https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Tisha30475Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-04T17:41:28ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Month_of_Madhu&diff=434077Month of Madhu2023-10-09T10:10:33Z<p>Tisha30475: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|2023 film by Srikanth Nagothi}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Month of Madhu<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Srikanth Nagothi<br />
| writer = Srikanth Nagothi<br />
| producer = Yaswanth Mulukutla<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Naveen Chandra]]<br />
*[[Swathi Reddy]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Rajeev Dharavath<br />
| editing = [[Ravikanth Perepu]]<br />
| music = [[Achu Rajamani]]<br />
| studio = Krishiv Production<br/>Handpicked Stories<br />
| released = {{film date|2023|10|6|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}'''''Month of Madhu''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romantic Drama|romantic drama]] film written and directed by Srikanth Nagothi. Produced by Krishiv Production and Handpicked Stories banner UV Creations, the film features [[Naveen Chandra]] and [[Swathi Reddy]] in lead roles. The film was released on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Month Of Madhu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/sep/11/month-of-madhu-gets-a-release-date-47538.html |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{No plot|date=October 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
* [[Naveen Chandra]] as Madhusudhan Rao<br />
* [[Swathi Reddy]] as Lekha<br />
* Shreya Navile as Madhumathi<br />
* [[Manjula Ghattamaneni]] as Madhumathi's mother<br />
* [[Harsha Chemudu]]<br />
* Raja Chembolu as brother of Lekha<br />
* [[Raja Ravindra]]<br />
* Gnaneswari Kandregula<br />
* Uma YG<br />
* Kancherapalem Kishore<br />
* Raghav Rudra Mulpuru as Daksh<br />
* Ruchita Sadineni<br />
* Mourya Siddavaram<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| all_music = [[Achu Rajamani]]<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Naa Tholi Chinnari Premo<br />
| length1 = 4:40<br />
| lyrics1 = Krishna Kanth<br />
| extra1 = [[Haricharan|Haricharan Sheshadri]], Aditi Bhavaraju<br />
| title2 = Oh Na Madhu<br />
| length2 = 3:52<br />
| lyrics2 = Srikanth Nagothi<br />
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Yamini Ghantasala]]<br />
| title3 = Swetcha Ledu<br />
| length3 = 3:13<br />
| lyrics3 = Krishna Kanth<br />
| extra3 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]]<br />
| total_length = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and review ==<br />
''Month of Madhu'' was released on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-11 |title=Naveen Chandra and Swathi Reddy's 'Month of Madhu' release date confirmed for October 6th |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-chandra-and-swathi-reddys-month-of-madhu-release-date-confirmed-for-october-6th/articleshow/103575203.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[The New Indian Express|''The New Indian Express'']]'s Abhilasha Cherukuri gave a rating of 4 out of 5 and praised the writing, direction, music and performances of lead actors (Swathi and Naveen Chandra).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=7 October 2023 |title='Month Of Madhu' movie review: Love, loss and longing meet in this bittersweet yet triumphant tale |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/oct/07/month-of-madhu-movie-review-love-loss-and-longing-meet-in-this-bittersweet-yet-triumphant-tale-2621473.html |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Jahnavi of [[The News Minute|''The News Minute'']] also gave a rating of 4 out of 5 and prasied Swathi Reddy and the work of Srikanth Nagothi. She further added that the film "brings some delightful women to Telugu cinema – their desire for love, fun, self-fulfillment, sex, and everything else coming alive with a sensitive warmth".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jahnavi |date=2023-10-06 |title=Month of Madhu review: Swathi Reddy shines in a warmly moving relationship drama |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/month-of-madhu-review-swathi-reddy-shines-in-a-warmly-moving-relationship-drama |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']] praised the work of the lead actors and the direction while stating that "''Month of Madhu'' shines in its attempt to show human relationships with all its warmth and shortcomings".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-10-06 |title=‘Month of Madhu’ movie review: Swathi Reddy, Naveen Chandra are the soul of Srikanth Nagothi’s moving relationship drama |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/month-of-madhu-telugu-movie-review-swathi-naveen-chandra-shine-in-srikanth-nagothis-moving-relationship-drama/article67387774.ece |access-date=2023-10-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[The Times of India|''The Times of India'']] opined that the film stands as a testament to the intricacies of modern relationships. Further, the critic stated "Nagothi's storytelling, coupled with the compelling performances of the cast, creates an experience that lingers in the hearts of the audience".<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=Month Of Madhu Movie Review : A deep dive into human connections and emotional turmoil |language=en-IN |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/month-of-madhu/movie-review/104207525.cms |access-date=2023-10-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|title=Month of Madhu|id=tt21361340}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Achu Rajamani]]</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowing_Federation_of_India&diff=433144Rowing Federation of India2023-10-05T22:35:24Z<p>Tisha30475: added link to country's reference in Bharatpedia</p>
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<div>{{primarysources|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Sport governing body<br />
|assocname = Rowing Federation of India<br />
|abbrev = RFI<br />
|logo = RFI_logo.jpg<br />
|sport = [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]<br />
|category =<br />
|jurisdiction = India<br />
|founded = 30 August 1976<br />
|aff = [[Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron]]<br />
|region = [[Asian Rowing Federation]]<br />[[Indian Olympic Association]]<br />
|headquarters = Old No. 7, New No. 15, Sriram Colony, Abhiramapuram, Chennai – 600018, Tamilnadu – India<br />
|location = India<br />
|president = Rajlaxmi Singh Deo<br />
|secretary = M.V.Sriram<br />
|url = http://www.indiarowing.com<br />
|countryflag = India<br />
|countryflag2 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Rowing Federation of India (RFI)''' is the central body for the game of rowing in India. It was formed on 30 August 1976 with a view to make the sport of Rowing popular in [[India]]. It is affiliated with the [[Indian Olympic Association]] and [[Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron]] and [[Asian Rowing Federation]] .<ref name="ab">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiarowing.com/aboutus.php|title=About RFI|publisher=Official Website of RFI|accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The British brought this game to this sub-continent of India and it was organised wherever suitable stretches of water were found near their settlements. The [[Calcutta Rowing Club]], Calcutta was founded in 1858 followed by the [[Madras Boat Club]], Madras in 1867, the [[Royal Connaught Boat Club]], Pune in 1868, [[Karachi Boat Club]], Karachi in 1923 and the Rangoon University Boat Club in 1923. Then ten active members from the Rowing Clubs of Calcutta and Madras, feeling a need for National and International status for the sport in India, formed the Rowing Federation of India on 30 August 1976. Since then the RFI has been popularizing the game nationwide and producing distinct players from the country.<ref name="ab" /><br />
<br />
==Affiliates==<br />
Till date the RFI has 28 affiliated state and national bodies under it consisting of 19 Members, 6 Provisional Members and 3 Associate Members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiarowing.com/affiliates.php|title=Affiliated state and national bodies of RFI|publisher=Official Website of RFI|accessdate=26 February 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516062338/http://www.indiarowing.com/affiliates.php|archivedate=16 May 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Members<br />
*Andaman & Nicobar Rowing Association<br />
*Assam Boat Racing & Rowing Association<br />
*Chandigarh Rowing Association<br />
*Delhi Rowing Association<br />
*Jharkhand Rowing Association<br />
*Karnataka Amateur Rowing Association<br />
*Kerala Race Boats & Amateur Rowing Association<br />
*Maharashtra Rowing Association<br />
*Manipur Rowing Association<br />
*Orissa Association For Rowing & Sculling<br />
*Punjab Amateur Rowing Association<br />
*Rowing Association of Haryana<br />
*Rowing Association of Madhya Pradesh<br />
*Sculling & Rowing Association of Andhra Pradesh<br />
*Tamil Nadu Amateur Rowing Association<br />
*Telangana Rowing Association<br />
*Uttar Pradesh Rowing Association<br />
*Uttarakhand Rowing Association<br />
*West Bengal Rowing Association<br />
<br />
;Provisional Members<br />
*Chhattisgarh Pradesh Rowing Association (Provisionally Affiliated)<br />
*Gujarat Rowing Association (Provisionally Affiliated)<br />
*Jammu & Kashmir Rowing Association (Provisionally Affiliated)<br />
*Rajasthan Rowing Association (Provisionally Affiliated)<br />
*Rowing Association of Bihar (Provisionally Affiliated)<br />
*Socie'te D'Aviron Pondicherry (Provisionally Affiliated)<br />
<br />
;Associate Members<br />
*All India Police Sports Control Board<br />
*All India Universities<br />
*Services Sports Control Board<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://indiarowing.com/ Official Website of RFI]<br />
<br />
{{Sports governing bodies in India}}<br />
{{National members of the World Rowing Federation}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:National members of the World Rowing Federation|India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1976]]<br />
[[Category:Rowing in India]]<br />
[[Category:1976 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{sport-org-stub}}</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinder_Mahal&diff=431842Jinder Mahal2023-09-28T17:50:12Z<p>Tisha30475: Jinder Mahal</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Canadian professional wrestler (born 1986)}}<br />
{{Use Canadian English}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox professional wrestler<br />
| name = Jinder Mahal <br />
| image = Jinder_Mahal_endorses_Jagmeet_Singh_(cropped).jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Mahal in October 2019<br />
| birth_name = Yuvraj Singh Dhesi<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|7|19}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Calgary, Alberta]], Canada<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Calgary]]<br />
| relatives = [[Gama Singh]] (uncle)<br />[[Raj Singh (wrestler)|Raj Singh]] (cousin)<br />
| ring_names = '''Jinder Mahal'''<ref name="WWEbio">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/jindermahal|title=Jinder Mahal|access-date=August 5, 2016|publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref><br />Raj Dhesi<ref name=slam/><br />Raj Singh<ref name=IGF/><br />Tiger Raj Singh<ref name=slam/><br />
| height = 6 ft 5 in<ref name=IGF/><ref name="WWEbio"/><br />
| weight = 238 lb<ref name="WWEbio"/><br />
| billed = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<ref name="WWEbio"/><ref name="FCW">{{cite web|url=http://www.fcwwrestling.info/jindermahal1.html|title=Jinder Mahal|access-date=December 31, 2010|publisher=[[Florida Championship Wrestling]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108075638/http://www.fcwwrestling.info/jindermahal1.html|archive-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref><br />
| trainer = [[Allen Coage]]<ref name=slam/><br />[[Gama Singh]]<ref name=slam/><br />[[Gerry Morrow]]<ref name=slam/><br />[[Rick Bognar]]<ref name=slam/><br />
| debut = December 27, 2004<br />
| retired = <br />
}}<br />
'''Yuvraj Singh Dhesi''' (born July 19, 1986) is a [[Canadian]] [[professional wrestler]]. He is currently signed to [[WWE]], where he performs on the [[Raw (WWE brand)|Raw]] [[WWE brand extension|brand]], under the [[ring name]] '''Jinder Mahal''' as the leader of the Indus Sher (meaning Indian Lions) stable.<br />
<br />
Having started his career on the [[independent circuit]], Mahal joined WWE in 2010 and made his debut on the company's main roster the following year. After a short-lived alliance with his [[kayfabe]] brother-in-law [[The Great Khali]], he formed the [[Stable (wrestling)|stable]] 3MB with fellow wrestlers [[Heath Slater]] and [[Drew McIntyre]], before he and McIntyre were released from the company in 2014. Mahal returned to WWE in 2016 with a drastically improved physique and received a [[Push (professional wrestling)|push]], culminating in him capturing the [[WWE Championship]] from [[Randy Orton]] in April 2017, making him the 50th WWE Champion and the first of Indian descent. His reign lasted approximately six months, and he would then go on to win the [[WWE United States Championship]] at [[WrestleMania 34]] in 2018 and the [[WWE 24/7 Championship]] twice in 2019.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Yuvraj Singh Dhesi<ref>{{cite news|last=Deb|first=Sopan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/18/arts/television/jinder-mahal-wwe-summerslam-india.html|title=How Jinder Mahal, an Indian WWE Star, Is Turning Up the Heat|date=August 18, 2017|access-date=May 28, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> was born on July 19, 1986, in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]].<ref name=IGF>{{cite web|url=http://www.igf.jp/fighter/raj-singh/|script-title=ja:ラジャ・シン|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185938/http://www.igf.jp/fighter/raj-singh/|archive-date=June 21, 2015|access-date=May 28, 2018|publisher=[[Inoki Genome Federation]]|language=ja}}</ref> He is of [[Indian Canadians|Indian]]-[[Punjabi Canadians|Punjabi]] [[Sikh Canadians|Sikh]] descent.<ref name="slam" /> He holds a [[business degree]] in communications and culture from the [[University of Calgary]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/05/25/jinder-mahal-wwe-alberta-legislature_n_16811178.html|title=Jinder Mahal's WWE Win Officially Recognized In The Alberta Legislature|date=May 25, 2017|work=HuffPost Canada|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en-CA}}</ref> His uncle, [[Gama Singh]], was considered a legendary wrestling [[Heel (professional wrestling)|villain]] in the original [[Stampede Wrestling]] and wrestled around the world (and briefly for the WWF, now WWE) in the 1980s.<ref name="Calgary Sun" /><br />
<br />
== Professional wrestling career ==<br />
=== Early career (2002–2010) ===<br />
Growing up in a wrestling family, Dhesi began his professional wrestling career at the Martial Arts Fitness Center in Calgary, training with [[Rick Bognar]].<ref name="Calgary Sun">{{cite news|url=http://www.calgarysun.com/2017/05/22/jinder-mahal-first-calgarian-professional-wrestler-to-win-wwe-championship-since-bret-hart-20-years-ago|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729094646/http://www.calgarysun.com/2017/05/22/jinder-mahal-first-calgarian-professional-wrestler-to-win-wwe-championship-since-bret-hart-20-years-ago|title=Jinder Mahal first Calgarian professional wrestler to win WWE Championship since Bret Hart 20 years ago|newspaper=[[Calgary Sun]]|first=Anna|last=Brooks|archive-date=July 29, 2017|access-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref> He debuted in Premier Martial Arts Wrestling (PMW) as "Raj Dhesi" and then went on to train with [[Allen Coage]] and [[Gerry Morrow]], wrestling in a revived Stampede Wrestling alongside fellow future WWE wrestlers [[Natalya Neidhart|Natalya]], [[Tyson Kidd]], and [[Viktor (wrestler)|Viktor]].<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|url=http://cdn.espn.go.com/wwe/story/_/id/19497591/wwe-jinder-mahal-embraces-new-success-sticking-got-there|title=Jinder Mahal embraces new success by sticking to what got him there|publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=June 6, 2017|date=May 30, 2017}}</ref> As "Tiger Raj Singh", he won various [[tag team championship]]s in Stampede and [[Prairie Wrestling Alliance]] (PWA), spending much of his early career teaming with his cousin Gama Singh Jr. They were known as The New Karachi Vice and also as Sikh & Destroy, winning the PWA Canadian Tag Team Championship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2007/05/20/4195268.html|title=Gama Singh made Great choices outside the ring|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canoe.com|Canadian Online Explorer]]|date=May 20, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref> In PWA, he was the PWA Heavyweight Champion from 2008 until January 2010<ref name="PWA">{{cite web|url=http://pwawrestling.ca/site2/?page_id=253|title=PWA Heavyweight Championship|publisher=Prairie Wrestling Alliance|access-date=February 28, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306054917/http://pwawrestling.ca/site2/?page_id=253|archive-date=March 6, 2010}}</ref> and also spent time in Great North Wrestling (GNW), where he [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feuded]] with wrestlers such as [[Devon Nicholson|Hannibal]] and [[Samoa Joe]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wwe-news-rare-video-of-jinder-mahal-samoa-joe-match-surfaces|title=WWE News: Rare video of Jinder Mahal - Samoa Joe match surfaces|date=September 11, 2017|access-date=April 12, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE ===<br />
==== Florida Championship Wrestling (2010–2011) ====<br />
[[File:JinderMahal.jpg|thumb|170px|Mahal in February 2011]]<br />
Dhesi tried out for [[WWE]]'s [[Farm team#Professional wrestling|developmental promotion]] [[Florida Championship Wrestling]] (FCW).<ref name=slam>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2010/02/21/12969671.html|title=Tiger Raj Singh ready for WWE experience|author=Oliver, Greg|publisher=Slam! Wrestling|access-date=August 9, 2017|date=February 23, 2010}}</ref> At the tryout, he believed that his Punjabi [[Gimmick (professional wrestling)|gimmick]] and [[Promo (professional wrestling)|promos]] made him stand out, stating that he "came out wearing a turban and had [his] full outfit on" and that "they like guys who speak different languages and have different looks".<ref name=slam/> In February 2010, he signed to a developmental contract with FCW under the ring name '''Jinder Mahal''' and wrestled there for a year.<ref name=slam/><br />
<br />
==== Early feuds (2011–2012) ====<br />
[[File:Jinder-Mahal-2012.jpg|thumb|left|As part of his first [[Heel (professional wrestling)|villain]] character, Mahal began wearing his signature pre-match attire]]<br />
Mahal made his televised WWE debut on the April 29, 2011, episode of ''[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]]'', greeting backstage fellow Indian wrestler The Great Khali and his [[Manager (professional wrestling)|manager]] [[Ranjin Singh (wrestling)|Ranjin Singh]] by speaking in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] that he was really happy and excited to see Khali and Ranjin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23150-smackdown-results-4-29-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 4/29/11|work=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=April 30, 2011}}</ref> The next week on ''SmackDown'', Mahal, unimpressed by how Khali and Singh have been partaking in childish activities instead of winning matches, confronted Singh about his mismanagement of Khali, establishing himself as a [[Heel (professional wrestling)|heel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23316-smackdown-results-5-6-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 5/6/11|work=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=May 6, 2011}}</ref> Mahal interrupted a Khali Kiss Cam segment the following week on ''SmackDown'', slapping Khali twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23476-smackdown-results-5-13-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 5/13/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=May 13, 2011}}</ref> On the May 20 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal interrupted Khali's match against [[The Usos|Jey Uso]], leading to Khali confronting Mahal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23650-smackdown-results-5-20-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 5/20/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=May 21, 2011}}</ref> On his first televised match on the June 17 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal defeated [[Vladimir Kozlov]]<ref name="The Great Khali">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/24311-smackdown-results-6-17-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 6/17/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=June 17, 2011}}</ref> and on the July 1 episode of ''SmackDown'' it was revealed that Mahal was married to Khali's sister, making them (kayfabe) brothers-in-law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/24694-smackdown-results-7-1-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 7/1/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=July 2, 2011}}</ref> On the September 5 episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'', he suffered his first loss when he and Khali lost to [[WWE Raw Tag Team Championship|WWE Tag Team Champions]] [[Evan Bourne]] and [[Kofi Kingston]] in a non-title match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_52971.shtml|title=CALDWELL'S WWE RAW RESULTS 9/5: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw Supershow on USA Network |publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref> In a rematch on ''SmackDown'', they lost again to Bourne and Kingston, leading Khali to walk away from Mahal after the match, thus ending their alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/26576-smackdown-results-9-9-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 9/9/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=September 10, 2011}}</ref> On the September 16 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal attacked Khali during his match with [[Heath Slater]] which Khali won by [[Professional wrestling#Disqualification|disqualification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/26756-smackdown-results-9-16-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 9/16/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=September 17, 2011}}</ref> On the September 23 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal suffered his first loss in a singles match to Khali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/26934-smackdown-results-9-23-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 9/23/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=September 23, 2011}}</ref> On the October 14 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal competed in a 41-man [[Battle royal (professional wrestling)|battle royal]] and Mahal made it to the final three before being eliminated by Randy Orton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/27469-smackdown-results-10-14-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 10/14/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=October 14, 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November, Mahal targeted wrestlers whom he deemed as beneath him or embarrassing and in November began a feud with [[Ted DiBiase Jr.|Ted DiBiase]].<ref name="Tedesco">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1322303404|title=Smackdown Results – 11/25/11|date=November 25, 2011|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|access-date=January 26, 2012|publisher=WrestleView|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203200818/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1322303404|archive-date=December 3, 2011}}</ref> On the December 30 episode of ''Smackdown'', Mahal broke DiBiase's winning streak via [[Submission (professional wrestling)|submission]] to end their feud.<ref name="Caldwell">{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_56444.shtml|title=Caldwell's WWE SmackDown Results 12/30: Complete "virtual time" coverage of Smackdown on Syfy – Orton vs. Barrett 2011 finale|date=December 30, 2011|last=Caldwell|first=James|access-date=January 26, 2012|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref><ref name="Pro Wrestling Torch">{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwestatistics/article_56459.shtml|title=12/30 WWE SmackDown Box Score: Snapshot of Friday's show – match times, Win/Loss Records, Streaks (tons of W/L Streaks to close 2011)|date=December 31, 2012|access-date=June 3, 2012|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|quote=DiBiase – snapped 8 match winning streak}}</ref> In December, Mahal tried to make a name for himself and went after [[Sheamus]], constantly disrespecting him, but was defeated and for several months they were involved in multiple matches, with Sheamus always getting the best of Mahal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net//?id=2&nr=6171&view=&page=4&gimmick=&year=&promotion=&region=&location=&arena=&showtype=TV-Show%7CPay+Per+View&constellationType=Singles&worker=Sheamus|title=Jinder Mahal vs. Sheamus|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref> At Mahal's first [[Royal Rumble (2012)|Royal Rumble]] on January 29, 2012, he was eliminated by The Great Khali,<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=Caldwell's WWE Royal Rumble report 1/29: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Rumble match, Punk-Ziggler, Cena-Kane, steel cage|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_57526.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=January 30, 2012}}</ref> rekindling their feud and leading to a match on the February 3 episode of ''SmackDown'', which Mahal lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/30144-smackdown-results-2-3-12/|title=Smackdown Results – 2/3/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=February 4, 2012}}</ref> At [[Over the Limit (2012)|Over the Limit]] on May 20, Mahal participated in and lost a battle royal match where the winner was to receive a shot at the [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|Intercontinental Championship]] or the [[WWE United States Championship|United States Championship]] when he was again eliminated by The Great Khali.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE OVER THE LIMIT PPV REPORT 5/20: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Cena-Johnny, Punk-Bryan|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_61620.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=May 20, 2012}}</ref><br />
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In late April, Mahal began confronting several wrestlers, starting with Randy Orton, interrupting one of his promos and being attacked in retaliation with an ''[[Cutter (professional wrestling)|RKO]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/32199-smackdown-results-4-27-12/|title=Smackdown Results – 4/27/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=April 28, 2012}}</ref> On July 23 at ''[[WWE Raw 1000|Raw 1000]]'', Mahal confronted [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]], leading a group consisting of [[Camacho (wrestler)|Camacho]], [[Curt Hawkins]], [[Drew McIntyre]], [[Hunico]] and [[Tyler Reks]] and claiming none of them had been given an opportunity within WWE and would make one by taking down Kane, but [[The Undertaker]]'s sudden appearance halted their advance and [[The Brothers of Destruction]] attacked the group and took them out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/34391-raw-1000-results-7-23-12/|title=Raw 1,000 Results – 7/23/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=July 23, 2012}}</ref> On the July 27 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal lost to [[Ryback]] by [[Professional wrestling#Countout|countout]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/34503-smackdown-results-7-27-12/|title=Smackdown Results – 7/27/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=July 28, 2012}}</ref> and then began a feud with him, winning by intentional countout and disqualification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=6171&view=&page=4&gimmick=&year=&promotion=&region=&location=&arena=&showtype=TV-Show%7CPay+Per+View&constellationType=Singles&worker=Ryback|title=Jinder Mahal vs. Ryback|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref> To try and prove himself to Ryback, Mahal requested a match against two local wrestlers in a match style similar to Ryback's, defeating them quickly by [[Submission wrestling|submission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/34849-smackdown-results-8-10-12/|title=Smackdown Results – 8/10/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=August 11, 2012}}</ref> In spite of this, Mahal continued his feud with Ryback, attacking him during their matches and after Ryback's, but was ultimately [[Pin (professional wrestling)|pinned]] by Ryback on the August 24 episode of ''SmackDown'' to end their feud.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/35218-smackdown-results-8-24-12/|title=Smackdown Results – 8/24/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=August 24, 2012}}</ref><br />
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When WWE [[Rebranding|rebranded]] its developmental territory FCW into [[NXT (WWE brand)|NXT]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/27030-wwe-news-fcw-name-being-phased-out|title=WWE News: FCW name being phased out|access-date=June 7, 2013|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> Mahal began appearing on the rebooted ''[[WWE NXT (TV series)|NXT]]'', where he started a winning streak by defeating several wrestlers, including [[Ethan Carter III|Derrick Bateman]] and [[Percy Watson]].<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_63126.shtml|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT REPORT 7/4 – Week 3: Chris Hero (Ohno) debuts, Vader's son, Bateman, six-man main event; Overall Reax|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=September 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT REPORT 7/18 – Week 5: Gabriel vs. Slater main event, Steamboat, Vickie's daughter, Overall Reax|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_63686.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=August 9, 2012}}</ref> On the August 8 episode of ''NXT'', Mahal was inserted into the [[NXT Championship#Inaugural tournament|Gold Rush tournament]] to crown the first [[NXT Championship|NXT Champion]], where he defeated [[Bo Dallas]] in the first round.<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT RESULTS 8//8 – Week 8: Gold Rush tournament continues, Hero, Paige, Gabriel vs. McGillicutty, Overall Reax|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_64301.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=September 8, 2012}}</ref> On the August 15 episode of ''NXT'', Mahal defeated [[Richie Steamboat]] in the semi-finals of the Gold Rush Tournament.<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT REPORT 8/15 – Week 9: Gold Rush tournament continues, Scotty 2 Hotty cameo, Overall Reax|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_64512.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=August 31, 2012}}</ref> On the August 29 episode of ''NXT'', Mahal was defeated by [[Seth Rollins]] in the finals of the Gold Rush Tournament, thus ending his NXT winning streak.<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT REPORT 8/29 – Week 11: First NXT champion crowned in big-match setting|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_64831.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=September 8, 2012}}</ref> At the [[Night of Champions (2012)|Night of Champions]] pre-show on September 16, Mahal competed in the 16-man battle royal to become number one contender for the United States Championship, but was eliminated by [[Brodus Clay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_65243.shtml|title=CALDWELL'S WWE NIGHT OF CHAMPIONS PPV REPORT 9/16: Complete 'virtual time' coverage of live PPV – Punk vs. Cena, six title matches|first=James|last=Caldwell|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|date=September 16, 2012|access-date=November 26, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== 3MB (2012–2014) ====<br />
[[File:3MB at WM30.jpg|thumb|right|175px|3MB – (Mahal (back), [[Drew McIntyre]] and [[Heath Slater]]) at [[WrestleMania XXX]] in April 2014]]<br />
On the September 21 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal and [[Drew McIntyre]] interfered in [[Heath Slater]]'s match against Brodus Clay by attacking Clay.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|title=Smackdown Results – 9/21/12|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1348284153|access-date=December 8, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030092131/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1348284153|archive-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> The alliance of Mahal, Slater and McIntyre were later named 3MB.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stephens|first=David|title=Raw Results – 10/15/12|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1350357467|work=Wrestleview|access-date=December 9, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222193138/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1350357467|archive-date=December 22, 2012}}</ref> From October 2012, 3MB racked up many wins against Team Co-Bro ([[Santino Marella]] and [[Zack Ryder]]) and [[The Usos]] (Jey and Jimmy Uso), all of them due to illegal interference.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE SURVIVOR SERIES PPV REPORT 11/18: Complete "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Punk-Cena-Ryback|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_66714.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S SATURDAY SLAM RESULTS 11/24: Usos vs. 3MB main event, pie-eating contest, no Cena|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwsuperstarsreport/article_66819.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Parks|first=Greg|title=PARKS' WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 12/7: Complete coverage of the Friday night show, including Sheamus vs. Alberto Del Rio, Randy Orton vs. Wade Barrett|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_67085.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref> At the [[Survivor Series (2012)|Survivor Series]] pre-show on November 18, Mahal and Slater defeated Marella and Ryder when Mahal pinned Ryder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/2012/3mb-santino-marella-zack-ryder-26068586|title=3MB def. Team Co-Bro|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=November 18, 2012}}</ref> At [[TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2012)|TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs]] on December 16, 3MB were defeated by the team of [[Alberto Del Rio]], [[Steve Lombardi|The Brooklyn Brawler]] and [[The Miz]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE TLC PPV RESULTS 12/16: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of final 2012 PPV – Cena vs. Ziggler main event, Shield makes a statement|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_67280.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 17, 2012}}</ref> The next night on ''Raw'' at the [[Slammy Award]]s show, 3MB lost to Del Rio, Miz and [[Tommy Dreamer]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 12/17: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw – The strangest show of the year concludes with the debut of a new monster heel; Ric Flair returns|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_67322.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 26, 2012}}</ref> Mahal competed in the 30-man [[Royal Rumble#Match|Royal Rumble match]] at the [[Royal Rumble (2013)|Royal Rumble]] on January 27, 2013, by entering at number 27, but was eliminated by Sheamus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/2013/royal-rumble-match-26080784|title=30-Man Royal Rumble Match|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=January 27, 2013}}</ref> On the April 12 episode of ''SmackDown'', in an attempt to make a name for themselves, 3MB tried to attack [[Triple H]], but were attacked themselves by [[The Shield (professional wrestling)|The Shield]] ([[Dean Ambrose]], [[Roman Reigns]] and Seth Rollins).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_69993.shtml|title=PWTorch.com - PARKS' WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 4/12: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Friday night show, including Dolph Ziggler's first Smackdown as champion and Triple H addresses Lesnar match|website=www.pwtorch.com}}</ref> On the April 15 episode of ''Raw'', 3MB called out The Shield, only for [[Brock Lesnar]] to come out instead and attack the group.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE RAW RESULTS 4/15: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw – Lesnar returns, Punk walks away, WM29 fallout, new U.S. champion, more|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_70029.shtml|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=April 15, 2013}}</ref> At the [[Night of Champions (2013)|Night of Champions]] pre-show on September 15, 3MB (Drew McIntyre and Heath Slater) competed in a number one contenders [[Professional wrestling tag team match types#Tag Team Turmoil|tag team turmoil match]] for the WWE Tag Team Championship, in which they were the last team eliminated by Tons of Funk (Brodus Clay and [[Matt Bloom|Tensai]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_73319.shtml|title=PWTorch.com - CALDWELL'S WWE NOC PPV RESULTS 9/15 (Pre-Show): Night of Champions kicks off with five-team #1 contender match|website=www.pwtorch.com}}</ref><br />
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In late 2013, 3MB began adopting new ring names against their opponents, although their misfortunes and amounting losses remained the same.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|title=WWE Raw Results – 11/11/13 (2-on-3 Handicap match)|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/44916|publisher=WrestleView|access-date=November 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE RAW RESULTS 11/18 (Hour 1): Authority returns, new IC champ, Big Show vs. Ryback, Musical Chairs, more|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_74629.shtml|publisher=PWTorch|access-date=November 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_74711.shtml|title=Parks' WWE SmackDown Report 11/22: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Friday show, including Daniel Bryan vs. Luke Harper rematch|author=Parks, Greg|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|date=November 22, 2013|access-date=November 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Parks|first=Greg|title=Parks's WWE SmackDown report 11/29: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Friday show, including Cody Rhodes & Goldust vs. The Shield in a Tag Team Championship Match|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_74847.shtml|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=November 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CALDWELL'S WWE RAW RESULTS 12/31: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of New Year's Eve episode – Champion's Choice Night ends with Cena dressing down Ziggler|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_67506.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 31, 2012}}</ref> At [[WrestleMania XXX]] on April 6, Mahal competed in the [[André the Giant]] [[André the Giant#Legacy|Memorial]] battle royal, but was eliminated by [[Mark Henry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Andre the Giant memorial battle royal|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestlemania-30-ppv-results/47771-andre-the-giant-memorial-battle-royal|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> In April, 3MB formed an alliance with [[Hornswoggle]] to feud with [[Primo & Epico|Los Matadores]] ([[Primo (wrestler)|Diego]] and [[Epico Colón|Fernando]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagesideseats.com/2014/4/15/5616178/wwe-main-event-results-live-blog-for-april-15-2014-big-show-vs-jack-swagger|title=WWE Main Event results, live blog for April 15, 2014: Jack Swagger vs. Big Show|publisher=Cagesideseats|access-date=April 15, 2014|date=April 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|title=WWE Raw Results – 4/21/14 (John Cena vs. Wyatt Family)|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/48085-wwe-raw-results-4-21-14-live-results-from-baltimore|access-date=April 21, 2014|publisher=WrestleView}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/48210-wwe-raw-results-4-28-14-live-results-from-st-louis/|title=WWE RAW Results – 4/28/14 (Randy Orton vs. Roman Reigns)|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/48778-wwe-smackdown-results-5-30-14-bray-wyatt-vs-jimmy-uso/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 5/30/14 (Wyatt vs. Jimmy Uso)|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=May 30, 2014}}</ref> On June 12, Mahal was released from his WWE contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/wwe-releases-superstars|title=WWE releases Superstars|date=June 12, 2014|access-date=June 12, 2014|publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Independent circuit (2014–2016) ===<br />
[[File:Jinder Mahal 2015.jpg|thumb|upright|Mahal in 2015]]<br />
Dhesi wrestled for [[Reality of Wrestling]] (ROW) under the name Raj Singh at their summer iPPV, [[ROW Summer of Champions 2014]], defeating Jasper Davis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/PPV_Reports_5/article_79853.shtm|title=Parks's Reality of Wrestling "Summer Of Champions" iPPV Review - ROW Title Steel Cage Match, appearances by Teddy Long, DDP, Brother Devon, others|date=July 28, 2014|website=PW Torch|access-date=April 12, 2018}}</ref> On October 24 at All Star Wrestling (ASW) in [[Vancouver|Vancouver BC]] at the live event Fright Night Live, Singh teamed with his cousin Gama Singh Jr. to defeat Kyle Sebastian and Collin Cutler to win the ASW Tag Team Championship. Between 2014 and 2015, he appeared in Puerto Rican promotion the [[World Wrestling Council]] (WWC) against local star [[Ray Gonzalez]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=122557|title=WWC « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|last=Kreikenbohm|first=Philip|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=April 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=123049|title=WWC Euphoria - Tag 1 « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|last=Kreikenbohm|first=Philip|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=April 13, 2018}}</ref> He also participated in Qatar Pro Wrestling (QPW) Souq Waqif Championship tournament in April 2015, where he ended up as first runner up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=3321|title=QPW Souq Waqif Title Tournament « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|last=Kreikenbohm|first=Philip|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=April 13, 2018}}</ref> On May 5, Singh made his debut for Japanese promotion [[Inoki Genome Federation]] (IGF), losing to [[Tian Bing|Wang Bin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igf.jp/event/genome33/|title=Genome33|access-date=June 21, 2015|work=[[Inoki Genome Federation]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510100423/http://www.igf.jp/event/genome33/|archive-date=May 10, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, he also wrestled for The Great Khali's wrestling promotion Continental Wrestling Entertainment (CWE) in India.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/it-s-time-to-pay-back-to-punjab-says-great-khali/194613.html|title=It's time to pay back to Punjab, says Great Khali|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|date=February 11, 2016|location=Punjab}}</ref><br />
<br />
In a 2017 interview on [[Chris Jericho]]'s ''[[Talk is Jericho]]'' podcast, Mahal revealed that he "hit [[wiktionary:rock bottom#Noun|rock bottom]]" during his time in the [[independent circuit]]. He also mentioned that he stopped drinking [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]] and began working out and eating cleaner, losing 20 pounds in the process, two months prior to WWE calling him to return.<ref>{{cite web|title=Written Podcast Recap: Talk Is Jericho w/ Jinder Mahal on Vince McMahon writing his promos, trying to become a hated heel, almost joining Impact|url=https://www.pwpodcasts.com/2017/05/23/written-podcast-recap-talk-jericho-w-jinder-mahal-vince-mcmahon-writing-promos-trying-become-hated-heel-almost-joining-impact/|access-date=December 29, 2017|date=May 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Return to WWE ===<br />
==== The Man of Peace (2016–2017) ====<br />
On July 27, Mahal re-signed with the WWE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwinsider.com/article/103648/latest-former-wwe-names-set-to-return-and-more-.html?p=1|title=LATEST FORMER WWE NAMES SET TO RETURN AND MORE|publisher=Pro Wrestling Inside|access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref> On the August 1 episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'', Mahal returned to television alongside Heath Slater, demanding contracts until [[List of WWE Raw on-air personalities#Authority figures|Raw General Manager]] [[Mick Foley]] informed the pair that they had to face each other in a match for a [[Raw (WWE brand)|Raw contract]], which Mahal won.<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE RAW Results – 8/1/16 (Live results from Atlanta, Brock Lesnar's first appearance since WrestleMania)|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/65189-wwe-raw-results-8116-live-results-atlanta-brock-lesnars-first-appearance-since-wrestlemania/|website=WrestleView|access-date=August 3, 2016|date=August 2016}}</ref> Throughout the rest of the month on ''Raw'', Mahal began losing to the likes of [[Neville (wrestler)|Neville]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Caldwell|first1=James|title=8/15 WWE Raw Results – CALDWELL'S Complete Live TV Report|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/08/15/aug15rawresultsfinal/|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref> [[Sami Zayn]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=Wade|title=KELLER'S WWE RAW REVIEW 8/29: Ongoing coverage of fatal four way for the WWE Universal Title|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/08/29/kellers-wwe-raw-review-829-ongoing-coverage-fatal-four-way-wwe-universal-title-match-kevin-owens-seth-rollins-roman-reigns-big-cass/|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=August 29, 2016}}</ref> and [[Darren Young]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=9/5 WWE Raw Results – CALDWELL'S Complete Live TV Report|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/09/05/sept5rawresults/|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref> Mahal then adopted the gimmick of a "man who comes in peace", advocating peace and tranquility.<ref>{{Citation|last=WWE|title=Jinder Mahal tries to help Alicia Fox find inner peace: Raw Fallout, Sept. 19, 2016|date=September 19, 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-tte71APps |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/9-tte71APps |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=April 13, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=WWE|title=Jinder Mahal demonstrates a breathing exercise for achieving inner peace|date=October 3, 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOhJ1Ma2dqw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/qOhJ1Ma2dqw |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=April 13, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On the September 12 episode of ''Raw'', Mahal stated that after he left WWE he "felt anger and rage" and had since "found inner peace" before defeating [[Jack Swagger]].<ref name="411mania">{{cite web|title=Csonka's WWE Raw Review 9.12.16|url=http://411mania.com/wrestling/csonkas-wwe-raw-review-9-12-16/|website=411mania|access-date=September 13, 2016}}</ref> Afterwards, Mahal began competing on ''[[WWE Main Event|Main Event]]'' and ''[[WWE Superstars|Superstars]]'', where he often traded wins and losses against Darren Young.<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE Superstars Results: Jinder Mahal picks up a win|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/wwe-superstars-results-jinder-mahal-picks-win-224921|publisher=Figure Four Wrestling Online|access-date=April 27, 2017|date=November 20, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the December 19 episode of ''Raw'', a notably more lean and muscular<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/wwe-main-event-results-gallagher-ali-vs-dar-nese-231601|title=WWE Main Event results: Gallagher & Ali vs. Dar & Nese|date=March 11, 2017|access-date=June 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/wwe-raw-live-results-goldberg-returns-first-episode-2017-227511|title=WWE Raw live results: Goldberg returns on the first episode of 2017|date=January 2, 2017|access-date=June 9, 2018}}</ref> Mahal began an alliance with [[Rusev (wrestler)|Rusev]] after Mahal had a confrontation with Rusev's rival [[Enzo Amore]] before the two attacked Amore.<ref>{{cite web|title=KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 12/19: Fallout from Roadblock including Jericho explaining his actions and putting Santa on his list|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/12/19/kellers-wwe-raw-report-1219-fallout-roadblock-including-jericho-explaining-actions-putting-santa-list/|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=January 3, 2017|date=December 20, 2016}}</ref> On the January 2, 2017, episode of ''Raw'', Mahal and Rusev defeated Amore's [[tag team]] partner [[Big Cass]] in a [[Handicap match|2-on-1 handicap match]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=Wade|title=KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 1/2: Goldberg appearance, Sami vs. Braun in Last Man Standing match, Foley's new haircut|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/01/02/kellers-wwe-raw-report-12-goldberg-appearance-sami-vs-braun-last-man-standing-match-foleys-new-haircut/|website=pwtorch.com|publisher=TDH Communications Inc.|access-date=January 2, 2017}}</ref> The following week on ''Raw'', Mahal lost to Cass (who had [[Shawn Michaels]] at ringside) after Michaels performed the ''[[Superkick|Sweet Chin Music]]'' on Rusev at ringside, which distracted Mahal.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=Wade|title=KELLER'S WWE MONDAY NIGHT RAW REPORT 1/9: Reigns vs. Owens & Jericho, Shawn Michaels, Foley's Performance Review, Undertaker "rumored" to appear|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/01/09/kellers-wwe-monday-night-raw-report-19-reigns-vs-owens-jericho-shawn-michaels-foleys-performance-review-undertaker-rumored-appear/|website=pwtorch.com|publisher=TDH Communications Inc.|access-date=January 9, 2017}}</ref> On the February 27 episode of ''Raw'', Mahal and Rusev began to show tension after Rusev inadvertently distracted Mahal, causing the two to lose to [[The New Day (wrestling)|The New Day]] ([[Big E (wrestler)|Big E]], Kofi Kingston and [[Xavier Woods]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE RAW Results – 2/27/17 (Seth Rollins returns, Goldberg, Fastlane)|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/73632-wwe-raw-results-22717-seth-rollins-returns-goldberg-fastlane/|website=WrestleView|access-date=March 8, 2017|date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> The alliance between Mahal and Rusev ended at [[Fastlane (2017)|Fastlane]] on March 5, when Mahal informed Raw General Manager Mick Foley about his desire to return to singles competition, prompting Foley to place the duo in singles matches that night and with both Mahal and Rusev losing their respective matches against [[Cesaro (wrestler)|Cesaro]] and [[Big Show]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=3/5 Powell's WWE Fastlane Live Review: Kevin Owens vs. Goldberg for the WWE Championship, Roman Reigns vs. Braun Strowman, Bayley vs. Charlotte for the Raw Women's Championship, Samoa Joe vs. Sami Zayn|url=http://prowrestling.net/site/2017/03/05/35-powells-wwe-fastlane-live-review-kevin-owens-vs-goldberg-wwe-championship-roman-reigns-vs-braun-strowman-bayley-vs-charlotte-raw-womens-championship-samoa-joe-vs-sam/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=March 5, 2017}}</ref> This was done due to Rusev suffering a [[Legit (professional wrestling)|legit]] shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/rusev-injury-update-bulgarian-superstar-to-miss-wwe-wrestlemania-33-out-for-at-least-two-months|title=Rusev Injury Update: Bulgarian Superstar to miss WWE WrestleMania 33, out for at least two months|work=Sportskeeda|access-date=March 16, 2017|date=March 16, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On April 3 at the [[WrestleMania 33]] preshow, Mahal was the runner-up in the [[André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal]], being eliminated last by [[Mojo Rawley]] after interference from [[Rob Gronkowski]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/2017-andre-the-giant-memorial-battle-royal-results|title=Mojo Rawley won the 4th annual Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal|last=Artus|first=Matthew|work=WWE|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> On April 11, Mahal was moved to [[SmackDown (WWE brand)|SmackDown]] as part of the [[2017 WWE Superstar Shake-up|Superstar Shake-up]]. On that night, he lost to Rawley after another interference from Gronkowski to end their feud.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/04/11/kellers-wwe-smackdown-report-411-superstar-shake-night-2-details/|title=KELLER'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 4/11: Superstar Shake-up Night 2 details|last1=Keller|first1=Wade|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Championship reigns (2017–2018) ====<br />
{{quote box|quote=Jinder is a guy who has always worked extremely hard. He trains hard; he's very intense about what he wants with his career; he's very thoughtful... to Jinder's credit and to [[Drew McIntyre|Drew <nowiki>[McIntyre]</nowiki>]]'s credit, they left, they went and figured it for themselves, they improved. They're both men now as opposed to kids trying to make it in the business... now hopefully they are in a better position to succeed. |source=[[Triple H]] in April 2017<ref>{{cite web|title=INTERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS: Triple H comments on Jinder Mahal suddenly getting a PPV World Title match, Drew McIntyre's fresh start (w/Keller's Analysis)|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/04/25/interview-highlights-triple-h-comments-jinder-mahal-suddenly-getting-ppv-world-title-match-drew-mcintyres-fresh-start-wkellers-analysis/|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=April 27, 2017|date=April 25, 2017}}</ref>|align=right|width=25%}}<br />
<br />
On the April 18 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', Mahal won a [[Professional wrestling match types#Six-pack challenge|six-pack challenge]] also involving Mojo Rawley, [[Dolph Ziggler]], [[Erick Rowan]], [[Luke Harper]] and [[Sami Zayn]] to earn a title match for the [[WWE Championship]] after interference from Mahal's new allies, [[The Bollywood Boyz|The Singh Brothers]] (Samir and Sunil Singh).<ref name="TheSinghBrothers">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/04/18/wwe-smackdown-report-418-six-way-contenders-match-naomi-vs-charlotte/|title=KELLER'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 4/18: Six-Way Contenders Match, Naomi vs. Charlotte, Styles vs. Corbin|last=Keller|first=Wade|date=April 18, 2017|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=April 19, 2017}}</ref> As part of the storyline, Mahal attacked WWE Champion [[Randy Orton]], stealing the championship belt<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE SmackDown results, review: Orton and Mahal square off, new No. 1 contenders|url=http://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/wwe-smackdown-results-review-orton-and-mahal-square-off-new-no-1-contenders/|work=[[CBS Sports]]|date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> and costing Orton his match with [[Bray Wyatt]] at [[Payback (2017)|Payback]] on April 30.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwepayback/2017/wwe-champion-randy-orton-vs-bray-wyatt-results|title=Bray Wyatt def. Randy Orton in a House of Horrors Match|last1=Burdick|first1=Michael|work=WWE|access-date=April 30, 2017}}</ref> On the May 2 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', [[List of WWE SmackDown on-air personalities#Authority figures|SmackDown Commissioner]] [[Shane McMahon]] forced Mahal to return the title belt.<ref name="Smackdown05022017">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/05/02/kellers-wwe-smackdown-report-52-jericho-joins-smackdown-shane-takes-belt-jinder-jinder-vs-sami/|title=KELLER'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 5/2: Jericho joins Smackdown, Shane takes belt from Jinder, Jinder vs. Sami|last=Keller|first=Wade|date=May 2, 2017|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=May 3, 2017}}</ref> Mahal went on to defeat Sami Zayn later in the episode<ref name="Smackdown05022017"/> and pin Randy Orton in a [[Professional wrestling tag team match types#Multiple man teamed matches|six-man tag team match]] to earn his team the victory the following week on SmackDown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2017/05/10/22723326.html|title=Smackdown: A trip to London doesn't slow the build toward Backlash|author=Plummer, Dale|publisher=SLAM Wrestling!|access-date=May 23, 2017|date=May 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/05/16/kellers-wwe-smackdown-report-516/|title=KELLER'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 5/16: Final Backlash hype including Styles vs. Mahal in battle of contenders|last=Keller|first=Wade|date=May 16, 2017|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref> On May 21 at [[Backlash (2017)|Backlash]], Mahal defeated Orton to win the WWE Championship (his first championship in WWE), becoming the 50th recognized WWE Champion and the first of Indian descent.<ref>{{cite web|last=Benigno|first=Anthony|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal def. Randy Orton|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/2017/randy-orton-jinder-mahal-results|work=WWE|access-date=May 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Powell|first1=Jason|title=5/21 Powell's WWE Backlash Live Review: Randy Orton vs. Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship, Kevin Owens vs. AJ Styles for the U.S. Championship, Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Dolph Ziggler|url=http://prowrestling.net/site/2017/05/21/521-powells-wwe-backlash-live-review-randy-orton-vs-jinder-mahal-wwe-championship-kevin-owens-vs-aj-styles-u-s-championship-shinsuke-nakamura-vs-dolph-ziggler/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=May 21, 2017|date=May 21, 2017}}</ref> After Mahal held a Punjabi celebration for his WWE Championship win,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/05/23/kellers-wwe-smackdown-report-523-shane-mcmahon-announced-orton-rematch-mahal-money-bank-news-jinder-celebrates/|title=KELLER'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 5/23: Shane McMahon announced Orton rematch against Mahal, more Money in the Bank news, Jinder celebrates|last=Keller|first=Wade|date=May 23, 2017|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=May 24, 2017}}</ref> Orton invoked his rematch clause for [[Money in the Bank (2017)|Money in the Bank]] on June 18;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/moneyinthebank/2017/jinder-mahal-randy-orton|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal vs. Randy Orton|last=Melok|first=Bobby|work=WWE|access-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> with [[WWE Hall of Fame]]rs [[Bob Orton Jr.]], [[Ric Flair]], and [[Sgt. Slaughter]] at ringside, Mahal defeated Orton in his first title defence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/moneyinthebank/2017/jinder-mahal-randy-orton-results|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal def. Randy Orton|last=Benigno|first=Anthony|work=WWE|access-date=June 18, 2017}}</ref> When an irate Orton demanded another match, McMahon granted it on the condition that Mahal would choose the stipulation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/06/27/kellers-wwe-smackdown-report-627-womens-money-bank-redo-naomi-vs-lana-usos-vs-hype-bros-sami-vs-corbin/|title=KELLER'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 6/27: Women's Money in the Bank redo, Naomi vs. Lana, Usos vs. Hype Bros., Sami vs. Corbin|last=Keller|first=Wade|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=June 27, 2017}}</ref> which was revealed to be a [[Professional wrestling match types#Punjabi Prison match|Punjabi Prison match]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/wwe-battleground-2017/jinder-mahal-randy-orton|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal vs. Randy Orton (Punjabi Prison Match)|last1=Burdick|first1=Michael|work=WWE|access-date=June 27, 2017}}</ref> With Mahal referring to [[The Great Khali]] as his "personal hero",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/07/18/kellers-wwe-smackdown-report-718-jinder-mahal-shows-off-punjabi-prison-cage-womens-five-way-title-shot-owens-corbin-vs-nakamura-styles/|title=KELLER'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 7/18: Jinder Mahal shows off the Punjabi Prison cage, Battleground Hype, Owens & Corbin vs. Nakamura & Styles|last=Keller|first=Wade|date=July 18, 2017|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=July 18, 2017}}</ref> Khali eventually made his return at [[Battleground (2017)|Battleground]] on July 23 to help Mahal defeat Orton and retain the title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwebattleground/2017/jinder-mahal-randy-orton-results|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal def. Randy Orton (Punjabi Prison Match)|last1=Benigno|first1=Anthony|work=WWE|access-date=June 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the August 15 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', [[Baron Corbin]] cashed in his [[Money in the Bank ladder match|Money in the Bank]] contract on Mahal, who had just lost to [[John Cena]] by disqualification. However, Mahal retained the title by pinning a distracted Corbin with a [[Pin (professional wrestling)#Roll-up|roll-up]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/88451-wwe-smackdown-results-august-15-2017/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 8/15/17 (Final show before SummerSlam)|date=August 15, 2017|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|work=Wrestleview|access-date=August 16, 2017}}</ref> In the following weeks, Mahal started a feud with [[Shinsuke Nakamura]] over the championship, retaining the title against him at [[SummerSlam (2017)|SummerSlam]] on August 20<ref>{{cite web|last1=Burdick|first1=Michael|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal vs. Shinsuke Nakamura|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/2017/jinder-mahal-shinsuke-nakamura|work=WWE|access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref> after interference by The Singh Brothers.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benigno|first1=Anthony|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal def. Shinsuke Nakamura|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/2017/jinder-mahal-shinsuke-nakamura-match-results|work=WWE|date=August 20, 2017|access-date=August 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=Powell's WWE SummerSlam 2017 live review: Brock Lesnar vs. Braun Strowman vs. Samoa Joe vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship, Jinder Mahal vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship, Sheamus and Cesaro vs. Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins for the Raw Tag Titles|url=http://prowrestling.net/site/2017/08/20/powells-wwe-summerslam-2017-live-review-brock-lesnar-vs-braun-strowman-vs-samoa-joe-vs-roman-reigns-wwe-universal-championship-jinder-mahal-vs-shinsuke-nakamura-wwe-champio/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=August 20, 2017|date=August 20, 2017}}</ref> In a rematch between the two, which took place on October 8 at [[Hell in a Cell (2017)|Hell in a Cell]], Mahal once again defeated Nakamura to retain the title.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/hellinacell/2017/jinder-mahal-shinsuke-nakamura-results|title=The Modern Day Maharaja attempts to quell the threat of Nakamura|work=WWE|date=October 8, 2017|access-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref> On the October 17 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', Mahal challenged [[WWE Universal Championship|Universal Champion]] [[Brock Lesnar]] to a match at [[Survivor Series (2017)|Survivor Series]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benigno|first1=Anthony|title=Universal Champion Brock Lesnar vs. WWE Champion Jinder Mahal (Champion vs. Champion Match)|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/2017/brock-lesnar-vs-jinder-mahal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024111545/https://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/2017/brock-lesnar-vs-jinder-mahal|url-status=dead|work=WWE|access-date=December 10, 2018|archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref> However, Mahal lost the WWE Championship to [[AJ Styles]] on the November 7 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', ending his reign at 170 days.<ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=11/7 Barnett's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review: Jinder Mahal vs. AJ Styles for the WWE Championship, The Usos vs. Shelton Benjamin and Chad Gable for the Smackdown Tag Titles, Becky Lynch vs. James Ellsworth|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2017/11/07/117-barnetts-wwe-smackdown-live-tv-review-jinder-mahal-vs-aj-styles-wwe-championship-usos-vs-shelton-benjamin-chad-gable-smackdown-tag-titles-becky-lynch-vs-james-ellsw/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref> Mahal received his rematch for the title against Styles at [[Clash of Champions (2017)|Clash of Champions]] on December 17,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wweclashofchampions/2017/wwe-champion-aj-styles-vs-jinder-mahal|title=WWE Champion AJ Styles vs. Jinder Mahal|last=Benigno|first=Anthony|publisher=WWE|access-date=November 21, 2017}}</ref> but he lost by submission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wweclashofchampions/2017/aj-styles-jinder-mahal-results|title=WWE Champion AJ Styles def. Jinder Mahal|last=Benigno|first=Anthony|publisher=WWE|access-date=December 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2017/12/17/powells-wwe-clash-champions-2017-live-review-aj-styles-vs-jinder-mahal-wwe-championship-kevin-owens-sami-zayn-put-wwe-careers-line-vs-randy-orton-shinsuke-nak/|title=Powell's WWE Clash of Champions 2017 live review: AJ Styles vs. Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship, Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn put their WWE careers on the line vs. Randy Orton and Shinsuke Nakamura with Shane McMahon and Daniel Bryan as referees|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=December 17, 2017}}</ref> After Mahal lost his rematch, he continued his feud with Styles for the WWE Championship at live events throughout December and January, albeit without success.<ref>{{cite web|title=12/29 WWE Live Results: Albany and Hershey (Reigns vs. Cena, Styles vs. Mahal)|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-live-events/95429-12-29-wwe-live-results-albany-and-hershey-reigns-vs-cena-styles-vs-mahal/|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 9, 2018|date=December 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=12/30 WWE Live Results: Toronto, Canada|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-live-events/95437-12-30-wwe-live-results-toronto-and-tampa-reigns-vs-joe-styles-mahal-cena/|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 9, 2018|date=December 31, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1/14 WWE Live Results: Hidalgo, Texas (Fatal Five Way main event match headlines)|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-live-events/96199-wwe-live-results-hidalgo-january-14-2018/|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 9, 2018|date=January 15, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
After dropping the WWE Championship, Mahal was quickly inserted into the [[WWE United States Championship|United States Championship]] picture after previous champion Dolph Ziggler vacated the title on the December 19 episode of ''SmackDown Live''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/95068-wwe-smackdown-results-december-19-2017/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 12/19/17 (Clash of Champions fallout, Six Man Tag)|date=December 19, 2017|last=Martin|first=Adam|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> He competed in an eight-man tournament to crown a new champion, defeating [[Shawn Spears|Tye Dillinger]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/95295-wwe-smackdown-results-december-26-2017/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 12/26/17 (WWE Championship, Royal Rumble hype)|date=December 26, 2017|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> and [[Xavier Woods]] in the first round and semi-finals, respectively. The Singh Brothers attacked [[Bobby Roode]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/96339-wwe-smackdown-results-january-16-2018/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 1/16/18 (US Title Tournament, Six Women's Tag Match)|date=January 16, 2018|last=Martin|first=Adam|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> The following week, Mahal lost to Roode in the finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/96778-wwe-smackdown-results-january-23-2018/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 1/23/18 (Final hype for Royal Rumble, Six Man Tag Match)|date=January 23, 2018|last=Martin|first=Adam|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> At the [[Royal Rumble (2018)|Royal Rumble]] on January 28, Mahal entered the Rumble match at number 17, eliminating [[Big E (wrestler)|Big E]] and Xavier Woods and before being eliminated by [[Kofi Kingston]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Benigno|first=Anthony|title=Shinsuke Nakamura won the 2018 Men's Royal Rumble Match|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/2018/30-man-royal-rumble-match-results|publisher=WWE|access-date=January 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Full 2018 30-Man Royal Rumble Match statistics: entrants, eliminations, times and more|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/article/2018-royal-rumble-statistics-entrants-eliminations|publisher=WWE|access-date=January 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WWE Royal Rumble 2018 live review: Men's and Women's Royal Rumble matches, Brock Lesnar vs. Braun Strowman vs. Kane for the WWE Universal Championship, AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn in a handicap match for the WWE Championship|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/01/28/wwe-royal-rumble-2018-live-review-mens-womens-royal-rumble-matches-brock-lesnar-vs-braun-strowman-vs-kane-wwe-universal-championship-aj-styles-vs-kevin-owens-sami-zayn-han/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=January 28, 2018|date=January 28, 2018}}</ref> On the February 20 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', Mahal got into a brawl with Bobby Roode and Randy Orton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/98405-wwe-smackdown-results-february-20-2018/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 2/20/18 (New Day vs. Gable and Benjamin, Six Woman Tag Match)|date=February 20, 2018|last=Martin|first=Adam|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> After defeating both Roode and Orton,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/98789-wwe-smackdown-results-february-27-2018/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 2/27/18 (John Cena returns to Smackdown, Zayn vs. Corbin)|date=February 27, 2018|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/99620-wwe-smackdown-results-march-13-2018/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 3/13/18 (Shane McMahon WrestleMania announcement)|date=March 3, 2018|last=Martin|first=Adam|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> Mahal demanded that he should be United States Champion on the [[Fastlane (2018)|Fastlane]] preshow.<ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WWE Fastlane Kickoff Show live review: Shelton Benjamin, Chad Gable, and Mojo Rawley vs. Tye Dillinger, Fandango, and Tyler Breeze|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/03/11/wwe-fastlane-kickoff-show-live-review/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=March 11, 2018|date=March 11, 2018}}</ref> When Orton won the United States Championship later that night, Mahal came out to taunt him but both Mahal and Orton received a ''[[DDT (professional wrestling)#Lifting DDT|Glorious DDT]]'' by former champion, Bobby Roode.<ref>{{cite web|last=Benigno|first=Anthony|title=Randy Orton def. Bobby Roode to become the new United States Champion|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwefastlane/2018/bobby-roode-randy-orton-results|publisher=WWE|access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WWE Fastlane 2018 live review: AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens vs. Sami Zayn vs. Baron Corbin vs. Dolph Ziggler vs. John Cena in a six-way for the WWE Championship, The Usos vs. New Day for the Smackdown Tag Titles, Charlotte Flair vs. Ruby Riott for the Smackdown Women's Championship|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/03/11/wwe-fastlane-2018-live-review-aj-styles-vs-kevin-owens-vs-sami-zayn-vs-baron-corbin-vs-dolph-ziggler-vs-john-cena-six-way-wwe-championship-usos-vs-new-day-sm/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=March 11, 2018|date=March 11, 2018}}</ref> On the March 20 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', Orton was scheduled to defend the United States Championship at [[WrestleMania 34]] in a triple threat against Mahal and Roode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/99957-wwe-smackdown-results-march-20-2018/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 3/20/18 (Daniel Bryan returns, Hype for WrestleMania 34)|date=March 20, 2018|last=Martin|first=Adam|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> The following week, Mahal teamed with Rusev to defeat Roode and Orton, leading to Rusev being added to the title match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/100387-wwe-smackdown-results-march-27-2018/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 3/27/18 (Daniel Bryan fallout, WrestleMania two weeks away)|date=March 27, 2018|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Benigno|first=Anthony|title=United States Champion Randy Orton vs. Bobby Roode vs. Jinder Mahal vs. Rusev (Fatal 4-Way Match)|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/wrestlemania-34/randy-orton-vs-bobby-roode-vs-jinder-mahal-rusev|publisher=WWE|access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref> At WrestleMania 34, Mahal pinned Rusev to capture the United States Championship.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pappolla|first=Ryan|title=Jinder Mahal def. Randy Orton, Rusev and Bobby Roode to win the United States Championship|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/wrestlemania-34/randy-orton-bobby-roode-jinder-mahal-rusev-results|publisher=WWE|access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=Powell's WrestleMania 34 live review: AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship, Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship, Charlotte Flair vs. Asuka for the Smackdown Women's Championship, Ronda Rousey and Kurt Angle vs. Triple H and Stephanie McMahon|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/04/08/powells-wrestlemania-34-live-review-aj-styles-vs-shinsuke-nakamura-for-the-wwe-championship-brock-lesnar-vs-roman-reigns-for-the-wwe-universal-championship-charlotte-flair-vs-as/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=April 8, 2018|date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> On April 16, as part of [[2018 WWE Superstar Shake-up|Superstar Shake-up]], Mahal was traded back to Raw, taking the United States Championship with him. On the same night, though, he lost the championship to [[Jeff Hardy]], ending his reign at just 8 days.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Powell|first1=Jason|title=WWE Raw Live TV Review: The Superstar Shakeup Night One, Sasha Banks vs. Bayley, Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt vs. The Revival for a shot at the vacant Raw Tag Titles|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/04/16/wwe-raw-live-tv-review-the-superstar-shakeup-night-one-sasha-banks-vs-bayley-matt-hardy-and-bray-wyatt-vs-the-revival-for-a-shot-at-the-vacant-raw-tag-titles/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=April 16, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> On April 27 at [[WWE Greatest Royal Rumble|Greatest Royal Rumble]] event, Mahal failed to win back the United States Championship from Hardy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Melok|first1=Bobby|title=United States Champion Jeff Hardy def. Jinder Mahal|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/greatest-royal-rumble/2018/jeff-hardy-jinder-mahal-results|work=WWE|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Brand switches and injuries (2018–2020) ====<br />
[[File:Jinder mahal mania 34 (cropped).jpeg|thumb|right|Mahal at [[WrestleMania 34]]]]<br />
On the May 7 episode of ''Raw'', after defeating [[Chad Gable]], Mahal was denied entry into the triple threat [[Money in the Bank ladder match|Money in the Bank]] qualifying match by General Manager [[Kurt Angle]], which led to Mahal interfering and costing [[Roman Reigns]] the match later that night.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-raw-results/103879-may-7-2018-mitb-qualifying-matches-uniondale/|title=WWE RAW Results – 5/7/18 (Two Triple Threat Money in the Bank Qualifying Matches)|work=WrestleView|first=Mike|last=Tedesco|date=May 7, 2018|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> The following week, Mahal was scheduled to compete in another triple threat Money in the Bank qualifying match against [[Bobby Lashley]] and [[Elias (wrestler)|Elias]], but he was attacked by Reigns before the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/05/14/5-14-wwe-raw-results-kellers-report-and-analysis-of-jax-vs-rousey-title-match-announcement-and-latest-money-in-the-bank-developments/|title=5/14 WWE RAW RESULTS: Keller's report and analysis of Jax vs. Rousey title match announcement and latest Money in the Bank developments|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|first=Wade|last=Keller|date=May 14, 2018|access-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref> At [[Money in the Bank (2018)|Money in the Bank]], Mahal lost to Reigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/moneyinthebank/2018/roman-reigns-jinder-mahal-results|title=Roman Reigns def. Jinder Mahal|work=WWE|first=Anthony|last=Benigno|date=June 17, 2018|access-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref><br />
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The night after on ''Raw'', Mahal returned as the "man who comes in peace" and defeated Chad Gable.<ref>{{cite web |title=WWE RAW Results – 6/18/18 (Fallout from Money in the Bank, Ronda Rousey advertised) |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-raw-results/107177-june-18-2018-mitb-fallout-ronda-rousey-grand-rapids/ |website=WrestleView |access-date=June 29, 2018|date=June 18, 2018 }}</ref> In July, Mahal was inserted into the feud between [[Braun Strowman]] and [[Kevin Owens]], defeating Strowman via countout and disqualification after distractions from Owens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2018-07-30/article/jinder-mahal-def-braun-strowman-via-count-out|title=Jinder Mahal def. Braun Strowman via Count-out|work=WWE|first=Anthony|last=Benigno|date=July 30, 2018|access-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2018-08-06/article/jinder-mahal-def-braun-strowman-via-disqualification|title=Jinder Mahal def. Braun Strowman via Disqualification|work=WWE|first=Anthony|last=Benigno|date=August 6, 2018|access-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref> On the August 13 episode of ''Raw'', Mahal and Owens were defeated by Strowman and [[Finn Bálor]] when Strowman pinned Mahal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-raw-results/111578-august-13-greensboro-go-home-show-summerslam/|title=WWE RAW Results – 8/13/18 (Triple Threat for RAW Tag Titles, SummerSlam go home)|work=WrestleView|first=Mike|last=Tedesco|date=August 13, 2018|access-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref> Starting in September Mahal competed in the second iteration of the [[WWE Mixed Match Challenge]], teaming with [[Alicia Fox]] as "Mahalicia". The duo lost all of their matches save for the final one, in which they defeated [[Bobby Roode]] and [[Natalya Neidhart|Natalya]], to advance to the playoffs as the lowest ranked team on ''Raw''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-mixed-match-challenge/2018-11-20/article/natalya-bobby-roode-jinder-mahal-alicia-fox-results|title=Alicia Fox & Jinder Mahal def. Bobby Roode & Natalya|work=WWE|date=November 20, 2018|access-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref> In the quarterfinals they upset the highest-ranked team of [[Curt Hawkins]] and [[Ember Moon]], after Mahal pinned Hawkins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-mixed-match-challenge/2018-11-27/article/jinder-mahal-alicia-fox-curt-hawkins-ember-moon-results|title=Jinder Mahal & Alicia Fox def. Curt Hawkins & Ember Moon|work=WWE|first=Michael|last=Burdick|date=November 27, 2018|access-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref> Mahal and Fox qualified for the finals by defeating [[Apollo Crews]] and [[Bayley (wrestler)|Bayley]] in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-mixed-match-challenge/2018-12-11/article/jinder-mahal-alicia-fox-apollo-crews-bayley-results|title=Jinder Mahal & Alicia Fox def. Apollo Crews & Bayley|work=WWE|first=Anthony|last=Benigno|date=December 11, 2018|access-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref> At the [[TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2018)|TLC]] pay-per-view on December 16, Mahal and Fox lost the final to [[R-Truth]] and [[Carmella (wrestler)|Carmella]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Burdick|first1=Michael|title=Carmella & R-Truth def. Jinder Mahal & Alicia Fox to win Season 2 of Mixed Match Challenge|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwetlc/2018/r-truth-carmella-jinder-mahal-alicia-fox-results|work=WWE|access-date=December 16, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
On January 27, 2019, Mahal participated in the [[Royal Rumble (2019)|Royal Rumble]] match, entering at number 7, before being eliminated by [[Johnny Gargano]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=Powell's WWE Royal Rumble 2019 live review: Men's and Women's Royal Rumble matches, Brock Lesnar vs. Finn Balor for the WWE Universal Championship, Daniel Bryan vs. AJ Styles for the WWE Championship, Ronda Rousey vs. Sasha Banks for the Raw Women's Championship|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/01/27/powells-wwe-royal-rumble-2019-live-review-mens-and-womens-royal-rumble-matches-brock-lesnar-vs-finn-balor-for-the-wwe-universal-championship-daniel-bryan-vs-aj-styles-for-the-wwe-championsh/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=January 27, 2019|date=January 27, 2019}}</ref> At [[WrestleMania 35]], Mahal competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but failed to win.<ref name="preWM35">{{cite web|last1=Powell|first1=Jason|title=WrestleMania 35 Kickoff Show results: Powell's live review of the Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, WWE Women's Battle Royal, Buddy Murphy vs. Tony Nese for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/04/07/wrestlemania-35-kickoff-show-results-powells-live-review-of-the-andre-the-giant-memorial-battle-royal-wwe-womens-battle-royal-buddy-murphy-vs-tony-nese-for-the-wwe-cruiserweight-championship/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=April 7, 2019|date=April 7, 2019}}</ref> As part of [[2019 WWE Superstar Shake-up|Superstar Shake-up]], Mahal was moved to the SmackDown brand.<ref name="SmackDown04232019">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/04/23/4-23-wwe-smackdown-live-results-powells-review-of-kofi-kingston-vs-shinsuke-nakamura-in-a-non-title-match-becky-lynch-and-charlotte-flair-meet-face-to-face-for-the-first-time-since-wrestlemania-3/|title=4/23 WWE Smackdown Live results: Powell's review of Kofi Kingston vs. Shinsuke Nakamura in a non-title match, Becky Lynch and Charlotte Flair meet face to face for the first time since WrestleMania 35, fallout from Roman Reigns punching Vince McMahon and the Superstar Shakeup |date=April 23, 2019|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> In his first match back on the April 23 episode of ''SmackDown'', he was scheduled to face Chad Gable, but the latter was blindsided by [[Lars Sullivan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Pappolla|first=Ryan|title=Lars Sullivan once again demolished several Superstars|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/2019-04-23/article/lars-sullivan-destroyed-several-superstars|work=WWE|access-date=April 23, 2019}}</ref> On June 2, Mahal captured the [[WWE 24/7 Championship|24/7 Championship]] after pinning champion R-Truth on a golf course, but dropped the title right back to Truth immediately afterwards due to a distraction by Carmella.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bristout|first=Ralph|title=R-Truth regains the 24/7 Title after golf course scrap with Jinder Mahal|url=https://www.wwe.com/article/r-truth-regains-the-24-7-title-after-golf-course-scrap-with-jinder-mahal|work=WWE|access-date=June 2, 2019}}</ref> Four days later, he defeated Truth for the title by pinning him on an airport tarmac, becoming a two-time 24/7 Champion,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/videos/r-truth-loses-the-24-7-title-on-the-airport-tarmac|title=R-Truth loses the 24/7 Title at the airport|via=www.wwe.com}}</ref> but Truth won the title back hours later when he pinned a sleeping Mahal inside of the airplane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/videos/r-truth-pins-a-sleeping-jinder-mahal-on-an-airplane-to-win-the-24-7-title|title=R-Truth catches Jinder Mahal napping to reclaim the 24/7 Title|via=www.wwe.com}}</ref> On June 28, WWE announced that Mahal suffered a knee injury and it was reported that the injury would sideline him for six to twelve months.<ref name="injury">{{cite web|last=Wortman|first=James|title=Jinder Mahal undergoes knee surgery|url=https://www.wwe.com/article/jinder-mahal-patellar-tendon-surgery|work=WWE|access-date=June 28, 2019}}</ref> As part of the [[2019 WWE Draft|2019 draft]], Mahal was drafted to the Raw brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/article/full-2019-wwe-draft-results|title=See all the results from the 2019 WWE Draft|date=October 11, 2019|author=[[WWE]].com Staff|work=[[WWE]].com|access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref> On the April 27, 2020, episode of ''Raw'', Mahal returned from injury, now sporting a shaved head, defeating [[Akira Tozawa]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|date=April 27, 2020|title=4/27 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of the Drew McIntyre and Seth Rollins contract signing for the WWE Championship match at Money in the Bank, Shayna Baszler vs. Nia Jax vs. Asuka in a Triple Threat|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/04/27/4-27-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-the-drew-mcintyre-and-seth-rollins-contract-signing-for-the-wwe-championship-match-at-money-in-the-bank-shayna-baszler-vs-nia-jax-vs-asuka-in-a-triple/|access-date=April 27, 2020|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 27, 2020|title=Raw results, April 27, 2020|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2020-04-27|access-date=April 28, 2020|work=[[WWE]]}}</ref> A month later, it was revealed that Mahal underwent another surgery to fix complications in his knee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jinder Mahal sidelined after undergoing knee surgery|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/06/05/jinder-mahal-sidelined-after-undergoing-knee-surgery/|access-date=June 29, 2020|website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=June 5, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Various alliances (2021–present) ====<br />
After a nine-month absence, Mahal appeared at the [[Superstar Spectacle]] on January 26, 2021, reuniting with The Singh Brothers but lost to [[Drew McIntyre]] and Indus Sher ([[Rinku Singh (wrestler)|Rinku]] and [[Saurav Gurjar|Saurav]]) in a six-man tag team match. He returned again on the May 3 episode of ''[[WWE Main Event|Main Event]]'', being accompanied by [[Dilsher Shanky|Shanky]] and [[Rinku Singh (wrestler)|Veer]], where he defeated [[Jeff Hardy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wrestlingworld.co/news/jinder-mahal-returns-to-in-ring-action-on-wwe-main-event-defeats-jeff-hardy/|title = Jinder Mahal Returns to In-Ring Action on WWE Main Event, Defeats Jeff Hardy|date = May 4, 2021}}</ref> In June, Mahal would begin with a feud with Drew McIntyre after Mahal took to question with the amount of title opportunities he had received over the past year. At [[Money in the Bank (2021)|Money in the Bank]], Mahal interfered in the titular match attacking McIntyre with Shanky and Veer carrying him away from the match. The following night on ''Raw'', Mahal, Shanky, and Veer gloated about costing McIntyre the match only for McIntyre to attack all three with a [[steel chair]].<ref name="Raw07192021">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/07/19/7-19-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-john-cenas-show-opening-segment-fans-return-charlotte-flair-coronation-symphony-of-destruction-match-six-man-tag-match-the-money-in-the-bank-fallo/|title=7/19 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of John Cena's show opening segment, fans return, Charlotte Flair coronation, Symphony of Destruction match, six-man tag match, the Money in the Bank fallout edition|date=July 19, 2021|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> At [[SummerSlam (2021)|SummerSlam]], Mahal lost to McIntyre.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laboon|first=Jeff|title=Drew McIntyre def. Jinder Mahal|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/2021/drew-mcintyre-vs-jinder-mahal-results|work=WWE|date=August 21, 2021|access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
As part of the [[2021 WWE Draft|2021 Draft]], both Mahal and Shanky were drafted to the [[SmackDown (WWE brand)|SmackDown brand]] while Veer remained on the [[Raw (WWE brand)|Raw brand]], ending their alliance with Veer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/article/latest-wwe-draft-results-2021|title = See all the results from the 2021 Draft}}</ref><ref name="Raw10042021">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/04/10-4-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-the-wwe-draft-night-two-goldberg-returns-the-build-to-wwe-crown-jewel-continues/|title=10/4 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of the WWE Draft night two, Goldberg returns, the build to WWE Crown Jewel continues|date=October 4, 2021|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=October 5, 2021}}</ref> In October, Mahal entered the [[King of the Ring (2021)|King of the Ring]] tournament, where he defeated [[Kofi Kingston]] in the first round, but lost to [[Xavier Woods]] in the semi-finals.<ref name="Raw10112021">{{cite web|last1=Powell |first1=Jason |title=10/11 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of Becky Lynch and Charlotte Flair vs. Bianca Belair and Sasha Banks, WWE Champion Big E and Drew McIntyre meet face to face, King of the Ring and Queen's Crown opening round matches |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/11/10-11-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-becky-lynch-and-charlotte-flair-vs-bianca-belair-and-sasha-banks-wwe-champion-big-e-and-drew-mcintyre-meet-face-to-face-king-of-the-ring-and-queens/ |work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net |access-date=October 12, 2021 |date=October 11, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Raw10182021">{{cite web|last1=Powell|first1=Jason|title=10/18 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of Charlotte Flair vs. Bianca Belair for the Raw Women's Championship, Shayna Baszler vs. Doudrop in a Queen's Crown semifinal match, Xavier Woods vs. Jinder Mahal in a KOTR semifinal match, final hype for Crown Jewel|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/18/10-18-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-charlotte-flair-vs-bianca-belair-for-the-raw-womens-championship-shayna-baszler-vs-doudrop-in-a-queens-crown-semifinal-match-xavier-woods-vs-ji/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=October 19, 2021|date=October 18, 2021}}</ref> At [[Survivor Series (2021)|Survivor Series]], Mahal would be a part of [[Dwayne Johnson|The Rock's 25th anniversary battle royal]], but was eliminated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Omos is the last man standing in the 25-man Dual-Brand Battle Royal|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/survivor-series/survivor-series-2021/25-man-dual-brand-battle-royal-results|access-date=November 25, 2021|website=WWE|language=en}}</ref> On the April 15, 2022, edition of ''SmackDown'', Mahal would challenge [[Ricochet (wrestler)|Ricochet]] for the Intercontinental Championship but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wrestlingnews.co/wwe-news/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-for-july-15-2022|title=WWE Friday Night SmackDown Results for July 15,2022|last=Curtie|first=Billy|website=Wrestlingnews.co|date=July 15, 2022|access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
At [[NXT: New Year's Evil (2023)|New Year's Evil]] on January 10, 2023, Mahal returned to NXT for the first time since 2012, aligning himself with Indus Sher (Veer and [[Saurav Gurjar|Sanga]]) by attacking [[The Creed Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Moore|first=John|title=1/10 NXT TV results: Moore's review of New Year's Evil featuring Bron Breakker vs. Grayson Waller for the NXT Title, 20-woman battle royal for a shot at the NXT Women's Title, The Creed Brothers vs. Indus Sher, Dijak vs. Tony D'Angelo, Charlie Dempsey vs. Hank Walker, gauntlet match for an NXT Tag Team Title shot|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/01/10/1-10-nxt-tv-results-moores-review-of-new-years-evil-featuring-bron-breakker-vs-grayson-waller-for-the-nxt-title-20-woman-battle-royal-for-a-shot-at-the-nxt-womens-title-the-creed-brothers-vs/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=January 10, 2023|access-date=January 11, 2023}}</ref> On the February 21 episode of ''NXT,'' Mahal challenged [[Bron Breakker]] for the [[NXT Championship]] in a losing effort. As part of the [[2023 WWE Draft]], Mahal returned to the main roster as Indus Sher collectively was drafted to the [[Raw (WWE brand)|Raw]] [[WWE brand extension|brand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/article/latest-wwe-draft-results-2023|title = See all the results from the 2023 Draft|publisher=WWE|date=April 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Keller |first1=Wade |title=5/1 WWE Monday Night Raw Results: Keller's report on WWE Draft, Riddle vs. Uso, Judgment Day vs. LWO mixed tag, Lesnar, Cody |url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/05/01/5-1-wwe-monday-night-raw-results-kellers-report-on-wwe-draft-riddle-vs-uso-judgment-day-vs-lwo-mixed-tag-lesnar-cody/ |access-date=May 1, 2023 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |date=May 1, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Other media ==<br />
Dhesi, as Jinder Mahal, appears in the wrestling video games ''[[WWE '13]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/thq/wwe-13/wwe-13-playable-characters-part-one-photos#fid-26089985|title="WWE '13" playable characters part one|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K14]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/2k/wwe-2k14/wwe-2k14-full-roster-revealed|title='WWE 2K14' full roster revealed|publisher=[[WWE]]|date=September 19, 2013|access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K18]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/section/wwe-2k18/article/wwe-2k18-roster-playable-character-list|title=WWE 2K18 roster: Meet the Superstars joining the list of playable characters|publisher=[[WWE]]|date=September 27, 2017|access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K19]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nordic.ign.com/m/xbox-one-gaming-hardware/18381/news/wwe-2k19-roster-reveal-75-playable-superstars-announced |title=WWE 2K19 Roster Reveal: 75 Playable Superstars Announced |last=Fowler |first=Matt |website=[[IGN]] |date=August 30, 2018}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K20]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.ign.com/india/140406/news/wwe-2k20-roster-revealed|title=WWE 2K20 Roster Revealed|last=Doke|first=Shunal|website=[[IGN]]|date=October 11, 2019}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K22]]'' and ''[[WWE 2K23]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/wwe-2k22-wrestlers|title=WWE 2K22 wrestlers list sorted by Raw, Smackdown, AEW and more|last=Wilson|first=Ben|date=July 6, 2022|website=[[GamesRadar+]]|access-date=July 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720065821/https://www.gamesradar.com/wwe-2k22-wrestlers/|archive-date=July 20, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2021, Dhesi announced he was joining the cast of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] drama series ''[[Big Sky (American TV series)|Big Sky]]''.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1461049109184405520|user=JinderMahal|title=The Maharaja has joined the cast of @BigSkyABC season 2 as Dhruv. Starting Tomorrow and every Thurs at 10/9C PM on…|date=November 17, 2021}}</ref> He debuted on the 22nd episode ("Heart-shaped Charm") as Dhruv, the enforcer of Ren's brother Jag. Through April 7, 2022, he has appeared in 9 episodes of Big Sky.<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Dhesi is an [[Indo-Canadian]] from [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] and currently resides in [[Tampa]], [[Florida]], [[United States]]. He is fluent in [[English language|English]] and his family's native [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] of [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name=slam/> Dhesi follows a [[straight edge]] lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleedingcool.com/movies/hey-ryback-straight-edge-jinder-mahal-says-consistency-not-roids-got-stunning-physique/|title=Hey Ryback: Straight-Edge Jinder Mahal Says Consistency, Not Roids, Got Him His Stunning Physique|date=May 13, 2017|accessdate=April 20, 2023|work=[[Bleeding Cool]]|author=Terror, Jude}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dhesi is friends with [[mixed martial artist]] and fellow [[Indo-Canadian]], [[Arjan Bhullar]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lynch |first1=James |last2=Sapp |first2=Sean Ross |title=Exclusive: UFC's Arjan Bhullar Talks Friendship With Jinder Mahal, Possible Move To WWE, Upcoming Fight {{!}} Fightful News |url=https://www.fightful.com/mma/exclusives/exclusive-ufc-s-arjan-bhullar-talks-friendship-jinder-mahal-possible-move-wwe-upcoming-fight |access-date=January 13, 2020 |work=www.fightful.com |date=April 4, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He is also good friends with American professional wrestler [[Heath Slater|Heath]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wwe-news-heath-slater-discusses-if-he-still-talks-with-jinder-mahal-and-drew-mcintyre|title=WWE News: Heath Slater discusses if he still talks with Jinder Mahal and Drew McIntyre<br />
|author=Bennett, Jeremy|work=Sportskeedaa|date=November 16, 2017|access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref> and Scottish professional wrestler [[Drew McIntyre]], and was a groomsman at McIntyre's wedding.<br />
<br />
In 2017, Canadian politician [[Graham Sucha]] tabled three documents before the Assembly, formally congratulating Dhesi for winning the WWE Championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE News: Canada recognises Jinder Mahal's title win in Alberta Legislature|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wwe-news-canada-recognises-jinder-mahals-title-win-alberta-legislature|website=Sportskeeda|access-date=May 26, 2017|date=May 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian politicians really like honoring wrestlers for winning WWE titles|url=http://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/canadian-politicians-really-like-congratulating-wrestlers-on-winning-wwe-titles/|website=CBSSports.com|date=May 24, 2017 |access-date=May 26, 2017|language=en}}</ref> During the [[2019 Canadian federal election]], Dhesi endorsed [[Jagmeet Singh]] of the [[New Democratic Party]] for [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2019/10/17/ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-hopes-for-lift-from-drakes-producer-as-he-hosts-final-ontario-campaign-rally-in-brampton.html|title=NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh returns to 905 community that launched his political career|author=Ballingal, Alex|work=The Star|date=October 17, 2019|access-date=October 21, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Championships and accomplishments ==<br />
[[File:Jinder Mahal and Singh Bro (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mahal is a former [[WWE Championship|WWE Champion]]...]]<br />
[[File:Jinder Mahal US champ WM34 crop.jpg|thumb|200px|...and a former [[WWE United States Championship|United States Champion]].]]<br />
* '''All-Star Wrestling'''<br />
** ASW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Gama Singh Jr.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2357|title=ASW Tag Team Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=October 24, 2014|access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref><br />
* '''Continental Wrestling Entertainment'''<br />
** CWE Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref name="auto"/><br />
* '''[[Prairie Wrestling Alliance]]'''<br />
** PWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with [[Raj Singh (wrestler)|Gama Singh Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2644|title=PWA Canadian Tag Team Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=October 20, 2007|access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref><br />
** PWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2642|title=PWA Heavyweight Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=July 4, 2009|access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref><br />
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''<br />
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Most Hated Wrestler of the Year|Most Hated Wrestler of the Year]] (2017)<ref name="PWI Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html|title=PWI Awards|work=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]|publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]]|access-date=April 11, 2018|archive-date=January 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121172943/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Most Improved Wrestler of the Year|Most Improved Wrestler of the Year]] (2017)<ref name="PWI Awards"/><br />
** Ranked No. 14 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]]'' in 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=97&nr=230#2018|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2018|access-date=October 1, 2018|work=cagematch.net}}</ref><br />
* '''''[[Rolling Stone]]'''''<br />
** Comeback of the Year (2017)<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Herzog|first=Kenny|title=WWE Wrestler of the Year: The Miz|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-sports/wwe-wrestler-of-the-year-the-miz-116075/|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=September 24, 2020}}</ref><br />
* '''[[Stampede Wrestling]]'''<br />
** [[Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship]] ([[Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship#Title history|2 times]]) – with Gama Singh Jr.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=175|title=Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=March 4, 2005|access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref><br />
*'''''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'''''<br />
**[[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Overrated|Most Overrated]] (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-radio/wor-2017-wrestling-observer-newsletter-awards-discussion-and-more-253601|title=WOR: 2017 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards Discussion and More!|last=Alvarez|first=Bryan|author-link=Bryan Alvarez|date=March 15, 2018|access-date=March 15, 2018|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref><br />
* '''''[[WrestleCrap]]'''''<br />
** [[WrestleCrap#Gooker Award|Gooker Award (2017)]] – {{small|Winning the [[WWE Championship]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Induction: Jinder Mahal, WWE Champion – THE 2017 Gooker Award Winner (For Real This Time)|url=http://wrestlecrap.com/inductions/jinder-mahal-gooker-2017/|website=WrestleCrap|access-date=April 29, 2018|date=January 19, 2018}}</ref><br />
* '''[[WWE]]'''<br />
** [[WWE Championship]] ([[List of WWE Champions|1 time]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwe-championship|title=WWE Championship|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=May 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=20|title=WWE Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=May 21, 2017|access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref><br />
** [[WWE United States Championship]] ([[List of WWE United States Champions|1 time]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/unitedstates|title=United States Championship|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=62|title=WWE United States Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=April 8, 2018|access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref><br />
** [[WWE 24/7 Championship]] ([[WWE 24/7 Championship#Reigns|2 times]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/24-7-championship|title=WWE 24/7 Championship|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=May 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=4219|title=WWE 24/7 Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=June 2, 2019|access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{WWE superstar}}<br />
* {{twitter}}<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
* {{Professional wrestling profiles}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185938/http://www.igf.jp/fighter/raj-singh/ Raj Singh]'s [[Inoki Genome Federation]] profile {{in lang|ja}}<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions]]</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davinder_Singh_Jass&diff=426881Davinder Singh Jass2023-09-10T06:35:42Z<p>Tisha30475: Article formed.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian army officer}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]<br />
| name = Davinder Singh Jass<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Kirti Chakra|Kirti Chakra (KC) ]]<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1983|9|29}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| death_place = [[Sopore]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|2|23|1983|9|29|df=yes}}<br />
| branch = {{army|India}}<br />
| serviceyears = 2007–2010<br />
| servicenumber = IC-70151W<br />
| rank = [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|15px]] [[Army ranks and insignia of India#Officers|Captain]]<br />
| awards = {{flagicon image|Kirti_Chakra_ribbon.svg|20px]}} [[Kirti Chakra]]<br />
| unit = [[Para (Special Forces)|1 Para (SF)]]<br />
| allegiance = {{flag|India|name=Republic of India}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{unbulletedlist|[[GLA University]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]])|[[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad|IIIT Allahabad]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]; unfinished)|[[Indian Military Academy]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Davinder Singh Jass''' {{Post-nominals|country=IND|KC}} (29 September 1983 – 23 February 2010) was an [[Indian Army]] [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]. He was posthumously awarded the [[Kirti Chakra]], India's second highest peacetime [[Military awards and decorations|military decoration]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3576 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref> He was a [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] of [[Para (Special Forces)|1 Para (Special Forces)]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Davinder Singh Jass was born on 29 September 1983 to Dalbir Kaur and Bhupinder Singh Jass, a former general manager of [[Dabur|Dabur India]], in [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He had an elder sister Harpreet Kaur Jass, who is a professor in [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A mother waits: He told me he would be home for Holi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/a-mother-waits-he-told-me-he-would-be-home-for-holi/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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After his schooling in Guru Harkrishan Public School, [[India Gate]], [[New Delhi]], he got a [[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]] in [[Computer science|Computer Science]] from [[GLA University]], [[Mathura]]. He then enrolled for an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] in [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad|IIIT Allahabad]] in 2006. He had secured a job at [[Deloitte]], but after qualifying to join the army on his second attempt, he joined the [[Indian Military Academy]], just a few months before getting his MBA degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capt Jass chose army over MNC job |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/capt-jass-chose-army-over-mnc-job-68116-2010-02-24 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Military career ==<br />
Jass was commissioned into [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Corps of Signals]] on 10 December 2007. He was inducted into the elite [[Para (Special Forces)|1]] [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] in January 2009, and he successfully cleared his probation on 11 April 2009. He was later posted to [[Kupwara]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in November 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka Chakra to (Late) Major Laishram Jyotin Singh <br>Two Kirti Chakras (Posthumous) also Awarded |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=64772 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Captain Devinder Singh Jass KC |url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/captain-devinder-singh-jass-kc-2/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Honourpoint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== Sopore encounter ==<br />
On 22 February 2010, the security forces received information from intelligence sources about the presence of militants in the Chinkipora area in [[Sopore]] in [[Baramulla district]]. In the wee hours of 23 February 2010, the [[Indian Army|Army]], the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police|Jammu and Kashmir police]], launched a joint search operation.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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As they initiated a house-to-house search, the militants hiding in three houses open fired, triggering a gun battle at about 5:30 am. Captain Jass, leading his team, tried to force his way into one of the houses. The militants lobbed grenades, after which the army lost contact with the officer. Later when a fellow officer contacted his mobile phone, the militants picked it up; and when offered a safe passage for his release, they said that he had already been killed. The official statement of both the army and the police was that Jass was not taken captive and was killed fighting the militants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain killed in Valley |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/captain-killed-in-valley/cid/546656 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sopore encounter: Pride in the midst of grief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sopore-encounter-pride-in-the-midst-of-grief-411522 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
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The encounter ended after nearly 15 hours; the Captain's body couldn't be retrieved till late in the evening. Other than Captain Jass, two soldiers of 1 Para, [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Selva Kumar and [[paratrooper]] Imtiaz Ahmad Thoker, were also killed. They both were posthumously awarded the [[Sena Medal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independence Day Gallantry Awards and other Decorations |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=64771 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]}}</ref> Among the slain militants, there were one each from [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], two from [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]], and one was a local militant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asia: Timeline (Terrorist Activities) -2010 |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/southasia-Feb-2010 |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP)}}</ref><br />
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== Kirti Chakra ==<br />
Captain Jass was awarded the Kirti Chakra, India's second highest peace-time military honour on 18 March 2011, at the Defence Investiture Ceremony, at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], in New Delhi. His mother Dalbir Kaur received the honour for her deceased son from the President of India, [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Kirti Chakra to Captain Davinder Singh Jas (posthumously), at the Defense Investiture Ceremony, in New Delhi on March 18, 2011. |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=122484202 |website=The Hindu Images}}</ref><br />
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{{quote|author=Gazette of India Notification|quote={{center|'''IC-70151 CAPTAIN DAVINDER SINGH JASS, 1ST BATTALION THE PARACHUTE REGIMENT (SPECIAL FORCES) (POSTHUMOUS)'''<br><br>}}<br />
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{{right|(Effective date of the award: 23 February 2010)<br>}}<br><br />
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Captain Davinder Singh Jass was leading his troop of Alfa Team in an operation in a village in Sopore district of Jammu & Kashmir.<br />
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On 23 February 2010, after receiving information of presence of terrorists in the village, a heavily congested built up area, Captain Davinder Singh Jass after carrying out meticulous planning moved to the area. While closing into the target area his leading squad came under heavy indiscriminate terrorist fire from multiple directions, injuring members of his squad. With utter disregard to personal safety he extricated one of his injured men to safety. Thereafter, the officer crawled forward and extricated the second buddy, however he sustained serious gun shot wounds. Unmindful of injuries, he continued engaging the terrorists and closed in to a terrorist. In a daring encounter he killed one terrorist in a fierce hand to hand combat before succumbing to his injuries.|source=<ref name=":1" />}}<br />
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== Legacy ==<br />
After the Captain's death, a road was named after him in Indirapuram,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIGNAGE BOARD OF KIRTI CHAKRA CAPT DAVINDER SINGH |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=160247476 |website=The Hindu Images}}</ref> the neighbourhood in Ghaziabad where his family lives, by the initiative of Trans Hindon residents’ association. There is also a gateway or ‘dwar’ outside their housing society, with his picture and name; which was built with the help of politician [[Amarpal Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oneness for all |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/oneness-for-all/article6839375.ece |access-date=2023-09-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In January 2023, [[V. K. Singh|Gen. (Retd.) V. K. Singh]] inaugurated a badminton and volleyball court in Nagar Nigam Balika Inter College, Indirapuram (Ghaziabad), constructed by Shaheed Captain Davinder Singh Jass Memorial Trust in the Captain's name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शहीद कैप्टन देवेंद्र सिंह जस्स के जीवन से प्रेरणा लेने का समय: वी के सिंह |trans-title=Time to take inspiration from the life of martyr Captain Devendra Singh Jass: VK Singh |url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2023/1/14/we-shoukd-take-encurrage-from-shaheeds.php |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.hindusthansamachar.in |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
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{{reflist}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jass, Davinder}}<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]<br />
[[Category:2010 deaths]]<br />
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{{Improve categories}}</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranna_Puja&diff=426242Ranna Puja2023-09-06T10:06:09Z<p>Tisha30475: </p>
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<div>'''Ranna Puja''' ({{lang-bn|রান্না পূজা}}) is a traditional [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festival]]. It is mainly celebrated in different regions of [[West Bengal]]. The ritual of cooking foods the night before the puja and eating (stale food) it the next day is ''Arandhan'' (Cooking is forbidden on that day).<ref name="Hindustantimes-Bangla"/><br />
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At present-day, the normal mood and customs of Arandhan festival have relaxed a lot due to the busyness of modern times. However, this festival is still widely celebrated in rural areas or [[Kolkata]]'s suburbs areas.<br />
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== Festival ==<br />
Ranna Puja is celebrated twice a year in [[West Bengal]]. Once on Sankranti in month of [[Bhadro|''Bhadro'']] or Mansa Puja and another, on Shitalashashti the day after Sripanchami or [[Saraswati puja|Saraswati Puja]] in month of [[Magh (Bengali calendar)|''Magh'']].<ref name="Hindustantimes-Bangla"/><br />
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=== Types of practice ===<br />
An integral part of Manasa Puja is the ''Arandhan'' or ''Ranna Puja''. Depending on the place in West Bengal, the [[Manasa]] and Ashtanag Puja begins on any Saturday or Tuesday and on every fifth day from Naga Panchami during the Bhadro month of Bengali calendar, and on Bhadro Sankranti, Manasa and Ashtanag Puja are completed and Bisarjan is performed. On that occasion ''Ranna Puja'' is celebrated on Sankranti as a ritual. This ''Ranna Puja'' is also known as ''Bhadroe Rendhe Ashvine Khaoa Utsab''.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |title=ভাদ্রে রেঁধে আশ্বিনে খাওয়ার উৎসব ‘অরন্ধন’, রইল তথ্য |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/lifestyle/tradition-and-rituals-of-ranna-puja-dgtl-1.865748 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=6 September 2023 |language=bn }}</ref><ref name="Aaj-Tak-Bangla">{{cite web |title=ভাদ্রে রেঁধে আশ্বিনে খাওয়া! কেন হয় রান্না পুজো? জানুন খুঁটিনাটি |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/ranna-pujo-2022-date-west-bengal-arandhan-puja-rituals-importance-celebrations-menu-vishwakarma-puja-ranna-pujo-kobe-ranna-pujor-menu-ranna-pujo-keno-hoy-bangla-soc-447270-2022-09-15 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |access-date=6 September 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn}}</ref> ''Ranna Puja'' celebrated on the day of Manasa Puja in Sankranti of [[Bhadro]] is called by many as ''Unun Puja Utsab''. When it is celebrated on the day of [[Vishwakarma Puja]], it is called "Buroranna".<ref name="Hindustantimes-Bangla">{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Anamika |title=ভাদ্রে রেঁধে আশ্বিনে খাওয়া, অরন্ধন উৎসব আর রান্না পুজো কাকে বলে |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/ranna-pujo-2022-what-is-arandhan-utsav-31661929551653.html |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |access-date=6 September 2023 |language=bn }}</ref><br />
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A ''Ranna Puja'' is held on the day after [[Saraswati puja|Saraswati Puja]] in the month of [[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magha]]. That day is Shital Shashti. ''Shilnora Puja'' is performed on that day, so no food is cooked.<ref name="Hindustantimes-Bangla"/><ref name="anandabazar2">{{cite web |title=গ্রামরক্ষায় শুক্লা সপ্তমীতে অরন্ধন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/bardhaman/villagers-did-not-made-food-as-its-a-part-of-custom-1.558734 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=6 September 2023 |location=Bardhaman |language=bn }}</ref><br />
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== Arrangements and materials ==<br />
''Pakshala'' or ''Ranna ghar'''s ''Unnan'' (oven) is the symbol of Mother Manasa. Hindu housewives keep Manasa pots with branches of shaluk ([[Nymphaeaceae#Fruit|Nymphaeaceae]]) and [[Opuntia dillenii|fanimana]] trees in a place in the kitchen for the welfare of the family and to get rid of the fear of snakes. On the eve of the puja, a portion of the various dishes is offered to the deity, that were cooked the day before. But the main ritual of this festival is to offer the best vegetables and fish of the season to the deity. [[Panta bhat]] is notable among stale foods. Those who are vegetarians have vegetarian cooking in their homes. But non-vegetarian cooking is prevalent in most households. [[Ilish]] and [[Prawn|shrimp]] are one of the seasonal fish among non-vegetarians. Devoutes women of Bengal read or listen to the vows of the goddess at the end of the puja.<ref name="News18-Bengali">{{cite web |last1=Roy Chowdhury |first1=Arpita |title=অরন্ধনের নিমন্ত্রণ: নারকেল দিয়ে চালকুমড়ো, ইলিশ কচুশাক-সহ পান্তা, চালতার টক |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/life-style/arandhan-vrat-is-an-age-old-ritual-in-bengali-household-arc-660213.html |website=News18 Bengali |access-date=6 September 2023 |language=bn }}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
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[[Category:Hindu festivals]]<br />
[[Category:Festivals in West Bengal]]</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aflatoon_(2023)&diff=394689Aflatoon (2023)2023-07-17T05:50:35Z<p>Tisha30475: Deepaksuhag09 moved page Aflatoon (2023) to Aflatoon (2023 film): Move to correct disambiguator. </p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Kavankarai]]</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udhan&diff=395174Udhan2023-07-13T03:14:21Z<p>Tisha30475: Produced a new article.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
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{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Udhan<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.03884|N|79.02739|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 3.712<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 730<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Udhan''' ([[Devanagari]]: उधन {{IAST|Udhan}}) is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 730, in 143 households.<br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
As of 2011, Udhan had a population of 730, in 143 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 56.1% male (411) and 43.7% female (319).<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 118 --> The 0-6 age group numbered 105 (67 male and 38 female), or 14.4% of the total population.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 118 --> 1 resident was a Scheduled Caste member, or 0.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|118-9}}<br />
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The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Udhan as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 345 people (174 male and 171 female), in 50 households and 35 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 896 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lviii}}<br />
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== Infrastructure ==<br />
As of 2011, Udhan had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 149-50 --> Drinking water was provided by well; there were no public toilets.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 151 --> The village had a public library but no post office; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 152, 4 --> Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 153 --><ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|149-54}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Mainpuri district}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satellite_Town_Ring_Road&diff=395098Satellite Town Ring Road2023-07-09T06:49:02Z<p>Tisha30475: Finished writing a new chapter.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Road in Bangalore, India}}<br />
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{{infobox road<br />
|country=IND<br />
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|route=948A<br />
|alternate_name=Satellite Town Ring Road<br />
|map = <br />
|map_custom = <br />
|length_km = 280<br />
|image = <br />
|image_notes = <br />
|direction_a=North<br />
|terminus_a= [[Devanahalli]]<br />
|junction=<br />
|direction_b=South<br />
|terminus_b= [[Hosur]]<br />
|formed= <br />
|history= <br />
|states= [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
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The '''Satellite Town Ring Road''' ('''STRR''',<ref>http://www.strr.tpa.gov.in/</ref> '''NH 948A''') is a {{convert|280.8|km|mi|adj=on}} ring road under construction around [[Bangalore]] city, the capital of [[Karnataka]] state in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/satellite-ring-road-eyes-march-2024-launch/articleshow/98741261.cms|title=Satellite Ring Road eyes March 2024 launch |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|first=Prakash|last=VL|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref> The project is being developed by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) under [[Bharatmala Pariyojana]]. The entire STRR project involves a length of {{convert|367|km|mi}} around Bengaluru that will connect the eight major satellite towns. Of this, NHAI will build {{convert|240|km|mi}} of expressway.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/coming-your-way-bids-for-satellite-town-ring-road-project/articleshow/66211957.cms</ref><br />
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The NHAI is targeting to complete the first phase, involving the {{convert|82|km|mi|adj=on}} stretch between Dobbspet and Ramanagara, in about three years. Another {{convert|30|km|mi|adj=on}} stretch between Dobbespet and Magadi is being built under K-SHIP.<br />
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The NHAI has divided the STRR project into three phases, said RK Suryawanshi, regional officer at NHAI, Bengaluru. The NHAI, he said, would take up Phase III ahead of Phase II. The second phase would be taken up next year. Another NHAI official said the 56-km Phase II has been kept on hold as it passes through the boundaries of eco-sensitive Bannerghatta National Park.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/coming-your-way-bids-for-satellite-town-ring-road-project/articleshow/66211957.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst</ref><br />
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== Project updates ==<br />
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has accorded terms of reference (ToR) for development of Satellite Town Ring Road (STRR) Phase-I.<br />
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The project envisages development of STRR Phase-I of NH-948A from Dobbaspete to Ramanagara (0.000 km to 82.200 km) 82.20 km in Ramanagara District, Karnataka.<br />
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S&P Infrastructure Developers – Skylark Infra Engineering JV Wins Bangalore Satellite Town Ring Road’s Package 2<br />
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Deadline is March 2024<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Inner Ring Road, Bangalore]]<br />
*[[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore]]<br />
*[[Bangalore–Mysore Infrastructure Corridor|NICE Road]]<br />
*[[Peripheral Ring Road]]<br />
*[[Regional Ring Road]]<br />
*[[List of longest ring roads]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==External Links==<br />
* https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/satellite-ring-road-eyes-march-2024-launch/articleshow/98741261.cms<br />
* https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/bangalore-realty-to-shine-brighter-in-2023-with-upcoming-infra/<br />
* https://www.projectstoday.com/News/ToR-accorded-for-Satellite-Town-Ring-Road-Phase-I<br />
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{{Indian Highways Network}}<br />
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[[Category:Ring roads in India]]<br />
[[Category:Roads in Bangalore]]<br />
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{{India-road-stub}}</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_of_Representatives&diff=388642United States House of Representatives2023-04-28T03:46:00Z<p>Tisha30475: Wrote an in-depth manuscript.</p>
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| legislature = [[118th United States Congress]]<br />
| coa_pic = Seal of the United States House of Representatives.svg<br />
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| coa_alt = Seal of the United States House of Representatives<br />
| coa_caption = Seal of the House<br />
| logo_pic = Flag of the United States House of Representatives.svg{{!}}border<br />
| logo_res =<br />
| logo_alt = Flag of the United States House of Representatives<br />
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| house_type = Lower house<br />
| body = United States Congress<br />
| term_limits = None<br />
| new_session = {{Start date|2023|01|03}}<br />
<br />
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]]<br />
| leader1 = [[Kevin McCarthy]]<br />
| party1 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])<br />
| election1 = January 7, 2023<br />
<br />
| leader2_type = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|Majority Leader]]<br />
| leader2 = [[Steve Scalise]]<br />
| party2 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])<br />
| election2 = January 3, 2023<br />
<br />
| leader3_type = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives#Minority Leader|Minority Leader]]<br />
| leader3 = [[Hakeem Jeffries]]<br />
| party3 = ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) <br />
| election3 = January 3, 2023<br />
<br />
| leader4_type = [[Chief Deputy Majority Whip|Majority Whip]]<br />
| leader4 = [[Tom Emmer]]<br />
| party4 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])<br />
| election4 = January 3, 2023<br />
<br />
| leader5_type = [[Chief Deputy Minority Whip|Minority Whip]]<br />
| leader5 = [[Katherine Clark]]<br />
| party5 = ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<br />
| election5 = January 3, 2023<br />
<br />
| party6 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])<br />
| election6 = December 5, 2017<br />
<br />
| members = [[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives|435 voting members]]<br />[[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|6 non-voting members]]<br />218 for a majority<br />
| structure1 = (118th) US House of Representatives.svg<br />
| structure1_res = 250px<br />
| political_groups1 =<br />
'''Majority (222)'''<br />
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (222)}}<br />
'''Minority (212)'''<br />
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (212)}}<br />
'''Vacant (1)'''<br />
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} [[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives#Vacancies|Vacant]] ([[2023 Rhode Island's 1st congressional district special election|1]])}}<br />
| term_length = 2 years<br />
| voting_system1 = [[Plurality voting]] in 46 states{{efn|[[Alaska]] (for its primary elections only), [[California]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] additionally utilize a [[nonpartisan blanket primary]], and [[Mississippi]] uses the [[two-round system]], for their respective [[primary elections]].}}<br>{{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left<br />
|title=Varies in 4 states<br />
|bullets = yes<br />
|[[Elections in Alaska|Alaska]] & [[Elections in Maine|Maine]]: {{nowrap|[[Instant-runoff voting]]}}<br />
|[[Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] & [[Elections in Louisiana|Louisiana]]{{efn|[[Louisiana]] uses a [[Louisiana primary]].}}: {{nowrap|[[Two-round system]]}}<br />
}}<br />
| last_election1 = [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections|November 8, 2022]]<br />
| next_election1 = [[2024 United States House of Representatives elections|November 5, 2024]]<br />
| redistricting = [[State legislature (United States)|State legislatures]] or [[redistricting commission]]s, [[redistricting in the United States|varies by state]]<br />
| session_room = United States House of Representatives chamber.jpg<br />
| session_res =<br />
| session_alt =<br />
| meeting_place = House of Representatives Chamber<br>[[United States Capitol]]<br>[[Washington, D.C.]]<br>[[United States of America]]<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.house.gov}}<br />
| rules = [https://rules.house.gov/rules-and-resources Rules of the House of Representatives]<br />
}}<br />
{{Politics of the United States}}<br />
<br />
The '''United States House of Representatives''' is the [[Lower house|lower chamber]] of the [[United States Congress]], with the [[United States Senate|Senate]] being the [[Upper house|upper chamber]]. Together, they comprise the national [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]] of the [[United States]].<br />
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The House's composition was established by [[Article One of the United States Constitution]]. The House is composed of representatives who, pursuant to the [[Uniform Congressional District Act]], sit in single member [[List of United States congressional districts|congressional districts]] allocated to each [[U.S. state|state]] on the basis of population as measured by the [[United States census]], with each district having one representative, provided that each state is entitled to at least one. Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly elected, although universal suffrage did not come to effect until after the passage of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th Amendment]] and the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]]. Since 1913, the [[United States congressional apportionment|number of voting representatives]] has been at 435 pursuant to the [[Apportionment Act of 1911]].<ref name="USPL 62-5">See [[Public Law 62-5]] of 1911, though Congress has the authority to change that number.</ref> The [[Reapportionment Act of 1929]] capped the size of the House at 435. However, the number was temporarily increased in 1959 until 1963 to 437 when [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] were admitted to the Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/20/988865415/stuck-at-435-representatives-why-the-u-s-house-hasnt-grown-with-census-counts |title=Explainer: Why Does The U.S. House Have 435 Members? |publisher=NPR |accessdate=April 1, 2022 |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329204402/https://www.npr.org/2021/04/20/988865415/stuck-at-435-representatives-why-the-u-s-house-hasnt-grown-with-census-counts |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In addition, five non-voting delegates represent the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] and the U.S. territories of [[Guam]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], the [[Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]], and [[American Samoa]]. A non-voting Resident Commissioner, serving a four-year term, represents the Commonwealth of [[Puerto Rico]]. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the largest delegation was [[List of United States representatives from California|California]], with 52 representatives. Six states have [[At-large|only one representative]]: [[Alaska]], [[Delaware]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Vermont]], and [[Wyoming]].<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_House_of_Representatives United States House of Representatives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624161504/https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_House_of_Representatives }}, [[Ballotpedia]]. Accessed November 23, 2016. "There are six states with only one representative: [[Alaska]], [[Delaware]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Vermont]] and [[Wyoming]]."</ref><br />
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The House is charged with the passage of federal [[legislation]], known as [[Bill (United States Congress)|bills]]; those that are also passed by the Senate are sent to the [[President of the United States|president]] for consideration. The House also has exclusive powers: it initiates all revenue bills, [[Impeachment in the United States|impeaches]] federal officers, and [[Contingent election|elects the president]] if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]].<ref>Section 7 of Article 1 of the Constitution</ref><ref>Article 1, Section 2, and in the [[12th Amendment to the United States Constitution|12th Amendment]]</ref><br />
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The House meets in the south wing of the [[United States Capitol]]. The presiding officer is the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], who is elected by the members thereof. [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|Other floor leaders]] are chosen by the [[House Democratic Caucus|Democratic Caucus]] or the [[House Republican Conference|Republican Conference]], depending on whichever [[Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress|party]] has more voting members.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of the United States House of Representatives}}<br />
<br />
Under the [[Articles of Confederation]], the [[Congress of the Confederation]] was a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] body with equal representation for each state, any of which could veto most actions. After eight years of a more limited [[Confederation|confederal]] government under the Articles, numerous political leaders such as [[James Madison]] and [[Alexander Hamilton]] initiated the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] in 1787, which received the Confederation Congress's sanction to "amend the Articles of Confederation". All states except [[Rhode Island]] agreed to send delegates.<br />
<br />
[[File:Historical distribution of parties in US House of Representatives.svg|thumb|left|Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time]]<br />
[[File:Combined--Control of the U.S. House of Representatives - Control of the U.S. Senate.png|thumb|left|Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency<ref name="uspolitics.about">{{cite web |url=http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm |title=Party In Power – Congress and Presidency – A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress, 1945–2008 |publisher=Uspolitics.about.com |access-date=September 17, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101145605/http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm |archive-date=November 1, 2012 }}</ref>]]<br />
Congress's structure was a contentious issue among the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|founders]] during the convention. [[Edmund Randolph]]'s [[Virginia Plan]] called for a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] Congress: the lower house would be "of the people", elected directly by the people of the United States and representing [[public opinion]], and a more deliberative upper house, elected by the lower house, that would represent the individual states, and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment.<ref name=Plans>[http://history.house.gov/People/Signatories/Signatories/ "Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194331/https://history.house.gov/People/Signatories/Signatories/ }}, United States House of Representatives. Accessed February 19, 2017. "While some believed the Articles should be 'corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution,' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation.... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and South Carolina. A number of smaller states, however, proposed the 'New Jersey Plan,' drafted by William Paterson, which retained the essential features of the original Articles: a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation, the appointment of a plural executive, and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction.... The committee's report, dubbed the Great Compromise, ironed out many contentious points. It resolved the delegates' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate. After two more months of intense debates and revisions, the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution, which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states."</ref><br />
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The House is commonly referred to as the [[lower house]] and the Senate the [[upper house]], although the [[United States Constitution]] does not use that terminology. Both houses' approval is necessary for the passage of [[legislation]]. The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as [[Virginia]], [[Massachusetts]], and [[Pennsylvania]], as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the [[New Jersey Plan]], which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states.<ref name=Plans/><br />
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Eventually, the Convention reached the [[Connecticut Compromise]] or Great Compromise, under which one house of Congress (the House of Representatives) would provide representation proportional to each state's population, whereas the other (the Senate) would provide equal representation amongst the states.<ref name=Plans/> The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states (nine out of the 13) in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4, 1789. The House began work on April 1, 1789, when it achieved a [[quorum]] for the first time.<br />
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During the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]]. The [[Northeastern United States|North]] was much more populous than the [[History of the Southern United States|South]], and therefore dominated the House of Representatives. However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed.<br />
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Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery. One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the [[Wilmot Proviso]], which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the [[Mexican–American War]]. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] (1861–1865), which began soon after several southern states attempted to [[secession|secede]] from the Union. The war culminated in the South's defeat and in the abolition of slavery. All southern senators except [[Andrew Johnson]] resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war.<br />
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The years of [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]] that followed witnessed large majorities for the [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican Party]], which many Americans associated with the Union's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877; the ensuing era, known as the [[Gilded Age]], was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate. The [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times.<br />
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[[File:Thomas Brackett Reed - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House]] [[Thomas Brackett Reed]] (1895–1899)]]<br />
The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House]]. The rise of the speaker's influence began in the 1890s, during the tenure of Republican [[Thomas Brackett Reed]]. "Czar Reed," as he was nicknamed, attempted to put into effect his view that "The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch." The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period, with the positions of [[Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives|majority leader]] and [[Minority leader of the United States House of Representatives|minority leader]] being created in 1899. While the minority leader was the head of the minority party, the majority leader remained subordinate to the speaker. The speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican [[Joseph Gurney Cannon]], from 1903 to 1911. The speaker's powers included chairmanship of the influential [[United States House Committee on Rules|Rules Committee]] and the ability to appoint members of other House committees. However, these powers were curtailed in the "Revolution of 1910" because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon's heavy-handed tactics.<br />
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The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1933–1945), often winning over two-thirds of the seats. Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade. The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995. In the mid-1970s, members passed major reforms that strengthened the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowed party leaders to nominate committee chairs. These actions were taken to undermine the [[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives|seniority system]], and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor. There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party; the power of party leaders (especially the speaker) grew considerably. According to historian [[Julian E. Zelizer]], the majority Democrats minimized the number of staff positions available to the minority Republicans, kept them out of decision-making, and gerrymandered their home districts. Republican [[Newt Gingrich]] argued American democracy was being ruined by the Democrats' tactics and that the GOP had to destroy the system before it could be saved. Cooperation in governance, says Zelizer, would have to be put aside until they deposed Speaker Wright and regained power. Gingrich brought an ethics complaint which led to Wright's resignation in 1989. Gingrich gained support from the media and good government forces in his crusade to persuade Americans that the system was, in Gingrich's words, "morally, intellectually and spiritually corrupt". Gingrich followed Wright's successor, Democrat [[Tom Foley]], as speaker after the [[Republican Revolution]] of 1994 gave his party control of the House.<ref>Julian E. Zelizer, ''Burning Down the House: Newt Gingrich, the Fall of a Speaker, and the Rise of the New Republican Party'' (2020).</ref><br />
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Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the [[Contract with America]] and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms. Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress, were vetoed by President [[Bill Clinton]], or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. However, after Republicans held control in the [[1996 United States House of Representatives elections|1996 election]], Clinton and the Gingrich-led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades, along with a substantial tax cut.<ref>Balanced Budget: HR 2015, FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation / Spending; Tax Cut: HR 2014, FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation – Revenue</ref> The Republicans held on to the House until [[2006 United States House of Representatives elections|2006]], when the Democrats won control and [[Nancy Pelosi]] was subsequently elected by the House as the first female speaker. The Republicans retook the House in [[2010 United States House of Representatives elections|2011]], with the largest shift of power since the 1930s.<ref>{{cite web | last=Neuman | first=Scott | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130983833 | title=Obama, GOP Grapple With power shift | publisher=NPR | date=November 3, 2010 | access-date=July 2, 2011 | archive-date=June 10, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610220957/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130983833 | url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Democrats retook the house in [[2018 United States House of Representatives election|2019]], which became the largest shift of power to the Democrats since the 1970s. In the [[2022 United States House of Representatives election|2022]] elections, Republicans took back control of the House, winning a slim majority.<br />
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==Membership, qualifications, and apportionment==<br />
{{United States House of Representatives}}<br />
<br />
===Apportionments<!---[[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)]] links here--->===<br />
{{Main|United States congressional apportionment}}<br />
Under [[Article One of the United States Constitution#House of Representatives|Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution]], seats in the House of Representatives are [[United States congressional apportionment|apportioned]] among the states by population, as determined by the [[United States Census|census]] conducted every ten years. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, however small its population.<br />
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The only constitutional rule relating to the [[United States congressional apportionment|size of the House]] states: "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative."<ref>[[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article I, Section 2]].</ref> Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911.<ref name=" USPL 62-5 "/> In 1959, upon the admission of [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]], the number was temporarily increased to 437 (seating one representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment), and returned to 435 four years later, after the reapportionment consequent to the [[United States Census, 1960|1960 census]].<br />
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The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] or of [[United States territory|territories]]. The [[District of Columbia voting rights|District of Columbia]] and the territories of [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] are each represented by one [[Delegate (United States Congress)|non-voting delegate]]. Puerto Rico elects a [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|resident commissioner]], but other than having a four-year term, the resident commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five delegates and resident commissioner may participate in debates; before 2011,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/05/132685281/House-Weighs-Rules-Changes | title=New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes | publisher=NPR | date=January 5, 2011 | access-date=July 2, 2011 | archive-date=February 6, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206052228/http://www.npr.org/2011/01/05/132685281/House-Weighs-Rules-Changes | url-status=live }}</ref> they were also allowed to vote in committees and the [[Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)|Committee of the Whole]] when their votes would not be decisive.<ref>See {{USBill|110|H.Res.|78}}, passed January 24, 2007. On April 19, 2007, the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007, a bill "to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives, and for other purposes" by a vote of 241–177. That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two, making 437 members, by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member, and (until the 2010 census) grant one membership to [[Utah]], which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 Census]]. The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session.</ref><br />
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===Redistricting===<br />
{{Main|Redistricting in the United States}}<br />
States entitled to more than one representative are divided into [[Single-member district|single-member]] [[List of United States congressional districts|districts]]. This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 pursuant to the act titled [[An Act For the relief of Doctor Ricardo Vallejo Samala and to provide for congressional redistricting]].<ref>{{usc|2|2c}} "no district to elect more than one Representative"</ref> Before that law, [[general ticket]] representation was used by some states.<br />
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States typically redraw district boundaries after each census, though they may do so at other times, such as the [[2003 Texas redistricting]]. Each state determines its own district boundaries, either through legislation or through non-partisan panels. "[[Malapportionment]]" is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population (see ''[[Wesberry v. Sanders]]''). Additionally, Section 2 of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to, or have the effect of, discriminating against racial or language minority voters.<ref name="Section 2 Voting Rights Act">{{cite web | title=Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act | url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_2/about_sec2.php | work=Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ | publisher=US Dept. of Justice | access-date=April 27, 2014 | archive-date=April 15, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415070444/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/sec_2/about_sec2.php | url-status=live }}</ref> Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities, federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in [[gerrymandering]] to benefit political parties or incumbents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2012/11/the_supreme_court_may_gut_the_voting_rights_act_and_make_gerrymandering.html|title=The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse|first=Emily|last=Bazelon|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=September 29, 2013|archive-date=September 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926165358/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2012/11/the_supreme_court_may_gut_the_voting_rights_act_and_make_gerrymandering.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawreview.richmond.edu/where-do-we-draw-the-line-partisan-gerrymandering-and-the-state-of-texas/|title=Where Do We Draw the Line? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas|first=Whitney M.|last=Eaton|work=University of Richmond Law Review|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009091942/http://lawreview.richmond.edu/where-do-we-draw-the-line-partisan-gerrymandering-and-the-state-of-texas/|archive-date=October 9, 2013}}</ref> In a 1984 case, ''[[Davis v. Bandemer]]'', the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down based on the [[Equal Protection Clause]], but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered. However, the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in ''[[Vieth v. Jubelirer]]'', and Court precedent holds gerrymandering to be a [[political question]]. According to calculations made by [[Burt Neuborne]] using criteria set forth by the [[American Political Science Association]], about 40 seats, less than 10% of the House membership, are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process, given partisan gerrymandering.<ref>[[Burt Neuborne]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=knyMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 ''Madison's Music: On Reading the First Amendment,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214145510/https://books.google.com/books?id=knyMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 }} The New Press 2015</ref><ref>[[David D. Cole|David Cole]], [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/11/05/free-speech-big-money-bad-elections/ 'Free Speech, Big Money, Bad Elections,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314051130/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/11/05/free-speech-big-money-bad-elections/ }} in ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', November 5, 2015, pp.24–25 p.24.</ref><br />
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===Qualifications===<br />
Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives. Each representative must: (1) be at least twenty-five (25) years old; (2) have been a [[United States nationality law|citizen]] of the United States for the past seven years; and (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Members are not required to live in the districts they represent, but they traditionally do.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://law.onecle.com/constitution/article-1/06-qualifications-of-congress.html | title=Qualifications of Members of Congress | publisher=Onecle Inc. | access-date=January 26, 2013 | archive-date=January 23, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123162353/http://law.onecle.com/constitution/article-1/06-qualifications-of-congress.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than [[United States Senate#Qualifications|those for senators]]. The constitutional requirements of Article I, Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate.<ref>See [[Powell v. McCormack]], a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969</ref> Therefore, Article I, Section 5, which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications. Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications. [[William C. C. Claiborne]] served in the House below the minimum age of 25.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Youngest Representative in House History, William Charles Cole Claiborne {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1800-1850/The-youngest-Representative-in-House-history,-William-Charles-Cole-Claiborne/|access-date=October 6, 2020|website=history.house.gov|language=en|archive-date=October 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003205031/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1800-1850/The-youngest-Representative-in-House-history,-William-Charles-Cole-Claiborne/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Disqualification: under the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]], a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative. This post–Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] from serving. However, disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress.<br />
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===Elections===<br />
<!--[[File:HouseDelegations2013-23.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|All 435 voting seats of the current House shown grouped by state, largest to smallest (From 2015)]] NEEDS UPDATE TO 2020 CENSUS--><br />
[[File:Pop per rep.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Population per U.S. representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C., ranked by population. Since D.C. (ranked 49th) receives no voting seats in the House, its bar is absent.]]<br />
[[File:115th United States Congress Congressional Districts.pdf|thumb|right|upright=1.35|U.S. congressional districts for the 115th Congress]]<br />
Elections for representatives are held in every even-numbered year, on [[Election Day (United States)|Election Day]] the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Pursuant to the [[Uniform Congressional District Act]], representatives must be elected from [[single-member districts]]. After a census is taken (in a year ending in 0), the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census (with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following January 3). As there is no legislation at the federal level mandating one particular system for elections to the House, systems are set at the state level. As of 2022, [[first-past-the-post]] or [[plurality voting]] is adopted in 46 states, [[Ranked-choice voting in the United States|ranked-choice]] or [[instant-runoff voting]] in two states (Alaska and Maine), and [[two-round system]] in two states (Georgia and Mississippi). Elected representatives serve a two-year term, with no term limit.<br />
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In most states, major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan [[primary election]]s, typically held in spring to late summer. In some states, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their candidates for each district in their [[political convention]]s in spring or early summer, which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions. Exceptions can result in so-called floor fights—convention votes by delegates, with outcomes that can be hard to predict. Especially if a convention is closely divided, a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election. The courts generally do not consider [[ballot access]] rules for [[Independent politician|independent]] and [[Third party (politics)|third party]] candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and no federal statutes regulate ballot access. As a result, the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state, and in the case of a [[third party in the United States]] may be affected by results of previous years' elections.<br />
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In 1967, Congress passed the [[Uniform Congressional District Act]], which requires all representatives to be elected from single-member-districts.<ref>{{usc|2|2c}}</ref><ref name=schaller>{{cite news|last1=Schaller|first1=Thomas|title=Multi-Member Districts: Just a Thing of the Past?|url=http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/multi-member-legislative-districts-just-a-thing-of-the-past/|access-date=November 2, 2015|publisher=University of Virginia Center for Politics|archive-date=October 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008080844/http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/multi-member-legislative-districts-just-a-thing-of-the-past/|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the ''[[Wesberry v. Sanders]]'' decision, Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose [[Plurality-at-large voting|at-large plurality districts]] on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population, and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.fairvote.org/library/history/flores/district.htm#Congress|title=The 1967 Single-Member District Mandate|work=fairvote.org|access-date=September 1, 2012|archive-date=November 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111044913/http://archive.fairvote.org/library/history/flores/district.htm#Congress|url-status=live}}</ref> Several states have used multi-member districts in the past, although only two states (Hawaii and New Mexico) used multi-member districts in 1967.<ref name=schaller/> [[Louisiana]] is unique in that it holds an all-party primary election on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers (regardless of party) if no candidate received a majority in the primary. The states of [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and [[California]] use a similar (though not identical) system to that used by Louisiana.<br />
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Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections, unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline. The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day, or as soon as the results are certified.<br />
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===Non-voting delegates===<br />
{{main|Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives}}<br />
Historically, many [[U.S. territory|territories]] have sent [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|non-voting delegates]] to the House. While their role has fluctuated over the years, today they have many of the same privileges as voting members, have a voice in committees, and can introduce bills on the floor, but cannot vote on the ultimate passage of bills. Presently, [[Washington, D.C.|the District of Columbia]] and the five inhabited [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]] each elect a delegate. A seventh delegate, representing the [[Cherokee Nation]], has been formally proposed but has not yet been seated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Citing treaties, Cherokees call on Congress to seat delegate from tribe|last=Krehbiel-Burton|first=Lenzy|work=Tulsa World|location=Tulsa, Oklahoma|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/state-and-regional/citing-treaties-cherokees-call-on-congress-to-seat-delegate-from/article_9da9a5d4-69a1-52d8-bad6-beea75a2e17e.html|access-date=August 24, 2019|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194358/https://tulsaworld.com/news/state-and-regional/citing-treaties-cherokees-call-on-congress-to-seat-delegate-from/article_9da9a5d4-69a1-52d8-bad6-beea75a2e17e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An eighth delegate, representing the [[Choctaw Nation]] is guaranteed by treaty but has not yet been proposed. Additionally, some territories may choose to also elect [[Shadow congressperson|shadow representative]]s, though these are not official members of the House and are separate individuals from their official delegates.<br />
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===Terms===<br />
Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms, while a [[Resident commissioner#The United States of America|resident commissioner]] (a kind of delegate) serves for four years. A term starts on January 3 following the election in November. The U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House be filled with a special election. The term of the replacement member expires on the date that the original member's would have expired.<br />
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The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two-thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only five members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: Democrats [[John Bullock Clark]] of Missouri, [[John William Reid]] of Missouri, and [[Henry Cornelius Burnett]] of Kentucky. Democrat [[Michael Myers (Pennsylvania politician)|Michael Myers]] of Pennsylvania was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, and Democrat [[James Traficant]] of Ohio was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rules.house.gov/Archives/rl31382.pdf |title=Expulsion, Censure, Reprimand, and Fine: Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives |access-date=August 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707030912/http://www.rules.house.gov/archives/rl31382.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 }}</ref><br />
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The House also has the power to formally [[censure]] or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office.<br />
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==Comparison to the Senate==<br />
As a check on the regional, popular, and rapidly changing politics of the House, the [[United States Senate|Senate]] has several distinct powers. For example, the "[[advice and consent]]" powers (such as the power to approve [[treaty|treaties]] and confirm members of the [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]]) are a sole Senate privilege.<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/legislative/common/briefing/Senate_legislative_process.htm Senate Legislative Process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404052410/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/common/briefing/Senate_legislative_process.htm }}, U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3, 2010.</ref> The House, however, has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose the [[President of the United States|president]] if a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes.<ref>[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/our-government/legislative-branch The Legislative Branch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120152201/http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/legislative-branch }}, The White House. Retrieved February 3, 2010.</ref> Both House and Senate confirmation is now required to fill a vacancy if the vice presidency is vacant, according to the provisions of the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-fifth Amendment]].<ref>Section 2 reads: "whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress."</ref><ref name=XXVHeritage>{{cite web|title=Essays on Amendment XXV: Presidential Succession|work=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution|last=Feerick|first=John|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/25/essays/187/presidential-succession|publisher=The Heritage Foundatio|archive-date=August 22, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822232208/https://www.heritage.org/constitution/%23!/amendments/8/essays/161/cruel-and-unusual-punishment#!/amendments/25/essays/187/presidential-succession|url-status=live}}</ref> The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented: the Senate has longer terms of six years, fewer members (currently one hundred, two for each state), and (in all but seven delegations) larger constituencies per member. The Senate is referred to as the "upper" house, and the House of Representatives as the "lower" house.<br />
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==Salary and benefits==<br />
[[File:House of Representatives salaries.webp|thumb|300px|right|House of Representatives salaries]]<br />
===Salaries===<br />
{{As of|2014|12}}, the annual salary of each representative is [[United States dollar|$]]174,000,<ref>{{cite web |title = Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members |url = http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa031200a.htm |access-date = December 24, 2014 |archive-date = January 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194424/https://www.thoughtco.com/salaries-and-benefits-of-congress-members-3322282 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Brudnick" /> the same as it is for each member of the [[United States Senate|Senate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Senate Salaries since 1789 |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senate_salaries.htm |website=[[United States Senate]] |access-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194432/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senate_salaries.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House]] and the [[Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives|majority]] and [[Minority leader of the United States House of Representatives|minority leaders]] earn more: $223,500 for the speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders (the same as Senate leaders).<ref name="Brudnick">{{cite web | title=Congressional Salaries and Allowances | first=Ida A. | last=Brudnick | date=January 4, 2012 | url=http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf | work=CRS Report for Congress | publisher=United States House of Representatives | access-date=December 2, 2012 | archive-date=February 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212140913/http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[Cost-of-living index|cost-of-living-adjustment]] (COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes not to accept it. Congress sets members' salaries; however, the [[Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution]] prohibits a change in salary (but not COLA<ref>''Schaffer v. Clinton''</ref>) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years.<ref>{{cite web | title=Congressional Salaries and Allowances | first=Ida A. | last=Brudnick | date=June 28, 2011 | url=https://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid='0E%2C*PL%5B%3D%23P%20%20%0A | access-date=November 22, 2011 | archive-date=August 1, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801065621/http://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid=%270E%2C%2APL%5B%3D | url-status=live }}</ref> Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited. Salaries are not for life, only during active term.<ref name="Brudnick" /><br />
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===Titles===<br />
Representatives use the prefix "[[The Honorable]]" before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a ''representative'', ''congressman'', or ''congresswoman''.<br />
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Representatives are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state, and sometimes by congressional district, or a major city or community within their district. For example, [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] House speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]], who represents [[California's 12th congressional district]] within [[San Francisco]], may be identified as "D–California," "D–California–12" or "D–San Francisco."<br />
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A small number of representatives have elected to use the post nominal "MC" (for "member of Congress") after their names, a reflection of the [[Westminster system]]'s usage of "[[Member of parliament|MP]]".{{cn}}<br />
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===Pension===<br />
All members of Congress are automatically enrolled in the [[Federal Employees Retirement System]], a pension system also used for [[United States federal civil service|federal civil servants]], except the formula for calculating Congress members' pension results in a 70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service.<ref name="CRS Retirement Report" /> They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service (two and one-half terms in the House). The FERS is composed of three elements:<br />
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# [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]<br />
# The FERS basic annuity, a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay (70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service)<br />
# The [[Thrift Savings Plan]], a [[401(k)]]-like [[defined contribution plan]] for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $19,000 in 2019. Their employing agency [[Employer Matching Program|matches employee contributions]] up to 5% of pay.<br />
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Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service, at age 50 after twenty years of service, and at any age after twenty-five years of service.<ref name="CRS Retirement Report">{{cite web | last=Congressional Research Service | title=Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress | url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30631 | work=CRS Report for Congress | publisher=United States Senate | date=August 8, 2019 }}</ref><br />
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===Tax deductions===<br />
Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state.<ref name="Congress Allowances">{{cite web | last=Congressional Research Service | title=Congressional Salaries and Allowances | url=http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf | work=CRS Report for Congress | publisher=United States House of Representatives | access-date=September 21, 2012 | archive-date=February 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212140913/http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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===Health benefits===<br />
Before 2014, members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants; they could voluntarily enroll in the [[Federal Employees Health Benefits Program]] (FEHBP), an employer-sponsored health insurance program, and were eligible to participate in other programs, such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program (FSAFEDS).<ref name="Mach & Cornell">Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell, [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43194.pdf Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194216/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43194.pdf }}, Congressional Research Service, February 18, 2014.</ref><br />
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However, Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (ACA) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a [[Health insurance marketplace|health care exchange]]. The [[Office of Personnel Management]] promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312(d)(3)(D).<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> Under the rule, effective January 1, 2014, members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> However, if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) exchange, they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage, and members and designated staff eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/><br />
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The [[Affordable Care Act|ACA]] and the final rule do not affect members' or staffers' eligibility for [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] benefits.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members' and staffers' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment, so members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS (which has three options within the program), the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program, and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/><br />
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The [[Attending Physician of the United States Congress|Office of the Attending Physician]] at the U.S. Capitol provides members with health care for an annual fee.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> The attending physician provides routine exams, consultations, and certain diagnostics, and may write prescriptions (although the office does not dispense them).<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> The office does not provide vision or dental care.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/><br />
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Members (but not their dependents, and not former members) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the [[Washington metropolitan area|National Capital Region]], but members are billed at full reimbursement rates (set by the Department of Defense) for inpatient care.<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/> (Outside the National Capital Region, charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care).<ref name="Mach & Cornell"/><br />
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===Personnel, mail and office expenses===<br />
House members are eligible for a Member's Representational Allowance (MRA) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brudnick|first1=Ida A.|title=Members' Representational Allowance: History and Usage|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington D.C.|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40962.pdf|access-date=October 24, 2017|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194219/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40962.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The MRA is calculated based on three components: one for personnel, one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail. The personnel allowance is the same for all members; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members' district's distance from Washington, D.C., the cost of office space in the member's district, and the number of non-business addresses in their district. These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense—even though each component is calculated individually, the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses. In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4&nbsp;million per member, and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67&nbsp;million.<ref name="Salaries and Allowances">{{cite web | last=Brudnick | first=Ida | title=Congressional Salaries and Allowances | url=http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610230116/http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/112_20120104_Salary.pdf | archive-date=June 10, 2020 |work=Congressional Research Service Report for Congress | publisher=United States House of Representatives | access-date=September 21, 2012}}</ref><br />
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The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010. Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees. Members' employees' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009.<ref name="Salaries and Allowances" /><br />
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===Travel allowance===<br />
Before being sworn into office each member-elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington, D.C. for organization caucuses.<ref name="Salaries and Allowances" /> Members are allowed "a sum for travel based on the following formula: 64 times the rate per mile ... multiplied by the mileage between Washington, DC, and the furthest point in a Member's district, plus 10%."<ref name="Salaries and Allowances" /> {{As of|January 2012}} the rate ranges from {{convert|0.41|to|1.32|$/mi}} based on distance ranges between D.C. and the member's district.<ref name="Salaries and Allowances" /><br />
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==Officers==<br />
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===Member officials===<br />
The [[List of political parties in the United States|party]] with a majority of seats in the House is known as the [[majority party]]. The next-largest party is the minority party. The [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker]], committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party.<br />
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The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own speaker.<ref>[http://topics.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei Article I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128081410/http://topics.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei }}, Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3, 2010.</ref> Although not explicitly required by the Constitution, every speaker has been a member of the House. The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the speaker, which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House. Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party (which need not be the majority party; theoretically, a member of the [[minority party]] could be elected as speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party). Under the [[Presidential Succession Act]] (1947), the speaker is second in the line of [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential succession]] after the vice president.<br />
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The speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate. Instead, they delegate the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak. No member may make a speech or a motion unless they have first been recognized by the presiding officer. Moreover, the presiding officer may rule on a "[[point of order]]" (a member's objection that a rule has been breached); the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House.<br />
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Speakers serve as chairs of their party's steering committee, which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees. The speaker chooses the chairs of standing committees, appoints most of the members of the [[United States House Committee on Rules|Rules Committee]], appoints all members of conference committees, and determines which committees consider bills.<br />
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Each party elects a [[floor leader]], who is known as the [[Majority Leader|majority leader]] or [[Minority Leader|minority leader]]. The minority leader heads their party in the House, and the majority leader is their party's second-highest-ranking official, behind the speaker. Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose.<br />
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Each party also elects a [[whip (politics)|Whip]], who works to ensure that the party's members vote as the party leadership desires. The [[Assistant Party Leaders of the United States House|majority whip]] in the House of Representatives is [[Tom Emmer]], who is a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. The [[Assistant Party Leaders of the United States House|minority whip]] is [[Katherine Clark]], who is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. The whip is supported by [[Chief Deputy Whips of the United States House of Representatives|chief deputy whips]]<br />
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After the whips, the next ranking official in the House party's leadership is the [[Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress|party conference chair]] (styled as the Republican conference chair and Democratic caucus chair).<br />
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After the conference chair, there are differences between each party's subsequent leadership ranks. After the Democratic caucus chair is the campaign committee chair ([[Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee]]), then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee. For the Republicans it is the [[Republican Policy Committee Chairman of the United States House of Representatives|chair of the House Republican Policy Committee]], followed by the campaign committee chairman (styled as the [[National Republican Congressional Committee]]).<br />
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The chairs of [[Standing committee (United States Congress)|House committees]], particularly influential standing committees such as [[United States House Committee on Appropriations|Appropriations]], [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Ways and Means]], and [[United States House Committee on Rules|Rules]], are powerful but not officially part of the House leadership hierarchy. Until the post of majority leader was created, the chair of Ways and Means was the ''[[de facto]]'' majority leader.<br />
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====Leadership and partisanship====<br />
When the presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House, the speaker can become the ''[[de facto]]'' "leader of the opposition." Some notable examples include [[Tip O'Neill]] in the 1980s, [[Newt Gingrich]] in the 1990s, [[John Boehner]] in the early 2010s, and [[Nancy Pelosi]] in the late 2000s and again in the late 2010s and early 2020s. Since the speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House, the position is often used for partisan advantage.<br />
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In the instance when the presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the president. For that situation the House minority leader can play the role of a ''de facto'' "leader of the opposition," often more so than the Senate minority leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership.<br />
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===Non-member officials===<br />
The House is also served by several officials who are not members. The House's chief such officer is the [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives|clerk]], who maintains public records, prepares documents, and oversees junior officials, including [[United States House of Representatives Page|pages]] until the discontinuation of House pages in 2011. The clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a speaker. Another officer is the [[Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives|chief administrative officer]], responsible for the day-to-day administrative support to the House of Representatives. This includes everything from payroll to [[foodservice]].<br />
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The position of [[Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives|chief administrative officer]] (CAO) was created by the [[104th Congress]] following the [[United States elections, 1994|1994 mid-term elections]], replacing the positions of [[Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives|doorkeeper]] and director of non-legislative and financial services (created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House). The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services, which previously had been controlled directly by the [[Committee on House Administration]], then headed by Representative [[Charlie Rose (congressman)|Charlie Rose]] of North Carolina, along with the House "Folding Room."<br />
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The [[Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives|chaplain]] leads the House in [[prayer]] at the opening of the day. The [[Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives|sergeant at arms]] is the House's chief law enforcement officer and maintains order and security on House premises. Finally, routine police work is handled by the [[United States Capitol Police]], which is supervised by the [[Capitol Police Board]], a body to which the sergeant at arms belongs, and chairs in even-numbered years.<br />
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==Procedure==<br />
{{Main|Procedures of the United States House of Representatives}}<br />
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===Daily procedures===<br />
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Like the Senate, the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a [[Podium|rostrum]] from which the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker]], Speaker pro tempore, or (when in the Committee of the Whole) the chair presides.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/House-Chamber/Rostrum/ |title=The Rostrum |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Historian |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113074034/http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/House-Chamber/Rostrum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials. Members' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-buildings/house-chamber |title=Explore Capitol Hill: House Chamber |website=Architect of the Capitol |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114172619/http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-buildings/house-chamber |url-status=live }}</ref> By tradition, Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle, while Republicans sit on the right, facing the presiding officer's chair.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ritchie |first=Donald A. |title=The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyEGeCwD63AC&pg=PA195 |location=[[New York, New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |edition=3 |page=195 |isbn=978-0-19-530924-9 |access-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194414/https://books.google.com/books?id=WyEGeCwD63AC&pg=PA195 |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite web |url=http://lowenthal.house.gov/legislation/congress-u.htm |title=Congress U |last1=Lowenthal |first1=Alan |website=U.S. House of Representatives |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113074143/http://lowenthal.house.gov/legislation/congress-u.htm |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite web|title=What's in the House Chamber|url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/House-Chamber/House-Floor|access-date=November 21, 2013|archive-date=October 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030132018/http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/House-Chamber/House-Floor/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sittings are normally held on weekdays; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare. Sittings of the House are generally open to the public; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmlp.org/legal-guide/access-congress |title=Access to Congress |website=Digital Media Law Project |publisher=Berkman Center for Internet and Society |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113075352/http://www.dmlp.org/legal-guide/access-congress |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite web |url=http://thedistrict.com/sightseeing/other-washington-d-c-attractions/u-s-house-of-representatives |title=U.S. House of Representatives |website=The District |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113092001/http://thedistrict.com/sightseeing/other-washington-d-c-attractions/u-s-house-of-representatives/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on [[C-SPAN]] since March 19, 1979,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/03/19/cspan-anniversary/6577593 |title=Not everyone is a fan of C-SPAN cameras in Congress |last1=Davis |first1=Susan |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194346/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/03/19/cspan-anniversary/6577593/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and on ''HouseLive'', the official streaming service operated by the Clerk, since the early 2010s.<br />
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The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs, precedents, and traditions. In many cases, the House waives some of its stricter rules (including time limits on debates) by [[unanimous consent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rules-republicans.house.gov/Educational/Read.aspx?ID=7|title=Basic Training: Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages|website=House of Representatives|publisher=Republican Committee on Rules|access-date=January 12, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401073534/http://rules-republicans.house.gov/Educational/Read.aspx?ID=7|archive-date=April 1, 2015}}</ref> A member may block a unanimous consent agreement, but objections are rare. The presiding officer, the [[Speaker (politics)|speaker of the House]] enforces the rules of the House, and may warn members who deviate from them. The speaker uses a [[gavel]] to maintain order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/05/132641490/passing-one-of-many-many-gavels |title=Passing One Of Many, Many Gavels |last1=Larchuk |first1=Travis |website=[[NPR]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194303/https://www.npr.org/2011/01/05/132641490/passing-one-of-many-many-gavels |url-status=live }}</ref> Legislation to be considered by the House is placed in a box called the hopper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2004/2004-019-000/ |title=Bill Hopper |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Historian |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=December 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208050408/http://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2004/2004-019-000/ |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite web |url=http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/legfaq.aspx |title=Legislative FAQ: 7. How do Representatives introduce bills? |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Clerk |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110011712/http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/legfaq.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In one of its first resolutions, the U.S. House of Representatives established the [[Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives|Office of the Sergeant at Arms]]. In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first speaker of the House, [[Frederick Muhlenberg]] of [[Pennsylvania]], the [[Mace of the United States House of Representatives]] is used to open all sessions of the House. It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all presidents of the United States. For daily sessions of the House, the sergeant at arms carries the mace ahead of the speaker in procession to the [[Podium|rostrum]]. It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the speaker's right. When the House is in committee, the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bedini |first=Silvio |title=The Mace and the Gavel: Symbols of Government in America, Volume 87, Part 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |pages=23–26 |isbn=978-0-87169-874-2 |access-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194449/https://books.google.com/books?id=IkALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a [[quorum]] to do business.<ref name=annotate>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/art1frag19_user.html |title=CRS Annotated Constitution |website=[[Cornell University Law School]] |publisher=[[Legal Information Institute]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194303/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the rules and customs of the House, a quorum is always assumed present unless a [[quorum call]] explicitly demonstrates otherwise. House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on. The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate, or when a question is not before the House.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/pdf/GPO-HPRACTICE-112-44.pdf |title=House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House, Chapter 43: Quorums |page=743 |website=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |access-date=July 15, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194232/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/pdf/GPO-HPRACTICE-112-44.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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During debates, a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer. The presiding officer decides which members to recognize, and can therefore control the course of debate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/legfaq.aspx |title=Legislative FAQ: 6. How do Representatives obtain permission to speak? |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Clerk |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110011712/http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/legfaq.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr. Speaker" or "Madam Speaker." Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, members do not refer to each other only by name, but also by state, using forms such as "the gentleman from Virginia," "the distinguished gentlewoman from California," or "my distinguished friend from Alabama."<br />
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There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables, two on each side. These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the party leadership. Members address the House from microphones at any table or "the well," the area immediately in front of the rostrum.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/art_artifacts/virtual_tours/house_chamber/index.html | title=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives The House Floor | publisher=Clerk.house.gov | access-date=August 23, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702003801/http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/art_artifacts/virtual_tours/house_chamber/index.html | archive-date=July 2, 2011 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
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===Passage of legislation===<br />
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Per the Constitution, the House of Representatives determines the rules according to which it passes legislation. Any of the rules can be changed with each new Congress, but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.house.gov/content/learn | title=The House Explained | publisher=House.gov | access-date=July 2, 2011 | archive-date=January 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194411/https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained | url-status=live }}</ref> Before legislation reaches the floor of the House, the [[United States House Committee on Rules|Rules Committee]] normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure (which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective). For instance, the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted. An "open rule" permits all germane amendments, but a "closed rule" restricts or even prohibits amendment. Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour, equally divided between the majority and minority parties. Each side is led during the debate by a "floor manager," who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak. On contentious matters, many members may wish to speak; thus, a member may receive as little as one minute, or even thirty seconds, to make their point.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rules.house.gov/about |title=About the Committee on Rules—History and Processes |last1=Sessions |first1=Pete |website=U.S. House of Representatives |publisher=Committee on Rules |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116130343/https://rules.house.gov/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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When debate concludes, the motion is put to a vote.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hudiburg |first1=Jane A. |title=House Voting Procedures: Forms and Requirements |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, DC |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-228.pdf |access-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194233/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-228.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In many cases, the House votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either "yea!" or "aye!" (in favor of the motion) or "nay!" or "no!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. A member may, however, challenge the presiding officer's assessment and "request the yeas and nays" or "request a recorded vote." The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the members present. Traditionally, however, members of Congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. Some votes are always recorded, such as those on the annual budget.<ref name=gpovote>{{cite book|title=House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House, Chapter 58. Voting|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/html/GPO-HPRACTICE-108-59.htm|publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]]|access-date=January 10, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926022918/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/html/GPO-HPRACTICE-108-59.htm|archive-date=September 26, 2015}}<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process/house-floor|title=The Legislative Process: House Floor|website=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=January 12, 2015|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194441/https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process/house-floor|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways. One is electronically. Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber. Votes are usually held in this way. A second mode of recorded vote is by teller. Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes: green for "yea," red for "nay," and orange for "present" (i.e., to abstain). Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down. Finally, the House may conduct a [[roll call vote]]. The Clerk reads the list of members of the House, each of whom announces their vote when their name is called. This procedure is only used rarely (and usually for ceremonial occasions, such as for the election of a speaker) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names.<ref name=gpovote/><br />
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Voting traditionally lasts for, at most, fifteen minutes, but it may be extended if the leadership needs to "whip" more members into alignment.<ref name=gpovote/> The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours, from 3:00 to 6:00&nbsp;a.m., to receive four additional votes, three of which were necessary to pass the legislation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/under-the-influence |title=Under the Influence |last1=Singer |first1=Michelle |website=[[CBS News]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194437/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/under-the-influence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2005 vote on the [[Central American Free Trade Agreement]] was open for one hour, from 11:00&nbsp;p.m. to midnight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/07/28/house.cafta/ |title=House narrowly approves CAFTA |last1=Henry |first1=Ed |last2=Barrett |first2=Ted |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194454/http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/07/28/house.cafta/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2005/10/08/refinery-bill-passes-amid-partisan-split/ |title=Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split |website=[[FOX News]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=January 12, 2015 |archive-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228090914/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2005/10/08/refinery-bill-passes-amid-partisan-split/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Presiding officers may vote like other members. They may not, however, vote twice in the event of a tie; rather, a tie vote defeats the motion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sidlow |first1=Edward |last2=Henschen |first2=Beth |title=America at Odds, Alternate Edition |edition=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGlKrQ78UEsC&pg=PA246 |location=Belmont, California |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning |page=246 |isbn=978-0-495-50370-5 |access-date=January 10, 2015 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194448/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGlKrQ78UEsC&pg=PA246 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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==Committees==<br />
{{Further|United States congressional committee|List of United States House of Representatives committees}}<br />
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The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House, but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties. Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual members, giving priority on the basis of seniority. Historically, membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party's strength in the House, with two exceptions: on the Rules Committee, the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html|title=Committee on Rules – A History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730234619/http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html |archive-date=July 30, 2008 }}</ref> and on the Ethics Committee, each party has an equal number of seats.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf | title=Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct | access-date=August 23, 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf | archive-date=July 7, 2010 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> However, when party control in the House is closely divided, extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party. In the 109th Congress, for example, the Republicans controlled about 53% of the House, but had 54% of the Appropriations Committee members, 55% of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee, 58% of the members on the Judiciary Committee, and 69% of the members on the Rules Committee.<br />
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The largest committee of the House is the [[Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)|Committee of the Whole]], which, as its name suggests, consists of all members of the House. The Committee meets in the House chamber; it may consider and amend bills, but may not grant them final passage. Generally, the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself. One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of [[United States Congress|Congress]].<br />
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Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues, such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs. Each standing committee considers, amends, and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to [[subpoena]] witnesses and evidence.<br />
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The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee, the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]], and occasionally may establish temporary or advisory committees, such as the [[Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming]]. This latter committee, created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th, has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress. The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees, which include members of the Senate and House. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the [[Library of Congress]]. Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a [[United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation|Joint Committee on Taxation]]. Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees.<br />
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Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman (always a member of the majority party). From 1910 to the 1970s, committee chairs were powerful. [[Woodrow Wilson]] in his classic study,<ref>Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics (1885, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin)</ref> suggested:<blockquote>Power is nowhere concentrated; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs. It is divided up, as it were, into forty-seven seigniories, in each of which a Standing Committee is the court-baron and its chairman lord-proprietor. These petty barons, some of them not a little powerful, but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule, may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires, and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself.</blockquote><br />
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From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority; members of Congress sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one, but their chairship was independent of party leadership. The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party [[caucus]]es to elect chairs, shifting power upward to the party leaders. In 1995, Republicans under [[Newt Gingrich]] set a limit of three two-year terms for committee chairs. The chairman's powers are extensive; he controls the committee/subcommittee agenda, and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill. The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member. In some committees like Appropriations, partisan disputes are few.<br />
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==Legislative functions==<br />
Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress. However, the Constitution states, "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." Because of the [[Origination Clause]], the Senate cannot initiate bills imposing taxes. This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]], in which only the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] may originate such measures. Furthermore, congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates [[appropriation bill]]s.<br />
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Although it cannot originate revenue bills, the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them. [[Woodrow Wilson]] wrote the following about appropriations bills:<ref>Wilson, Woodrow. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eWBJfdV_jv8C&q=originate&pg=PA155 Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212083758/https://books.google.com/books?id=eWBJfdV_jv8C&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3AXH62sjkuTc4C&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q=originate&f=false }}'', pp.&nbsp;155–156 (Transaction Publishers 2002) (quotation marks omitted).</ref><br />
<blockquote>[T]he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills, and the Senate's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.</blockquote><br />
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The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by a [[conference committee]], which includes members of both bodies. For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate, see [[Act of Congress]].<br />
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The president may [[Veto power in the United States|veto]] a bill passed by the House and Senate. If they do, the bill does not become law unless each House, by a two-thirds vote, votes to override the veto.<br />
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==Checks and balances==<br />
{{Unreferenced section}}<br />
The Constitution provides that the Senate's "[[advice and consent]]" is necessary for the president to make appointments and to ratify treaties. Thus, with its potential to frustrate presidential appointments, the Senate is more powerful than the House.<br />
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The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to [[impeachment|impeach]] federal officials for "[[Treason]], [[Bribery]], or other high [[Crime]]s and [[Misdemeanor]]s" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. The House may approve "articles of impeachment" by a simple majority vote; however, a two-thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate. A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law.<br />
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In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached seventeen officials, of whom seven were convicted. (Another, [[Richard Nixon]], resigned after the [[House Judiciary Committee]] passed [[articles of impeachment]] but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House.) Only three presidents of the United States have ever been impeached: [[Andrew Johnson]] in 1868, [[Bill Clinton]] in 1998, and [[Donald Trump]] in 2019 and in 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton and Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.<br />
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Under the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twelfth Amendment]], the House has the power to elect the president if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]]. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. The Constitution provides that "the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote." It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes. In the history of the United States, the House has only had to choose a president twice. In 1800, which was before the adoption of the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twelfth Amendment]], it elected [[Thomas Jefferson]] over [[Aaron Burr]]. In 1824, it elected [[John Quincy Adams]] over [[Andrew Jackson]] and [[William H. Crawford]]. (If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the Senate elects the vice president from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes.)<br />
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==Latest election results and party standings==<br />
{{See also|2022 United States House of Representatives elections|118th United States Congress}}<br />
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'''{{As of|2023|3||df=US}}'''<br />
<br />
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center"<br />
|+ ↓<br />
<br />
|- style="color:white"<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}; width:51.03%" | '''222'''<br />
<!--| style="background:{{party color|Independent Party (United States)}}; width:0.00%" | '''0'''--><br />
| style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}; width:48.97%" | '''213'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | '''Republican'''<br />
<!--| style="color:{{party color|Independent Party (United States)}}" | --><!-- Don't show '''Independent''' here. It messes up the width and impresses upon the reader that they have more seats in the House than what they actually have. --><br />
| style="color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" | '''Democratic'''<br />
<br />
|}<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|- valign=bottom<br />
! colspan=2 | Affiliation<br />
! Members<br />
! Delegates/resident<br />commissioner<br /><span style="font-size:87%;">(non-voting)</span><br />
! State<br />majorities<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}; width: 4px" |<br />
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<br />
| align=center | 222<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
| align=center | 29<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}; width: 4px" |<br />
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<br />
| align=center | 213<br />
| align=center | 3<br />
| align=center | 25<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:white; width:4px;"|<br />
| ''Vacant''<br />
| align=center | 0<br />
| align=center | <br />
| align=center | <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Total<br />
! 435<br />
! 6<br />
! 56<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Majority{{efn|The number of the majority party's voting representatives in the House in excess of the minimum number required to have an absolute majority of voting representatives.}}<br />
! 4<br />
|}<br />
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pressgallery.house.gov/member-data/party-breakdown|title=Party Breakdown|access-date=September 3, 2022|archive-date=August 5, 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/Dgm70|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections]]<br />
* [[List of current members of the United States House of Representatives]]<br />
* [[Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives]]<br />
* [[U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)]]<br />
* [[Women in the United States House of Representatives]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Footnotes ===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources and further reading===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Abramowitz | first1=Alan I. | first2=Kyle L. | last2=Saunders | year=1998 | title=Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate | publisher= Journal of Politics | volume=60 | issue = 3 | pages=634–652}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Adler | first=E. Scott | title=Why Congressional Reforms Fail: Reelection and the House Committee System | publisher=. Univ. of Chicago Press | year=2002}}<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Albert | first1=Carl | last2=Goble | first2=Danney | title=Little Giant: The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert | publisher= Univ. of Oklahoma Press | year=1990}}, Speaker in the 1970s<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Barone | first1=Michael | first2=Grant | last2=Ujifusa | title=The Almanac of American Politics 2006: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts | url=https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00mich_5 | url-access=registration | year=2005 }}, Published every two years since 1975; enormous detail on every state and district and member.<br />
* {{cite book | last=Barry | first=John M. | title=The Ambition and the Power: The Fall of Jim Wright. A True Story of Washington | url=https://archive.org/details/ambitionpowerjim00barr | url-access=registration | publisher=Viking | year=1989 | isbn=9780670819249 }}, Speaker in the 1980s<br />
* {{cite book | last=Berard | first=Stanley P. | title=Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives | publisher= Univ. of Oklahoma Press | year=2001}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Berman | first=Daniel M. (1964). | title=In Congress Assembled: The Legislative Process in the National Government | location=London | publisher=The Macmillan Company}}, <!--Used for the legislative process, procedure--><br />
* {{cite book | title=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005]] | location=Washington | publisher=Government Printing Office | year=2005}}, Prepared by the Office of the Clerk, Office of History and Preservation, United States House of Representatives. Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress. Also online at [http://bioguide.congress.gov Biographical Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110160811/http://bioguide.congress.gov/ }}.<br />
* {{cite book | last=Brady | first=David W. | title=Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era: A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives | publisher= Univ. Press of Kansas | year=1973}}<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Brady | first1=David W. | first2=Mathew D. | last2=McCubbins | title=Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress | year=2002}}<br />
* [[Congressional Quarterly]], massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, and major executive and judicial decisions; based on ''Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report'' and the annual CQ almanac.<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964'' (1965)<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968'' (1969)<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972'' (1973)<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976'' (1977)<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980'' (1981)<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984'' (1985)<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988'' (1989)<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992'' (1993)<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996'' (1998)<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001'' (2002)<br />
** Congressional Quarterly, ''Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004: A Review of Government and Politics: 107th and 108th Congresses'' (2005)<br />
* {{cite book | title=[[Congressional Quarterly]]'s Guide to Congress | edition=5th | year=2000 | location=Washington, D.C. | publisher=Congressional Quarterly Press}}, <!--Used for the legislative process, procedure, general information--><br />
* {{cite book | last=Cooper | first=Joseph | title=The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House | publisher= Rice Univ. Press | year=1970}}<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Cox | first1=Gary W. | last2=McCubbins | first2=Mathew D. | title=Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House | publisher= Univ. of California Press | year=1993}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=DeGregorio | first=Christine A. | title=Networks of Champions: Leadership, Access, and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives | publisher= Univ. of Michigan Press | year=1997}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Dierenfield | first=Bruce J. | title=Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia | url=https://archive.org/details/keeperofrulescon00dier | url-access=registration | publisher=Univ. Press of Virginia | year=1987 | isbn=9780813910680 }}, leader of [[Conservative coalition]] 1940–66<br />
* {{cite book | last=Farrell | first=John A. | title=Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century | url=https://archive.org/details/tiponeilldemoc00farr | url-access=registration | publisher=Little, Brown | year=2001 | isbn=9780316260497 }}, Democratic Speaker in the 1980s<br />
* {{cite book | last=Gertzog | first=Irwin J. | title=Congressional Women: Their Recruitment, Treatment, and Behavior | publisher= Praeger | year=1984}}<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Hardeman | first1=D. B. | last2=Bacon | first2=Donald C. | title=Rayburn: A Biography | publisher= Texas Monthly Press | year=1987}}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Hatzenbuehler | first=Ronald L. | title= Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812 | journal=William and Mary Quarterly | volume=29 | year=1972 | issue=3 | pages=367–90 | doi=10.2307/1923870| jstor=1923870 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Hechler | first=Ken | title=Toward the Endless Frontier: History of the Committee on Science and Technology, 1959–79. | url=https://archive.org/details/towardendlessfro00hech | publisher=Washington: Government Printing Office | year=1980 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Henig | first=Gerald S. | title=Henry Winter Davis: Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland | year=1973}}, Radical leader in Civil War era<br />
* {{cite book | last=Hibbing | first=John R. | title=Congressional Careers: Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives | publisher= Univ. of North Carolina Press | year=1991}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Jacobs | first=John | title=A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton | url=https://archive.org/details/rageforjusticepa00jaco | url-access=registration | publisher=Univ. of California Press | year=1995 }}, leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s<br />
* {{cite book | last=Jacobson | first=Gary C. | title=The Electoral Origins of Divided Government: Competition in U.S. House Elections, 1946–1988 | url=https://archive.org/details/electoralorigins00jaco | url-access=registration | publisher=Westview | year=1990 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Kiewiet | first1=D. Roderick | last2=McCubbins | first2=Mathew D. | title=The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process | publisher= Univ. of Chicago Press | year=1991}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Klingman | first=Peter D. | title=Josiah Walls: Florida's Black Congressman of Reconstruction | publisher= Univ. Press of Florida | year=1976}}<br />
* {{cite book | editor1=[[Linda Grant DePauw|Grant de Pauw, Linda]] | editor2-first=Charlene Bangs | editor2-last=Bickford | editor3-first=Kenneth R. | editor3-last=Bowling | title=Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791 | year=1992–2006}}, 14 volumes of primary documents<br />
* {{cite book | last=Lowitt | first=Richard | title=George W. Norris: The Making of a Progressive, 1861–1912 | volume=1 | publisher=Syracuse Univ. Press | year=1963}}, leader of Republican insurgents in 1910<br />
* {{cite book | last=Margulies | first=Herbert F. | title=Reconciliation and Revival: James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era | publisher=. Greenwood | year=1996}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Merriner | first=James L. | title=Mr. Chairman: Power in Dan Rostenkowski's America | publisher= Southern Illinois Univ. Press | year=1999}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Patterson | first=James | title=Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39 | year=1967}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Price | first=David E. | title=The Congressional Experience: A View from the Hill | url=https://archive.org/details/congressionalexp0000pric | url-access=registration | publisher=Westview | year=1992 }}, Political scientist who served in House.<br />
* {{cite book | last=Remini |first=Robert V. | author-link=Robert V. Remini | title=Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union | year= 1992}}. Speaker for most of 1811–1825<br />
* {{cite book | last=Rohde | first=David W. | title=Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House | publisher= Univ. of Chicago Press | year=1991}}<br />
* {{cite journal | last1=Rohde | first1=David W. | first2=Kenneth A. | last2=Shepsle | title=Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives: Reflections on Woodrow Wilson's Congressional Government | journal=Congress & the Presidency | volume=14 | year=1987| issue=2 | pages=111–133 | doi=10.1080/07343468709507958 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Schickler | first=Eric | title=Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress | year=2001}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Schooley | first=C. Herschel | title=Missouri's Cannon in the House | location= [[Marceline, Missouri]] | publisher= Walsworth | year=1977}}, Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s<br />
* {{cite book | last=Shelley II, Mack C. | title=The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress | year=1983}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Sinclair | first=Barbara | title=Congressional Realignment, 1925–1978 | publisher= Univ. of Texas Press | year=1982}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Sinclair | first=Barbara | title=Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era | url=https://archive.org/details/legislatorsleade0000sinc | url-access=registration | publisher=Johns Hopkins Univ. Press | year=1995 | isbn=9780801849558 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Steinberg | first=Alfred | title=Sam Rayburn: A Biography | url=https://archive.org/details/samrayburnbiogra00stei | url-access=registration | publisher=Hawthorn | year=1975 | isbn=9780801552106 }}, popular biography<br />
* {{cite book | last=Stewart | first=Charles H., III | title=Budget Reform Politics: The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives, 1865–1921 | publisher= Cambridge Univ. Press | year=1989 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Story | first=Joseph | title=[[Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States|Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (2 vol.)]] | year=1891 | publisher=Brown & Little | location=Boston | author-link = Joseph Story }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last1=Strahan | first1=Randall | last2=Moscardelli | first2=Vincent G. <!--| last3=Haspel | first4=Moshe--> | last5=Wike | first5=Richard S. | title=The Clay Speakership Revisited | journal=Polity | year=2000 | volume=32 | issue = 4 | pages=561–593 | doi=10.2307/3235293 | jstor=3235293 | s2cid=155152645 }}, uses roll call analysis<br />
* {{cite book | last=Strahan | first=Randall | title=New Ways and Means: Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee. | publisher= Univ. of North Carolina Press | year=1990 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Trefousse | first=Hans L. | title=Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian | year=1997 }}, majority leader in the 1860s<br />
* Valelly, Richard M., "The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building A New Look," ''Studies in American Political Development,'' 23 (Oct. 2009), 115–42. [https://www.academia.edu/download/34982593/Valelly_on_Reed_Rules.pdf online]{{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=VanBeek | first=Stephen D. | title=Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress | publisher= Univ. of Pittsburgh Press | year=1995 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Waller | first=Robert A. | title=Rainey of Illinois: A Political Biography, 1903–34. | publisher= Univ. of Illinois Press | year=1977 }}, Democratic Speaker 1932–1934<br />
* {{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Woodrow | title=Congressional Government | url=https://archive.org/details/congressionalgov00wilsiala | year=1885 | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | location=New York | author-link=Woodrow Wilson }}, <!--Used for history, constitutional information, and procedure--><br />
* {{cite book | last=Zelizer | first=Julian E. | title = On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000 | year=2006 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
====Surveys====<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* Currie, James T. ''The United States House of Representatives.'' Krieger, 1988.<br />
* {{cite book | last=MacNeil | first=Neil | title=Forge of Democracy: The House of Representatives | url=https://archive.org/details/forgeofdemocracy00macn | url-access=registration | year=1963 | publisher=D. McKay | location=New York }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Peters | first=Ronald M., Jr | title=The American Speakership: The Office in Historical Perspective | url=https://archive.org/details/americanspeakers2ndpete | url-access=registration | year=1997 | edition=2nd | publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | location=Baltimore | isbn=978-0-8018-5758-4 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Polsby | first=Nelson W. | title=How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change | author-link = Nelson W. Polsby | year=2004 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=New York | isbn=978-0-19-516195-3 | url = https://archive.org/details/howcongressevolv00pols_0 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last1 = Poole |first1 = Keith T. | title=Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting |first2 = Howard |last2 = Rosenthal | year=1997 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-19-514242-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Remini | first=Robert V. | title = The House: The History of the House of Representatives | author-link = Robert V. Remini | year=2006 | publisher=[[HarperCollins]] | location=New York | isbn=978-0-06-088434-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Sinclair | first=Barbara | title=Majority Leadership in the U.S. House | url=https://archive.org/details/majorityleadersh00sinc | url-access=registration | year=1983 | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | location=Baltimore | isbn=978-0-8018-2933-8 }}<br />
* {{cite book | editor=Julian E. Zelizer | title = The American Congress: The Building of Democracy | year=2004 | publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] | location=New York | isbn=978-0-618-17906-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/americancongress00juli }}<br />
* Zelizer, Julian E. ''Burning Down the House: Newt Gingrich, the Fall of a Speaker, and the Rise of the New Republican Party'' (Penguin, 2020), focus on Jim Wright and Newt Gingrich in 1990s.<br />
<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
**[http://clerk.house.gov Clerk of the House of Representatives]<br />
** [http://cao.house.gov Chief Administrative Office of the House]<br />
** [http://majorityleader.gov Office of the majority leader]<br />
** [http://speaker.gov Office of the speaker of the House]<br />
** [http://www.house.gov/representatives Official list of current members]<br />
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110601184453/http://www.rules.house.gov/singlepages.aspx?NewsID=160&rsbd=165 Rules of the House]<br />
* [https://www.congress.gov// Legislative information and archives for US House and Senate], via [[Congress.gov]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100423082228/http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present'']<br />
* [http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725105911/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas }}<br />
* [http://www.aggdata.com/political/us-representatives Complete Downloadable List of U.S. Representative Contact Information], via AggData LLC<br />
* [http://www.usbills.info Information about U.S. Congressional Bills and Resolutions]<br />
<br />
{{United States Congress}}<br />
{{United States legislatures}}<br />
{{United States topics}}<br />
{{National lower houses}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|38|53|20|N|77|0|32|W|region:US_type:landmark | display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:United States House of Representatives| ]]<br />
[[Category:1789 establishments in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:National lower houses]]</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Washington_Press&diff=388646University of Washington Press2023-04-02T11:50:05Z<p>Tisha30475: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American academic publishing house}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates}}<br />
{{More citations needed}}<br />
{{Infobox publisher<br />
| image = <br />
| parent = [[University of Washington]]<br />
| status = Active<br />
| founded = {{Start date|1915}}<br />
| founder = <br />
| successor = <br />
| country = [[United States]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Seattle]]<br />
| distribution = [[Hopkins Fulfillment Services]] (US)<br>[[University of British Columbia Press|UBC Press]] (Canada)<br>Combined Academic Publishers (rest of world)<br />
| keypeople = Nicole Mitchell, Director<br>Lorri Hagman, Editor<br />
| publications = Books<br />
| topics = History and culture<br />
| genre = Nonfiction<br />
| imprints = <br />
| numemployees = <br />
| url = {{URL|https://uwapress.uw.edu/}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''University of Washington Press''' is an American academic [[publishing house]]. The organization is a division of the [[University of Washington]], based in [[Seattle]]. Although the division functions autonomously, they have worked to assist the university's efforts in support of the [[Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]], the [[University of Washington Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies|Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies]], and the Center for Innovation and Research in Graduate Education. Since 1915, they have published the works of first-time writers, including students, poets, and artists, along with authors known throughout the world for their work in the humanities, arts, and sciences.<br />
<br />
The organization's daily operations are conducted out independently of the university, but the imprint is controlled by a committee of faculty members that the university president has selected. Each manuscript must go through a collaborative approval process overseen by the editors and the University Press Committee before being chosen for publication under the University of Washington Press imprint. Once a selection has been approved for publication, the organization begins the production process, which includes typesetting and copy editing, along with cover design and promotions. Rather than printing in-house, all composition, printing, and binding services are contracted through external facilities.<br />
<br />
Approximately a third of the manuscripts published originate from within the university. The publishing house receives over 1,000 manuscripts and book proposals each year from throughout the world, with about seven percent approved for publication. Published titles include nonfiction works of history and culture, focusing on a variety of academic fields including [[Asian studies]], [[Asian American studies]], [[Middle Eastern studies]], [[Western history]], [[natural history]], [[environmental studies]], [[anthropology]], biography, and fine art. {{As of|2013}}, over 4,400 books have been published, with over 1,400 remaining in print. Approximately 70 books are released on an annual basis. Among the books published by the press are works by [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureates, including [[Tsung-Dao Lee]].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The University of Washington Press was established in 1915, as a division of the [[University of Washington]]. The publishing house is a nonprofit corporation whose primary function focuses on advancing cultural understanding through the research, development, and publication of academic work, considered to be of historical value. The first book published was ''Governors of Washington, Territorial and State'', written by [[Edmond Meany]]. The first book published under the University of Washington Press imprint was a 1920 edition of ''The Poems of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey'' edited by Frederick M. Padelford.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/about/history.html |title=University of Washington Press - About the Press - History |publisher=Washington.edu |access-date=2013-09-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
The organization is the largest Pacific Northwest-based scholarly publisher. Their initial focus and geographical scope encompassed [[Northern California]] to the northernmost point of the state of Alaska and from the [[Continental Divide]] to the Pacific Ocean. In the 1960s, they began publishing works on Asian culture and history. In 1969, they established the Asian Law Series, which served to assist the Asian Law Center at the university. In the early 2000s, they increased their expansion efforts beyond the Pacific Northwest to include the [[Pacific Rim]] and Asia and embarked on publishing historical and cultural series through formal affiliations with facilities and departments of the University of Washington, as well as editors from prominent educational institutions from around the world. {{As of|2013}}, over 20 volumes have been published, including the 2005 translation of ''Da Ming lü'' (translated: ''The Great Ming Code''); 2007's ''Writing and Law in Late Imperial China: Crime, Conflict, and Judgment''; and ''Law in Japan: A Turning Point'', published in 2008.<ref name=muse>{{cite journal |last1=Soden |first1=Pat |year=2008 |title=University Presses 2008: A Snapshot in Time |journal=Journal of Scholarly Publishing |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=29–31 |publisher=American Library Association |doi=10.1353/scp.0.0027 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/scp/summary/v040/40.1.bartlett_sub04.html |access-date=September 25, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Korean Studies of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies'' series was established in 1988. {{As of|2013}}, eight [[monograph]]s have been published, including ''Marginality and Subversion in Korea: The Hong Kyangmae Rebellion of 1812'', written by Sun Joo Kim. In 1994, they published the ''Studies on Ethnic Groups in China'' series, which focused on the examination of individual ethnicities, as well as relationships between various peoples in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. {{As of|2013}}, over ten volumes have been published in this series, including [[Thomas Heberer]]'s ''Doing Business in China: Liangshan's New Ethnic Entrepreneurs'', published in 2007.<ref name=muse/><br />
<br />
In 1999, the University of Washington Press published ''Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharosthī Fragments'', written by Richard Salomon, who teaches Asian languages and literature at the university. {{As of|2013}}, he continues to oversee the ''Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project'', which encompasses research and analysis of ancient [[Birch bark manuscript|birch bark scrolls]], which were discovered in the [[Gandhara|Gandhāra region]] of western [[Pakistan]]. Preserved in clay jars and buried in ancient monasteries, analysis is being done to determine if the scrolls are the oldest surviving [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] texts ever discovered. Known as [[Wiigwaasabak]], the scrolls have been attributed to the [[Dharmaguptaka]] sect. Since the initial publication, the press has released five volumes in the ''[[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]]'' series.<ref name=muse/><br />
<br />
The ''Critical Dialogues in Southeast Asian Studies'' series was established in 2004. The series is edited by members of the university's history and anthropology faculty. Works are published which focus on [[historiography]]; [[critical ethnography]]; colonialism, nationalism, and ethnicity; gender equality and sexuality; science and technology; political science and sociology; and the arts encompassing literature, drama, and film. {{As of|2013}}, the press has publishes six volumes, including ''Love, Passion, and Patriotism: Sexuality and the Philippine Propaganda Movement'', written in 2008, by Raquel A.G. Reyes.<ref name=muse/><br />
<br />
== Partnerships ==<br />
The organization has professional publishing partnerships with museums and university presses throughout the world, including Canada, China, and Australia. They also work collaboratively with publishing houses in the People's Republic of China and Russia. These partnerships allow them to distribute publications on a global scale, with several works having been translated into over ten languages. The organization fosters relationships with other university publishers, through their membership with the [[Association of University Presses]], which they joined in 1947. Along with the Association, they have hosted publishing conferences and participated in regional and national programs on an annual basis. Since the division was established, they have continued to cultivate and develop relationships with regional, national, and global partners, which include the following organizations. <br />
* [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]]<br />
* [[Fowler Museum at UCLA]]<br />
* [[International Sculpture Center]]<br />
* [[Museum for African Art]]<br />
* [[National Gallery of Australia]]<br />
* [[University of British Columbia Press]]<br />
* [[UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center#Press|UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center Press]]<br />
<br />
== Honors and awards ==<br />
;2012<br />
* [[National Outdoor Book Award]], winner (Design and Artist Merit Category) – ''Beneath Cold Seas: The Underwater Wilderness of the Pacific Northwest'' by [[David J. Hall (photographer)|David J. Hall]]<br />
* Association of American University Presses Jacket and Cover Design Award, winner (Tom Eykemans, designer) – ''Darwin's Pharmacy: Sex, Plants, and the Evolution of the Noosphere'' by Richard Doyle<br />
* [[American Book Awards|American Book Award]], winner – ''Qayluyaarmiuni Nunamtenek Qanemciput/Our Nelson Island Stories: Meanings of Place on the Bering Sea Coast'', Alice Rearden (translator); [[Ann Fienup-Riordan]] (editor)<br />
* [[American Society for Environmental History]] George Perkins Marsh Prize, winner – ''Quagmire: Nation-Building and Nature in the Mekong Delta'' by David Biggs<br />
* Association of American University Presses Jacket and Cover Design Award, winner (Tom Eykemans, designer) – ''Red Autobiographies: Initiating the Bolshevik Self'' by Igal Halfin<br />
* Association of American University Presses Reference Design Award, winner (Ashley Saleeba, designer) – ''Seattle Geographies'', edited by Michael Brown and Richard Morrill<br />
* Robert G. Athearn Book Award, winner – ''Shadow Tribe: The Making of Columbia River Indian Identity'' by Andy Fisher<br />
* Association of American University Presses Poetry and Literature Design Award, winner (Ashley Saleeba, designer) – ''Underdog: Poems'' by Katrina Roberts<br />
* [[Herskovits Prize]], winner – ''Vigilant Things: On Thieves, Yoruba Anti-Aesthetics, and the Strange Fates of Ordinary Objects in Nigeria'' by David Doris<br />
* [[John Lyman Book Award]], winner – ''Voyages: To the New World and Beyond'' by Gordon Miller<br />
<br />
;2013<br />
* Pacific Northwest Historians Guild Organizational Award, winner – University of Washington Press<br />
<br />
== Notable authors ==<br />
* [[Kathleen Flenniken]]<br />
* [[Thomas Heberer]]<br />
* [[Tsung-Dao Lee]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Literature|Washington}}<br />
* [[List of English-language book publishing companies]]<br />
* [[List of university presses]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:University of Washington]]<br />
[[Category:University presses of the United States|Washington]]<br />
[[Category:Book publishing companies based in Seattle]]<br />
[[Category:1915 establishments in Washington (state)]]</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSLV_Mk_II&diff=386288GSLV Mk II2022-05-14T05:14:46Z<p>Tisha30475: Shared an influential article.</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle#GSLV Mark II]]<br />
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}}</div>Tisha30475https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty&diff=388462Seuna (Yadava) dynasty2022-02-20T20:59:49Z<p>Tisha30475: Fresh page format.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian dynasty (c. 1187–1317)}}<br />
{{About|Yadava dynasty of medieval India||Yadav (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
{{Use Indian English}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| conventional_long_name = Seuna (Yadava) dynasty<br />
| common_name = Seuna (Yadava) dynasty<br />
| year_start = {{c.|1187}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=524}}<br />
| year_end = 1317<br />
| event_pre = Earliest rulers<br />
| date_pre = {{circa|860}}<br />
| image_map = {{Location map+<br />
| South Asia<br />
| overlay_image= Map of the Yadavas.png<br />
| width=290 <!-- DO NOT CHANGE MAP SIZE (290) AS THIS WILL DISPLACE THE LABELS --><br />
| float = center<br />
| border =none<br />
| nodiv = 1<br />
| mini = 1<br />
| relief = yes<br />
| places = <br />
{{Annotation|220|5|South-Asia<br>1250 CE|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|95|75|[[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|<span style="color:#006400FF">DELHI SULTANATE<br>(MAMLUKS)</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|225|100|[[Ahom kingdom|<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">AHOM</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|100|40|[[Lohara dynasty|<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">LOHARAS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|55|100|[[Soomra dynasty|'''<span style="color:#006400FF">SOOMRA<br>EMIRATE</span>''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|10|10|[[Mongol invasions of India|<span style="color:#006400FF">MONGOL<br />EMPIRE</span>]]<br /><small>[[Chagatai Khanate|<span style="color:#006400FF">(CHAGATAIS)</span>]]</small>|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8.5|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|70|125|[[Vaghela dynasty|'''<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">VAGHELAS</span>''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|95|100|[[Paramara dynasty|'''<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">PARAMARAS</span>''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|140|110|[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|'''<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">CHANDELAS</span>''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|140|170|[[Kakatiya dynasty|'''<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">KAKATIYAS</span>''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|134|195|[[Telugu Chodas|'''<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">CHODAS</span>''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|165|145|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|'''<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">EASTERN<br>GANGAS</span>''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|120|230|[[Pandyan dynasty|<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">PANDYAS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|130|213|[[Chola dynasty|<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">CHOLAS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|100|205|[[Hoysala Empire|<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">HOYSALAS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|110|220|[[Chera dynasty|<span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">CHERAS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}<br />
{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 1175|<span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span>]] [[Template:South Asia in 1400|<span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}<br />
|caption=<br />
}}<br />
| map_width = 300px<br />
| image_map_caption = Territory of the Yadavas and neighbouring polities, circa 1200-1300 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (c)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref><br />
| capital = Devagiri<br />
| government_type = Monarchy<br />
| common_languages = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br/> [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br/> [[Sanskrit]]<br />
| p1 = Kalachuris of Kalyani<br />
| flag_p1 = <br />
| p2 = Western Chalukya Empire<br />
| flag_p2 = Western-chalukya-empire-map.svg<br />
| s1 = Khalji dynasty (Delhi Sultanate)<br />
| flag_s1 = Delhi Sultanate Flag (catalan atlas).png<br />
| today = [[India]]<br />
| demonym = <br />
| area_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| GDP_PPP = <br />
| GDP_PPP_year = <br />
| HDI = <br />
| HDI_year = <br />
| image_coat = Yadavas of Devagiri. Bhillama V. 1185-1193.jpg<br />
| coa_size = 300px<br />
| symbol_type = Coinage of Yadavas of Devagiri, king [[Bhillama V]] (1185-1193). Central lotus blossom, two ''[[shri]]'' signs, elephant, conch, and “[Bhilla]/madeva” in Devanagari above arrow right<br />
}}<br />
The '''Seuna''', '''Sevuna''', or '''Yadavas of Devagiri''' ([[IAST]]: '''Seuṇa''', {{circa|1187}}–1317){{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=137}} was a [[Medieval India]]n dynasty, which at its peak ruled a kingdom stretching from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] river in the north to the [[Tungabhadra]] river in the south, in the western part of the [[Deccan]] region. Its territory included present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[North Karnataka]] and parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]], from its capital at [[Devagiri]] (present-day [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] in modern [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]], Maharashtra).<br />
<br />
The Yadavas initially ruled as feudatories of the [[Western Chalukyas]]. Around the middle of the 12th century, as the Chalukya power waned, the Yadava king [[Bhillama V]] declared independence. The Yadava kingdom reached its peak under [[Simhana|Simhana II]], and flourished until the early 14th century, when it was annexed by the [[Khalji dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1308 CE.<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
<br />
The Seuna dynasty claimed descent from the [[Yadava]]s and therefore, its kings are often referred to as the "Yadavas of Devagiri". The correct name of the [[dynasty]], however, is Seuna or Sevuna.<ref name="ref_India_A_History_John_Keay">{{cite book<br />
| last = Keay<br />
| first = John<br />
| author-link = John Keay<br />
| title = India: A History<br />
| date= 2001-05-01<br />
| publisher = Atlantic Monthly Pr<br />
| isbn = 0-8021-3797-0<br />
| pages = 252–257<br />
}} ''The quoted pages can be read at [https://books.google.com/ Google Book Search].''</ref> The inscriptions of this dynasty, as well as those of contemporary kingdoms, the [[Hoysala]], [[Kakatiya dynasty]] and [[Western Chalukyas]] call them ''Seunas''.{{sfn|Suryanath Kamat|1980|pp=136-137}} The name is probably derived from the name of their second ruler, "Seunachandra".<br />
<br />
The "Sevuna" (or Seuna) name was brought back into use by [[John Faithfull Fleet]] in his 1894 book ''The dynasties of the [[Kanarese]] districts of the Bombay Presidency from the earliest historical times to the Musalman conquest of A.D. 1318''.<ref>The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency"(1894) J.F.Fleet, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (Vol-1, Part-II, Book-III) {{ISBN|81-206-0277-3}}</ref>{{sfn|A. V. Narasimha Murthy|1971|p=32}}<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
[[File:Gondeshwar_temple.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Gondeshwar Temple]] was built by Gavali (Yadava) chief Rav Singuni of the Seunas.]]<br />
The earliest historical ruler of the Seuna/Yadava dynasty can be dated to the mid-9th century, but the origin of the dynasty is uncertain.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=137}} Little is known about their early history: their 13th century court poet [[Hemadri]] records the names of the family's early rulers, but his information about the pre-12th century rulers is often incomplete and inaccurate.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=515}} [[David Hardiman]] identifies the Yadavas of Devagiri as "Gavli Rajas" of 12th - 13th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=hardiman |first1=david |title=Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society, Issue 8 |publisher=Oxford University |location=Oxford |page=94|isbn=9780195643343 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjowAQAAIAAJ&q=gavli+raj&dq=gavli+raj&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXnrzy_sH_AhVuAjQIHQr_B1EQ6AF6BAgKEAI}}</ref><br />
<br />
The dynasty claimed descent from [[Yadu]], a hero mentioned in the [[Puranas|Puranic]] mythological legends.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=515}} According to this account, found in Hemadri's ''Vratakhanda'' as well as several inscriptions,{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=137}} their ancestors originally resided at [[Mathura]], and then migrated to [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] (Dvaravati) in present-day [[Gujarat]]. A [[Jainism|Jain]] legend states that the Jain saint Jinaprabhasuri saved the pregnant mother of the dynasty's founder [[Dridhaprahara]] from a great fire that destroyed Dvaraka. A family feudatory to the Yadavas migrated from [[Vallabhi]] (also in present-day Gujarat) to [[Khandesh]]. But otherwise, no historical evidence corroborates their connection to Dvaraka. The dynasty never tried to conquer Dvaraka, or establish any political or cultural connections with that region.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=515}} Its rulers started claiming to be descendants of Yadu and migrants from Dvaraka after becoming politically prominent.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}} Dvaraka was associated with [[Yadava|Yadu's descendants]], and the dynasty's claim of connection with that city may simply be a result of their claim of descent from Yadu rather than their actual geographic origin.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=515-516}} The [[Hoysala]]s, the southern neighbours of the dynasty, similarly claimed descent from Yadu and claimed to be the former lords of Dvaraka.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Virgal (hero stone) in Kedareshvara temple at Balligavi 3.JPG|thumb|upright|Hero stone (''Virgal'') with [[Old Kannada]] inscription dated 1286 CE from the rule of Yadava King Ramachandra in Kedareshvara temple at Balligavi in Shimoga district, Karnataka state]]<br />
The territory of the early Yadava rulers was located in present-day [[Maharashtra]],{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}} and several scholars (especially Maharashtrian historians{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}}) have claimed a "[[Maratha]]" origin for the dynasty.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=316}} However, [[Marathi language|Marathi]], the language of present-day Maharashtra, began to appear as the dominant language in the dynasty's inscriptions only in the 14th century, before which [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]] were the primary language of their inscriptions.{{sfn|Colin P. Masica|1993|p=45}}{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}} Marathi appears in around two hundred Yadava inscriptions, but usually as translation of or addition to Kannada and Sanskrit text. During the last half century of the dynasty's rule, it became the dominant language of epigraphy, which may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects, and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking Hoysalas.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}} The earliest instance of the Yadavas using the term "''marathe''" as a self-designation appears in a 1311 inscription recording a donation to the [[Vitthal Temple, Pandharpur|Pandharpur temple]],{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=314}} towards the end of the dynasty's rule.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=316}} However the word was not used to indicate the Maratha caste but meant “belonging to Maharashtra”.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=315}}<br />
<br />
Epigraphic evidence suggests that the dynasty likely emerged from a Kannada-speaking background.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|pp=51-54}} Around five hundred Yadava inscriptions have been discovered, and Kannada is the most common language of these inscriptions, followed by Sanskrit.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=53}} Of the inscriptions found in present-day [[Karnataka]] (the oldest being from the reign of Bhillama II), most are in Kannada language and script; others are in the Kannada language but use [[Devanagari]] script.{{sfn|Suryanath Kamat|1980|pp=136-137}} Older inscriptions from Karnataka also attest to the existence of Yadava feudatories (such as Seunas of Masavadi) ruling in the [[Dharwad]] region in the 9th century, although these feudatories cannot be connected to the main line of the dynasty with certainty.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=137}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}} Many of the dynasty's rulers had Kannada names and titles such as "Dhadiyappa", "Bhillama", "Rajugi", "Vadugi" and "Vasugi", and "Kaliya Ballala". Some kings had names like "Simhana" (or "Singhana") and "Mallugi", which were also used by the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]], who ruled in present-day Karnataka. Records show that one of the early rulers, Seunachandra II, had a Kannada title, ''Sellavidega''. The rulers had very close matrimonial relationships with Kannada-speaking royal families throughout their rule. Bhillama II was married to Lachchiyavve, who was from a [[Rashtrakuta]] descendant family in Karnataka. Vaddiga was married to Vaddiyavve, daughter of Rashtrakuta chieftain Dhorappa. Wives of Vesugi and Bhillama III were [[Chalukya]] princesess. The early Seuna coins also had Kannada legends engraved on them indicating it was a court language.{{sfn|Suryanath Kamat|1980|pp=136-137}} The early Yadavas may have migrated northwards owing to the political situation in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region,{{sfn|Shrinivas Ritti|1973}} or may have been dispatched by their Rashtrakuta overlords to rule the northern regions.{{sfn|A. V. Narasimha Murthy|1971|p=32}}<br />
<br />
== Political history ==<br />
<br />
=== As feudatories ===<br />
[[File:Daulatabad Fort Geography.jpg|thumb|The fortress of [[Devagiri]], the capital of Yadavas]]<br />
[[File:A virgal (herostone) in Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur.JPG|thumb|upright|Hero stone with old Kannada inscription dated 1235. from the rule of Yadava King [[Simhana|Simhana II]] at Kubetur, Soraba Taluk, Shimoga district, Karnataka state]]<br />
The earliest historically attested ruler of the dynasty is [[Dridhaprahara]] (c. 860–880), who is said to have established the city of Chandradityapura (modern [[Chandwad fort|Chandor]]).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=137}} He probably rose to prominence by protecting the people of [[Khandesh]] region from enemy raiders, amid the instability brought by the [[Tripartite Struggle|Pratihara-Rashtrakuta war]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}}<br />
<br />
Dridhaprahara's son and successor was Seunachandra (c. 880–900), after whom the dynasty was called Seuna-vamsha ([[IAST]]: Seuṇa-vaṃśa) and their territory was called Seuna-desha.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=138}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}} He probably became a [[Rashtrakuta]] feudatory after helping the Rashtrakutas against their northern neighbours, the [[Paramara]]s.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=138}} He established a new town called Seunapura (possibly modern [[Sinnar]]).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=516}}<br />
<br />
Not much information is available about Seunachandra's successors — Dhadiyappa (or Dadhiyappa), Bhillama I, and Rajugi (or Rajiga) — who ruled during c. 900–950.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=138}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=517}} The next ruler Vandugi (also Vaddiga I or Baddiga) raised the family's political status by marrying into the imperial Rashtrakuta family. He married Vohivayya, a daughter of Dhorappa, who was a younger brother of the Rashtrakuta emperor [[Krishna III]]. Vandugi participated in Krishna's military campaigns, which may have resulted in an increase in his fief, although this cannot be said with certainty.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=517}}<br />
<br />
Little is known about the next ruler, Dhadiyasa (c. 970–985).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=517}} His son [[Bhillama II]] acknowledged the suzerainty of the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] ruler [[Tailapa II]], who overthrew the Rashtrakutas. As a Chalukya feudatory, he played an important role in Tailapa's victory over the [[Paramara]] king [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]].{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=138}} Bhillama II was succeeded by Vesugi I (r. c. 1005–1025), who married Nayilladevi, the daughter of a Chalukya feudatory of Gujarat. The next ruler Bhillama III is known from his Kalas Budruk grant inscription.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=518}} He married Avalladevi, a daughter of the Chalukya king [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], as attested by a [[Vasai]] (Bassein) inscription. He may have helped his father-in-law Jayasimha and his brother-in-law [[Someshvara I]] in their campaigns against the Paramara king [[Bhoja]].{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=138}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=518}}<br />
<br />
For unknown reasons, the Yadava power seems to have declined over the next decade, during the reigns of Vesugi II (alias Vaddiga or Yadugi) and Bhillama IV. The next ruler was Seunachandra II, who, according to the Yadava records, restored the family's fortunes just like the god [[Vishnu|Hari]] had restored the earth's fortunes with his [[varaha]] incarnation. Seunachandra II appears to have ascended the throne around 1050, as he is attested by the 1052 [[Deolali Pravara|Deolali]] inscription. He bore the feudatory title ''Maha-mandaleshvara'' and became the overlord of several sub-feudatories, including a family of Khandesh. A 1069 inscription indicates that he had a ministry of seven officers, all of whom bore high-sounding titles.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=518}} During his tenure, the Chalukya kingdom saw a war of succession between the brothers [[Someshvara II]] and [[Vikramaditya VI]]. Seunachandra II supported Vikramaditya (who ultimately succeeded), and rose to the position of ''Maha-mandaleshvara''.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=138}} His son Airammadeva (or Erammadeva, r. c. 1085–1105), who helped him against Someshvara II, succeeded him. Airammadeva's queen was Yogalla, but little else is known about his reign.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=139}} The Asvi inscription credits him with helping place Vikramaditya on the Chalukya throne.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=518}}<br />
<br />
Airammadeva was succeeded by his brother Simhana I (r. c. 1105–1120).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=518-519}} The Yadava records state that he helped his overlord Vikramaditya VI complete the ''Karpura-[[vrata]]'' ritual, by getting him a ''karpura'' elephant. An 1124 inscription mentions that he was ruling the Paliyanda-4000 province (identified as the area around modern [[Paranda]]).{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=139}} The dynasty's history over the next fifty years is obscure. The 1142 [[Anjaneri]] inscription attests the rule of a person named Seunachandra, but Hemadri's records of the dynasty do not mention any Seunachandra III; historian [[R. G. Bhandarkar]] theorized that this Seunachandra may have been a Yadava sub-feudatory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=519}}<br />
<br />
The next known ruler Mallugi (r. c. 1145–1160) was a loyal feudatory to the Chalukya king [[Tailapa III]]. His general Dada and Dada's son Mahidhara fought with Tailapa's rebellious [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri]] feudatory [[Bijjala II]]. He extended his territory by capturing Parnakheta (modern Patkhed in [[Akola district]]).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=519}} The Yadava records claim that he seized the elephants of the king of [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]], but do not provide any details.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=139}} He also raided the kingdom of the [[Kakatiya]] ruler Rudra, but this campaign did not result in any territorial gains for him.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=519}} Mallugi was succeeded by his elder son Amara-gangeya, who was succeeded by his son Amara-mallugi (alias Mallugi II). The next ruler Kaliya-ballala, whose relationship to Mallugi is unknown, was probably an usurper. He was succeeded by [[Bhillama V]] around 1175.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=519}}<br />
<br />
=== Rise as a sovereign power ===<br />
<br />
At the time of [[Bhillama V]]'s ascension in c. 1175, his nominal overlords — the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Chalukyas]] — were busy fighting their former feudatories, such as the [[Hoysala]]s and the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuris]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=522}} Bhillama raided the northern [[Chaulukya|Gujarat Chaulukya]] and [[Paramara]] territories, although these invasions did not result in any territorial annexations. The [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Kelhana]], who was a Gujarat Chaulukya feudatory, forced him to retreat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=523}} Meanwhile, the Hoysala ruler [[Veera Ballala II|Ballala II]] invaded the Chalukya capital Kalyani, forcing Bhillama's overlord [[Someshvara IV|Someshvara]] to flee.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=524}}<br />
<br />
Around 1187, Bhillama forced Ballala to retreat, conquered the former Chalukya capital Kalyani, and declared himself a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=524}} He then established [[Devagiri]], a formidable natural stronghold, which became the new Yadava capital.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam |1957|p=140}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 2, first page}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the late 1180s, Ballala launched a campaign against Bhillama, and decisively defeated his army at [[Soratur]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=525}} The Yadavas were driven to the north of the [[Malaprabha River|Malaprabha]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers, which formed the Yadava-Hoysala border for the next two decades.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=525}}<br />
<br />
=== Imperial expansion ===<br />
{{Continental Asia in 1200 CE|right|The Yadavas and main contemporary Asian polities circa 1205.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (c)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>}}<br />
Bhillama's son [[Jaitugi]] successfully invaded the [[Kakatiya]] kingdom around 1194, and forced them to accept the Yadava suzerainty.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=529}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=143}}<br />
<br />
Jaitugi's son [[Simhana]], who succeeded him around either 1200{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}} or 1210,{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=531}} is regarded as the dynasty's greatest ruler.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=144}} At its height, his kingdom probably extended from the [[Narmada River]] in the north to the [[Tungabhadra River]] in the south, and from the [[Arabian Sea]] in the west to the western part of the present-day [[Telangana]] in the east.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=147}} He launched a military campaign against the Hoysalas (who were engaged in a war with the [[Pandya kingdom|Pandyas]]), and captured a substantial part of their territory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=532}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}} The [[Ratta dynasty|Rattas of Saundatti]], who formerly acknowledged the Hoysala suzerainty, became his feudatories, and helped him expand the Yadava power southwards.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}} In 1215, Simhana successfully invaded the northern [[Paramara]] kingdom. According to Hemadri, this invasion resulted in the death of the Paramara king [[Arjunavarman]], although this claim is of doubtful veracity.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=534}} Around 1216, Simhana defeated the [[Shilahara#Kolhapur branch|Kohalpur Shilahara]] king [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]], a former feudatory, who had asserted his sovereignty. The Shilahara kingdom, including its capital [[Kolhapur]], was annexed to the Yadava kingdom as a result of this victory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=533}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=145}}<br />
<br />
In 1220, Simhana sent an army to the [[Lata (region)|Lata]] region in present-day [[Gujarat]], whose rulers kept shifting his allegiance between the Yadavas, the Paramaras, and the [[Chaulukya]]s.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=535}} Simhana's general Kholeshvara killed the defending ruler Simha, and captured Lata.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=535-536}} Simhana then appointed Simha's son Shankha as a Yadava vassal in Lata.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=536}} Sometime later, the Chaulukya general Lavanaprasada invaded Lata, and captured the important port city of [[Khambhat]]. Simhana's feudatory Shankha invaded Chaulukya-controlled territory twice, with his help, but was forced to retreat.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=536-537}} The Chaulukya-Yadava conflict came to end in c. 1232 with a peace treaty.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=537}} In the 1240s, Lavanaprasada's grandson Visaladeva usurped the power in Gujarat, and became the first [[Vaghela dynasty|Vagehla]] monarch. During his reign, Simhana's forces invaded Gujarat unsuccessfully, and the Yadava general Rama (a son of Kholeshvara) was killed in a battle.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=146}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Aundha Nagnath Shiva Temple Jyotirlinga Maharashtra India.jpg|thumb|The [[Aundha Nagnath Temple]] was built by the Yadavas in the 13th century CE.]]<br />
Several Yadava feudatories kept shifting their allegiance between the Yadavas and the Hoysalas, and tried to assert their independence whenever presented with an opportunity. Simhana's general Bichana subdued several such chiefs, including the Rattas, the Guttas of [[Dharwad]], the [[Kadambas of Hangal]], and the [[Kadambas of Goa]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=538}} The Kakatiya king Ganapati served him as a feudatory for several years, but assumed independence towards the end of his reign. However, Ganapati did not adopt an aggressive attitude towards the Yadavas, so no major conflict happened between the two dynasties during Simhana's reign.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=538-539}}<br />
<br />
Simhana was succeeded by his grandson [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]] (alias Kannara), who defeated the invaded the Paramara kingdom, which had weakened because of invasions from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He defeated the Paramara king sometime before 1250, although this victory did not result in any territorial annexation.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}} Krishna also attempted an invasion of the Vaghela-ruled Gujarat, but this conflict was inconclusive, with both sides claiming victory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}} He also fought against the Hoysalas; again, both sides claim victory in this conflict.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}}<br />
<br />
Krishna's younger brother and successor [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]] curbed a rebellion by the [[Shilahara#North Konkan (Thane branch)|Shilaharas]] of northern [[Konkan]], whose ruler [[Someshvara (Shilahara dynasty)|Someshvara]] had attempted to assert his sovereignty.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=546}} He invaded the eastern [[Kakatiya]] kingdom, taking advantage of rebellions against the Kakatiya queen [[Rudrama Devi|Rudrama]],{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}} but this invasion appears to have been repulsed.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=150}} He also invaded the southern [[Hoysala]] kingdom, but this invasion was repulsed by the Hoysala king [[Vira Narasimha II|Narasimha II]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}} Mahadeva's Kadamba feudatories rebelled against him, but this rebellion was suppressed by his general Balige-deva around 1268.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}}<br />
<br />
Mahadeva was succeeded by his son [[Ammana]], who was dethroned by Krishna's son [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] after a short reign in 1270.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=548-549}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=151}} During the first half of his reign, Ramachandra adopted an aggressive policy against his neighbours. In the 1270s, he invaded the northern [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom, which had been weakened by internal strife, and easily defeated the Paramara army.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=549}} The Yadava army was also involved in skirmishes against their north-western neighbours, the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]], with both sides claiming victory.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=549}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=152}} In 1275, he sent a powerful army led by Tikkama to the southern Hoysala kingdom. Tikkama gathered a large plunder from this invasion, although ultimately, his army was forced to retreat in 1276.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=550}} Ramachandra lost some of his territories, including [[Raichur Fort|Raichur]], to the Kakatiyas.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=152}}<br />
<br />
The Purushottamapuri inscription of Ramachandra suggests that he expanded the Yadava kingdom at its north-east frontier. First, he subjugated the rulers of Vajrakara (probably modern Vairagarh) and Bhandagara (modern [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]).{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=551}} Next, he marched to the defunct [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] kingdom, and occupied the former Kalachuri capital Tripuri (modern Tewar near [[Jabalpur]]). He also constructed a temple at [[Varanasi]], which suggests that he may have occupied Varanasi for 2–3 years, amid the confusion caused by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s invasion of the local [[Gahadavala]] kingdom.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=551}} He crushed a rebellion by the Yadava feudatories at [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]] and [[Sangameshwar]] in [[Konkan]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=551}}<br />
<br />
=== Decline ===<br />
[[File:Region of the Yadavas, with the city of Diogil (Deogil. Dwaigir. Daulatabad) in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|upright=2|Western coast of India, with the traditional Yadava capital of ''[[Daulatabad Fort|Diogil]]'' ("Deogiri", or [[Devagiri]]) at the center, in the [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375). On top of the city of ''Diogil'' floats a peculiar flag ([[File:Flag of Diogil, Catalan Atlas 1375.png|20px]]), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ([[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|20px]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Antiquities from San Thomé and Mylapore |pages=264-265 |url=https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesFromSanThomeAndMylaporeHenriHosten1936/page/n319/mode/2up?q=diogil}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kadoi |first1=Yuka |title=On the Timurid flag |journal=Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |volume=2 |page=148 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816/_On_the_Timurid_flag_in_Beitr%C3%A4ge_zur_islamischen_Kunst_und_Arch%C3%A4ologie_Band_2_Wiesbaden_Reichert_2010_pp_143_62|quote="...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally sliver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555)."}}</ref> Devagiri was ultimately captured by [[‘Alā ud-Dīn Khaljī]] in 1307.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beaujard |first1=Philippe |title=The worlds of the Indian Ocean : a global history : a revised and updated translation |publisher=Cambrige University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42456-1 |page=Chapter 8 |url=978-1108424653|quote="The sultan captured the Rajput fort of Chitor, in Rājasthān, and in 1310 he subjected most of the Deccan to his power. He took Devagiri – the capital of the Yādava – in 1307"}}</ref> The trading ship raises the flag of the [[Ilkhanate]] ([[File:Flag_of_the_Ilkhanate.svg|20px]]).]]<br />
Ramachandra seems to have faced invasions by Muslim armies from north India (called "[[mlechchhas]]" or "[[Turkic people|Turukas]]") since the 1270s, for a 1278 inscription calls him a "[[Varaha|Great Boar]] in securing the earth from the oppression of the Turks". Historian P. M. Joshi dismisses this as a boastful claim, and theorizes that he may have "chastised some Muslim officials" in the coastal region between [[Goa]] and [[Chaul]].{{sfn|P. M. Joshi|1966|p=206}} In 1296, [[Ala-ud-din Khalji]] of the Delhi Sultanate successfully [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|raided Devagiri]]. Khalji restored it to Ramachandra in return for his promise of payment of a high [[ransom]] and an annual tribute.<ref name="ref_Mathew_Bannet_Dictionary">{{cite book<br />
| last = Bennett<br />
| first = Mathew<br />
| title = Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare<br />
| year=2001<br />
| publisher = Stackpole Books<br />
| isbn = 0-8117-2610-X<br />
| page = 98<br />
}}. ''The quoted pages can be read at [https://books.google.com/ Google Book Search].''</ref> However, this was not paid and the Seuna kingdom's arrears to Khalji kept mounting. In 1307, Khalji sent an army commanded by [[Malik Kafur]], accompanied by Khwaja Haji, to Devagiri. The Muslim governors of Malwa and Gujarat were ordered to help Malik Kafur. Their huge army conquered the weakened and [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|defeated]] forces of Devagiri almost without a battle. Ramachandra was taken to Delhi. Khalji reinstated Ramachandra as governor in return for a promise to help him subdue the Hindu kingdoms in [[South India]]. In 1310, Malik Kafur mounted an assault on the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya kingdom]] from Devagiri.<ref name="ref_India_A_History_John_Keay"/> The plundered wealth obtained from the Kakatiyas helped finance the freelance soldiers of the Khalji army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 2}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ramachandra's successor Simhana III challenged the supremacy of Khalji, who sent Malik Kafur to recapture Devagiri in 1313. Simhana III was killed in the ensuing battle<ref>{{cite book|last=Michell|first=George|title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates|url=https://archive.org/details/newcambridgehist00mich_127|url-access=limited|publisher=Arizona University Press|isbn=0-521-56321-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/newcambridgehist00mich_127/page/n49 5]}}</ref> and Khalji's army occupied Devagiri. The kingdom was annexed by the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji sultanate]] in 1317. Many years later, [[Muhammad Tughluq]] of the [[Tughluq dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] subsequently renamed the city Daulatabad.<ref name="brit">"Yādava Dynasty" Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite</ref><br />
<br />
== Rulers ==<br />
[[File:Seuna (Yadava). Ramachandra. 1270-1311 Central lotus blossom, two śri, conch, and “śri rama” in Devanagari above standard left, each in incuse.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] (1270–1311). Central lotus blossom, two śri, conch, and “śri rama” in Devanagari above standard left, each in incuse]]<br />
The rulers of the Seuna / Yadava dynasty include:{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=516-551}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|pp=137-152}}<br />
<br />
'''Feudatories'''<br />
<br />
* [[Dridhaprahara]], r. c. 860–880<br />
* Seunachandra, r. c. 880–900<br />
* Dhadiyappa I, r. c. 900-?<br />
* Bhillama I, r. c. 925<br />
* Rajugi, r. c. ?–950<br />
* Vaddiga, r. c. 950–970<br />
* Dhadiyasa, r. c. 970–985<br />
* [[Bhillama II]], r. c. 985–1005<br />
* Vesugi I, r. c. 1005–1025<br />
* Bhillama III, r. c. 1025–?<br />
* Vesugi II alias Vaddiga or Yadugi, r. c. ?–1050<br />
* Seunachandra II, r. c. 1050–1085<br />
* Airammadeva or Erammadeva, r. c. 1085–1105<br />
* Simhana I (also transliterated as Singhana I) alias Simharaja, r. c. 1105–1120<br />
* Obscure rulers, r. c. 1120–1145<br />
* Mallugi I, r. c. 1145–1160<br />
* Amaragangeya<br />
* Amara-mallugi alias Mallugi II<br />
* Kaliya-ballala, r. c. ?–1175<br />
* [[Bhillama V]], r. c. 1175–1187<br />
<br />
'''Sovereigns'''<br />
[[File:Yadavas of Devagiri. Mahadeva. 1261-1270.jpg|thumb|Yadavas of Devagiri, coinage of king [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]] (1261–1270). Central lotus blossom, two sri, elephant, conch, and “Mahadeva” in Devanagari above sword right punchmarks]]<br />
* [[Bhillama V]], r. c. 1187–1191<br />
* [[Jaitugi]] I, r. c. 1191–1200 or 1191–1210<br />
* [[Simhana|Simhana II]], r. c. 1200–1246 or 1210–1246<br />
* [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]] alias Kannara, r. c. 1246–1261<br />
* [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]], r.c. 1261–1270<br />
* [[Ammana]], r. c. 1270<br />
* [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] alias Ramadeva, r. c. 1271–1308<br />
<br />
'''as tributaries of the [[Khalji dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]'''<br />
<br />
* [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]], r. c. 1308–1311<br />
* Simhana III alias Shankaradeva, r. c. 1311–1313<br />
* [[Harapaladeva]], r. c. 1313–1317<br />
<br />
== Literature ==<br />
<br />
=== Marathi ===<br />
The Yadavas were the first major dynasty to use Marathi as an official language.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2001|p=211}} Earlier, both Sanskrit and Kannada had been used for official inscriptions in present-day Maharashtra; subsequently, at least partly due to the efforts of the Yadava rulers, Marathi became the dominant official language of the region.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2001|p=212}} Even if they were not of Marathi origin, towards the end of their reign, they certainly identified with the Marathi language.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=316}} The early Marathi literature emerged during the Yadava rule, because of which some scholars have theorized that it was produced with support from the Yadava rulers.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=74,86}} However, there is no evidence that the Yadava royal court directly supported the production of Marathi literature with state funds, although it regarded Marathi as a significant language for connecting with the general public.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|p=x,74}}<br />
<br />
[[Hemadri]], a minister in the Yadava court, attempted to formalize Marathi with Sanskrit expressions to boost its status as a court language.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2001|pp=211-212}} Saint-poet [[Dnyaneshwar]] wrote ''[[Dnyaneshwari]]'' (c. 1290), a Marathi-language commentary on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', during Ramachandra's rule. He also composed devotional songs called ''abhanga''s. Dnyaneshwar gave a higher status to Marathi by translating the sacred [[Bhagavad Gita|Geeta]] from [[Sanskrit]]. Mukundaraja wrote the Marathi-language philosophical treatises ''Paramamrita'' and ''Vivekasindhu'' during the Yadava period.{{sfn|Onkar Prasad Verma|1970|p=266}} The [[Mahanubhava]] religious sect, which became prominent in present-day Maharshtra during the late Yadava period, boosted the status of Marathi as a literary language.{{sfn|Onkar Prasad Verma|1970|p=266}} Mahimabhatta wrote ''[[Leela Charitra|Lilacharita]]'', a biography of the sect's founder [[Chakradhara]]. The text claims that Hemadri (who was a [[Brahmanism|Brahmanist]]) was jealous of Chakradhara's popularity, and the Yadava king Ramachandra ordered killing of Chakradhara, who escaped with his yogic powers. The claim is of doubtful historicity.{{sfn|A. V. Narasimha Murthy|1971|p=32}}<br />
<br />
=== Kannada ===<br />
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (13th century) on pillar base ascribed to the Seuna Yadavas in the Siddhesvara temple at Haveri 1.JPG|thumb|Old Kannada inscription (13th century) on pillar base ascribed to the Seuna Yadavas in the [[Siddhesvara Temple]] at Haveri.]]<br />
<br />
Kannada was the court language of Yadavas till late Seuna times, as is evident from a number of Kannada-language inscriptions (see [[#Origin|Origin]] section). Kamalabhava a [[Jain]] scholar, patronised by Bhillama V, wrote ''[[Santhishwarapurana]]''. Achanna composed ''[[Vardhamanapurana]]'' in 1198. Amugideva, patronised by Simhana II, composed many ''[[Vachanas]]'' or devotional songs. Chaundarasa of [[Pandharapur]] wrote ''Dashakumara Charite'' around 1300.<ref name="kamala1">R. Narasimhacharya, p. 68, ''History of Kannada Literature'', 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988 {{ISBN|81-206-0303-6}}</ref>{{sfn|Suryanath Kamat|1980|pp=143-144}}<ref name="sujit">Sujit Mukherjee, p. 410, p. 247, "Dictionary of Indian Literature One: Beginnings - 1850", 1999, Orient Blackswan, Delhi, {{ISBN|81 250 1453 5}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sanskrit ===<br />
<br />
[[Simhana]] was a great patron of learning and literature. He established the college of astronomy to study the work of celebrated astronomer [[Bhaskaracharya]]. The [[Sangita Ratnakara]], an authoritative [[Sanskrit]] work on [[Music of India|Indian music]] was written by [[Sharngadeva|Śārṅgadeva]] (or Shrangadeva) during Simhana's reign.<ref name="GSMann">{{cite book |author=Gurinder Singh Mann | title = The Making of Sikh Scripture |url=https://archive.org/details/makingsikhscript00mann |url-access=limited |year=2001 |publisher = Oxford University Press US |isbn = 0-19-513024-3 |page = [https://archive.org/details/makingsikhscript00mann/page/n13 1] }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Hemadri]] compiled the encyclopedic Sanskrit work ''Chaturvarga Chintamani''. He is said to have built many temples in a style known after him – ''Hemadapanti''.<ref name="palkhi">{{cite book |author=Digambar Balkrishna Mokashi | title = Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage |year=1987 | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 0-88706-461-2 | page = 37 }}</ref> He wrote many books on ''vaidhyakshastra'' (medical science) and he introduced and supported [[Pearl millet|bajra]] cultivation.<ref name="kolarkar">Marathyancha Itihaas by Dr. S.G Kolarkar, p.4, Shri Mangesh Prakashan, Nagpur.</ref><br />
<br />
Other Sanskrit literary works created during the Seuna period include:<br />
<br />
* ''[[Suktimuktavali]]'' by Jalhana<br />
* ''Hammiramadhana'' by Jayasimha Suri{{citation needed}}<br />
* ''Karnakutuhala'' and ''Siddhanta Shiromani'' by [[Bhaskaracharya]]<br />
* Anantadeva's commentaries on [[Varahamihira]]'s ''Brijajjataka'' and [[Brahmagupta]]'s ''Brihatsputa siddhanta''<br />
* Haripaladeva's ''Sangeetasudhakara'', a treatise on [[Indian Classical Music]], which bifurcates Indian classical music as [[Hindustani Music]] and [[Carnatic Music]] for the first time, acknowledging the [[Muslim]] influence on Indian music.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| title = ITCSRA FAQ on Indian Classical Music<br />
| url = http://www.itcsra.org/sra_faq_index.html<br />
| access-date = 2007-12-11 }}</ref>{{failed verification}}<br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
The [[Gondeshwar temple]] is an 11th-12th century [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Sinnar]], a town in the [[Nashik district]] of [[Maharashtra]], India. It features a [[panchayatana (temple)|panchayatana]] plan; with a main shrine dedicated to [[Shiva]]; and four subsidiary shrines dedicated to [[Surya]], [[Vishnu]], [[Parvati]], and [[Ganesha]]. The Gondeshwar temple was built during the rule of the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty, and is variously dated to either the 11th{{sfn|Takeo Kamiya|2003|p=382}} or the 12th century.{{sfn|Cyril M. Harris|2013|p=806}}<br />
<br />
<gallery mode="packed"><br />
KITLV 88234 - Unknown - Gondeshvara temple at Sinnar in British India - 1897.tif | The temple in 1897<br />
Gondeshwar Temple - Sinnar, Maharashtra, India.jpg | In 2017, with the finial lost<br />
Gondeshwar temple Sinnar, Nashik temple cross section and plan.jpg | Cross section and plan<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Cyril M. Harris |title=Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp_DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT806 |year=2013 |publisher=Courier |isbn=978-0-486-13211-2 |page=806 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14DvAQAACAAJ5 |oclc=59001459 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=A. V. Narasimha Murthy |title=The Sevunas of Devagiri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxhY_3vLA_YC |year=1971 |publisher=Rao and Raghavan }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Christian Lee Novetzke |author-link=Christian Lee Novetzke |title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54241-8 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA212 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Colin P. Masica |author-link=Colin Masica |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |chapter=Subsequent spread of Indo-Aryan in the subcontinent and beyond |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC&pg=RA1-PA45 |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Onkar Prasad Verma |title=The Yādavas and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8ABAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal |oclc=138387 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=P. M. Joshi |chapter=Alauddin Khalji's first campaign against Devagiri |editor=H. K. Sherwani |editor-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani |title=Dr. Ghulam Yazdani Commemoration Volume |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK7de_DTsW8C |year=1966 |publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute |oclc=226900 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Shrinivas Ritti |title=The Seunas: The Yadavas of Devagiri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYMdAAAAMAAJ |year=1973 |publisher=Department of Ancient Indian History and Epigraphy, Karnatak University }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Suryanath Kamat |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath |title=A Concise History of Karnataka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqY9AAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Archana Prakashana }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |author-link=T. V. Mahalingam |chapter=The Seunas of Devagiri |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Takeo Kamiya |translator=Annabel Lopez and Bevinda Collaco |title=The Guide to the Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |chapter=Sinnar: Gondeshwara temple |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChVQAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Architecture Autonomous |isbn=978-4-88706-141-5 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_9/yadavas.html Miscellaneous inscriptions in Kannada from Yadava period]<br />
* [http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_15/yadavas.html Bombay-Karnataka inscriptions: The Yadavas]<br />
* [http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_18/the_yadavas.html Bombay-Karnataka inscriptions (volume III): The Yadavas]<br />
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{{Middle kingdoms of India}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Seuna Yadavas Of Devagiri}}<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in the 860s]]<br />
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