== Input and fonts ==
The Bharati script is supported on all operating systems using fonts created by the Bharati team, namely NavBharati and SundarBharati, which [[transliterate]] characters of supported scripts into their Bharati equivalents.<ref name=":1" />

NavBharati is a [[TrueType]] [[sans-serif]] font which supports transliteration of the Devanagari, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam scripts. SundarBharati is an [[OpenType]] [[serif]] font which supports transliteration of all of the scripts supported by NavBharati, in addition to the Bengali-Assamese script.

Three Android apps are also offered, which can output text in chosen scripts using a Bharati-based keyboard and handwriting, and transliterate other scripts into Bharati.<ref name=":1" />

An [[Optical character recognition|OCR]] system for the script has also been developed.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Vorugunti |first1=Chandra Sekhar |last2=Chakravarthy |first2=Srinivasa |last3=Pulabaigari |first3=Viswanath |date=2018 |title=An efficient Multi Lingual Optical Character Recognition system for Indian languages through use of Bharati Script |url=https://bharatiscript.com/media/Research/ICVGIP2018.pdf |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Bharati Script |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812133732/https://bharatiscript.com/media/Research/ICVGIP2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" /> It is yet to be added to [[Unicode]].

== Mudra Bharati ==
A [[Fingerspelling|finger-spelling]] system is proposed alongside the Bharati script named Mudra Bharati, for use as a [[sign language]].<ref name=":1" />

Unlike the [[American Sign Language|American Sign Language convention]], Mudra Bharati utilises two hands.

A prototype has been developed using [[self-organizing map]]s and [[convolutional neural network]]s, which can give out characters in Devanagari and Tamil scripts after recognition from Mudra Bharati.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Amal Jude Ashwin |first1=F. |last2=Chakravarthy |first2=V. Srinivasa |last3=Kopparapu |first3=Sunil Kumar |title=Text, Speech, and Dialogue |chapter=An AI-Based Detection System for Mudrabharati: A Novel Unified Fingerspelling System for Indic Scripts |date=2021 |editor-last=Ekštein |editor-first=Kamil |editor2-last=Pártl |editor2-first=František |editor3-last=Konopík |editor3-first=Miloslav |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83527-9_36 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=12848 |language=en |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |pages=425–434 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-83527-9_36 |isbn=978-3-030-83527-9 |s2cid=237403848 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008173913/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83527-9_36 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Brahmi script]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{url|https://bharatiscript.com|Official Website of the Bharati Script}}

{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Constructed scripts]]
[[Category:Abugida writing systems]]

Kaland, India

2025-01-10T17:52:07Z

Tiwari63:

{{about||the 2011 Hungarian film|Adventure (2011 film)|places in Iran|Qaland (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaland
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|10|N|77|35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| established_title = 
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sardhana]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,497<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook Meerut|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3329_PART_B_DCHB_DHARMAPURI.pdf}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 250342
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#UP.E2.80.94Uttar Pradesh|UP]]-
| website = UP 15
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kaland''' is a village in [[Meerut district]]. It is {{cvt|6|km}} from [[Sardhana]] and {{cvt|22|km}} from [[Meerut]], It's nearest village [[Chhur]] from {{cvt|2|km}}. The total geographical area of village is 543.199 [[hectares]], It is famous for [[cane sugar]]s and [[Jaggery|Gur sweets.]]

The nearest railway station to Kaland is Sakhoti Tanda which is located in and around {{cvt|13.8|km}} distant. Kaland Villagers have focus over education that's why having large number of government employees such as orthopaedic surgeon Dr Md Asif Ali, Dr Vikas Tyagi, Professor, Thapar University belongs to this village.

==Demographics==
Kaland is a large village with about 736 families residing, It has population of 4497 of which 2382 are males while 2115 are females as per [[2011 Census of India|Population Census 2011]]. Average [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of Kaland village is 888 which is lower than Uttar Pradesh state average of 912. [[Child sex ratio]] for the Kaland as per census is 780, lower than Uttar Pradesh average of 902.<ref name="census" />

Kaland village has higher [[literacy rate]] compared to Uttar Pradesh. In 2011, literacy rate of Kaland village was 72.21% compared to 67.68% of Uttar Pradesh. World famous orthopaedic surgeon Dr Md Asif Ali and cardiologist Dr Akram belongs to this village. As per constitution of India and [[Panchyati Raaj Act]], Kaland village is administrated by [[Sarpanch]] ''(Head of Village)'' who is elected representative of village.<ref name="census" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Meerut district}}

[[Category:Villages in Meerut district]]

Baduria (community development block)

2024-12-10T13:24:25Z

Tiwari63: reworked page also and improved wording

{{About|the community development block in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake town|Baduria|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Baduria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baduria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = Village Path with Bamboo Bridge across Stream Ichamati - Purba Para - Baduria - North 24 Parganas 2015-04-11 7259.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bamboo bridge across the Ichhamati
| image_map = File:Baduria in North 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6979708|N|88.7803459|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 179.72
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 285,319
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 199,549 (78.75%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743401 (Baduria) 743247 (Dakshin Chatra)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03217
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baduria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baduria]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Baduria''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Basirhat subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Bajitpur, a constituent panchayat in Baduria block, is located at {{coord|22.6979708|N|88.7803459|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB|format=dms}}.

Baduria CD Block is bounded by [[Swarupnagar]] CD Block in the north and east. A small portion of its boundary borders [[Satkhira Sadar Upazila]] in [[Satkhira District]] of Bangladesh in the east. [[Basirhat I]] and [[Basirhat II]] CD Blocks are in the south, [[Deganga]] and [[Habra I]] CD Blocks are in west. While [[Gobardanga]] municipality is in the north, [[Baduria]] and [[Basirhat]] municipalities are in the south.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery# | title = North 24 Parganas District | work = Map Gallery – CD Blocks | publisher = North 24 Parganas district administration | access-date = 10 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211214/http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery | archive-date = 9 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Baduria CD Block is part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It contains soil of mature black or brownish [[loam]] to recent [[alluvium]]. The [[Ichamati River|Ichhamati]] flows through the eastern part of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> The [[Ichamati River|Ichhamati]] flows through the CD Block.<ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Baduria CD Block map, Page 481 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

Baduria CD Block has an area of 179.72 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 14 [[gram panchayat]]s, 171 gram sansads (village councils), 97 [[mouza]]s and 97 inhabited villages, as per District Statistical Handbook: North 24 Parganas. [[Baduria#Police station|Baduria]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Iswarigachha]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Baduria block/ panchayat samiti are: Aturia, Chatra, Jadurhati Uttar, Sayestanagar II, Bagjola, Jagannathpur, Raghunathpur, Jadurhati Dakshin, Bajitpur, Jasikati Atghara, Ramchandrapur Uday, Chandipur, Nayabastia Milani and Sayestanagar I.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = North Twentfour Parganas - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Baduria CD Block had a total population of 285,319, of which 278,044 were rural and 7,275 were urban. There were 145,641 (51%) males and 139,678 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 31,920. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 46,811 (16.41%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 2,423 (0.85%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 March 2015}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Baduria block has a total population of 247,592 out of which 125,290 were males and 121,302 were females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |title=Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table - 4 |access-date=2010-10-25 |work=North Twenty Four Parganas District (11) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

There is only one [[census town]] in Baduria CD Block (2011 census figure in brackets) : [[Dakshin Chatra]] (7,275).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages in Baduria CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Ghoshpur (7,036), Salua (4,237), Chandipur (11,021), Bagjola (4,134), Bena (5,702), Ramchandrapur (5,650), Kankrasuti (5,345), Atghara (5,250), Haidarpur (4,098), Shimla Durgapur (7,225), Jashaikati (7,317), Narayanpur (4,116), Jangalpur (4,917), Serpur (4,874), Jadurhati Khaspur (4,016), Gokna (4,455), Maleapur (4,318), Fatullapur (4,589), Punra (P) (8,590), Gandharbbapur (5,038), Piyara (4,957), Katia (6,450), Aturia (7,182) and Sayestanagar (7,014).<ref name=census2011/>

North 24 Parganas district is densely populated, mainly because of the influx of [[East Bengali refugees|refugees from East Pakistan]] (later Bangladesh). With a density of population of 2,182 per km2 in 1971, it was 3rd in terms of density per km2 in West Bengal after Kolkata and Howrah, and 20th in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Intro P 6| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to the District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas, "High density is also explained partly by the rapid growth of urbanization in the district. In 1991, the percentage of urban population in the district has been 51.23."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 0,0,17.17,15.22
|y2 = 31.4,31.7,22.7,12.0
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.84,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Baduria CD Block
|y2Title=North 24 Parganas district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}

The decadal growth of population in Baduria CD Block in 2001-2011 was 15.22%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 52 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Baduria CD Block in 1991-2001 was 17.17%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011; Table 2.4A: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 1991; Table 2.4B: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 2001 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 2019-01-21 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in North 24 Parganas district was as follows: 47.9% in 1951-61, 34.5% in 1961-71, 31.4% in 1971-81, 31.7% in 1981-91, 22.7% in 1991-2001 and 12.0% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 45 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 17.84% in 1991-2001, 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. It is freely used by [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]], terrorists, smugglers, criminals et al.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension | title = Laskar helped fan Basirhat tension| first = Abhinandan|last= Mishra | publisher = Sunday Guardian, 8 July 2017 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/infiltrating-porous-bangladesh-india-border-150323140511893.html | title = Infiltrating porous Bangladesh-India border| publisher = Aljazeera | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Baduria CD Block was 199,549 (78.75% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 106,245 (82.13% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 93,304 (75.22% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 6.90%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of North 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Baduria CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|65.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|34.35}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.17}}
}}

In the 2011 census Muslims numbered 186,836 and formed 65.48% of the population in Baduria CD Block. Hindus numbered 98,010 and formed 34.35% of the population. Others numbered 473 and formed 0.17% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In 1981 Muslims numbered 95,202 and formed 60.08% of the population and Hindus numbered 63,263 and formed 39.90% of the population. In 1991 Muslims numbered 130,634 and formed 61.81% of the population and Hindus numbered 80,693 and formed 38.18% of the population in Baduria CD Block. (In 1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station). In 2001 in Baduria CD block Muslims were 157,906 (63.76%) and Hindus 89,540 (36.16%) <ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | title = Block Level Statistics of North 24 Parganas District | work = Handbook 2004 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160720152245/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | archive-date = 20 July 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{{See also|North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.67% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
40.74% of households in Baduria CD Block lived [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2001, against an average of 29.28% in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Baduria CD Block'''
|value1 = 17.40
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 31.47
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 6.70
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 44.43
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Baduria CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 18,840 and formed 17.40% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 34,088 and formed 31.47%, household industry workers numbered 7,261 and formed 6.70% and other workers numbered 48,116 and formed 44.43%. Total workers numbered 108,305 and formed 37.96% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 177,014 and formed 62.04% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011; Page 84, Table 30: Number and Percentage of Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers by sex in sub-districts, 2011| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2011}}</ref>

In more than 30 percent of the villages in North 24 Parganas, agriculture or household industry is no longer the major source of livelihood for the main workers there. The CD Blocks in the district can be classified as belonging to three categories: border areas, Sundarbans area and other rural areas. The percentage of other workers in the other rural areas category is considerably higher than those in the border areas and Sundarbans area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 27-28| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 96 inhabited villages in Baduria CD Block, as per District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 26 villages (27.08%) have post offices. 92 villages (95.83%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 69 villages (67.79%) have a pucca approach road and 42 villages (43.75%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 13 villages (13.54%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (7.29% ) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, North 24 Parganas district, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 103-104, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The North 24 Parganas district [[Human Development Report]] opines that in spite of agricultural productivity in North 24 Parganas district being rather impressive 81.84% of rural population suffered from shortage of food. With a high urbanisation of 54.3% in 2001, the land use pattern in the district is changing quite fast and the area under cultivation is declining. However, agriculture is still the major source of livelihood in the rural areas of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 66, 195| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

From 1977 on wards major [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 2016-10-05 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2010-11, persons engaged in agriculture in Baduria CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 1,597 (3.04%), patta (document) holders 5,084 (9.69%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2,305 (4.39%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 22,075 (42.07%) and agricultural labourers 21,416 (40.81%).<ref name=handbook2010-2011>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 (arranged in order of use) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Baduria CD Block had 192 fertiliser depots, 91 seed stores and 4 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2010-11.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010-11, Baduria CD Block produced 18,912 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 7,011 hectares, 14,664 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 4,461 hectares, 2,459 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 927 hectares, 950 tonnes of wheat from 331 hectares, 93,536 tonnes of jute from 4,949 hectares, and 76,770 tonnes of potatoes from 2,062 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010-11, the total area irrigated in Baduria CD Block was 390 hectares, of which 20 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation, 326 hectares by deep tube well and 44 hectares by shallow tube well.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Pisciculture===
In 2010-11, the net area under effective pisciculture in Baduria CD Block was 4,279.33 hectares. 27,805 persons were engaged in the profession. Approximate annual production was 128,379.9 quintals.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Banking===
In 2010-11, Baduria CD Block had offices of 13 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

==Transport==
In 2010-11, Baduria CD Block had 7 ferry services and 1 originating/ terminating bus route. The nearest railway station is 16 km from CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

Local roads link this CD Block to Habra, Deganga and Basirhat.<ref name=censusmap/>

==Education==
In 2010-11, Baduria CD Block had 134 primary schools with 12,249 students, 3 middle schools with 1,038 students, 16 high schools with 10,930 students and 13 higher secondary schools with 16,005 students. Baduria CD Block and Baduria municipal area together had 470 institutions for special and non-formal education with 19,590 students.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

As per the 2011 census, in Baduria CD Block, amongst the 96 inhabited villages, 4 villages did not have a school, 55 villages had more than 1 primary school, 44 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 24 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, North Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 717, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 28 April 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, Baduria CD Block had 1 rural hospital and 4 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], with total 98 beds and 12 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 35 family welfare subcentres. 6,163 patients were treated indoors and 145,973 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

Rudrapur (Baduria) Rural Hospital at Rudrapur with 60 beds functions as the main medical facility in Baduria CD Block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Dakshin Chatra]] (with 6 beds), Jadurhati (with 6 beds), and Model Belghoria (Bajitpur PHC with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Baduria block is one of the areas where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study ) | access-date = 2011-02-17 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002938/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in North 24 Parganas district]]

Dutch East India Company coinage

2024-11-07T11:42:46Z

Tiwari63: Starting new stub

{{Short description|Coins minted by the Dutch East India Company}}
[[File:Duit 1735 - Netherlands East-Indies (Dutch East India Company. Holland).jpg|thumb|A bronze [[duit|doit]] of the Dutch East India Company, depicting the VOC [[monogram]] and its date of production on its [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] and the coat of arms of [[County of Holland|Holland]] on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]].]]
The [[Dutch East India Company]] ({{langx|nl|Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie}}, often known as VOC) was a [[chartered company]] which issued a considerable series of coinage in bronze, silver and gold for its territories in the [[Far East]] between 1602 and 1799.

==Background==
The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) was established as a [[chartered company]] in 1602 and was designed to replace a number of earlier Dutch trading companies.{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|p=15}} To prevent the constant infighting between rival companies, the Dutch [[States General of the Netherlands|States-General]] gave the company officially recognised status and allowed it fulfill some functions usually reserved for a state. The company's charter allowed it to have its own military forces, make treaties, and coin its own money.{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|p=15}} It was given full powers to act between the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and the [[Straits of Magellan]].{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|p=15}} The company grew rapidly, founding towns and colonies at [[Cape Town]], [[Jakarta|Batavia]] (modern Jakarta), and elsewhere.{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|p=15}}

==Coins==
During the 200 years of its existence, VOC issued large quantities and many different patterns of coins.{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|p=16}} Writers on the subject distinguish between the types produced in the Netherlands for the company and those issued by it locally in Asia.{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|p=16}} Both types often circulated together, but European coins were more common in some areas than others.{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|p=16}} Most coins issued for the company carried its distinctive [[monogram]] of the interlocked letters "VOC".{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|pp=16-7}} The most common denominations were the [[Guilder]], [[Ducaton|Ducatoon]], [[Stuiver|Stiver]] (or Stuiver) and [[Duit|Doit]] (Duit). Some fractions, like the Half-Doit, were also produced.

Coins were issued in the Netherlands during the mid-17th century and again from 1744 until its dissolution.{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|p=16}} Coins were struck in [[gold]], [[silver]], [[bronze]] and, unusually, [[pewter]].{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|p=16}} They were issued by the local mints of the Netherlands, including [[Holland]], [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]], [[Zeeland]], [[Gelderland]] and [[Overijssel]].{{sfn|Dniewcollectors}}

The locally produced coins in Asia display more variation and were produced in gold, silver and bronze.{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|pp=16-7}} [[Countermark]]s are sometimes seen on these coins, either stamped by the company or by local private individuals.{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|p=17}} Foreign coins, including Japanese ''[[Koban (coin)|Koban]]'' or Surat rupees, were sometimes countermarked by the company for its own use.{{sfn|Bucknill|1931|pp=19-21}}

==See also==
{{Portal|History|Numismatics|Money}}
*[[Netherlands Indies gulden]]
*[[Dutch East India Company in Indonesia]]
*[[Spice trade]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last=Bucknill|first=John A. S.|title=The Coins of the Dutch East Indies: An Introduction to the Study of the Series|year=1931|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=8120614488}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Dniewcollectors}}|title=Dutch East India Company Coins|url=http://dniewcollectors.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/dutch-east-india-company-coins.html|publisher=dniewcollectors.blogspot.co.uk|accessdate=15 March 2013}}
*{{cite book|last1=Shimada|first1=Ryūto|title=The Intra-Asian Trade in Japanese Copper by the Dutch East India Company during the Eighteenth Century|date=2006|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9004150927}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|last=Feenstra|first=Alberto|title=Dutch Coins for Asian Growth. VOC-duiten to Assess Java's Deep Monetisation and Economic Growth, 1724–1800|journal=Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis|volume=11|issue=3|pages=153–7|year=2014|doi=10.18352/tseg.148 |doi-access=free}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Coins of the Dutch East India Company}}
*[http://voc-kenniscentrum.nl/ VOC Kenniscentrum]

{{Indonesian currency and coinage}}

[[Category:Early Modern currencies]]
[[Category:Coins of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Currencies of the Kingdom of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Currencies of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Coins of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]

Chorvad Road railway station

2024-07-30T09:19:32Z

Tiwari63: adjusted content after review and updated info

{{short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chorvad Road railway station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway Station]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Chorvad]], [[Junagadh district]], [[Gujarat]]
| borough =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.053466|70.290391|format=dms|display=inline}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway Zone|Western Railway]]
| line = [[Rajkot–Somnath line]]
| distance =
| platforms = 2
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| accessible =
| electrified = No
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CVR
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Bhavnagar}}
}}
| website =
| opened =
| closed =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_dot_label = Chorvad Road railway station
| map_size = 300
}}
'''Chorvad Road railway station''' is a railway station serving in [[Junagadh district]] of Gujarat State of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/chorvad-road-cvr/2513|title=CVR/Chorvad Road| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> It is under [[Bhavnagar railway division]] of [[Western Railway Zone]] of Indian Railways. Chorvad Road railway station is 18 km far away from {{rws|Veraval Junction}}. Passenger and Express trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yatra.com/indian-railways/chorvad-road-cvr-railway-station|title=CVR/Chorvad Road|website=Yatra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=CVR| title=CVR:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Bhavnagar| website=Raildrishti}}</ref>

== Trains ==

The following trains halt at Chorvad Road railway station in both directions:

* 22957/58 [[Somnath Superfast Express|Ahmedabad - Veraval Somnath Superfast Express]]
* 19119/20 [[Ahmedabad - Somnath Intercity Express]]
* 19569/70 [[Rajkot - Veraval Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar railway division]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Sikandarabad, Bhopal

2024-01-28T21:48:42Z

Tiwari63: cleanup

{{Other uses|Sikandarabad (disambiguation){{!}}Sikandarabad}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sikandarabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.1770577|N|77.3008506|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhopal district|Bhopal]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Huzur]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 526
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1316
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 482507
| iso_code =[[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sikandarabad''' is a village in the [[Bhopal district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is located in the [[Huzur]] [[tehsil]] and the [[Phanda]] [[community development block in India|block]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bhopal.nic.in/LSK.pdf |title=RFP Document for Establishing Operating and Maintaining Lok Seva Kendra |publisher=E-Governance Society Bhopal District |access-date=2015-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082905/http://bhopal.nic.in/LSK.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Sikandarabad has 270 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 67.17%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2327_PART_B_DCHB_BHOPAL.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Bhopal |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh |access-date=2015-07-20 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1316 || 664 || 652
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 198 || 97 || 101
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 153 || 80 || 73
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 121 || 64 || 57
|-
| Literates || 751 || 418 || 333
|-
| Workers (all) || 428 || 328 || 100
|-
| Main workers (total) || 332 || 265 || 67
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 111 || 89 || 22
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 25 || 20 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 6 || 5 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Other || 190 || 151 || 39
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 96 || 63 || 33
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 31 || 22 || 9
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 61 || 38 || 23
|-
| Non-workers || 888 || 336 || 552
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Villages in Huzur tehsil}}

[[Category:Villages in Huzur tehsil]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Assam/Members

2023-12-27T08:21:29Z

Tiwari63: added new post.

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Chawnpui FC

2023-12-26T16:48:20Z

Tiwari63: Starting article

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Aizawl}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox football club
| clubname = Chawnpui
| image = Chawnpui FC.svg
| upright = 0.85
| fullname = Chawnpui Football Club
| nickname =
| founded = {{start date and age|1995}}
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| capacity = 20,000
| owntitle =
| owner =
| chrtitle = Chairman
| chairman = Er.C.Malsawma
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Lalrindika Hmar
| league = [[Mizoram Premier League]]
| season =
| position =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FFFF00
| body1 = FFFF00
| rightarm1 = FFFF00
| shorts1 = 0000FF
| socks1 = 0000FF
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FF0000
| socks2 = FF0000
| website =
}}

'''Chawnpui Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Chawnpui crowned Mizoram Premier League champions |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/chawnpui-crowned-mizoram-premier-league-champions-212516 |website=news9live |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617070600/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/chawnpui-crowned-mizoram-premier-league-champions-212516 |url-status=live }}</ref> that competes in the [[Mizoram Premier League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram Premier League returns after two-year COVID break |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mizoram-premier-league-returns-after-two-year-covid-break/article65860397.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 September 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617191522/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mizoram-premier-league-returns-after-two-year-covid-break/article65860397.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Chawnpui FC won the [[Mizoram Premier League]], the first division of Mizoram football in 2022, by beating FC Venghnuai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram Premier League: Chawnpui FC become the champions by penalties |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/18769-mizoram-premier-league-chawnpui-fc-become-the-champions-by-penalties |website=thefangarage.com |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617191522/https://thefangarage.com/articles/18769-mizoram-premier-league-chawnpui-fc-become-the-champions-by-penalties |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Chawnpui FC was established in 1995. Chawnpui FC was promoted to [[Mizoram Premier League]] in Season 7 [2018-2019] after they were champion in Aizawl District Football Association First Division league competition.<ref>{{cite web |title=MPL 7 Khel Tur Chawnpui FC |url=https://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl-7-khel-tur-chawnpui-fc |website=inkhel.com |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618121250/https://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl-7-khel-tur-chawnpui-fc |url-status=live }}</ref> They are the current champions of [[Mizoram Premier League]], having lifted the cup in MPL season 9.<ref>{{cite web |title=MPL 9 Champion Chawnpui FC |url=https://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl-9-champion-chawnpui-fc/IKciVZwPU67u4wnmXZKN |website=inkhel.com |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618115748/https://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl-9-champion-chawnpui-fc/IKciVZwPU67u4wnmXZKN |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Stadium==
[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], located in Salem Veng, [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], is used as the home ground of Chawnpui Veng FC for the home matches of [[Mizoram Premier League]].

==Current technical staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalrindika Hmar<ref>{{cite web |title=Chawnpui FC-in Rindika Hmar an la lut |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/infiamna/?id=95054 |website=Vanglaini |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618111931/https://www.vanglaini.org/infiamna/?id=95054 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
| Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Hmingthanzauva
|-
| Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|}

==Honours==
===Domestic===
====League====
*'''[[Mizoram Premier League]]'''
**Winners (1): Mizoram Premier League season 9 [2022-2023] - Champions <ref>{{cite web |title=Chawnpui FC crowned Mizoram Premier League – Season 9 champions! |url=https://www.arunfoot.com/chawnpui-fc-crowned-mizoram-premier-league-season-9-champions/ |website=arunfoot.com |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618115138/https://www.arunfoot.com/chawnpui-fc-crowned-mizoram-premier-league-season-9-champions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''Under-21 Reliance Foundation Development League 2023 Mizoram Region'''
**Champion/Winner 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Chawnpui FC: Start of a new chapter in Mizoram football through RFDL |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-04-rfdl-chawnpui-fc-toppers-qualified |website=khelnow.com |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618115135/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-04-rfdl-chawnpui-fc-toppers-qualified |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''Gospel Centenary Cup for 2nd Division Clubs Mizoram'''
**Champion/Winner 1994 (Participated as Chawnpui Games&Sports Association-CG&SA)

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100083682970593 Chawnpui FC] on [[Facebook]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mizoram Premier League}}
{{Football in Mizoram}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Mizoram]]

Ayansuthamalli

2023-11-28T01:41:24Z

Tiwari63: created new info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ayansuthamalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|0|16|N|79|2|37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1610
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 621707
| registration_plate = TN-61
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 926 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 53.29%
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ayansuthamalli''' is a village in the [[Ariyalur taluk]] of [[Ariyalur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2001}} census, Avansuthamalli had a total population of 1610 with 836 males and 774 females.<ref>[http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx Primary Census Abstract, Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806044705/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |date=August 6, 2009 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ariyalur district]]

{{Ariyalur-geo-stub}}

2023 International Film Festival of India

2023-11-23T07:11:12Z

Tiwari63: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[54th International Film Festival of India]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from alternative name}}
}}

Karai, Sultanpur

2023-06-20T00:50:59Z

Tiwari63: put up basic post added tags - done

{{Other uses|Karai (disambiguation){{!}}Karai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Karāi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Akhand Nagar block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Karai (#187) in Akhand Nagar CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.246541|N|82.637718|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faizabad division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.368
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1399
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Karai''' is a village in [[Akhand Nagar]] block of [[Kadipur]] tehsil in [[Sultanpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=539–56 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, it has a population of 1,399 people, in 196 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities and it does not host a regular market or a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Sajampur]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Karai as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 426 people (217 male and 209 female), in 71 households and 71 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (49 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=114–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/843/1/52301_1951_SUL.pdf |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 364 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 6 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Aldemau]] and the [[thana]] of [[Dostpur]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Karai as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 451 people (218 male and 243 female), in 79 households and 75 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (44 - Sultanpur District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cxxxxli-cxxxlii |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1035/1/22847_1961_SUL.pdf |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 364 acres.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Karai as having a population of 766 people, in 110 households, and having an area of 147.31 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=284–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1311/1/28684_1981_SUL.pdf |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Karai as having a total population of 953 people (479 male and 474 female), in 127 households and 110 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 324–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1413/1/37121_1991_SUL.pdf |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 143.11 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 217, or 23% of the total; this group was 55% male (120) and 45% female (97).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 301, or 31.5% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 34% (193 men and 57 women, counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 200 people were classified as main workers (199 men and 1 woman), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 753 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 161 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 20 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 0 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 1 employed in trade and commerce; 17 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 1 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sultanpur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Sultanpur district]]

Muthappan Theyyam

2023-03-16T08:24:12Z

Tiwari63: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Muthappan]]

Tanjore veena

2023-02-09T10:35:10Z

Tiwari63: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Saraswati veena]]

{{Redirect category shell|1=
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