https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Timothyves 2026-07-27T23:02:01Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udumalaipettai_Assembly_constituency&diff=542378 2026-05-07T02:23:13Z

<p>Timothyves: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{coord|10.58|N|77.24|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 125<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Udumalaipettai.svg<br /> <br /> | established = 1951<br /> | district = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = M. Jeyakumar<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Secular Progressive Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | name = Udumalaipettai<br /> | electors = 230,976 <br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Udumalaipettai''' is an inter-district legislative assembly of [[Tamil Nadu]] that is spread across [[Tiruppur district]] and [[Coimbatore district]], which includes the city of [[Udumalpet]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 125. Udumalpet Assembly constituency is a part of [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies<br /> |access-date = 2008-10-10<br /> |work = Tamil Nadu<br /> |publisher = Election Commission of India<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |archive-date = 2009-02-06<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | 1952<br /> | Mounagurusami Naidu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | S. T. Subbaya Gounder<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1962<br /> | R. Rajagopalasami Naicker<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1967<br /> | [[S. J. Sadiq Pasha]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Assembly<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Duration<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]<br /> | 1971-77<br /> | [[S. J. Sadiq Pasha]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]<br /> | 1977-80<br /> |rowspan=2|[[P. Kolandaivelu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]<br /> | 1980-84<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]<br /> | 1984-89<br /> | [[S. Thirumalaisamy Gounder]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]<br /> | 1989-91<br /> | S. J. Sadiq Pasha<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]<br /> | 1991-96<br /> | K. P. Manivasagam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]<br /> | 1996-01<br /> | [[D. Selvaraj (Udumalpet MLA)|D. Selvaraj]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]<br /> | 2001-06<br /> |rowspan=2| [[C. Shanmugavelu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]<br /> | 2006-2011<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]<br /> | 2011-2016<br /> | [[V. Jayaraman]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifteenth]]<br /> | 2016-2021<br /> |rowspan=2| [[Udumalai K. Radhakrishnan]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixteenth]]<br /> | 2021- 2026<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Seventeenth]]<br /> | 2026- present<br /> | M. Jeyakumar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.23}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.73}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.87}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.09}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.92}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.53}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.42}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.34}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.76}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.17}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.72}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|33.92}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.43}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= M. Jeyakumar|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68549 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Udumalai K. Radhakrishnan]]|party=AIADMK|votes=65667 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramkumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=6702 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. K. Shankar|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=59831 |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 228524|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Udumalaipettai Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a125|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Udumalai K. Radhakrishnan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,893 |percentage=50.23% |change=+5.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thennarasu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=74,998 |percentage=38.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Babu Ranjendra Prasad |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,592 |percentage=4.45% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Srinithi |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=8,163 |percentage=4.23% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,478 |percentage=0.77% |change=-1.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Palanisamy |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,043 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,895 |percentage=11.35% |change= 8.24% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=192,880 |percentage=71.50% |change= -2.05% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=299|percentage=0.16% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,760 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.51% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Udumalai K. Radhakrishnan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,817 |percentage=44.73% |change=-16.14 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mu. Ka. Muthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,130 |percentage=41.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. K. P. N. Kandhasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,339 |percentage=4.01% |change=+1.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ganeshkumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,090 |percentage=3.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ragupathi Raghavan |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=3,562 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,306 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Duraisamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,975 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,687 |percentage=3.11% |change= -25.30% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=182,917 |percentage=73.56% |change= -4.69% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 248,679 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.14% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Jayaraman|Pollachi V. Jayaraman]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,477 |percentage=60.87% |change=+14.79 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ilamparrithi |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,917 |percentage=32.46% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Viswanathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,817 |percentage=2.43% |change=+1.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,403 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,870 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Mohanraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,496 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Velusamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=865 |percentage=0.55% |change=-0.01 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,560 |percentage=28.41% |change= 26.00% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=156,845 |percentage=78.25% |change= 9.01% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,450 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.79% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Shanmugavelu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,178 |percentage=46.09% |change=-10.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Veluchamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,715 |percentage=43.68% |change=+15.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. R. Gnanasambandham |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,153 |percentage=6.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kathhirvel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,207 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Karthikeyan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,179 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vanjimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=871 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramaganapathy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=812 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,463 |percentage=2.41% |change= -26.37% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=143,593 |percentage=69.23% |change= 3.60% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,409 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.84% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Shanmugavelu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,938 |percentage=56.92% |change=+22.83 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Selvaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,030 |percentage=28.14% |change=-24.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. T. Mariappan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,884 |percentage=12.18% |change=+1 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=2,070 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Saminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,067 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,908 |percentage=28.78% |change= 10.34% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=138,676 |percentage=65.63% |change= -8.39% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,445 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.40% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Selvaraj (Udumalpet MLA)|D. Selvaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,286 |percentage=52.53% |change=+16.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Shanmugavelu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,966 |percentage=34.09% |change=-26.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. T. Mariappan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,737 |percentage=11.17% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Saminathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,588 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,320 |percentage=18.44% |change= -5.86% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=131,906 |percentage=74.02% |change= 5.04% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,663 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.89% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Manivasagam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,262 |percentage=60.42% |change=+22.1 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. T. Mariappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,990 |percentage=36.12% |change=-9.1 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. P. Kandasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,444 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Kumaran |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=1,060 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Damodharan |party=Janata Party |votes=863 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,272 |percentage=24.30% |change= 17.40% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=124,574 |percentage=68.98% |change= -8.00% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,110 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.20% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. J. Sadiq Pasha]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,089 |percentage=45.21% |change=+0.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Kolandaivelu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,684 |percentage=38.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thirumalaisamy Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,369 |percentage=10.97% |change=-42.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanisamy Gounder |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,823 |percentage=3.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,405 |percentage=6.90% |change= -2.12% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=121,842 |percentage=76.98% |change= -0.27% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,620 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.09% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181113110352/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 13 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thirumalaisamy Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=56,004 |percentage=53.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. T. Mariyappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,526 |percentage=44.28% |change=-3.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Basheer Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=769 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. B. Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=746 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=619 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,478 |percentage=9.02% |change= 4.34% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=105,064 |percentage=77.26% |change= 3.89% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,150 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.97% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Kolandaivelu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,570 |percentage=52.34% |change=+18.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. T. Mariyappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,049 |percentage=47.66% |change=+22.58 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,521 |percentage=4.68% |change= -0.24% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=96,619 |percentage=73.36% |change= 3.98% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,138 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.04% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Kolandaivelu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,737 |percentage=34.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. K. P. Natarajan |party=Janata Party |votes=24,619 |percentage=29.39% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. T. Mariyappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,015 |percentage=25.09% |change=-37.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Lingasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,403 |percentage=11.22% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,118 |percentage=4.92% |change= -22.03% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=83,774 |percentage=69.38% |change= -6.44% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,735 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -28.45% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. J. Sadiq Pasha]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,369 |percentage=62.76% |change=+4.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Malayappa Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=25,887 |percentage=35.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dorai Raj Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=594 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rangaswamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=443 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,482 |percentage=26.95% |change= 6.46% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=72,293 |percentage=75.82% |change= -3.77% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,495 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.59% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. J. Sadiq Pasha]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,796 |percentage=58.17% |change=+22.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramasami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,778 |percentage=37.68% |change=-4.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. D. Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,840 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,018 |percentage=20.49% |change= 14.82% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=68,414 |percentage=79.59% |change= 1.58% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,940 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 16.45% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajagopalasami Naicker |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,529 |percentage=41.72% |change=+14.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. J. Sadiq Pasha]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,514 |percentage=36.05% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Damodaran |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,980 |percentage=15.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Muthsami Gounder |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=4,752 |percentage=6.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,015 |percentage=5.67% |change= -1.10% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,775 |percentage=78.01% |change= 17.26% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,170 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 7.80% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. T. Subbayya Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=18,621 |percentage=33.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Mounaguruswamy Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,903 |percentage=27.15% |change=-20.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kandasami Gounder |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=11,093 |percentage=20.21% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Mathiyazhagan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,274 |percentage=18.72% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,718 |percentage=6.77% |change= -15.41% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=54,891 |percentage=60.75% |change= 10.69% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,360 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.50% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Udumalaipettai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Mounaguruswami Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,866 |percentage=47.43% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavelu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,574 |percentage=25.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Guruswami Naicker |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=7,700 |percentage=18.38% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Naidu C. D |party=Independent politician |votes=3,749 |percentage=8.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,292 |percentage=22.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=41,889 |percentage=50.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,679 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Coimbatore district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]<br /> [[Category:Tiruppur district]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarvam_AI&diff=533311 2026-05-01T14:49:06Z

<p>Timothyves: new new stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian artificial intelligence company}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Sarvam AI<br /> | logo = Sarvam AI logo.svg<br /> | type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br /> | industry = [[Artificial intelligence]]<br /> | founded = {{start date and age|2023|08}}<br /> | founders = Vivek Raghavan; Pratyush Kumar<br /> | headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | area_served = [[India]]<br /> | products = [[Large language model]]s; Speech recognition systems; [[Vision-language model]]s<br /> | website = https://www.sarvam.ai/ (Main Website)<br /> * https://indus.sarvam.ai/ (AI Agent)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sarvam AI''' is an [[List of companies of India|Indian]] [[artificial intelligence]] company headquartered in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]. Founded in 2023, the company develops [[large language models]] (LLMs) and multimodal AI systems with a focus on [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indian languages]] and region-specific use cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechCrunch2023&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Manish |title=Five-month-old Indian AI startup Sarvam scores $41M funding |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/12/06/indias-sarvam-ai-raises-41-million-from-lightspeed-khosla-peak-xv/ |work=TechCrunch |date=6 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The company has received venture capital backing and has participated in [[Government of India|government]]-supported AI initiatives, including India's sovereign large language model programme under the IndiaAI Mission.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpress2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Sarvam AI to build India's first sovereign LLM with reasoning and voice capabilities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/artificial-intelligence/sarvam-ai-to-build-indias-first-sovereign-llm-with-reasoning-and-voice-capabilities-9967108/ |work=The Indian Express |date=27 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Sarvam AI was founded in August 2023 by Vivek Raghavan and Pratyush Kumar, who were previously associated with AI4Bharat at the [[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology Madras]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TechCrunch2023&quot;/&gt; In December 2023, the company announced a combined seed and Series A funding round of approximately US$41 million. The round was led by [[Lightspeed Venture Partners]], with participation from Peak XV Partners and [[Khosla Ventures]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MintFunding2023&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=AI startup Sarvam AI raises $41 million from Lightspeed, Khosla Ventures |url=https://www.livemint.com/ai/ai-startup-sarvam-ai-raises-41-million-from-lightspeed-khosla-ventures-11701859187313.html |work=Mint |date=6 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2025, the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] (MeitY) selected Sarvam AI as one of the companies to develop an indigenous foundational model under the IndiaAI Mission.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Aman |title=MeitY picks Sarvam AI to lead India's sovereign LLM effort; Vaishnaw vows global competition |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/india-taps-sarvam-ai-to-build-first-sovereign-llm-under-indiaai-mission-ashwini-vaishnaw-11745660295745.html |work=Mint |date=26 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the initiative, the company received access to government-supported computing infrastructure, including GPUs allocated for model training over a specified period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint2025&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2026, Sarvam AI introduced two large language models at the [[India AI Impact Summit 2026|AI Impact Summit]] held at [[Bharat Mandapam]], [[New Delhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FortuneIndia2026&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Sarvam AI launches 30B and 105B models tailored for India-focused deployment |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/sarvam-ai-launches-30b-and-105b-models-tailored-for-india-focused-deployment/130517 |work=Fortune India |date=18 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Products and technology ==<br /> <br /> Sarvam AI develops language models trained on datasets that include multiple [[Languages with official recognition in India|Indian languages]] and code-mixed text. The company uses mixture-of-experts (MoE) architectures in some of its models.&lt;ref name=&quot;FortuneIndia2026&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Foundational language models ===<br /> <br /> On 18 February 2026, the company announced the release of two foundational models:<br /> <br /> * Sarvam-30B – A 30-billion parameter model based on a mixture-of-experts design. According to company disclosures reported by the media, the model activates approximately 1 billion parameters per token and supports a 32,000-token context window.&lt;ref name=&quot;FortuneIndia2026&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Sarvam-105B – A 105-billion parameter model activating approximately 9 billion parameters per token, with a 128,000-token context window. The model is positioned for complex reasoning and enterprise applications.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI2026&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Vaitheeswaran |first=B. |title=Sarvam rolls out 105-bn parameter AI LLM model |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sarvam-rolls-out-105-bn-parameter-ai-llm-model/articleshow/128532374.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> On 20th February 2026, the company released a beta version of the Sarvam-105B model which is named Indus. It is available on the Apple App Store, Google Play Store and the web.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indus AI app: Sarvam launches desi ChatGPT rival on app stores |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/sarvam-brings-chatgpt-challenger-indus-aiapp-available-on-google-play-apple-app-store-3905567 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Speech and vision systems ===<br /> <br /> Sarvam AI has also developed multimodal systems including [[Speech recognition|speech-to-text]] and [[vision-language model]]s. Its speech model, referred to as Saaras V3 in company materials, supports multiple Indian languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;SarvamModelsOfficial&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sarvam Models Overview |url=https://www.sarvam.ai/models/ |publisher=Sarvam AI |access-date=20 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The company has also introduced a vision-language model known as Sarvam Vision, intended for document understanding and [[optical character recognition]] (OCR) in [[Indian script]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;BISResearch2026&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India’s Sarvam AI Emerges in Sovereign AI Race |url=https://bisresearch.com/news/indias-sarvam-ai-emerges-as-a-sovereign-powerhouse-outperforming-chatgpt-and-google-gemini |work=BIS Research |date=10 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Devices ===<br /> 'Sarvam Kaze' is an indigenous AI-powered wearable glass that listens, understands, and captures what users see the world through their eyes in real time. The device supports more than 10 Indian languages, enabling voice-based interaction and potentially real-time translation. The company plans to launch the device in May 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Sarvam Kaze? India's first indigenous glasses PM Modi wore at AI Impact Summit 2026 |url=https://www.wionews.com/trending/what-is-sarvam-kaze-india-s-first-indigenous-glasses-pm-modi-wore-at-ai-impact-summit-2026-1771319066279 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Wion |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Startup support ==<br /> In March 2026, Sarvam AI launched the Sarvam Startup Program, an initiative providing selected early-stage companies with 6–12 months of API credits scaled to their needs, priority engineering support, and access to production infrastructure for developing multilingual AI applications in areas such as speech, translation, and large language models.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/startup/sarvam-ai-launches-startup-programme-heres-all-about-it-and-what-it-offers-ws-l-19863357.htm |title=Sarvam AI launches startup programme: Here's all about it and what it offers |website=CNBC TV18 |date=6 March 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news/sarvam-ai-launches-startup-programme-to-support-early-stage-companies |title=Sarvam AI Launches Startup Programme To Support Early-Stage Companies (via LinkedIn post reference, but use full article if available) |website=Analytics India Magazine |date=March 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> ==Open-source release==<br /> In February 2026, Sarvam AI announced and open-sourced two large language models: Sarvam 30B (30 billion parameters) and Sarvam 105B (105 billion parameters, using a Mixture-of-Experts architecture with 10.3 billion active parameters). Both models were trained from scratch on datasets focused on Indian languages and support advanced reasoning, multilingual tasks, mathematics, and coding.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/18/indian-ai-lab-sarvams-new-models-are-a-major-bet-on-the-viability-of-open-source-ai/ |title=Indian AI lab Sarvam's new models are a major bet on the viability of open source AI |website=TechCrunch |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sarvam.ai/blogs/sarvam-30b-105b |title=Open-Sourcing Sarvam 30B and 105B |website=Sarvam AI |date=6 March 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The models are hosted on Hugging Face under the Apache License and are intended for enterprise and developer applications in Indian languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://huggingface.co/sarvamai/sarvam-105b |title=sarvamai/sarvam-105b |website=Hugging Face |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The models were subsequently released as open source under the Apache License 2.0, with model weights made available on Hugging Face (sarvamai/sarvam-30b and sarvamai/sarvam-105b) and AIKosh in early March 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sarvam.ai/blogs/sarvam-30b-105b |title=Open-Sourcing Sarvam 30B and 105B |website=Sarvam AI |date=6 March 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://huggingface.co/sarvamai/sarvam-105b |title=sarvamai/sarvam-105b |website=Hugging Face |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/sarvam-takes-on-google-openai-and-anthropic-launches-105-billion-parameter-open-source-model-for-india/articleshow/128509486.cms |title=Sarvam takes on Google, OpenAI and Anthropic; launches 105-billion parameter open-source model for India |website=The Times of India |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Government and institutional collaborations ==<br /> <br /> In 2025, Sarvam AI was selected to contribute to India's sovereign AI model initiative under the IndiaAI Mission.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpress2025&quot;/&gt; The initiative aims to support domestic AI infrastructure and model development.<br /> <br /> In March 2025, the [[Unique Identification Authority of India]] (UIDAI) announced a collaboration with Sarvam AI to integrate AI-based voice interactions and multilingual support into [[Aadhaar]]-related services.&lt;ref name=&quot;UIDAI2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Vishwakarma |first=Sumit |title=UIDAI partners with Bengaluru-based Sarvam AI to enhance user experience of Aadhaar services |url=https://indianstartupnews.com/news/uidai-partners-with-sarvam-ai-to-enhance-user-experience-of-aadhaar-services-8868627 |work=Indian Startup News |date=19 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sarvam AI has also worked with AI4Bharat and academic institutions on language datasets and speech research projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaAIIndicVoices&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=IIT Madras, AI4Bharat, and Sarvam AI launch IndicVoices |url=https://indiaai.gov.in/article/iit-madras-ai4bharat-and-sarvam-ai-launch-indicvoices-a-milestone-in-indian-speech-recognition |publisher=IndiaAI |date=28 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Industry participation ==<br /> <br /> Sarvam AI presented its foundational models at the India [[India AI Impact Summit 2026|AI Impact Summit 2026]] in [[New Delhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FortuneIndia2026&quot;/&gt; The company has also been listed among Indian members of the AI Alliance, a consortium focused on open-source artificial intelligence initiatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusinessStandard2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=AI Alliance adds 7 Indian members including Infosys, AI4Bharat &amp; Sarvam AI |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/ai-alliance-adds-7-indian-members-including-infosys-ai4bharat-sarvam-ai-124091800979_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=18 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == List of models ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of Sarvam AI models<br /> |-<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Release date<br /> ! License<br /> ! {{Ref.}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sarvam-1<br /> | {{dts|2024-10}}<br /> | {{partial|Sarvam AI Research}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jindal |first1=Siddharth |title=Sarvam AI Launches Sarvam-1, Outperforms Gemma-2 and Llama-3.2 |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/sarvam-ai-launches-sarvam-1-outperforms-gemma-2-and-llama-3-2/ |website=Analytics India Magazine |access-date=20 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725131430/https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/sarvam-ai-launches-sarvam-1-outperforms-gemma-2-and-llama-3-2/ |archive-date=25 July 2025 |language=en |date=24 October 2024 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=LICENSE.md · sarvamai/sarvam-1 |url=https://huggingface.co/sarvamai/sarvam-1/blob/d3880226af5d8adffd44250463f31ae6fe16073b/LICENSE.md |via=[[Hugging Face]] |access-date=20 April 2026 |date=23 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Sarvam-M<br /> | {{dts|2025-5}}<br /> | rowspan=2 {{yes|[[Apache 2.0]]}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sarvam AI debuts flagship open-source LLM with 24 billion parameters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/artificial-intelligence/sarvam-ai-debuts-flagship-open-source-llm-with-24-billion-parameters-10026071/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=20 April 2026 |date=25 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jindal |first1=Siddharth |title=India Loves Llama, But Flirts with Mistral and Qwen |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-startups/india-loves-llama-but-flirts-with-mistral-and-qwen |website=Analytics India Magazine |access-date=20 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527131459/https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-startups/india-loves-llama-but-flirts-with-mistral-and-qwen/ |archive-date=27 May 2025 |date=27 May 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=LICENSE.txt · sarvamai/sarvam-m |url=https://huggingface.co/sarvamai/sarvam-m/blob/21303daf2ee89055dc5120484be9ea0f4ac397d1/LICENSE.txt |via=[[Hugging Face]] |access-date=20 April 2026 |date=23 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Sarvam-105B and Sarvam-30B<br /> | {{dts|2026-2}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Avik |title=AI startup Sarvam launches two made-in-India large language models |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/ai-startup-sarvam-launches-two-made-in-india-large-language-models-126021801397_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=20 April 2026 |date=18 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sarvam releases open-weight models debuted at AI Summit: How they compare with DeepSeek, Gemini |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/artificial-intelligence/sarvam-releases-open-weight-models-ai-summit-deepseek-gemini-10571340/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=20 April 2026 |date=10 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> {{Portal|Free and open-source software|Business|India}}<br /> <br /> * [[List of large language models]]<br /> * [[Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software]]<br /> * [[Generative artificial intelligence]]<br /> * [[Large language model]]<br /> * [[Artificial intelligence in India]]<br /> <br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{url|www.sarvam.ai|Official site}}<br /> *[https://indus.sarvam.ai/ AI Chatbot]<br /> *[https://huggingface.co/sarvamai Sarvam AI] on [[Hugging Face]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Artificial intelligence companies]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Artificial intelligence laboratories]]<br /> [[Category:2023 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Open-source artificial intelligence]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payas_Pandit&diff=524992 2026-04-30T20:29:46Z

<p>Timothyves: created the pg from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film Actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Payas Pandit<br /> | image = Payas Pandit at 22nd Indian Television Awards (cropped).jpg<br /> | image_caption = Payas Pandit at 22nd Indian Television Awards<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|12|31}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mirzapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | occupation = [[Actress]]<br /> | years_active = 2015<br /> | known_for = [[Bhojpuri Cinema]]<br /> | notable_works = ''[[Loha Pahalwan]]''<br /> | television = ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Payas Pandit''' (born 31 December 1991) is an Indian film actress who works in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri language]] films.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri actress Payas Pandit bags Prince Singh Rajput's 'Tere Ishq Mein' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/payas-pandit-prince-singh-rajput-to-star-together-in-bhojpuri-film-tere-ishq-mein-2414675.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is known for her roles in films like ''[[Loha Pahalwan]]'', ''Takrav'', and ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pawan Singh's song Ratiya Ke Rani is a quintessential filmi track - Watch |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/pawan-singhs-song-ratiya-ke-rani-featuring-payas-pandit-is-a-quintessential-filmi-track-watch-2110321.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=जब Pawan Singh थाने के बजाए घर में करने लगे ड्यूटी, Payas Pandit संग मचाया गदर |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bhojpuri/pawan-singh-payas-pandit-romantic-song-ghume-ghume-raja-goes-viral/1031833 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Pandit embarked on her career in 2012 as an anchor, and came to Mumbai in 2015 in order to feature in a show named ''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]'' with Sagar Pictures which was broadcast on [[Zee TV]]. She has appeared in small roles in various TV shows, worked as a model and taken part in print shoots, Lakme Fashion Week and Gujarat Fashion Week. In 2016, she made her acting debut in a [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] film named ''[[Loha Pahalwan]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pawan Singh's much-awaited 'Loha Pahalwan' to release on 14 September - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/pawan-singhs-much-awaited-loha-pahalwan-to-release-on-14-september/articleshow/65770838.cms |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=The Times of India |date=12 October 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her subsequent films included ''Takrav'', ''[[Nagraj (film)|Nagraj]]'' and ''Har Har Mahadev''. In 2018, she played a character in a TV show named ''[[Karn Sangini]]'' which was broadcast on [[Star Plus]]. She also worked in the Hindi television industry and gained popularity by playing the role of Poonam in the serial ''[[Patiala Babes]]'', ''[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]'', and ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Payas Pandit to enter Sony TV's Patiala Babes |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/payas-pandit-enter-sony-tv-s-patiala-babes-190827 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, she worked in [[ZEE5]]'s web series ''[[Bombers (web series)|Bombers]]'' and also appeared in a short film, ''Comedian'', which is available on [[MX Player]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-08 |title=Payas Pandit upcoming bollywood movie 'Afate ishq' is all set to released[sic] on Zee 5 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/payas-pandit-upcoming-bollywood-movie-afate-ishq-is-all-set-to-released-on-zee-5-23177215 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, she featured in the Indian thriller serial ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ishq Mein Marjawan 2, 1st June 2021, Written Update: Vyom reveals his past |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/ishq-mein-marjawan-2-1st-june-2021-written-update-vyom-reveals-his-past |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, she played the role of a female police officer in the movie ''Afate Ishq''. At present, her show ''Bandhan Tute Na'' is running successfully on [[ZEE5]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> In 2021, Pandit joined the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) as an Utter Pradesh State Spokesperson, and she is undertaking a variety of other volunteer work for the benefit of society too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=यूपी: एक्ट्रेस पायस पंडित को AAP ने दी अहम जिम्मेदारी, बनाया प्रदेश प्रवक्ता |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/aap-actress-payas-pandit-state-spokesperson-up-election-1195978-2021-01-22 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Language<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | ''[[Loha Pahalwan]]''<br /> | Bhojpuri<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | ''Takrav''<br /> | Bhojpuri<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | ''[[Nagraj (film)|Nagraj]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Video: भोजपुरी क्‍वीन अंजना सिंह और यश कुमार की 'नागराज' का धमाकेदार Trailer रिलीज |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bhojpuri/anjana-singh-new-bhojpuri-movie-nagraj-official-trailer-release/399978 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Bhojpuri<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> !Role<br /> !Channel<br /> !Notes<br /> !Ref<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''<br /> |Rozy<br /> |[[And TV]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Patiala Babes]]''<br /> |Poonam<br /> |[[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |''[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]''<br /> |Randeep proposes Niya<br /> |[[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar]]''<br /> |Chanchal<br /> |[[Voot|Voot Select]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | ''[[Molkki - Rishton Ki Agnipariksha]]''<br /> |<br /> | [[Colors TV]]<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE! Payas Pandit JOINS the cast of Colors Rishtey's Molkki 2 |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-payas-pandit-joins-the-cast-of-colors-rishteys-molkki-2-220729 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | ''[[Chashni (TV series)|Chashni]]''<br /> | Meher Babbar<br /> | [[Star Plus]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Web series ===<br /> ''All web series are in Hindi Language, otherwise noted the language''.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> !Year<br /> !Series<br /> !Role<br /> !Platform<br /> !Notes<br /> !<br /> |-<br /> | 2019<br /> | ''[[Bombers (web series)|Bombers]]''<br /> |<br /> | [[ZEE5]]<br /> | Fort Et Fier<br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> | ''[[Shrikant Bashir]]''<br /> | Mrs. Vohra<br /> | [[SonyLIV]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb name|nm9297449}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Payas}}<br /> [[Category:1991 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> {{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=LVM3-M2&diff=511463 2026-04-19T11:49:04Z

<p>Timothyves: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2022 Indian satellite launch}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox rocket launch<br /> | name = LVM3-M2<br /> | image = LVM3 M2, OneWeb India-1 campaign 35.jpg<br /> | rocket = LVM-3<br /> | launch = 22 October 2022 &lt;br&gt; 00:07 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC]] +5:30)<br /> | operator = [[ISRO]]<br /> | pad = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Second Launch Pad|SDSC SLP]]<br /> | payload = {{Hlist | 36 [[Oneweb]] Gen-1}}<br /> | outcome = Success<br /> | succession = [[List of LVM3 launches#Launch history|List of LVM3 launches]]<br /> | previous = [[LVM3-M1]]<br /> | next = [[LVM3-M3]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''LVM3-M2''' was the fifth launch of [[ISRO]]'s [[LVM3]] launch vehicle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LVM3 M2 / OneWeb India-1 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3_M2_OneWebIndia.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ISRO to launch LVM3-M2 space vehicle to carry 36 OneWeb Internet satellites to space on October 23 |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/isro-to-launch-lvm3-m2-space-vehicle-to-carry-36-oneweb-internet-satellites-to-space-on-october-23/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250417144654/https://ddnews.gov.in/en/isro-to-launch-lvm3-m2-space-vehicle-to-carry-36-oneweb-internet-satellites-to-space-on-october-23/ |archive-date=2025-04-17 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=ddnews.gov.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first commercial launch of the rocket under [[NewSpace India Limited|NSIL]] and its first multi-satellite mission to [[Low Earth orbit|low earth orbit]]. The cryogenic stage performed multiple reorientation and velocity addition maneuvers to sequentially dispose the satellites.<br /> <br /> ==Payload==<br /> On 20 April 2022 OneWeb announced a deal with [[NewSpace India Limited]], the commercial arm of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OneWeb agrees satellite launch programme with New Space India |url=https://oneweb.net/resources/oneweb-agrees-satellite-launch-programme-new-space-india |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=OneWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; OneWeb satellites were to be deployed by [[LVM 3]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 March 2023 |title=Successful launch of 36 OneWeb Satellites with ISRO/NSIL marks key milestone to enable global connectivity |url=https://oneweb.net/resources/successful-launch-36-oneweb-satellites-isronsil-marks-key-milestone-enable-global |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326102616/https://oneweb.net/resources/successful-launch-36-oneweb-satellites-isronsil-marks-key-milestone-enable-global |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |publisher=OneWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; using a lightly modified version of the satellite dispenser previously used on Soyuz rockets, a plan cancelled after the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=William |date=2022-10-22 |title=OneWeb resumes launches with first commercial GSLV Mk.III |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/oneweb-gslv-mk-iii/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The mission was also referred to as Oneweb India-1 campaign.<br /> <br /> The separation of satellites involved a unique maneuver of the cryogenic stage to orientation and re-orientation covering 9 phases spanning 75 minutes.This was OneWeb's 14th launch, bringing their constellation to 462 satellites.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=36 OneWeb satellites successfully launched by ISRO/ NSIL from Sriharikota |url=https://oneweb.net/resources/36-oneweb-satellites-successfully-launched-isro-nsil-sriharikota |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024183749/https://oneweb.net/resources/36-oneweb-satellites-successfully-launched-isro-nsil-sriharikota |archive-date=2022-10-24 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=OneWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:LVM3 M2, OneWeb India-1 campaign 03.jpg<br /> File:LVM3 M2, OneWeb India-1 campaign 16.jpg<br /> File:LVM3 M2, OneWeb India-1 campaign 09.jpg<br /> File:LVM3 M2, OneWeb India-1 campaign 21.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Mission overview ==<br /> * '''Mass''':<br /> ** ''Payload weight:'' &amp;nbsp;5,796kg&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LVM3 M2 / OneWeb India-1 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3M2MissionLandingPage.html# |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Overall height''': {{cvt|43.5|m}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M2OneWebBrochure.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Propellant''':&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=LVM3 - ISRO |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/lvm3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225031155/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/lvm3 |archive-date=2014-12-25 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** ''Boosters (S200) :'' [[HTPB]]/[[Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant|AP]] <br /> ** ''Stage 1 (L110) :'' [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]]/[[N2O2|N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]<br /> ** ''Stage 2 (C-25):'' [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]/ [[Liquid hydrogen|LH2]]<br /> * '''Propellant mass''':&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> ** ''Stage 1:'' {{cvt|205000 |kg}}<br /> ** ''Stage 2:'' {{cvt|116000|kg}}<br /> ** ''Stage 3:'' {{cvt|28000|kg}}<br /> * '''Altitude''': 601km&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * '''Inclination''': 87.4'''°'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[ISRO]]<br /> *[[Starlink]]<br /> * [[PSLV]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian space programme}}<br /> {{orbital launches in 2022}}<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Rocket launches in 2022]]<br /> [[Category:October 2022 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Launch Vehicle Mark-3]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_(131st_Amendment)_Bill,_2026&diff=494865 2026-04-19T09:00:29Z

<p>Timothyves: Added new stub.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br /> The '''Constitution (One Hundred and Thirty-First Amendment) Bill, 2026''', was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] on 16 April 2026 by [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]], the Minister of Law. The objective of the bill is to implement one-third reservation for women in the Lok Sabha as well as the assemblies of States and Union Territories. The [[One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India]] promised one-third reservation after the first census after the passing of the Act. This Bill thus states that since the next census and the consequent delimitation will take a significant amount of time, restricting effective participation by women. The 131st Amendment Bill thus intends to put into operation the one-third reservation for women, through a delimitation exercise based on the last census, introduced as part of the [[Delimitation Bill, 2026]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=April 16, 2026 |title=Lok Sabha takes up Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill, 2026’, Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026’, Delimitation Bill, 2026’ |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/parliament-budget-session-begins-opposition-protests-against-key-bills/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=News On AIR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Mausam |date=2026-04-17 |title=Parliament special session: Lok Sabha to consider Delimitation Bill, Amendments to Women Reservation Bill for passing |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/parliament-special-session-lok-sabha-to-consider-delimitation-bill-amendments-to-women-reservation-bill-for-passing-11776396221681.html |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bill failed in the Lok Sabha on 17th April 2026, with 298 votes in favour and 230 votes against the bill.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=April 17, 2026 |title=Women’s reservation bill falls short in Lok Sabha. What happened? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/womens-reservation-bill-falls-short-in-lok-sabha-what-happened-14001707.html |work=Firstpost |access-date=2026-04-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{India-law-stub}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Modi administration]]<br /> [[Category:2026 in Indian law]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rangiya_Assembly_constituency&diff=529560 2026-04-19T08:44:20Z

<p>Timothyves: created initial info nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{About|the constituency|main city|Rangiya}}<br /> {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Rangiya<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 31<br /> | map_image = Rangiya Assembly constituency map 2023.svg<br /> | division = [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]<br /> | district = [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = <br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Jitendra Singh chairing a meeting to review the flood situation, in Guwahati, Assam,.JPG<br /> | party = {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | mla = [[Bhabesh Kalita]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rangiya Assembly constituency''' is one of the assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rangiya Assembly constituency established in 1951. Rangiya forms part of the [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=ceo&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituencies wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ceomap&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bhabesh Kalita]] represents this constituency.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | 1951<br /> | [[Siddhinath Sarma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | colspan=3|''Constituency abolished''<br /> |-<br /> | 1962<br /> | [[Siddhinath Sarma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1967<br /> | K. M. Sarma<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1972<br /> | [[Manabendranath Sarma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1978<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Purna Boro]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1983<br /> |-<br /> | 1985<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Thaneswar Boro]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1991<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1996<br /> |-<br /> | 2001<br /> | [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2006<br /> | [[Ananta Deka]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | [[Ghanashyam Kalita]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Bhabesh Kalita]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangiya}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bhabesh Kalita]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Pranjit Choudhary|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangiya&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate =[[Bhabesh Kalita]]<br /> |votes = 84,844<br /> |percentage = 52<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = CPI(M)<br /> |candidate = Dr. Bhagwan Dev Mishra<br /> |votes = 64,624<br /> |percentage = 40<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Assam Jatiya Parishad<br /> |candidate = Dr. Babulal Sahariah<br /> |votes =3,560<br /> |percentage = 2<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Hareswar Barman<br /> |votes = 3,505<br /> |percentage = 2<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party =None of the above<br /> |candidate =None of the above<br /> |votes =1,905<br /> |percentage = 1<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 20,220<br /> |percentage = 12<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes =<br /> |percentage =<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner =Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> <br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangiya}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Bhabesh Kalita<br /> |votes = 58,353<br /> |percentage = 40.72<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Ghanashyam Kalita<br /> |votes = 26,286<br /> |percentage = 18.34<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Mrinal Deka<br /> |votes = 17,772<br /> |percentage = 12.40<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = Abdul Samad Choudhury<br /> |votes = 14,411<br /> |percentage = 10.05<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Ananta Deka<br /> |votes = 12,261<br /> |percentage = 8.55<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Thaneswar Boro<br /> |votes = 5,358<br /> |percentage = 3.73<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Samsul Haque<br /> |votes = 4,472<br /> |percentage = 3.12<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Pabitra Baro<br /> |votes = 1,230<br /> |percentage = 0.85<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Rajib Kakoti<br /> |votes = 1,066<br /> |percentage = 0.74<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Biswajit Brahma<br /> |votes = 616<br /> |percentage = 0.42<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Babul Baro<br /> |votes = 570<br /> |percentage = 0.39<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 892<br /> |percentage = 0.62<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 32,067<br /> |percentage = 22.38<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,43,287<br /> |percentage = 84.53<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,69,500<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Kamrup district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baboolal_Mewra&diff=488822 2026-04-18T23:00:16Z

<p>Timothyves: Creating basic details basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Baboolal Mewra<br /> | image = BMewra-removebg-preview.png<br /> | caption = Baboolal Mewra during his election campaign of 2023 Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections.<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1945|11|04}}<br /> | birth_place = Vijaypur, [[Gwalior Residency]], British India<br /> | office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | order =<br /> | bodyclass = <br /> | term_start = [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> | term_end = 2003<br /> | constituency = [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Ramnivas Rawat]]<br /> | successor = [[Ramnivas Rawat]]<br /> | term_start1 = [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | term_end1 = [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> | predecessor1 = Jagmohan Singh<br /> | successor1 = [[Ramnivas Rawat]]<br /> | profession = Farmer<br /> | footnotes = https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/11thvs/11-2.pdf<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]<br /> | spouse = Doli Mewra<br /> | date = 11 November<br /> | year = 2023<br /> | source = {{cite web|url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/11thvs/11-2.pdf |title=Biography |publisher=Vidhan Sabha, Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}<br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | children = Mahesh Mewra and Radheshyam Mewra<br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | native_name = बाबूलाल मेवरा<br /> | native_name_lang = हिंदी (देवनागरी)<br /> | office2 = State Minister of the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | term_start2 = 2010<br /> | term_end2 = 2013<br /> | vice_president2 = Madhya Pradesh Rajya Van Vikas Nigam Limited, [[Bhopal]] <br /> }}<br /> '''Baboolal Mewra''' (born 4 November 1945) is an Indian politician and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader. He was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] two-times (1985&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2018 |title=Madhya Pradesh 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3734-madhya-pradesh-1985/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 1998&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2018 |title=Madhya Pradesh 1998 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;) from [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency]]. He also served as vice-president of Madhya Pradesh Rajya Van Vikas Nigam Limited and held Minister of State rank from 2010 to 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 November 2022 |title=Babulal Mevra joined BJP News: श्‍योपुर में पूर्व मंत्री बाबूलाल मेवरा ने भाजपा की सदस्यता कर की घर वापसी – Babulal Mevra joined BJP News Former minister Babulal Mevra returned home by joining BJP |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/sheopur-babulal-mevra-joined-bjp-news-former-minister-babulal-mevra-returned-home-by-joining-bjp-7946638 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; under the cabinet of [[Shivraj Singh Chauhan]]. He spent two years in prison under the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]] for protesting against imposition of [[The Emergency (India)|the emergency]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=शिव'राज' में मीसाबंदी कहलाते हैं लोकतंत्र सेनानी, मिलती है 25000 पेंशन |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/in-madhya-pradesh-meesabandi-are-called-democracy-fighters-986033.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has been appointed as the '''State Executive Member''' and '''Chambal Division In-Charge''' of the ''Loktantra Senani Sangh, Madhya Pradesh''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gwalior |url=https://hindustanexpress.online/https://hindustanexpress.online/epaper2-view.php?id=65-gwalior&amp;date=2025-11-18 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=hindustanexpress.online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Baboolal Mewra was born on 4 November 1945 to Shridhar Lal Mewra and Sukhdevi Bai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IlA2cVpQY0ErNFV6Rll2NHV5TndtZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiazBvRjdIVld0ZDByZXV3U3c2MXhDUT09IiwibWFjIjoiMWI5NDYwN2E3YWNiNjBlMmU1MWY4YWJiZmM5ZTc3ZTBlYThiMDQxMjQzZGU5MDM4N2JlYmZiYTE0MmQxZWE5OCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/NDM=/MjI=/Mw==/QUM= |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Mewra village, [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh|Vijaypur]] in Madhya Pradesh. He was married to Shrimati Doli Mewra with whom he has two sons namely Mahesh Mewra and Radheshyam Mewra.<br /> Mewra Ji's two grandsons Advocate [[Atul Mewra (Sadhu)]] and [[Nishant Mewra (Rishi)]] are politically active to take forward the political legacy of the [[Mewra Family]].<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> [[File:Baboolal Mewra with Rajmaata Vijaya Raje Scindia Ji.jpg|thumb|Shri Baboolal Mewra (Right Corner) with Rajmaata Vijaya Raje Scindia Ji (Standing with Mic)]]<br /> Two Term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]] Mewraji entered politics as member of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] in year 1967 after getting inspired from the activism of Rajmata [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]] and [[Kushabhau Thakre]] during public rallies and meetings, where he accompanied them. He remains an active [[Swayamsevak]] and [[Pracharak]] of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS). He pledged to wear Saffron clothes throughout his life. He worked for Bharatiya Jana Sangh as Mandal President of [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh]] for 10 years (from 1967 to 1977). He is known and credited for laying the foundation stones of party in the region by travelling village to village on foot and promoting the ideology of Bharatiya Jana Sangh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; As [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]] being a dense forest area in [[Chambal (region)]], he bravely faced many infamous dacoits during his [[Padayatra]]'s in the region for decades and also helped people from the terror of dacoits.<br /> <br /> For conducting the protest along with [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] against imposition of [[The Emergency (India)|the emergency]] during the tenure of then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in India, he was sent to prison of Gwalior from 12 July 1975 to 3 February 1977 under [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]] (MISA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=भाजपा के 'भगवा रंग के कुर्ते' में ही BSP का नीला झंडा थामेगा ये नेता, वजह है दिलचस्प – |url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-ex-bjp-mla-babulal-mewra-who-joined-bsp-will-campaign-by-wearing-saffron-only-18613897.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> [[File:With Shivraj Singh Chauhan.jpg|thumb|Shri Baboolal Mewra with CM Shivraj Singh Chauhan after being Nominated as State Minister in year 2010.]]<br /> After his release from prison of Gwalior in 1977, he came into mainstream politics and became the voice of farmers, poor, backward and downtrodden people in the region. He was elected two-times as Janapada President in 1978 and 1980 respectively. Identifying his large public base and notable social work, Rajmata [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]] supported him and he was given ticket from BJP to contest in [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He was then elected as MLA from [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]] for the first time where he defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Jagmohan Singh. He was re-elected during [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vidhansabha |first=Madhyapradesh |date=6 December 2023 |title=एकादश विधान सभा (1998–2003) सदस्य |url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/11thvs/11vs-no-list.pdf |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=mpvidhansabha.nic.in/}}&lt;/ref&gt; as BJP candidate by defeating [[Ramnivas Rawat]] of Congress. He also served as vice-president of ''Madhya Pradesh Rajya Van Vikas Nigam Limited'' and held Minister of State Rank from year 2010 to 2013 in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] with [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] as Chief minister.<br /> <br /> In 2018, after BJP denied him ticket thrice in 2003, 2008 and 2013 state elections, he contested in [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; from Vijaypur and received 35,628 votes,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2019 |title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Election 2018– Statistical Report |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is highest recorded number of votes received by any BSP candidate in the region till date. In 2019 he joined Congress in the presence of [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] for a brief tenure.<br /> <br /> After the [[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis]], BJP leadership brought Mewraji back to his roots and old home. He returned to BJP on 26 November 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In 2023, BJP announced Mewraji as their official candidate&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Arun |date=21 October 2023 |title=Press Release : List of BJP Candidates for the ensuing General Election to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh finalised by BJP CEC |url=https://www.bjp.org/pressreleases/press-release-list-bjp-candidates-ensuing-general-election-legislative-assembly-3 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=www.bjp.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; from Vijaypur for [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] after 20 years. He lost the 2023 Assembly election&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S122.htm |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; to his rival Congress' candidate [[Ramnivas Rawat]] due to alleged weak support of local party officials&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sheopur : विजयपुर में विधायक, प्रदेश उपाध्यक्ष, जिपं अध्यक्ष समेत बड़े पदाधिकारियों के गांवों में हारी भाजपा |url=https://epaper.patrika.com/article/Sheopur?OrgId=612f6b3f65f&amp;eid=83&amp;imageview=1&amp;device=desktop |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=epaper.patrika.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and mobilization of Adivasi votes to another independent candidate by former BJP MLA [[Sitaram Aadivashi]] who was later reprimanded by [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] during his visit to [[Sheopur]] post elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=CM Shivraj: हर सभा में कंधे पर रखते थे हाथ, मगर इस बार मुख्यमंत्री ने विधायक को मंच पर फटकारा – CM Shivraj reprimanded MLA Sitaram adiwasi on stage in sheopur |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/sheopur-cm-shivraj-reprimanded-mla-sitaram-adiwasi-on-stage-in-sheopur-8254556 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=CM in Sheopur: मुख्‍यमंत्री ने भितरघातियों को देखलेने की धमकी दी – CM in Sheopur Chief Minister threatened to punish the murderers |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/sheopur-cm-in-sheopur-he-used-to-put-his-hand-on-the-shoulder-in-every-meeting-but-this-time-he-was-reprimanded-and-chased-away-from-the-stage-8254564 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mewraji still took the responsibility for electoral results and remained committed as usual to serve the poor, backward, farmers and people in need from his region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Shri Baboolal Mewra with PM Narendra Modi.jpg|thumb|Shri Baboolal Mewra with Hon'ble PM Shri [[Narendra Modi]] and BJP top leadership during Vijay Sankalp Rally in Morena during [[2024 Indian general election]]]]<br /> In [[2024 Indian general election]], Mewraji played crucial role in mobilizing the rural votes in [[Chambal (region)|Chambal region]] and was involved in strengthening the party. He campaigned for the BJP Candidates namely [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] from [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Shivmangal Singh Tomar]] from [[Morena Lok Sabha constituency]]. He was also part of Vijay Sankalp Rally held in Morena in the presence of Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: 'Congress did not allow One Rank One Pension scheme', PM Modi says BJP did it {{!}} Top quotes |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/congress-did-not-allow-one-rank-one-pension-scheme-pm-modi-at-morena-rally-says-bjp-did-it-11714026898282.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2024, Mewraji demanded a BJP ticket for the [[By-election]] at [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency]], asserting his long association with the party since the Jan Sangh era.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=विजयपुर उपचुनाव में क्या BJP का खेल बिगाड़ेंगे बगावती सुर, कांग्रेस का होगा फायदा? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/mp/bjp-leader-babulal-mewara-and-sitaram-adivasi-started-rebellion-against-ramnivas-rawat-in-vijaypur-assembly/2340256 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Zee-Madhya-Pradesh-Chhattisgarh |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2025, Mewraji was appointed as the '''State Executive Member''' and '''Chambal Division In-Charge'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14NwK5RcCfj/&lt;/ref&gt; of the ''Loktantra Senani Sangh, Madhya Pradesh''. The announcement was made by the National President and former MP '''Shri [[Kailash Soni]]''', along with State President '''Shri Tapan Bhoumik'''. He remains actively engaged to strengthen the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in Madhya Pradesh, specifically in the [[Chambal (region)|Chambal region]].<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> *[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> *[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> *[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> *[[2024 Indian general election]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mewra, Baboolal}}<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:1945 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003]]<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1985–1990]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sourav_Chakraborty_(politician)&diff=536792 2026-04-16T07:53:14Z

<p>Timothyves: new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{BLP one source|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Undisclosed paid|date=November 2022}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Sourav Chakraborty<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority|Chairman]] of [[Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority]]<br /> | term_start1 = 25 August 2021<br /> | term_end1 = 3 July 2025<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Bijoy Chandra Barman]]<br /> | successor1 = Dilip Dugar<br /> | office2 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Alipurduar]]<br /> | term_start2 = 2016<br /> | term_end2 = 2021<br /> | predecessor2 = Debaprasad Roy<br /> | successor2 = Suman Kanjilal<br /> | birth_place = [[Alipurduar]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = [[Politician]]<br /> | party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[University of North Bengal]]<br /> | other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sourav Chakraborty''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[politician]] from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Alipurduar]] district. Currently, he served as Chairman of [[Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority]] from 25 August 2021 to 3 July 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2025-07-04 |title=New Board formed for SJDA |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/new-board-formed-for-sjda-617415 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * {{Cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/sourav-chakraborty-8992.html |title=Sourav Chakraborty: Biography |website=One India |access-date=2022-11-02 }}<br /> * {{Cite web |last=Times |first=Siliguri |date=2021-08-24 |title=Sourav Chakraborty meets Goutam Deb after taking charge as SJDA Chairman |url=https://siliguritimes.com/sourav-chakraborty-meets-goutam-deb-after-taking-charge-as-sjda-chairman/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Siliguri Times {{!}} Siliguri News Updates |language=en-US}}<br /> * {{Cite web |title=Sourav Chakraborty Chairman of SJDA |url=https://www.sjda.org/SJDA/Pages/organaization |website=SJDA Official {{!}} Home}}<br /> * {{Cite web |title=West Bengal elections: TMC announces names of 291 candidates {{!}} Full candidate list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/full-candidate-list-tmc-announces-mamata-banerjee-1775983-2021-03-05 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2022-01-04 |title=Goa polls: Sushmita Dev, Sourav Chakraborty appointed as TMC co-in-charges |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/goa-polls-sushmita-dev-sourav-chakraborty-appointed-as-tmc-co-in-charges-122010400218_1.html |access-date=2022-11-02}}<br /> * {{Cite web |title=Sourav Chakraborty(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- ALIPURDUARS(ALIPURDUAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=312 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=myneta.info}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Sourav}}<br /> [[Category:University of North Bengal alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]<br /> [[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:People from Alipurduar]]<br /> <br /> {{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sullah_Assembly_constituency&diff=538118 2026-04-15T23:51:48Z

<p>Timothyves: new article!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Sullah<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 14<br /> | map_image = 14-Sullah constituency.svg<br /> | mla = [[Vipin Singh Parmar]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:106976}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|1}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Sulah Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern Indian state. It is also part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sullah.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Sullah Assembly constituency]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !Picture<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br /> |rowspan=2| [[Durga Chand]] ||rowspan=2|<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] <br /> |rowspan=2| [[Shanta Kumar]] ||rowspan=2|[[File:Shanta Kumar.jpg|50px]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> | Man Chand ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] <br /> | [[Shanta Kumar]] ||[[File:Shanta Kumar.jpg|50px]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] <br /> | Man Chand Rana ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|1995 By-election]]{{efn|By-election}}<br /> | K. Durga Chand ||<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] <br /> | [[Vipin Singh Parmar]] ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> | [[Jagjiwan Paul]] ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] <br /> | [[Vipin Singh Parmar]] ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] <br /> | [[Jagjiwan Paul]] ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br /> |rowspan=2| [[Vipin Singh Parmar]]&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt; ||rowspan=2|<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vipin Singh Parmar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,670 |percentage=48.35% |change={{decrease}}5.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjiwan Paul |party=Independent politician |votes=29,558 |percentage=38.97% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chand Sapehia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,828 |percentage=9.00% |change={{decrease}}30.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=963 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=760 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=394 |percentage=0.52% |change={{decrease}}0.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suman Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rekha Rani |party=Independent politician |votes=211 |percentage=0.28% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=165 |percentage=0.22% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Swaroop Singh Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=64 |percentage=0.08% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,112 |percentage=9.38% |change= {{decrease}}5.22 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=75,845 |percentage=70.90% |change= {{decrease}}2.41 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,976 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.27 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.81 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vipin Singh Parmar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,173 |percentage=54.16% |change={{increase}}9.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjiwan Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,882 |percentage=39.56% |change={{decrease}}11.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=972 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=728 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=555 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikram Singh Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=460 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=388 |percentage=0.55% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,291 |percentage=14.60% |change= {{increase}}7.53 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,486 |percentage=73.31% |change= {{increase}}3.18 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,145 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.67 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.89 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjiwan Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,105 |percentage=51.27% |change={{increase}}5.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vipin Singh Parmar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,677 |percentage=44.20% |change={{decrease}}4.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Katoch |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=828 |percentage=1.32% |change={{increase}}0.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Nag |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=677 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Lal |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=465 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=339 |percentage=0.54% |change={{decrease}}1.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=316 |percentage=0.50% |change={{decrease}}1.01 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,428 |percentage=7.07% |change= {{increase}}4.57 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,619 |percentage=70.13% |change= {{increase}}0.51 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,293 |ref = |change= {{increase}}55.49 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.81 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vipin Singh Parmar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,375 |percentage=48.46% |change={{increase}}14.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjiwan Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,376 |percentage=45.96% |change={{decrease}}17.10 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Dev Singh Guleria |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=776 |percentage=1.94% |change={{increase}}1.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Raj |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=606 |percentage=1.52% |change={{increase}}0.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satpal Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=400 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Chander |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=218 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=999 |percentage=2.50% |change= {{decrease}}26.40 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=39,980 |percentage=69.62% |change= {{decrease}}5.17 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,426 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.56 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.60 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2003 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjiwan Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,851 |percentage=63.06% |change={{increase}}15.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bipan Singh Parmar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,921 |percentage=34.16% |change={{decrease}}13.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=321 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagroop Singh |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=268 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,930 |percentage=28.90% |change= {{increase}}28.49 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=37,820 |percentage=74.80% |change= {{increase}}6.36 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,569 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.56 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}15.28 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1998 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bipan Singh Parmar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,690 |percentage=47.78% |change={{increase}}3.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjiwan Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,565 |percentage=47.38% |change={{decrease}}7.83 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamlesh Kumar Sharma |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=1,251 |percentage=4.07% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdev Panjla |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=236 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=125 |percentage=0.41% |change= {{decrease}}10.37 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=30,742 |percentage=69.16% |change= {{decrease}}8.71 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,927 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.27 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.43 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly By-election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1995 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|1995 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Sullah}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K.Durga Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,154 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B.S.Parmar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,897 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,257 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1993 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Chand Rana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,745 |percentage=55.21% |change={{increase}}14.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shanta Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,478 |percentage=44.44% |change={{decrease}}12.07 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,267 |percentage=10.77% |change= {{decrease}}5.38 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=30,328 |percentage=77.84% |change= {{increase}}8.54 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,317 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.09 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shanta Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,930 |percentage=56.51% |change={{increase}}8.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Chand Rana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,664 |percentage=40.36% |change={{decrease}}9.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Paharia |party=Communist Party of India |votes=610 |percentage=2.31% |change={{increase}}0.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh Vaidya |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=173 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,266 |percentage=16.15% |change= {{increase}}14.07 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=26,419 |percentage=69.17% |change= {{decrease}}3.56 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,512 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.26 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.85 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Chand Rana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,018 |percentage=49.66% |change={{increase}}7.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shanta Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,557 |percentage=47.59% |change={{decrease}}9.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Paharia |party=Communist Party of India |votes=488 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh Vaidya |party=Independent politician |votes=122 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=461 |percentage=2.08% |change= {{decrease}}13.03 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=22,185 |percentage=73.46% |change= {{decrease}}1.52 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,745 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.65 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.21 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shanta Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,857 |percentage=56.87% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Chand Rana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,708 |percentage=41.77% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh Vaidya |party=Independent politician |votes=175 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,149 |percentage=15.10% |change= {{decrease}}19.99 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=20,848 |percentage=74.46% |change= {{increase}}12.87 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,297 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.77 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.67 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shanta Kumar]] |party=Janata Party |votes=11,832 |percentage=67.55% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidhi Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,685 |percentage=32.45% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,147 |percentage=35.09% |change= {{increase}}13.62 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=17,517 |percentage=61.59% |change= {{increase}}23.97 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,807 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.52 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}15.22 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=4,765 |percentage=52.32% |change={{decrease}}12.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shambhoo Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,810 |percentage=30.86% |change={{increase}}1.79 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=948 |percentage=10.41% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Paharia |party=Independent politician |votes=293 |percentage=3.22% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sita Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=291 |percentage=3.20% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,955 |percentage=21.47% |change= {{decrease}}13.92 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,107 |percentage=37.93% |change= {{decrease}}18.39 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,722 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.02 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{decrease}}12.13 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sullah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=9,169 |percentage=64.46% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,135 |percentage=29.07% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=629 |percentage=4.42% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,034 |percentage=35.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=14,225 |percentage=57.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,758 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Kangra district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|32.06|76.47|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kangra district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sursand_Assembly_constituency&diff=538641 2026-04-14T03:36:04Z

<p>Timothyves: new new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name = Sursand <br /> |type= SLA<br /> | map_image = 26-Sursand constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> |mla = [[Nagendra Raut|Prof. Nagendra Raut]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |preceded_by = [[Syed Abu Dojana]]<br /> |region = <br /> |state = [[Bihar]]<br /> |district = [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] <br /> |division = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]]<br /> |constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|26]]<br /> |established = 1951<br /> | electors = 316,116<br /> |reservation = None&lt;!-- SC, ST or None --&gt;<br /> |abolished = &lt;!-- year abolished --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Sursand''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Sitamarhi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 26. Sursand Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Sursand, Charaut, and Pupri [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].&lt;ref name=commission&gt;{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sursand Assembly constituency is part of 5. [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=commission/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sursand Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sursand.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> |[[Ram Charitra Rai Yadav]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |Maheshwar Narain Sinha<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Pratibha Devi<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ram Charitra Rai Yadav]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Nagendra Prasad Yadav<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ravindra Prasad Sahi<br /> |{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |Nagendra Prasad Yadav<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Jainandan Prasad Yadav]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br /> |[[Shahid Ali Khan (politician)|Shahid Ali Khan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br /> |[[Syed Abu Dojana]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /> |[[Dilip Kumar Ray]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |[[Nagendra Raut]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2025 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sursand&lt;ref name=&quot;2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sursand&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sursand |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0426.htm |accessdate=26 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226193824/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0426.htm |archivedate=26 December 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Nagendra Raut]]<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:104157}}<br /> |percentage = 50.04<br /> |change = +11.41<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Syed Abu Dojana]]<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:80490}}<br /> |percentage = 38.67<br /> |change = +5.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Usha Kiran<br /> |party = Jan Suraaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5993}}<br /> |percentage = 2.88<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Rajeev Nand<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3625}}<br /> |percentage = 1.74<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Prabhat Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2310}}<br /> |percentage = 1.11<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Manoj Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1938}}<br /> |percentage = 0.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3134}}<br /> |percentage = 1.51<br /> |change = +0.58<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:23667}}<br /> |percentage = 11.37<br /> |change = +6.27<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:208144}}<br /> |percentage = 65.84<br /> |change = +11.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2020 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sursand&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = [[Dilip Kumar Ray]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:67193}}<br /> |percentage = 38.63<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Syed Abu Dojana]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:58317}}<br /> |percentage = 33.53<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.2<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |candidate = Amit Choudhari<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:20281}}<br /> |percentage = 11.66<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Pappu Kumar Choudhary<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6734}}<br /> |percentage = 3.87<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Kameshwar Thakur<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3953}}<br /> |percentage = 2.27<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Soniya Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3105}}<br /> |percentage = 1.79<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic<br /> |candidate = Naval Kishore Raut<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2330}}<br /> |percentage = 1.34<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bhartiya Party (Loktantrik)<br /> |candidate = Gobind Thakur<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2179}}<br /> |percentage = 1.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Republican Party of India<br /> |candidate = Manoj Purbey<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1984}}<br /> |percentage = 1.14<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party<br /> |candidate = Anupam Kumari<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1804}}<br /> |percentage = 1.04<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1613}}<br /> |percentage = 0.93<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:8876}}<br /> |percentage = 5.1<br /> |change = {{decrease}}9.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:173930}}<br /> |percentage = 54.01<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.66<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sursand&lt;ref name=&quot;Sursand Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Sursand Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sursand|access-date=18 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226194005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sursand|archive-date=26 December 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Syed Abu Dojana]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:52857}}<br /> |percentage = 33.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Amit Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:29623}}<br /> |percentage = 18.9<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Pappu Kumar Chaudhary<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:15662}}<br /> |percentage = 9.99<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Hindustani Awam Morcha<br /> |candidate = Shahid Ali Khan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:13954}}<br /> |percentage = 8.9<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India<br /> |candidate = Nawal Kishor Raut<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:10342}}<br /> |percentage = 6.6<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6740}}<br /> |percentage = 4.3<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Jai Nandan Prasad Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4301}}<br /> |percentage = 2.74<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Uma Shankar Gupta<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4119}}<br /> |percentage = 2.63<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Nawal Mandal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3297}}<br /> |percentage = 2.1<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Mahesh Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2310}}<br /> |percentage = 1.47<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Gobind Thakur<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2131}}<br /> |percentage = 1.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Mukti Party<br /> |candidate = Satyanarayan Thakur<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1978}}<br /> |percentage = 1.26<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Manoj Purwe<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1481}}<br /> |percentage = 0.95<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar Hathi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1473}}<br /> |percentage = 0.94<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1944}}<br /> |percentage = 1.24<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:23234}}<br /> |percentage = 14.83<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:156718}}<br /> |percentage = 54.67<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |loser = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> {{Tirhut Division topics}}<br /> {{coord|26|39|06|N|85|40|18|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Sitamarhi district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoibisana_Chanu_Toijam&diff=541058 2026-04-08T20:39:40Z

<p>Timothyves: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian footballer}}<br /> {{Western name order|Toijam Thoibisana Chanu}}<br /> {{Meitei name|Toijam|Thoibisana|Chanu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Thoibisana Chanu<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | fullname = Thoibisana Chanu Toijam<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|03|7|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Manipur]], India<br /> | height = 1.69 m&lt;ref name=&quot;AFC-squad-list&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_U20_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Downloads/Squads/AFC-U20-Women's-Asian-Cup-2026---squads.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=31 March 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]<br /> | currentclub = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]<br /> | clubnumber = 4<br /> | youthyears1 = 2022<br /> | youthclubs1 = Manipur<br /> | years1 = –2022<br /> | clubs1 = Young Welfare Club<br /> | caps1 = <br /> | goals1 = <br /> | years2 = 2022–2023<br /> | clubs2 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]<br /> | caps2 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | years3 = 2023–<br /> | clubs3 = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]<br /> | caps3 = <br /> | goals3 = <br /> | nationalyears1 = 2023<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = 4<br /> | nationalgoals1 = 1<br /> | nationalyears2 = 2024<br /> | nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]<br /> | nationalcaps2 = 15<br /> | nationalgoals2 = 1<br /> | nationalyears3 = 2024–<br /> | nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]<br /> | nationalcaps3 = 2<br /> | nationalgoals3 = 0<br /> | medaltemplates = <br /> | club-update = 14 May 2025<br /> | nationalteam-update = 14 May 2025<br /> }}<br /> '''Thoibisana Chanu Toijam''' ({{langx|mni|Toijam Thoibisana Chanu}}, born 7 March 2007) is an Indian professional footballer from [[Manipur]] who plays as a midfielder for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] and the [[India women's national football team]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AIFF - Senior National Team - Toijam Thoibisana Chanu |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/134092 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The AIFF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> Chanu is from Manipur. She was selected for the senior National camp in December 2024, ahead of the two [[FIFA]] international friendlies with [[Maldives]] to be played at [[Bengaluru]]. Later, she made it to the 23–member squad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-12-29 |title=India women's football team coach Alexandersson announced 23-member squad for Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-23-member-squad-maldives-friendly-full-team-venue-time/article69039441.ece |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2024 |title=9 from NE in 23-member Women's India Football Squad |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/9-from-ne-in-23-member-womens-india-football-squad-to-play-friendlies-against-maldives/#google_vignette |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2022, she played for Young Welfare Club, Langthabal in the Hero Indian Women League qualifying round.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hero IWL QualifiersRinaroy, Thoibisana star as YWC kick off campaign with 4-0 rout of Golazo FC |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/4/2/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Apr-1-Manipur-outfit-YWC-Young-Welfare-Club-Langthabal-rode-on-g.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=thesangaiexpress.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She made her senior international debut coming in as a substitute in the second half of the first match against Maldives at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] in Bengaluru on 30 December 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India complete a Maldives massacre in FIFA Women's Friendly |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/india-complete-a-maldives-massacre-in-fifa-womens-friendly20241230205547/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=ANI News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The new chief coach of the Indian [[India women's national football team|women's]] team [[Crispin Chettri]] named 32 probables including Chanu for the Pink Ladies Cup to be played at Dubai in February 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title=Coach Crispin Chettri names 32 probables for the Pink Ladies Cup in Dubai |url=https://thebridge.in/football/crispin-chettri-names-32-probable-pink-ladies-cup-51894 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The Bridge }}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier in February 2024, she was part of the Indian team that became joint-winners of the [[2024 SAFF U-19 Women's Championship]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Rajarshi |date=2024-02-08 |title=India and Bangladesh declared Joint Winners of SAFF U19 Women's Championship 2024 |url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/india-and-bangladesh-declared-joint-winners-of-saff-u19-womens-championship-2024/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |publisher=East Bengal Club}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2022, she represented Manipur unit, AMFA, in the Hero Women's Junior Under–17 National Football Championship 2022 at Guwahati, Assam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMFA names 20-member squad for Women's Jr National Football Cship : 05th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport10..050622.jun22 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career statistics==<br /> ===International===<br /> {{Updated|2 January 2025}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> !National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|[[India women's national football team|India]]<br /> |2024<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|Total<br /> !2<br /> !0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/134092 Toijam Thoibisana Chanu] at All India Football Federation.<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chanu, Toijam Thoibisana}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:2007 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:India women's international footballers]]<br /> [[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Women's association football defenders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Women's League players]]<br /> [[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]<br /> [[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saadhana&diff=531497 2026-04-05T22:48:34Z

<p>Timothyves: created first stub added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Telugu language soap opera}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Saadhanaposter.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | genre = Drama &lt;br/&gt; family<br /> | creator = <br /> | developer = <br /> | writer = '''''Dialogues''''' &lt;br/&gt; Madhu Sri &lt;br/&gt; Suresh Kakumani<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | director = Jayan (1 - 184) &lt;br/&gt; Parvatapuram Ramesh (185 - 369) &lt;br/&gt; G.K (370 - 487) &lt;br/&gt; Parvatapuram Ramesh (488 - 598)<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | starring = Shambhavi Gurumoorthy &lt;br/&gt; Hussain Ahmed Khan<br /> | narrated = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | num_episodes = 598<br /> | executive_producer = Koyilada Laxman Rao<br /> | producer = Sankabattula Kishore Kumar &lt;br/&gt; Abhishek Reddy Bobbala &lt;br/&gt; Harish Rampalli<br /> | cinematography = Prem Kumar<br /> | editor = Shirisha Chandramouli Miryala &lt;br/&gt; Chandana Sai Pushpak &lt;br/&gt; prithvi sekhar<br /> | camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 20-22 minutes<br /> | company = Chandana Studios &lt;br/&gt; Abhihara Creations<br /> | network = [[Gemini TV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2022|01|24|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2024|01|06|df=y}}<br /> | open_theme = &quot;Evare evare neevu&quot;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Saadhana''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[soap opera]] premiered on 24 January 2022 airing on [[Gemini TV|GeminiTV]] and it is available for worldwide streaming on [[Sun NXT]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sadhana Telugu Serial Cast, Crew, Timings, Real Names - Gemini TV Serial |url=https://teluguaha.com/sadhana-serial/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SunNetwork - Program Detail |url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=p8S4cr8hrUE=&amp;ShowType=Prime%20Time |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=www.sunnetwork.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; The serial stars Shambhavi Gurumoorthy and Hussain Ahmed Khan in lead roles. The show is an official remake of [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] television series [[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]] which is being aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Kayal in Telugu as 'Saadhana' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-meghe-dhaka-tara-to-launch-soon/articleshow/90014902.cms |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=The Times of India |date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Saadhana is a hardworking woman and the only earner in her family. She had many hurdles in her life, like her younger sister's wedding, an uncle determined for her downfall, and workplace harassment. The story revolves around how she bravely fights against these problems.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *Shambhavi Gurumoorthy as Saadhana<br /> *Hussain Ahmed Khan as Viraj aka Kamal<br /> *[[Seetha (Malayalam actress)|Seetha]] as Meenakshi (Saadhana, Moorthy and Jyothi's mother)<br /> *Haanvika srinivas as Jyothi, Saadhana's younger sister and Vamsi's wife<br /> *Chandu (1-269) /Shanmukha Vickrama (269-present) as Moorthy, Saadhana's elder brother<br /> *Aparna Praveen as Dhanam, Moorthy's wife<br /> *Rafikshaa as Ravi, Saadhana's younger brother<br /> *Fouziee / Priya sreenivas as Deepa, Saadhana's younger sister<br /> *Kota Shankar Rao / Meka Ramakrishna as Gangaraju, Sadhana's elder father<br /> *Sobha Rani / Vijaya as Nagamani, Gangaraju wife<br /> *Shanthi Reddy as Vedavalli, Vamsi mother<br /> *Madhu Menon as Vamsi's father<br /> *Kumrani Sridevi as Indumathi, Viraj's mother<br /> *Ajay as Chandu, Viraj's father<br /> *Basavaraj as Anand, Viraj's friend<br /> *Gopikar as Doctor Gowtham <br /> *Mamta Narayan as Aasha, Gangaraju's daughter and Saadhana's cousin<br /> *Nishanth as Siva, Gangaraju's son and Saadhana's cousin<br /> *Ramesh as Lambu<br /> *[[Jayalalita|Jayalalitha]] as Rajya Lakshmi<br /> *Sravan Rajesh as Abhiram<br /> <br /> ==Adaptations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;color:white&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Language<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Title<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Original release<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Network(s)<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Last aired<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Notes<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | ''[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]'' &lt;br&gt; கயல்<br /> | 25 October 2021<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | Ongoing<br /> | Original<br /> |-<br /> | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | ''Saadhana'' &lt;br&gt; సాధన<br /> | 24 January 2022<br /> | [[Gemini TV]]<br /> | 6 January 2024<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| Remake<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kannada]]<br /> | ''[[Radhika (TV series)|Radhika]]'' &lt;br&gt; ರಾಧಿಕಾ<br /> | 14 March 2022<br /> | [[Udaya TV]]<br /> | 29 March 2025<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | ''Meghe Dhaka Tara'' &lt;br&gt; মেঘে ঢাকা তারা<br /> | 28 March 2022<br /> | [[Sun Bangla]]<br /> | 2 July 2023<br /> |-<br /> | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | ''[[Majhi Manasa]]'' &lt;br&gt; माझी माणसं<br /> | 30 May 2022<br /> | [[Sun Marathi]]<br /> | 1 June 2024<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malayalam]]<br /> | ''[[Bhavana (TV series)|Bhavana]]'' &lt;br&gt; ഭാവന<br /> | 26 June 2022<br /> | [[Surya TV]]<br /> | 29 June 2025<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pugazh_(actor)&diff=527088 2026-04-03T17:06:37Z

<p>Timothyves: created new details from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor, comedian (born 1990)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Pugazh<br /> | image = File:Pugazh (Vijay TV).webp<br /> | caption = <br /> | other_names =<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|11|14|df=yes}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nettv4u&quot; /&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}<br /> | years_active = 2016–present<br /> | spouse = {{Marriage|Benzi Riya|2022}}<br /> | children = 1<br /> | website = <br /> | module = {{infobox social media personality<br /> | child = yes<br /> | youtube_id = UCjTlypR4Pu2SqLwYjxBO0Ug<br /> | youtube_display_name = Parattai Pugazh<br /> <br /> <br /> | youtube_years_active = 2020–present<br /> | youtube_genre = Lifestyle, Vlogs<br /> | youtube_subscribers = 1.36&amp;nbsp;million&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;<br /> | youtube_views = 100.8&amp;nbsp;million&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;<br /> | stats_update = 4 December 2023{{nu|date=October 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pugazhendhi''', commonly known as '''Pugazh''' or '''Parattai Pugazh''', is an Indian actor and comedian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pugazh: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography &amp; Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/pugazh |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230131934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/pugazh |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He rose to fame after appearing on [[Star Vijay]]'s ''[[Cooku with Comali]]''.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Pugazh was born on 14 November 1990 in [[Cuddalore]]. He was educated at St. Joseph's High School and Sri Padaleswarar Secondary School in [[Thirupapuliyur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nettv4u&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pugazh |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/comedian/pugazh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223163257/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/comedian/pugazh |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=Nettv4u}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pugazh married Benzi Riya in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=Popular actor Pugazh gets married to love of his life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-actor-pugazh-gets-married-to-love-of-his-life/articleshow/93935078.cms |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904085725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-actor-pugazh-gets-married-to-love-of-his-life/articleshow/93935078.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They have one daughter, who was born in September 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-10-13 |title=Actor Pugazh reveals the name of his new-born daughter |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-pugazh-reveals-the-name-of-his-new-born-daughter/articleshow/104398613.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-28 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Pugazh grew to prominence after appearing as a 'comali' in ''[[Cooku with Comali]]''. He is known for his mimicry and humour. [[Udayaraj]] of ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' fame helped Pugazh audition for ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru]]'', but was not cast. Undeterred, he worked as a computer serviceman at Vijay TV and later starred in ''Sirippu Da'' alongside [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]]. Following his later selection and success in ''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru'', he was given the opportunity to participate in ''Cooku with Comali''. He garnered success on the show resulting in several offers to act in Tamil films. He debuted in [[Sixer (2019 film)|''Sixer'']]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and has since starred in more movies like [[Cocktail (2020 film)|''Cocktail'']],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and ''[[Sabhaapathy]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> {{pending films key}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of Pugazh film credits<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2019<br /> | ''[[Sixer (2019 film)|Sixer]]''<br /> |Psychiatrist<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=30 August 2019 |title='Sixer' movie review: Eyes wide shut |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sixer-movie-review-eyes-wide-shut/article29297812.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728080806/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sixer-movie-review-eyes-wide-shut/article29297812.ece |archive-date=28 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dha Dha 87]]''<br /> | Drunkard<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kaithi (2019 film)|''Kaithi'']]<br /> | Victim's relative<br /> |Uncredited role<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Winters |first=Bryce J. |date=16 February 2021 |title=Cook with Comali Pugazh has acted in Kaithi movie, here are the details |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/cook-with-comali-pugazh-has-acted-in-kaithi-movie-here-are-the-details/32696/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222201718/https://thenewscrunch.com/cook-with-comali-pugazh-has-acted-in-kaithi-movie-here-are-the-details/32696/ |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=TheNewsCrunch}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |[[Cocktail (2020 film)|''Cocktail'']]<br /> |Local<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Pugazh shares happiness about acting with Ajith in Valimai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pugazh-shares-happiness-about-acting-with-ajith-in-valimai/articleshow/88662818.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105024910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pugazh-shares-happiness-about-acting-with-ajith-in-valimai/articleshow/88662818.cms |archive-date=5 January 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2021<br /> |''[[Sabhaapathy]]''<br /> |Ramani<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=19 November 2021 |title='Sabapathy' movie review: Santhanam's latest has an exciting plot but is let down by tepid writing |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/sabapathy-review-santhanam-pugazh/article37581253.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129074830/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/sabapathy-review-santhanam-pugazh/article37581253.ece |archive-date=29 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Subway''<br /> |Psycho<br /> | short film<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2022<br /> |''[[Enna Solla Pogirai]]''<br /> |Chitti<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The experience working in Enna Solla Pogirai was great: Pugazh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-experience-working-in-enna-solla-pogirai-was-great-pugazh/articleshow/88122465.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206111515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-experience-working-in-enna-solla-pogirai-was-great-pugazh/articleshow/88122465.cms |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Valimai]]''<br /> |'Success' Balu<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Popular television star Pugazh to star in Ajith's 'Valimai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-television-star-pugazh-to-star-in-ajiths-valimai/articleshow/80095695.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118103813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-television-star-pugazh-to-star-in-ajiths-valimai/articleshow/80095695.cms |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]''<br /> |Aavani Soolamani's sidekick<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Veetla Vishesham]]''<br /> | Amal Tailor<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Yaanai]]''<br /> |Parattai<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Radha Krishna'' || Nokuvarman || Premiered on [[Colors Tamil]] || &lt;!--https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WNWl7ADKqc--&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Agent Kannayiram]]''<br /> |Detective<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]''<br /> |Poovaali<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia.indiatimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=Pugazh to share screen space with Vijay Sethupathi in 'VJS 46' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pugazh-to-share-screen-space-with-vijay-sethupathi-in-vjs-46/articleshow/81568739.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222201731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pugazh-to-share-screen-space-with-vijay-sethupathi-in-vjs-46/articleshow/81568739.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kadaisi Kadhal Kadhai]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2023<br /> |''[[Ayothi]]''<br /> |Pandi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayothi Movie Review: This Sasikumar-starrer is full of heart and yet, marred by melodrama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/03/ayothi-movie-review-this-sasikumar-starrer-has-a-big-heart-but-is-bogged-down-by-melodrama-40607.html |author=Chandhini R |date=3 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304185645/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/03/ayothi-movie-review-this-sasikumar-starrer-has-a-big-heart-but-is-bogged-down-by-melodrama-40607.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[August 16 1947]]''<br /> |Thavudu<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Dhaval |title=August 16 1947 Movie Review : High production value makes this worth a watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/august-16-1947/movie-review/99295747.cms |access-date=7 April 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 6, 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407035744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/august-16-1947/movie-review/99295747.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Karungaapiyam]]'' || Tea vendor || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]''<br /> |Jack<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Pugazh is a hacker in Kasethan Kadavulada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pugazh-is-a-hacker-in-kasethan-kadavulada/articleshow/84754853.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817055349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pugazh-is-a-hacker-in-kasethan-kadavulada/articleshow/84754853.cms |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Lakshmi |first1=V.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2025<br /> |''[[Desingu Raja 2]]''<br /> |Inspector Varnajalam<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mr Zoo Keeper|''Mr Zoo Keeper'']]<br /> | Chinna Thambi<br /> |Debut film as lead<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 March 2022 |title='Mr. Zoo Keeper' director Suresh praises Pugazh's acting skills |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mr-zoo-keeper-director-suresh-praises-pugazhs-acting-skills/articleshow/90491989.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727172446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mr-zoo-keeper-director-suresh-praises-pugazhs-acting-skills/articleshow/90491989.cms |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sotta Sotta Nanaiyuthu]]'' || Rocket || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=29 August 2025 |title=Sotta Sotta Nanaiyuthu Movie Review: This follicle-focused comedy goes bald in the second half |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Aug/29/sotta-sotta-nanaiyuthu-movie-review-this-follicle-focused-comedy-goes-bald-in-the-second-half |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830163444/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Aug/29/sotta-sotta-nanaiyuthu-movie-review-this-follicle-focused-comedy-goes-bald-in-the-second-half |archive-date=30 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2026 || ''[[Mustafa Mustafa (film)|Mustafa Mustafa]]'' || |||| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/06/mustafa-mustafa-movie-review-a-fun-premise-and-a-flimsy-screenplay-make-poor-friends|title=Mustafa Mustafa Movie Review: A fun premise and a flimsy screenplay make poor friends|first=Akshay|last=Kumar|date=6 March 2026|website=Cinema Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of television credits<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Season<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Platform<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Refh}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2017<br /> |''Sirippu Daa''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|—<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Contestant<br /> | rowspan=&quot;21&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[Star Vijay]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]''<br /> |[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 6)|Season 6]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |Season 7<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Guest<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |Season 8<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]]''<br /> |Season 1<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Participant /Contestant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |Season 2<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019-20<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |''[[Cooku with Comali]]''<br /> | [[Cooku with Comali|Season 1]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Comali<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020-21<br /> |[[Cooku with Comali (season 2)|Season 2]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 April 2021 |title=Kani is the winner of 'Cook with Comali' Season 2 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kani-is-the-winner-of-cook-with-comali-season-2/article34324130.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421105234/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kani-is-the-winner-of-cook-with-comali-season-2/article34324130.ece |archive-date=21 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[Cooku with Comali (season 3)|Season 3]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Pugazh to finally participate in Cook with Comali 3? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pugazh-to-finally-participate-in-cook-with-comali-3/articleshow/89177954.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207010427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pugazh-to-finally-participate-in-cook-with-comali-3/articleshow/89177954.cms |archive-date=7 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |[[Cooku with Comali season 4|Season 4]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |[[Cooku with Comali season 5|Season 5]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |[[Cooku with Comali season 6|Season 6]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> |[[Cooku with Comali season 7|Season 7]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|''Super Singer Senior'']]<br /> | [[Super Singer 7|Season 7]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Guest<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |[[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Season 8]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Super Singer Junior]]''<br /> |Season 7<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021-22<br /> |Season 8<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai|Mr. And Mrs. Chinnathirai]]''<br /> |Season 1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |Season 2<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2021<br /> |Season 3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani]]''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —<br /> |Contestant<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''LOL: Enga Siri Paappom''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —<br /> |Contestant<br /> |[[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> |Winner Along With Abhishek<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Behindwoods Awards''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| —<br /> |Host<br /> |Behindwoods TV<br /> |Along with [[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''[[Bigg Boss Ultimate]]''<br /> |[[Bigg Boss Ultimate (Season 1)|Season 1]]<br /> |As Detective (Himself)<br /> |[[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br /> |Promotional Video For [[Snehan]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023<br /> |''[[Ready Steady Po]]''<br /> |Season 3<br /> |Contestant/Co-Host<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Star Vijay]]<br /> |Shifted to Co-Host after [[Rakshan]] departed<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bigg Boss Tamil]]''<br /> |[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 7)|Season 7]]<br /> |Guest<br /> |Deepavali Celebration with [[Srushti Dange]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-13 |title=Pugazh and Srushti Dange to grace 'Bigg Boss Tamil 7'; deets inside |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pugazh-and-srushti-dange-to-grace-bigg-boss-tamil-7-deets-inside/articleshow/105182678.cms |access-date=2023-11-14 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2025<br /> |''[[Single Pasanga]]''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|—<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> |Show premiere appearance <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cooku With Comali fame Pugazh joins cast of upcoming reality show 'Single Pasanga'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-pugazh-joins-cast-of-upcoming-reality-show-single-pasanga/articleshow/123185712.cms|access-date=2025-08-08 |website=[[Times Of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Music videos ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of music video credits<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Artist<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |&quot;So Soku&quot;<br /> |V2 Vijay Vicky, MM Monissha, and Junior Nithya<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |&quot;Muttu Mu2&quot;<br /> |TeeJay Arunasalam, Yogi B, and [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Web series===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Program Name<br /> !Role<br /> !Network<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |''[[Goli Soda Rising]]''<br /> | Urundai/Raj Prakash &quot;Raji&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Disney+ Hotstar]] (now JioHotstar)<br /> | Debut Web Series <br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |''[[Om Kali Jai Kali]]''<br /> |Mookandi<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {{Infobox awards list<br /> | title = Pugazh Awards and Nominations<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | wins = <br /> | nominations = <br /> | award1 = [[Vijay Awards]]<br /> | award1W = 1<br /> | award1N = 0<br /> | award2 = Behindwoods Awards<br /> | award2W = 1<br /> | award2N = 0<br /> | award3 = Blacksheep Awards<br /> | award3W = 1<br /> | award3N = 0<br /> }}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Award<br /> !Category<br /> !Result<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2021<br /> |Blacksheep Digital Awards<br /> |Star Entertainer (Male)<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Behindwoods Awards<br /> |Best Entertainer on Television (Male)<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Vijay Television Awards<br /> |Best Comedian<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|5465715}}<br /> * {{instagram|vijaytvpugazh}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pugazh}}<br /> [[Category:1990 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Cooku with Comali|+]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th_Manipur_Assembly&diff=481626 2026-04-03T02:40:45Z

<p>Timothyves: Creating new stub from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian state assembly since 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | body = Manipur Legislative Assembly<br /> | name = Manipur Legislative Assembly<br /> | legislature = <br /> | preceded_by = [[11th Manipur Assembly]]<br /> | foundation = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | disbanded = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | succeeded_by = <br /> | coa_pic = Kanglasa.svg<br /> | coa_res = 150px<br /> | house_type = Unicameral<br /> | term_limits = 5 years<br /> | leader1_type = [[List of governors of Manipur|Governor]]<br /> | leader1 = [[Ajay Kumar Bhalla]] <br /> | leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Manipur Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]<br /> | leader2 = '''[[Thokchom Satyabrata Singh]]'''<br /> | party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | election2 = 22 March 2022<br /> | leader3_type = Deputy Speaker<br /> | leader3 = '''[[Kongkham Robindro Singh]]'''<br /> | party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | election3 = 22 March 2022<br /> | leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Manipur|Chief Minister]] &lt;br /&gt; (Leader of the House)<br /> | leader4 = '''[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh|Y. Khemchand Singh]]'''<br /> | party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | election4 = 4 February 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;New Manipur Govt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/y-khemchand-singh-will-be-next-manipur-cm-woman-kuki-mla-to-be-deputy-cm-126020301598_1.html|title=Y Khemchand Singh will be next Manipur CM; woman Kuki MLA to be deputy CM|work=Business Standard|accessdate=3 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Manipur|Deputy Chief Ministers]]&lt;br/&gt;(Deputy Leaders of the house)<br /> | leader5 = '''[[Nemcha Kipgen]]''', [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] &lt;br /&gt; '''[[Losii Dikho]]'''<br /> | party5 = [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]<br /> | election5 = 4 February 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;New Manipur Govt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yumnam-khemchand-singh-sworn-in-as-manipur-chief-minister-after-presidents-rule-ends-10945800|title=Yumnam Khemchand Singh Sworn In As Manipur Chief Minister, Gets 2 Deputies|work=NDTV|accessdate=4 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader6_type = Leader of the Opposition<br /> | leader6 = '''Vacant'''<br /> | election6 = 30 March 2022<br /> | structure1 = India Manipur Legislative Assembly 2026.svg<br /> | structure1_res = 300px <br /> | political_groups1 = <br /> '''[[Government of Manipur|Government]] (51)'''<br /> :{{Color box|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}} [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (52)<br /> :* {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (36)<br /> :*{{colorbox|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}} [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] (6)<br /> :* {{color box|{{Party color|Naga People's Front}}}} [[Naga People's Front|NPF]] (5)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NPF joins Manipur cabinet, triggers ministry hope for other BJP allies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/mar/22/npf-joins-manipur-cabinet-triggers-ministry-hope-for-other-bjp-allies-2433028.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=The New Indian Express|date=22 March 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> :* {{Color box|#003366}} [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (1)<br /> :* {{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=2 independents pledge support to BJP in Manipur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kuki-people-s-alliance-which-won-2-seats-pledges-support-to-bjp-in-manipur-101647610294430.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ''' Opposition (7)'''<br /> :{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|MPSA]] (7)<br /> :*{{Color box|#00BBFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (5)<br /> :*{{Color box|#1E2E3D}} [[Kuki People's Alliance|KPA]] (2)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-06 |title=NDA ally Kuki People's Alliance withdraws support to Biren Singh government in Manipur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nda-ally-kuki-peoples-alliance-withdraws-support-from-biren-singh-govt-in-manipur/article67165575.ece |access-date=2023-12-16 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> '''Vacant (2)'''<br /> :*{{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (2)<br /> | voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]<br /> | last_election1 = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|28 February – 5 March 2022]]<br /> | next_election1 = February – March 2027<br /> | session_room = <br /> | session_res = <br /> | session_alt = <br /> | meeting_place = Manipur Legislative Assembly, Capital Complex, [[Thangmeiband]], [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]-795001<br /> | website = [https://www.assembly.mn.gov.in/ Manipur Legislative Assembly]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Election for the '''Twelfth Legislative Assembly''' was held in the Indian state of [[Manipur]] from 28 February to 5 March 2022 in two phases, to elect 60 members of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]. The result of the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] was declared on 10 March 2022.<br /> <br /> The [[11th Manipur Assembly|11th Manipur Legislative Assembly]] was dissolved in March 2022. The dissolution was necessitated after the results of the 12th Legislative Assembly election were declared on 10 March. The tenure of 11th [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] was scheduled to end on 19 March 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- this section is transcluded on Punjab Legislative Assembly --&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;Composition&quot;/&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;Parties and leaders&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;!--In the Sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly, 92 members of the ruling [[Aam Aadmi Party]] form the treasury benches. The main [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] party in the assembly is [[Indian National Congress]] with 18 seats. The other parties which are in opposition are [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[Independent politician|Independent]]. AAP MLA, [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]] was announced as the speaker of the assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Punjab Cabinet swearing-in Live Updates: From uprooting corruption to tackling drug addiction in Punjab — newly-inducted Ministers set targets |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-cabinet-swearing-in-live-updates-bhagwant-mann-7826467/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann took the oath of office on March 16 at Khatkar Kalan, the ancestral village of [[Bhagat Singh]]. [[Inderbir Singh Nijjar]] took the oath as Protem Speaker. On 17 March Nijjar administered the oath of office to all the 117 legislators of the Sixteenth Punjab Legislative assembly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cabinet NDTV 21 March 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=In Punjab Cabinet, Bhagwant Mann Keeps Home, Harpal Cheema Gets Finance |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-punjab-cabinet-bhagwant-mann-keeps-home-harpal-cheema-gets-finance-2834331 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321120858/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-punjab-cabinet-bhagwant-mann-keeps-home-harpal-cheema-gets-finance-2834331 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other 10 cabinet ministers of the [[Mann ministry]], took oath on 19 March.--&gt;<br /> <br /> == Office bearers ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !S.No<br /> !Position<br /> !Portrait<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> !Constituency<br /> !Office Taken<br /> !Reference<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |'''Speaker'''<br /> | <br /> |[[Thokchom Satyabrata Singh]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |[[Yaiskul Assembly constituency|Yaiskul]]<br /> |rowspan=2|22 March 2022<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=Thokchom Satyabrata Singh elected as new Manipur assembly Speaker |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/thokchom-satyabrata-singh-elected-as-new-manipur-assembly-speaker-101648100756789.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |'''Deputy Speaker'''<br /> | <br /> |[[Kongkham Robindro Singh]] <br /> |[[Mayang Imphal Assembly constituency|Mayang Imphal]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; <br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |'''Leader of the House''' &lt;br /&gt; '''([[Chief Minister of Manipur|Chief Minister]])'''<br /> | <br /> |[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]<br /> |[[Singjamei Assembly constituency|Singjamei]]<br /> |rowspan=3|4 February 2026<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;New Manipur Govt&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |rowspan=2|'''Deputy Leaders of the House''' &lt;br /&gt; '''([[List of deputy chief ministers of Manipur|Deputy Chief Ministers]])'''<br /> | <br /> |[[Nemcha Kipgen]]<br /> |[[Kangpokpi Assembly constituency|Kangpokpi]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;New Manipur Govt&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !5<br /> |<br /> |[[Losii Dikho]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}<br /> |[[Mao Assembly constituency|Mao]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !6<br /> |'''Leader of the Opposition'''<br /> | <br /> |'''Vacant'''<br /> |colspan=2|'''N/A'''<br /> |'''N/A'''<br /> |'''N/A'''<br /> |<br /> |- <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! District<br /> ! No.<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Alliance<br /> ! Remarks<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]<br /> | 1<br /> | [[Khundrakpam Assembly constituency|Khundrakpam]]<br /> | [[Thokchom Lokeshwar Singh|T. Lokeshwar Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|shortname=MPSA|color=#00BFFF}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | [[Heingang Assembly constituency|Heingang]]<br /> | [[N. Biren Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=31}}<br /> | Resigned On 9 February 2025 as [[List of chief ministers of Manipur|Chief Minister]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 February 2025 |title=Biren Singh Quits As Chief Minister 2 Years After Manipur Violence Began. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/biren-singh-quits-as-chief-minister-2-years-after-manipur-violence-began-900302 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | [[Khurai, Manipur Assembly constituency|Khurai]]<br /> | [[Leishangthem Susindro Meitei|L. Susindro Meitei]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | [[Kshetrigao Assembly constituency|Kshetrigao]]<br /> | [[Sheikh Noorul Hassan]]<br /> | {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | [[Thongju Assembly constituency|Thongju]]<br /> | [[Thongam Biswajit Singh|T. Biswajit Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | [[Keirao Assembly constituency|Keirao]]<br /> | [[Lourembam Rameshwor Meetei|L. Rameshwor Meitei]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | [[Andro Assembly constituency|Andro]]<br /> | [[Thounaojam Shyamkumar Singh|T. Shyamkumar Singh]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | [[Lamlai Assembly constituency|Lamlai]]<br /> | [[Khongbantabam Ibomcha|K. Ibomcha]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |9<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Thangmeiband Assembly constituency|Thangmeiband]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Khumukcham Joykishan|K. Joykisan Singh]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Switched from JD(U) to BJP&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-02 |title=Five JD(U) MLAs join BJP in Manipur |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/five-jd-u-mlas-join-bjp-in-manipur/na20220902222533200200269 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=ETV Bharat News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | [[Uripok Assembly constituency|Uripok]]<br /> | [[Khwairakpam Raghumani Singh|K. Raghumani Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> | [[Sagolband Assembly constituency|Sagolband]]<br /> | [[Rajkumar Imo Singh]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | [[Keishamthong Assembly constituency|Keishamthong]]<br /> | [[Sapam Nishikant Singh]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | [[Singjamei Assembly constituency|Singjamei]]<br /> | [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> | [[List of chief ministers of Manipur|Chief Minister]] since 4 February 2026<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]<br /> | 14<br /> | [[Yaiskul Assembly constituency|Yaiskul]]<br /> | [[Thokchom Satyabrata Singh|T. Satyabrata Singh]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |15<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Wangkhei Assembly constituency|Wangkhei]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Thangjam Arunkumar]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Switched from JD(U) to BJP&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]<br /> | 16<br /> | [[Sekmai Assembly constituency|Sekmai]] (SC)<br /> | [[Heikham Dingo Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | [[Lamsang Assembly constituency|Lamsang]]<br /> | [[Sorokhaibam Rajen]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 18<br /> | [[Konthoujam Assembly constituency|Konthoujam]]<br /> | Sapam Ranjan Singh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 19<br /> | [[Patsoi Assembly constituency|Patsoi]]<br /> | [[Sapam Kunjakeswor Singh]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 20<br /> | [[Langthabal Assembly constituency|Langthabal]]<br /> | [[Karam Shyam]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 21<br /> | [[Naoriya Pakhanglakpa Assembly constituency|Naoriya Pakhanglakpa]]<br /> | [[Soraisam Kebi Devi]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 22<br /> | [[Wangoi Assembly constituency|Wangoi]]<br /> | [[Khuraijam Loken Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 23<br /> | [[Mayang Imphal Assembly constituency|Mayang Imphal]]<br /> | [[Kongkham Robindro Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]<br /> | 24<br /> | [[Nambol Assembly constituency|Nambol]]<br /> | [[Thounaojam Basanta Kumar Singh|T. Basanta Kumar Singh]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 25<br /> | [[Oinam Assembly constituency|Oinam]]<br /> | [[Irengbam Nalini Devi]]<br /> | {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 26<br /> | [[Bishnupur, Manipur Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]]<br /> | [[Govindas Konthoujam]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 27<br /> | [[Moirang Assembly constituency|Moirang]]<br /> | [[Thongam Shanti Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 28<br /> | [[Thanga Assembly constituency|Thanga]]<br /> | [[Tongbram Robindro Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 29<br /> | [[Kumbi Assembly constituency|Kumbi]]<br /> | [[Sanasam Premachandra Singh|S. Premachandra Singh]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; | [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]<br /> | 30<br /> | [[Lilong Assembly constituency|Lilong]]<br /> | [[Muhammad Abdul Nasir]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 31<br /> | [[Thoubal Assembly constituency|Thoubal]]<br /> | [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|shortname=MPSA|color=#00BFFF|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 32<br /> | [[Wangkhem Assembly constituency|Wangkhem]]<br /> | [[Keisham Meghachandra Singh|K. Meghachandra Singh]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 33<br /> | [[Heirok Assembly constituency|Heirok]]<br /> | [[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh|T. Radheshyam Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 34<br /> | [[Wangjing Tentha Assembly constituency|Wangjing Tentha]]<br /> | [[Paonam Brojen]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 35<br /> | [[Khangabok Assembly constituency|Khangabok]]<br /> | [[Surjakumar Okram]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|shortname=MPSA|color=#00BFFF}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 36<br /> | [[Wabgai Assembly constituency|Wabgai]]<br /> | [[Usham Deben Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 37<br /> | [[Kakching Assembly constituency|Kakching]]<br /> | [[Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh|M. Rameshwar Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 38<br /> | [[Hiyanglam Assembly constituency|Hiyanglam]]<br /> | [[Yumnam Radheshyam]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 39<br /> | [[Sugnu Assembly constituency|Sugnu]]<br /> | [[Kangujam Ranjit Singh]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|shortname=MPSA|color=#00BFFF}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |40<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Jiribam Assembly constituency|Jiribam]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Ashab Uddin (politician)|Ashab Uddin]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=7}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Switched from JD(U) to BJP&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Chandel district|Chandel]]<br /> | 41<br /> | [[Chandel Assembly constituency|Chandel]] (ST)<br /> | [[Olish Shilshi]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 42<br /> | [[Tengnoupal Assembly constituency|Tengnoupal]] (ST)<br /> | [[Letpao Haokip]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Ukhrul district|Ukhrul]]<br /> | 43<br /> | [[Phungyar Assembly constituency|Phungyar]] (ST)<br /> | [[Leishiyo Keishing]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=3}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 44<br /> | [[Ukhrul Assembly constituency|Ukhrul]] (ST)<br /> | [[Ram Muivah]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 45<br /> | [[Chingai Assembly constituency|Chingai]] (ST)<br /> | [[Khashim Vashum]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Senapati district|Senapati]]<br /> | 46<br /> | [[Saikul Assembly constituency|Saikul]] (ST)<br /> | [[Kimneo Haokip Hangshing|K. Haokip Hangshing]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Kuki People's Alliance}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=Others}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 47<br /> | [[Karong Assembly constituency|Karong]] (ST)<br /> | [[J. Kumo Sha]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 48<br /> | [[Mao Assembly constituency|Mao]] (ST)<br /> | [[Losii Dikho]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}<br /> | [[List of deputy chief ministers of Manipur|Deputy Chief Minister]] since 4 February 2026<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| 49<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Tadubi Assembly constituency|Tadubi]] (ST)<br /> | [[N. Kayisii]]<br /> | {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br /> | Died on 18 January 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-mla-n-kayisii-dies-prolonged-illness-58-2666786-2025-01-18|title=Manipur MLA N Kayisii dies at 58 after prolonged illness|work=India Today|accessdate=18 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=6|Vacant<br /> |-<br /> | 50<br /> | [[Kangpokpi Assembly constituency|Kangpokpi]]<br /> | [[Nemcha Kipgen]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=8}}<br /> | [[List of deputy chief ministers of Manipur|Deputy Chief Minister]] since 4 February 2026<br /> |-<br /> | 51<br /> | [[Saitu Assembly constituency|Saitu]] (ST)<br /> | [[Haokholet Kipgen]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]<br /> | 52<br /> | [[Tamei Assembly constituency|Tamei]] (ST)<br /> | [[Awangbow Newmai]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 53<br /> | [[Tamenglong Assembly constituency|Tamenglong]] (ST)<br /> | [[Janghemlung Panmei]]<br /> | {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 54<br /> | [[Nungba Assembly constituency|Nungba]] (ST)<br /> | [[Dinganglung Gangmei]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |55<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] (ST)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Ngursanglur Sanate]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Switched from JD(U) to BJP&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| 56<br /> | rowspan=2| [[Thanlon Assembly constituency|Thanlon]] (ST)<br /> | [[Vungzagin Valte]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | Died on 20 February 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 February 2026 |title=Manipur BJP MLA Vungzagin Valte Passes Away |work=Northeast Live |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/manipur/breaking-news-manipur-bjp-mla-vungzagin-valte-passes-away/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=6|Vacant<br /> |-<br /> | 57<br /> | [[Henglep Assembly constituency|Henglep]] (ST)<br /> | [[Letzamang Haokip]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |58<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Churachandpur Assembly constituency|Churachandpur]] (ST)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[L. M. Khaute]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Switched from JD(U) to BJP&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 59<br /> | [[Saikot Assembly constituency|Saikot]] (ST)<br /> | [[Paolienlal Haokip]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 60<br /> | [[Singhat Assembly constituency|Singhat]] (ST)<br /> | [[Chinlunthang|Chinlunthang Manlun]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Kuki People's Alliance}}<br /> | {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=Others}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}&lt;section end=&quot;Composition&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Current Indian assemblies}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Terms of the Manipur Legislative Assembly|12th]]<br /> [[Category:2022 establishments in Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027| ]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Manipur]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karan_Jotwani&diff=508500 2026-03-31T22:13:56Z

<p>Timothyves: done...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Karan Jotwani<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 12 September&lt;ref name=&quot;KJ&quot; /&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}<br /> | alma_mater = [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]]<br /> | years active = 2013–present<br /> | known for = ''[[Suhani Si Ek Ladki]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Karan Jotwani''' is an Indian actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Sahil Agarwal and Jackie in ''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]'', Neelkanth Bhatt Dhyani in ''[[Qurbaan Hua]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=EXCLUSIVE! Male actors no longer content with being eye candy on TV|work=Times Of India|access-date=22 November 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/male-actors-no-longer-content-with-being-eye-candy-on-tv/articleshow/63799068.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Imtiaz Alqaazi in ''[[Bebaakee]]''. Jotwani made his film debut with ''[[Tumse Na Ho Payega (2023 film)|Tumse Na Ho Payega]]'' in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Five Most-Viewed Streaming Shows and Movies of the week. |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/best-shows-on-web-ott-october-week-1-tumse-na-ho-payega-charlie-chopra-khufiya-netflix |website=Film Companion |date=9 October 2023 |accessdate=25 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Jotwani was born on 12 September in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Karan Jotwani: I decided to stay at home with my mother for my birthday this year|access-date=13 September 2020|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-jotwani-i-decided-to-stay-home-this-time-with-my-mother-for-my-birthday/articleshow/78080610.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; He completed his graduation from [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]], Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hrcollege.edu/web/alumni.htm |title=HRCollege of Commerce &amp; Economics |publisher=Hrcollege.edu |date=2005-11-06 |access-date=2013-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107200731/http://www.hrcollege.edu/web/alumni.htm |archive-date=7 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}{{Independent source inline|date=January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Karan began his acting career in 2013 in the television world when he was cast in Hindi television series ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' as Mandeep Bobby Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/male-actors-no-longer-content-with-being-eye-candy-on-tv/articleshow/63799068.cms|title=Male actors no longer content with being eye candy on TV|work=[[Times of India]]|date=April 18, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, he appeared in the teen drama ''[[Confessions of an Indian Teenager]]'' and ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'' in episodic roles.<br /> <br /> In 2014, he starred in the mystery drama ''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]'' as Vivan Swaika and the MTV teen drama ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan]]'' as Aryamaan Khurana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/karan-jotwani-to-enter-kaisi-yeh-yaariyan-67285|title=Karan Jotwani to enter 'Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan'|work=[[ABP Live]]|accessdate=April 24, 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425031858/http://www.abplive.in/television/karan-jotwani-to-enter-kaisi-yeh-yaariyan-67285|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, he appeared in the episodic role of ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' as Ashish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Jotwani-to-play-student-in-Yeh-Hai-Aashiqui/articleshow/51323200.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311040649/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Jotwani-to-play-student-in-Yeh-Hai-Aashiqui/articleshow/51323200.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2016|title=Karan Jotwani to play student in 'Yeh Hai Aashiqui' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, he portrayed the recurring role of Sayyam on [[Star Plus]] soap opera ''[[Suhani Si Ek Ladki]]'' until the show ended in 2017.<br /> <br /> In late 2017, he was cast on [[Zee TV]]'s soap opera ''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]'' in the lead role of Sahil Agarwal.<br /> <br /> In May 2018, he appeared in an episode of Zee TV's talk show ''Juzzbaat'' as a guest with [[Adnan Khan]] and [[Arjit Taneja]].<br /> <br /> In 2020, he joined the series ''[[Qurbaan Hua]]'' as Neel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/karan-jotwani-to-give-his-fans-qurbaan-hua-shivangi-joshi-set-for-a-bollywood-debut/22444177|title=Karan Jotwani to give his fans Qurbaan Hua; Shivangi Joshi set for a Bollywood debut|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, he joined the web series ''[[Bebaakee]]'' as a lead role alongside [[Kushal Tandon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Keshri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 12, 2020|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Aap Ke Aa Jane Se star Karan Jotwani to make digital debut with Bebaakee|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/aap-ke-aa-jane-se-star-karan-jotwani-to-make-digital-debut-with-bebaakee-1688141-2020-06-12|access-date=2020-12-10|website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, Jotwani made his film debut with ''[[Tumse Na Ho Payega (2023 film)|Tumse Na Ho Payega]]'', playing Arjun Kapoor, an overachiever.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='Tumse Na Ho Payega' review: A spirited cast enlivens a predictable plot |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1056700/tumse-na-ho-payega-review-a-spirited-cast-enlivens-a-predictable-plot |website=Scroll.in|date=29 September 2023 |accessdate=29 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Tumse Na Ho Payega (2023 film)|Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''<br /> |Arjun Kapoor<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-30 |title=Nitesh Tiwari and Ishwak Singh's movie 'Tumse Na Ho Payega' on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tumse-na-ho-payega-movie-review-ishwak-singh-is-stuck-in-a-mundane-job-in-a-mundane-film-13186912.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> |&quot;[[Border 2]]&quot;<br /> |Venkatesh (Navy commando) <br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2013 <br /> |''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' <br /> | Mandeep Bobby Singh <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Confessions of an Indian Teenager]]''<br /> | Aditya &quot;Adi&quot; Kapoor<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''<br /> |Rohit Sehgal<br /> |Season 2<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Heroes – The Fightback Files''<br /> |Ayan Sharma<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014 <br /> |''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]''<br /> |Vivan Swaika<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''<br /> | Ashish<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2014–2015<br /> |''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan]]''<br /> |Aryamaan Khurana<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2014–2016<br /> |''Box Cricket League''<br /> |Contestant<br /> |2 seasons<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''<br /> |Abhiram<br /> | Episode: &quot;Hindu Muslim&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2016–2017<br /> |''[[Suhani Si Ek Ladki]]''<br /> |Sayyam Salvi<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018–2019<br /> |''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]''<br /> |Sahil Agarwal/Jackie Agarwal/Sahil Kashyap<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''Juzzbaat''<br /> |Himself<br /> |Guest appearance<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> | ''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''<br /> | Neelkanth Bhatt Dhyani<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Bekaboo]]''<br /> |Ashwat Raichand<br /> |Cameo appearance<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Exclusive- After Qurbaan Hua, Karan Jotwani returns to TV with Ekta Kapoor's Hindi remake of Beauty and the Beast |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-after-qurbaan-hua-karan-jotwani-returns-to-tv-with-ekta-kapoors-hindi-remake-of-beauty-and-the-beast/articleshow/97661599.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Web series ===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | ''[[XXX (web series)|XXX]]''<br /> | Chandani's boyfriend<br /> | Episode: &quot;Sumitra G&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> | ''[[Bebaakee]]''<br /> | Imtiaz Alqaazi<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Keshri&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> | ''Firsts''<br /> | Ankur <br /> |Season 6<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Keshri&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-19|title=Bebaakee trailer: Kushal Tandon gets entangled in a love triangle starring Shiv Jyoti Rajput, Karan Jotwani|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bebaakee-trailer-kushal-tandon-gets-entangled-in-a-love-triangle-starring-shiv-jyoti-rajput-karan-jotwani/story-5OLoRwXIBjKPCyQjQWMv7L.html|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Music videos===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Singer(s)<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |&quot;Ijazataan&quot;<br /> |Yashal Shahid<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022<br /> |&quot;Itni Mohabbat Karta Hoon&quot;<br /> |Nihal Tauro, Amjad Nadeem Aamir<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Itni Mohabbat Karta Hoon - Hiba N, Karan J {{!}} Nihal T, Amjad Nadeem Aamir, Azeem {{!}} Zee Music Originals | date=29 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DroRhjRyMVU |language=en |access-date=2022-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Oda Vyah&quot;<br /> |Jashan Singh, Dhvani Bhanushali<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Oda Vyah (Song) {{!}} Jashan Singh, Dhvani Bhanushali {{!}} Malti C, Karan J, Robby S {{!}} Vinod B {{!}} Hitz Music | date=18 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LM4DcfS08-c |language=en |access-date=2022-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |&quot;Meri Banogi Kya&quot;<br /> |Rito Riba<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Hindi Song 'Meri Banogi Kya' Sung By Rito Riba |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-latest-hindi-video-song-meri-banogi-kya-sung-by-rito-riba/videoshow/98798358.cms |access-date=2023-03-20 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |&quot;Dil Darbadar&quot;<br /> |Arpan Singh<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2RkVTI5Y_sY |title=Dil Darbadar featuring Karan Jotwani and Reem Shaikh |date=2025-08-19 |last=Tips Official |access-date=2025-08-21 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Work<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br /> |[[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama|Best Actor (Drama)]]<br /> |''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]''<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-5489473/|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2018 {{!}} Winners|website=The Indian Express|date=12 December 2018 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|8370300}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jotwani, Karan}}<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]<br /> [[Category:1991 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male models]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Entertainers from Jalandhar]]<br /> [[Category:Sindhi male actors]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idris_Ahmed_Mia&diff=503673 2026-03-31T04:35:00Z

<p>Timothyves: stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Idris Ahmed Mia<br /> | native_name = ইদ্রীস আহমদ মিঞা<br /> | office = Member of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 1954<br /> | term_end = 1954<br /> | successor = <br /> | constituency = [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]]<br /> | office1 = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1937<br /> | term_end1 = 1946<br /> | successor1 = [[Zahur Ahmed Choudhury]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Malda district|Malda South]]<br /> | birth_date = 13 September 1894<br /> | birth_place = Dadanchowk, [[Shibganj Upazila, Chapai Nawabganj|Shibganj Upazila]], [[Malda district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1966|10|9|1894|9|13}}<br /> | death_place = [[East Pakistan]]<br /> | party = [[Krishak Sramik Party]]<br /> | bodyclass = <br /> | main_width = <br /> }}<br /> '''Idris Ahmed Mia''' ({{Langx|bn|ইদ্রিস আহমদ মিঞা}}; 13 September 1894 – 9 October 1966) was a politician. He was a member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zakaria |first=Abul Kalam Mohammad |title=বরেন্দ্র অঞ্চলের ইতিহাস - বরেন্দ্র অঞ্চলের আলোকিত মানুষ |date=April 1998 |edition=1st |page=203 |language=bn |chapter=রাজশাহী বিভাগ - ইতিহাস-ঐতিহ্য }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Mia was born on 13 September 1894 to an [[upper middle class]] [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Mian (title)|Mias]] in the village of Dadanchowk in [[Shibganj Upazila, Chapai Nawabganj|Shibganj]], then part of the [[Malda district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]] (now [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapai Nawabganj]], [[Bangladesh]]). His father, Haji Nahar Uddin, was known to have been highly educated and pious.&lt;ref name=islam&gt;{{citation|title=The Contribution of Idris Ahmed Mia in Socio-Cultural Development: Evidence from Chapainawabganj District|page=1|url=https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2024/6/34336.pdf|author=Islam, Md. Touhidul|year=2024|publisher=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research}}&lt;/ref&gt; He passed his entrance examinations in 1913 from the Nimtita High School in [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] and his [[Intermediate of Arts|F.A.]] in 1915 from [[Rajshahi College]]. Mia then pursued a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from the same college, graduating first class with distinction in 1917.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=ঐতিহ্যে রাজশাহী কলেজ |date=September 2001 |publisher=[[Rajshahi College]] |edition=1st |language=bn }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Mia had close relations with [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Huq]]. He was a member of the [[Krishak Praja Party]]'s central committee and one of its regional leaders. In 1928, Mia was elected as the President of the Durlavpur Union Board. After that, he was elected as the Vice-Chairman of the Malda District Board. At the [[1937 Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1937 Bengal election]], Mia was elected to the South Malda constituency at the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]], defeating his rival, an influential [[All-India Muslim League]] candidate.<br /> <br /> After the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1947, Mia was elected as a member of the Rajshahi District Board. He was successful at the [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1954 East Bengal election]] as a [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] candidate, winning a seat at the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Government of Bengal |title=Bengal Legislative Assembly Proceedings (1939) |year=1939 |volume=54 |location=[[Alipore]] |chapter=Alphabetical list of members |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.200243/page/n15/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Whilst in eight grade, Mia founded a school on his own initiative. In his entire life, he established eight educational institutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 March 2017 |title=ইদ্রিস আহমদ মেমোরিয়াল ইনস্টিটিউটের বৃত্তি |url=https://silkcitynews.com/79710 |access-date=9 October 2018 |work=Silk City News |language=bn}}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot|date=April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1956, as a political adviser to the provincial chief minister, he played an important role in acquiring land on behalf of the [[Government of Pakistan]] along with the District Magistrate for the establishment of the [[University of Rajshahi]]. Later, he was elected as the senior most Senate member of the University of Rajshahi twice.<br /> <br /> In addition to social service and politics, he has written several research-based books in his life, some of which are among his published works:<br /> * Potito Islam<br /> * Moslem Obhab<br /> * Bongo Desher Shongkkhipto Itihash<br /> * Krishoker Mormobani<br /> * Lakkha Abad<br /> * Manush Na Methor<br /> * Zoba (novel)<br /> * Lal Golap (novel)<br /> * Tin Talaqe Bipotti (novel)<br /> <br /> He was also known to have translated the [[juz'|Amm-para]] of the [[Qur'an]].&lt;ref name=islam/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Mia died on 9 October 1966.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> &lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;<br /> [[Category:1966 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:1894 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Shibganj Upazila, Chapai Nawabganj]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:People of East Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]<br /> [[Category:Rajshahi College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Rajshahi Division]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharon_Lowen&diff=534691 2026-03-25T19:46:00Z

<p>Timothyves: new new page!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|American Odissi dancer}}<br /> [[File:Picture Courtesy- Sharon Lowen.png|thumb|Sharon Lowen in Kumarasambhavam]]<br /> '''Sharon Lowen''' is an American [[Odissi]] dancer, trained since 1975 by [[Guru]] [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]]. She has performed and choreographed for film and television and presented hundreds of concerts throughout [[India]], [[North America]], [[Asia]], [[Africa]], the United Kingdom. and the [[Middle East]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2006&amp;issid=5&amp;id=174|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302085542/http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2006&amp;issid=5&amp;id=174|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-02|title=Welcome to Muse India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://michigantoday.umich.edu/99/Spr99/mt4s99a.html Spring 1999 Michigan Today-India: Sharon Lowen, the Dance of Discovery&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104162853/http://michigantoday.umich.edu/99/Spr99/mt4s99a.html |date=2011-01-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sharon came to India in 1973 after earning degrees in [[Humanities]], [[Fine Arts]], [[Asian Studies]] and [[Dance]] from the [[University of Michigan]] as a [[Fulbright Scholar]] to study [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] and later [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] and [[Odissi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Mehta%20Gouri%20Nilakantan.pdf?miami1091823201|title=ETD Home|access-date=2010-10-11|archive-date=2013-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214203222/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Mehta%20Gouri%20Nilakantan.pdf?miami1091823201|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2057236|title=In search of wonder : understanding cultural exchange : Fulbright Program in India / foreword J.K. Galbraith ; introduced and edited by Sachidananda Mohanty|first=Sachidananda|last=Mohanty|year=1997|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=9788170942924|via=National Library of Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Sharon Lowen grew up in [[Detroit]], United States, where her father was a chemical engineer and her mother a clinical psychologist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Borders-no-Bar/475804/|title=Express India - Latest News, India News, Indian Cricket, World, Entertainment, Business &amp; Finance News|author=The Indian Express|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011122624/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Borders-no-Bar/475804/|archive-date=2012-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; She trained in modern dance, Cecchetti ballet and classes at the Detroit Institute of Arts in puppetry, mime and theater since childhood, was a member of the Detroit Puppetry Guild, Puppeteers of America and UNIMA, performed with George Latshaw's puppets for the Detroit and Cleveland symphony orchestras and Jim Henson offered her an apprenticeship with the Muppets which was declined to accept a Fulbright scholarship to India.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan17/sunday/view.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Interview}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;[http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/99/Spr99/mt4s99a.html Spring 1999 Michigan Today-India: Sharon Lowen, the Dance of Discovery&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602090900/http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/99/Spr99/mt4s99a.html |date=2010-06-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following her bachelor's degree in humanities, Fine Arts, Asian Studies and an M.A. in Education and Dance, Lowen arrived in India on a Fulbright scholarship in 1973 to continue Manipuri dance with Guru Singhajit Singh at [[Triveni Kala Sangam]], New Delhi. With extension and renewal of the Fulbright to 1975, she also trained in Mayurbhanj Chhau under Guru Krushna Chandra Naik, Odissi under Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra, Manipuri Pala Cholam under Guru Thangjam Chaoba Singh and Manipuri Maibi Jagoi under Gurus Ranjana Maibi, Kumar Maibi and R.K. Achoubi Sana Singh.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/214158?lookfor=subject:%22India%20-%20History%20-%201947-%22&amp;offset=7&amp;max=129|title=India at 50 : bliss of hope &amp; burden of reality / edited by V.N. Narayanan &amp; Jyoti Sabharwal|first1=V. N.|last1=Narayanan|first2=Jyoti|last2=Sabharwal|year=1997|publisher=Sterling Publishers|via=National Library of Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She has lived and worked in India ever since, achieving success as a foreign-born expert performer and choreographer of classical Indian dance. Throughout her career, she has periodically returned to the United States, performing classical Indian dance recitals around the country during these visits.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archives.nypl.org/dan/23892|title=New York Public Library..Sharon Lowen Papers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> She portrayed herself in [[Indian Cinema]], in an award-winning [[Telugu film]] [[Swarnakamalam]], to inspire the heroine to value her own classical dance tradition. The film was directed by [[Dr.K.Viswanath]]. In the film she performs an Odissi dance and mesmerizes the audience of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://roughinhere.wordpress.com/2008/09/10/bhanupriya-dancing-in-swarna-kamalam-telugu-1988/|title=Bhanupriya Dancing in Swarna Kamalam (Telugu, 1988)|date=10 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From Kashmir to Kanyakumari, Sharon has performed her own choreographies in Sanskrit, Odia, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi, Kashmiri, Dogra,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/18/arts/dance-sharon-lowen-s-india-style.html|title=Dance: Sharon Lowen's India Style|date=18 December 1985|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; alongside her own guru's compositions, including festivals at Khajuraho; Sankat Morchan Hanuman Jayanti, Varanasi; JNU Academy, Imphal; Kottakkal Temple Festival; Bharat Bhavan, Bhopal; Kerala Kalamandalam Diamond Jubilee; Chaitra Parva Festival, Seraikella, Bihar; SNA Odissi Festival, Bhubaneswar; Chidambaram; Konark; Thiruvananthapuram, Shimla; Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur.<br /> <br /> Across the globe she has performed concerts, lecture-demonstrations and school performances in the United States, Canada, Mexico, England, Brazil, Japan, Kuwait, Dubai, South Africa, Malaysia, Singapore, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Lithuania, Slovak Republic, Ukraine, and Poland.<br /> <br /> In the 90s, Sharon organized six annual Videshi Kalakaar Utsav festivals and Art Without Frontiers seminars supported by the Delhi Sahitya Kala Parishad. She is acknowledged with transforming the recognition of foreigners as classical Indian dance and music performing artists, rather than simply students for the following generations of international artists.<br /> <br /> She has choreographed and directed 10 annual Shiv Vivaha Shivratri productions at Khajuraho in various classical dance genres and mime actors, along with Kamalini Dutt and Naresh Kapuria, inspired by the Lalit Suri Hospitality Group chaired by Dr Jyotsna Suri.<br /> <br /> {{quote box|align=right|width=25em|bgcolor = Orange|quote=Blessed with unerring musicality and keenly deployed technique, Lowen can mesmerize with hands that drift and carve the air like rising smoke. But perhaps the strongest weapon in her arsenal is her eyes, which mirror the soul with convincing depth and grace. In passages of expressive mime, a parade of moods took their turn illuminating her from within, whether she was swooning with the desire of Radha for Krishna or becoming a fearsome warrior incarnation of Vishnu.|source= —Dance Critic Jennifer Fisher,&lt;br&gt;on Lowen's 1996 Odissi Performance at [[Occidental College]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-03-25-ca-50966-story.html|title=Lowen Does Divine Indian Classical Dance at Occidental|website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=25 March 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Lowen was instrumental in setting up the School of Visual and Performing Arts and Communication at Central University, Hyderabad; served as a member of the USIEF (then USEFI) board from 2003 to 2007.<br /> <br /> She is committed to arts education and social upliftment expressed through choreography projects, benefit concerts and consultations for Deepalaya, Akshaypratisthan, Palna, Delhi Police School, and other government and private schools in New Delhi.<br /> <br /> She founded the NGO Manasa-Art Without Frontiers with [[Kamalini Dutt]] and Naresh Kapuria to conduct, seminars, festivals, lecture demonstrations, classes and performances across artistic disciplines and communities.<br /> <br /> ==Odissi==<br /> Her Odissi guru, Padma Vibhushan Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra said of Sharon Lowen in 1986, after accompanying her 22 performance Festival of India-USA tour, &quot;She is now one of my five best disciples who I can unhesitatingly recommend to represent the Odissi dance form anywhere in the world. Sharon has mastered the tradition.&quot;<br /> <br /> Sharon had the privilege to study with Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra from 1975, and having him present her Odissi and Manipuri performance in Orissa in 1976. He has accompanied her on pakawaj for performances around India and on tour in the U.S. during the Festival of India-U.S.A., and they performed together at the Metropolitan Museum in New York City.<br /> <br /> ==Mayurbhanj and Seraikella Chhau==<br /> Training in Mayurbhanj Chhau from 1975 under Guru Krushna Chandra Naik led him to present her in Baripada in 1976 to demonstrate that a woman could perform this traditionally all-male genre and lead to training of women in Mayurbhanj district today. She is the first woman soloist of a previously all-male form, responsible for introducing Mayurbhanj Chhau to the United States at the 1978 Asian Dance Festival in Hawaii and later at the Olympic Arts Festival of Masks in Los Angeles and is singularly responsible for getting Chhau presented on Doordarshan's National Broadcasts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kavita Chhibber |url=http://www.kavitachhibber.com/main/main.jsp?id=senders |access-date=2014-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132223/http://www.kavitachhibber.com/main/main.jsp?id=senders |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her training from 1981 with Guru Kedarnath Sahoo led to the guru including her solo performances during Chaitra Parva, the International Classical Indian Dance and Theatre Festival in Calcutta. Beyond her personal performances internationally and throughout India, Sharon collaborated with Gopal Dubey to create two Chhau ballets combining Mayurbhanj and Seraikella Chhau for Doordarshan National Programs of Dance. Her numerous national television programs from Doordarshan Central Production Centre set new standards of excellence starting with their inaugural program Triveni and later Panch Nayikas of Kalidas.<br /> <br /> Sharon Lowen has had an immense impact on Chhau and has promoted its inclusion in arts education, both at national and international levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/main/fullpaper.php |title=Centre for Bhutan Studies - Abstract for Fourth GNH Conference in Bhutan |access-date=2010-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108064440/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/main/fullpaper.php |archive-date=2010-01-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|jstor=1124538|title=Inside Tradition: Scholar-Performers and Asian Arts|first=Joan L.|last=Erdman|date=1 January 1991|journal=Asian Theatre Journal|volume=8|issue=2|pages=111–117|doi=10.2307/1124538}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sharon Lowen has been responsible in making Chhau popular in the West, which is making a difference in the awareness of the local history in the regions of Seraikela.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080121/ldh1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Ludhiana Stories}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://international.zeenews.com/inner1.asp?aid=194158&amp;sid=HEL|title = Zee News: Latest News, Live Breaking News, Today News, India Political News Updates}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Manipuri==<br /> From 1969 to 1972, prior to coming to India, Sharon learned Manipuri from Shrimati Minati Roy and also performed and taught Manipuri for the Indian community and university functions in Ann Arbor.<br /> <br /> She taught dance in [[University of Michigan]] as visiting professor 1975 and had more than 200 lectures and demonstrations to her credit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/sharon-lowen-an-envoy-of-indian-culture/article8649957.ece |title=An Envoy Of Indian Culture|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 May 2016|last1=Kumar|first1=Ranee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sharon's main study of Manipur was with Guru Singhajit Singh between 1973 and 1982, and briefly in 1989. She also had the opportunity to study Maibi Jagoi with Late Ranjani Maini, in Manipur in 1974 and 1976.<br /> <br /> Sharon had the pleasure of studying under Late Guru Thangjam Chaoba Singh, teacher and choreographer in 1974 and 1976 when he organized her performance of Kartal Cholom at the academy to demonstrate the possibility of adding Cholom to the curriculum for female students.<br /> <br /> &quot;Sharon has a mature technique and a fine understanding of the sort of physical and emotional restraint that characterizes Manipuri.&quot; - Shanta Serbjeet Singh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S720d-apN-kC&amp;dq=manipuri+%22sharon+lowen%22&amp;pg=PA157 |title=Dance: The great encounter: a study of Indo-American literature and cultural relations |date=12 April 1978|work=The Hindustan Times|isbn=9788170172116 |last1=Gupta |first1=Raj Kumar |publisher=Abhinav Publications }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> *[[Swarnakamalam]] (1988)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lowen, Sharon}}<br /> [[Category:American female dancers]]<br /> [[Category:American non-fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Odissi dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Chhau dancers]]<br /> [[Category:American expatriates in India]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century American women]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century American dancers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century American dancers]]<br /> [[Category:American performers of Indian classical dance]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century American women]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virasat_(1997_film)&diff=470011 2026-03-24T21:06:13Z

<p>Timothyves: further expanded details per standard format additionally and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Virasat<br /> | image = virasat.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Priyadarshan]]<br /> | producer = [[Mushir Alam|Mushir-Riaz]]<br /> | screenplay = [[Vinay Shukla]]<br /> | story = [[Kamal Haasan]]<br /> | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Thevar Magan]]''|[[Bharathan]]}}<br /> | starring = [[Anil Kapoor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Amrish Puri]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pooja Batra]]&lt;br&gt;[[Milind Gunaji]]&lt;br&gt;[[Govind Namdeo]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br&gt;[[Anu Malik]]&lt;br&gt;'''Score:'''&lt;br&gt;[[S. P. Venkatesh]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]<br /> | editing = N. Gopalakrishnan<br /> | distributor = M. R. Productions Pvt Ltd<br /> | released = {{film date|1997|5|30|df=yes}} &lt;small&gt;(India)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | runtime = 168 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}20.73 crore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Virasat |website=[[Box Office India]] |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2681|archive-date=2024-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920010057/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2681}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Virasat''''' ({{Translation|Inheritance}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]], directed by [[Priyadarshan]]. The story was written by [[Kamal Haasan]] and remade after the success of the [[Tamil film]] ''[[Thevar Magan]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=23 November 2013 |title=Mollywood directors forays into Bollywood |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Mollywood-directors-forays-into-Bollywood/articleshow/26213376.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124035311/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Mollywood-directors-forays-into-Bollywood/articleshow/26213376.cms |archive-date=24 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mushir-Riaz duo produced the film. It stars [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Pooja Batra]], [[Milind Gunaji]] and [[Govind Namdeo]]. The music was composed by [[Anu Malik]] and [[S. P. Venkatesh]], with the former composing the songs and the latter composing the score. The film marked the comeback for Priyadarshan in Hindi cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2008-07-03 |title=Ravi reveals all |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ravi-reveals-all/articleshow/3190930.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023131208/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-03/news-interviews/27940743_1_international-films-guru-dutt-rajiv-menon |archive-date=2012-10-23 |access-date=2012-03-13 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Music director Annu Malik reused some of the original tunes of [[Ilaiyaraaja]] from ''Thevar Magan''. [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] has done beatboxing in this movie for the song &quot;Payale Chunmun&quot;.<br /> <br /> ''Virasat'' received sixteen nominations at the [[43rd Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Priyadarshan, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Kapoor, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Tabu, and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] &amp; [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] for Batra, and won in seven categories, including [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]], [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] for Kapoor, [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]] for Tabu, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for Puri, and [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] for Haasan.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> After completing his studies in London, Shakti Thakur ([[Anil Kapoor]]) returns to his ancestral village in India. Accompanying him is his girlfriend, Anita ([[Pooja Batra]]), whom he is in love with and wants to marry, much to the disapproval of his family. After a few days, Shakti starts to feel that nothing much has changed in his hometown and longs to leave. He tells his father that he wants to sell his share of the family's property and open a chain of restaurants. His father, the zamindar Raja Thakur ([[Amrish Puri]]), urges Shakti to stay in the village and help it progress by virtue of the latter's education, saying &quot;A man gets an education not to become a selfish being but to uplift his uneducated brothers and society&quot;. Shakti disagrees with his father and decides to leave. He is unable to bear the animosity amongst the townspeople, particularly between his dad, Raja Thakur, and rival his younger brother Zamindar Birju ([[Govind Namdeo]]) (Shakti's disabled uncle) and his son Bali Thakur.<br /> <br /> The entire village suffers from this longstanding family feud as most of the village and its surrounding areas is divided between the brothers. Since Bali Thakur holds a grudge and always tries to one-up Raja Thakur, it puts them at loggerheads with each other.<br /> <br /> Shakti spends time in the village with his girlfriend by re-visiting his childhood memories including a game of sticks with Bali Thakur men, which he wins. They come across an old temple which has been closed off on Bali Thakur's instructions. He insists on entering and his friend and servant Surkhiya breaks open the lock for them to look around. Bali Thakur hears of this and a brutal riot is started among the two village factions. Raja Thakur, in order to quell the situation, contemplates apologising to his opponents. Shakti feels it should be him or Surkhiya who should apologise. When Shakti asks for Surkhiya, he learns that Bali Thakur's men have cut off Surkhiya's hand as punishment for opening the temple and Raja Thakur's men burn down the homes of Bali Thakur villagers in retaliation. To prevent a further escalation of the situation Shakti, with permission from his father, enlists the help of his friend in the government and opens the temple for all legally. Slighted by this, Bali Thakur hires goons to break a dam protecting a part of the village faction that supports Raja Thakur. Although a female villager spots one of the goons near the dam, she does not think much of it.<br /> <br /> The dam is damaged by explosives used by the goons which results in flooding of half the village. This results in numerous deaths including infants which deeply saddens Shakti. He spots the goon who placed the explosives again in the village and gives chase. After capturing, he hands the goon over to the police but the goon does not speak of Bali Thakur's involvement due to fear for his own family's safety.<br /> <br /> Later Bali Thakur intimidates a villager living in Raja Thakur's area to close a portion of his land, preventing the public from reaching the main road easily. Shakti and his father invite them for talks at village Panchayat to resolve the standoff due to the riots and flooding. In the village panchayat, accusations fly from both sides. With no evidence backing up the truth, Bali Thakur accuses Raja Thakur for orchestrating various attacks on his brother's family and insults him relentlessly. Disrespected and heartbroken, Raja Thakur returns to his home and dies following a heart attack later that night. Shakti takes over his father's duties as the head of the village.<br /> <br /> As time passes, this incident dies down. The villagers express concern to Shakti about going around the piece of land that has been closed off and causes a much longer travelling time. Shakti reasons with the owner of the land to open it up for all villagers to pass so that their long commute is shortened. Although understanding and willing, the land owner, is afraid of Bali Thakur's backlash especially since he has a young daughter Gehna ([[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]). Shakti assuages his fear by arranging marriage between a well-to-do person from his village to the land owner's daughter. Everybody involved happily agrees and the land owner opens up the land for everyone.<br /> <br /> On the day of the wedding, the groom runs away, fearing Bali Thakur. The landowner and his daughter are distraught over this claiming that it is a huge disrespect to his family. He opines that even if someone marries his daughter, they have to live in constant fear. Shakti then gets permission from the landowner and weds his daughter. Although Shakti still has feelings for his girlfriend and his new bride is very shy, they overcome their awkwardness and move on. Soon, his girlfriend returns and learns the truth. Although saddened by the turn of events, she understands the situation and leaves. Shakti, too, closes the chapter about his girlfriend and starts his new life with his wife.<br /> <br /> Bali Thakur, enraged by the opening of the land, plants a bomb during the village festival despite the pleas of his mother and own father to stop the violence. This results in deaths on both sides of the village. Both factions of the village, wanting revenge, go after Bali Thakur and his family. Shakti protects the innocent family and helps them get away from the villagers. Appreciative of Shakti's efforts to protect them, Birju Thakur finally ends his enmity towards him.<br /> <br /> Shakti eventually finds Bali Thakur and asks him to surrender to the police before the villagers kill him. Bali Thakur's rabid hatred for Shakti makes him reject his offer of help. Bali Thakur, blaming Shakti for all his problems, tries to kill him. In the struggle that follows, Shakti accidentally [[decapitation|decapitates]] Bali Thakur. Although other villagers are willing to take the blame for Bali Thakur's murder, Shakti gives himself up to the police to end the cycle of violence once and for all.<br /> <br /> The film depicts the true meaning of education as &quot;a tool to uplift uneducated people&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Anil Kapoor]] as Shakti Thakur<br /> *[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Gehna Thakur, Shakti Thakur's wife.<br /> *[[Pooja Batra]] as Anita, Shakti's girlfriend.<br /> *[[Amrish Puri]] as Raja Thakur<br /> *[[Milind Gunaji]] as Bali Thakur<br /> *[[Govind Namdeo]] as Birju Thakur<br /> *[[Satyen Kappu]] as Narayandas<br /> *[[Dilip Dhawan]] as Shakti's brother<br /> *[[Neeraj Vora]] as Surkhiya<br /> *[[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Bali's mother<br /> *[[Tiku Talsania]] as Bali's Lawyer<br /> *[[Rita Bhaduri]] as Mausi<br /> *[[Reena (actress)|Reena]] as Raja's wife<br /> *[[Kollam Ajith]] as Inspector <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> Kamal Haasan initially planned to remake ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' film in Hindi with himself in the lead role, and approached [[Dilip Kumar]] to play the role portrayed by [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in the original. Kumar's refusal prompted Haasan to become disillusioned with the project, and led him to offering the script to [[Anil Kapoor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2022 |title=Kamal Haasan wanted to make Virasat with Dilip Kumar, 'begged' him to work in it |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-haasan-begged-dilip-kumar-to-work-with-him-in-thevar-magan-hindi-remake-virasat-he-had-decided-not-to-act-101653790440564.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108183746/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-haasan-begged-dilip-kumar-to-work-with-him-in-thevar-magan-hindi-remake-virasat-he-had-decided-not-to-act-101653790440564.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> The songs featured in the movie were composed by [[Anu Malik]], while the lyrics have been penned by [[Javed Akhtar]]. Virasat album has 7 songs sung by [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Vinod Rathod]], and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]. Most popular songs in album &quot;Tare Hain Barati&quot;, &quot;Payalay Chunmun Chunmun&quot;, &quot;Dhol Bajne Laga&quot;, etc.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! # !! Title !! Singer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 1.<br /> | &quot;Payalay Chunmun Chunmun&quot;<br /> | [[Kumar Sanu]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2.<br /> | &quot;Tare Hain Barati&quot;<br /> | Kumar Sanu, [[Jaspinder Narula]]<br /> |- <br /> | 3.<br /> | &quot;Jayengi Pi Ke Nagar&quot;<br /> | [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]<br /> |-<br /> | 4.<br /> | &quot;Ek Tha Raja&quot;<br /> | [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5.<br /> | &quot;Sun Mausa Sun Mausi&quot;<br /> | [[Vinod Rathod]]<br /> |- <br /> | 6.<br /> | &quot;Dhol Bajne Laga&quot;<br /> | [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br /> |- <br /> | 7.<br /> | &quot;Payalay Chunmun Chunmun&quot; (Female)<br /> |K. S. Chithra<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Recipient(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;15&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot; | [[43rd Filmfare Awards|31 January 1998]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''Virasat''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |title=43rd Filmfare Awards 1998 Nominations |work=[[Times Internet|Indian Times]] |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706172521/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |archive-date=6 July 2007 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368661.cms |title=43rd Filmfare Awards 1998 Winners |work=[[Times Internet|Indian Times]] |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508090623/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368661.cms |archive-date=8 May 2006 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br /> | {{sort|Priyadarshan|[[Priyadarshan]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Anil Kapoor]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{sort|Tabu|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br /> | {{sort|Puri|[[Amrish Puri]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{sort|Batra|[[Pooja Batra]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]<br /> | {{sort|Gunaji|[[Milind Gunaji]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]<br /> | {{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Krishnamurti|[[Kavita Krishnamurti]]}} for &quot;Dhol Bajne Laga&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{sort|Chithra|[[K. S. Chithra]]}} for &quot;Payalay Chunmun&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br /> | {{sort|Khan|[[Farah Khan]]}} for &quot;Dhol Bajne Laga&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[National Film Awards]]<br /> | [[45th National Film Awards|10 July 1998]]<br /> | [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Chithra|[[K. S. Chithra]]}} for &quot;Payalay Chunmun&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/72_45thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163100/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/72_45thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;15&quot;| [[Screen Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot;| [[4th Screen Awards|17 January 1998]]<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br /> | ''Virasat''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;15&quot;| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/bollywoods-best-to-vie-for-screen-videocon-awards/ |title=The 4th Screen Awards Nominations: Bollywood's best to vie for Screen-Videocon awards |website=The Indian Express |date=9 January 1998 |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701181659/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/bollywoods-best-to-vie-for-screen-videocon-awards/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/and-the-nominees-for-1997-are/ |title=The 4th Screen Awards: And the nominees for 1997 are… |website=The Indian Express |date=9 January 1998 |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512162721/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/and-the-nominees-for-1997-are/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award97.html |title=Screen Award winners for the year 1997 are |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen India]] |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107073055/http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award97.html |archive-date=7 January 2004 |agency=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/jan23/films2.htm |title=Star Screen Videocon Awards Winners |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen India]] |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020123812/http://www.screenindia.com/jan23/films2.htm |archive-date=20 October 2002 |agency=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br /> | {{sort|Priyadarshan|[[Priyadarshan]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br /> | {{sort|Kapoor|[[Anil Kapoor]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br /> | {{sort|Tabu|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br /> | {{sort|Puri|[[Amrish Puri]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{sort|Batra|[[Pooja Batra]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]<br /> | {{sort|Gunaji|[[Milind Gunaji]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | {{sort|Malik|[[Anu Malik]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Chithra|[[K. S. Chithra]]}} for &quot;Payalay Chunmun&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]<br /> | {{sort|Chandran|[[Ravi K. Chandran]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br /> | {{sort|Krishnan|N. Gopala Krishnan}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Audiographer<br /> | {{sort|Chatterjee|Deepan Chatterjee}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[1997 Zee Cine Awards|14 March 1998]]<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br /> | {{sort|Shukla|[[Vinay Shukla]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://zeetelevision.com/programs/cineawds/nomipop.htm |title=1st Zee Cine Awards 1998 Popular Award Categories Nominations |work=[[Zee TV|Zee Television]] |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980219071201/http://zeetelevision.com/programs/cineawds/nomipop.htm |archive-date=19 February 1998 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://zeetelevision.com/programs/cineawds/nomitec.htm |title=1st Zee Cine Awards 1998 Technical Award Categories Nominations |work=[[Zee TV|Zee Television]] |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980219071230/http://zeetelevision.com/programs/cineawds/nomitec.htm |archive-date=19 February 1998 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.zeetelevision.com/programs/cineawds/popaward.htm |title=1st Zee Cine Awards 1998 Popular Award Categories Winners |work=[[Zee TV|Zee Television]] |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980702044436/http://www.zeetelevision.com/programs/cineawds/popaward.htm |archive-date=2 July 1998 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.zeetelevision.com/programs/cineawds/wintech.htm |title=1st Zee Cine Awards 1998 Technical Award Categories Winners |work=[[Zee TV|Zee Television]] |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980702051709/http://www.zeetelevision.com/programs/cineawds/wintech.htm |archive-date=2 July 1998 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{sort|Batra|[[Pooja Batra]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br /> | {{sort|Khan|[[Farah Khan]]}} for &quot;Dhol Bajne Laga&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0120456|Virasat}}<br /> {{Priyadarshan}}<br /> {{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Virasat (1997 Film)}}<br /> [[Category:1997 films]]<br /> [[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian musical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]<br /> [[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about feuds]]<br /> [[Category:1997 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1997 musical films]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_College,_Kochi&diff=531642 2026-03-24T02:21:32Z

<p>Timothyves: new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Higher education institution}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{COI|date=January 2018}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> <br /> '''Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Kochi''' is a premier, first grade Arts, Science, and Commerce College affiliated to [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam]]. It was established in 1944.<br /> <br /> In the year 2000, the college was accredited by the National Accreditation and Assessment Council (NAAC) at the Five Star level, and in 2013 it was re accredited at the A level.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} It has 21 undergraduate and 20 postgraduate programmes, 1 Integrated PG programme and a range of diploma and certificate courses. The college has three campuses in Thevara: Lakeview Campus (Main Campus), East Campus, and Media Campus (SH School of Communication). The current Principal is Dr. Biju C.S.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Sh college thevara.jpg|thumb|Sacred Heart College, Thevara]]<br /> Sacred Heart College, Kochi was established in 1944 by the Sacred Heart Monastery, [[Thevara]], [[Kochi]] a unit of the CMI (Carmelites of Mary Immaculate) Congregation.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} In 1958 the college was affiliated to the [[University of Kerala]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} In 1983 the college comes under [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[Kottayam]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}<br /> In 2014, the college became one of the first five autonomous colleges in Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Grant-Autonomy-to-Colleges-to-Improve-Higher-Education-CM/2014/08/09/article2370671.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224041931/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Grant-Autonomy-to-Colleges-to-Improve-Higher-Education-CM/2014/08/09/article2370671.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2014|title=Grant Autonomy to Colleges to Improve Higher Education: CM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == UG Programmes ==<br /> <br /> === Bachelor of Arts ===<br /> *B.A Economics<br /> *B.A Sociology<br /> *B.A English Copy Editor (Model II)<br /> *B.A. English Language and Literature (Model I)<br /> *B.A. Visual Communication <br /> *B.A. Animation and Graphic Design<br /> *B.A. Animation and Visual Effects<br /> *B.A. Mass communication and Journalism<br /> <br /> === Bachelor of Science ===<br /> *B.Sc. Botany<br /> *B.Sc. Chemistry<br /> *B.Sc. Computer Applications (Triple Main)<br /> *B.Sc. Mathematics<br /> *B.Sc. Physics<br /> *B.Sc. Zoology<br /> *B.Sc. Psychology (Model I)<br /> *BCA (Specialization in Mobile Applications and Cloud Technology)<br /> <br /> === Bachelor of Commerce ===<br /> *B.B.A. Commerce (Marketing And New Media)<br /> *B. Com. Commerce (Finance &amp;Taxation ) - Aided<br /> *B. Com. Commerce (Computer Application )- self financing<br /> *B. Com Commerce (Finance &amp; Taxation )- self-financing<br /> *B. Com Commerce (Travel and Tourism) - self-financing<br /> <br /> === Oriental Languages ===<br /> *English<br /> *Sanskrit<br /> *Malayalam<br /> *Hindi<br /> *French<br /> <br /> == PG Programmes ==<br /> <br /> === Master of Arts ===<br /> *M.A. Economics<br /> *M.A. English<br /> *M.A. Sociology<br /> *MA Multimedia - (Self Financing)<br /> *MA Graphic Design - (Self Financing)<br /> *MCJ (Self Financing)<br /> *M.A. Digital Animation<br /> <br /> === Master of Science ===<br /> *M. Sc. Aquaculture (Self Financing)<br /> *M. Sc. Botany<br /> *M. Sc. Chemistry<br /> *M. Sc. Applied Chemistry<br /> *M. Sc. Mathematics<br /> *M. Sc. Physics<br /> *M. Sc. Zoology<br /> *M. Sc. Environmental Science<br /> <br /> === Master of Commerce ===<br /> *M. Com<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni==<br /> * [[Judge|Justice]] [[Devan Ramachandran]], Judge, High Court of Kerala<br /> * [[Padma Shri]] [[Mammootty]], Actor and Film Producer, Indian Film Industry<br /> * [[M. M. Jacob]], Former Governor of Arunachal Pradhesh<br /> *[[K M Mani]], Politician, Former Finance Minister Kerala.<br /> * [[P. P. Thankachan]], Politician, Former Minister for Agriculture, Kerala.<br /> *[[Sachin Baby]], Cricketer<br /> * [[K. V. Thomas]], Politician, Member of the [[16th Lok Sabha]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Prof. Kuruppassery Varkey Thomas|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3209|website=archive.india.gov.in|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|access-date=10 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former Union Minister.<br /> * [[Hibi Eden]], Politician, Member of the [[Parliament of India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Netagiri' on the shelf?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/03/stories/2003020300440100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030324224018/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/03/stories/2003020300440100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2003|access-date=10 January 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[V. D. Satheesan]], Politician, Leader of Opposition [[Legislative Assembly of Kerala]]{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}<br /> * [[P. J. Joseph]], Politician, Member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Kerala]]{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}<br /> * [[P. C. George]], Politician, Former Member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Kerala]]{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}<br /> *[[Soumini Jain]], Former Mayor, Corporation of Kochi<br /> *[[Krishna (Malayalam actor)]]<br /> *[[Sijoy Varghese]], Actor, Ad Film Director<br /> *[[Deepak Dev]], Music director, Singer, Producer<br /> *[[Srinda Arhaan]], Actress<br /> *[[Aswathi Menon]], Actress<br /> *[[Appu Krishnan]], Music Producer, Song Writer<br /> *[[Krishna Praba]], Actress<br /> *[[Malavika Krishnadas]], Anchor, Actress, Dancer<br /> *[[Mamitha Baiju]], Actor, Dancer<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{commons category|Sacred Heart College, Thevara}}<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Christianity in Kerala}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Syro-Malabar educational institutions]]<br /> [[Category:Carmelite educational institutions]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1944]]<br /> [[Category:1944 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindus&diff=450164 2026-03-24T01:22:30Z

<p>Timothyves: Updated article with clearer structure</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Adherents of Hinduism}}<br /> {{For-multi|the racehorse|Hindus (horse)|the journalist|Maurice G. Hindus}}<br /> {{Redirect2|Hindoo|Hindu|other uses|Hindoo (disambiguation)|and|Hindu (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{pp-semi-indef}}<br /> {{pp-move}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox religious group<br /> | group = Hindus<br /> | population ={{circa}} '''1.2 billion''' &lt;br /&gt; (15% of the global population){{increase}} &lt;br /&gt; (Worldwide, 2020 est.)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = Puran Reading in a Temple.jpg<br /> | caption = An early-20th-century painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]] portraying Hindu devotees gathered in '''[[satsang]]a''', attentively listening to a pravachana on the [[Puranas]]<br /> |region1 = {{flag|India}}<br /> | pop1 = [[Hinduism in India|1,113,200,000]]<br /> | ref1 = &lt;ref name=&quot;Hindus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/hindu-population-change/| title=Hindu population change}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region2 = {{flag|Nepal}} <br /> | pop2 = [[Hinduism in Nepal|23,520,000]]<br /> | ref2 = &lt;ref name=&quot;Hindus&quot; /&gt;<br /> | region3 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | pop3 = [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|13,140,000]]<br /> | ref3 = &lt;ref name=&quot;Hindus&quot; /&gt;<br /> |region4={{flag|Pakistan}}<br /> |pop4=[[Hinduism in Pakistan|5,030,000]]<br /> |ref4=&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindus&quot; /&gt;<br /> |region5={{flag|Indonesia}}<br /> |pop5=[[Hinduism in Indonesia|4,350,000]]<br /> |ref5=&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindus&quot; /&gt;<br /> |region6={{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> |pop6=[[Hinduism in Sri Lanka|3,280,000]]<br /> |ref6=&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindus&quot; /&gt;<br /> |region7={{flag|United States}} <br /> |pop7=[[Hinduism in the United States|3,040,000]]<br /> |ref7=&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindus&quot; /&gt;<br /> |region8={{flag|Malaysia}} <br /> |pop8=[[Hinduism in Malaysia|2,070,000]]<br /> |ref8=&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindus&quot; /&gt;<br /> |region9={{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> |pop9=[[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|1,140,000]]<br /> |ref9=&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindus&quot; /&gt;<br /> |region10={{flag|United Arab Emirates}} <br /> |pop10=[[Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates|1,110,000]]<br /> |ref10=&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindus&quot; /&gt;<br /> | languages = {{Plainlist|<br /> * '''Sacred language:'''&lt;br /&gt;{{Hlist|[[Vedic Sanskrit]]|[[Sanskrit]]|[[Old Tamil]]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley-Blackwell1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1 = Johnson|first1 = Todd M.|last2 = Grim|first2 = Brian J.|title = The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography|url = http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf|access-date = 24 November 2015|year = 2013|publisher = Wiley-Blackwell|location = Hoboken, NJ|pages = 10|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf|archive-date = 20 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Predominant spoken languages:'''&lt;br /&gt;{{Hlist| [[Ahirwati]] | [[Assamese language|Assamese]] | [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] | [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] | [[Bagri language|Bagri]] | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | [[Bhili language|Bhili]] | [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] | [[Bishnupriya Manipuri]] | [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] | [[Braj Bhasha]] | [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]] | [[Burmese language|Burmese]] | [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] | [[Khowar|Chitrali]] | [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] | [[Dhatki language|Dhatki]] | [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]] | [[Dogri language|Dogri]] | [[Doteli]] | [[Dzongkha]] | [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] | [[Goaria language|Goaria]] | [[Gondi language|Gondi]] | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |[[Gujari language|Gujari]] | [[Gurung people|Gurung]] | [[Hadauti language|Hadauti]] | [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] | [[Hindi]] |[[Hindko]] | [[Kalasha-mun]] | [[Kannada]] | [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]] | [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] | [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]] | [[Khortha language|Khortha]] | [[Kokborok]] | [[Konkani language|Konkani]] | [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] | [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] | [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] | [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] | [[Lambadi]] | [[Limbu language|Limbu]] | [[Magahi language|Magadhi]] | [[Magar language|Magar]] | [[Maithili language|Maithili]] | [[Malayalam]] | [[Malto language|Malto]] | [[Malvi language|Malvi]] | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] | [[Marwari language|Marwari]] | [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] | [[Mewati language|Mewati]] | [[Mundari language|Mundari]] | [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | [[Newar language|Newar]] | [[Nimadi language|Nimadi]] | [[Od language|Od]] | [[Odia language|Odia]] | [[Pashto]] | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] | [[Sanskrit]] | [[Santali language|Santhali]] | [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] | [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]] | [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]] | [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]] | [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] | [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] | [[Tamang language|Tamang]] | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] | [[Tharu languages|Tharu]] | [[Tulu language|Tulu]] | [[Western Pahari]] | |[[Languages of South Asia|other South Asian languages]]| [[Balinese language|Balinese]] | [[Cham language|Cham]] | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Osing language|Osing]] | [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] | [[Thai language|Thai]] | [[Tenggerese dialect|Tenggerese]] | English | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] | French | [[Romani language|Romani]] | Russian | [[Malay Chetty creole language|Malay Chetty Creole]]|[[Caribbean Hindustani]] | [[Caribbean English]] | [[Fiji Hindi]] | [[Pidgin Fijian]] | [[Arabic]] | [[Afrikaans]] | [[Mauritian Creole]] | [[Réunion Creole]] | [[Seychellois Creole]] | and others}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2012 |title=Chapter 1 Global Religious Populations |url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=Anjali |last=Pandey|title=Re-Englishing 'flat-world' fiction |journal=World Englishes|doi=10.1111/weng.12370 |volume=38|issue=1–2|pages=200–218 |year=2019|s2cid=199152662}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | scriptures = {{Plainlist|<br /> * '''[[Śruti]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{Hlist|[[Vedas]], [[Samhita]]s, [[Brahmana]]s, [[Aranyaka]]s, [[Upanishads]]}}<br /> }}<br /> '''[[Smriti]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{Hlist|[[Upaveda]]s, [[Darśana]]s, [[Dharmashastras]], [[Shastra]]s, [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]], [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantras]], [[Puranas]], [[Upapurana]]s, ''[[Ramayana]]'' (''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' &amp; [[Versions of the Ramayana|other ''Ramayana'' versions]]), ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (incl. ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''), [[Sutra]]s, [[Stotra]]s, [[Subhashita]]s, [[Bhashya]]s and [[Hindu texts|others]]}}&lt;ref name=goodallix&gt;Dominic Goodall (1996), ''Hindu Scriptures'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0-520-20778-3}}, pp. ix–xliii&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;RC Zaehner (1992), ''Hindu Scriptures'', Penguin Random House, {{ISBN|978-0-679-41078-2}}, pp. 1–11 and Preface&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02522-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Moriz Winternitz|author-link=Moriz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=xv–xvi|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226083105/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author= Gyanshruti, Srividyananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK1IAQAAIAAJ|title=Yajna, a Comprehensive Survey|publisher=Yoga Publications Trust|page=338|year=2007|isbn=978-81-86336-47-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | religions = '''[[Hinduism]]'''&lt;br /&gt;([[Sanātana Dharma]])&lt;br /&gt;{{sfn|Knott|1998|pp=3, 5}}{{sfn|Hatcher|2015|pp=4–5, 69–71, 150–152}}{{sfn|Bowker|2000}}{{sfn|Harvey|2001|p=xiii}}{{unbulleted list<br /> |67.6% [[Vaishnavism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;26.6% [[Shaivism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.2% [[Shaktism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;|2.6% other [[Hindu denominations|Hindu traditions]],<br /> |e.g. [[Neo-Hinduism]], [[Hindu reform movements|Reform Hinduism]] and [[Hindu atheism]]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;<br /> |flag=File:Om symbol.svg|flag_caption=[[Om]], a common symbol of the Hindu people|flag_size=100px}}<br /> {{Hinduism}}<br /> <br /> '''Hindus''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈɦɪndu|lang|hi-Hindu.ogg}}; {{IPAc-en|'|h|ɪ|n|d|uː|z}}), also known as '''[[Sanātanī|Sanatanis]]''', are people who religiously adhere to [[Hinduism]], also known by its [[endonym]] [[Sanātana Dharma|Sanatana Dharma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zavos |first=John |date=April 2001 |title=Defending Hindu Tradition: Sanatana Dharma as a Symbol of Orthodoxy in Colonial India |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1006/reli.2001.0322 |journal=Religion |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=109–123 |doi=10.1006/reli.2001.0322 |issn=0048-721X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jefferylong&quot;&gt;[[Jeffery D. Long]] (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, {{ISBN|978-1-84511-273-8}}, pp. 35–37&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Lloyd Ridgeon|title=Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFKBAgAAQBAJ |year= 2003|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-42935-6|pages=10–11}}, Quote: &quot;It is often said that Hinduism is very ancient, and in a sense this is true (...). It was formed by adding the English suffix -ism, of Greek origin, to the word ''Hindu'', of Persian origin; it was about the same time that the word ''Hindu'', without the suffix -ism, came to be used mainly as a religious term. (...) The name ''Hindu'' was first a geographical name, not a religious one, and it originated in the languages of Iran, not of India. (...) They referred to the non-Muslim majority, together with their culture, as 'Hindu'. (...) Since the people called Hindu differed from Muslims most notably in religion, the word came to have religious implications, and to denote a group of people who were identifiable by their Hindu religion. (...) However, it is a religious term that the word ''Hindu'' is now used in English, and Hinduism is the name of a religion, although, as we have seen, we should beware of any false impression of uniformity that this might give us.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the [[Indian subcontinent]].&lt;ref name=&quot;brian111&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|pp=xx,&amp;nbsp;2,&amp;nbsp;13–26}}<br /> <br /> It is assumed that the term ''&quot;Hindu&quot;'' traces back to [[Avestan]] scripture [[Vendidad]] which refers to land of seven rivers as [[Avestan geography|Hapta Hendu]] which itself is a cognate to [[Sanskrit]] term ''Sapta Sindhuḥ''. (The term ''Sapta Sindhuḥ'' is mentioned in [[Rig Veda]] and refers to a North western Indian region of seven rivers and to India as a whole.) The [[Greek language|Greek]] cognates of the same terms are &quot;''Indus''&quot; (for the river) and &quot;''India''&quot; (for the land of the river).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bose2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Mihir Bose|title=The Magic of Indian Cricket: Cricket and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gyAAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24924-4|pages=1–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/india|title=India|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113063857/https://www.etymonline.com/word/india|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} Likewise the [[Hebrew]] cognate ''hōd-dū'' refers to India mentioned in Hebrew Bible ([https://biblehub.com/text/esther/1-1.htm Esther 1:1]). The term &quot;''Hindu''&quot; also implied a geographic, ethnic or cultural identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent around or beyond the [[Indus River|Sindhu (Indus) River]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hawleynarayanan&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Hawley|first1=John Stratton|last2=Narayanan|first2=Vasudha|title=The Life of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hairjdT-ekC&amp;pg=PA10|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24914-1|pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the 16th century CE, the term began to refer to residents of the subcontinent who were not [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] or [[Muslims]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hawleynarayanan&quot; /&gt;{{Efn|{{harvtxt|Flood|1996|p=6}} adds: &quot;(...) 'Hindu', or 'Hindoo', was used towards the end of the eighteenth century by the British to refer to the people of 'Hindustan', the people of northwest India. Eventually 'Hindu' became virtually equivalent to an 'Indian' who was not a Muslim, Sikh, Jain or Christian, thereby encompassing a range of religious beliefs and practices. The '-ism' was added to Hindu in around 1830 to denote the culture and religion of the high-caste [[Brahman]]s in contrast to other religions, and the term was soon appropriated by Indians themselves in the context of building a national identity opposed to colonialism, though the term 'Hindu' was used in Sanskrit and Bengali hagiographic texts in contrast to 'Yavana' or Muslim as early as the sixteenth century&quot;.}}{{Efn|{{harvtxt|von Stietencron|2005|p=229}}: For more than 100 years the word Hindu (plural) continued to denote the Indians in general. But when, from AD 712 onwards, Muslims began to settle permanently in the [[Indus valley]] and to make converts among low-caste Hindus, Persian authors distinguished between Hindus and Muslims in India: Hindus were Indians other than Muslim. We know that Persian scholars were able to distinguish a number of religions among the Hindus. But when Europeans started to use the term Hindoo, they applied it to the non-Muslim masses of India without those scholarly differentiations.}}<br /> <br /> The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the local Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear.&lt;ref name=brian111 /&gt;&lt;ref name=lorenzenhidentity&gt;{{harvnb|Lorenzen|2006|pp=24–33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the [[British Raj|British colonial era]], or that it may have developed post-8th century CE after the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim invasions]] and medieval [[Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent|Hindu–Muslim wars]].&lt;ref name=lorenzenhidentity /&gt;&lt;ref name=pollockdevagiri /&gt;&lt;ref name=brajadulal /&gt; A sense of Hindu identity and the term ''Hindu'' appears in some texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] and [[Bengali literature|Bengali]].&lt;ref name=pollockdevagiri /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OConnell1973&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=The Word 'Hindu' in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Texts |author=O'Connell, Joseph T. |date=July–September 1973| journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=340–344 |doi=10.2307/599467 |jstor=599467}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as [[Vidyapati]], [[Kabir]], [[Tulsidas]] and [[Eknath]] used the phrase ''Hindu dharma'' (Hinduism) and contrasted it with ''Turaka dharma'' ([[Islam]]).&lt;ref name=lorenzenhidentity /&gt;{{sfn|Lorenzen|2010|p=29}} The [[Christians|Christian]] [[friar]] Sebastiao Manrique used the term 'Hindu' in a religious context in 1649.{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=15}} In the 18th century, European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of [[Indian religions]] collectively as ''Hindus'', in contrast to ''Mohamedans'' for groups such as Turks, [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Arabs]], who were adherents of Islam.&lt;ref name=brian111 /&gt;&lt;ref name=hawleynarayanan /&gt; By the mid-19th century, colonial orientalist texts further distinguished Hindus from [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Sikhs]] and [[Jainism|Jains]],&lt;ref name=brian111 /&gt; but the colonial laws continued to consider all of them to be within the scope of the term ''Hindu'' until about the mid-20th century.&lt;ref name=rachel /&gt; Scholars state that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs is a modern phenomenon.&lt;ref name=lipner17 /&gt;&lt;ref name=leslie /&gt;{{Efn|Despite the commonplace use of the term &quot;Hindu&quot; for the followers of the Hindu religion, the term also continues to designate a cultural identity, the ownership of India's millennia-old cultural heritage. [[Arvind Sharma]] notes that the exclusivist conception of religion was foreign to India, and Indians did not yield to it during the centuries of Muslim rule but only under the British colonial rule. Resistance to the exclusivist conception led to [[Savarkar]]'s ''Hindutva'', where Hinduism was seen both as a religion and a culture.{{sfn|Sharma|2008|pp=25–26}} ''Hindutva'' is a national Hindu-ness, by which a Hindu is one born in India and behaves like a Hindu. [[M. S. Golwalkar]] even spoke of &quot;Hindu Muslims&quot;, meaning &quot;Hindu by culture, Muslim by religion&quot;.{{sfn|Sridharan|2000|pp=13–14}}}}<br /> <br /> At approximately 1.2&amp;nbsp;billion,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables92/ Hindu Population projections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829082838/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables92/ |date=29 August 2018 }} Pew Research (2015), Washington DC&lt;/ref&gt; Hindus are the world's [[Major religious groups|third-largest religious group]] after Christians and Muslims. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 966 million (94.3% of the global Hindu population), [[Hinduism in India|live in India]], according to the 2011 Indian census.&lt;ref&gt;Rukmini S Vijaita Singh [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/census-2011-data-on-population-by-religious-communities/article7579161.ece Muslim population growth slows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110201326/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/census-2011-data-on-population-by-religious-communities/article7579161.ece |date=10 January 2016 }} The Hindu, 25 August 2015; 79.8% of more than 121 crore Indians (as per 2011 census) are Hindus&lt;/ref&gt; After India, the next nine [[Hinduism by country|countries with the largest Hindu populations]] are, in decreasing order: [[Hinduism in Nepal|Nepal]], [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Hinduism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], the [[Hinduism in the United States|United States]], [[Hinduism in Malaysia|Malaysia]], the [[Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]] and the [[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot;&gt;[http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/ 10 Countries With the Largest Hindu Populations, 2010 and 2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143905/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/ |date=26 December 2018 }} Pew Research Center (2015), Washington DC&lt;/ref&gt; These together accounted for 99% of the world's Hindu population, and the remaining nations of the world combined had about 6 million Hindus {{As of|2010|lc=y}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot; /&gt; In the modern era, Hindus have faced religious persecution outside India in [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Myanmar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=27 February 2014|title=Are Hindus in Pakistan being denied access to temples?|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-hindus-in-pakistan-denied-access-to-temples/20140227.htm#2|access-date=3 March 2014|website=rediff.com|publisher=PTI (Press Trust of India)|archive-date=2 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302070546/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-hindus-in-pakistan-denied-access-to-temples/20140227.htm#2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dacoits attack Hindu temple with rocket launchers in Pakistan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/dacoits-attack-hindu-temple-with-rocket-launchers-in-pakistan/article67087722.ece|access-date=16 July 2023|website=The Hindu|date=16 July 2023|language=en|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716161421/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/dacoits-attack-hindu-temple-with-rocket-launchers-in-pakistan/article67087722.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/s/www.thehindu.com/news/international/No-Hindus-will-be-left-in-Bangladesh-after-30-years-professor/article16675228.ece/|title=No Hindus will be left in Bangladesh after 30 years: professor|date=22 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress-28Jul20&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sikhs-and-hindus-of-afghanistan-how-many-remain-why-they-want-to-leave-6524825/ |title=Sikhs and Hindus of Afghanistan — how many remain, why they want to leave |date=28 July 2020 |first1=Divya |last1=Goyal |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206234502/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sikhs-and-hindus-of-afghanistan-how-many-remain-why-they-want-to-leave-6524825/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lankan-forces-ended-ltte-civil-war-through-humanitarian-operation-gotabaya/article65429657.ece | title=Sri Lankan forces ended LTTE civil war through 'humanitarian operation': Gotabaya | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 May 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/myanmar-crisis-rohingya-armed-groups-massacred-hindus|title=Myanmar crisis: Rohingya armed groups massacred Hindus|date=1 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/witnesses-provide-new-details-of-killings-of-hindus-10052017152154.html|title=Witnesses Provide New Details of Killings of Hindus in Myanmar's Rakhine|publisher=Radio Free Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> {{Further|Hinduism}}<br /> The word ''Hindu'' is an [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L2sEL7Kj6lcC |title= Nietzsche, Power and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche's Legacy for Political Thought |author= Herman Siemens, Vasti Roodt |publisher= Walter de Gruyter |year= 2009 |page= 546 |isbn= 978-3-11-021733-9 |access-date= 4 October 2020 |archive-date= 31 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131328/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2sEL7Kj6lcC |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NRavAwAAQBAJ |title= The Anthropology of Eastern Religions: Ideas, Organizations, and Constituencies |author= Murray J. Leaf |authorlink= Murray Leaf |publisher= Lexington Books |year= 2014 |page= 36 |isbn= 978-0-7391-9241-2 |access-date= 4 October 2020 |archive-date= 31 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131350/https://books.google.com/books?id=NRavAwAAQBAJ |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This word ''Hindu'' is derived from the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]{{sfn|Flood|2008|p=3}} and [[Sanskrit]]{{sfn|Flood|2008|p=3}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} word ''[[wikt:Sindhu|Sindhu]]'', which means &quot;a large body of water&quot;, covering &quot;river, ocean&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TakacsCline2015&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Takacs |first1=Sarolta Anna |last2=Cline |first2=Eric H. |title=The Ancient World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA377 |date=17 July 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45839-5 |pages=377–}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|{{harvtxt|Flood|2008|p=3}}: The Indo-Aryan word ''Sindhu'' means &quot;river&quot;, &quot;ocean&quot;.}} It was used as the name of the [[Indus River]] and also referred to [[Indus Basin|its tributaries]]. The actual term '{{not a typo|hindu}}' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as &quot;a [[Persian language|Persian]] geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: ''Sindhu'')&quot;,{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} more specifically in the 5th-century BCE, [[DNa inscription|DNa inscription of Darius I]].{{sfn|Sharmaa|2002|p=2|ps= &quot; An inscription of<br /> Darius I which is &quot;considered to have been carved between c. 518 and 515 BC, adds Hidu [Hindu] to the list of subject countries&quot; (Raychaud- huri 1996:584). Similarly, clay tablets from Persepolis, in Elamite, &quot;datable to different years from the thirteenth to the twenty-eighth reg- nal year of Darius&quot; mention Hi-in-tu (India) (ib. 585). These examples, establishing the primacy of the territorial meaning, are confirmed by Herodotus (Historiae III, 91, 94, 98–102) in his employment of the word as 'Indoi' in Greek, which, &quot;lacking an alphabetic character of the sound of h, did not in this case preserve it&quot; (Narayanan 1996:14).&quot;}} The [[Punjab region]], called [[Sapta Sindhu]] in the Vedas, is called ''Hapta Hindu'' in [[Zend Avesta]]. The 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of ''Hi[n]dush'', referring to northwestern India.{{sfn|Sharmaa|2002|p=1-36}}{{sfn|Thapar|2003|p=38}}{{sfn|Jha|2009|p=15}} The people of India were referred to as ''Hinduvān'' and ''hindavī'' was used as the adjective for Indian language in the 8th century text ''[[Chachnama]]''.{{sfn|Jha|2009|p=15}} According to [[D. N. Jha]], the term 'Hindu' in these ancient records is an ethno-geographical term and did not refer to a religion.{{sfn|Jha|2009|p=16}}<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = 235<br /> | footer = Hindu culture in Bali, [[Indonesia]]. The Krishna-Arjuna sculpture inspired by the [[Bhagavad Gita]] in [[Denpasar]] (top), and Hindu dancers in traditional dress.<br /> | image1 = Krishna and Arjuna - panoramio.jpg<br /> | image2 = Balinese Hindus dressed for traditional dance Indonesia.jpg<br /> | align = left<br /> }}<br /> The earliest known records of 'Hindu' with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text [[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions|''Records on the Western Regions'']] by the Buddhist scholar [[Xuanzang]]. Xuanzang uses the transliterated term ''In-tu'' whose &quot;connotation overflows in the religious&quot; according to [[Arvind Sharma]].{{sfn|Sharmaa|2002|p=3|ps=&quot; The word Hindu derives, by common consent, from the word<br /> Sindhu. It is remarkable that the direction of transformation of Sindhu – Hindu – Ind is paralleled in the account of the Buddhist pilgrim<br /> Xanzuang (= Hiuen Tsang, 7th century), by the words Shin-tu-Hien-tau-Tien-chu, and even more surprising that it becomes In-tu, at which point its connotation overflows into the religious, at least in Xanzuang's interpretation of it (Beal 1969 [1884]:69)&quot;}} While Xuanzang suggested that the term refers to the country named after the moon, another Buddhist scholar [[I-tsing]] contradicted the conclusion saying that ''In-tu'' was not a common name for the country.{{sfn|Jha|2009|p=14|ps=&quot;But the religious affiliation, if any, of these &quot;holy men and sages&quot; remains unknown, which hardly supports the view that Hsian Tsang used the word In-tu (Hindu) in a specifically religious sense: indeed, the later Chinese pilgrim I-tsing questioned the veracity of the statement that it was a common name for the country.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> [[Al-Biruni]]'s 11th-century text ''Tarikh Al-Hind'', and the texts of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period use the term 'Hindu', where it includes all non-Islamic people such as Buddhists, and retains the ambiguity of being &quot;a region or a religion&quot;.{{sfn|Sharmaa|2002|p=1-36}}{{request quotation|date=June 2023}} The 'Hindu' community occurs as the amorphous 'Other' of the Muslim community in the court chronicles, according to the Indian historian [[Romila Thapar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Thapar tyranny&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |date=September–October 1996 |title=The Tyranny of Labels |journal=Social Scientist |volume=24 |pages=3–23 |number=9/10 |jstor=3520140 |doi=10.2307/3520140}}&lt;/ref&gt; The comparative religion scholar [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]] notes that the term 'Hindu' retained its geographical reference initially: 'Indian', 'indigenous, local', virtually 'native'. Slowly, the Indian groups themselves started using the term, differentiating themselves and their &quot;traditional ways&quot; from those of the invaders.{{sfn|Wilfred Cantwell Smith|1981|p=62}}<br /> <br /> The text ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', by [[Chand Bardai]], about the 1192 CE defeat of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] at the hands of [[Muhammad Ghori]], is full of references to &quot;Hindus&quot; and &quot;Turks&quot;, and at one stage, says &quot;both the religions have drawn their curved swords;&quot; however, the date of this text is unclear and considered by most scholars to be more recent.{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=33}} In Islamic literature, [[Isami (historian)|'Abd al-Malik Isami]]'s Persian work, ''Futuhu's-salatin'', composed in the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Deccan under Bahmani rule]] in 1350, uses the word ''{{'}}{{not a typo|hindi}}' '' to mean Indian in the ethno-geographical sense and the word ''{{'}}{{not a typo|hindu}}' '' to mean 'Hindu' in the sense of a follower of the Hindu religion&quot;.{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=33}} The poet [[Vidyapati]]'s ''[[Kirtilata]]'' (1380) uses the term ''Hindu'' in the sense of a religion, it contrasts the cultures of Hindus and Turks (Muslims) in a city and concludes &quot;The Hindus and the Turks live close together; Each makes fun of the other's religion (''dhamme'')&quot;{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=31}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism|editor=Esther Bloch|editor2=Marianne Keppens|editor3=Rajaram Hegde|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=India%27s+communities+kirtilata&amp;pg=PA29|page=29|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135182793|quote=For his part, Vidyapati, in his Apabhransha text Kirtilata, makes use of the phrase 'Hindu and Turk dharmas' in a clearly religious sense and highlights the local conflicts between the two communities.|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918024137/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=India%27s+communities+kirtilata&amp;pg=PA29|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Felt Community|page=189|author=Rajat Kanta Ray|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565863-7|quote=The Kirtilata is said to have been composed in 1380.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UxuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Kirtilata+composed+in|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918024135/https://books.google.com/books?id=3UxuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Kirtilata+composed+in|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; albeit [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sufism in India|Indian sufi]] inhabitations in [[Constantinople]] were often attributed as ''Hindular Tekkesi'' in [[Ottoman Turkish]].&lt;ref&gt; {{cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Rishad |date=2014-02-27 |title=&quot;Hindis&quot; in Istanbul: Field Notes on the Making of an Archival Subject |url=https://items.ssrc.org/from-our-fellows/hindis-in-istanbul-field-notes-on-the-making-of-an-archival-subject-2/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20250218062840/https://items.ssrc.org/from-our-fellows/hindis-in-istanbul-field-notes-on-the-making-of-an-archival-subject-2/ |archivedate=2025-02-18 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Items insight for social sciences |quote=Established soon after the fall of Byzantine Constantinople, the &quot;Horhor&quot; Sufi lodge was often refer to after the street on which it once stood. But usually, it was called the Indian tekke, that is, the ''Hindiler'' or ''Hindular Tekkesi'' in Ottoman Turkish.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = HİNDULAR TEKKESİ ÇEŞMESİ - AKSARAY-FATİH-İSTANBUL<br /> | url = https://www.turkiyenintarihieserleri.com/?oku=3345<br /> | date = 2025-02-23<br /> | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20250223140745/https://www.turkiyenintarihieserleri.com/?oku=3345<br /> | archivedate = 2025-02-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Hindular Tekkesi - İstanbul Fatih Kıztaşı<br /> | url = https://www.neredekal.com/hindular-tekkesi-gezilecek-yer-detay/<br /> | date = 2025-02-24<br /> | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20250224021412/https://www.neredekal.com/hindular-tekkesi-gezilecek-yer-detay/<br /> | archivedate = 2025-02-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Indian Cultural Heritage in Turkey: Indians Lodge in Fatih, Istanbul<br /> | url = https://www.booksonturkey.com/indian-cultural-heritage-in-turkey-indians-lodge-in-fatih-istanbul/<br /> | date = 2025-02-24<br /> | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20250224021752/https://www.booksonturkey.com/indian-cultural-heritage-in-turkey-indians-lodge-in-fatih-istanbul/<br /> | archivedate = 2025-02-24<br /> | quote = XX. Ubeydullah es-Sindî Efendi, who was struggling to free India from British domination at the beginning of the century, resided in the Hindu Lodge when he took refuge in the Ottoman Empire. Riyâzeddin Babür Efendi, the last hider of the lodge, helped the Ottoman armies during the First World War when he was the sheikh of the Hindus Lodge in Jerusalem. }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One of the earliest uses of the word 'Hindu' in a religious context, in a European language ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]), was in a publication in 1649 by [[Sebastien Manrique|Sebastio Manrique]].{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=15}} In Indian historian [[D. N. Jha|DN Jha]]'s essay ''&quot;Looking for a Hindu identity&quot;'', he writes: &quot;No Indians described themselves as Hindus before the fourteenth century&quot; and that &quot;The British borrowed the word 'Hindu' from India, gave it a new meaning and significance, [and] reimported it into India as a reified phenomenon called Hinduism.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;amp.scroll.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/801580/a-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism|title=A short note on the short history of Hinduism|first=Mukul|last=Dube|website=Scroll.in|date=10 January 2016|access-date=9 July 2022|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128182331/https://scroll.in/article/801580/a-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 18th century, the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus&lt;ref name=&quot;amp.scroll.in&quot; /&gt; even though in the 19th century, this term was used for [[Afghans|Afghan]]-origin Muslim emperor [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi|Ibrahim Lodhi]] as ''Hindoo emperor'' in [[Encyclopedia Americana|Encyclopædia Americana (Lieber)]] of 1829.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=LIEBER |first=FRANCIS LIEBER |title=Encyclopædia Americana (Lieber) Vol 1 |publisher=CAREY &amp; LEA |year=1830 |location=Philadelphia |pages=506 |language=en|quote=After more than once recovering his fortunes, when they seemed to be almost desperate, he invaded Hindostan, and, in 1525, overthrew and killed sultan Ibrahim, the last Hindoo emperor of the Patan or Afghan race.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other prominent mentions of 'Hindu' include the epigraphical inscriptions from kingdoms (in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]) which battled military expansion of Muslim rulers in the 14th century, where the word 'Hindu' partly implies a religious identity in contrast to 'Turks' or Islamic religious identity.{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|pp=32–33}} The term ''Hindu'' was later used occasionally in some Sanskrit texts such as the later [[Rajatarangini]]s of Kashmir (Hinduka, {{Circa|1450}}) and some 16th- to 18th-century [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] texts, including ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' and ''[[Chaitanya Bhagavata]]''. These texts used it to contrast Hindus from Muslims who are called [[Yona#Later meanings|Yavanas]] (foreigners) or [[Mlecchas]] (barbarians), with the 16th-century ''Chaitanya Charitamrita'' text and the 17th-century ''Bhakta Mala'' text using the phrase &quot;Hindu [[dharma]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;OConnell1973&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The term ''Sanatani'' has often been used by Hindu nationalists in the recent era in order to use an [[endonym]] (native name) to the [[exonym]] (foreign name) of Hinduism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=N |first=Kannan K. |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Hinduism_Beneath_the_Surface/1pBGEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=sanatani+meaning+hindu&amp;pg=PT10&amp;printsec=frontcover |title=Hinduism Beneath the Surface: A family's attempt to understand Sanatana Dharma |date=2025-02-01 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-89699-495-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Terminology ==<br /> [[File:Malviya dwipa island across Har ki Pauri during Kavad mela, Haridwar.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Hindus at [[Har Ki Pauri]], [[Haridwar]] near river [[Ganges]] in [[Uttarakhand]] state of India.]]<br /> <br /> === Medieval-era usage (8th to 18th century) ===<br /> Scholar [[Arvind Sharma]] notes that the term &quot;Hindus&quot; was used in the 'Brahmanabad settlement' which Muhammad ibn Qasim made with non-Muslims after the Arab invasion of northwestern Sindh region of India, in 712 CE. The term 'Hindu' meant people who were non-Muslims, and it included Buddhists of the region.&lt;ref name=arvindsharmahhhh2&gt;Arvind Sharma (2002), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470 On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118045517/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470 |date=18 January 2017 }} Numen, Vol. 49, Fasc. 1, pages 5–9&lt;/ref&gt; In the 11th-century text of Al Biruni, Hindus are referred to as &quot;religious antagonists&quot; to Islam, as those who believe in rebirth, presents them to hold a diversity of beliefs, and seems to oscillate between Hindus holding a centralist and pluralist religious views.&lt;ref name=arvindsharmahhhh2 /&gt; In the texts of Delhi Sultanate era, states Sharma, the term Hindu remains ambiguous on whether it means people of a region or religion, giving the example of [[Ibn Battuta]]'s explanation of the name &quot;Hindu Kush&quot; for a mountain range in [[Afghanistan]]. It was so called, wrote Ibn Battuta, because many Indian slaves died there of freezing cold, as they were marched across the mountain range. The term ''Hindu'' there is ambivalent and could mean geographical region or religion.&lt;ref&gt;Arvind Sharma (2002), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470 On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism, and Hindutva] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118045517/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470 |date=18 January 2017 }} Numen, Vol. 49, Fasc. 1, page 9&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The term Hindu also appears in the texts from the Mughal Empire era. [[Jahangir]], for example, called the Sikh [[Guru Arjan]] a Hindu:&lt;ref&gt;Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume12/no1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118094357/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume12/no1/3_singh.pdf |date=18 January 2017 }}, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pages 29–31&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=<br /> There was a Hindu named Arjan in Gobindwal on the banks of the Beas River. Pretending to be a spiritual guide, he had won over as devotees many simple-minded Indians and even some ignorant, stupid Muslims by broadcasting his claims to be a saint. [...] When Khusraw stopped at his residence, [Arjan] came out and had an interview with [Khusraw]. Giving him some elementary spiritual precepts picked up here and there, he made a mark with saffron on his forehead, which is called qashqa in the idiom of the Hindus and which they consider lucky. When this was reported to me, I realized how perfectly false he was and ordered him brought to me. I awarded his houses and dwellings and those of his children to Murtaza Khan, and I ordered his possessions and goods <br /> confiscated and him executed.|author=Emperor Jahangir |title=Jahangirnama |source=27b-28a (Translated by [[Wheeler Thackston]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=[[Wheeler Thackston]]|year=1999|title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8|page=59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131327/https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Prince [[Khusrau Mirza|Khusrau]], Jahangir son, mounted a challenge to the emperor within the first year of his reign. The rebellion was put down and all the collaborators executed. (Pashaura Singh, 2005, pp. 31–34)}}}}<br /> <br /> Sikh scholar [[Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)|Pashaura Singh]] states, &quot;in Persian writings, [[Sikh]]s were regarded as Hindu in the sense of non-Muslim Indians&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), page 37&lt;/ref&gt; However, scholars like [[Robert Fraser (writer)|Robert Fraser]] and Mary Hammond opine that [[Sikhism]] began initially as a militant sect of Hinduism and it got formally separated from Hinduism only in the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Books Without Borders, Volume 2: Perspectives from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9p8DAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sikhism+hindu+sect+during+mughal+rule&amp;pg=PA21|page=21|publisher=Springer|author=R. Fraser, M. Hammond|date=10 July 2008|isbn=978-0230289130|language=English|quote=The Sikhs arose initially as a militant sect of Hinduism in opposition and resistance to Muslim and especially Mughal rule and its discriminatory and oppressive policies and practices. It was only in the twentieth century that they legally and formally separated from Hinduism to constitute a distinct religion followed by about 1 per cent of the current population of India|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918024134/https://books.google.com/books?id=C9p8DAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sikhism+hindu+sect+during+mughal+rule&amp;pg=PA21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Colonial-era usage (18th to 20th century) ===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = 235<br /> | footer = The distribution of Indian religions in India (1909). The upper map shows distribution of Hindus, the lower of Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs.<br /> | image1 = Hindu percent 1909.jpg<br /> | image2 = Sikhs buddhists jains percent1909.jpg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:A Hindu wedding ritual in progress b.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|A Hindu wedding ritual in [[India]]]]<br /> During the colonial era, the term Hindu had connotations of native religions of India, that is religions other than Christianity and Islam.&lt;ref name=gauri&gt;Gauri Viswanathan (1998), Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-05899-3}}, page 78&lt;/ref&gt; In early colonial era Anglo-Hindu laws and British India court system, the term Hindu referred to people of all Indian religions as well as two non-Indian religions: [[Judaism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]].&lt;ref name=gauri /&gt; In the 20th century, personal laws were formulated for Hindus, and the term 'Hindu' in these colonial 'Hindu laws' applied to Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs in addition to denominational Hindus.&lt;ref name=&quot;rachel&quot;&gt;Rachel Sturman (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Timothy Lubin et al), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-71626-0}}, pag 90&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|According to Ram Bhagat, the term was used by the [[British Raj|Colonial British government]] in post-1871 census of colonial India that included a question on the individual's religion, especially in the aftermath of the [[Revolution of 1857|1857 revolution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iips&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bhagat |first1=Ram |title=Hindu-Muslim Tension in India: An Interface between census and Politics during Colonial India |url=http://archive.iussp.org/members/restricted/publications/Oslo03/5-con-bhagat03.pdf |website=iussp.org |publisher=IIPS |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417052237/http://archive.iussp.org/members/restricted/publications/Oslo03/5-con-bhagat03.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Archive of All Colonial India documents |url=https://arrow.latrobe.edu.au/store/3/4/5/5/2/public/census.htm |website=arrow.latrobe.edu.au |publisher=The Centre for Data Digitisation and Analysis at The Queen's University of Belfast |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530131730/http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au/store/3/4/5/5/2/public/census.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Beyond the stipulations of British colonial law, European [[Oriental studies|orientalists]] and particularly the influential Asiatick Researches founded in the 18th century, later called [[The Asiatic Society]], initially identified just two religions in India – Islam, and Hinduism. These orientalists included all Indian religions such as Buddhism as a subgroup of Hinduism in the 18th century.&lt;ref name=brian111&gt;{{citation|last=Pennington|first=Brian K.|title=Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7drluePK-acC&amp;pg=PA111|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803729-3|pages=111–118|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131328/https://books.google.com/books?id=7drluePK-acC&amp;pg=PA111#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; These texts termed followers of Islam as ''Mohamedans'', and all others as ''Hindus''. The text, by the early 19th century, began dividing Hindus into separate groups, for chronology studies of the various beliefs. Among the earliest terms to emerge were ''Seeks and their College'' (later spelled Sikhs by Charles Wilkins), ''Boudhism'' (later spelled Buddhism), and in the 9th volume of Asiatick Researches report on religions in India, the term ''Jainism'' received notice.&lt;ref name=brian111 /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Pennington, the terms Hindu and Hinduism were thus constructed for colonial studies of India. The various sub-divisions and separation of subgroup terms were assumed to be result of &quot;communal conflict&quot;, and Hindu was constructed by these orientalists to imply people who adhered to &quot;ancient default oppressive religious substratum of India&quot;, states Pennington.&lt;ref name=brian111 /&gt; Followers of other Indian religions so identified were later referred Buddhists, Sikhs or Jains and distinguished from Hindus, in an antagonistic two-dimensional manner, with Hindus and Hinduism stereotyped as irrational traditional and others as rational reform religions. However, these mid-19th-century reports offered no indication of doctrinal or ritual differences between Hindu and Buddhist, or other newly constructed religious identities.&lt;ref name=brian111 /&gt; These colonial studies, states Pennigton, &quot;puzzled endlessly about the Hindus and intensely scrutinized them, but did not interrogate and avoided reporting the practices and religion of Mughal and Arabs in South Asia&quot;, and often relied on Muslim scholars to characterise Hindus.&lt;ref name=brian111 /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Contemporary usage ===<br /> [[File:HinduDevoteeNepal.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|A young [[Nepal]]i Hindu devotee during a traditional prayer ceremony at [[Kathmandu]]'s [[Durbar Square]].]]<br /> In contemporary era, Hindus are individuals who identify with one or more aspects of [[Hinduism]], whether they are practising or non-practicing or ''[[Laissez-faire]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Bryan Turner (2010), The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion, John Wiley &amp; Sons, {{ISBN|978-1-4051-8852-4}}, pages 424–425&lt;/ref&gt; The term does not include those who identify with other Indian religions such as Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism or various animist tribal religions found in India such as [[Sarnaism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Marty1996&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;James Minahan (2012), Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia, {{ISBN|978-1-59884-659-1}}, pages 97–99&lt;/ref&gt; The term Hindu, in contemporary parlance, includes people who accept themselves as culturally or ethnically Hindu rather than with a fixed set of religious beliefs within Hinduism.&lt;ref name=jefferylong /&gt; One need not be religious in the minimal sense, states [[Julius J. Lipner|Julius Lipner]], to be accepted as Hindu by Hindus, or to describe oneself as Hindu.&lt;ref&gt;Julius J. Lipner (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}, page 8&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hindus subscribe to a diversity of ideas on [[Spirituality#Hinduism|spirituality]] and traditions, but have no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, nor a single founding [[prophet]]; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic or humanist.&lt;ref&gt;[[Julius J. Lipner]] (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}, page 8; Quote: &quot;(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, {{ISBN|978-0-12-369503-1}}, Academic Press, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MK Gandhi, [http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf The Essence of Hinduism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724045756/http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf |date=24 July 2015 }}, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, &quot;a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term Hinduism, arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} The religion &quot;defies our desire to define and categorize it&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction|last= Knott|first= Kim|year= 1998|publisher= Oxford University press|location= Oxford|isbn= 978-0-19-285387-5|page= 117}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Hindu may, by choice, draw upon ideas of other Indian or non-Indian religious thought as a resource, follow or evolve their personal beliefs, and still identify as a Hindu.&lt;ref name=jefferylong /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1995, Chief Justice [[P. B. Gajendragadkar]] was quoted in an [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] ruling:&lt;ref name=SCI&gt;[[Supreme Court of India]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20061030015441/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/in-depth_issues/RKMission.html &quot;Bramchari Sidheswar Shai and others Versus State of West Bengal&quot;], 1995, [http://indiankanoon.org/doc/967081/ Archive2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207043454/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/967081/ |date=7 December 2015 }} Archived from [http://www.hinduismtoday.com/in-depth_issues/RKMission.html the original] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030015441/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/in-depth_issues/RKMission.html |date=30 October 2006 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SC1966&gt;Supreme Court of India 1966 AIR 1119, [http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=2757 ''Sastri Yagnapurushadji'' vs ''Muldas Brudardas Vaishya''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221716/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=2757 |date=12 May 2014}} (pdf), page 15, 14 January 1966&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> :When we think of the Hindu religion, unlike other religions in the world, the Hindu religion does not claim any one prophet; it does not worship any one god; it does not subscribe to any one dogma; it does not believe in any one philosophic concept; it does not follow any one set of religious rites or performances; in fact, it does not appear to satisfy the narrow traditional features of any religion or [[creed]]. It may broadly be described as a way of life and nothing more.<br /> <br /> Although Hinduism contains a broad range of philosophies, Hindus share philosophical concepts, such as but not limiting to [[dharma]], [[karma]], [[kama]], [[artha]], [[moksha]] and [[samsara]], even if each subscribes to a diversity of views.&lt;ref name=frazierintro /&gt; Hindus also have shared texts such as the [[Veda]]s with embedded [[Mukhya Upanishad|Upanishads]], and common ritual grammar ([[Sanskara (rite of passage)]]) such as rituals during a wedding or when a baby is born or cremation rituals.&lt;ref name=carlolson&gt;Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8135-4068-9}}, pages 93–94&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0396-1}}, pages 15–36&lt;/ref&gt; Some Hindus go on pilgrimage to shared sites they consider spiritually significant, practice one or more forms of [[bhakti]] or [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], celebrate mythology and epics, major festivals, love and respect for [[guru]] and family, and other cultural traditions.&lt;ref name=frazierintro&gt;{{cite book|last1=Frazier|first1=Jessica|title=The Continuum companion to Hindu studies | date=2011|publisher=Continuum|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0|pages=1–15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = Flood&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&amp;q=uniting+and+dispersing+tendencies&amp;pg=PA4|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|first=Gavin|last=Flood|date=7 February 2003|publisher=Wiley|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-631-21535-6|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126071337/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&amp;q=uniting+and+dispersing+tendencies&amp;pg=PA4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Hindu could:<br /> * follow any of the Hindu [[Hindu philosophy|schools of philosophy]], such as [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] (non-[[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualism]]), [[Vishishtadvaita]] (non-dualism of the qualified whole), [[Dvaita]] ([[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualism]]), [[Dvaitadvaita]] (dualism with non-dualism), etc.&lt;ref&gt;Muller, F. Max. ''Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; Samkhya and Yoga; Naya and Vaiseshika''. 1899. This classic work helped to establish the major classification systems as we know them today. Reprint edition: (Kessinger Publishing: February 2003) {{ISBN|978-0-7661-4296-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. |author-link1=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |author2=Moore, CA |title=A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy |year=1967 |publisher=Princeton |isbn=0-691-01958-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * follow a tradition centred on any particular form of the Divine, such as [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaktism]], etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Tattwananda |first=Swami|title=Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship |year=1984 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Ltd. |location=Calcutta |edition=First revised }} This work gives an overview of many different subsets of the three main religious groups in India.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * practice any one of the various forms of [[yoga]] systems in order to achieve [[moksha]] – that is freedom in current life (''jivanmukti'') or salvation in after-life (''videhamukti'');&lt;ref&gt;TS Rukmani (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-3232-9}}, pages 61–74&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * practice [[bhakti]] or [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] for spiritual reasons, which may be directed to one's [[guru]] or to a divine image.&lt;ref name=jeaneanefowler&gt;Jeaneane Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-60-8}}, pages 41–44&lt;/ref&gt; A visible public form of this practice is worship before an idol or statue. Jeaneane Fowler states that non-Hindu observers often confuse this practice as &quot;stone or idol-worship and nothing beyond it&quot;, while for many Hindus, it is an image which represents or is symbolic manifestation of a spiritual Absolute ([[Brahman]]).&lt;ref name=jeaneanefowler /&gt; This practice may focus on a metal or stone statue, or a photographic image, or a [[linga]], or any object or tree ([[Ficus religiosa|pipal]]) or animal (cow) or tools of one's profession, or sunrise or expression of nature or to nothing at all, and the practice may involve meditation, [[japa]], offerings or songs.&lt;ref name=jeaneanefowler /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stella Kramrisch (1958), Traditions of the Indian Craftsman, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, pages 224–230&lt;/ref&gt; Inden states that this practice means different things to different Hindus, and has been misunderstood, misrepresented as idolatry, and various rationalisations have been constructed by both Western and native Indologists.&lt;ref&gt;Ronald Inden (2001), Imagining India, Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-253-21358-7}}, pages 110–115&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Disputes ===<br /> <br /> In the [[Constitution of India]], the word &quot;Hindu&quot; has been used in some places to denote persons professing any of these religions: [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] or [[Sikhism]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/most/rr3indi.htm India-Constitution:Religious rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007173401/http://www.unesco.org/most/rr3indi.htm |date=7 October 2011 }} Article 25:''&quot;Explanation II: In sub-Clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt; This however has been challenged by the Sikhs&lt;ref name=&quot;Marty1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Martin E. Marty|title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance|url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart|url-access=registration|date=1 July 1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-50884-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart/page/270 270]–271}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fazal2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Tanweer Fazal|title=&quot;Nation-state&quot; and Minority Rights in India: Comparative Perspectives on Muslim and Sikh Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WwtBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA136|date=1 August 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-75179-3|pages=20, 112–114}}&lt;/ref&gt; and by neo-Buddhists who were formerly Hindus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BoyleSheen2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Kevin Boyle|author2=Juliet Sheen|title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&amp;pg=PA191|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-72229-7|pages=191–192}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Sheen and Boyle, Jains have not objected to being covered by personal laws termed under 'Hindu',&lt;ref name=&quot;BoyleSheen2013&quot; /&gt; but Indian courts have acknowledged that Jainism is a distinct religion.&lt;ref name=&quot;School Bal Vidya Mandir 2003&quot;&gt;para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, Uttar Pradesh v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21 August 2006, Supreme Court of India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Republic of India]] is in the peculiar situation that the [[Supreme Court of India]] has repeatedly been called upon to define &quot;Hinduism&quot; because the [[Constitution of India]], while it prohibits &quot;discrimination of any citizen&quot; on grounds of religion in article 15, article 30 foresees special rights for &quot;All minorities, whether based on religion or language&quot;. As a consequence, religious groups have an interest in being recognised as distinct from the Hindu majority in order to qualify as a &quot;religious minority&quot;. Thus, the Supreme Court was forced to consider the question whether [[Jainism]] is part of Hinduism in 2005 and 2006.<br /> <br /> == History of Hindu identity ==<br /> Starting after the 10th century and particularly after the 12th-century Islamic invasion, states [[Sheldon Pollock]], the political response fused with the Indic religious culture and doctrines.&lt;ref name=pollockdevagiri&gt;Sheldon Pollock (1993), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648 Rāmāyaṇa and political imagination in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820001056/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648 |date=20 August 2016 }}, Journal of Asian studies, Vol. 52, No. 2, pages 266–269&lt;/ref&gt; Temples dedicated to deity [[Rama]] were built from north to south India, and textual records as well as hagiographic inscriptions began comparing the Hindu epic of [[Ramayana]] to regional kings and their response to Islamic attacks. The [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] king of [[Devagiri]] named ''[[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramacandra]]'', for example states Pollock, is described in a 13th-century record as, &quot;How is this Rama to be described.. who freed [[Varanasi]] from the ''mleccha'' (barbarian, Turk Muslim) horde, and built there a golden temple of Sarngadhara&quot;.&lt;ref name=pollockdevagiri /&gt; Pollock notes that the Yadava king ''Ramacandra'' is described as a devotee of deity [[Shiva]] (Shaivism), yet his political achievements and temple construction sponsorship in Varanasi, far from his kingdom's location in the Deccan region, is described in the historical records in Vaishnavism terms of Rama, a deity [[Vishnu]] avatar.&lt;ref name=pollockdevagiri /&gt; Pollock presents many such examples and suggests an emerging Hindu political identity that was grounded in the Hindu religious text of Ramayana, one that has continued into the modern times, and suggests that this historic process began with the arrival of Islam in India.&lt;ref&gt;Sheldon Pollock (1993), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648 Rāmāyaṇa and political imagination in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820001056/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648 |date=20 August 2016 }}, Journal of Asian studies, Vol. 52, No. 2, pages 261–297&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya has questioned the Pollock theory and presented textual and inscriptional evidence.&lt;ref name=brajadulal2004 /&gt; According to Chattopadhyaya, the Hindu identity and religious response to Islamic invasion and wars developed in different kingdoms, such as wars between Islamic Sultanates and the Vijayanagara kingdom, and Islamic raids on the kingdoms in [[Tamil Nadu]]. These wars were described not just using the mythical story of Rama from Ramayana, states Chattopadhyaya, the medieval records used a wide range of religious symbolism and myths that are now considered as part of Hindu literature.&lt;ref name=brajadulal&gt;Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (1998), Representing the other?: Sanskrit sources and the Muslims (eighth to fourteenth century), Manohar Publications, {{ISBN|978-81-7304-252-2}}, pages 92–103, Chapter 1 and 2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=brajadulal2004&gt;Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? in ''The World in the Year 1000'' (Editors: James Heitzman, Wolfgang Schenkluhn), University Press of America, {{ISBN|978-0-7618-2561-6}}, pages 303–323&lt;/ref&gt; This emergence of religious with political terminology began with the first Muslim invasion of Sindh in the 8th century CE, and intensified 13th century onwards. The 14th-century Sanskrit text, ''Madhuravijayam'', a memoir written by ''Gangadevi'', the wife of Vijayanagara prince, for example describes the consequences of war using religious terms,&lt;ref name=brajadulal306 /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|<br /> &lt;poem&gt;<br /> I very much lament for what happened to the groves in [[Madurai|Madhura]],<br /> The coconut trees have all been cut and in their place are to be seen,<br /> rows of iron spikes with human skulls dangling at the points,<br /> In the highways which were once charming with anklets sound of beautiful women,<br /> are now heard ear-piercing noises of Brahmins being dragged, bound in iron-fetters,<br /> The waters of [[Thamirabarani River|Tambraparni]], which were once white with sandal paste,<br /> are now flowing red with the blood of cows slaughtered by miscreants,<br /> Earth is no longer the producer of wealth, nor does [[Indra]] give timely rains,<br /> The [[Yama|God of death]] takes his undue toll of what are left lives if undestroyed by the Yavanas [Muslims],&lt;ref&gt;the terms were Persians, Tajikas or Arabs, and Turushkas or Turks, states Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? in ''The World in the Year 1000'' (Editors: James Heitzman, Wolfgang Schenkluhn), University Press of America, {{ISBN|978-0-7618-2561-6}}, pages 303–319&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The Kali age now deserves deepest congratulations for being at the zenith of its power,<br /> gone is the sacred learning, hidden is refinement, hushed is the voice of [[Dharma]].<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> |''[[Madura Vijayam|Madhuravijayam]]''|Translated by Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya&lt;ref name=brajadulal306&gt;Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? in ''The World in the Year 1000'' (Editors: James Heitzman, Wolfgang Schenkluhn), University Press of America, {{ISBN|978-0-7618-2561-6}}, pages 306–307&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The historiographic writings in Telugu language from the 13th- and 14th-century [[Kakatiya dynasty]] period presents a similar &quot;alien other (Turk)&quot; and &quot;self-identity (Hindu)&quot; contrast.&lt;ref&gt;Cynthia Talbot (2000), Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia (Editors: David Gilmartin, Bruce B. Lawrence), University Press of Florida, {{ISBN|978-0-8130-2487-5}}, pages 291–294&lt;/ref&gt; Chattopadhyaya, and other scholars,&lt;ref name=cynthiatalbot701&gt;{{cite journal |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |date=October 1995 |title=Inscribing the other, inscribing the self: Hindu-Muslim identities in pre-colonial India |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=701–706 |jstor=179206|doi=10.1017/S0010417500019927 |s2cid=111385524 }}&lt;/ref&gt; state that the military and political campaign during the medieval era wars in Deccan peninsula of India, and in the north India, were no longer a quest for sovereignty, they embodied a political and religious animosity against the &quot;otherness of Islam&quot;, and this began the historical process of Hindu identity formation.&lt;ref name=brajadulal /&gt;{{Efn|{{harvp|Lorenzen|2010|p=29}}: &quot;When it comes to early sources written in Indian languages (and also Persian and Arabic), the word 'Hindu' is used in a clearly religious sense in a great number of texts at least as early as the sixteenth century. (...) Although al-Biruni's original Arabic text only uses a term equivalent to the religion of the people of India, his description of Hindu religion is in fact remarkably similar to those of nineteenth-century European orientalists. For his part Vidyapati, in his Apabhransha text Kirtilata, makes use of the phrase 'Hindu and Turk dharmas' in a clearly religious sense and highlights the local conflicts between the two communities. In the early sixteenth century texts attributed to Kabir, the references to 'Hindus' and to 'Turks' or 'Muslims' (musalamans) in a clearly religious context are numerous and unambiguous.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> Andrew Nicholson, in his review of scholarship on Hindu identity history, states that the vernacular literature of [[Bhakti movement]] sants from 15th to 17th century, such as [[Kabir]], Anantadas, Eknath, Vidyapati, suggests that distinct religious identities, between Hindus and Turks (Muslims), had formed during these centuries.&lt;ref name=andrewnicholson /&gt; The poetry of this period contrasts Hindu and Islamic identities, states Nicholson, and the literature vilifies the Muslims coupled with a &quot;distinct sense of a Hindu religious identity&quot;.&lt;ref name=andrewnicholson&gt;Andrew Nicholson (2013), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-14987-7}}, pages 198–199&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hindu identity amidst other Indian religions ===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = 235<br /> | footer = Hindus celebrating their major festivals, [[Holi]] (top) and [[Diwali]].<br /> | image1 = The children celebrating Holi, in New Delhi on March 11, 2009.jpg<br /> | image2 = Deepawali-festival.jpg<br /> | align = left<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Scholars state that Hindu, Buddhist and Jain identities are retrospectively-introduced modern constructions.&lt;ref name=leslie /&gt; Inscriptional evidence from the 8th century onwards, in regions such as South India, suggests that medieval era India, at both elite and folk religious practices level, likely had a &quot;shared religious culture&quot;,&lt;ref name=leslie&gt;Leslie Orr (2014), Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-535672-4}}, pages 25–26, 204&lt;/ref&gt; and their collective identities were &quot;multiple, layered and fuzzy&quot;.&lt;ref name=leslieorr&gt;Leslie Orr (2014), Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-535672-4}}, pages 42, 204&lt;/ref&gt; Even among Hinduism denominations such as Shaivism and Vaishnavism, the Hindu identities, states Leslie Orr, lacked &quot;firm definitions and clear boundaries&quot;.&lt;ref name=leslieorr /&gt;<br /> <br /> Overlaps in Jain-Hindu identities have included Jains worshipping Hindu deities, intermarriages between Jains and Hindus, and medieval era Jain temples featuring Hindu religious icons and sculpture.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Dundas (2002), The Jains, 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-26605-5}}, pages 6–10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;K Reddy (2011), Indian History, Tata McGraw Hill, {{ISBN|978-0-07-132923-1}}, page 93&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Margaret Allen (1992), Ornament in Indian Architecture, University of Delaware Press, {{ISBN|978-0-87413-399-8}}, page 211&lt;/ref&gt; Beyond India, on Java island of [[Indonesia]], historical records attest to marriages between Hindus and Buddhists, medieval era temple architecture and sculptures that simultaneously incorporate Hindu and Buddhist themes,&lt;ref&gt;Trudy King et al. (1996), Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1-884964-04-6}}, page 692&lt;/ref&gt; where Hinduism and Buddhism merged and functioned as &quot;two separate paths within one overall system&quot;, according to Ann Kenney and other scholars.&lt;ref&gt;Ann Kenney et al (2003), Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8248-2779-3}}, pages 24–25&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, there is an organic relation of Sikhs to Hindus, states Zaehner, both in religious thought and their communities, and virtually all Sikhs' ancestors were Hindus.&lt;ref name=robertzaehner /&gt; Marriages between Sikhs and Hindus, particularly among ''Khatris'', were frequent.&lt;ref name=robertzaehner /&gt; Some Hindu families brought up a son as a Sikh, and some Hindus view Sikhism as a tradition within Hinduism, even though the Sikh faith is a distinct religion.&lt;ref name=robertzaehner&gt;Robert Zaehner (1997), Encyclopedia of the World's Religions, Barnes &amp; Noble Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-7607-0712-8}}, page 409&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Julius Lipner states that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs is a modern phenomena, but one that is a convenient abstraction.&lt;ref name=lipner17&gt;Julius J. Lipner (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}, pages 17–18&lt;/ref&gt; Distinguishing Indian traditions is a fairly recent practice, states Lipner, and is the result of &quot;not only Western preconceptions about the nature of religion in general and of religion in India in particular, but also with the political awareness that has arisen in India&quot; in its people and a result of Western influence during its colonial history.&lt;ref name=lipner17 /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sacred geography ===<br /> Scholars such as Fleming and Eck state that the post-Epic era literature from the 1st millennium CE amply demonstrate that there was a historic concept of the Indian subcontinent as a sacred geography, where the sacredness was a shared set of religious ideas. For example, the twelve ''Jyotirlingas'' of Shaivism and fifty-one ''Shaktipithas'' of Shaktism are described in the early medieval era Puranas as pilgrimage sites around a theme.{{sfn|Fleming|2009|pp=51–56}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC&amp;pg=PA122 |year= 2013|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-59038-9|pages=122–129}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=André Padoux|title=The Hindu Tantric World: An Overview |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odQZDgAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-42412-5|pages=136–149}}&lt;/ref&gt; This sacred geography and Shaiva temples with same iconography, shared themes, motifs and embedded legends are found across India, from the [[Himalaya]]s to hills of South India, from [[Ellora Caves]] to [[Varanasi]] by about the middle of 1st millennium.{{sfn|Fleming|2009|pp=51–56}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Linda Kay Davidson |author2=David Martin Gitlitz |year=2002 |title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland; an Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-004-8 |pages=239–244 |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704100931/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shakti temples, dated to a few centuries later, are verifiable across the subcontinent. Varanasi as a sacred pilgrimage site is documented in the ''Varanasimahatmya'' text embedded inside the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', and the oldest versions of this text are dated to 6th to 8th-century CE.{{sfn|Fleming|2009|p=56}}&lt;ref name=Eck2012p34 /&gt;<br /> <br /> The idea of twelve sacred sites in Shiva Hindu tradition spread across the Indian subcontinent appears not only in the medieval era temples but also in copper plate inscriptions and temple seals discovered in different sites.{{sfn|Fleming|2009|pp=57–58}} According to Bhardwaj, non-Hindu texts such as the memoirs of Chinese Buddhist and Persian Muslim travellers attest to the existence and significance of the pilgrimage to sacred geography among Hindus by later 1st millennium CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Surinder M. Bhardwaj|title=Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6XJFokSJzEC|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04951-2|pages=75–79|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131330/https://books.google.com/books?id=D6XJFokSJzEC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Fleming, those who question whether the term Hindu and Hinduism are a modern construction in a religious context present their arguments based on some texts that have survived into the modern era, either of Islamic courts or of literature published by Western missionaries or colonial-era Indologists aiming for a reasonable construction of history. However, the existence of non-textual evidence such as cave temples separated by thousands of kilometers, as well as lists of medieval era pilgrimage sites, is evidence of a shared sacred geography and existence of a community that was self-aware of shared religious premises and landscape.{{sfn|Fleming|2009|pp=51–58}}&lt;ref name=Eck2012p34 /&gt; Further, it is a norm in evolving cultures that there is a gap between the &quot;lived and historical realities&quot; of a religious tradition and the emergence of related &quot;textual authorities&quot;.{{sfn|Fleming|2009|pp=57–58}} The tradition and temples likely existed well before the medieval era Hindu manuscripts appeared that describe them and the sacred geography. This, states Fleming, is apparent given the sophistication of the architecture and the sacred sites along with the variance in the versions of the Puranic literature.{{sfn|Fleming|2009|pp=51–58}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Surinder M. Bhardwaj|title=Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6XJFokSJzEC|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04951-2|pages=58–79|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131330/https://books.google.com/books?id=D6XJFokSJzEC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Diana L. Eck]] and other Indologists such as André Wink, Muslim invaders were aware of Hindu sacred geography such as Mathura, Ujjain, and Varanasi by the 11th century. These sites became a target of their serial attacks in the centuries that followed.&lt;ref name=Eck2012p34&gt;{{cite book|author=Diana L Eck|author-link=Diana L. Eck|title=India: A Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNlJOSf__xYC |year=2012|publisher=Harmony|isbn=978-0-385-53191-7|pages=34–40, 55–58, 88}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hindu persecution ===<br /> {{Main|Persecution of Hindus}}<br /> <br /> The Hindus have been persecuted during the medieval and modern era. The medieval persecution included waves of plunder, killing, destruction of temples and enslavement by Turk-Mongol Muslim armies from central Asia. This is documented in Islamic literature such as those relating to 8th century [[Muhammad bin-Qasim]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=André Wink|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC |year=2002|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |pages= 154–161, 203–205}}&lt;/ref&gt; 11th century [[Mahmud of Ghazni]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=André Wink|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC |year=2002|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |pages= 162–163, 184–186}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Victoria Schofield|title=Afghan Frontier: At the Crossroads of Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CXfd1johOAC&amp;pg=PA25 |year=2010|publisher=Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-188-7 |pages=25}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Persian traveler Al Biruni,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Sachau|first=Edward|title=Alberuni's India, Vol. 1|year=1910|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner &amp; Co.|page=22|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001/pages/ldpd_5949073_001_00000078.html?toggle=image&amp;menu=maximize&amp;top=&amp;left=|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102408/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001/pages/ldpd_5949073_001_00000078.html?toggle=image&amp;menu=maximize&amp;top=&amp;left=|url-status=live}}, Quote: &quot;Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, and performed there wonderful exploits, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; the 14th century Islamic army invasion led by Timur,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Tapan Raychaudhuri|author2=Irfan Habib|title=Cambridge Economic History of India Vol-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsyatLixPsUC&amp;pg=PA91 |year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-81-250-2730-0 |pages=91}}, Quote: &quot;When Timur invaded India in 1398–99, collection of slaves formed an important object for his army. 100,000 Hindu slaves had been seized by his soldiers and camp followers. Even a pious saint had gathered together fifteen slaves. Regrettably, all had to be slaughtered before the attack on Delhi for fear that they might rebel. But after the occupation of Delhi the inhabitants were brought out and distributed as slaves among Timur's nobles, the captives including several thousand artisans and professional people.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; and various Sunni Islamic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&amp;pg=PA105 |year=2011|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |pages=105}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&amp;pg=PA180 |year=2004|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |pages=180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=lorenzen50 /&gt; There were occasional exceptions such as [[Akbar]] who stopped the persecution of Hindus,&lt;ref name=lorenzen50&gt;{{cite book|author=David N. Lorenzen |author-link=David Lorenzen |title=Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&amp;pg=PA50 |year=2006|publisher=Yoda |isbn=978-81-902272-6-1 |pages=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; and occasional severe persecution such as under [[Aurangzeb]],{{sfn|Ayalon|1986|p=271}}{{sfn|Avari|2013|p=115 |ps=: citing a 2000 study, writes &quot;Aurangzeb was perhaps no more culpable than most of the sultans before him; they desecrated the temples associated with Hindu power, not all temples. It is worth noting that, in contrast to the traditional claim of hundreds of Hindu temples having been destroyed by Aurangzeb, a recent study suggests a modest figure of just fifteen destructions.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In contrast to Avari, the historian Abraham Eraly estimates Aurangzeb era destruction to be significantly higher; &quot;in 1670, all temples around [[Ujjain]] were destroyed&quot;; and later, &quot;300 temples were destroyed in and around Chitor, [[Udaipur]] and [[Jaipur]]&quot; among other Hindu temples destroyed elsewhere in campaigns through 1705.&lt;ref&gt;Abraham Eraly (2000), Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|978-0-14-100143-2}} pages 398–399&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The persecution during the Islamic period targeted non-Hindus as well. Avari writes, &quot;Aurangzeb's religious policy caused friction between him and the ninth [[Sikhism|Sikh]] guru, Tegh Bahadur. In both [[Punjab]] and Kashmir the [[Sikh]] leader was roused to action by Aurangzeb's excessively zealous Islamic policies. Seized and taken to Delhi, he was called upon by [[Aurangzeb]] to embrace [[Islam]] and, on refusal, was tortured for five days and then beheaded in November 1675. Two of the ten Sikh gurus thus died as martyrs at the hands of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. (Avari (2013), page 155)}}{{efn|See also &quot;Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records&quot;; more links at the bottom of that page. For Muslim historian's record on major Hindu temple destruction campaigns, from 1193 to 1729 AD, see Richard Eaton (2000), Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 11, Issue 3, pages 283–319}} who destroyed temples, forcibly converted non-Muslims to Islam and banned the celebration of Hindu festivals such as [[Holi]] and [[Diwali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kiyokazu Okita|title=Hindu Theology in Early Modern South Asia: The Rise of Devotionalism and the Politics of Genealogy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9X1AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA28 |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-870926-8 |pages=28–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other recorded persecution of Hindus include those under the reign of 18th century [[Tipu Sultan]] in south India,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Kate Brittlebank |year=1997 |title=Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zI-AAAAMAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=12, 34–35 |isbn=978-0-19-563977-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; and during the colonial era.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Funso S. Afọlayan|title=Culture and Customs of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJh4ziYPoksC&amp;pg=PA78 |year=2004|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-32018-7 |pages=78–79}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Singh | first=Sherry-Ann | title=Hinduism and the State in Trinidad | journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies | volume=6 | issue=3 | year=2005 | pages=353–365 | doi=10.1080/14649370500169987| s2cid=144214455 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Derek R. Peterson |author2=Darren R. Walhof |title=The Invention of Religion: Rethinking Belief in Politics and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k49IdzycwUC |year=2002 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3093-2 |pages=82 |access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131351/https://books.google.com/books?id=5k49IdzycwUC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the modern era, religious persecution of Hindus have been reported outside India in [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Myanmar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Paul A. Marshall|title=Religious Freedom in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIq-whVzNxoC&amp;pg=PA89 |year=2000|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-6213-4 |pages=88–89}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Grim |first1=B. J. |last2=Finke |first2=R. |title=Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies? | journal=American Sociological Review | volume=72 |issue=4 |year=2007 |pages=633–658 |doi=10.1177/000312240707200407|s2cid=145734744 }}, Quote: &quot;Hindus are fatally persecuted in Bangladesh and elsewhere.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Hindus from Pakistan flee to India, citing religious persecution |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=15 August 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/hindus-from-pakistan-flee-to-india-citing-religious-persecution/2012/08/15/adf09888-e6e4-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092547/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/hindus-from-pakistan-flee-to-india-citing-religious-persecution/2012/08/15/adf09888-e6e4-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |title=The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/1/the-decline-of-afghanistans-hindu-and-sikh-communities |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What are Black July massacres that triggered Sri Lanka's 26-year civil war? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/what-are-black-july-massacres-that-triggered-sri-lankas-26-year-civil-war |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-22 |title=Myanmar: New evidence reveals Rohingya armed group massacred scores in Rakhine State |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/myanmar-new-evidence-reveals-rohingya-armed-group-massacred-scores-in-rakhine-state/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hindu nationalism ===<br /> {{Main|Hindu nationalism|Hindutva}}<br /> <br /> Christophe Jaffrelot states that modern [[Hindu nationalism]] was born in [[Maharashtra]], in the 1920s, as a reaction to the Islamic [[Khilafat Movement]] wherein Indian Muslims championed and took the cause of the Turkish Ottoman sultan as the Caliph of all Muslims, at the end of the [[World War I]].&lt;ref name=chrisjaffrelot /&gt;&lt;ref name=minault&gt;Gail Minault (1982), The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-05072-2}}, pages 1–11 and Preface section&lt;/ref&gt; Hindus viewed this development as one of divided loyalties of Indian Muslim population, of pan-Islamic hegemony, and questioned whether Indian Muslims were a part of an inclusive anti-colonial Indian nationalism.&lt;ref name=minault /&gt; The Hindu nationalism ideology that emerged, states Jeffrelot, was codified by Savarkar while he was a political prisoner of the British colonial authorities.&lt;ref name=chrisjaffrelot&gt;Christophe Jaffrelot (2007), Hindu Nationalism: A Reader, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-13098-9}}, pages 13–15&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amalendu Misra (2004), Identity and Religion, SAGE Publications, {{ISBN|978-0-7619-3226-0}}, pages 148–188&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chris Bayly traces the roots of Hindu nationalism to the Hindu identity and political independence achieved by the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha confederacy]], that overthrew the Islamic [[Mughal empire]] in large parts of India, allowing Hindus the freedom to pursue any of their diverse religious beliefs and restored Hindu holy places such as Varanasi.&lt;ref&gt;CA Bayly (1985), The pre-history of communialism? Religious conflict in India 1700–1860, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, pages 186–187, 177–203&lt;/ref&gt; A few scholars view Hindu mobilisation and consequent nationalism to have emerged in the 19th century as a response to [[British colonialism]] by Indian nationalists and [[neo-Hinduism]] gurus.&lt;ref&gt;Christophe Jaffrelot (2007), Hindu Nationalism: A Reader, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-13098-9}}, pages 6–7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Antony Copley]] (2000), Gurus and their followers: New religious reform movements in Colonial India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-564958-1}}, pages 4–5, 24–27, 163–164&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = Hardy&gt;Hardy, F. &quot;A radical assessment of the Vedic heritage&quot; in ''Representing Hinduism: The Construction of Religious and National Identity'', Sage Publ., Delhi, 1995.&lt;/ref&gt; Jaffrelot states that the efforts of Christian missionaries and Islamic proselytizers, during the British colonial era, each of whom tried to gain new converts to their own religion, by stereotyping and stigmatising Hindus to an identity of being inferior and superstitious, contributed to Hindus re-asserting their spiritual heritage and counter cross examining Islam and Christianity, forming organisations such as the ''Hindu Sabhas'' (Hindu associations), and ultimately a Hindu-identity driven nationalism in the 1920s.&lt;ref name=chrisjaffrelot2&gt;Christophe Jaffrelot (2007), Hindu Nationalism: A Reader, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-13098-9}}, pages 13&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The colonial era Hindu revivalism and mobilisation, along with Hindu nationalism, states Peter van der Veer, was primarily a reaction to and competition with Muslim separatism and Muslim nationalism.&lt;ref name=peterveer /&gt; The successes of each side fed the fears of the other, leading to the growth of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism in the Indian subcontinent.&lt;ref name=peterveer&gt;Peter van der Veer (1994), Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0-520-08256-4}}, pages 11–14, 1–24&lt;/ref&gt; In the 20th century, the sense of religious nationalism grew in India, states van der Veer, but only Muslim nationalism succeeded with the formation of the West and East Pakistan (later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh), as &quot;an Islamic state&quot; upon independence.&lt;ref name=peterveer31&gt;Peter van der Veer (1994), Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0-520-08256-4}}, pages 31, 99, 102&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Jawad Syed|author2=Edwina Pio|author3=Tahir Kamran|display-authors=etal|title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-349-94966-3|pages=49–50|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209183715/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Farahnaz Ispahani|title=Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan's Religious Minorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl7ODQAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-062167-4|pages=28–37}}&lt;/ref&gt; Religious riots and social trauma followed as millions of Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs moved out of the newly created Islamic states and resettled into the Hindu-majority post-British India.&lt;ref name=peterveer53&gt;Peter van der Veer (1994), Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0-520-08256-4}}, pages 26–32, 53–54&lt;/ref&gt; After the separation of India and Pakistan in 1947, the Hindu nationalism movement developed the concept of [[Hindutva]] in second half of the 20th century.&lt;ref name = RamPrasad&gt;Ram-Prasad, C. &quot;Contemporary political Hinduism&quot; in ''Blackwell companion to Hinduism'', Blackwell Publishing, 2003. {{ISBN|0-631-21535-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Hindu nationalism]] movement has sought to reform Indian laws, that critics say attempts to impose Hindu values on India's Islamic minority. Gerald Larson states, for example, that Hindu nationalists have sought a uniform civil code, where all citizens are subject to the same laws, everyone has equal civil rights, and individual rights do not depend on the individual's religion.&lt;ref name=larson55&gt;GJ Larson (2002), Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment, Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-253-21480-5}}, pages 55–56&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, opponents of Hindu nationalists remark that eliminating religious law from India poses a threat to the cultural identity and religious rights of Muslims, and people of Islamic faith have a constitutional right to Islamic [[sharia]]h-based personal laws.&lt;ref name=larson55 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John Mansfield (2005), The Personal Laws or a Uniform Civil Code?, in Religion and Law in Independent India (Editor: Robert Baird), Manohar, {{ISBN|978-81-7304-588-2}}, page 121-127, 135–136, 151–156&lt;/ref&gt; A specific law, contentious between Hindu nationalists and their opponents in India, relates to the legal age of marriage for girls.&lt;ref name=sylviavatuk /&gt; Hindu nationalists seek that the legal age for marriage be eighteen that is universally applied to all girls regardless of their religion and that marriages be registered with local government to verify the age of marriage. Muslim clerics consider this proposal as unacceptable because under the shariah-derived personal law, a Muslim girl can be married at any age after she reaches puberty.&lt;ref name=sylviavatuk&gt;Sylvia Vatuk (2013), Adjudicating Family Law in Muslim Courts (Editor: Elisa Giunchi), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-81185-9}}, pages 52–53&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hindu nationalism in India, states Katharine Adeney, is a controversial political subject, with no consensus about what it means or implies in terms of the form of government and religious rights of the minorities.&lt;ref&gt;Katharine Adeney and Lawrence Saez (2005), Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-35981-8}}, pages 98–114&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> {{Main|Hinduism by country}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Hinduism percent population in each nation World Map Hindu data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|[[Hinduism]] by country, worldmap (estimate 2010).&lt;ref name=prcwdc&gt;Pew Research Center, Washington DC, [http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf Religious Composition by Country (December 2012)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310101254/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf |date=10 March 2016 }} (2012)&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> There are 1.17 billion Hindus worldwide&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia |date=2025-06-09 |title=Hindu population change |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/hindu-population-change/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; (14.9% of world's population),&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia |date=2025-06-09 |title=Hindu population change |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/hindu-population-change/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; with about 95% of them being concentrated in [[India]] alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;deccanherald.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=prctotals /&gt; Along with [[Christians]] (31.5%), [[Muslims]] (23.2%) and [[Buddhists]] (7.1%), Hindus are one of the four major religious groups of the world.&lt;ref name=prcpercent&gt;[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf Table: Religious Composition (%) by Country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219024554/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf |date=19 February 2018 }} Global Religious Composition, Pew Research Center (2012)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Most Hindus are found in Asian countries. The top twenty-five countries with the most Hindu residents and citizens (in decreasing order) are [[Hinduism in India|India]], [[Hinduism in Nepal|Nepal]], [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Hinduism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[Hinduism in the United States|United States]], [[Hinduism in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Hinduism in Myanmar|Myanmar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Hinduism in Mauritius|Mauritius]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192949/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in South Africa|South Africa]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Netherlands]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[France]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Russia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Are naAtlas&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia |url=http://sreda.org/en/arena |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206100344/http://sreda.org/en/arena |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=Sreda.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]], [[Hinduism in Canada|Canada]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Statistics Canada Religion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=8 May 2013 |title=2011 National Household Survey |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&amp;APATH=7&amp;DETAIL=0&amp;DIM=0&amp;FL=R&amp;FREE=0&amp;GC=0&amp;GID=0&amp;GK=0&amp;GRP=0&amp;PID=105399&amp;PRID=0&amp;PTYPE=105277&amp;S=0&amp;SHOWALL=0&amp;SUB=0&amp;Temporal=2013&amp;THEME=0&amp;VID=0&amp;VNAMEE=Religion%20%28108%29&amp;VNAMEF=Religion%20%28108%29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301231632/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&amp;APATH=7&amp;DETAIL=0&amp;DIM=0&amp;FL=R&amp;FREE=0&amp;GC=0&amp;GID=0&amp;GK=0&amp;GRP=0&amp;PID=105399&amp;PRID=0&amp;PTYPE=105277&amp;S=0&amp;SHOWALL=0&amp;SUB=0&amp;Temporal=2013&amp;THEME=0&amp;VID=0&amp;VNAMEE=Religion%20(108)&amp;VNAMEF=Religion%20(108) |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=21 April 2016 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in Australia|Australia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[New Zealand]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Italy,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192949/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |title=Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71476.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517213749/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71476.htm |archive-date=17 May 2020 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=2001-2009.state.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in Singapore|Singapore]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192949/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in Fiji|Fiji]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192949/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in Arab states#Qatar|Qatar]], [[Hinduism in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Hinduism in Guyana|Guyana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in Bhutan|Bhutan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192949/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in Oman|Oman]], [[Suriname]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Religious Composition (Census of Guyana – 2012) |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics – Guyana}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Hinduism in Yemen|Yemen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=prctotals&gt;[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/ Hindu population totals in 2010 by Country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209223553/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/ |date=9 December 2016 }} Pew Research, Washington DC (2012)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The top fifteen countries with the highest percentage of Hindus (in decreasing order) are [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], [[Guyana]], [[Bhutan]], [[Hinduism in Suriname|Suriname]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Qatar]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Hinduism in Réunion|Réunion]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Singapore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The World Factbook – The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/|access-date=18 May 2021|website=cia.gov|archive-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104183935/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The fertility rate, that is children per woman, for Hindus is 2.4, which is less than the world average of 2.5.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables97/ Total Fertility Rates of Hindus by Region, 2010–2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905133556/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables97/ |date=5 September 2018 }} Pew Research Center (2015), Washington DC&lt;/ref&gt; Pew Research projects that there will be 1.4&amp;nbsp;billion Hindus by 2050.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables92/ Projected Global Hindu Population, 2010–2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829082838/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables92/ |date=29 August 2018 }} Pew Research Center (2015), Washington DC&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Hatnote|Percentages may not total 100% because of rounding}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto;&quot;<br /> |+Hinduism by continents (2017–18){{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> !Continents<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Hindus population<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | % of the Hindu {{Abbr|pop|population}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | % of the continent {{Abbr|pop|population}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Follower dynamics<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |World dynamics<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Hinduism in Asia|Asia]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |1,074,728,901<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |99.3<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |26.0<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |{{increase}} Growing<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |{{increase}} Growing<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Hinduism in Europe|Europe]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |2,030,904<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |0.2<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |0.3<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |{{increase}} Growing<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |{{increase}} Growing<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Americas|The Americas]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |2,806,344<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |0.3<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |0.3<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |{{increase}} Growing<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |{{increase}} Growing<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Hinduism in Africa|Africa]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |2,013,705<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |0.2<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |0.2<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |{{increase}} Growing<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |{{increase}} Growing<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Hinduism in Oceania|Oceania]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |791,615<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |0.1<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |2.1<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |{{increase}} Growing<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |{{increase}} Growing<br /> |-<br /> !Cumulative<br /> !1,082,371,469<br /> !100<br /> !15.0<br /> !{{increase}} Growing<br /> !{{increase}} Growing<br /> |}<br /> In more ancient times, Hindu kingdoms arose and spread the religion and traditions across Southeast Asia, particularly [[Hinduism in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Nepal]], [[Burma]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Hinduism in Cambodia|Cambodia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia&quot;&gt;{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4uJMJNpvdYC|title=Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia|publisher=Hunter Publisher. Inc|page=8|isbn=978-2-88452-266-3|year=2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism in Laos|Laos]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia&quot; /&gt; [[Hinduism in the Philippines|Philippines]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC|title=Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed.|publisher=Rex Bookstore.Inc|page=40|isbn=978-971-23-3449-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; and what is now central [[Vietnam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv3B4moBF_MC|title=Traces of Indian Culture in Vietnam|author=Gitesh Sharma|publisher=Rajkamal Prakshan Group|page=74|isbn=978-81-905401-4-8|date=January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Over 3 million Hindus are found in [[Bali]] Indonesia, a culture whose origins trace back to ideas brought by Hindu traders to Indonesian islands in the 1st millennium CE. Their sacred texts are also the [[Vedas]] and the [[Upanishad]]s.&lt;ref&gt;Martin Ramstedt (2003), Hinduism in Modern Indonesia, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1533-6}}, pp. 2–23&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Purana]]s and the [[Itihasa]] (mainly ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'') are enduring traditions among Indonesian Hindus, expressed in community dances and shadow puppet (''[[wayang]]'') performances. As in India, Indonesian Hindus recognise four paths of spirituality, calling it ''Catur Marga''.&lt;ref name=murdana&gt;Murdana, I. Ketut (2008), BALINESE ARTS AND CULTURE: A flash understanding of Concept and Behavior, Mudra – JURNAL SENI BUDAYA, Indonesia; Volume 22, pp. 5–11&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, like Hindus in India, Balinese Hindus believe that there are four proper goals of human life, calling it ''Catur Purusartha'' – [[dharma]] (pursuit of moral and ethical living), [[artha]] (pursuit of wealth and creative activity), [[kama]] (pursuit of joy and love) and [[moksha]] (pursuit of self-knowledge and liberation).&lt;ref&gt;Ida Bagus Sudirga (2009), Widya Dharma – Agama Hindu, Ganeca Indonesia, {{ISBN|978-979-571-177-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;IGP Sugandhi (2005), Seni (Rupa) Bali Hindu Dalam Perspektif Epistemologi Brahma Widya, Ornamen, Vol 2, Number 1, pp. 58–69&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Culture ==<br /> {{Main|Hindu culture}}<br /> <br /> Hindu culture is a term used to describe the culture and identity of Hindus and [[Hinduism]], including the historic [[Vedic people]].{{Sfn|Fleming|2009}} Hindu culture can be intensively seen in the form of [[Hindu art|art]], [[Hindu architecture|architecture]], [[History of Hinduism|history]], [[Diet in Hinduism|diet]], [[Clothing in India|clothing]], [[Hindu astrology|astrology]] and other forms. The [[culture of India]] and Hinduism is deeply influenced and assimilated with each other. With the [[Indianisation]] of [[Indianization of Southeast Asia|southeast Asia]] and [[Greater India]], the culture has also influenced a long region and other religions people of that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Jayshree|title=India's cultural and civilisational influence on Southeast Asia|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-cultural-and-civilizational-influence-on-southeast-asia/|access-date=11 October 2021|website=ORF|language=en-US|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011102538/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-cultural-and-civilizational-influence-on-southeast-asia/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; All [[Indian religions]], including [[Buddhism and Hinduism|Buddhism]],<br /> [[Jainism and Hinduism|Jainism]] and [[Sikhism and Hinduism|Sikhism]] are deeply influenced and soft-powered by [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 March 2014|title=Religion and Indian Philosophy|url=https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/asian_indian/introduction/religion.html|access-date=11 October 2021|website=Geriatrics|language=en-US|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011102540/https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/asian_indian/introduction/religion.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Hinduism|Society|Religion<br /> }}<br /> * [[History of Hinduism]]<br /> * [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]<br /> * [[Hinduism by country]]<br /> * [[Hindu eschatology]]<br /> * [[List of Hindu festivals]]<br /> * [[Hindu calendar]]<br /> * [[Suratrana]]<br /> * [[Samskaram]]<br /> * [[Diksha]]<br /> * [[Sanātanī]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> {{Refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Ayalon |first=David |author-link=David Ayalon |year=1986 |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilisation |publisher=BRILL |isbn=965-264-014-X}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Bowker |first=John |author-link=John Bowker (theologian) |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-280094-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192800947 |url-access=registration }}<br /> * {{cite book|first=Burjor|last=Avari|title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-58061-8|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328222543/https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{citation|first= Benjamin J.|last= Fleming| year= 2009| title= Mapping Sacred Geography in Medieval India: The Case of the Twelve &quot;Jyotirliṅgas&quot;| journal = International Journal of Hindu Studies|volume= 13| number= 1| pages= 51–81|doi= 10.1007/s11407-009-9069-0|s2cid= 145421231}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | author-link = Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press }}<br /> * {{Citation |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |year=2008 |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-1-4051-3251-0 }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Andrew |title=Teachings of the Hindu Mystics |url=https://archive.org/details/teachingsofhindu0000unse |publisher=Shambhala |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57062-449-0 |author-link=Andrew Harvey (religious writer) }}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Hatcher |first=Brian A. |title=Hinduism in the Modern World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdeoCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-04631-6 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Jha |first=D. N. |author-link=D. N. Jha |title=Rethinking Hindu Identity |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84553-459-2}}<br /> * {{citation |first=David N. |last=Lorenzen |author-link=David Lorenzen |chapter=Who invented Hinduism? |editor=Davaid N. Lorentzen |title=Who Invented Hinduism? Essays on Religion in History |publisher=Yoda Press |year=2006 |isbn=81-902272-6-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&amp;pg=PA1 |pages=1–36 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414054229/https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{citation |first=David N. |last=Lorenzen |chapter=Hindus and others |editor1=Esther Bloch |editor2=Marianne Keppens |editor3=Rajaram Hegde |title=Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-135-18279-3 |pages=25–40 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA25 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107115838/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA25 |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{Citation |first=Kripa |last=Sridharan |chapter=Grasping the Nettle: Indian Nationalism and Globalization |title=Nationalism and globalization: east and west |editor=Leo Suryadinata |year=2000 |isbn=978-981-230-078-2 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |pages=294–318 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEcHhROO_qUC&amp;pg=PA310 |quote=''...&amp;nbsp;The term Hindutva equates religious and national identity: an Indian is a Hindu ... 'the Indian Muslims are not aliens ethnically. They are flesh of our flesh and blood of our blood' ...'' }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |author-link=Arvind Sharma |chapter=The Hermeneutics of the word &quot;Religion&quot; and Its Implications for the World of Indian Religions |editor1-last=Sherma |editor1-first=Rita |editor2-last=Sharma |editor2-first=Arvind |title=Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4eXRvwyvtMC&amp;pg=PA31 |year=2008 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-8192-7 |pages=19–32 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Smith |first=Wilfred Cantwell |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09sPiy1X3SsC&amp;pg=PA195 |year=1981 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-90-279-3448-2 |ref={{sfnref|Wilfred Cantwell Smith|1981}} }}<br /> * {{citation |last=von Stietencron |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich von Stietencron |chapter=Hinduism: On the Proper Use of a Deceptive Term |title=Hindu Myth, Hindu History, Religion, Art, and Politics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFAVpGyo1X0C&amp;pg=PA227 |year=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-122-7 |pages=227–248 }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Thapar | first =Romula | author-link =Romila Thapar | year =2003 | title =The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 | publisher =Penguin Books India | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC&amp;q=%22puranic+hinduism%22+-wikipedia | isbn =978-0-14-302989-2 | access-date =2 October 2020 | archive-date =23 December 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20231223190310/https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC&amp;q=%22puranic+hinduism%22+-wikipedia#v=snippet&amp;q=%22puranic%20hinduism%22%20-wikipedia&amp;f=false | url-status =live }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Sharmaa |first=Arvind |author-link=Arvind Sharma |title=On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva |journal=Numen |publisher=Brill |volume=49 |pages=1–36 |number=1 |year=2002 |jstor=3270470 |doi=10.1163/15685270252772759}}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book|last= Dass|first=Baboo Ishuree|title=Domestic manners and customs of the Hindoos of northern India, or, more strictly speaking, of the north west provinces of India.|url=https://archive.org/stream/domesticmanners00dassgoog#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1860|publisher=Medical Hall Press, Benares }}<br /> * {{citation |title=Hindu: A History |year=2023 |last1=Truschke |first1=Audrey |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=246–271 |s2cid=256174694 |doi=10.1017/S0010417522000524 |doi-access=free }}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Wikiquote-inline|Hindus}}<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|Hindus}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindudharma}}<br /> {{Religion topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindus| ]]<br /> [[Category:Religious identity]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preity_Zinta_filmography&diff=526644 2026-03-18T05:14:01Z

<p>Timothyves: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress filmography}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br /> [[File:Preity Zinta snapped during the promotion of Bhiaaji Superhit at JW Marriott.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Zinta at a promotional event for ''[[Bhaiaji Superhit]]'' (2018)]]<br /> <br /> [[Preity G Zinta]] is an Indian actress known for her work in [[Hindi]] films. She made her debut in 1998 with a supporting role in the drama ''[[Dil Se..]]''. Later that year, she starred in the commercially successful thriller ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmfare&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=U.K. varsity to confer honorary doctorate on Preity Zinta|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/uk-varsity-to-confer-honorary-doctorate-on-preity-zinta/article854910.ece|access-date=11 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 October 2010|location=London|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023111610/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/U.K.-varsity-to-confer-honorary-doctorate-on-Preity-Zinta/article15795422.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Box Office 1998 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&amp;catName=MTk5OA== |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023165558/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&amp;catName=MTk5OA%3D%3D |archive-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; For the films, she won a Filmfare Award in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] category.&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmfare&quot;/&gt; In 1999, Zinta played the role of a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer in the psychological thriller ''[[Sangharsh (1999 film)|Sangharsh]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;roles&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Happy 39th birthday Preity Zinta: Top 10 roles |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-dimpled-beauty-preity-zinta/ |access-date=11 January 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112182338/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-dimpled-beauty-preity-zinta/ |archive-date=12 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; She followed this with the role of a [[Teenage pregnancy|teenage]] [[Single parent|single mother]] in the [[Kundan Shah]]-directed drama ''[[Kya Kehna]]'' (2000),&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmfare&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;roles&quot;/&gt; a [[sleeper hit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dil Hai Tumhaara? Kya Kehna, Preity!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dil-Hai-Tumhaara-Kya-Kehna-Preity/articleshow/21299543.cms|access-date=25 January 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 September 2002|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831205810/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dil-Hai-Tumhaara-Kya-Kehna-Preity/articleshow/21299543.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The week of affairs of the heart... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900440300.htm |access-date=11 January 2015 |date=9 September 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030730091720/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900440300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=30 July 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, she starred in the romance ''[[Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega]]'', and the crime drama ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'', the third highest grossing Bollywood film of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&amp;catName=MjAwMA== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323090246/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&amp;catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |publisher=Box Office India |archive-date=23 March 2008 |title=Box Office 2000 |access-date=12 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Venkatesh |first1=Jyothi |title=The Hits and Misses of 2000 |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/dresscircle/dresscirclestory146.shtml |work=Hindustan Times |date=2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210100039/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/dresscircle/dresscirclestory146.shtml |archive-date=10 February 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, Zinta featured in the [[comedy-drama|dramedy]] ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'', which is cited in the media as a defining film of Hindi cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Baradwaj|first1=Rangan|title=The ascendance of Aamir|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-ascendance-of-aamir/article2131764.ece|access-date=14 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=3 December 2011|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023111610/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-ascendance-of-aamir/article2131764.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later that year, she portrayed a [[Prostitution|prostitute]]-turned-[[surrogacy|surrogate]] in the romantic drama ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Fearless Preity Zinta: List of her bold acts |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fearless-preity-zinta-list-of-her-bold-acts/ |access-date=16 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119153044/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fearless-preity-zinta-list-of-her-bold-acts/ |archive-date=19 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her only screen appearance of 2002 was in the box-office flop ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Shakti displaces Devdas after 10 weeks of ruling BO |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/24box.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=12 January 2015 |date=24 September 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112133548/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/24box.htm |archive-date=12 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Zinta featured in four films in 2003. Her first role of the year was opposite [[Sunny Deol]] in [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]'s drama ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy|The Hero]]''{{mdash}}the most expensive Bollywood film to that point.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=B'wood's expensive films |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/bwoods-expensive-films/Hero-Love-Story-of-a-Spy/articleshow/5246986.cms |access-date=17 January 2015 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205092851/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/bwoods-expensive-films/Hero-Love-Story-of-a-Spy/articleshow/5246986.cms |archive-date= 5 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; She played a negative role in the romantic drama ''[[Armaan (2003 film)|Armaan]]'', which saw her portray a rich, [[schizophrenia|schizophrenic]] woman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Armaan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Hottest Hollywood/Bollywood villains |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/hottest-hollywood/bollywood-villains/Hottest-Hollywood/Bollywood-villains/articleshow/14368492.cms |access-date=19 January 2015 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205091345/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/hottest-hollywood/bollywood-villains/Hottest-Hollywood/Bollywood-villains/articleshow/14368492.cms |archive-date= 5 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following this, she starred in two blockbusters—the science fiction film ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' and the drama ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Box Office 2003 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&amp;catName=MjAwMw== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023141040/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&amp;catName=MjAwMw%3D%3D |archive-date=23 October 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=12 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; For the latter, she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bhushan |first1=Nyay |title=Bollywood Actress Preity Zinta Files Molestation Case Against Business Tycoon (Report) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bollywood-actress-preity-zinta-files-711891 |access-date=26 January 2015 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=14 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207154749/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bollywood-actress-preity-zinta-files-711891 |archive-date= 7 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Zinta played a journalist in the 2004 war drama ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'', which performed poorly at the box-office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lesser-known facts about Farhan Akhtar's decade-old 'Lakshya' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lesserknown-facts-about-farhan-akhtars-decadeold-lakshya/480083-8-66.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=29 January 2015 |date=19 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710003614/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lesserknown-facts-about-farhan-akhtars-decadeold-lakshya/480083-8-66.html |archive-date=10 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in 2004, she played the titular female role in [[Yash Chopra]]'s [[star-crossed]] romance ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gates |first1=Anita |title=Lovers Sing in the Rain (and Elsewhere) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/13/movies/13zaar.html?_r=0 |access-date=11 January 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 November 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111233442/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/13/movies/13zaar.html?_r=0 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film emerged as the year's highest grossing Bollywood film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bollywood Box Office: Top Grossers in India for 2004 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top-grossers/year/2004 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109200516/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top-grossers/year/2004 |archive-date= 9 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; She then appeared in the 2005 romantic comedy ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' and the 2006 romantic drama ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'', both of which performed well outside India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021202725/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=21 October 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=17 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Overseas Box Office&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Box Office India |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Overseas |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |access-date=12 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006052405/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date= 6 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; While she played a radio jockey in ''Salaam Namaste'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Actresses who made it big with the Yash Chopra club |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Actresses-who-made-it-big-with-the-Yash-Chopra-club/photostory/44896376.cms |access-date=11 January 2015 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209222040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Actresses-who-made-it-big-with-the-Yash-Chopra-club/photostory/44896376.cms |archive-date= 9 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Zinta was seen as an unhappily married woman in the latter.&lt;ref name=&quot;roles&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Genzlinger|first1=Neil|title='Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna,' a Bollywood Divorce Tale|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/12/movies/12kabh.html?_r=0|access-date=4 February 2015|work=The New York Times|date=12 August 2006|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023111610/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/12/movies/12kabh.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She followed it with roles in the commercial failures ''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]'' (2006) and ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]'' (2007).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Don beats Jaan-E-Mann at the box office |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/23box.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=19 January 2015 |date=23 October 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124112129/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/23box.htm |archive-date=24 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Kazmi|first1=Nikhat|title=Box office 2007: Year of experiments|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Box-office-2007-Year-of-experiments/articleshow/2663521.cms|access-date=11 January 2015|work=The Times of India|date=31 December 2007|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820000314/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Box-office-2007-Year-of-experiments/articleshow/2663521.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zinta appeared in the Canadian film ''[[Heaven on Earth (2008 film)|Heaven on Earth]]'' (2008), her first international production.&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmfare&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, Zinta hosted the reality show ''[[Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega]]'' and the chat show ''[[Up Close &amp; Personal with PZ]]''. That same year, she also launched her production company, [[PZNZ Media]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Preity Zinta on movies and much more |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/preity-zinta-ishkq-in-paris-koi-mil-gaya-kal-ho-na-ho-veer-zaara-kabhi-alvida-na-kehna-kings-xi-punjab-heaven-on-earth-canadian-film-videsh-pznz-media-366186-2011-08-23 |access-date=28 January 2015 |work=[[India Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203194615/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/preity-zinta-ishkq-in-paris-koi-mil-gaya-kal-ho-na-ho-veer-zaara-kabhi-alvida-na-kehna-kings-xi-punjab-heaven-on-earth-canadian-film-videsh-pznz-media/5/5384.html |archive-date= 3 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; under which she produced and starred in the 2013 romantic comedy ''[[Ishkq in Paris]]'', which performed poorly at the box-office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bollywood's Flop Comebacks: Preity, Rani, Madhuri and Karisma |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/bollywood-s-flop-comebacks-preity-rani-madhuri-and-karisma-2013-06-01-1.508726 |access-date=15 January 2015 |work=[[Emirates 24/7]] |date=1 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118152701/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/bollywood-s-flop-comebacks-preity-rani-madhuri-and-karisma-2013-06-01-1.508726 |archive-date=18 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Films==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Director(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3| 1998<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Dil Se..]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Niar|Preeti Nair}}<br /> | {{Sort|Ratnam|[[Mani Ratnam]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dil Se (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201717 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116021109/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201717 |archive-date=16 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368679.cms|title=The Winners – 1998 – Filmfare Awards|publisher=[[Times Internet|Indiatimes]]|access-date=9 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709230849/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368679.cms|archive-date=9 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Nominations - 1998 - Filmfare Awards|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368676.cms|publisher=Indiatimes|access-date=11 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708134330/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368676.cms|archive-date=8 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Premante Idera]]''<br /> | Shailu<br /> | {{Sort|Paranjee|[[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]}}<br /> | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;non-Hindi&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Dawar |first1=Ramesh |title=Bollywood: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=[[Star Publications]] |isbn=978-1-9058-630-13 |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103041355/http://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC |archive-date= 3 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]''<br /> | Preity<br /> | [[Abbas–Mustan]]<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmfare&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Soldier (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540402 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109181754/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540402 |archive-date= 9 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3| 1999<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Raja Kumarudu]]''<br /> | Rani<br /> | [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]<br /> | Telugu film<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;non-Hindi&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Sangharsh (1999 film)|Sangharsh]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Oberoi|Reet Oberoi}}<br /> | {{Sort|Chandra|[[Tanuja Chandra]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sangharsh (1999) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55953 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121163456/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55953 |archive-date=21 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]''<br /> | Rani<br /> | {{Sort|Deol|[[Sunny Deol]]}}<br /> | Guest appearance<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dillagi (1999) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071644/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539177/Dillagi |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3| 2000<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Kya Kehna]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Bakshi|Priya Bakshi}}<br /> | {{Sort|Shah|[[Kundan Shah]]}}<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mother's Day: Bollywood movies on motherhood |date=7 May 2014 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/mothers-day-bollywood-movies-motherhood_375.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208205728/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/mothers-day-bollywood-movies-motherhood_375.html |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Nominations - 2000 - Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368707.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709051430/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368707.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=11 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega]]''<br /> | Jahnvi<br /> | {{Sort|Kanwar|[[Raj Kanwar]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Har Dil Jo Pyaar Karega (2000) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201760 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227172239/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201760 |archive-date=27 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Mission Kashmir]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Parvez|Sufiya Parvez/Sufiya Altaf Khan}}<br /> | {{Sort|Chopra|[[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mission Kashmir (2000) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201561 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401174944/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201561 |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=4| 2001<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Farz (2001 film)|Farz]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Singh|Kajal Singh}}<br /> | {{Sort|Kanwar|[[Raj Kanwar]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Farz (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539260 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330200748/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539260 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]''<br /> | Madhubala<br /> | Abbas–Mustan<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201689 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331132603/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201689 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Nominations - 2001 - Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368737.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708020250/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368737.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=11 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''<br /> | Shalini<br /> | {{Sort|Akhtar|[[Farhan Akhtar]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Menon |first1=Sita |title=Trip on Dil Chahta Hai |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/10dil.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026005746/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/10dil.htm |archive-date=26 October 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke]]''<br /> | Sakshi<br /> | {{Sort|Shivdasani|[[Deepak Shivdasani]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Siddiqui |first1=Shariq |title=Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar (2001) |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/10yeh.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221651/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/10yeh.htm |archive-date= 3 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2002<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]''<br /> | Shalu<br /> | {{Sort|Shah|[[Kundan Shah]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Dil Hai Tumhara (2002) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201710 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |date=6 September 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016185843/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201710 |archive-date=16 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=4| 2003<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''{{sortname|The|Hero: Love Story of a Spy}}''<br /> | Reshma (Ruksar)<br /> | {{Sort|Sharma|[[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hero (2003) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=21 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121163250/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201926/The%20Hero |archive-date=21 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Armaan (2003 film)|Armaan]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Kapoor|Sonia Kapoor}}<br /> | {{Sort|Irani|[[Honey Irani]]}}<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Armaan&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Armaan (2003) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538474 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213041424/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538474 |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Malhotra|Nisha Malhotra}}<br /> | {{Sort|Roshan|[[Rakesh Roshan]]}}<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Swaminathan |first1=R |title=Hrithik: paisa vasool! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07koi.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 January 2015 |date=7 August 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715000545/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07koi.htm |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;49th Filmfare&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominees for the 49th Manikchand Filmfare Awards 2003 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/477404.cms?&amp;fright=1&amp;right=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712081107/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/477404.cms?&amp;fright=1&amp;right=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2012 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=11 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Kapur|Naina Catherine Kapur}}<br /> | {{Sort|Advani|[[Nikhil Advani]]}}<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmfare&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Iyer |first1=Rohini |title=Yes, Kal Ho Naa Ho is worth watching! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/25kal.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 January 2015 |date=25 November 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228011520/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/25kal.htm |archive-date=28 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3| 2004<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Dutta|Romila Dutta}}<br /> | {{Sort|Akhtar|Farhan Akhtar}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lakshya (2004) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722005003/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201839/Lakshya |archive-date=22 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa]]''<br /> | Dr. Parineeta<br /> | {{Sort|Agnihotri|[[Atul Agnihotri]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55989 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401104917/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55989 |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Veer-Zaara]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Khan|Zaara Hayaat Khan}}<br /> | {{Sort|Chopra|[[Yash Chopra]]}}<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kishore|first1=Vikrant|last2=Patra|first2=Parichay|last3=Sarwal|first3=Amit|title=Bollywood and Its Other(s): Towards New Configurations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FlHBQAAQBAJ|date=29 October 2014|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-1-137-42650-5|page=89|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709130401/https://books.google.com/books?id=0FlHBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominees of 50th Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-2.cms |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709222922/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-2.cms |archive-date=9 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2| 2005<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Khullam Khulla Pyaar Karen]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Damani|Priti Damani}}<br /> | {{Sort|Malhotra|Harmesh Malhotra}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Khullam Khulla Pyaar Kare (2005) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534549 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409134201/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534549 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Salaam Namaste]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Malhotra|Ambar 'Amby' Malhotra}}<br /> | {{Sort|Anand|[[Siddharth Anand]]}}<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Gates, Anita |title=True to the Bollywood Look, While Defying Traditions |date=10 September 2005 |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2005/09/10/movies/10nama.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin |work=The New York Times |access-date=7 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217024347/http://movies.nytimes.com/2005/09/10/movies/10nama.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin |archive-date=17 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominees of the 51st Filmfare Awards Best Actress|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1405838.cms|publisher=Indiatimes|access-date=11 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713023428/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1405838.cms|archive-date=13 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=4| 2006<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Alag]]''<br /> | —<br /> | {{Sort|Mulligan|[[Jim Mulligan]]}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Ashu Trikha]]<br /> | Special appearance in song &quot;Sabse Alag&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The story drew me to the film'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-story-drew-me-to-the-film/article3194701.ece|access-date=25 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=19 June 2006|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216204241/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-story-drew-me-to-the-film/article3194701.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Krrish]]''<br /> | Nisha Malhotra<br /> | {{Sort|Roshan|Rakesh Roshan}}<br /> | Mentioned<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Krrish (2006) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54355 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331211801/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54355 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Saran|Rhea Saran}}<br /> | {{Sort|Johar|[[Karan Johar]]}}<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119004602/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509037/Kabhi%20Alvida%20Naa%20Kehna |archive-date=19 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Preity Zinta: Awards &amp; Nominations|url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10155/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905050724/http://indiafm.com/celebrities/awards/10155/index.html|archive-date=5 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Goyal|Piya Goyal}}<br /> | {{Sort|Kunder|[[Shrish Kunder]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jaan-E-Mann (2006) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222138/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54523/Jaan-E-Mann |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3| 2007<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Khan|Alvira Khan}}<br /> | {{Sort|Ali|[[Shaad Ali]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jhoom Barabar Jhoom (2007) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030651/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65077/Jhoom%20Barabar%20Jhoom |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''{{sortname|The|Last Lear}}''<br /> | Shabnam<br /> | {{Sort|Ghosh|[[Rituparno Ghosh]]}}<br /> | English language film<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Last Lear (2008) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508361 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109080214/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508361 |archive-date= 9 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Dhaliwal |first1=Nirpal |title=The most god-awful film I have ever seen in any genre, anywhere in the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/sep/22/bollywood |access-date=23 January 2015 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123213118/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/sep/22/bollywood |archive-date=23 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''<br /> | Herself<br /> | [[Farah Khan]]<br /> | Special appearance in song &quot;Deewangi Deewangi&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Om Shanti Om (2007) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54373 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025045139/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54373 |archive-date=25 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3| 2008<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Heaven on Earth (2008 film)|Heaven on Earth]]''<br /> | Chand Kaur Dhillon<br /> | {{Sort|Mehta|[[Deepa Mehta]]}}<br /> | [[Cinema of Canada|Canadian film]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Videsh - Heaven on Earth |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508680 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=28 January 2015 |date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054704/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508680 |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Verma |first1=Sukyana |title=Watch Videsh for Preity Zinta |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/27review-watch-videsh-for-preity-zinta.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 January 2015 |date=27 March 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215153115/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/27review-watch-videsh-for-preity-zinta.htm |archive-date=15 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Kaur|Kuljeet Kaur}}<br /> | {{Sort|Karnik|[[Samir Karnik]]}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Heroes (2008) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/56203 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109090022/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/56203 |archive-date= 9 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]''<br /> | —<br /> | {{Sort|Chopra|[[Aditya Chopra]]}}<br /> | Special appearance in song &quot;Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beauty and the bouffant|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/beauty-and-the-bouffant/article3402315.ece|access-date=11 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=10 May 2012|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045828/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/beauty-and-the-bouffant/article3402315.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Main Aurr Mrs Khanna]]''<br /> | {{Sort|Jagmagia|Haseena Jagmagia}}<br /> | {{Sort|Soni|[[Prem Soni]]}}<br /> | Special appearance<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Main Aurr Mrs Khanna (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65160 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214190236/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65160 |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Ishkq in Paris]]''<br /> | Ishkq<br /> | {{Sort|Raj|[[Prem Raj]]}}<br /> | Also producer and writer<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ishkq In Paris (2013) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547317 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123180920/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547317 |archive-date=23 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]''<br /> | Divya Chhillar<br /> | {{Sort|Raj &amp; DK|[[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.|Raj &amp; DK]]}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cameo appearance<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sinha |first1=Seema |title=Saif Ali Khan: It's nice of Preity to do a special part in Happy Ending |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Ali-Khan-Its-nice-of-Preity-to-do-a-special-part-in-Happy-Ending/articleshow/44851906.cms |access-date=11 January 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021220600/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Ali-Khan-Its-nice-of-Preity-to-do-a-special-part-in-Happy-Ending/articleshow/44851906.cms |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2| 2018<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome to New York]]''<br /> | Herself<br /> | {{sortname|Chakri|Toleti}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Arvind|title='Welcome to New York' - Bollywood's first comedy in 3D - set for release|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/indian-stuff/tarana/101644201/welcome-to-new-york--bollywoods-first-comedy-in-3d-set-for-release|access-date=26 February 2018|publisher=[[Stuff.co.nz]]|date=21 February 2018|archive-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701085015/https://www.stuff.co.nz/indian-stuff/tarana/101644201/welcome-to-new-york--bollywoods-first-comedy-in-3d-set-for-release|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Bhaiaji Superhit]]''<br /> | Sapna Dubey<br /> | {{Sort|Pathak|Neeraj Pathak}}<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bhaiaji-superhit-is-goofy-zany-outrageous-fun-review-bollywood-slxkaGhgjjhic.html|title=Bhaiaji Superhit Is goofy zany outrageous fun|last=Jha|first=Subhash K|website=[[Sify]]|date=23 November 2018|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123111814/http://www.sify.com/movies/bhaiaji-superhit-is-goofy-zany-outrageous-fun-review-bollywood-slxkaGhgjjhic.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> | {{Pending film|[[Lahore 1947]]}}<br /> | Hamida Mirza<br /> | [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title=Lahore 1947 Release Date: Aamir Khan locks Independence Day Weekend for Sunny Deol, Preity Zinta starrer |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/lahore-1947-aamir-khan-locks-independence-day-weekend-for-sunny-deol-preity-zinta-starrer-1400594 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |{{Sronly|Preity Zinta in TV series}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Notes<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega]]''<br /> |Host<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Anikara |first1=Anita |title=Preity Zinta: Girl,interrupted |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/preity-zinta-girl-interrupted/ |access-date=11 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2011 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165234/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/preity-zinta-girl-interrupted/ |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Up Close &amp; Personal with PZ]]''<br /> |Host<br /> | <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Sen |first1=Jhinuk |title='Up Close and Personal with PZ' fails to deliver |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/up-close-and-personal-with-pz-fails-to-deliver/181580-44-124.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=11 January 2015 |date=5 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521212617/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/up-close-and-personal-with-pz-fails-to-deliver/181580-44-124.html |archive-date=21 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Nach Baliye]]''<br /> |Judge<br /> | [[Nach Baliye 7|Season 7]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Unfair to call me lenient on 'Nach Baliye': Preity Zinta |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/unfair-to-call-me-lenient-on-nach-baliye-preity-zinta/#sthash.NLgt2WNO.dpuf |work=The Indian Express |access-date=28 May 2015 |date=10 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142449/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/unfair-to-call-me-lenient-on-nach-baliye-preity-zinta/ |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Fresh Off the Boat]]''<br /> |Meena<br /> | Episode &quot;The Magic Motor Inn&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Preity Zinta shares picture from shooting of 'Fresh Off The Boat' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/preity-zinta-shares-picture-from-shooting-of-fresh-off-the-boat/article30028130.ece |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 November 2019 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]''<br /> |{{n/a}}<br /> | Executive producer <br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of awards and nominations received by Preity Zinta]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb name|0006689|Preity Zinta}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film|Media}}<br /> {{featured list}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Zinta, Preity}}<br /> [[Category:Indian filmographies]]<br /> [[Category:Actress filmographies]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayasimha_(Vatapi_Chalukya_dynasty)&diff=505973 2026-03-12T18:51:42Z

<p>Timothyves: stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Chalukya king from c. 500 to 520}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Jayasimha<br /> | title = Nṛpaḥ<br /> | succession = [[Chalukya king]]<br /> | reign = {{circa|500|520}}<br /> | successor = [[Ranaraga]]<br /> | house = [[Chalukyas of Vatapi]]<br /> | house-type = Dynasty<br /> }}<br /> {{Chalukyas|Vatapi}}<br /> '''Jayasimha''' ([[IAST]]: Jayasiṃha) was the first ruler of the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] dynasty of [[Vatapi]] (modern Badami) in present-day India. He ruled the area around modern [[Bijapur]] in the early 6th century, and was the grandfather of the dynasty's first sovereign ruler, [[Pulakeshin I]].<br /> <br /> == Reign ==<br /> <br /> Jayasimha finds a mention in the [[Aihole]] and [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakuta]] inscriptions of his dynasty,{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|1984|p=30}} but no inscription issued by him has been discovered so far.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=26}} A 543 CE ([[Shaka era|Shaka]] 465) inscription dated to the reign of his grandson [[Pulakeshin I]] has been discovered at [[Badami]]. Assuming a reign of around 20 years each for Jayasimha and his son Ranaraga, historian Durga Prasad Dikshit dates Jayasimha's reign to c. 500-520 CE. He was succeeded by his son Ranaraga, who appears to have stabilized the Chalukya rule in the region.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=29}}<br /> <br /> The Mahakuta inscription eulogizes Jayasimha as &quot;the very receptacle of brilliance, energy, valour, memory, intellect, splendour, polity and refinement.&quot; It compares him to the deity Maghavan ([[Indra]]) in terms of good qualities, and to the deity Vaishravana ([[Kubera]]) in terms of wealth.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|1984|p=29}}<br /> <br /> == Political status ==<br /> <br /> The [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakuta]] inscription gives Jayasimha's title as ''nṛpaḥ'' (&quot;king&quot;).{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|1984|p=29}} The Chalukya records also accord him various epithets, such as ''Vallabha'', ''Shri-vallabha'', and ''Vallabhendra''. The absence of any imperial titles in this list indicates that Jayasimha was a vassal king.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=26}}<br /> <br /> According to one theory, Jayasimha was a vassal of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]]. The Chalukya inscriptions and coins are somewhat similar in style to those of the Kadambas, who preceded them in the Deccan region. According to the [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] inscription of Jagadekamalla, Jayasimha was &quot;the destroyer of the pomp of the Kadambas&quot;. This suggests that Jayasimha was originally a Kadamba vassal, but this cannot be said with certainty.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=27}} For example, it is possible that Jayasimha was actually a vassal of the early Rashtrakutas of Manapura, and repulsed a Kadamba attack a Rashtrakuta feudatory. Another possibility is that Jayasimha assumed sovereignty after the defeat of his Rashtrakuta overlords by the [[Nala dynasty|Nalas]] and the Mauryas of Konkana, and then repulsed a Kadamba invasion.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=29}}<br /> <br /> Another theory is that Jayasimha was a vassal of the early Rashtrakutas of Manapura (not to be confused with the later imperial [[Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta]]). According to the records of the later [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], who claimed descent from the Chalukyas of Vatapi, the Chalukya family's progenitor Jayasimha defeated the Rashtrakutas (like the 10th century Kalyani Chalukya ruler [[Tailapa II]], who defeated the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta). These records include the Kauthem inscription and the court poet [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]]'s ''Gadayuddha''. The Kauthem inscription names the defeated king as Indra, the son of Krishna; no such early Rashtrakuta king is known from the extant historical records.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=27}} An inscription of the early Rashtrakuta king Abhimanyu records the grant of the Undikavatika village to the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] ascetic Jatabhara in the presence of Jayasimha, the commander of the Harivatsa fort. This commander may be same as the Chalukya ruler Jayasimha.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=27-28}} Historian D. C. Sircar theorized that the Rashtrakutas of Manapura were overthrown by the Nalas and the Konkana Mauryas, who, in turn, were overthrown by the Chalukyas.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=29}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> <br /> {{ref begin}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&amp;pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=K. V. Ramesh |title=Chalukyas of Vātāpi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwhAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Agam Kala |oclc=567370037 }}<br /> {{ref end}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Early Chalukyas]]<br /> [[Category:6th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Chalukya kings]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impatiens_rajibiana&diff=503777 2026-03-11T17:34:05Z

<p>Timothyves: entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of balsam}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | genus = Impatiens<br /> | species = rajibiana<br /> | authority = Chowlu, Borah &amp; A.Shenoy&lt;ref name=IPNI_77371318-1&gt;{{IPNI|taxon=''Impatiens rajibiana'' |authority=Chowlu, Borah &amp; A.Shenoy|id=77371318-1|access-date=2025-11-19|mode=cs1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Impatiens rajibiana''''' is a species of [[flowering plant]] from the moist forests of [[Shergaon]] in West Kameng, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-15 |title=Scientists, forest dept discover new species of balsam flower, orchid {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/10/15/scientists-forest-dept-discover-new-species-of-balsam-flower-orchid/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It belongs to the family Balsaminaceae and is known only from this region above roughly 2,000 metres elevation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/scientists-discover-new-species-of-balsam-flower-in-arunachal-pradesh/3006085 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.ptinews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chowlu |first=K. |last2=Shenoy |first2=A. |last3=Ray |first3=A. |last4=Kabeer |first4=A.A. |last5=Borah |first5=S. |date=2025-10-09 |title=Impatiens rajibiana (Balsaminaceae): a new species from Arunachal Pradesh, India |url=https://nelumbo-bsi.org/index.php/nlmbo/article/view/173506 |journal=Nelumbo |pages=10–16 |doi=10.20324/nelumbo/v67/2025/173506 |issn=2455-376X|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q136868310}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Impatiens|rajibiana]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Endemic flora of East Himalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Plants described in 2025]]<br /> <br /> {{Ericales-stub}}</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepti_Sivan&diff=496005 2026-03-08T17:41:38Z

<p>Timothyves: Added a info.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director, actress and producer}}<br /> {{Undisclosed paid|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Deepti Pillay Sivan<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Film Director|Producer|actress}}<br /> | spouse = [[Sanjeev Sivan]]<br /> | relatives = ''Sidhanshu Sivan'' (son),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/documentary-filmmaker-director-sanjeev-sivan-and-his-12-year-old-debutant-actor-son-sidhanshu-sivan-speak-on-the-making-of-the-malayalam-film-ozhuki-ozhuki-ozhuki/article66360645.ece|title=Sanjeev Sivan puts life into the backwaters of Kuttanad|website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br/&gt; [[Sangeeth Sivan]] (brother in law),&lt;br/&gt; [[Santhosh Sivan]] (brother in law)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Deepti Sivan''' is an Indian film director, actress and producer who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam Movie Industry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=കളിപ്പാട്ടം സിനിമയിൽ ലാലേട്ടന്റെ മകൾ, ഇപ്പോൾ അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര പുരസ്‌കാരം നേടിയ വനിതാ സംവിധായിക |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/lifestyle/features/deepti-pillai-sivan-woman-director-from-kerala-who-won-award-at-the-toronto-women-s-film-festival-1.5754512 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |title=അന്ന് കളിപ്പാട്ടത്തിൽ മോഹൻലാലിന്റെ മകൾ, ഇന്ന് ഇന്റർനാഷണൽ അവാർഡ് നേടിയ സംവിധായിക |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/kalippattam-actress-deepti-pillay-sivan-latest-photos-558472/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-08-31 |title=Decoding Shankar, driven by determination |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/decoding-shankar-driven-by-determination/articleshow/65623423.cms |access-date=2024-05-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> ===As actress===<br /> Sivan has debuted as an actress in the movie ''[[Kalippattam]]'' as [[Mohanlal]]'s daughter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; She later acted as the heroine in the movie ''Moonilonnu'' directed by [[K. K. Haridas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ശങ്കർ മഹാദേവനും മോഹൻ ലാലിന്റെ 'ആ' മകളും തമ്മിൽ... |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2018/11/29/decording-sankar-documentary-about-legend-singer-shankar-mahadevan.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=ManoramaOnline}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===As director===<br /> Sivan is known for directing the documentary film [[Decoding Shankar]] about [[Shankar Mahadevan]]. The documentary features [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] other than [[Shankar Mahadevan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/-it-s-passion-not-education-which-would-help-you-get-where-you-want-to-be-deepti-sivan/States/news/1413369.html|title=It's passion not education which would help you get where you want to be says Deepti Sivan|website=uniindia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sivan has directed the Indian Navy Anthem ''Call Of The Blue Waters'' along with [[Sanjeev Sivan]] which was released by the President <br /> of India on the Navy Day and now it's viral through the official YouTube channel of the President of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-12-15 |title=Filled with gratitude &amp; a sense of pride: Prasoon on penning new Navy Anthem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/filled-with-gratitude-a-sense-of-pride-prasoon-on-penning-new-navy-anthem/articleshow/96239530.cms |access-date=2024-05-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===As producer===<br /> Sivan is the producer of the movie [[Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki]] directed by [[Sanjeev Sivan]] which was selected to Kolkata International Film Festival and to Moscow International Children's Film Festival, Russia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=B |first=Parvana K. |date=2024-02-06 |title=Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki: Finding his foot early on |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Feb/06/ozhuki-ozhuki-ozhuki-finding-his-foot-early-on |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=കൊൽക്കത്ത രാജ്യാന്തര ചലച്ചിത്ര മേളയിലേക്ക് തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത് 'ഒഴുകി ഒഴുകി ഒഴുകി' |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/10/17/ozhuki-ozhuki-ozhuki-among-films-selected-for-29th-kolkatha-international-film-festival.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> ===For documentary - Decoding Shankar===<br /> The documentary which she directed won around 25 awards globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-18 |title=TheGlitz 'Super Woman': Deepti Pillay Sivan, award-winning director and producer - The Glitz Media |url=https://theglitz.media/theglitz-super-woman-deepti-pillay-sivan-award-winning-director-and-producer/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Best Biographical Film in Toronto Women International Film Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nithya |title=ടൊറന്റോ ചലച്ചിത്രമേളയിൽ പുരസ്‌കാരം നേടി 'ഡിക്കോഡിങ് ശങ്കർ'; സംവിധാനം ദീപ്തി പിള്ള ശിവന്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/decoding-shankar-won-toronto-film-festival-award-qun7sh |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Best Indian Film and Best Biographical Film in Cannes World Film Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/shankar-mahadevan-while-filming-decoding-shankar-i-could-see-my-life-unfolding-like-a-flashback-7455561.html|title=Shankar Mahadevan: While filming 'Decoding Shankar' I could see my life unfolding like a flashback|website=Moneycontrol}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Selected to [[International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-07 |title=Decoding a musical genius |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2018/Nov/06/decoding-a-musical-genius-1895009.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bollyy |first=Team |title=Shankar Mahadevan On Celluloid In Decoding Shankar At Iffi |url=https://bollyy.com/shankar-mahadevan-on-celluloid-in-decoding-shankar-at-iffi/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=bollyy.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===For feature film - Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki ===<br /> * Selected to Kolkata International Film Festival .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title='Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki': Sivan family's triumphant tale graces Kolkata International Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ozhuki-ozhuki-ozhuki-sivan-familys-triumphant-tale-graces-kolkata-international-film-festival/articleshow/105616523.cms |access-date=2024-05-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> |''[[Kalipattam]]''<br /> |[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br /> |As actress <br /> |-<br /> | 1997<br /> |''Moonilonnu''<br /> |[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br /> | As actress <br /> |-<br /> | 2004<br /> |''[[Aparichithan]]''<br /> |[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br /> | As production designer<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> |''[[Decoding Shankar]]''<br /> |[[English language|English]]<br /> |As director &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/nov/19/16899|title=Non-feature films are not even talked about by the media: Filmmaker Vinod Ganatra|website=Cinestaan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> |''Indian Navy Anthem - Call Of The Blue Waters''<br /> |[[Hindi]]<br /> |As Director &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2024<br /> |''[[Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki]]''<br /> |[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]<br /> |As Producer &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-10-18 |title=Malayalam feature film 'Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki' makes Kolkata film fest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/Oct/18/malayalam-feature-film-ozhuki-ozhuki-ozhuki-makes-kolkata-film-fest-2624821.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sivan, Deepti}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurukul_Road_metro_station&diff=465837 2026-03-07T17:46:31Z

<p>Timothyves: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Blue Line metro station}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{notability|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Gurukul Road}<br /> | style = Ahmedabad Metro<br /> | type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}<br /> | image = <br /> | address = Sushil Nagar Society, Memnagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380052<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.04587|72.53493|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]<br /> | operator = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]<br /> | lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue|croute}}<br /> | platforms = 2 (2[[side platforms]])<br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]<br /> | levels = <br /> | accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br /> | status = Operational<br /> | opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|30 September 2022}}<br /> | electrified =<br /> | services = {{adjacent stations|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Blue|left=Doordarshan Kendra|to-left=Thaltej Gam|right=Gujarat University|to-right=Vastral Gam}}<br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_dot_label = <br /> | route_map = {{Blue Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gurukul Road''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Blue Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India. This metro station consists of the main '''SGVP [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya|Swaminarayan]] Hindu Temple''' along with the Government District Library in Ahmedabad. <br /> <br /> Phase 1 of the metro system was opened to the public on 30 September 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Ahmedabad Metro first phase, takes a ride|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/pm-modi-inaugurates-ahmedabad-metro-first-phase-takes-a-ride/articleshow/68258253.cms?from=mdr|website=Economic Times India Times|access-date=3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.ETRealty.com |title=Prime minister inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project - ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/infrastructure/prime-minister-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/94587622 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Station layout==<br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = Gurukul Road track layout<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue}}<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = vCONTgfa<br /> cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Doordarshan Kendra}}<br /> *'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''<br /> cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Gujarat University}}<br /> vCONTgfe<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and two side platforms&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=100 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br /> |-<br /> |valign=top|'''L1'''<br /> |valign=top|Mezzanine<br /> |valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]]&lt;nowiki&gt; | Doors will open on the left &lt;/nowiki&gt;{{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=100|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue}}&quot;&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Eastbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500|Towards → [[Vastral Gam metro station|Vastram Gam]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Gujarat University metro station|Gujarat University]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue}}&quot;&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Westbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |Towards ← [[Thaltej metro station|Thaltej]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Doordarshan Kendra metro station|Doordarshan Kendra]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; colspan=2 align=center|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]]&lt;nowiki&gt; | Doors will open on the left &lt;/nowiki&gt;{{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=100|<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500|<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]<br /> * [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}<br /> * {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}<br /> <br /> {{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prem_Aggan&diff=475525 2026-03-04T00:01:43Z

<p>Timothyves: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1998 Indian romantic film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> |name = Prem Aggan<br /> |image = Prem Aggan.jpg<br /> |caption = <br /> |director = [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]]<br /> |producer = Feroz Khan<br /> |writer = Feroz Khan<br /> |starring = [[Fardeen Khan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Meghna Kothari]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anupam Kher]]<br /> |released = {{film date|df=y|1998|10|30}}<br /> |music = [[Anu Malik]]<br /> |country = India<br /> |language = Hindi<br /> |gross = {{INR|6.05 crore}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/1998/page/1/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 November 2022|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125042521/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/1998/page/1/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Prem Aggan''''' (meaning:- ''The fire of love'') is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1998|1998]] Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama Film| Drama film]] written and directed by [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Mohamed|first=Khalid|date=27 April 2016|title=Letter to Bollywood's Marlboro Man, Feroz Khan, From Reporter Raju|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/letter-to-bollywoods-marlboro-man-feroz-khan-from-reporter-raju|access-date=25 November 2022|website=TheQuint|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511040643/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/letter-to-bollywoods-marlboro-man-feroz-khan-from-reporter-raju|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Fardeen Khan]] and [[Meghna Kothari]] and [[Shama Sikander]]. Fardeen is Feroz's son who made his debut in the film, he got the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] for his role.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/fardeen-khan-says-he-didn-t-deserve-filmfare-s-best-debut-award-for-prem-aggan-recalls-people-took-their-money-back-101646750727865.html|title=Fardeen Khan says he 'didn't deserve' Filmfare's Best Debut award for Prem Aggan; recalls 'people took their money back'|date=8 March 2022|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225204710/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/fardeen-khan-says-he-didn-t-deserve-filmfare-s-best-debut-award-for-prem-aggan-recalls-people-took-their-money-back-101646750727865.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film bombed at the box office but gained cult status for being [[so bad it's good]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2020|first=Nairita|last=Mukherjee|title=Quarantine Curation: 15 trashy Bollywood films that are so bad, they're good|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/quarantine-curation-15-trashy-bollywood-films-that-are-so-bad-they-re-good-1667717-2020-04-17|access-date=25 November 2022|work=India Today|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002092807/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/quarantine-curation-15-trashy-bollywood-films-that-are-so-bad-they-re-good-1667717-2020-04-17|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=19 May 2020|title=10 Bollywood films that are so bad that they are hilariously good|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/bollywood-movies-that-are-so-bad-that-they-are-good-6409660/|access-date=25 November 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123142921/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/bollywood-movies-that-are-so-bad-that-they-are-good-6409660/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bajeli|first=Diwan Singh|date=17 January 2020|title=Sun is not set on the Parsi theatre|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/sun-is-not-set-on-the-parsi-theatre/article30586516.ece|access-date=25 November 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403103310/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/sun-is-not-set-on-the-parsi-theatre/article30586516.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Sapna is sent to Australia by her father, Jai Kumar, to marry a man of his choice. However, Sapna is in love with Suraj Singh, a musician. Suraj follows her to Australia, determined to win her back.<br /> <br /> In Australia, Sapna faces challenges and emotional turmoil as she grapples with her feelings for Suraj. Despite her father’s disapproval, she continues to meet Suraj secretly. The story unfolds with melodrama, misunderstandings, and intense emotions.<br /> <br /> As the film progresses, Sapna’s health deteriorates due to her inner conflict. She falls seriously ill, and Suraj is devastated. In a dramatic turn of events, Sapna’s life hangs in the balance, and Suraj must fight to save her.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Fardeen Khan]] as Suraj Singh<br /> *[[Meghna Kothari]] as Sapna Kumar<br /> *[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Vishal Kumar<br /> *[[Shama Sikander]] as Pooja Kumar<br /> *Sanjay Sippy<br /> *[[Anupam Kher]] as Jai Kumar<br /> *[[Raj Babbar]] as Captain Veer Bahadur Singh<br /> *[[Beena Banerjee]] as Sheena Kumar<br /> *[[Smita Jaykar]] as Seema Singh<br /> *Karan Kapoor as Sangha<br /> *[[Satish Shah]] as Principal Balan<br /> *[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Hiralal<br /> *[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Motilal<br /> *Ram Sethi<br /> *Geeta Agarwal Sharma<br /> *Bobby Simha<br /> *[[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]]<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Prem Aggan<br /> | type = Soundtrack album<br /> | artist = [[Anu Malik]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 24 July 1998<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | label = <br /> | producer = <br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year = <br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = <br /> }}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable tracklist&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length !! Lyricist(s)<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |&quot;Khatey Hain Kasam&quot;<br /> |[[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br /> |06:34<br /> |[[Sudarshan Faakir]]<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |&quot;Hum Tumse Mohabbat Karte Hain&quot;<br /> |Udit Narayan, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br /> |06:29<br /> |[[Rahat Indori]]<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |&quot;Tere Pyar Ki Aag Mein&quot;<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Sadhana Sargam<br /> |06:43<br /> |Sudarshan Faakir<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |&quot;Har Dam Dam Bedam&quot;<br /> |Hariharan, [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]]<br /> |07:00<br /> |[[M. G. Hashmat]]<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |&quot;Har Dam Dam Bedam (duet)&quot;<br /> |Hariharan, Sadhana Sargam<br /> |07:00<br /> |[[M.G. Hashmat]]<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |&quot;Exercise&quot;<br /> |Priscilla Corner<br /> |02:55<br /> |[[Santosh Anand]]<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |&quot;Prem Ishwar Ishq Khuda Hai&quot;<br /> |Udit Narayan, [[Sapna Mukherjee]]<br /> |06:30<br /> |Santosh Anand<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |&quot;Dekh Ke Tujh Ko&quot;<br /> |[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Priscilla Corner<br /> |06:54<br /> |Sudarshan Faakir<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> Syed Firdaus Ashraf of [[Rediff.com]] called the film ″Prem Agony″, stating, ″There were a lot of expectations from this film, since Feroz Khan was betting his son's career on it. But the script and the music are ordinary; only the title song, Prem Aggan, is passable. ″Face it, guys and gals, Prem Aggan just isn't worth the trouble.″&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/31prem.htm|title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: Prem agony|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225201731/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/31prem.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, &quot;Stylish villas, breathtaking locales, inimitable music - the hallmark of Feroz Khan`s films are all there, but what`s missing is urbanity which generally suffuses the plot and characters in Feroz`s films.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|work=Deccan Herald|title=AT THE THEATRES|access-date=15 September 2023|url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov01/enter.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990506223507/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov01/enter.htm|date=1 November 1998|archive-date=6 May 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Retrospectively, many reviewers put this film on the list of &quot;worst movie ever made&quot; for being &quot;[[so bad it's good]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=23 January 2015|last=Banerji|first=Rishabh|title=69 Movies So Bad, They're Actually Damn Good|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/69-movies-so-bad-theyre-actually-damn-good-our-authoritative-bad-movie-list-229582.html|access-date=25 November 2022|website=IndiaTimes|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225210745/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/69-movies-so-bad-theyre-actually-damn-good-our-authoritative-bad-movie-list-229582.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=Are we there yet? When interrupted movie sex is more entertaining than the real thing|url=https://scroll.in/reel/859754/are-we-there-yet-when-interrupted-movie-sex-is-more-entertaining-than-the-real-thing|date=30 November 2017|access-date=25 November 2022|website=[[Scroll.in]]|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225210748/https://scroll.in/reel/859754/are-we-there-yet-when-interrupted-movie-sex-is-more-entertaining-than-the-real-thing|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=11 Bollywood movies that are so bad that they're actually good|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/11-bollywood-movies-that-are-so-bad-that-theyre-actually-good-28931.html|last=Nihalani|first=Akash|magazine=[[Filmfare]]|date=19 June 2018|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005224437/https://www.filmfare.com/features/11-bollywood-movies-that-are-so-bad-that-theyre-actually-good-28931.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Fardeen Khan's performance was not well received yet he was awarded [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] for his performance. In 2022, during an interview, Khan stated, ″I don't think I deserve that award. It was a culture and stuff back then, that people got awards like that. I look at my work, I definitely didn't deserve that. The film didn't work, I didn't work, I looked back and I thought I was horrible.″&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|0210920}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1998 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Feroz Khan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balaraju_Katha&diff=461252 2026-03-03T20:22:31Z

<p>Timothyves: add structure per standard format per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1970 film directed by Bapu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Balaraju Katha<br /> | image = Balaraju Katha.jpg<br /> <br /> | caption =<br /> | director = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]<br /> | producer = [[Vasiraju Prakasam]]&lt;br /&gt;Nidamarthi Padmakshi<br /> | story = [[A. P. Nagarajan]] (story)<br /> | narrator =<br /> | starring = [[Master Prabhakar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Allu Ramalingaiah]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hemalatha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dhulipala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]<br /> | music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br /> | cinematography = [[P. S. Selvaraj]]<br /> | editing = [[Kotagiri Gopal Rao]]<br /> | studio =<br /> | distributor =<br /> | released = {{Film date|1970|8|25}}<br /> | runtime =<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> }}<br /> '''''Balaraju Katha''''' ({{translation|The Story of Balaraju}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written by [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] and directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]. It is a remake of the 1969 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Vaa Raja Vaa]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=4 October 2019 |title=Balaraju Katha (1970) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/balaraju-katha-1970/article29591890.ece |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202044147/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/balaraju-katha-1970/article29591890.ece |archive-date=2 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 June 2016 |title=சினிமாவில் வெற்றிக்கொடி நாட்டிய குழந்தைகள்! |language=ta |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/06/04121650/At-the-cinemaSuccessful-childrens-dance.vpf |url-status=dead |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161121155931/http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/06/04121650/At-the-cinemaSuccessful-childrens-dance.vpf |archive-date=21 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has won the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]] (bronze).<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> This is the story of a young boy Balaraju ([[Master Prabhakar]]) in a historical town [[Mahabalipuram]]. He becomes a tourist guide to support his entire family. An elderly childless couple takes a liking to him and wants to adopt him. The story is the results of his ordeals.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Master Prabhakar]] as Balaraju&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=30 October 2010 |title=Grill Mill – Master Prabhakar |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-ndash-Master-Prabhakar/article15798228.ece |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608141906/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-ndash-Master-Prabhakar/article15798228.ece |archive-date=8 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]<br /> * [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]<br /> * [[Dhulipala]]<br /> * [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]<br /> * [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]<br /> * [[Sumathi (actress)|Baby Sumathi]]<br /> * [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]<br /> * [[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]]<br /> * [[Raavi Kondala Rao]]<br /> * Pushpa Kumari<br /> *[[Visweswara Rao|Master Visweswara Rao]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Soundtrack was composed by K. V. Mahadevan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Balaraju Katha (1970) |url=https://mio.to/album/Balaraju+Katha+%281970%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921145217/https://mio.to/album/Balaraju+Katha+%281970%29 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=Music India Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * &quot;Adiganani Anukovaddu Cheppakunda Dateyoddu&quot; -<br /> * &quot;Cheppu Cheppu Bhai Jarigedi Vippi Cheppu&quot; -<br /> * &quot;Choodu Choodu Tamasha Bhale Tamasha Aidu Vella Tamasha&quot; -<br /> * &quot;Hippie Hippie Aadapillalo Veellu Chepparani Goppa Goppa Tarajuvvalo&quot; -<br /> * &quot;Mahabalipuram...Bharateeya Kalajagatikidi Goppa Gopuram&quot; -<br /> * &quot;Okati Rendu Moodaite Muddu Antaku Minchina Santanamaite Vaddu&quot; -<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> The film won [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Nandi Award for Third Best Feature Film – Bronze]] – 1970&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=14 September 2021 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information &amp; Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0155524}}<br /> {{A. P. Nagarajan}}<br /> <br /> {{Bapu (film director)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1970 films]]<br /> [[Category:1970 children's films]]<br /> [[Category:1970 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1970 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Bapu]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian children's films]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swades&diff=445235 2026-03-03T12:05:38Z

<p>Timothyves: page edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2004 film directed by Ashutosh Gowariker}}<br /> {{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Swades<br /> | image = Swades poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]<br /> | producer = Ashutosh Gowariker<br /> | screenplay = Ashutosh Gowariker<br /> | story = M. G. Sathya&lt;br /&gt;Ashutosh Gowariker<br /> {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br /> | label1= Dialogues by<br /> | data1 = {{ubl|[[K. P. Saxena]]}}<br /> }}<br /> | starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Gayatri Joshi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kishori Ballal]]<br /> | music = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Mahesh Aney]]<br /> | editing = [[Ballu Saluja]]<br /> | studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]&lt;br/&gt;Ashutosh Gowariker Productions<br /> | distributor = UTV Motion Pictures<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|12|17}}<br /> | runtime = 195 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi &lt;!-- do not include English since English was barley used in the film, and there could possibly be an English dub --&gt;<br /> | budget = {{INR|25}} [[crore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articleshow/msid-1021767,curpg-2.cms |title=Box Office: Crash of the big 'uns |date=January 2001 |work=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301041450/http://www.filmfare.com/articleshow/msid-1021767,curpg-2.cms |archive-date=1 March 2005 |access-date=18 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|34.64}} crore&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=460|title=Swades|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=4 October 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121061033/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=460|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Swades''''' ({{translation|Homeland}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] co-written, directed and produced by [[Ashutosh Gowariker]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/self/meet-aravinda-and-ravi-the-inspiration-behind-shahrukh-khan-s-movie-swades-249108.html|title=Meet Aravinda and Ravi, The Inspiration Behind Shahrukh Khan's Movie 'Swades'|date=17 December 2018|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405133829/https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/self/meet-aravinda-and-ravi-the-inspiration-behind-shahrukh-khan-s-movie-swades-249108.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]], alongside [[Gayatri Joshi]], [[Kishori Ballal]], [[Daya Shankar Pandey]], [[Rajesh Vivek]], and [[Lekh Tandon]].<br /> <br /> The plot was based on two episodes of the series ''Vaapsi'' on Zee TV's ''[[Yule Love Story|Yule Love Stories]]'' (1994–95) which starred Gowariker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-swades-was-inspired-by-ashutosh-gowarikers-show-where-he-played-mohan-2419484-2023-08-11|title=SRK's 'Swades' was inspired by Ashutosh Gowariker's show, where he played Mohan?|website=India Today|date=11 August 2023 |access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907183902/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-swades-was-inspired-by-ashutosh-gowarikers-show-where-he-played-mohan-2419484-2023-08-11|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The story of a man setting up a micro hydroelectric project to generate electricity was reported to be inspired by the 2003 [[Kannada film]] ''[[Chigurida Kanasu]]'' which was based on the novel of the same name by [[K. Shivaram Karanth]]&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-ten-kannada-films-to-have-been-remade/photostory/27975966.cms|title = Top ten Kannada films to have been remade|website = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 17 July 2020|archive-date = 4 September 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230904235736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photostory_next.cms?msid=27973141&amp;curpg=2&amp;v=1332644&amp;ajxcal=1|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vogue.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.vogue.in/news/content/best-south-indian-movie-remakes-bollywood-movies-shah-rukh-khan-rani-mukerji-salman-khan | title=Eight Bollywood movies that are actually remakes of South Indian films | date=20 June 2019 | access-date=18 October 2019 | archive-date=21 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621052207/https://www.vogue.in/news/content/best-south-indian-movie-remakes-bollywood-movies-shah-rukh-khan-rani-mukerji-salman-khan | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chigurida Kanasu&quot;&gt;{{citation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/cant-thank-ashutosh-gowariker-enough-for-swades-shah-rukh-khan-4432041/|title=Can't thank Ashutosh Gowariker enough for Swades: Shah Rukh Khan|date=2016-12-17|via=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|work=Indian Express|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825145307/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/cant-thank-ashutosh-gowariker-enough-for-swades-shah-rukh-khan-4432041/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Bapu Kuti'' by Rajni Bakshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;moifightclub.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://moifightclub.com/2009/10/22/bet-you-didnt-know-the-real-story-behind-swades/|title=Bet You Didn't Know – the real story behind Ashutosh Gowariker's Swades!|date=22 October 2009|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825145309/https://moifightclub.com/2009/10/22/bet-you-didnt-know-the-real-story-behind-swades/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Story writer MG Sathya had revealed that he was swayed over by the Gandhian principles and the socio - political environment during his formative years while studying in [[Kannada]] medium school in [[Jalahalli]], [[Bengaluru]].&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/swades-went-beyond-being-a-filmit-became-a-movement-writer-mg-sathya/articleshow/116546164.cms&lt;/ref&gt; The music and background score was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], with lyrics penned by [[Javed Akhtar]].<br /> <br /> ''Swades'' was theatrically released on 17 December 2004, to critical acclaim. However, it emerged as a commercial failure at the box office. At the [[50th Filmfare Awards]], ''Swades'' won [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]] (Rahman). Despite its commercial failure, ''Swades'' is regarded ahead of its time and is considered a [[cult classic]] of [[Hindi cinema]] and one of Khan's best films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 September 2011 |title=Lost in Translation – Part 1/2 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/lost-in-translation-part-12-2593.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010104725/http://filmfare.com/articles/lost-in-translation-part-12-2593.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2011 |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=Filmfare }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Deepak Mahaan |date=4 August 2011 |title=Arts / Cinema : Intoxicated with second love! |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2322557.ece |access-date=14 March 2014 |archive-date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830160817/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2322557.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is owned by [[Red Chillies Entertainment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Red Chillies Entertainments |url=http://www.redchillies.com/movies/movie-rights.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006020052/http://redchillies.com/movies/movie-rights.aspx |archive-date=6 October 2016 |access-date=2016-09-30 |website=redchillies.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Mohan Bhargava is an [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] who works as a Project Manager on the [[Global Precipitation Measurement]] (GPM) program for [[NASA]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] Mohan relocated to the U.S. to attend college and stayed there after his parents died in a car accident in India. He worries about his Kaveri Amma, a nanny in his native [[Uttar Pradesh]], who raised him during his childhood. After his parents' death, Kaveri Amma moved to an old age home in [[Delhi]] and eventually lost contact with Mohan.<br /> <br /> Mohan wishes to return to India and bring Kaveri Amma back with him to the U.S. Following the recent success of Phase I of his project, he takes a few weeks off and travels to India. He visits Kaveri Amma's old age home but learns that she no longer lives there and went to a village named [[Charanpur]] a year ago. Mohan decides to travel to Charanpur.<br /> <br /> Mohan uses a [[recreational vehicle]] to reach the village, fearing that he might not get the required facilities there. Upon reaching Charanpur, he reunities with Kaveri Amma and learns that his childhood friend Geeta, whom he referred to as 'Gitli' in his childhood, brought Kaveri Amma to stay with her after Mohan's parents died. Geeta runs a school in Charanpur and works hard to improve the living conditions of the villagers through education. The village, however, is divided largely by [[caste]] and religious beliefs. Geeta disapproves of Mohan's arrival, believing that he will take Kaveri Amma back with him to the U.S, leaving she and her younger brother, Nandan 'Chiku' alone. Kaveri Amma tells Mohan that she needs to get Gita married first as it is her responsibility. Gita is a strong believer of [[women's empowerment]] and [[gender equality]], which attracts Mohan to her and he decides to help her by campaigning for education among [[backward communities]] and girls. Mohan befriends villagers, Nivaaran and Mela Ram, and they support him in his campaign. Mohan also gains the attention of Dadaji, a kind village chief.<br /> <br /> Mohan and Geeta eventually grow closer. Kaveri Amma asks Mohan to visit a nearby village named Kodi to collect money from a man named Haridas who owes it to Geeta. Mohan visits Kodi and feels empathetic towards Haridas for his poor condition, which is such that he is unable to provide for his family with meals each day. Haridas tells Mohan that since he belongs to a [[Caste system in India|low caste]], his job as a weaver wasn't earning him enough money, so he started [[tenant farming]]. However, this change in profession led to him getting shunned by the villagers, who even denied him water for his crops. Mohan begins to understand the situation and realizes that many villages in India are still like Kodi. He returns to Charanpur with a heavy heart and decides to do something for the welfare of the village.<br /> <br /> Mohan extends his stay by three weeks. He learns that electricity inconsistency and frequent power cuts are a major problem in Charanpur. He decides to set up a hydroelectric power generation facility from a nearby water source. Mohan purchases the equipment needed from his own funds and oversees the construction of the power generation unit. The unit works and the village gets sufficient and consistent power.<br /> <br /> Dadaji's health deteriorates and he passes away. Mohan is repeatedly called by NASA as the GPM project he was working on has reached its final stages, and he has to return to the U.S soon. Kaveri Amma tells Mohan that she prefers to stay in Charanpur as it would be difficult for her to adapt to a new country at her age. Gita also tells him that she would not settle in another country, and would prefer it if Mohan stayed in India with her and Kaveri Amma. Mohan returns to the U.S to complete the project. He begins to have flashbacks of his time spent in India and considers returning. After the successful completion of the project, he leaves the U.S and returns to India with the intention of working at the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], from where he can still work with NASA. The film ends showing Mohan wrestling his friend Nivaaran near a temple.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Mohan Bhargav, a [[NASA]] scientist<br /> *[[Gayatri Joshi]] as Gita, Mohan's childhood friend <br /> *[[Kishori Ballal]] as Kaveri Amma, Mohan's nanny<br /> *Smith Seth as Nandan 'Chiku', Gitu's younger brother <br /> *[[Lekh Tandon]] as Dadaji<br /> *[[Rajesh Vivek]] as Nivaaran Dayal Shrivastav, a postman<br /> *[[Dayashankar Pandey]] as Mela Ram, an eatery owner<br /> *[[Farrukh Jaffar]] as Panch Fatima Bi<br /> *V.M. Badola as Panch Munishwar<br /> *Bhim Vakani as Panch Narayan<br /> *Dilip Ambedkar as Panch Hariya<br /> *Raja Awasthi as Panch Gundagin<br /> *Rajesh Balwani as Rahul Sinha<br /> *Rahul Vohra as Vinod Raaz, Mohan's colleague<br /> *[[Makarand Deshpande]] as Fakir, a traveller who shows Mohan the way to [[Charanpur]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> <br /> ===Inspiration===<br /> ''Swades'' is inspired by the story of Aravinda Pillalamarri and Ravi Kuchimanchi, the [[non-resident Indian]] couple who returned to India and developed a pedal power generator to light remote, off-the-grid village schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-01-28 |title=Indian-American who inspired SRK's Swades questioned on immigration status |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-american-woman-in-us-for-over-30-yrs-asked-about-immigration-status/story-2bW7s5H5Fj52x9EBVpEFfO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128192921/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-american-woman-in-us-for-over-30-yrs-asked-about-immigration-status/story-2bW7s5H5Fj52x9EBVpEFfO.html |archive-date=2023-01-28 |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-12-17 |title=Meet Aravinda and Ravi, The Inspiration Behind Shahrukh Khan's Movie 'Swades' |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/self/meet-aravinda-and-ravi-the-inspiration-behind-shahrukh-khan-s-movie-swades-249108.html |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = nripulseRaviAravinda&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://nripulse.com/profile_RaviAravinda.htm<br /> |title = The Real Swadesis: Aravinda and Ravi<br /> |access-date = 25 December 2007<br /> |archive-date = 7 January 2008<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080107184337/http://www.nripulse.com/profile_RaviAravinda.htm<br /> |url-status = live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://studentorgs.utexas.edu/aidaustin/projects/mhp/mhp.html<br /> |title = Bilgaon Village: From Darkness to Light<br /> |access-date = 25 December 2007<br /> |publisher = AID Austin<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117094705/http://studentorgs.utexas.edu/aidaustin/projects/mhp/mhp.html<br /> |archive-date = 17 January 2008<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024001208700.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081208071706/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024001208700.htm |url-status = usurped |archive-date = 8 December 2008 |title =The Bilgaon model |access-date = 25 December 2007 |publisher = FRONTLINE (THE HINDU)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gowariker spent considerable time with Pillalamarri and Kuchimanchi, both dedicated [[Association for India's Development]] (AID) volunteers. He supposedly visited [[Bilgaon]], an [[Adivasi]] village in the [[Narmada]] valley, which is the backdrop of the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] (NBA) movement. The people of Bilgaon are credited with doing 200 person-days of ''shramdaan'' (community service) to make their village energy self-sufficient. The Bilgaon project is recognised as a model for replication by the [[Government of Maharashtra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-10-23 |title=The Bilgaon model |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30219477.ece |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Frontline |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524035458/https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30219477.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was reported to be inspired by two episodes of the series titled ''Vaapsi'' on Zee TV's ''Yule Love Stories'' (1993–95). The story of the lead role setting up a micro hydro electric project to generate electricity was reported to be inspired by the Kannada novel ''[[Chigurida Kanasu]]'' by [[K. Shivaram Karanth]]&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vogue.in&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chigurida Kanasu&quot; /&gt; and ''Bapu Kuti'' by Rajni Bakshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;moifightclub.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Themes===<br /> [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s great-grandson, [[Tushar Gandhi]], noted the theme of [[Gandhism]] in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last1=Jha | first1=Subhash K. | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | title=\'I\'m pleased with Hirani\'s Gandhigiri,\' says Gandhi\'s grandson | website=[[Sify]] | date=2015-11-19 | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14411795&amp;cid=2359 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121115750/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14411795&amp;cid=2359 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2015-11-21 | access-date=2015-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name of the main character portrayed by [[Shah Rukh Khan]] is Mohan, which was Gandhi's birth name (Mohandas or &quot;Mohan&quot;). The film opens with the quotation:<br /> <br /> {{cquote|Hesitating to act because the whole vision might not be achieved, or because others do not yet share it, is an attitude that only hinders progress.|author=Mahatma Gandhi}}<br /> <br /> Gowariker tries to address the lack of scientific temperament and widespread ignorance among the rural folks through the energetic number &quot;Ye Tara Wo Tara&quot;, where Mohan is seen encouraging the children to experience the fascinating world of stars through his telescope. In a symbolic manner, the song rejects the defunct divisions of caste and class and at the same time, through its protagonist, tries to instill in the audience an appreciation of curiosity and observation.<br /> <br /> ===Casting and filming===<br /> [[File:Menavali pan.jpg|thumb|400px|Panorama of [[Menawali]], the village in [[Maharashtra]] where ''Swades'' was shot]]<br /> Gowariker initially offered Mohan's role to [[Aamir Khan]] (who worked in Gowariker's 2001 film ''[[Lagaan]]''), but he rejected it because he found the story to be weak. Mohan's role was then offered to [[Hrithik Roshan]], who refused after reading the script.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ash, Hrithik ready to go back in time|work=The Times of India|date=11 October 2006|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ash-Hrithik-ready-to-go-back-in-time/articleshow/402257.cms|access-date=28 July 2008|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021103355/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-11/news-interviews/27792964_1_costume-drama-period-film-gowariker|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gowariker contemplated casting [[R. Madhavan]] before offering Mohan's role to Shah Rukh, who finally accepted it after listening to the story and he started crying during the story's narration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/it-s-silly-to-slot-filmmakers-madhavan/story-AB4xtLoorADF6dTtw9LywN.html|title=It's silly to slot filmmakers: Madhavan|date=6 September 2005|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 November 2023|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110005720/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/it-s-silly-to-slot-filmmakers-madhavan/story-AB4xtLoorADF6dTtw9LywN.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bhanu Athaiya]], an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] winner for ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982), was the [[costume designer]] for the film.<br /> <br /> ''Swades'' was the first Indian film to be shot inside the [[NASA]] headquarters and inside the NASA research center at the Launch Pad 39A of the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in [[Florida]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/10/swades_preview.shtml|year = 2004|title = Swades|access-date = 29 August 2007|publisher = BBC|archive-date = 3 April 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090403225939/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/10/swades_preview.shtml|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.radiosargam.com/features/interviews/srk_swades.htm|title = Radio Sargam Interview: Shah Rukh Khan!|access-date = 29 August 2007|publisher = Radio Sargam|archive-date = 16 August 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070816005311/http://www.radiosargam.com/features/interviews/srk_swades.htm|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rainfall monitoring satellite known as the [[Global Precipitation Measurement]] (GPM) in the film is an actual [[NASA]] mission and was launched in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f-swades.html|title = Lights, Camera, Liftoff!|access-date = 29 August 2007|publisher = NASA|archive-date = 18 February 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080218071845/http://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f-swades.html|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Precipitation Measurement|publisher=NASA|url=http://gpm.gsfc.nasa.gov/|access-date=28 July 2008|archive-date=5 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905212435/http://gpm.gsfc.nasa.gov/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=GPM Launch Information|date=22 January 2014|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GPM/launch/index.html|publisher=NASA|access-date=2014-02-19|archive-date=2 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302094423/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GPM/launch/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> A major part of the film was shot in [[Menawali]], [[Maharashtra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&amp;Mode=HTML&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom|title=Error|website=epaper.timesofindia.com|access-date=22 May 2017|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809122624/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&amp;Mode=HTML&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.srajaram.com/2009/08/the-village-where-shah-rukh-khans-swades-was-shot.html|title=The village where Shah Rukh Khan's Swades was shot|date=19 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The song &quot;Dekho Naa&quot; is a modified version of the song &quot;Kichchu Tha&quot; from the film, ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002).<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Swades<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 10 November 2004<br /> | recorded = [[Panchathan Record Inn]]<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> | producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | prev_title = [[New (film)|New]]<br /> | prev_year = 2002<br /> | next_title = [[Kisna: The Warrior Poet]]<br /> | next_year = 2005<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Music ratings<br /> | rev1 = Planet Bollywood<br /> | rev1Score = {{Rating|9|10}} [http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=042806030453 link]<br /> | noprose = yes<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | all_music = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | all_lyrics = [[Javed Akhtar]]<br /> | extra_column = Artist(s)<br /> | title1 = Yeh Taara Woh Taara<br /> | extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], Master Vignesh, Baby Pooja<br /> | length1 = 7:13<br /> | title2 = Saanwariya Saanwariya<br /> | extra2 = [[Alka Yagnik]]<br /> | length2 = 5:17<br /> | title3 = Yun Hi Chala Chal<br /> | extra3 = Udit Narayan, [[Kailash Kher]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br /> | length3 = 7:28<br /> | title5 = Aahista Aahista<br /> | extra5 = Udit Narayan, [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br /> | length5 = 6:35<br /> | title4 = Yeh Jo Des Hai Tera<br /> | extra4 = A. R. Rahman<br /> | length4 = 6:28<br /> | title6 = Pal Pal Hai Bhaari<br /> | extra6 = [[Madhushree]], [[Vijay Prakash]]<br /> | length6 = 6:50<br /> | title7 = Dekho Na<br /> | extra7 = Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan<br /> | length7 = 5:46<br /> | title8 = Pal Pal Hai Bhaari<br /> | note8 = [[Flute]]<br /> | extra8 = [[Naveen Kumar (Flautist)|Naveen]]<br /> | length8 = 3:38<br /> | title9 = Yeh Jo Des Hai Tera<br /> | note9 = [[Shehnai]]<br /> | extra9 = [[Madhukar Dhumal]]<br /> | length9 = 4:00<br /> }}<br /> <br /> On 27 March 2021, members of [[United States Navy Band]] sang &quot;Yeh Jo Des Hai Tera&quot; for [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]], the Ambassador of India to the United States and [[United States Navy]] [[Chief of Naval Operations]] at a special dinner event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |author=Taranjit Singh Sandhu |user=SandhuTaranjitS |number=1375937058229919744 |date=27 March 2021 |title='ये वो बंधन है जो कभी टूट नहीं सकता! This is a friendship bond that cannot be broken ever.' 🇮🇳🇺🇸 US Navy singing a popular Hindi tune @USNavyCNO 's dinner last night! https://t.co/hfzXsg0cAr |language=en |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418015401/https://twitter.com/SandhuTaranjitS/status/1375937058229919744 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The video of the band members singing surfaced on [[Twitter]] and received praise and nostalgia from [[Shahrukh Khan]], [[A. R. Rahman]] and netizens alike.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |author=A.R.Rahman #99Songs 😷 |user=arrahman |number=1376185252931006470 |date=28 March 2021 |title=Swades rules for ever🌹@AshGowariker #sharukhkhan @Javedakhtarjadu https://t.co/DGgN5xRsEp |language=en |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417105148/https://twitter.com/arrahman/status/1376185252931006470 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |author=Shah Rukh Khan |user=iamsrk |number=1376575116931293187 |date=29 March 2021 |title=Thank u for sharing this sir. How lovely. Git all nostalgic about the time spent making this beautiful film and belief sung in the song. Thanx @AshGowariker @RonnieScrewvala @arrahman &amp; everyone who made it possible. https://t.co/rFRKcHTDCg |language=en |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013317/https://twitter.com/iamsrk/status/1376575116931293187 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Tamil version===<br /> The Tamil soundtrack under the title ''Desam''&lt;ref name=&quot;Mathai2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Kamini Mathai|title=A.R. Rahman: The Musical Storm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfCTmjEAChIC&amp;pg=PA256|year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08371-8|pages=256–}}&lt;/ref&gt; was composed by A.R. Rahman. All Lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]. According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 13,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the eleventh highest-selling of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&amp;catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&amp;catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&amp;PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;tracklist wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thirukona Moolam&quot; || [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Master Vignesh, Baby Pooja || 7:13<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kaaviriya Kaaviriya&quot; || [[Madhushree]], [[Alka Yagnik]] (humming) || 5:17<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Unnai Kelai&quot; || [[T. L. Maharajan]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 7:28<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Unthan Desathin Kural&quot; || [[A. R. Rahman]] || 6:28<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thai Sonna&quot; || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Madhushree || 6:35<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mazhai Mega Vanna&quot; || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] || 6:50<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kettenaa Naan&quot; || [[Mohammed Aslam]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] || 5:46<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Unthan Desathin Kural&quot; ([[Shehnai]]) ||[[Madhukar T. Dhumal (musician)|Madhukar T. Dhumal]] || 4:00<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> <br /> ===Critical reception===<br /> The film received universal critical acclaim and went on to become a cult classic, and Khan's performance as Mohan Bhargava is considered one of his best to date.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediffswades&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-10-best-bollywood-movies-of-the-decade/20110112.htm|title=10 Best Bollywood Movies of the Decade|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|work=Rediff.com|access-date=27 June 2011|archive-date=21 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152447/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-10-best-bollywood-movies-of-the-decade/20110112.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Subhash K. Jha of ''Indiatimes Movies'' gave the film 4.5 stars out of 5 and said, &quot;''Swades'' is a unique experiment with grassroots realism. It is so politically correct in its propagandist message that initially you wonder if the [[Government of India]] funded the director's dream.&quot;{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> [[Mayank Shekhar]] from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave it 4 stars, stating, &quot;I cannot think of a better film for the longest that deserved a stronger recommendation for both touring cinemas of India's villages, and plush multiplexes of [[Mumbai]] or [[Manhattan]].&quot;{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> Jitesh Pillai of the ''[[The Times of India|Sunday Times of India]]'' gave the film 4 stars and said &quot;After ''Lagaan'', what? The answer's blowing in the wind. ''Swades''! Here's the verdict: This is a gutsy and outstanding film. Welcome back to real, solid film-making.&quot; He added, &quot;''Swades'' is undoubtedly the No. 1 movie of the year.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Jitesh |date=2004-12-22 |title=Swades |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/swades/articleshow/967454.cms |access-date=2023-02-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221090021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/swades/articleshow/967454.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shradha Sukumaran of ''Mid-Day'' gave it 3.5 stars and said, &quot;At the end of it, ''Swades'' is a far braver film than ''Lagaan''. It could have hit the high note – if it hadn't tried so hard.&quot;{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> Avijit Ghosh wrote in ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'', &quot;With its gentle humour, the film acts as an entertaining vehicle for social change. And hopefully, it will do more for positive nationalism than the Union government's Directorate of Audio Visual Publicity (DAVP) ads ever will.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041224/asp/etc/story_4157321.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124183938/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041224/asp/etc/story_4157321.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 January 2005 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=A film that dares | date=24 December 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Box office===<br /> ''Swades'' earned {{INRConvert|15.25|c}} net box office in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficeindia.com&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132208/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&amp;catName=MjAwNA== Boxofficeindia.com]. Web.archive.org (14 October 2013). Retrieved on 2015-03-30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;box office&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130926064255/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=337&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWUgSW4gSU5EIFJz Boxofficeindia.com]. Web.archive.org (26 September 2013). Retrieved on 2015-03-30.&lt;/ref&gt; In the overseas market, the film made $2,790,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Overseas |url-status=usurped |language=en |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006052405/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=308&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |archive-date=6 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It had a lifetime worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|34.64|c}}. The film topped the box office in [[Chennai]] on its opening weekend.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=plupkqedagfhg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909004621/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=plupkqedagfhg|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-09-09|title=Chennai Box Office – sify.com (1970)|website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> [[File:Shahrukh Khan 2004.jpg|thumb|Shah Rukh Khan at Kennedy Space Center in [[Merritt Island]], [[Florida]]. Khan earned critical acclaim for his portrayal of a NASA Scientist in this film]]<br /> <br /> === [[National Film Awards]] ===<br /> * [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – Udit Narayan for &quot;Yeh Taara Woh Taara&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last= Suhasini | first= Lalitha | title= Destiny's child | url= http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=139917 | date= 19 July 2005 | work= The Indian Express | publisher= Pune Newsline | access-date= 25 April 2009 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130813044517/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=139917 | archive-date= 13 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] – [[Mahesh Aney]]<br /> <br /> === [[Global Indian Film Awards]] ===<br /> * [[Global Indian Film Awards#2005 Awards|Best Actor]] – Shahrukh Khan<br /> * [[Global Indian Film Awards#2005 Awards|Best Newcomer]] – Gayatri Joshi<br /> <br /> === [[Zee Cine Awards]] ===<br /> * Best Director (Critics) – Ashutosh Gowariker<br /> *[[Zee Cine Award Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] – Gayatri Joshi{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<br /> * Best Story – Ashutosh Gowariker<br /> *Best Sound Re-recording – Hitendra Ghosh<br /> <br /> === [[Star Screen Awards]] ===<br /> * [[Star Screen Award Most Promising Newcomer – Female|Most Promising Female Newcomer]] – Gayatri Joshi<br /> <br /> === [[Stardust Awards]] ===<br /> * [[Stardust Award for Dream Director|Dream Director]] – Ashutosh Gowariker<br /> <br /> === [[Bollywood Movie Awards]] ===<br /> * Best Female Debut – Gayatri Joshi<br /> <br /> === Film Café Awards ===<br /> * Best Actor – Shahrukh Khan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Film Cafe: Winners|publisher=BBC Radio|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/filmcafe_awards_index.shtml|access-date=28 July 2008|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212205326/https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/filmcafe_awards_index.shtml|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === [[50th Filmfare Awards]]&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; ===<br /> '''Won'''<br /> <br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Shah Rukh Khan]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]] – [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> <br /> '''Nominated'''<br /> <br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – Javed Akhtar for &quot;Yeh Taara Woh Taara&quot;<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Udit Narayan]] and Master Vignesh for &quot;Yeh Taara Woh Taara&quot;<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – Alka Yagnik for &quot;Saawariya&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> The character of Mohan Bhargav, played by Khan, was reprised again in ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''. Director [[Ayan Mukerji]] confirmed that it is the same character from ''Swades''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hazra |first=Priya |date=19 September 2022 |title=SRK's Character In 'Brahmastra' Is Actually Mohan Bhargav From 'Swadesh, Confirms Ayan Mukerji |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-character-in-brahmastra-is-mohan-bhargav-swades/ |publisher=[[ScoopWhoop]] |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206143716/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-character-in-brahmastra-is-mohan-bhargav-swades/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Samaiya |first=Praneet |title=Ayan Mukerji Confirms That Shah Rukh Khan's Character In Brahmastra Is Mohan Bhargav From Swades |url=https://www.cine-tales.com/ayan-mukerji-shah-rukh-khan-brahmastra-mohan-bhargav-swades/#:~:text=SRK%20Played%20The%20Role%20Of%20Scientist%20Mohan%20Bhargav&amp;text='%20Many%20fans%20speculated%20that%20Shah,%2C%20in%20fact%2C%20'true. |date=21 September 2022 |publisher=Cine-tales.com |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212205328/https://www.cine-tales.com/ayan-mukerji-shah-rukh-khan-brahmastra-mohan-bhargav-swades/#:~:text=SRK%20Played%20The%20Role%20Of%20Scientist%20Mohan%20Bhargav&amp;text='%20Many%20fans%20speculated%20that%20Shah,%2C%20in%20fact%2C%20'true. |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pall |first=Omair |date=18 September 2022 |title=Ayan Mukerji Confirms Shah Rukh Khan's Mohan Bhargav From 'Brahmastra' Is Not A Coincidence! |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/38741/ayan-mukerji-confirms-shah-rukh-khans-mohan-bhargav-from-brahmastra-is-not-a-coincidence |publisher=[[Mashable]] |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206143719/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/38741/ayan-mukerji-confirms-shah-rukh-khans-mohan-bhargav-from-brahmastra-is-not-a-coincidence |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2023 film [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']], Khan's character Azad is raised by a character named Kaveri after his parents are presumed dead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ashutosh-gowariker-on-swades-references-in-jawan-brahmastra-its-flattering-8991250/ | title=Ashutosh Gowariker on Swades references in Jawan, Brahmastra: 'It's flattering' | date=19 October 2023 | access-date=1 February 2024 | archive-date=1 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201060433/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ashutosh-gowariker-on-swades-references-in-jawan-brahmastra-its-flattering-8991250/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Swadeshi movement]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0367110|Swades}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes|swades}}<br /> * {{Mojo title|swades}}<br /> * [http://www.swades.com Official site]<br /> <br /> ===Reviews===<br /> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/12/swades_review.shtml BBC review] – ''[[BBC]]''<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070303074348/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/963944.cms Times of India review] – ''[[Times of India]]''<br /> <br /> {{UTV Movies}}<br /> {{Ashutosh Gowariker}}<br /> {{A. R. Rahman}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2004 films]]<br /> [[Category:English-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ashutosh Gowariker]]<br /> [[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2004 English-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2004 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Films about social issues in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Wai, Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Films about child labour]]<br /> [[Category:English-language drama films]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sathankulam_Assembly_constituency&diff=462559 2026-02-26T16:57:28Z

<p>Timothyves: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | established = 1951<br /> | district = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Tiruchendur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchendur]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | name = Sathankulam<br /> | electors= 1,30,239<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished= 2008<br /> }}<br /> '''Sathankulam''' was an assembly constituency located in [[Thoothukudi district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It fell under [[Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency]]. It was one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;|'''Madras State'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[K. T. Kosalram]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | [[S. P. Adithanar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | K. T. Kosalram<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1967<br /> | [[Martin (Sathankulam MLA)|Martin]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;|'''Tamil Nadu'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[K. P. Kandasamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[R. Jebamani]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[S. N. Ramasamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | S. N. Ramasamy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[Kumari Ananthan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | Kumari Ananthan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[S. S. Mani Nadar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | S. S. Mani Nadar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2003<br /> | [[Neelamega Varnam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[Rani Venkatesan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2006=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rani Venkatesan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,446 |percentage=52.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Nazareth Durai |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,938 |percentage=34.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Diamond Raja |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,827 |percentage=4.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthu Ramalingam |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=2,867 |percentage=3.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Siva Subramanian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,883 |percentage=2.16% |change=-39.81% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangaraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,544 |percentage=1.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Jesubaskar |party=Independent politician |votes=582 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ponpandi |party=Independent politician |votes=280 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Micheal Antony Ainrose |party=Independent politician |votes=184 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=182 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sugumaran |party=Independent politician |votes=162 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,508 |percentage=17.82% |change=10.38% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=87,035 |percentage=66.83% |change= 21.54% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,30,239 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 2.80% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2002 by-election===<br /> {{excerpt|2002–03 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|Sathankulam}}<br /> ===2001=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Mani Nadar]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=38,308 |percentage=49.42% |change=-5.10% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. N. Rajakkannan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,542 |percentage=41.98% |change=32.36% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Stalin |party=Independent politician |votes=2,600 |percentage=3.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Emi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,079 |percentage=2.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. J. Paul |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=709 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Santhakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=362 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. B. Jayaprakash Narayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=247 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Johnjebaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=220 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Esakkimuthunadar |party=Independent politician |votes=166 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Augustine Ebenezer |party=Independent politician |votes=161 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Pandi |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,766 |percentage=7.44% |change=-23.56% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=77,521 |percentage=45.28% |change= -8.46% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,481 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -5.10% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Mani Nadar]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=44,376 |percentage=54.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Kasi Anantham |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,140 |percentage=23.51% |change=-48.58% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. S. Rajagopal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,832 |percentage=9.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. M. Shanmughanathan |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,738 |percentage=5.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Siva Subramanian |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,005 |percentage=3.69% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Gopalasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=968 |percentage=1.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Jegadeesan |party=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=496 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Paramasivan |party=Independent politician |votes=184 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Rathnakar |party=Independent politician |votes=126 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sundar @ Rajeswaran |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Krishnapandian |party=Independent politician |votes=80 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,236 |percentage=31.00% |change=-17.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=81,403 |percentage=53.75% |change= 5.91% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,799 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -17.58% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kumari Ananthan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,719 |percentage=72.09% |change=43.44% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Ganesa Pandiyan |party=Janata Dal |votes=16,894 |percentage=23.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thalavan |party=Janata Party |votes=2,596 |percentage=3.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivasubbu |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=309 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ulagu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=193 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Soosai Gurunathan |party=Independent politician |votes=179 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jebamani |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=David Rajaya |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,825 |percentage=48.99% |change=47.61% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=73,130 |percentage=47.84% |change= -16.32% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,063 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 43.44% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kumari Ananthan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,913 |percentage=28.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Durai Raj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,717 |percentage=27.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Subramania Athithan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,127 |percentage=23.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. G. Jayasingh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,569 |percentage=15.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Arasuraja |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,891 |percentage=3.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Aelvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,063 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. K. Balasubramanian |party=India Farmers and Tailers Party |votes=217 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Pandaram |party=Independent politician |votes=122 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Suriamuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=77 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ratnam |party=Independent politician |votes=52 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,196 |percentage=1.38% |change=-10.83% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=86,968 |percentage=64.16% |change= 4.80% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,325 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |swing= -25.05% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. N. Ramasamy]] |party=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |votes=37,892 |percentage=53.69% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Ganesapandian |party=Janata Party |votes=29,275 |percentage=41.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thangarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,431 |percentage=2.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Soorimuthu Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=597 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ganapathi Andi |party=Independent politician |votes=516 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan Alias Durai Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=511 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. T. Jayapal |party=Independent politician |votes=351 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,617 |percentage=12.21% |change=10.52% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,573 |percentage=59.36% |change= 10.32% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,821 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |loser=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |swing= 12.46% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. N. Ramasamy]] |party=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |votes=24,700 |percentage=41.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Dhanuskodi Athithan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,688 |percentage=39.55% |change=14.08% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Ganesa Pandiyan |party=Janata Party |votes=10,349 |percentage=17.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Raja Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=695 |percentage=1.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Subrammaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=260 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Savarimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=208 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,012 |percentage=1.69% |change=0.42% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=59,900 |percentage=49.04% |change= -0.69% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,284 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= 13.87% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Jebamani]] |party=Janata Party |votes=18,362 |percentage=27.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Adithanar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=17,507 |percentage=26.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Selvarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,091 |percentage=25.47% |change=-18.66% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Nellai Nedumaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,879 |percentage=16.21% |change=-35.51% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Syed Shahul Hameed |party=Independent politician |votes=2,274 |percentage=3.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kandiah |party=Independent politician |votes=988 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=855 |percentage=1.27% |change=-6.32% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=67,101 |percentage=49.72% |change= -20.81% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,771 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -24.36% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Kandasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,510 |percentage=51.72% |change=6.45% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Martin (Sathankulam Mla)|T. Martin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,592 |percentage=44.13% |change=-8.38% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramiah |party=Independent politician |votes=2,687 |percentage=4.15% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,918 |percentage=7.59% |change=0.35% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=64,789 |percentage=70.53% |change= 3.38% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,967 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.79% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Martin (Sathankulam Mla)|T. Martin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,143 |percentage=52.51% |change=-15.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Adithanar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,846 |percentage=45.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Poovalingam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,317 |percentage=2.22% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,297 |percentage=7.25% |change=-33.84% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=59,306 |percentage=67.15% |change= 1.35% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,835 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.90% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. T. Kosalram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,428 |percentage=68.42% |change=29.92% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Rajsingh |party=We Tamils |votes=17,351 |percentage=27.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selladurai Valllikutti |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,698 |percentage=4.25% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,077 |percentage=41.08% |change=21.85% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,477 |percentage=65.80% |change= 8.25% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,249 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 10.68% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===1957=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattangulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. B. Aadityan |party=Independent politician |votes=33,636 |percentage=57.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kandasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,429 |percentage=38.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arunachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,115 |percentage=1.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. V. Athimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,083 |percentage=1.86% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,207 |percentage=19.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=58,263 |percentage=57.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,233 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sattankulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. T. Kosalram|Kosalram]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,498 |percentage=36.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Meganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,615 |percentage=28.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayaraj Nadar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,071 |percentage=23.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohammad Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=4,078 |percentage=11.90% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,883 |percentage=8.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=34,262 |percentage=51.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,988 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|8.44|77.91|display=title}}<br /> {{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Thoothukudi district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._N._Podar_School&diff=527697 2026-02-22T12:13:15Z

<p>Timothyves: created a post added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = R. N. Podar School<br /> | image = R.N Podar School Logo.jpg<br /> | motto = Nurturing the future. Since 1927<br /> | established = 1998<br /> | affiliation image =<br /> | grades = 1 - 12<br /> | head_label = Principal<br /> | head = [[Avnita Bir]]<br /> | type = [[Private School|Private]] [[Day school]]<br /> | gender = [[Co-educational]]<br /> | location = [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.rnpodarschool.com}} <br /> }}<br /> '''Ramniranjan Podar Senior Secondary School''', also known as '''R N Podar School''', is a [[private school]] located in the [[Santacruz, Mumbai#Santacruz (West)|Santacruz West]] neighbourhood of [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It is a [[day school]] with morning and afternoon shifts. The school has 2,700 students and is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]. It is a front runner in the reforms process, a case study at [[IIM Ahmedabad]] and a pilot for policy initiatives of CBSE. The Director-Principal of the school is [[Avnita Bir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-17 |title=Teachers honoured in Sangam city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/teachers-honoured-in-sangam-city/articleshow/106056405.cms |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> [[File:R.N PODAR SCHOOL BUILDING.jpg|thumb|right|School building]]<br /> <br /> RN Podar was established in 1927 in [[Bombay City]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]. The Podar Education Network (incorporated in 1927) educates 50,000 students through 40 schools across India. Some other institutes established by the society in Mumbai include [[Lilavatibai Podar High School]] (ICSE), [[Podar International School]] (IB), Podar World College, Podar International School (SSC) and Podar Prep.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/8-rn-podar-school/story-qLpMy2h1GpI0NQGxOEPWfI.html|title=8. RN Podar School|date=2017-09-18|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-10-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Achievements and academics==<br /> <br /> ===Academics===<br /> In the class 12 AISSCE board examinations (2012–13), 62.9% of the school's students secured an overall percentage of over 90%, while 32.4% fared in the range of 80-90%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/CBSE-students-raise-the-bar-and-scores/Article1-701233.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151909/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/CBSE-students-raise-the-bar-and-scores/Article1-701233.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 May 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times |title=CBSE students raise the bar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sports and Co-curriculars===<br /> The school's [[Association football|football]] team starred in a promotion bid to division III&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Anirudha Nandi stars in R. N. Podar's promotion bid|url=http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2012/oct/171012-Anirudha-Nandi-stars-in-RN-Podars-promotion-bid.htm|publisher=Mid Day}}&lt;/ref&gt; of Mumbai School Sports Association [[Sports league|under 16]] tournament in 2012, the first time in five years. Also, the under 14 team were ranked 2nd in division III subsequently qualifying for div II. In a national level essay writing competition &quot;Gurutsav&quot; organised by [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] on the eve of [[teacher's day]], two students from the secondary section, having lost,&lt;ref name='w'&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://180.149.247.102/in/MHRD/Final%20Result%20-%20Gurutsav,%202014.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 December 2014 |archive-date=16 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316092229/http://180.149.247.102/in/MHRD/Final%20Result%20-%20Gurutsav,%202014.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; got their essays published in an e-book.&lt;ref name=&quot;n&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cbse.nic.in/publications/gurutsav/ebookweb/gurutsav%20e-book/Gurutsav%202014.html|title = CBSE - Central Board of Secondary Education}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Microsoft Mentor School==<br /> <br /> Microsoft has conferred the school with the ‘Microsoft Mentor School Award’ globally which included the principal's participation at the Partners in Learning Global Forum 2014 in Spain. The award recognizes schools that are using cutting-edge technology to improve student outcomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pil-network.com/Forums/MentorSchools/Barcelona2014/USA |title=Microsoft Educator Network - Professional Development : Overview : Meet the Microsoft Mentor Schools |accessdate=2014-05-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530072023/http://www.pil-network.com/Forums/MentorSchools/Barcelona2014/USA |archivedate=2014-05-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Microsoft Mentor School Award.jpg|thumb|right|Principal Mrs. Avnita Bir with Microsoft Mentor School Award Certificate.]]<br /> <br /> ==Ashoka Changemaker School==<br /> <br /> Ashoka Innovators for Public, as a part of its global initiative &quot;Changemaker Schools program&quot; has selected R. N. Podar School (CBSE) as a changemaker school.&lt;ref name=&quot;k&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://india.ashoka.org/ashoka-announces-its-first-cohort-changemaker-schools-india|title = Home &amp;#124; Ashoka &amp;#124; Everyone a Changemaker}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://india.ashoka.org/rn-podar-school-mumbai-0|title=Home &amp;#124; Ashoka &amp;#124; Everyone a Changemaker}}&lt;/ref&gt; The chief motive of this initiative is to bring together the best practices and innovations on a common platform thereby facilitating a greater collaboration, both locally and globally. The school's impact on social as well as academic fronts has been acknowledged.<br /> <br /> ==Education World Ranking 2015==<br /> <br /> The school has been ranked as No. 1&lt;ref name=&quot;25A1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationworld.in/institute/r-n-podar-school.html |title=R n podar school :: Educationworld.in43:02 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320034301/http://www.educationworld.in/institute/r-n-podar-school.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; day school on the category of Leadership, Management &amp; Academic reputation, in the Education World India School Rankings 2015.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.rnpodarschool.com/home.html}}<br /> * [https://archive.today/20130126084512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/mumbai/31016348_1_british-students-share-notes-social-networking Times of India article]<br /> * [https://archive.today/20130126113421/http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/PUBLICATIONS/HT/HM/2012/02/20/ArticleHtmls/From-books-to-blogs-20022012006001.shtml?Mode=1 Hindustan Times article]<br /> * [https://archive.today/20130208082948/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/CBSE-reforms-a-success/Article1-704284.aspx Hindustan Times article]<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Mumbai topics}}<br /> <br /> * [http://khabarlazmi.in/ Khabarlazmi News]<br /> <br /> ==Categories==<br /> <br /> [[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:1998 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surendranagar_district&diff=451104 2026-02-14T11:00:32Z

<p>Timothyves: Revised and enhanced article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Surendranagar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Surendranagar district<br /> | native_name = <br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Gujarat|District]] of [[Gujarat]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> |size = 250<br /> |photo1a = Chotila - Chamunda Devi Temple, Gujarat - India (3417734864).jpg<br /> |photo2a = Temple near Shakti Mata temple at the bank of Patdi Talao DSCN3867 1.jpg<br /> |photo1b=<br /> |photo2b=<br /> }}<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = clockwise from top left: Chamunda Devi Temple, [[Chotila]]; Halvad palace, Man Mehalat Palace; Shakti Mata temple, [[Patdi]]<br /> | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q237535|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Surendranagar District}}<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|region:IN-GJ|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Region<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 10489<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 547<br /> | population_total = 1,585,268<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 363001<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 02752<br /> | registration_plate = GJ 13<br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Surendranagar]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = 0.924 [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = 72.13%[http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php census of 2011]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://surendranagar.nic.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | image_map1 = Surendranagar in Gujarat (India).svg<br /> | map_caption1 = Location of district in Gujarat<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Surendranagar district''' is an administrative district in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] of [[Gujarat]] state in India.&lt;ref&gt;https://surendranagardp.gujarat.gov.in/en/home {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has a population of approximately 1.7 million people. [[Surendranagar Dudhrej|Surendranagar]], along with the twin city of [[Wadhwan]], has a total of 400,000 inhabitants, and is known as &quot;Camp&quot;.<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> Surendranagar district takes its name from its headquarters Surendranagar. Originally it was the place where the British political agent for [[Wadhwan State|Wadhwan]] lived and became known as Wadhwan Camp. After the agent left in 1946, Wadhwan Camp was renamed after Surendrasinhji Jorawarsinhji (1922–1983), then-ruler of Wadhwan, and became known as Surendranagar. Even today the city is still called the 'Camp' locally from its old name.<br /> <br /> The district overall, when the various princely states had been merged, was known as 'Jhalavad', the land of the Jhala Rajputs, who held many of the states. Their name derives from an apocryphal incident in the palace of Harpaldev, their ancestor. A wild elephant had burst into a courtyard where his children were playing, but their mother managed to fend off the elephant and rescue the children. As she held them, they received the name 'Jhala'from the Gujarati word ''Jhalavun'' (to hold).&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{See|Kingdom of Jhalavad}}<br /> Several small-scale archaeological expeditions in the district have found only a few traces of prehistoric man. Tools from the Late Stone Age were found in Sejakpur in [[Sayla Taluka|Sayla taluk]] in 1957–58. Near [[Rangpur, Gujarat|Rangpur]] in 1931 was found a Harappan site, the first Harappan site found in Gujarat and evidence that the Indus Valley civilization extended to Saurasthra. In fact, Rangpur was the first site found that lasted longer than the Harappan civilization itself. However, it seems Rangpur was not a major commercial centre since no seals were found here.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The early history of this district is unclear, but most likely follows the same pattern as the other districts of Saurashtra. The district was probably ruled by the Mauryas, then Indo-Greeks. Afterwards it was ruled by the Western Satraps, and then by the Gurjara-Pratiharas. Eventually the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]] took over, and after they were destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate, it became part of their empire. In 1407, the governors of Gujarat declared their independence, and Surendranagar became part of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. After 1573, Gujarat was annexed into the Mughal Empire and Surendranagar became part of the [[Gujarat under the Mughal Empire|Gujarat Subah]]. However, on the group control of the district rested with numerous kings and landlords with estates of various sizes, and this continued until the British period.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There were several states in the district during the British period: states such as [[Dhrangadhra State|Dhrangadhra]], Wadhwan, and [[Limbdi State|Limbdi]] were ruled by the jhala Rajputs, formerly known as Makwanas. They claim descent from Harpaldev, son of Kesar Makwana whose wife was daughter of celebrated Chaulukya ruler Karandev solanki. Harpaldev received 1800 villages from Karandev solanki for his valour.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The state of [[Bajana, Surendranagar district|Bajana]] was founded by Malik Haider Khan, a Jat leader driven out of Sindh who was given land by the Gujarat sultans. Dasada was ruled by Multani Maliks descended from a Thanedar during the reign of [[Ahmad Shah I]].&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Dhandhalapur was ruled first by the Babarias, but in 1790 they were displaced by the Khadvads. Lakhtar was founded when a son of the Raja of Halvad received the village from the chief of [[Dhrangadhra]]. The rulers of Limbdi claimed descent from Harpaldev.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Thangadh]] was originally ruled by the [[Babaria|Babariyas]]. They were ousted by the Parmars, who migrated from [[Tharparkar]] and were given land by the Vaghelas of [[Wadhwan State|Wadhwan]]. After the Parmars came the Kathis, who made Than their headquarters. However Kartalab Khan, governor of Gujarat, dispersed the Kathis and destroyed their Surya temple. Than remained in Muslim hands until the fading of Mughal power, when the jhala of Halvad took it over.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> [[File:Gate at Zinzuwada Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Gate at [[Zinzuwada]], Gujarat, India|left]]In the past, Surendranagar was used by colonialists as a [[hill station]], because of its dry environment that was believed in contemporary medicine to be beneficial for some physical as well as mental ailments. Surendranagar's dry air is still believed to be the best place in Gujarat to cure [[tuberculosis]] patients.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}<br /> <br /> District capital Surendranagar, which lies under [[Municipality]] body is suffering from poor condition of roads and the two [[Causeway]]s which join both the sides of city divided by [[Bhogavo River]]. [[Municipality]] body of city is considered to be a candidate for status of [[Municipal Corporation]] for a long time but due to some political reasons it never happen. It has the second highest number of educational institutes per capita.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Many newspapers are published from Surendranagar in Gujarat.<br /> <br /> ===Businesses{{Anchor|SME's}}===<br /> Many [[small and medium enterprises]] and industries are present, including [[confectionery]], [[Pottery|ceramics]], [[pharmaceuticals]], engineering plastics, bearings and salt production. [[Wadhwan|Wadhwan City]] is a major trade and processing centre for agricultural products, cotton, salt, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and plastics, textile bearings, ceramics, and sanitary ware.<br /> <br /> ===Natural resources{{Anchor|Cotton &amp; salt}}===<br /> Nearly 25 percent of India's salt supply comes from mining in the Surendranagar area.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} There are miles of ''Agar'' ([[Dry lake|Salt pan]]s), especially in the [[Kharaghoda]] area.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} High-quality salt is produced in Zinzuwada, a desert area.<br /> <br /> ===Textiles===<br /> Surendranagar is a hub of [[cotton]] and [[Cotton ginning|ginning]] activities in India, with a large number of ginning and pressing units. It is one of the largest producers of quality ''Shankar'' cotton in world.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}<br /> <br /> Surendranagar City is also home to a big textile and clothing market, specialising in [[sari]]s. Large clothing showrooms are located in the city on Jawahar Road and Vithal Press Road.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Surendranagar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,756,268, with 909,917 males and 846,351 females&lt;ref name=districtcensus&gt;{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Surendranagar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/406/download/1272/DH_2011_2408_PART_A_DCHB_SURENDRANAGAR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; roughly equal to the nation of [[The Gambia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Gambia, The 1,797,860 July 2011 est.<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; or the US state of [[Nebraska]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011| quote =Nebraska 1,826,341<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; This gives it a ranking of 274th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 15.89%.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; Surendranagar has a [[sex ratio]] of 929 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 73.19%.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt;<br /> <br /> The divided district had a population of 1,585,268, of which 464,892 (29.33%) lived in urban areas. The divided district had a sex ratio of 929 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 168,183 (10.61%) and 21,151 (1.33%) of the population respectively.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Surendranagar district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#FCD116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Gujarati Muslims|Islam]]|green|6.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Jainism in Gujarat|Jains]]|pink|1.43}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.20}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Hindus are 1,455,009 (91.78%) while Muslims are 104,495 (6.59%) and Jains 22,679 (1.43%).&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caste wise residents include [[Brahmin]], [[Rajput]], [[Patels]], [[Koli people|Koli]], [[Vankar]] as well as significant numbers of [[Bharvad]], [[Rabari]], [[Lohar (caste)|Luhar]] [[Sutradhar (caste)|Suthar]], [[Kansara]], [[Mochi]] and [[Sathwara]].<br /> <br /> At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] was the predominant language, spoken by 98.77% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;language&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Politics==<br /> {{transcluded section|source=15th Gujarat Assembly}} <br /> {{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|MLA Header}}<br /> {{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|Surendranagar district}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> [[File:Tarnetar Fair 09.jpg|thumb|A man in traditional costumes during [[Tarnetar]] fair.]]<br /> Raj-Rajeshwari Temple, on National Highway Number 8 near Limbdi, is a large area of residences, hospitals, and schools. The temple features an exhibition of yoga performed by ''Rishiji''. This temple has temples to three major gods—[[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva|Mahesh]]—inside. It is the only such temple in Gujarat. The temple is noted for its architecture. ''(lack of info. Cannot find it via googlemap)''<br /> <br /> Trimandir - A very big temple known as the ‘Trimandir’ by Param Pujya [[Dada Bhagwan]] houses Lord [[Simandhar Swami]], Shiv Swaroop, Krishna Bhagwan, other celestial deities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.trimandir.org/list-of-trimandirs/surendranagar-trimandir/|title=The Surendranagar Trimandir|access-date=2018-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The famous kund known as &quot;Gangavo&quot; is located in Dedadara village. It was built in the 11th century.<br /> <br /> Main Jain Temple, which is in the heart of the city, of Sri Vasupujyaswami Bhahvan is more than 100 years old.<br /> <br /> ===Legends===<br /> ====Ranakadevi====<br /> {{Main|Ranakdevi}}<br /> According to legend, during the siege of Junagadh, [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] fell in love with the queen of [[Khengara (12th century king)|Khengara]], Ranakdevi. He attacked Junagadh and killed Ra'Khengar to claim the fort and the queen, but she refused and fled. She escaped from the city towards the River Bhogaavo. After a long chase, she gave up and instead of becoming the queen of Junagadh she sacrificed her life by forming [[Sati (practice)|sati]] on the banks of Bhogavo River, near the city of [[Wadhwan]]. However, before she died she cursed that the river would not flow beyond that spot.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} There is a temple in honour of Ranakdevi on the banks of the river.<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> * [[Anil Chavda]], a Gujarati poet, was born here.<br /> * [[Dalpatram]] (1820–1898), a [[Gujarati language]] poet was born in Wadhwan city of Surendranagar district.<br /> * [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] (1896–1947), poet, litterateur, social reformer and freedom fighter. Born in [[Chotila]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Jhaverchand Meghani – Life Part-1 : 1896–1922 | publisher = Nanak Meghani | url = http://jhaverchandmeghani.com/life-1.htm | access-date = 20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Shahabuddin Rathod]], a Gujarati comedian, hails from this district.<br /> * [[Vipul K. Rawal]], a Hindi film writer was born in Surendranagar.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}<br /> * [[Sukhlal Sanghvi]] (1880–1978), [[Jain]] scholar and philosopher. Born in [[Limbdi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last =Mohan Lal |title =Encyclopaedia of Indian literature, Volume 5| publisher =Sahitya Akademi| year =2006 | location =New Delhi | ISBN =81-260-1221-8}} p.&amp;nbsp;4215&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Surendranagar city]]<br /> * [[Surendranagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * [https://surendranagar.nic.in/ Official website]<br /> * [http://surendranagar.gujarat.gov.in/ Surendranagar Collectorate]<br /> * {{osmrelation-inline|1953043}}<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Centre = Surendranagar district<br /> |North = <br /> |Northeast = [[Patan district]] &lt;br&gt; [[Mahesana district]]<br /> |East = <br /> |Southeast = [[Ahmedabad district]]<br /> |South = [[Bhavnagar district]]<br /> |Southwest = [[Rajkot district]]<br /> |West = <br /> |Northwest = [[Kutch district]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Gujarat}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Surendranagar District}}<br /> [[Category:Surendranagar district| ]]<br /> [[Category:Districts of Gujarat]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soundaryan&diff=445259 2026-02-13T07:02:50Z

<p>Timothyves: revise</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian music composer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Soundaryan<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | image_size =<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | birth_date =<br /> | origin =<br /> | occupation = [[Composer|Film music composer]], [[music director]]<br /> | years_active = 1991-present<br /> | label =<br /> | genre = Film Score<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Soundaryan''' is an Indian [[music composer]], who works in Tamil films. A former ad-jingles composer, he made his debut in the film ''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]'' (1991) and then made a breakthrough with his work in ''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]'' (1994).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYRErh35mfs|title=நீங்க Music Director ஆனது எப்படி? &amp;#124;Music Director Soundaryan Interview &amp;#124; Virunthinar Pakkam &amp;#124; JayaTv|date=10 December 2025|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Soundaryan began his career by working with [[K. S. Ravikumar]] on two successful films, ''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]'' (1991) and ''[[Putham Pudhu Payanam]]'' (1991). He subsequently composed songs for films with rural backdrops in the 1990s, winning acclaim for his work in ''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]'' (1994), ''[[Gopura Deepam]]'' (1997) and ''[[Cheran Chozhan Pandian]]'' (1998), before working on low budget films thereafter.<br /> <br /> Throughout the 2000s and 2010s, he has continued to work as a music composer, and recently worked on ''Nadhigal Nanaivadhillai'' (2014) and ''Nanaiyadha Mazhaiye'' (2016).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kodai-fm-tamil-new-year-day-programmes/article7097007.ece|title=Kodai FM Tamil New Year Day programmes|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|date=12 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> ===As composer===<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]'' (1991)<br /> *''[[Putham Pudhu Payanam]]'' (1991)<br /> *''[[Mudhal Seethanam]]'' (1992)<br /> *''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]'' (1994)<br /> *''[[Muthukulikka Vaariyala]]'' (1995)<br /> *''[[Maa Manithan (1995 film)|Maa Manithan]]'' (1995)<br /> *''[[Andha Naal (1996 film)|Andha Naal]]'' (1996)<br /> *''[[Take It Easy Urvashi]]'' (1996)<br /> *''[[Gopura Deepam]]'' (1997)000<br /> *''Conductor Mappillai'' (1997)<br /> *''[[Ponmaanai Thedi]]'' (1998)<br /> *''[[Cheran Chozhan Pandian]]'' (1998)<br /> *''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]'' (2001)<br /> *''[[Kasimedu Govindan|Nearupoo]]'' (2001)<br /> *''[[Anbu Thollai]]'' (2003)<br /> *''[[Galatta Ganapathy]]'' (2003)<br /> *''[[Kadhale Jayam]]'' (2004)<br /> *''Mudhal Aasai'' (2005)<br /> *''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]'' (2005)<br /> *''[[Malarinum Melliya]]'' (2008)<br /> *''[[Nathikal Nanaivathillai]]'' (2014)<br /> *''Nanaiyadha Mazhaiye'' (2016)<br /> *''Ennam Puthu Vannam'' (2016)<br /> *''[[Puthiya Bruce Lee]]'' (2018)<br /> *''Pasakara Paya'' (2022)<br /> *''Porulu'' (2023)<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ===As lyricist===<br /> *''Putham Puthu Payanam'' - all songs<br /> *''Cheran Pandian'' - all songs<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Soundaryan}}<br /> [[Category:Tamil musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film score composers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film score composers]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_Mamas&diff=536532 2026-02-08T00:59:00Z

<p>Timothyves: new new page!</p> <hr /> <div>'''Solar Mamas''' is the affectionate name given to women from different countries who have had hands-on training as [[technician]]s on the solar programme at the [[Barefoot College]] based in India. These women, with little or no [[Education|formal education]] or [[literacy]], usually between 35 and 50 years old, with no young children, and coming from often impoverished [[rural area]]s, go on to assemble, install, repair and maintain [[solar panel]]s and equipment in their previously non-electrified villages. The women gain a sustainable income by doing this and have a new role in their communities beyond that of wife and mother, having given them the benefits of a safe, [[Sustainability|sustainable]] source of [[lighting]] for work, education and family life.<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> [[Barefoot College|The Barefoot College]] was established in [[India]] in 1997 by [[Bunker Roy]] and has as one of its goals to educate illiterate women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/bunker_roy_learning_from_a_barefoot_movement |title=Learning from a barefoot movement |date=2011-10-17 |last=Roy |first=Bunker |language=en |access-date=2025-02-02 |via=www.ted.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the start of 2025, the college's Solar programme had trained 3,500 rural women from 93 countries, so leading to 2.5 million more people having access to [[Solar energy|solar powered]] lighting than before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-22 |title=Barefoot College InternationalSolar {{!}} Barefoot College International |url=https://www.barefootcollege.org/solution/solar/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The women on the solar programme, who have not travelled or been away from their homes very much if at all before, attend six-month training courses where they learn how to build solar electrification systems, such as [[LED lamp]]s, [[charge controller]]s, home lighting systems and [[Solar lamp|solar lanterns]]. The programme links up with many different business partnerships so that the necessary hardware can be shipped to their villages for the women to set up on their return.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Solar Mamas: A Business Case Study For Pro-Bono Work |url=https://www.triplepundit.com/story/2019/solar-mamas-business-case-study-pro-bono-work/83326 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.triplepundit.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brands |first=Sustainable |date=2019-04-15 |title=Solar Mamas: Empowering Women to ‘Flip the Switch’ to Better Health, Renewable Energy |url=https://sustainablebrands.com/read/solar-mamas-empowering-women-to-flip-the-switch-to-better-health-renewable-energy |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Sustainable Brands |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=London |first=Ben |date=2023-08-08 |title=DP World &amp; Barefoot College International Renew ‘Solar Mamas’ - Senegal - DP World - Education |url=https://education.dpworld.com/dp-world-barefoot-college-international-renew-solar-mamas-senegal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102075450/https://education.dpworld.com/dp-world-barefoot-college-international-renew-solar-mamas-senegal/ |archive-date=2024-11-02 |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=DP World - Education |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As the women are unused to being in classrooms and yet find themselves in multi lingual, multi-cultural learning groups, the courses use teaching methods such as colour, pictures, gestures, practical experience and sign language to demystify technology and convey the skills required.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parvin Shaikh |first=Neda |date=2024-05-23 |title=Feminism in Practice: Learning from the Barefoot “Solar Mamas” |url=https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol26/iss3/14/ |journal=Journal of International Women's Studies |volume=26 |issue=3 |issn=1539-8706}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geographical spread ==<br /> There are now solar mamas in many countries. In [[Zanzibar]], for example, the Barefoot College has trained 65 women in solar engineering since 2015. They have in turn connected some 1,800 houses in nearly 30 villages to power.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mureithi |first=Carlos |date=2025-01-15 |title=‘Solar Mamas empower our people by giving them electricity’: the women lighting up Zanzibar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/15/solar-mamas-empower-our-people-by-giving-them-electricity-the-women-lighting-up-zanzibar |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Solar Mamas&quot; on the cover of Nature Energy – UsersTCP |url=https://userstcp.org/gender-energy/solar-mamas-on-the-cover-of-nature-energy/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mureithi |first=Carlos |date=24 January 2025 |title=Power play The Solar Mamas who are lighting up Zanzibar |work=[[The Guardian Weekly]] |pages=28}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are solar mamas in [[Malawi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the mamas fighting poverty through solar power |url=https://www.vsointernational.org/our-work/resilient-livelihoods/meet-the-solar-mamas |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=VSO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Botswana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-20 |title=Solar Mamas - Great Plains Foundation |url=https://greatplainsfoundation.com/solar-mamas/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-13 |title=Solar energy, the Barefoot College and Enel in Africa |url=https://www.enel.com/company/stories/articles/2018/04/energy-solar-barefoot-college-enel-in-africa |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.enel.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Senegal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senegal's Solar Mamas: Empower Women {{!}} DP World |url=https://www.dpworld.com/insights/our-stories/senegals-solar-mamas |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.dpworld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Jordan]], a film has been made about a [[Bedouin]] solar mama called [[Rafea: Solar Mama|Rafea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Özadalı |first=Bünyamin |title=Solar Mamas {{!}} Storyteller |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/solar-mamas-storyteller-55882 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Solar Mamas {{!}} Storyteller |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch 'Solar Mamas' by Mona Eldaief &amp; Jehane Noujaim |url=https://www.thewhy.dk/films/solar-mamas-2 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.thewhy.dk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women from the Pacific are also becoming solar mamas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-11-05 |title=Transforming Lives and Empowering Women through Lighting Up Communities with Solar Energy |url=https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2012/11/transforming-lives-and-empowering-women-through-lighting-up-communities-with-solar-energy |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=UN Women – Asia-Pacific |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are solar mamas in [[Nepal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Their Story |url=https://www.womenlighttheworld.org/their-story |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Women Light the World |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are now training centres too across India, Zanzibar, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Guatemala, Fiji and Senegal so that some of the women have less far to travel to receive the training.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magistretti |first=Bérénice |title=These &quot;Solar Mamas&quot; Are Trained As Engineers To Bring Power And Light To Their Villages |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/berenicemagistretti/2019/07/25/these-solar-mamas-are-trained-as-engineers-to-bring-power-and-light-to-their-villages/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Solar mamas are now included in case studies, articles and learning projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Case study: Solar Mamas |url=https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/gender-inclusive-technology/0/steps/224127 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=FutureLearn |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Michael |first=Kavya |last2=Ahlborg |first2=Helene |date=August 2024 |title=A conceptual analysis of gendered energy care work and epistemic injustice through a case study of Zanzibar’s Solar Mamas |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01539-1 |journal=Nature Energy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=947–954 |doi=10.1038/s41560-024-01539-1 |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=latinamerica-press-vol26-no26-july-14-1994-8-pp |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0564-0697 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Human Rights Documents online}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are also the subject of research.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Michael |first=Kavya |last2=Ahlborg |first2=Helene |date=August 2024 |title=A conceptual analysis of gendered energy care work and epistemic injustice through a case study of Zanzibar’s Solar Mamas |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01539-1 |journal=Nature Energy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=947–954 |doi=10.1038/s41560-024-01539-1 |issn=2058-7546|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sah |first=Sunita Kumari |date=2022 |title=Role of Gramin Bikas Bank to Empower the Women in Rural Areas of Nepal: A Case Study of Mirchaiya Municipality, Siraha District of Nepal |url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4126467 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4126467 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/283741 |title=India's development cooperation in Africa: The case of &quot;Solar Mamas&quot; who bring light |last=Vaidyanathan |first=Veda |date=2023 |publisher=WIDER Working Paper |issue=2023/45}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, researchers at [[Chalmers University of Technology]] in [[Sweden]], have studied their work. The solar programme, they say, addresses “the way patriarchal norms undermine women in their capacities as knowledgeable and competent individuals” and “breaks down stigmas and social barriers by showing that people without formal education can have the capacity to become experts and community leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ernström |first=Ulrika |date=2023-02-23 |title=The women who tear down power structures with solar energy |url=https://www.chalmers.se/en/current/news/tme-the-women-who-tear-down-power-structures-with-solar-energy/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.chalmers.se |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;”<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> ''DOÑA LUZ: Stories of Latin American Solar Mamas'' by Barefoot College and Rodrigo Paris (2020) BLURB Inc {{ISBN|9781715960711}}<br /> <br /> Parvin Shaikh, Neda (2024) &quot;Feminism in Practice: Learning from the Barefoot “Solar Mamas”,&quot; ''Journal of International Women's Studies'': Vol. 26: Issue. 3, Article 14.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Women in technology]]<br /> [[Category:Solar power]]<br /> [[Category:Women's education in India]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Ozario&diff=498617 2026-02-07T19:01:27Z

<p>Timothyves: Added page.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Konkani music composer (1949–2025)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Eric Ozario<br /> | image = Eric Ozario.jpg<br /> | caption = Ozario in 2012<br /> | birth_name = Eric Alexander Ozario<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1949|5|18|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2025|8|29|1949|5|18|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Mangaluru]], Karnataka, India<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Eric Alexander Ozario''' (18 May 1949 – 29 August 2025) was an Indian [[Konkani language|Konkani]] music composer, cultural activist, trade unionist and the founder of Mandd Sobhann, a leading Konkani [[cultural organization]]. He also founded Kalaangann, a Konkani heritage centre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='If identity is lost, everything is lost' |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/361228/if-identity-is-lost-everything-is-lost |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=[[Gulf Times]]|date=31 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Konkani heritage centre opens today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/konkani-heritage-centre-opens-today/articleshow/1992856989.cms |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 December 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ozario was instrumental in Konkani being approved as an optional language in school education in the state of [[Karnataka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Konkani may be third optional language |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/konkani-may-be-third-optional-language/articleshow/1248609.cms |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 September 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Konkani to be optional third language |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/konkani-to-be-optional-third-language/articleshow/1326126.cms |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 December 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Konkani language teaching awaits its first true test |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/konkani-language-teaching-awaits-its-first-true-test/articleshow/9310994.cms |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had also been the secretary general of the Jagotik Konknni Songhotton (JKS – Global Konkani Organisation) for many years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tomozinho Cardozo to head Jagotik Konknni Songhotton till August 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/tomozinho-cardozo-to-head-jagotik-konknni-songhotton-till-august-2015/articleshow/21896552.cms |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Release |first1=Press |title=Goan Jose Salvador Elected President of Jagotik Konknni Songhotton |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/goan-jose-salvador-elected-president-jagotik-konknni-songhotton/ |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=Mangalorean.com |date=30 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Ozario was born in 1949 in [[Mangalore]]. He developed an early interest in Konkani music and cultural identity, which later influenced his life’s work. His legacy as a composer and cultural activist began with the foundation of Mandd Sobhann, through which he promoted Konkani music locally and internationally.&lt;ref name=&quot;MintWho25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2025 |title=Who is Eric Ozario? Renowned Konkani music composer dies at 76 in Mangaluru |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/who-is-eric-ozario-renowned-konkani-music-composer-died-at-76-in-mangaluru-11756545776574.html |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In 2009, Ozario participated in a movement to protest a plan to cut trees in [[Mangalore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Citizens to tie ribbons to save trees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Citizens-to-tie-ribbons-to-save-trees/article16879117.ece |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 September 2009 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ozario's biography, ''The Indefatigable Crusader'' was released in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mandd Sobhann Gurkar – Eric Ozario's biography to be released on Sunday |url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/mandd-sobhann-gurkar-eric-ozarios-biography-be-released-sunday |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=coastaldigest.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Fernandes |first1=Royston |title=The Indefatigable Crusader |url=https://notionpress.com/read/the-indefatigable-crusader-1294980? |website=notionpress.com |access-date=13 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=New book on Eric Ozario likely to 'be scandalous to some' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/new-book-on-eric-ozario-likely-to-be-scandalous-to-some/articleshow/35575867.cms |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Ozario died from [[kidney disease]] on 29 August 2025, at the age of 76,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Eric Ozario, champion of Konkani music and cultural heritage, passes away at 76 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1290679 |access-date=29 August 2025 |publisher=Daiji World |date=29 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Mangaluru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MintWho25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * In 1994 Ozario was bestowed the title 'Konkani Kala Samrat'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fernandes |first1=John |title=Unbeaten Paths: Theological Reflections on Times of Transition. Living on the Periphery, Crossing Borders, Building Bridges. Revised Edition |date=10 March 2020 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-91153-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ys2sDwAAQBAJ |access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Konkani Ratna&lt;ref name=&quot;BarkurOnline&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Barkur Online |url=https://barkuronline.com/barkuronline/Archies/Review40.html |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=barkuronline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1993 State Rajyotsava Prashasti&lt;ref name=&quot;BarkurOnline&quot; /&gt;<br /> * 1999 Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy Award.<br /> * Aug 2017 Konkanis in Tel Aviv honoured Eric Ozario at the Independence Day Celebrations.<br /> * Feb 2022 Eric Ozario conferred with Lifetime Achievement Award by Daiji World Dubai <br /> * Feb 2023 Ozario was conferred a lifetime achievement award by Konkani Natak Sabha® (KNS) in Don Bosco Hall, Mangalore. 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pinto |first1=Arun |title=Konkani Sabha's Lifetime Achievement Award for Eric Ozario |url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/coastal/mangaluru/konkani-sabhas-lifetime-achievement-award-for-eric-ozario/17022023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=News Karnataka |date=17 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mangaluru: KNS honours Eric Ozario with life time achievement award |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1052248 |access-date=13 March 2023 |publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Fernandes |first1=Royston |title=The Indefatigable Crusader |date=1 May 2014 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-84049-55-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3c0BQAAQBAJ |access-date=13 March 2023|ref=none}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name}}<br /> * [https://www.manddsobhann.org/mandd-sobhann/the-birth Mandd Sobhann – The Birth]<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Biography|India}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ozario, Eric}}<br /> [[Category:1949 births]]<br /> [[Category:2025 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Konkani people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male composers]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitu_Kumari_Nootan&diff=522302 2026-01-26T05:50:40Z

<p>Timothyves: created the bio w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian folk music singer (born 1996)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Nitu Kumari Nootan<br /> | image = <br /> | image_upright = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | alias = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1975|02|06}} <br /> | birth_place = [[Motihari]], Bihar<br /> | origin = <br /> | genre = [[Folk music]]<br /> | occupation = {{flatlist|<br /> * Singer<br /> * songwriter<br /> }}<br /> | years_active = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Nitu Kumari Nootan''' (born 6 February 1975) is an Indian [[Folk music|folk]] and [[Semi-classical music|semi-classical]] singer from [[Bihar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ET&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=VIDEO: सावन के गीतों पर झुमिए लोकप्रिय गायिका डॉ नीतू कुमारी नूतन के संग |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/city/patna/listen-to-folk-singer-dr-nitu-kumari-nootan-songs-on-etv-bharat/bh20210820191543489 |website=ETV Bharat News |publisher=[[ETV Network]] |language=hi |date=20 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=लोकगायिका डॉ.नीतू कुमारी नूतन के गीत सुन भाव विभोर हुए दर्शक |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/hajipur/news/listen-to-songs-of-the-folk-singer-dr-nitu-kumari-nutan-052509-3359820.html |website=Bhaskar.com |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi |date=7 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Artistes to enthral audience on Bihar Diwas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/artistes-to-enthral-audience-on-bihar-diwas/articleshow/90364758.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For her distinguished work in the field of folk music, Nootan was honored with the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] by [[Draupadi Murmu|Smt. Draupadi Murmu]], the [[President of India]] and was also felicitated by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi|Shri. Narendra Modi]] during a cultural program held in [[Rameswaram]], India. Smt. Nootan is the first women from Bihar to be conferred with the &quot;Mauritius Bhojpuri Samman&quot; by [[Kailash Purryag]], the then [[President of Mauritius]] in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dr Nitu Kumari Nutan |url=https://x.com/Outlookindia/status/1676821083251695617 |website=X.com |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=चम्पारण की बेटी नीतू कुमारी नूतन ने मॉरिशस में आयोजित महोत्सव में बिखेरी सुमधुर आवाज |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/motihari/story-champaran-39-s-daughter-dr-neetu-kumari-nutan-spread-the-magic-of-her-melodious-voice-in-the-39-bhojpuri-mahotsav-39-organized-in-mauritius-9954007.html |website=livehindustan |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She is the member of executive committee and general council of Bihar [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[Patna]] and has been nominated for two consecutive terms as a member of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nitu Nutan nominated to Sangeet Natak Akademi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nitu-nutan-nominated-to-sangeet-natak-akademi-116071000255_1.html |website=Businessstandard |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life==<br /> Nitu Kumari Nootan was born on 6 February 1975 in [[Motihari]], Bihar, India. She developed an interest in art and music from an early age and pursued her passion throughout her academic journey. She completed her PhD in the field of folk music from [[Magadh University]], Bihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Patel |first1=B. |title=Meet Nitu Kumari Nootan: The Soulful Torchbearer of Bihar's Folk Music |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/meet-nitu-kumari-nootan-the-soulful-torchbearer-of-bihars-folk-music |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ETV भारत से बोलीं डॉ. नीतू- 'स्टार बनने के चक्कर में परोसी जा रही भोजपुरी में फूहड़ता' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/city/patna/exclusive-interview-with-dr-neetu-kumari-nutan/bh20210923121241737 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi |date=23 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Singing career==<br /> Nitu Kumari Nootan received her formal training in classical and semi-classical music training from Late Shri Markande Mishra of [[Benares gharana]] and Late Shri Ram Singh of Kirana gharana. Despite her formal education in classical music, she chose [[folk music]] as her career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/mar/doc202437320201.pdf |website=static.pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She is the Empaneled Artist of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A Folk Music performances on Wednesday 21st October 2020 at 5 PM by ICCR Patna on Facebook Live. {{!}} Official website of Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Government of India |url=https://iccr.gov.in/event/folk-music-performances-wednesday-21st-october-2020-5-pm-iccr-patna-facebook-live |website=iccr.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Nootan is also the ambassador of India's Folk culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;tb&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Nootan is the first woman from Bihar to be designated as a &quot;Rajya Guru&quot; by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in recognition of her contributions to the promotion of Bihar's folk music Under the Kala Diksha Scheme of the Akademi.&lt;ref name=&quot;tb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dr Nitu Kumari Nootan Ambassador of India's Folk Culture – The Business Tycoons {{!}} TBT |url=https://www.thebusinesstycoons.com/dr-nitu-kumari-nootan-ambassador-of-india-folk-culture.php |website=Thebusinesstycoons.com |access-date=4 May 2025 |archive-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522000603/https://www.thebusinesstycoons.com/dr-nitu-kumari-nootan-ambassador-of-india-folk-culture.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=शारदा सिन्हा के साथ यादो को सहेज भावुक हुई नीतू |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/motihari/story-dr-neetu-kumari-nutan-expresses-grief-over-sharda-sinha-s-demise-201730913731010.html |website=Livehindustan |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kumari Nootan served as a judge at the National Youth Festival, Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025, held in New Delhi. The festival was initiated by the Hon’ble [[Prime Minister of India]], Shri [[Narendra Modi]], in 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=विकसित भारत यंग लीडर्स डायलाग २०२५ में बतौर निर्णायक चम्पारण की बेटी नीतू कुमारी नूतन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/motihari/story-dr-neetu-kumari-nutan-shines-as-judge-at-national-youth-festival-2025-honoring-champaran-201736791385131.html |website=Live hindustan |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=National Youth Festival 2025: Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue {{!}} Day 03 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNpCGG6A3bc |website=Youtube |publisher=[[Ministry of Youth Affairs &amp; Sports]] |date=12 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Empowering Yuva Shakti: The Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/empowering-yuva-shakti-the-viksit-bharat-young-leaders-dialogue-2025/articleshow/117097239.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Discography ==<br /> ===Singles===<br /> <br /> * Kavan Phholwa Phoole Lahalahi (2016)<br /> * Karab Navrat Aeso Suni Sajna (2016)<br /> * Ho Deenanath (2018)<br /> * Senur Shobhela Laale Laal (2018)<br /> * Punya Laagi Ganga Asnaan (2018)<br /> * Sevka ke Duvra (2018)<br /> * Ganga Ji Ke Jhulmil Paniya (2018)<br /> * Chhathi Aili Naihar (2018)<br /> * Durga Maharani (20198)<br /> * Dhan Dhan Bharat Desh (2021)<br /> * Veena Wali Maiya Hamar (2021)<br /> * Khelungi Aisi Hori (2021)<br /> * Chaiti Geet (2021)<br /> * Veer Kunwar Singh Babu (2021)<br /> * Meera Bhajan (2022)<br /> * Poovi Bhajan (2022)<br /> * Karab Chhathi Ke Pujanawan (2022)<br /> * Aaho Aaditnath (2022)<br /> * Chhathi Maiya Rupawa Tohar (2022)<br /> * Sohar (2024)<br /> <br /> ===Albums===<br /> <br /> * Bhawani Aihein Angna (2016)<br /> * Chhathi Aili Naihar (2018)<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> <br /> *[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2022) by the Honourable [[President of India]] Smt. [[Draupadi Murmu]] for her contribution to the folk music of Bihar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama New Delhi |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/annoucement/1709044833_Press%20Release%20for%20Sangeet%20Natak%20Akademi%20Fellowship,%20Sangeet%20Natak%20Akademi%20Awards%20and%20Ustad%20Bismillah%20Khan%20Yuva%20Puraskar%20for%20the%20years%202022%20and%202023.pdf |website=sangeetnatak.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=लोक गायिका नीतू कुमारी नूतन व संगीत साधक सीताराम सिंह को संगीत नाटक अकादमी अवॉर्ड |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/folk-singer-neetu-kumari-nutan-and-music-seeker-sitaram-singh-won-the-sangeet-natak-academy-award-132685808.html |website=Bhaskar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Felicitated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=डॉ. नीतू नूतन ने बढ़ाया चंपारण का मान, इस कार्यक्रम में बनी निर्णायक, PM मोदी ने भी ली शिरकत |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/motihari-young-leaders-dialogue-2025-pm-modi-attend-folk-singer-dr-neetu-kumari-nutan-glory-district-local18-8961238.html |website=News18 हिंदी |publisher=[[News18 India]] |language=hi |date=15 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *2019 &quot;Lokvid Samman&quot; by [[North Central Zone Cultural Centre]] (NCZCC), [[Ministry of Culture (India)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Woman folk singer from Bihar felicitated by NCZCC |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/woman-folk-singer-from-bihar-felicitated-by-nczcc-119090501541_1.html |website=BusinessStandard |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Mahendra Misra Award London 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;ET&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Felicitated by Hon'ble [[President of Mauritius]] [[Kailash Purryag]] in 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mauritius honours Bihar folk singer |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/mauritius-honours-bihar-folk-singer-21222.html |website=India TV News |publisher=[[India TV]] |language=en |date=28 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://music.apple.com/us/artist/nitu-kumari-nootan/1315366651 Nitu Kumari Nootan] on [[Apple Music]]<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Biography|Music}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nootan, Nitu Kumari}}<br /> [[Category:Indian classical singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian folk singers]]<br /> [[Category:1975 births]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lachung_Monastery&diff=472147 2026-01-15T18:31:08Z

<p>Timothyves: update citations and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Buddhist monastery in Sikkim, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery<br /> |name = Lachung Monastery<br /> |image = Gumpa.jpg<br /> |image size = <br /> |alt = <br /> |caption =Beautiful view of Lachung Monastery in Mangan district (Sikkim)<br /> |pushpin_map = India Sikkim<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|27.61667|88.65|type:landmark_region:IN-SK|display=inline}}<br /> |map_caption = Location with in Sikkim, India<br /> <br /> |location_country = {{flag|India}}<br /> |location=[[Lachung]], [[Mangan district]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]<br /> |founded_by = <br /> |founded = {{start date and age|1880}}<br /> |date_renovated = <br /> |sect = [[Nyingma]]<br /> |lineage=<br /> |dedicated_to =<br /> |head_lama = <br /> |no._of_monks =<br /> |architecture =<br /> |festivals= <br /> |footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Lachung Monastery''' is a [[Nyingma]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mahasiddha.org/tshogdag/LachungMonastery.html|title=Tshog Dag: Lachung Monastery|website=www.mahasiddha.org|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/26579512@N06/2518758208/|title=LACHUNG MONASTERY, North Sikkim, India|date=8 May 2008|accessdate=25 July 2020|via=Flickr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buddhist [[gompa]] in the [[Lachung]] Valley in [[Mangan district]] in Northeastern [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Sikkim]]. It is approx. 50 km from [[Mangan, India|Mangan]] town, the district headquarters. It was established in 1880.&lt;ref&gt;Singh, et al., p. 606.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Lachung]] means a 'small mountain'. Lachung is at an elevation of about 3,000 m (9,600&amp;nbsp;ft) at the confluence of the [[Lachen River]] and [[Lachung River]], tributaries of the [[Teesta River]]. The village is 118&amp;nbsp;km from [[Gangtok]] on the North Sikkim Highway and is the last one before the Indo-Chinese border. It was a trading post between India and Tibet before China forcefully annexed Tibet in 1950. Permits are required for visits to Mangan (Sikkim). The monastery hosts a famous mask dance each year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikkimonline.info/sikkim/Lachung|title=Lachung - Sikkim Info|date=20 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120042425/http://www.sikkimonline.info/sikkim/Lachung|accessdate=25 July 2020|archive-date=20 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * Singh, Sarina, et al. ''India'', (2009), p.&amp;nbsp;606. Lonely Planet. {{ISBN|978-1-74179-151-8}}.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{commonscatinline}}<br /> * Photos of monastery at: [https://www.panoramio.com/photo/10708579 Panoramio is no longer available] and [https://www.flickr.com/photos/26579512@N06/2518758208/ LACHUNG MONASTERY, North Sikkim, India]<br /> <br /> {{Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Nyingma monasteries and temples]]<br /> [[Category:1880 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-Tibetan-Buddhism-monastery-stub}}<br /> {{Sikkim-geo-stub}}</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narmad&diff=467216 2025-12-31T07:59:19Z

<p>Timothyves: added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Gujarati-language poet and scholar (1833–1886)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave<br /> | image = Narmadashankar Dave (cropped).jpg<br /> | imagesize = 200px<br /> | caption = Narmad in 1860 (wood engraving for his publication, after an oil painting)<br /> | pseudonym = Narmad<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1833|8|24|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Baroda state]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1886|2|26|1833|8|24|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay presidency]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] (now Mumbai)<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Poet|playwright|essayist|lexicographer|reformer}}<br /> | period = <br /> | spouse = {{plainlist|<br /> * {{marriage|Gulab|1844|1853}}<br /> * {{marriage|Dahigauri|1856|1886}}<br /> * {{marriage|Subhadra (Narmadagauri)|1869|1886}}<br /> }}<br /> | children = Jayshankar (1870-1910)<br /> | genre = <br /> | subject = <br /> | movement = <br /> | signature = Narmad Signature.svg<br /> | website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20061119135700/http://www.narmad.com/index.html|Narmad}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave'''{{efn-ua|{{IPA|gu|ˈnəɾməd̪ɑˌʃəŋkəɾ ˈlalʃəŋkər ˈd̪əʋe}}}} (24 August 1833 – 26 February 1886), popularly known as '''Narmad''',{{efn-ua|{{ubl|{{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|n|a:r|m|æ|d}}|{{IPA|gu|ˈnəɾməd̪}}}}}} was an Indian [[Gujarati-language]] poet, playwright, essayist, orator, lexicographer and reformer under the [[British Raj]]. He is considered to be the founder of modern [[Gujarati literature]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GSP&quot;/&gt; After studying in Bombay, he stopped serving as a teacher to live by writing. During his prolific career, he introduced many literary forms in Gujarati. He faced economic struggles but proved himself as a dedicated reformer, speaking loudly against religious and social orthodoxy. His essays, poems, plays and prose were published in several collections. His ''[[Mari Hakikat]]'', the first autobiography in Gujarati,{{efn-ua|In the 1840s, [[Durgaram Mehta]] had written his personal diary , ''Nityanondh'' but it was not an attempt of autobiography as in western style. Mahipatram Rupram had written a biography, ''Durgaram Charitra'' (1879) based on the diary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dattax&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&amp;pg=PA527|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|page=527}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} was published posthumously.{{efn-ua|Narmad originally wrote his autobiography in 1866 but had requested that it be published posthumously. It was published in 1933, on the centenary of his birth. Two autobiographies were published before it, ''Hu Pote'' (1900) by Narayan Hemchandra and ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|Satyana Prayogo]]'' (1925-1929) by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kusum2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last=Pandya | first=Kusum H| title=Gujarati Atmakatha Tena Swarupagat Prashno. Thesis. Department of Gujarati, Sardar Patel University.| journal=University| date=31 December 1986 |language=gu|pages=200–220| hdl=10603/98617}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} His poem ''[[Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat]]'' is now the state anthem of [[Gujarat]] state of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of India 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Bharat Yagnik |author2=Ashish Vashi|title=No Gujarati dept in Veer Narmad, Hemchandracharya universities |website=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 July 2010 | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&amp;Source=Page&amp;Skin=TOI&amp;BaseHref=TOIA%2F2010%2F07%2F02&amp;ViewMode=HTML&amp;PageLabel=5&amp;EntityId=Ar00503&amp;AppName=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113123441/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&amp;Source=Page&amp;Skin=TOI&amp;BaseHref=TOIA%2F2010%2F07%2F02&amp;ViewMode=HTML&amp;PageLabel=5&amp;EntityId=Ar00503&amp;AppName=1 | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 November 2016 | access-date=13 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DeshGujarat2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Newest version of Jay Jay Garvi Gujarat song launched(Video) | website=DeshGujarat | date=7 May 2011 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/ | access-date=12 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> [[File:Daandiyo.jpg|thumb|''Dandiyo'', dated 1 September 1864, first issue, page 1]]<br /> Narmad was born in [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]] on 24 August 1833 to Lalshankar and Navdurga in a [[Nagar Brahmin]] family.&lt;ref name=&quot;ggn2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Narmad remembered on birth anniversary | website=globalgujaratnews.com | date=13 August 2015 | url=http://www.globalgujaratnews.in/print/narmad-remembered-on-birth-anniversary/ | access-date=13 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Isaka |first=Riho |title=Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India: Gujarat, c. 1850-1960. |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |pages=70}}&lt;/ref&gt; His family home in Amliran, Surat was destroyed in the [[1837 Surat fire|great fire of 1837]] but was later rebuilt. He commenced schooling with Nana Mehta in [[Bhuleshwar]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]] at age five. He later joined Fakir Mehta and Ichchha Mehta's school in Surat and moved to Bombay where he attended the Government Gujarati school of Balgovind Mehta at [[Pydhonie]]. He returned to Surat where he attended the school of [[Durgaram Mehta]] and Pranshankar Mehta. He was initiated in [[Upanayan]] at age eight. He started studying at the English School, [[Elphinstone High School|Elphinstone Institute, Bombay]] on 6 January 1845, beginning college in June 1850. He delivered his first public speech ''Mandali Malvathi Thata Labh'' (The Advantages of Forming An Association) that same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;George1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&amp;pg=PA122|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=122}}&lt;/ref&gt; His mother died on 23 November 1850 and he left college.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kusum2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GSP&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=નર્મદશંકર દવે (Narmadashankar Dave)| website=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] | url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Narmadashankar-Dave.html | language=gu | access-date=25 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dave1983&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Dave|first=Narmadashanker Lalshanker|editor=Ramesh M. Shukla|title=Mari Hakikat|chapter-url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/537875|edition=1|year=1994|publisher=Kavi Narmad Yugavart Trust|location=Surat|pages=183–184|chapter=Apendix XII (Timeline of Life)|language=gu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050702/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/537875|archive-date=25 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> [[File:Saraswati Mandir 1933.png|thumb|left|[[Saraswati Mandir]] was built by Narmad in 1866. Image taken in 1933. Now restored.]]<br /> He was appointed a teacher at the school of [[Rander]] on 1 May 1851. He again recited his early essay in ''Swadesh Hitechchhu Mandali'' and started ''Gyansagar'' magazine in July 1851. He was transferred to a school in Nanpara in March 1853. After the death of his wife Gulab, he left this position and went to Bombay, in January 1854. He returned to college on the suggestion of his friend Jhaverilal Umiyashankar and joined [[Buddhi Vardhak Sabha]], a literary group in June 1854. He started learning ''[[Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita#Siddhānta Kaumudī|Siddhant Kaumudi]]''.<br /> <br /> He became interested in poetry and started writing in September 1855, studying literary [[metre (poetry)|metre]] over the following year. He presided over ''Buddhivardhak Granth'' from March to December 1856.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dave1983&quot; /&gt; After his second marriage, he left college in August 1856, writing ''Pingal Pravesh'' in February 1857 and dedicating it to his father. He joined Gokuldas Tejpal Vidyalaya as a teacher and began studying Sanskrit literary works such as ''[[Varadarāja|Laghu kaumudi]]'', ''Chandralok'', ''Nrisimhachampu'', ''Kavyachampu'', ''Prataprudra'', ''[[Adhyatma Ramayana]]''. He started at Central School as a teacher in February 1858, then resigned in November 1858 after deciding to pursue a literary career.&lt;ref name=&quot;GSP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dave1983&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He studied Sanskrit grammar and poetry in [[Pune]] from November 1858 to March 1859. Deciding to study independently he returned to Bombay in March, where he met [[Dalpatram]], a reformist Gujarati poet, in June 1859, and became involved in reform activities.<br /> <br /> His wife Dahigauri returned to her parents' home. In 1860, he had discussed [[widow remarriage]] with religious leader Jadunathji Maharaj, which led to him becoming involved with the ''[[Maharaj Libel Case]]'' the next year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patel1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Patel|editor-first=Sujata|editor-link=Sujata Patel|last=Mallison|first=Françoise|title=Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZJPAAAAMAAJ|chapter=Bomaby as the Intellectual Capital of the Gujaratis in the Nineteenth Century|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563689-5|page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SumanShah2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Shah|first=Suman|author-link=Suman Shah|title=અનુ-આધુનિકતાવાદ અને આપણે|language=gu|trans-title=The Articles on Post-Modernism|chapter=Resistance through Self-Correction|year=2008|edition=First|publisher=Parshva Publication|location=Ahmedabad|page=251}}&lt;/ref&gt; The case was filed by Jadunathji against writer [[Karsandas Mulji]] after the journalist published an article alleging sexual exploitation of women in his religious sect.<br /> <br /> He visited Income Tax Commissioner Curtis regarding a surcharge on 3 February 1863. With the help of friends, he started a biweekly newsletter called ''Dandiyo'' ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} A drum stick), modelled after British weekly ''[[The Spectator]],'' in September 1864. It was loudly reformist in its stand and attacked traditional customs of Hindu society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desai2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Meghnad Desai|title=The Rediscovery of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVh-b6Aa_BIC&amp;pg=PT229|date=2 August 2011|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-566-4|pages=229–}}&lt;/ref&gt; It ran until 1869 when it was merged with ''The Sunday Review''.{{efn-ua|''The Sunday Review'' was also closed after some time. ''Dandiyo'' was revived by Natwarlal Mulchand Vimawala in 1936. It was later renamed ''Prabhakar'' in March 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parmar1987&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Parmar1987&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Y. A. Parmar|title=The Mahyavanshi: The Success Story of a Scheduled Caste|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRR5aUwQUVsC&amp;pg=PA83|year=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=83–84|id=GGKEY:KEQ4SL0H0RJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mumbai Samachar&quot; /&gt; On 18 January 1864, his father died, aged 56. He moved back to Surat in July 1865 and sheltered Savitagauri, a widow, in a neighbouring house. He published ''[[Narmagadya]]'' in September 1865. He was banished from his caste due to reform activities on 18 August but reinstated on 21 November 1866. The same year, he wrote his autobiographical work, ''Mari Hakikat'', the first autobiography in Gujarati. He published ''Nayikavishaypravesh'' and ''Uttam Nayika'' dedicated to his then separated wife, Dahigauri. In early 1867, he published ''Narmakavita'', a poetry collection. He had debts of 10,000 that caused him great concern. He married again in 1869. He published summaries of ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Iliad]]'' in 1870. He published the school version of ''Narmagadya'' in 1874 and the edition for the government in 1875.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dave1983&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He moved back again to Bombay in March 1875, where he met [[Dayanand Saraswati]], a reformist and founder of [[Arya Samaj]], and started to become deeply religious. He published the first dictionary of Gujarati language in March 1876.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dave1983&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mumbai Samachar&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title='ડાંડિયા', 'નર્મકોશ' અને જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત | author=Saurabh Shah | website=Mumbai Samachar | url=http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=89514 | language=gu | access-date=13 August 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093145/http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=89514 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He founded Vedsarasvati in ''Sarasvatimandir'' of Surat on 16 April 1877.<br /> <br /> Aryanitidarshak Mandali performed his play ''Draupadi-Darshan'' in 1878. By 1880 he had become fully &quot;believer&quot; and performed [[Upanayana]] for his son that year. He wrote a play, ''Shri Sarshakuntal'' in 1881 which was performed. He published a translation of ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagvad Gita]]'' in 1882. Although unhappy about breaking a resolve not to work for other people, he was forced due to financial difficulties into taking a position as a secretary to Gokuldas Tejpal Dharmakhata. He wrote a play, ''Shri Balkrishnavijay'' in 1883.<br /> <br /> His health failing due to the stress of work starting a hostel, he left his job on 19 July 1885. After a prolonged eight-month illness, he died of [[arthritis]] on 26 February 1886 in Bombay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dave1983&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=poemhunter&gt;{{cite web|title=Biography of Narmadashankar Dave|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/narmadashankar-dave/biography/|publisher=poemhunter.com|access-date=18 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kamat&gt;{{cite web|title=Poet Narmad|url=http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/narmad.htm|publisher=kamat.com|access-date=18 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=sangeetbhavantrust&gt;{{cite web|title=Narmad, Gujarati Saraswats, Sangeet Bhavan|url=http://sangeetbhavantrust.com/narmad.html|publisher=sangeetbhavantrust.com|access-date=18 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=indianmirror&gt;{{cite web|title=Gujarati Language, History of Gujarati Language|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/languages/gujarati-language.html|publisher=indianmirror.com|access-date=18 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Datta1987&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&amp;pg=PA909|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=909–910}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> {{main|Works of Narmadashankar Dave}}<br /> Narmad is considered to be the founder of modern [[Gujarati literature]]. He introduced many creative forms of writing to the [[Gujarati language]], including pioneering works in [[autobiography]], [[poetry]], [[lexicography]], historical plays and folk literature research. He was an outspoken journalist and pamphleteer. Narmad was a strong opponent of [[religious fanaticism]] and [[orthodoxy]]. He promoted [[nationalism]] and [[patriotism]] with famous songs such as ''Sahu Chalo Jeetva Jang,'' wrote about [[self-government]] and discussed having one national language, [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], for all of India, nearly five decades before [[Mahatma Gandhi]] or [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]. His poem ''[[Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat (Poem)|Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat]]'', written in the preface of ''[[Narmakosh]]'', listed with a sense of pride all the cultural symbols that go into constituting the Gujarati identity. These symbols included things non-Hindu, implying that Gujarat belongs to all the castes, communities, races, religions and sects that live together there. The poem is now ''[[de facto]]'' state song of Gujarat. Mahatma Gandhi acknowledged him for his philosophy of nonviolence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mumbai Samachar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;poemhunter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kamat&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sangeetbhavantrust&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indianmirror&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Datta1987&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> His major collected works are ''[[Narmagadya]]'' ({{langx|gu|નર્મગદ્ય}}), collection of prose; ''Narmakavita'' ({{langx|gu|નર્મકવિતા}}), collection of poems; ''Narmakathakosh'' ({{langx|gu|નર્મકથાકોશ}}), collection of stories of characters of mythological literature and ''Narmakosh'' ({{langx|gu|નર્મકોશ}}), dictionary. His ''Mari Hakikat'', the first autobiography in Gujarati, was published posthumously.&lt;ref name=&quot;Datta1987&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Poetry===<br /> His volumes of ''Narmakavita:1-3'' (1858), ''Narmakavita:4-8'' (1859) and ''Narmakavita:9-10'' (1860) were collected into ''Narmakavita:Book 1'' (1862). Later ''Narmakavita:Book 2'' (1863) was published. All his poetry was later collected together in ''Narmakavita'' (1864).&lt;ref name=&quot;GSP&quot;/&gt; He introduced new subjects in modern Gujarati poetry such as social reform, freedom, patriotism, nature and love, etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust]]|location=Ahmedabad|page=351|oclc=180581353}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His poem, &quot;[[Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat]]&quot; (1873), is used as a de facto state song for [[Gujarat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;toi2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Bharat Yagnik |author2=Ashish Vashi|title=No Gujarati dept in Veer Narmad, Hemchandracharya varsities |website=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 July 2010 | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&amp;Source=Page&amp;Skin=TOI&amp;BaseHref=TOIA%2F2010%2F07%2F02&amp;ViewMode=HTML&amp;PageLabel=5&amp;EntityId=Ar00503&amp;AppName=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113123441/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&amp;Source=Page&amp;Skin=TOI&amp;BaseHref=TOIA%2F2010%2F07%2F02&amp;ViewMode=HTML&amp;PageLabel=5&amp;EntityId=Ar00503&amp;AppName=1 | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 November 2016 | access-date=13 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Prose===<br /> His ''Rasapravesh'' (1858), ''Pingalpravesh'' (1857), ''Alankarpravesh'' (1858), ''Narmavyakaran'' Part I and II (1865), ''Varnavichar'' (1865), ''Nayika Vishaypravesh'' (1866) are his collections of essays on [[poetics]] with historical importance.&lt;ref name=&quot;GSP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Rituvarnan'' (1861), ''Hinduoni Padati'' (1864), ''Kavicharit'' (1865), ''Suratni Mukhtesar Hakikat'' (1865), ''[[Iliad]]no Sar'' (1870), ''Mahipatram Rupram Mehta'' (1870), ''Mahapurushona Charitra'' (1870), ''[[Mahabharata]]no Sar'' (1870), ''[[Ramayana]]no Sar'' (1870), ''Sarshakuntal'' (1881), ''Bhagvadgitanu Bhashantar'' (1882) are his prose works. His other writings between 1850 and 1865 collected in ''Narmagadya'' (1865) and posthumously published ''Narmagadya-2'' (1936) are his other prose works.&lt;ref name=&quot;GSP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> His essays are collected and edited in three volumes. They are ''Narmadgadya'' or ''Narmadashankar Lalashankarna Gadyatmak Granthono Sangrah'' (1875) edited by Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth, ''Narmadnu Mandir''-Gadya Vibhag (1937) edited by Vishwanath Bhatt and ''Narmadgadya'' (1975) edited by Gambhirsinh Gohil. His fifteen prose works were collected in ''Junu Narmadgadya'' Part I, II (1865, 1874) and are also important.&lt;ref name=&quot;GSP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He had researched and edited several works. Manohar Swami's ''Manhar Pad'' (1860), ''Narmakosh'': Issue 1 (1861), ''Narmakosh'': Issue 2 (1862), ''Narmakosh'':Issue 3 (1864), ''Narmakosh'':Issue 4 (1865). ''Narmakathakosh'' (1870), ''Dayaramkrut Kavyasangrah'' (1865), ''Stree Geet Sangrah'' (1870) of songs popular in [[Nagar Brahmin]] ladies, [[Premanand]]'s ''Dashamskandh'' (1872) and the complete issue of ''Narmakosh'' (1873) are his edited and researched works.&lt;ref name=&quot;GSP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Tusli Vaidhvyachitra'' (dialogue, 1859), ''Ramjanaki Darshan'' (1876), ''Draupadidarshan'' (1878), ''Balkrishnavijay'' (1886), ''Krishnakumari'' are plays and dialogues. His ''Seetaharan'' (1878) was a previously unpublished play. ''Rajyarang'' Part I, II (1874, 1876) are his works on ancient and modern world history. ''Dharmavichar'' is his work on [[philosophy]]. ''Gujarat Sarvasangrah'' (1887) and ''Kathiawar Sarvasangrah'' (1887) are also historical works.&lt;ref name=&quot;GSP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Mari Hakikat]]'', his autobiography written in 1866 and published posthumously in 1933, is the first autobiography written in Gujarati. His notes and letters were later published as ''Uttar Narmad Charitra'' (1939).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kusum2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GSP&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dave1983&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Adaptations===<br /> ''Narmad:Mari Hakikat'' or ''Narmad:My Life'', a critically acclaimed&lt;ref name=&quot;Internet Archive 2011&quot;/&gt; [[soliloquy]] based on his writings and life, was written and directed by Harish Trivedi and performed by Chandrakant Shah. It premiered in [[Dayton, Ohio]], US in 1995 and later toured India, the UK and France.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Alok | title=India Foundation, Dayton, OH | website=OoCities | url=http://www.oocities.org/india_found/narmad.htm | access-date=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Internet Archive 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Narmad | website=Internet Archive | date=24 September 2011 | url=http://www.narmad.com/factsheetmain.html | access-date=24 October 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924231846/http://www.narmad.com/factsheetmain.html | archive-date=24 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chandravadan Mehta]] wrote a play based on his life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tevani2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Tevani|first=Shailesh|title=C.C. Mehta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbLPU10RFUYC&amp;pg=PA67|access-date=13 November 2016|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1676-1|page=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> Narmad has been called ''Arvachino Ma Adya'' (Earliest Among the Moderns).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen1979&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Chavda|first=Vijay Singh|editor-last=Sen|editor-first=Siba Pada|title=Social and Religious Reform Movements in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDQEAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|page=214|chapter=Social and Religious Reform Movements in Gujarat in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|oclc=716685784}}&lt;/ref&gt; His house, [[Saraswati Mandir]], has been restored and converted into museum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Tv9 Gujarati|title=Surat: Kavi Narmad's house regains glory - Tv9 Gujarati|date=23 August 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIrUn9opN_Y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823082813/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIrUn9opN_Y&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=2015-08-23 |url-status=dead|access-date=23 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several places in Gujarat were named after him, such as [[Kavi Narmad Central Library|Central Library]] in Surat. Busts of him have been erected in Ahmedabad, Vadodara and Surat. In 2004, [[South Gujarat University]] was renamed ''Veer Narmad South Gujarat University'' in his memory.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi2010&quot;/&gt; A replica of his house is also constructed in the university campus.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeshGujaratt2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/test/2013/08/25/vnsgu-to-build-a-real-size-replica-of-poet-narmads-house/|title=VNSGU to build a real size replica of poet Narmad's house|date=25 August 2013|website=DeshGujarat|access-date=23 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The literary honour [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] has been yearly awarded by Narmad Sahitya Sabha, Surat since 1940. A special cover was released by ''[[India Post]]'' on his 175th birth anniversary in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Stamp Ghar 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Special Cover-Narmadashankar Dave-Surpex 2008 | website=Indian Stamp Ghar | date=6 December 2008 | url=http://www.indianstampghar.com/2008/12/special-cover-narmadashankar-dave-surpex-2008/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206233934/http://www.indianstampghar.com/2008/12/special-cover-narmadashankar-dave-surpex-2008/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=6 December 2011 | access-date=25 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> He married Gulab, daughter of Surajram Shastri of [[Sadr Diwani Adalat|Sudder Court]], Surat, on 29 April 1844. She gave a birth to girl in 1852 who died 15 days later. Gulab herself died on 5 October 1853 following a [[stillbirth]]. In May 1856, he married Dahigauri, daughter of Tripuranand Shastri; she separated from him in 1860. He married Subhadra (later Narmadagauri), a widow of his caste, in 1869, breaking the customary taboo against [[widow remarriage]]. She gave birth to their son Jayshankar in 1870. Jayshankar worked as a clerk for [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Bombay Municipality]], and never married, dying on 31 March 1910 of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dave1983&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Contest with Dalpatram==<br /> Just at the time when Narmad was emerging into celebrity (1859), [[Dalpatram]] who had already won his laurels, happened to visit Bombay for treatment of his eyes. Lovers of Gujarati poetry, they met together, and in the poetical contest that took place, naturally they warmed up and their audience took sides as to who was the better poet. The result was a lifelong estrangement between the two. The contest was continued in the public papers and a humorous paper. The ''Parsi Punch'', a weekly, published a cartoon, in which they were represented as fighting each other with the top-knot of the hair of their heads in their hands.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jhaveri1956&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Jhaveri|first=Krishnalal Mohanlal |author-link=Krishnalal Jhaveri |title=Further milestones in Gujarāti literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqxHAAAAMAAJ|year=1956|edition=Second|publisher=Forbes Gujarati Sabha|location=Mumbai|pages=54–55}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> {{Gallery<br /> |align=center<br /> |File:Kavi Narmad Central Library surat.JPG| Kavi Narmad Central Library, Surat<br /> |File:Bust of poet Narmad.jpg| Bust near [[Gujarat University]], Ahmedabad<br /> |File:Narmad.jpg| Bust in [[Vadodara]]<br /> |File:Narmad_2.jpg| Statue of Narmad at display in museum at Surat<br /> |File:Narmad_3.jpg| Statue of Narmad at display in museum at Surat<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist-ua}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}<br /> {{wikisourcelang|gu|સર્જક:નર્મદ|Narmad}}<br /> {{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061119135700/http://www.narmad.com/index.html Narmad:My Life (Archive of website dedicated to soliloquy)]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061119135840/http://www.narmad.com/dandiyonewslettermain.html ''Dandiyo'' (scanned copy)]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Narmad}}<br /> [[Category:1833 births]]<br /> [[Category:1886 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Bombay Presidency]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian essayists]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:Activists from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati people]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu reformers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian autobiographers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:People from Surat]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Indian lexicographers]]<br /> [[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anil_Deshmukh&diff=468088 2025-12-08T07:06:02Z

<p>Timothyves: improved details per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician (born 1950)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Anil Deshmukh<br /> | image = Anil Deshmukh.png<br /> | caption = Official portrait, 2019<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|05|09|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Wadvihira, [[Narkhed]], [[Nagpur district]]<br /> | residence = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | office = [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Cabinet Minister]],&lt;br&gt;[[Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | 1blankname = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br /> | governor = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]<br /> | minister = [[Ministry of Home Affairs Government of Maharashtra|Home Affairs]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br /> | term_start = 30 December 2019<br /> | term_end = 5 April 2021<br /> | successor = [[Dilip Walse-Patil]]<br /> | office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start2 = 27 November 2019<br /> | term_end2 = 26 November 2024<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Ashish Deshmukh]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Charansing Thakur]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katol]]<br /> | term_start3 = March 1995<br /> | term_end3 = October 2014<br /> | predecessor3 = Sunil Shinde<br /> | successor3 = [[Ashish Deshmukh]]<br /> | constituency3 = [[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katol]]<br /> | office4 = Minister of Food &amp; Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs&lt;br&gt;[[Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata4 = [[Ashok Chavan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br /> | term_start4 = October 2009<br /> | term_end4 = October 2014<br /> | successor4 = [[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]<br /> | office5 = Minister of Public Works Department&lt;br&gt;[[Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | 1blankname5 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata5 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | term_start5 = October 2004<br /> | term_end5 = October 2009<br /> | successor5 = <br /> | office6 = Minister of State for School Education, Information and Public Relations and Sports &amp; Youth affairs&lt;br&gt;[[Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | 1blankname6 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata6 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | term_start6 = October 1999<br /> | term_end6 = October 2004<br /> | successor6 = <br /> | office7 = Minister of State for Education and Culture&lt;br&gt;[[Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | 1blankname7 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata7 = [[Manohar Joshi]]<br /> | term_start7 = March 1995<br /> | term_end7 = October 1999<br /> | successor7 = <br /> | party = [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]] {{small|(2024-present)}}<br /> | alma_mater = [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Anil Vasantrao Deshmukh''' (born 9 May 1950) is an Indian politician from the state of [[Maharashtra]]. He is a senior leader of the [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]. Deshmukh served as the [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Minister for Home Affairs]] in [[Government of Maharashtra]] between 2019 and 2021.<br /> Deshmukh resigned in 2021 as the Home Minister of Maharashtra due to allegations of money laundering and other charges by [[Param Bir Singh]]. He was arrested by ED and was kept in custody for 1 year before being released by a court order.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Narayan|first1=Khushboo|date=2021|title=Anil Deshmukh arrested by ED in money laundering|work=The Indian Express|agency=Indian Express|issue=November 2, 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/anil-deshmukh-appears-before-ed-7601849/|access-date=2 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/ncp-leader-anil-deshmukh-released-from-jail-what-are-the-cases-against-him-8349375/lite/ | title=NCP leader Anil Deshmukh gets bail: What are the cases against him? | date=28 December 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh has been a member of [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|9th]], [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|10th]], [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|11th]], [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|12th]] and [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|14th]] [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], representing [[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]. <br /> He had previously served as Minister of Food &amp; Civil supplies and Consumer affairs, Minister of Public Works Department, Minister of State for School Education, Information and Public Relations, Minister of State for Sports &amp; Youth affairs and Minister of State for Education and Culture in the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life and family==<br /> Deshmukh hails from the village of Vad Vihira near [[Katol]] in [[Nagpur district]]. He attended Katol High school. Later, he attended the College of Agriculture, Nagpur and received a Master of Science degree in Agriculture awarded by [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122084331/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |archive-date=2009-11-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|The College of Agriculture has now shifted affiliation to Dr.[[Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]] (Agricultural University), [[Akola]]. ||group=note}} He has two sons named Salil Deshmukh and Hrishikesh Deshmukh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Anil Deshmukh's son vs Anil Deshmukh in intriguing Katol election battle | date=November 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/anil-deshmukh-namesake-salil-deshmukh-maharashtra-katol-election-2626496-2024-11-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anil Deshmukh is also [[Organizational founder|Founder]] of [[Nagpur Institute of Technology|Nagpur Institute Of Technology (NIT)]] located at [[Katol|Katol Road]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]].<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> <br /> Deshmukh served as the chairman of [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]] Zilla Parishad during initial years of his political career. He first got elected to [[Maharashtra]] state assembly in 1995 from [[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katol]] as an independent candidate. He represented that constituency until 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1348.htm?ac=48|title=2014 Candidate-Wise Vote Share|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103075118/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1348.htm?ac=48|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/government/MinisterEng.pdf Ministers]. ''maharashtra.gov.in''.&lt;/ref&gt; He served as [[Minister of State]] in the [[BJP]]–[[Shiv Sena]] coalition government in 1995. His portfolios in that government included Education, and Culture. He later joined the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], a party formed in 1999. When the NCP–Congress alliance came to power in Maharashtra in 1999, he initially served as Minister of State for School Education, Information and Public Relations, Sports &amp; Youth Welfare. He was promoted as a [[Cabinet Minister]] in the state government. As a cabinet minister from 2001 to 2014, he was in-charge for the following departments: <br /> * Excise, Food &amp; Drugs, Maharashtra State (2001 to March 2004)<br /> * Public Works (Public Undertakings), Maharashtra State (2004 to 2008)<br /> * Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection, Maharashtra State (2009 -2014)<br /> <br /> Deshmukh lost the Katol seat to his nephew, [[Ashish Deshmukh]] in 2014 assembly elections. However, he regained the [[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katol]] seat as the [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] candidate in the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 Maharashtra assembly elections]]. Deshmukh was appointed Home Minister of Maharashtra when the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] alliance of NCP, Shiv sena and Congress led by Chief Minister [[Uddhav Thackeray]] came to power in November 2019. In addition to his portfolio, Deshmukh is also the Guardian Minister of [[Gondia district]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_MH_2004.pdf Maharashtra State Elections 2004]. ''[[Election Commission of India]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S13/partycomp139.htm Party]. ''[[Election Commission of India]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===From 1995 to 1999===<br /> <br /> Anil Deshmukh held the portfolio of Minister of State for School Education, Higher &amp; Technical Education, Cultural Affairs in the government of Maharashtra from 1995 to 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://anildeshmukh.in/achievement/|title=Achievement – Anil Deshmukh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As the Minister of State for School Education, he started the initiative to regulate the burgeoning private coaching classes, where the teachers employed by schools simultaneously ran private coaching institutions.<br /> <br /> Deshmukh is said to have been involved in setting up the [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] award, the highest civilian honour in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. Famous personalities including [[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Sunil Gavaskar]] have received this award since.<br /> <br /> He was active in the drive to reduce the weight of bags carried by students enrolled in schools affiliated with [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]].<br /> <br /> ===From 1999 to 2001===<br /> <br /> Deshmukh held the portfolio of Minister of State for School Education, Information and Public Relations, Sports &amp; Youth Welfare in the Maharashtra Government during this period.<br /> <br /> Under his charge, the construction of India's second-largest air-conditioned indoor sports stadium began in [[Nagpur]].<br /> <br /> ===From 2001 to 2004===<br /> <br /> Deshmukh was a Cabinet Minister in the Maharashtra government during this period and held the State Excise, Food &amp; Drugs portfolio.<br /> <br /> During his tenure, the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] passed the law to ban [[gutka]], a form of chewing tobacco which contains carcinogens in the state.<br /> <br /> ===2004 to 2008===<br /> <br /> During this period, Deshmukh was the Minister of Public Works (Public Undertakings) in the Maharashtra government.<br /> <br /> He administered the department during the final few phases of the development of the [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]], a project which had already suffered delays of multiple years. The project was finally completed in 2009.<br /> <br /> ===2019 and later===<br /> <br /> Deshmukh took charge of the Home Ministry of Maharashtra in the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] coalition government led by [[Uddhav Thackeray]] after the [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis]].<br /> <br /> He proposed the establishment of a specialized treatment center for the police personnel infected during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<br /> <br /> As the Home Minister, he tabled the proposed [[Shakti Bill]] in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] which sought to modify provisions pertaining to sexual offences against women and children. The bill was ultimately sent for review to a committee of the Legislative Assembly after an outcry from various women's rights groups and activists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-maharashtra-shakti-bill-on-crimes-against-women-children-why-its-called-draconian/567660/|title=The Maharashtra Shakti bill on crimes against women, children &amp; why it's called 'draconian'|first=Manasi|last=Phadke|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=17 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/citizen-feedback-sought-on-draft-maharashtra-shakti-bill/articleshow/80089498.cms|title=Maha Shakti bill: Citizen feedback sought on draft Maharashtra Shakti bill &amp;#124; Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As a Home Minister, he introduced the ‘Self Balancing Electric Scooters’ ([[Segway]]) for [[Mumbai Police]] personnel that would help them while on patrolling duty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/article/mumbai-police-get-self-balancing-electric-scooters-for-patrolling-akshay-kumar-attends-inaugural-ceremony/702156|title=Mumbai Police get self-balancing electric scooters for patrolling; Akshay Kumar attends inaugural ceremony|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=2 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He famously attended the complaint calls at the [[Pune city]] police control room on New Year's Eve and celebrated the same with police personnel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/maharashtra-home-minister-anil-deshmukh-takes-public-complaints-at-pune-police-control-room/articleshow/80063525.cms|title=Maharashtra Home Minister Anil Deshmukh takes public complaints at Pune Police Control Room|website=Pune Mirror|date=January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his tenure, the home ministry declared {{₹|5000000}} ''ex gratia'' to the families of police personnel who lost their lives to [[COVID-19]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/rs-50-lakh-aid-for-kin-of-cops-who-succumb-to-covid-19/articleshow/74969142.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128142441/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/rs-50-lakh-aid-for-kin-of-cops-who-succumb-to-covid-19/articleshow/74969142.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2021|title=Rs 50 lakh aid for kin of cops who succumb to COVID-19|website=Pune Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He also proffered one-rank promotion to fourteen police officers for their historic valor and courage during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 Mumbai Terror Attacks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/04/14-police-officers-to-get-one-rank-promotion-for-capturing-2611-mumbai-terror-attacks-convict-kasab-2112134.html|title=14 police officers to get one-rank promotion for capturing 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks convict Kasab|website=The New Indian Express|date=4 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is claimed that he was the first ever Home Minister of the state to visit the Regional Forensic Sciences Laboratory in Pune and spent time interacting with the staff and discussed ways to equip the Laboratory with the latest technology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/pune/home-minister-anil-deshmukh-visits-regional-forensic-science-laboratory-pune-313365|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127225630/https://www.esakal.com/pune/home-minister-anil-deshmukh-visits-regional-forensic-science-laboratory-pune-313365|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2021|title=60 वर्षात कोणत्याही गृहमंत्र्याने केलं नाही ते देशमुख यांनी केलं &amp;#124; eSakal|website=www.esakal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2021 accusations and resignation as Home minister===<br /> Former commissioner of Mumbai Police [[Param Bir Singh]], in a letter in March 2021 accused Deshmukh of bribery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-home-minister-anil-deshmukh-asked-waze-to-collect-rs-100-crore-a-month-ex-mumbai-police-commissioner-7237480/|title='Rs 100 crore a month': Ex-Mumbai Police chief raises graft charges against Anil Deshmukh; Minister denies claims|date=20 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/cbi-probe-into-police-postings-racket-can-spell-more-trouble-for-maharashtra-cm-deshmukh-229359|title=CBI probe into police postings racket can spell more trouble for Maharashtra CM, Deshmukh|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh resigned from the post of the Home Minister of Maharashtra in the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] coalition government led by CM [[Uddhav Thackeray]] after the Bombay high court directed the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] to conduct a preliminary inquiry into allegations of corruption and misconduct leveled by former commissioner Param Bir Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-home-minister-anil-deshmukh-resigns/articleshow/81911830.cms | work=The Times of India | date=5 April 2021 | title=Maharashtra Home Minister Anil Deshmukh resigns}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====CBI and ED probe====<br /> Anil Deshmukh is currently under investigation by the Indian [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and [[Enforcement Directorate]], following accusations made by the former Mumbai [[Police commissioner]] [[Param Bir Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2021-08-29|title=Deshmukh case: ED summons Maha minister Anil Parab in money laundering case|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/deshmukh-case-ed-summons-maha-minister-anil-parab-in-money-laundering-case-121082900686_1.html|access-date=2021-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deshmukh remained untraceable from July 2021 for a period of more than three months and failed to appear before enforcement directorate five times during that period. However, on 1 November 2021, he voluntarily came to the ED office in Mumbai after the Bombay High court on 30 October denied his plea to cancel enforcement directorate, and was formally arrested. The Bombay High court set aside the judicial custody and remanded Deshmukh into custody till 12 November.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Narayan|first1=Khushboo|date=2021|title=Anil Deshmukh arrested by ED in money laundering|work=The Indian Express|agency=Indian Express|issue=November 2, 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/anil-deshmukh-appears-before-ed-7601849/|access-date=2 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The probe has been criticized by NCP chief, [[Sharad Pawar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-18 |title=Sharad Pawar says those who sent Anil Deshmukh to jail will pay the price |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/sharad-pawar-says-those-who-sent-anil-deshmukh-to-jail-will-pay-the-price-101637232241929.html |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2022, Anil Deshmukh filed for a bail plea as usual but was rejected by the Special Court and is currently lodged at the Arthur Jail.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-01-27 |title=Ex-Maha Home Minister Anil Deshmukh seeks bail in money laundering case |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ex-maha-home-minister-anil-deshmukh-seeks-bail-in-money-laundering-case-122012701636_1.html#:~:text=Earlier,%20the%20special%20court%20for,is%20currently%20in%20judicial%20custody. |access-date=2022-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deshmukh dislocated his shoulder whilst being in judicial custody. His application to get the surgery to correct that in a privately run hospital rather than a government run facility has been opposed by ED. The judgement was pending in the case as of 2022.[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ed-opposes-anil-deshmukh-s-request-for-pvt-hospitalization-special-court-to-pass-order-tomorrow-1947369-2022-05-09]<br /> <br /> {{Update|date=July 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Ministerial positions held in Government of Maharashtra ==<br /> {|class =&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! SI No. <br /> ! Year <br /> ! Legislative Assembly <br /> ! Constituency <br /> ! Margin <br /> ! Party <br /> ! Post <br /> |-<br /> |1.<br /> |1995<br /> |9th <br /> |[[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katol]]<br /> |<br /> |bgcolor=#DDDDDD|[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |'''[[Manohar Joshi ministry|Minister of State for Education and Culture]]'''<br /> |-<br /> |2.<br /> |1999<br /> |10th <br /> |[[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katol]]<br /> |<br /> |bgcolor=#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br /> |'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh|Minister of State for School Education, Information and Public Relations and Sports &amp; Youth affairs.]]'''<br /> |-<br /> |3.<br /> |2004<br /> |11th <br /> |[[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katol]]<br /> |<br /> |bgcolor=#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br /> |'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh|Minister of Public Works Department]]'''<br /> |-<br /> |4.<br /> |2009<br /> |12th <br /> |[[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katol]]<br /> |<br /> |bgcolor=#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br /> |'''[[Ashok Chavan|Minister of Food &amp; Civil supplies and Consumer Affairs]]'''<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=7|''[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Lost the elections held in September 2014 to BJP's Ashish Deshmukh]]''<br /> |-<br /> |5.<br /> |2019<br /> |14th<br /> |[[Katol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katol]]<br /> |<br /> |bgcolor=#00B2B2|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br /> |'''[[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Minister of Home Affairs]]'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Sachin Vaze#2021 Antilia bomb scare case|2021 Mukesh Ambani/Antilia bomb scare case]]<br /> <br /> == Footnotes ==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Anil}}<br /> [[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Nagpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:1950 births]]<br /> [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Kolkata&diff=472646 2025-11-03T21:06:32Z

<p>Timothyves: expand section and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> &lt;!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY &quot;none&quot; - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! --&gt;<br /> {{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox economy<br /> | country = Kolkata<br /> | image = Skyline Kolkata City of Joy.png<br /> | image_size = 350px<br /> | caption = [[Central Business District]] of Kolkata<br /> | year = 1 April – 31 March<br /> | currency = [[Indian Rupee]] (INR, ₹)<br /> | group = <br /> | population = '''2011 census''': &lt;br&gt;{{decrease}} 4,496,694 (city proper)&lt;br&gt;{{increase}} 14,112,536 (metro)&lt;br&gt;{{increase}} 14,617,882 (Extended UA) &lt;br&gt; '''2023 estimate''': &lt;br&gt;{{increase}} 6,200,000 (city proper) &lt;br&gt;{{increase}} 15,333,000 (metro)<br /> | gdp = {{increase}} $220 billion [[GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Metropolitan Cities In India 2024 |date=4 March 2024 |url=https://www.homebazaar.com/knowledge/list-of-metropolitan-cities-in-india/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gdp rank = &lt;!--Do NOT add metropolitan GDP rank without any reliable source--&gt;<br /> | growth = {{increase}} 11.54% &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Basic information about West Bengal |url=https://slbcbengal.pnb.in/StateEconomy.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | per capita = $14,348 ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<br /> | components = <br /> | poverty = {{decreasepositive}} 2.54% &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = NITI Aayog| url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-08/India-National-Multidimentional-Poverty-Index-2023.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gini = <br /> | inflation = <br /> | bankrate = <br /> | hdi = {{increase}} 0.917<br /> | labor = <br /> | occupations = <br /> | unemployment = <br /> | average gross salary = <br /> | gross median = <br /> | average net salary = <br /> | net median = <br /> | industries = Coal &lt;br&gt; Steel &lt;br&gt; Manufacturing &lt;br&gt;Leather &lt;br&gt; IT &lt;br&gt; Food processing &lt;br&gt; Textile<br /> | exports = {{INRConvert|38917|c}}<br /> | imports = <br /> | import-goods = <br /> | import-partners = <br /> | FDI = <br /> | current account = <br /> | gross external debt = <br /> | NIIP = <br /> | debt = <br /> | aid = <br /> | credit = <br /> | spelling = Oxford<br /> | presentUS$asdefault = no<br /> }}<br /> [[Kolkata]] is the prime business, commercial and financial hub of [[East India|eastern India]] and the main hub of communication for the [[Northeast India|North East Indian]] states.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/04/19/better-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata |title= Better Integrated Transport Modes will Help Reinvent Kolkata|date= 20 April 2016 |publisher= [[World Bank]] |access-date= 9 February 2020 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190327204243/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/04/19/better-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata |archive-date= 27 March 2019|df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kolkata]], with a [[GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) of $220 billion (as of 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Metropolitan Cities In India 2024 |date=4 March 2024 |url=https://www.homebazaar.com/knowledge/list-of-metropolitan-cities-in-india/}}&lt;/ref&gt; is home to [[India]]'s oldest, stock exchange company (bourse)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cse-india.com/cse_factbook.htm CSE Factbook]. Calcutta Stock Exchange Association Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;ndash; The [[Calcutta Stock Exchange]].&lt;ref name=&quot; World Bank and International Financial Corporation &quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/Subnational-Reports/DB09-Sub-India.pdf |title= Doing Business in India 2009|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=8 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large public- and private-sector corporations; major sectors include [[steel]], [[Heavy equipment|heavy engineering]], [[mining]], [[mineral]]s, [[cement]], [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceuticals]], [[food processing]], [[agriculture]], electronics, textiles, and jute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Cities Index |url=https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/global-cities-index/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Oxford Economics |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> [[File:Tata Centre - 43 Chowringhee Road - Kolkata 2013-01-05 2429.JPG|thumb|[[Tata Centre]], JL Nehru Road]]<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Kolkata infinity tower II.PNG|thumb|Infinity Tower II houses several IT/ITES companies.]] --&gt;<br /> [[Kolkata]] was the capital of the [[British Indian Empire]] until 1911. Throughout the British Raj, the city was a major port and commercial center in the world economy. The [[Partition of India]] in 1947 was a major blow to the once flourishing economy during the [[world wars]], it removed most of the [[hinterland]], cutting down the supply of the [[human resource management|human resource]] and a took away a huge portion of its [[Market (economics)|market]]. Also the huge inflow of refugee from [[East Pakistan]] was a major drain to the city's infrastructure which was inadequate for the population boom. In the 1970s, the city saw a predominance of the trade-union movements which led the investors to flow out of the state to other newly emerging destinations in India. As the investors lacked trust in the newly formed [[communist state|communist government]], the lack of capital destroyed most of its small-scale industries like [[foundries]] and tool casting. Once India's leading city, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the decades following India's independence due to steep population increases and a rise in militant [[trade-unionism]], which included frequent strikes that were backed by left-wing parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbceco&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last= Dutta|first= Tanya|author-link= Tanya Datta|title= Rising Kolkata's winners and losers|url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4830762.stm|access-date= 11 December 2011|publisher= BBC|date= 22 March 2006|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120204123645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4830762.stm|archive-date= 4 February 2012|df= dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the 1960s to the late 1990s, several factories were closed and businesses relocated.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbceco&quot; /&gt; The lack of capital and resources added to the depressed state of the city's economy and gave rise to an unwelcome sobriquet: the &quot;dying city&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Sudipta|last=Dutta|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/calcutta-chronicles/417579/|title=Calcutta chronicles|date=1 February 2009|newspaper=Financial Express|location=New Delhi|access-date=6 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615141012/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/calcutta-chronicles/417579|archive-date=15 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are a few of the oldest and front line banks and PSUs —such as [[UCO Bank]], [[Allahabad Bank]], [[United Bank of India]] and [[Geological Survey of India]], [[Zoological Survey of India]], [[Botanical Survey of India]] and [[Tea Board of India]]—were founded and is headquartered in [[Kolkata]]. The oldest operating photographic studio in the world, [[Bourne &amp; Shepherd]], is also based in the city. The [[Standard Chartered Bank]] has a major branch in Kolkata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.standardchartered.com/in/home/aboutus.html |title=Standard Chartered Bank website |access-date=28 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322065948/http://www.standardchartered.com/in/home/aboutus.html |archive-date=22 March 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kolkata is also the headquarters of [[Botanical Survey of India]] and [[Zoological Survey of India]] and many more organisations and companies. Kolkata is 3rd richest city in [[India]] after [[Mumbai]] &amp; [[New Delhi]] as well as in [[South Asia]].<br /> <br /> Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large [[public sector]] and private-sector corporations; major sectors include steel, heavy engineering, mining, minerals, cement, pharmaceuticals, food processing, agriculture, electronics, textiles, and [[jute]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kolkata has 9,600 Millionaires, $290 Billion in total wealth|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-has-9600-millionaires-290-billion-in-total-wealth/articleshow/57285430.cms|access-date=2022-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:SBI Local HO (1).jpg|thumb|SBI Regional HQ, [[Strand Road, Kolkata|Strand Road]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Sectors==<br /> <br /> Flexible production has been the norm in Kolkata, which has an [[informal sector]] that employs more than 40% of the labour force.&lt;ref name=&quot;spatialchange&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title= Globalizing cities: a new spatial order?|last=Chakravorty|first=Sanjoy|editor1-last=Marcuse |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Kempen |editor2-first=Ronald van |chapter=From colonial city to global city? The far-from-complete spatial transformation of Calcutta|year=2000 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-631-21290-4 |pages= 56–77}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, the informal sector has grown in size and as a proportion of the total workforce of the Kolkata metropolitan area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaw2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Shaw | first=Annapurna | title=Spatial Diversity and Dynamics in Resources and Urban Development | chapter=The Informal Sector in Kolkata Metropolitan Area: Appraisal and Prospects for Local Economic Development | publisher=Springer Netherlands | location=Dordrecht | year=2016 | isbn=978-94-017-9785-6 | doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9786-3_24 | pages=499–516}}&lt;/ref&gt; One unorganised group, [[Hawkers in Kolkata|roadside hawkers]], generated business worth {{INR}} 87.72&amp;nbsp;billion ({{USD}} 2&amp;nbsp;billion) in 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraphhawker&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061130/asp/frontpage/story_7071031.asp |title= Hawkers stay as Rs. 265 crore talks |access-date= 16 February 2008 |last= Ganguly |first= Deepankar |newspaper= The Telegraph |location= Kolkata |date= 30 November 2006 |df= dmy-all |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200645/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061130/asp/frontpage/story_7071031.asp |archive-date= 27 September 2007 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2001}}, around 0.81% of the city's workforce was employed in the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector]] (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 15.49% worked in the [[Secondary sector of the economy|secondary sector]] (industrial and manufacturing); and 83.69% worked in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]] (service industries).&lt;ref name=&quot;urbanprice&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | editor1-last = Sahdev | editor1-first = Shashi | editor2-last = Verma | editor2-first = Nilima | contribution = Urban Land price Scenario- Kolkata − 2008 | contribution-url = http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/chapter%20II%20Kol.doc | series = Industry and Economic Planning | year = 2008 | title = Kolkata—an outline | publisher = Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India | chapter-format = DOC | access-date = 7 March 2012 | archive-date = 26 April 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426025356/http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/chapter%20II%20Kol.doc | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|19}} {{As of|2003}}, the majority of households in [[Informal housing|slums]] were engaged in occupations belonging to the informal sector; 36.5% were involved in servicing the urban middle class (as maids, drivers, etc.), and 22.2% were [[Wage labour|casual labourers]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kundu&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Kundu | first=N | publisher=Development Planning Unit. [[University College, London]] | url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Kolkata_bw.pdf | title=Understanding slums: case studies for the global report on human settlements 2003. The case of Kolkata, India | access-date=26 April 2006 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524005019/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Kolkata_bw.pdf | archive-date=24 May 2006 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|11}} About 34% of the available labour force in Kolkata slums were unemployed.&lt;ref name=&quot;kundu&quot; /&gt;{{rp|11}} Since 2017, warehousing industry in the vicinity of the city experienced significant increase, and was the fastest growing market in India, per 2019 report.&lt;ref name=fewarehouse&gt;{{cite news |date=20 June 2019 |title= Kolkata tops in warehousing leasing volume, says report|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/kolkata-tops-in-warehousing-leasing-volume-says-report/1613051/ |work=Financial Express |access-date=19 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Law |first=Abhishek |date=30 July 2019 |title= Kolkata is a top warehousing hub now|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/kolkata-is-a-top-warhousing-hub-now/article28762394.ece |work= The Hindu Business Line|access-date=19 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Major companies based in Kolkata==<br /> Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large public- and private-sector corporations; major sectors include steel, heavy engineering, mining, minerals, cement, pharmaceuticals, food processing, agriculture, electronics, textiles, and [[jute]].<br /> <br /> Companies such as [[ITC Limited]], [[ABP Group]], [[CESC Limited]], [[Exide Industries]], [[Emami]], [[Eveready Industries India]], Senco Gold Limited, [[Lux Industries]], [[Rupa Company]], [[Berger Paints]], Patton International Limited, [[Birla Corporation]], Khaitan India Ltd., [[Peerless Group]] and [[Britannia Industries]], [[Jai Balaji group]], Shyam Steel Industries Limited are all headquartered in the city. [[Philips]] India, [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] India, [[Tata Global Beverages]], [[Tata Steel]] have their registered office and zonal headquarters in Kolkata. Some of the oldest public sector companies are headquartered in the city such as the [[Coal India Limited]], [[National Insurance Company]], [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders &amp; Engineers]], [[Tea Board of India]], [[Geological Survey of India]], [[Zoological Survey of India]], [[Botanical Survey of India]], [[Jute Corporation of India]], National Test House, [[Hindustan Copper]] and the [[Ordnance Factories Board]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]], [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] and [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|India Govt. Mint]] are also headquartered in the city. Kolkata hosts the headquarters of three major public-sector banks: [[Allahabad Bank]], [[UCO Bank]], and the [[United Bank of India]] and India's one of the newest private banks [[Bandhan Bank]].<br /> <br /> Among these three of the [[Forbes Global 2000]] listed companies are headquartered in Kolkata, which includes [[ITC Limited]], [[Coal India]], [[Allahabad Bank]] and [[UCO Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/18/global-09_The-Global-2000_Rank.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412093259/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/18/global-09_The-Global-2000_Rank.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2009 | work=Forbes | title=The Global 2000 | date=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Banking ==<br /> [[File:KolkataHSBC.JPG|thumb|[[HSBC]] in Kolkata]]<br /> Kolkata is an important centre for banking. At present, the city serves as the headquarters of large nationalised bank [[Uco Bank|UCO Bank]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCO Bank- Overview Of UCO Bank History {{!}} Our Vision And Mission |url=https://www.ucobank.com/English/overview.aspx |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.ucobank.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a private scheduled bank - [[Bandhan Bank]]. Several large financial companies and insurance companies are headquartered in Kolkata including Magma Fincorp, [[Bandhan Bank]], SREI Infrastructure Finance, [[National Insurance Company]]. Many Indian banks, multi-national banks and the World Bank have located their Branch offices operations in the city. All main banks from India have their branch office here. Also big financial banks like [[Standard Chartered Bank]], [[Bank of America]] and [[HSBC Bank India|HSBC Bank]] have office and branches in Kolkata. Bandhan Financial, the largest Microfinance Group in India from Kolkata and 2nd largest of its kind in the World has got RBI's nod to set up banks all over India. [[Bandhan Bank]] has its Head Office in Kolkata, which is the only bank after independence to be established in the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Network |first=BFSI |date=2015-08-24 |title='Bandhan Bank' makes historic start from East |url=https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/bandhan-bank-makes-historic-start-from-east/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Elets BFSI |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Infrastructure ==<br /> === Power and energy ===<br /> The electricity supply in Kolkata is mainly done by [[CESC Limited]] and [[WBSEDCL]].<br /> <br /> CESC is the sole distribution company serving 567 square kilometres (219 sq mi) of area administered by the [[Kolkata municipal corporation]], in the city of [[Kolkata]], as well as parts of [[Howrah]], [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]], [[24 Parganas (North)]] and [[24 Parganas (South)]] districts. CESC also has its own Transmission &amp; Distribution system through which it supplies electricity to its consumers. This system comprises a 474-kilometre (295 mi) circuit of transmission lines linking the company's generating and receiving stations with 85 [[Electrical substation|distribution stations]]; a 3,837-kilometre (2,384 mi) circuit of HT lines further linking distribution stations with LT [[Electrical substation|substations]], large industrial consumers and a 9,867-kilometre (6,131 mi) circuit of LT lines connecting its LT substations to LT consumers.<br /> <br /> West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Limited (WBSEDCL) is a wholly owned [[Company|enterprise]] of [[Government of West Bengal]], established in 2007 as one of the two successors of [[West Bengal State Electricity Board]], and is responsible for providing power to 96% of [[West Bengal]] which is not covered by CESC.<br /> <br /> === Communication and transportation ===<br /> [[File:MAA Flyover and ITC Royal Bengal.jpg|thumb|259x259px|Maa Flyover]]Kolkata has excellent roads with numerous flyovers which add to the convenience of commuters. A network of expressways like [[Kona Expressway]], [[Kalyani Expressway]], [[Belghoria Expressway]], flyovers and widening of southern stretch of [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]] are being created to ease up road traffic. [[Maa Flyover]] is an important flyover in Kolkata.<br /> [[File:Local Train in Agarpara Station.jpg|thumb|258x258px|Eastern Railway Local Trains]]<br /> A large network of roads are spread over in Kolkata which helps to reduce [[traffic congestion]]. Elevated roads are present in New Town and Rajarhat area of Kolkata. Kolkata is connected to other parts of India by the National Highways [[National Highway 2 (India)|2]], [[National Highway 6 (India)|6]], [[National Highway 34 (India)|34]], and [[National Highway 117 (India)|117]]. The Belghoria Expressway connects NH 34 with NH 2 and 6 via the Nivedita Setu while the NH 117 is connected to NH 6 by the [[National Highway 12 (India)|Kona Expressway]] via the Vidyasagar Setu.<br /> [[File:Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake 5.jpg|thumb|257x257px|Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake]]<br /> Kolkata is well-connected to the rest of [[India]] by an extensive railway network of the Indian railways. Two divisions of the Indian railways - the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] and the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] - are headquartered in the city. A total of five railway stations serve Kolkata. The two major [[railway station]]s of the city are at [[Howrah station|Howrah]] and [[Sealdah]]. The third station is called [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] has recently been constructed. International trains such as [[Maitree Express]] and [[Bandhan Express]] depart from Kolkata Station. The fourth station is [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi Junction]] which operates weekly and bi-weekly express trains to ease pressure on Howrah junction. The fifth station is named [[Shalimar Railway Station]] which used to be a goods yard has been transformed into a station from where mail and express trains operate. The [[Kolkata Circular Railway|Circular Rail]] encircles the entire city of Kolkata, starting and terminating at [[Dum Dum Junction]].<br /> <br /> Kolkata was the first city in South Asia to have an [[Rapid transit|underground railway]] system that started operating in 1984. Kolkata Metro is jointly owned by [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]] and [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]]. It has four operational lines of total length of about 60 km. As of 2024, various other metro links of approximately 74 km route length are underway in different phases of construction in Kolkata.<br /> [[File:Picture from the street of college street.jpg|thumb|Tram in Kolkata]]<br /> Kolkata is the only city in India to have a [[tram]] network. Trams are under the administration of the [[Calcutta Tramways Company]], a government of West Bengal Undertaking, popularly called CTC (now merged with [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]]). The environment-friendliness and the age-old charm of the trams attract some people. Now, several initiatives have started to improve the tram's popularity as well as increasing revenues. The results are positive. The Tram Museum is the latest addition to such schemes, which also include heritage trams' small models and meals on wheels trams i.e. with dining options. 1st AC passenger tram ran in the city in 2019. Each of the AC trams, built at the Nonapukur tram depot near Muzaffar Ahmed Sarani, cost Rs 25 lakh and is fitted with a 5.5 tonne AC unit, LED light bulbs and fans.<br /> <br /> The government buses were previously run by [[Calcutta State Transport Corporation]], [[Calcutta Tramways Company]], [[West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation]], [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation]] and [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]]. In the year 2016, the first three government bus companies merged and formed [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]]. The government buses are generally painted either blue color with white stripes or white color with blue stripes. This buses are identified by the WBTC symbol on the front windscreen and on their body. Both the name of the destination place as well as the name of the originating place is mentioned on the front of the bus either digitally [LED Board] or written [White Board]. The fleet consist of [[Ashok Leyland]] JanBus, [[Tata Motors]] Marcopolo Bus, and [[Volvo Buses|Volvo 8400]] buses and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] Starline buses. Air-conditioned buses have been introduced in the year 2009 under [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JNNURM) and are operated by WBTC. Air-conditioned buses have been included to provide comfort to daily commuters to make there travel less tiresome. In the year 2019, electric AC buses were introduced. Tata Motors were given contract by Government Of West Bengal to supply 80 such buses to WBTC. Non-AC buses fare start from {{INRConvert|10}} whereas AC buses fare start from {{INRConvert|25}}.<br /> <br /> === Ports ===<br /> Kolkata is a major river-port in eastern India. The [[Kolkata Port Trust]] manages both the Kolkata docks and the [[Haldia]] docks. There is passenger service to [[Port Blair]] on the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[cargo ship]] service to [[ports in India]] and abroad, operated by the [[Shipping Corporation of India]]. Kolkata Port handled 65.660 million tonnes (mt) of traffic in 2022-23, around 12.86% higher vis-a-vis that handled during previous fiscal. Kolkata Dock System, the first major dock formally commissioned in 1870, handled cargo traffic of 17.052 mt in 2022-23, registering a significant growth of 11.46% over the previous year. Haldia Dock Complex, the 1st green port of the country in 2015, handled 48.608 mt in 2022-23, recording growth of 11.8% over the last year. During 2022-23, 6,75,904 Container TEUs were handled at the Port vis-à-vis 7,35,195 TEUs during 2021-22. Total containerised tonnage handled at SMP, Kolkata was 10.59 million tonnes in 2022-23 vis-à-vis 11.8 million tonnes in 2021-22. Kolkata Dock System handled 5,68,722 TEUs in 2022-23 compared to 5,69,783 TEUs in 2021-22, recording a marginal decline. In 2019-20 Kolkata Dock System achieved the highest ever container throughput of 6,75,439 TEUs. Haldia Dock Complex handled 1,07,182 TEUs in 2022-23 vis-a-vis 1,65,412 TEUs in 2021-22.<br /> <br /> [[Kolkata Port]] ranked 1st in terms of coking coal &amp; other coal handling amongst major ports of India.<br /> [[File:Kolkata Airport Terminal (14668075480).jpg|thumb|276x276px|Inside Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]<br /> <br /> === Aviation ===<br /> Spread over 2640 acres at [[Dum Dum]] in Kolkata, the largest in eastern India, the newly modernised [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] is the sixth busiest international airport in India in respect of aircraft movement (after Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai). It has two asphalt runways, the primary one extended by 700 meters (3627 × 46m) and upgraded to CATIIIB, and the secondary one (3190 × 46m) upgraded to CATII ILS standards. Its terminal is a new and sprawling L-shaped six-level integrated terminal of over 2,510,000 sq ft inaugurated in 2013, able to handle 25 million passengers per annum. It includes check-in counters that use CUTE (Common User Terminal Equipment) technology, 78 immigration counters, 12 customs counters, passenger lounges provided by Air India and Jet Airways, 18 aerobridges, 57 remote parking bays, 2 underground two-leveled carparks and car parking facilities in landscaped area capable of handling 5000 cars. The airport has a Centre for Perishable Commodities (CPC), two luxury hotels and a shopping mall.<br /> <br /> In the fiscal year April 2023 to March 2024, the airport handled 1,40,879 aircraft movements including 20,078 international aircraft movements, 19.784 million passengers (including 2.4 million international passengers and 17.31 million domestic passengers), 1,51,626 metric tonnes of freight.<br /> <br /> == Salt Lake and New Town ==<br /> [[File:Aerial View Of Salt Lake City Kolkata West Bengal IMG 9796 05.jpg|thumb|271x271px|Aerial View of Salt Lake, Kolkata]]<br /> Bidhannagar also known as Salt Lake City is a planned [[satellite city]] of [[Kolkata]] in [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] district. As of April 2019, Sector V of Bidhannagar had approx 1,500 companies. Salt Lake Sector-V is the commercial sector of [[Bidhannagar]] city and a [[Central business district|business district]] under [[Kolkata metropolitan area]]. Spread over an area of 430 Acres, Salt Lake Sector V is known as the IT Hub of Kolkata as well as [[East India]].<br /> <br /> As of 2023, there is 12.3 million sq. feet of grade A office space with 2.3 million sq. feet of grade A office space under development. Altogether Sector V have 14.6 million sq. feet of grade A office space which is highest in Kolkata Metropolitan Area. Most of the commercial spaces are eloped by IT/BPO companies.<br /> <br /> New Town has emerged as the second IT hub of Kolkata after [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]]. [[List of tech parks in Kolkata#New Town|Growing number of tech parks]] makes New Town a preferred destination for IT and ITes in East India. Several Information Technology majors are operational like [[Ericsson]], Accenture, Capgemini, Tech Mahindra, ITC Infotech, Mindtree, Adani Labs, [[British Telecom]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[Wipro]], [[Infosys]], [[Cognizant]] etc. New Town also houses [[Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub]].<br /> <br /> [[Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub]] is an under construction [[technology]] [[Business park|hub]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], consisting of various [[Industrial park|tech parks]], buildings, projects and premises which work on the sectors like [[Information technology|IT]]/ITeS, [[Data Centre]], [[E-commerce]], [[Internet of things|IoT]], [[Knowledge process outsourcing|KPO]], [[Artificial intelligence|AI]], [[Research and development|R&amp;D]] and [[Telecommunications|Telecom]]. The hub is projected to be completed in 2025, generating 1,00,000 direct jobs. As of 2022, the total investment in the hub is {{INRConvert|1|lc}}. It is being built on an area of 250 acres.<br /> <br /> FinTech Hub is a [[financial]], [[Commerce|commercial]] centre and [[business district]] located in [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]. The hub has the presence of a large number of banking, [[Financial services|financial]] companies and [[Law firm|legal]] institutions. Many major companies have their headquarters, offices and training centres operational or under construction. In 2010, inspired by the [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] in [[Mumbai]] and to turn Kolkata into an international financial centre, the then chief minister of West Bengal [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] and finance minister [[Asim Dasgupta]] proposed an International Financial Hub on 100 Acres of land in [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]. The union finance minister of that time, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] laid the foundation stone of the project on 13 October 2010. The project had a deadline to be completed in five years. In 2017, the project was relaunched as a FinTech hub. The purpose was to develop [[Fintech|financial technology]] industry in West Bengal. In 2020, 23 financial institutions had their offices setup in the hub. First 10 acres were identified which was afterwards expanded. On 10 September 2021, HIDCO released an online portal for owing plots easily. Up to September 2021, 48 acres were allotted in 70 acres. As of 2022, 28 financial and legal institutions have their offices in fintech hub.<br /> <br /> == Ease of doing business ==<br /> The [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] (KMC) is the central authority which deals with the processing of new trade licenses and the renewal of the same as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Official Website of Kolkata Municipal Corporation|url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCPortalHome1.jsp|website = www.kmcgov.in|access-date = 2015-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Kolkata, along with [[Bengaluru]] was included in the list of cities in India for the World Bank's ease of doing business survey in India, which so far covered only [[New Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=World Bank's ease of doing business survey to also cover Kolkata, Bengaluru next year|work=Livemint.com|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/wb-s-ease-of-doing-business-survey-to-also-cover-kolkata-bengaluru-next-year-11571918678598.html|access-date=2022-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100&quot;&gt;<br /> File:UnitechHi-TechITParkNewTown.jpg|Unitech InfoSpace Hi-Tech Park (New Town) Kolkata<br /> File:UnitechHiTechITParkKolkata.jpg|Unitech InfoSpace<br /> File:HidcobhawanNewTownKolkata.jpg|[[HIDCO]] Bhawan (Narkel Bagan) New Town Kolkata<br /> File:DLFKolkataIBM.jpg|DLF (IBM Pvt. Ltd.) IT Tech Park, New Town, Kolkata<br /> File:1wipinsidekolkata.jpg|Inside Wipro Technologies Saltlake City, Sector V, Kolkata<br /> File:Towardswiprogateno1pavementfrmlearningcentre.jpg|Wipro Technologies, Saltlake City, Sector V, Kolkata<br /> File:CollegemoresectorVSaltlakecitykolkata.jpg|College More, Saltlake City, Sector V, Kolkata<br /> File:TechnopolisSaltlakeSectorVKolkata.jpg|Technopolis, Saltlake City, Kolkata<br /> File:ITCityTowardsCollegeMoreSaltlakeCitySectorV.jpg|Saltlake City, Major Economy Towers<br /> File:KolkataFlowermarket.jpg|Mallikghat flower market<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Bengal Renaissance]]<br /> *[[Calcutta Stock Exchange Association Limited]]<br /> *[[HIDCO]]<br /> *[[Kolkata Metro]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kolkata topics}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Economy of Kolkata}}<br /> [[Category:Economy of Kolkata| ]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharashtra_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Editing&diff=514857 2025-11-03T05:46:33Z

<p>Timothyves: started a article...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film award}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Editing <br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | awarded_for = Best editing in a Marathi film<br /> | sponsor = <br /> | firstawarded = 1962<br /> | lastawarded = 2024<br /> | reward = {{INR Convert|100000}}<br /> | former name = <br /> | holder_label = Most recent winner<br /> | holder = <br /> | most_awards = <br /> | award1_type = Total awarded<br /> | award1_winner = 61<br /> | award2_type = First winner<br /> | award2_winner = Bal Korde <br /> | award3_type = Last winner<br /> | award3_winner = Akshay Shinde<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Editing''' is an award, begun in 1962, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to an actor for best performance in a [[Marathi cinema]]. The awardees are decided by a jury constituted every year. They are announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]].<br /> <br /> ==Winners ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#bebebe&quot;<br /> ! width=&quot;2%&quot; | Year<br /> ! width=&quot;18%&quot; | Recipient(s)<br /> ! width=&quot;48%&quot; | Film<br /> ! width=&quot;2%&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''1962'''<br /> |Bal Korde<br /> |''Suvasini''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madgulkar |first=Sumitr |title=Marathi Songs {{!}} G D Madgulkar {{!}} Gadima {{!}} ग. दि. माडगूळकर {{!}} गदिमा {{!}} मराठी गाणी {{!}} Gani {{!}} Geete {{!}} GeetRamayan |url=https://www.gadima.com/ |access-date= |website=www.gadima.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1963'''<br /> |Bal Korde <br /> |''Rangalya Ratri Asha'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''1964'''<br /> |Bal Korde <br /> |''[[Pathlaag]]'' <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1965'''<br /> |Chandrashekhar Kamulkar<br /> |''Vavtal''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''1966'''<br /> |Gangaram Matafod<br /> |''Kela Ishara Jata Jata''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=सुधीर वासुदेव नांदगावकर |first=चैतन्य कुंटे |url=http://archive.org/details/20190823_20190823_0935 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ७ – चित्रपट, संगीत |date=2014 |page=231}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1967'''<br /> |Bal Korde <br /> |''Kaka Mala Vachva''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |language=Marathi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1968'''<br /> |V. K. Naik<br /> |''Ekti''<br /> |-<br /> |'''1969'''<br /> |Ramnath Ghatke <br /> |''Tila Lavte Mi Raktacha''<br /> |-<br /> |'''1970'''<br /> |[[N. S. Vaidya]]<br /> |''Saticha Vaan''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''1971'''<br /> |Babu Shaikh<br /> |''[[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]]''<br /> |-<br /> |V. K. Naik<br /> |''Ajab Tujhe Sarkar''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''1972-73'''<br /> |P. S. Wagle <br /> |''Jawai Vikat Ghene Aahe''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madhusudan Kalelkar |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/madhusudan-kalelkar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213115949/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/madhusudan-kalelkar |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date= |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[N. S. Vaidya]]<br /> |''Andhala Marto Dola'' <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1974'''<br /> |Pandurang Khochikar<br /> |''Sugandhi Katta''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''1975'''<br /> |[[N. S. Vaidya]]<br /> |''[[Pandu Havaldar]]'' <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2001-11-07 |title=The man behind the villain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/the-man-behind-the-villain/articleshow/302761540.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Baburao Bhosle<br /> |''Ghar Gangechya Kathi''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1976'''<br /> |[[V. Shantaram]]<br /> |''Zunj''<br /> |-<br /> |'''1977'''<br /> |Ramnath Ghatke <br /> |''Daga''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1978'''<br /> |Ramnath Ghatke <br /> |''Devkinandan Gopala''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1979'''<br /> |Pandurang Khochikar <br /> |''Irsha''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1980'''<br /> |Aruna-Vikas<br /> |''Zakol''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=यशवंत दत्त (यशवंतसिंह महाडीक) – profiles |url=https://www.marathisrushti.com/profiles/yashwant-datta-yashwantsinha-mahadik/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '''1981'''<br /> |[[N. S. Vaidya]]<br /> |''[[Umbartha]]''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-05-19 |title=Marathi playwright Vijay Tendulkar dies |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marathi-playwright-vijay-tendulkar-dies/65528-19.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203315/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marathi-playwright-vijay-tendulkar-dies/65528-19.html |archive-date=2013-12-27 |access-date= |work=IBNLive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1982'''<br /> |Das Dhaimade <br /> |''[[Shapit]]'' <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-07-04 |title=मिरासदार, द. मा. |url=https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/30150/ |access-date= |website=मराठी विश्वकोश प्रथमावृत्ती |language=mr-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1983'''<br /> |Sanjeev Naik <br /> |''[[Gupchup Gupchup]]''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ashok Saraf |url=http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422184005/http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1984'''<br /> |Ashok Patwardhan <br /> |''Hech Maze Maher'' <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1985'''<br /> |[[N. S. Vaidya]]<br /> |''[[Dhum Dhadaka]]''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Rekha |title=Marathi Chitrapatsrushticha Samagra Itihas |publisher=[[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)]] |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |language=Marathi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1986'''<br /> |S. B. Mane<br /> |''Aaj Zale Mukt Me''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''1987'''<br /> |Ashok Patwardhan <br /> |''Prem Karuya Khullam Khulla''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '''1988'''<br /> |Javed Sayyad<br /> |''Reshimgathi''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '''1989'''<br /> |Vishwas-Anil<br /> |''[[Thartharat]]''<br /> |-<br /> |'''1990'''<br /> |Ashok Patwardhan <br /> |''[[Ek Ratra Mantarleli]]''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1991'''<br /> |G. G. Patil <br /> |''Vedh''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1992'''<br /> |Anant Dharmadhikari <br /> |''Aahuti''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '''1993'''<br /> |Vishwas-Anil <br /> |''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]''<br /> |-<br /> |'''1994'''<br /> |Vijay Khochikar <br /> |''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | '''1995'''<br /> |Vijay Khochikar <br /> |''Nilambari''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation &amp; Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Jaya Ganga, Mirch Masala, Party, Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-02.htm |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''1996'''<br /> |Suresh Avadhoot <br /> |''Raosaheb''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''1997'''<br /> |Jafar Sultan <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Sarkarnama]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Dilip Kotalgi<br /> |-<br /> | '''1998'''<br /> |Vijay Khochikar <br /> |''Andhala Sakshidar'' <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''1999'''<br /> |Jafar Sultan <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Bindhaast]]''<br /> |-<br /> |Dilip Kotalgi <br /> |-<br /> |'''2000'''<br /> |Anand Gurav<br /> |''Tochi Ek Samarth'' <br /> |-<br /> |'''2001'''<br /> |Arun Narvekar<br /> |''Ek Hoti Vadi'' <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation &amp; Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-06.htm |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '''2002'''<br /> |Vishwas-Anil <br /> |''Sattesathi Kahihi''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Film Bulletin: May 3rd |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '''2003'''<br /> |Vyanktesh Rao<br /> |''Chalu Navra Bholi Bayko'' <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shwaas aims for an oscar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '''2004'''<br /> |Shailendra Doke<br /> |''Kunku Zale Vairi''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Subodh Bhave (सुबोध भावे) - Marathi Actor, Director and Producer |url=https://subodhbhave.com/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=subodhbhave.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''2005'''<br /> |Faisal-Imran <br /> |''[[Pak Pak Pakaak]]'' <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '''2006'''<br /> |Dilip Kotalgi <br /> |''Mohatyachi Renuka''<br /> |-<br /> | '''2007'''<br /> |Rajesh Rao<br /> |''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | '''2008'''<br /> |Vidyadhar Pathare<br /> |''Savariya Dot Com''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='जोगवा'साठी उपेंद्र लिमयेला राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/-/articleshow/5492381.cms |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '''2009'''<br /> |Sarvesh Parab<br /> |''[[Mi Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy!]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''2010'''<br /> |[[Prakash Jadhav]] <br /> |''[[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (film)|Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | '''2011'''<br /> |Faisal-Imran <br /> |''[[Arjun (2011 film)|Arjun]]''<br /> |-<br /> | '''2012'''<br /> |Prashant Khedekar <br /> |''[[Ajintha (film)|Ajintha]]''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaksparsh Awards |url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''2013'''<br /> |Deepak Virkut <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ranabhoomi''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2014-06-21 |title=Santosh Phutane, Kamlakar Tanawade bag technical State awards |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/santosh-phutane-kamlakar-tanawade-bag-technical-state-awards.php |access-date= |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Vilas Ranade<br /> |-<br /> |'''2014'''<br /> |[[Jayant Jathar]] <br /> |''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]'' <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-04-27 |title=Maharashtra government announces annual film awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-government-announces-annual-film-awards/article7147328.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '''2015'''<br /> |Kshitija Khandagale<br /> |''[[Dagadi Chawl]]'' <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=53rd Maharashtra State Film Awards 2016: Full Nominations List - Marathi Cineyug |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603120402/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-date=2016-06-03 |access-date= |website=marathicineyug.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''2016'''<br /> |Mahenteshwar Bhosge <br /> |''[[Phuntroo]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=State Award winning film Bandookya release date out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/state-award-winning-film-bandookya-release-date-out/articleshow/59367741.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Anil Gandhi<br /> |''Machivarla Budha''<br /> |-<br /> | '''2017'''<br /> |Devendra Murdeshwar <br /> |''Ziprya''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title=55th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Distribution Celebrated - Latest Photos {{!}} दिमाखात पार पडला ५५ वा महाराष्ट्र मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा - Watch Galleryimages Photos at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1671617/55th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-distribution-celebrated/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''2018'''<br /> |Nachiket Waikar<br /> |''[[Tendlya]]''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2019-06-22 |title=56th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Winners |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/awards/56th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners.php |access-date= |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''2019'''<br /> |[[Apurva Motiwale]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Basta (film)|Basta]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pimple Saudagar resident receives best debut director award in 57th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Ceremony - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pimple-saudagar-resident-receives-best-debut-director-award-in-57th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-ceremony/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Ashish Mhatre<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |'''2020'''<br /> |Manish Shirke<br /> |''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]'' <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=57 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्काराचे वितरण, 'वाय' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/57th-state-marathi-film-awards-y-adjudged-the-best-film-maharashtra-entertainment-news-1258896 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''2021'''<br /> |Paresh Manjrekar <br /> |''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]'' <br /> |-<br /> |'''2022'''<br /> |Yash Surve<br /> |''Kata Kirr'' <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=६० व्या व ६१ व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पारितोषिकांचे, तसेच चित्रपती व्ही.शांताराम व स्व.राज कपूर पुरस्कारांचे वितरण |url=https://mahasamvad.in/174491/ |website=Mahasamvad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''2023'''<br /> |Akshay Shinde <br /> |''Gypsy'' <br /> |}<br /> ==Multiple wins==<br /> <br /> Individuals with two or more Best Editing awards:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wins<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Actress<br /> |- <br /> | 5<br /> | {{cslist|[[N. S. Vaidya]]}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | {{cslist|Bal Korde}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | {{cslist|Ramnath Ghatke |Ashok Patwardhan |Vishwas-Anil |Vijay Khochikar|Dilip Kotalgi||||<br /> ||<br /> |<br /> }}<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |{{Cslist|V. K. Naik|Jafar Sultan |Pandurang Khochikar |Faisal-Imran }}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Editing]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Da%27watul_Haq&diff=495219 2025-08-29T12:18:12Z

<p>Timothyves: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Arabic magazine}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox magazine<br /> | title = Da'watul Haq<br /> | image_file = Cover of Da'watul Haq, August 1968.jpg<br /> | image_alt = Black &amp; White cover<br /> | image_caption = August 1968 cover<br /> | editor = [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]]<br /> | founder = Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi<br /> | category = [[Theology]], [[Culture]], [[Dawah]], [[Literature]], [[Foreign policy]]<br /> | frequency = Quarterly<br /> | publisher = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> | firstdate = January 1965<br /> | finaldate = April 1975<br /> | country = India<br /> | based = [[Deoband]]<br /> | language = Arabic<br /> }}<br /> '''''Da'watul Haq''''' ({{langx|ar|دعوة الحق}}) was a quarterly Arabic magazine published by [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] under the supervision of [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]] from 1965 to 1975, subsequently replaced by ''[[Al-Daie]]''.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=111}} Founded and developed by [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]], it became Darul Uloom Deoband's inaugural Arabic magazine,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdur |date=2018 |title=Contributions Of The Scholars Of Darul Uloom Deoband To The Development Of Arabic Journalism In India |url=https://aldebal.com/index.php/aldebal/article/view/43 |journal=Aldebal |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=76 |issn=2415-5500 |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907204130/http://aldebal.com/index.php/aldebal/article/view/43 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with the primary mission of acquainting Arabic-speaking regions with Darul Uloom Deoband and translating its educational content into Arabic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Daisy |first=Ahmed |title=Development Of Indo Arabic Literature And The Contribution Of Dr Sayeedur Rahman Al AZmi Al Nadwi To Al Baas Al Islami |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/93172 |hdl-access=free |via=Shodhganga |publisher=Gauhati University |year=2015 |location=India |page=101 |language=ar |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/93172 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208183533/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/93172 |archive-date= Dec 8, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The magazine aimed to present Islam as a dynamic and relevant faith, addressing objections and emphasizing that the Quran and [[Islam]] serve as foundations for progress rather than impediments.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=223}} It also aimed to elevate the Arabic language and literature in both India and the [[Arab world]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Alangadan |first=Anees |title=Relocating Arabic Language And Literature With Reference To Arabic Journalism In India 1950 To 2000 |publisher=[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] |year=2014 |location=India |page=165 |language=ar |hdl=10603/30548 |degree=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |hdl-access=free |via=Shodhganga |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050821/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars like [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]] and [[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]] commenced on their literary journeys with this publication.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=112}}<br /> <br /> == Root and growth ==<br /> For nearly a century following the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband, there was little attention given to the creation of an Arabic magazine from this institution.&lt;ref name=&quot;:Nayab&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Nayab Hasan |url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |date=2013 |publisher=Idara Tahqueeq-e-islami Deoband |edition= |location=India |page=126 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; As global dynamics underwent transformations, the institution recognized the increasing significance of the Arabic language and [[Arabic literature|literature]], especially in the face of challenges prevailing in the Arab world. This paradigm shift directed the institution's focus towards promoting refined Arabic literature, countering [[Western culture|Western influences]], and developing a generation capable of contributing to contemporary Arabic literature through sophisticated articles.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=221}} According to Sarwar Alam Nadwi, the impetus for establishing the magazine arose from prevailing conditions.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=221}} [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]], noting that Darul Uloom Deoband prioritized religious education, such as [[Deobandi hadith studies|hadith]] and [[Deobandi fiqh|jurisprudence]], over Arabic language and literature, recognized the need for such a magazine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:Ahmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Farid Uddin |date=2019 |title=Arabic Journalism in India: its growth and development |url=https://www.thecho.in/files/34.-Dr.-Farid-Uddin-Ahmed-15-07-19.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Echo |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=312 |issn=2278-5264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044358/https://www.thecho.in/files/34.-Dr.-Farid-Uddin-Ahmed-15-07-19.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2021 |access-date=29 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its inaugural edition materialized in January 1965,&lt;ref name=&quot;:Nayab&quot; /&gt; starting with 64 pages and subsequently expanding to 80 pages in the first issue of the ninth volume.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=221}} The editorial bore the title ''Afkar al-Khawatir''.{{Sfn|Daisy|2015|p=101}} Priced at one rupee annually, the magazine was printed by Wazir Hasan Mir Aazam Gadh Press.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=112}} Its publication spanned ten years, culminating in April 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;:Nayab&quot; /&gt; In June 1976, the magazine ''[[Al-Daie]]'' was introduced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:Nayab&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Thematic outlook ==<br /> It covers a broad range of subjects, including religion, art, and literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Nadwi |first=Sarwar Alam |title=Development Of Arabic Journalism In India After Independence |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57825 |hdl-access=free |via=Shodhganga |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |degree=PhD |year=2000 |location=India |page=222 |language=ar |hdl=10603/57825 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024641/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57825 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Featuring literary creations from Arab writers and intellectuals such as [[Mohammed al-Ghazali]], [[Mustafa El-Rifai]], and [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]], the magazine shares cultural news and updates about Darul Uloom Deoband.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=222}} Known for its refined Arabic style, especially in the editorial ''Bareed al-Mahallah'',{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=111}} the publication aims to raise awareness about Islamic practices, safeguard Islamic beliefs, promote the Arabic language and literature, and spread Islamic culture in the Indian subcontinent and the Arab world.{{Sfn|Ahmed|2019|p=311}} Focusing on education, it showcases the lives and contributions of scholars at Darul Uloom Deoband and presents scientific and religious articles for Indian readers.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=223}} Additionally, the magazine works to develop Arabic literary taste, encourage creativity, and uphold religious interests while promoting Islamic values globally.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=221}} Sections like ''Nafhat al-Sunnah'' and ''Tahreer'' present commentary on the contemporary Islamic world, and the publication includes coverage of Darul Uloom Deoband's activities, literary pursuits in [[Al-Nadi Al-Adabi]], and occasional articles on new publications, obituaries, and condolences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Qamruzzaman |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57789 |hdl-access=free |via=Shodhganga |title=Maulavi Wahiduzzaman Karanvi his contribution to Arabic language and literature in India |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |year=2001 |page=111 |location=India |language=ar |hdl=10603/57789 |degree=PhD |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616070344/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57789 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It maintains a stance of refraining from publishing advertisements.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=112}}<br /> <br /> == Academic approval ==<br /> This magazine has received acclaim from scholars across various fields. Abdur Rahman of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] deems it a standout among 20th-century Indian Arabic-language magazines, achieving widespread recognition.{{Sfn|Rahman|2018|p=78}} Qamruzzaman from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] highlights its role in translating intellectual ideas from Darul Uloom Deoband, extending its influence beyond its origins.{{Sfn|Qamruzzaman|2001|p=111}} Farid Uddin Ahmed, a scholar at [[Cotton University]], acknowledges its role to showcasing the expertise of Darul Uloom Deoband scholars.&lt;ref name=&quot;:Ahmed&quot; /&gt; Ahmed Daisy of [[Gauhati University]] sees it as an asset in Arabic journalism, promoting Islamic teachings in the Indian Subcontinent.{{Sfn|Daisy|2015|p=101}} Zikrullah Arabi from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] underscores its pioneering role in developing literary taste among Muslim youth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Arabi |first=Zikrullah |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Deoband to Arabic Journalism With Special Reference of Al-Die (Monthly Magazine) and Comprehensive Catalogue Upto 2013 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |page=114 |year=2019 |location=India |language=ar |hdl=10603/337869 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024643/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sarwar Alam Nadwi of Aligarh Muslim University emphasizes its significance in defending Islam and promoting literary refinement.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=222}} Anees Alangadan from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] stresses the magazine's overarching goal of awakening the Islamic spirit and defending the religion against doubts and attacks, solidifying its position as a defender of Islamic teachings amidst challenges from critics.{{Sfn|Alangadan|2014|p=223}} Hafizur Rahman of [[Gauhati University]] acknowledges the magazine's pure Arabic style and rigorous scholarly research,&lt;ref name=&quot;:HR&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Hafizur |title=Arabic journalism in India with special reference to Sayed Muhammad Al Hasani : a study |access-date= |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/342127 |language=en |pages=197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217145140/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/342127 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |year=2020 |location=India |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; while Habib Shahidul Islam, also of Gauhati University, described it as an invaluable asset to Arabic journalism in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:HSI&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Islam |first=Habib Shahidul |title=The Role Of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulema In The Field Of Arabic Journalism In India A Study |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/114360 |language=en |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050739/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/114360 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |year=2014 |location=India |hdl=10603/114360 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obaidur Rahman of [[Banaras Hindu University]] noted its impact on developing interest in the Arabic language and literature among students.&lt;ref name=&quot;ORBHU&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Obaidur |title=Contribution of Olamae of Deoband to Arabic Language and Literature from 1867 to 2013 |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Banaras Hindu University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/536377 |language=en |page=240 |year=2021 |location=India |hdl=10603/536377 |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103013013/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/536377 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cross-cultural views ==<br /> It has received commendation from figures in the Islamic community. Muhammad Yahya al-Hashmi, the head of Jam'iyyat al-Buhuth al-'Ilmiyya in Aleppo, Syria, has acknowledged the publication for its content in deep Islamic articles.{{Sfn|Alangadan|2014|p=224}} [[Abd al-Quddus al-Ansari]], the founder of the Saudi magazine ''Al-Manhal'', has expressed positive recognition for it.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=114}} Abdul Halim al-Nadwi has highlighted the magazine's contributions to knowledge, religion, and the expression of correct beliefs, particularly benefiting the Indian Muslim community and the broader Islamic nation.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=223}} Zubair Ahmad al-Farouqi has attributed the magazine for shaping a new structure in Darul Uloom Deoband and developing literary and scientific taste among students.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=223}} Muhammad Isma'il al-Nadwi expressed hope for the magazine's ongoing contribution to conveying Islamic culture in India, emphasizing its impact on both subject and content.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=113}} [[Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi]] observed its impact on Arabic literature at the institution, leading to increased interest in modern Arabic composition and demonstrating the institution's growing intellectual engagement with the language.&lt;ref name=&quot;ORBHU&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Magazines of Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Darul Uloom Deoband}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Deobandi Arabic magazines]]<br /> [[Category:Publications of Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> [[Category:Defunct Arabic-language magazines]]<br /> [[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Defunct conservative magazines]]<br /> [[Category:Quarterly magazines published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Magazines established in 1965]]<br /> [[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1975]]<br /> [[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Advertising-free magazines]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamangram&diff=489422 2025-07-30T05:40:50Z

<p>Timothyves: Creating basic post first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bamangram<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Census Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.896517|N|88.098165|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country <br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 1.9015<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 13550<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages (For language and religion details see [[Kaliachak I#Language and religion]])<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 732206<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code<br /> | area_code = 03512<br /> | registration_plate = WB<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sujapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sujapur]]<br /> | website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Bamangram''' is a [[census town]] and [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Kaliachak I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=350| height=350| zoom=10<br /> | coord={{coord|24|57|0|N|88|1|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the southern portion of Malda district (including Kaliachak I, Kaliachak II, Kaliachak III, Manikchak and English Bazar CD blocks)'''&lt;br/&gt; M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|25|0|54|N|88|7|0|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Bagbari | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bagbari]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|24|52|46|N|88|2|5|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Baliadanga| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Baliadanga]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|24|51|4|N|88|1|51|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Alipur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Alipur, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|24|53|37|N|88|5|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bamangram| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=Bamangram (CT)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|24|54|16|N|88|5|57|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bara Suzapur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bara Suzapur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|4|56|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chaspara| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chaspara]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|24|55|55|N|88|5|37|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Chhota |labela7= Suzapur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Chhota Suzapur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|24|53|30|N|88|2|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Jadupur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Jadupur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|44|N|87|56|43|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Jagannathpur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jagannathpur, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|24|54|18|N|88|3|50|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jalalpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jalalpur, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|24|50|4|N|88|0|40|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Karari Chandpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Karari Chandpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|24|47|34|N|87|59|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Krishnapur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Krishnapur, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|25|1|7|N|87|59|59|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Milki| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Milki Town]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|6|29|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Nazirpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Nazirpur, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|24|52|45|N|88|1|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silampur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Silampur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|24|59|14|N|88|7|2|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonatala| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Sonatala, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|25|0|42|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Malda| numbered17=M| mark-title17=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color17= #800000<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|25|3|26|N|88|8|11|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Old Malda| numbered18=M| mark-title18=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color18= #800000<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Farakka Barrage| numbered19=F| mark-title19= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color19=#967117<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|24|50|30|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Baisnabnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Baisnabnagar, Malda]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|24|58|35|N|88|0|9|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bangitola| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Bangitola]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|24|48|40|N|87|59|43|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Bedrabad| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bedrabad]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|25|7|50|N|87|52|15|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bhutni| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Bhutni, Malda]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|24|49|23|N|87|59|19|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Dariapur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Dariapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|24|52|5|N|88|1|29|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Kaliachak| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Kaliachak]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|24|50|47|N|88|8|26|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Mahadipur|labela26= checkpoint| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Mahadipur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|25|4|53|N|87|53|56|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Manikchak| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Manikchak, Malda]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|24|56|4|N|88|2|33|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Mothabari| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Mathabari]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|25|6|37|N|87|53|24|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Mathurapur| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Mathurapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord30={{coord|24|56|55|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Panchanandapur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchanandapur]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord31={{coord|24|49|0|N|87|57|17|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Pubarun| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Pubarun]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord32={{coord|24|59|37|N|88|2|24|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Sattari| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Sattari, West Bengal]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord33={{coord|24|51|17|N|88|0|2|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Sultanganj| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Sultanganj, Malda]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord34={{coord|24|52|0|N|88|8|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Gauda | mark-title34= [[Gauḍa (city)]] (H)| numbered34=H |shape-color34=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord35={{coord|25|5|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|label35=Mahananda|labela35= River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=45| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none<br /> |mark-coord36={{coord|25|1|30|N|87|55|0|E}}|label36= Ganges River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=30| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none<br /> |mark-coord37={{coord|25|3|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label37= Tangon River| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-60| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none<br /> |mark-coord38={{coord|25|3|20|N|88|2|0|E}}|label38= Kalindri |labela38= River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-10| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none<br /> |mark-coord39={{coord|24|57|33|N|87|59|30|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Birodhi| numbered39=CT| mark-title39=[[Birodhi]] (CT)<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|24|55|0|N|88|11|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35<br /> |arc-coordB={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|51|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Bamangram is located at {{coord|24.896517|N|88.098165|E|display=inline}}.<br /> <br /> According to the map of Kaliachak CD block in the ''District Census Handbook, Maldah'', 2011, [[Chhota Suzapur]], [[Bara Suzapur]], [[Chaspara]], [[Nazirpur, Malda|Nazirpur]], Bamangram and [[Jalalpur, Malda|Jalalpur]] form a cluster of census towns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Kalichak I CD block, page 639| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 15 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Area overview===<br /> The area shown in the adjoining map is the physiographic sub-region known as the ''diara''. It &quot;is a relatively well drained flat land formed by the [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] deposition of newer [[alluvium]].&quot; The most note-worthy feature is the [[Farakka Barrage]] across the Ganges.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The area is a part of the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]], which is an overwhelmingly [[Rural area#India|rural region]], but the area shown in the map has pockets of [[Urbanisation in India|urbanization]] with 17 census towns, concentrated mostly in the [[Kaliachak I]] CD block.&lt;ref name=handbook2014&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bank of the [[Ganges]] between [[Bhutni, Malda|Bhutni]] and [[Panchanandapur]] (both the places are marked on the map), is the area worst hit by [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|left bank erosion]], a major problem in the Malda area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | title = A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric, November 1999 | work = The social impact of erosion, pp 13-14 | first = Manisha | last = Banerjee | publisher = South Asia Network On Dams, Rivers and People, New Delhi: 110 088 India | access-date = 16 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234303/http://sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The ruins of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], capital of several empires, is located in this area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bamangram had a total population of 13,550, of which 6,905 (51%) were males and 6,645 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,213. The total number of literate persons in Bamangram was 8,195 (72.29% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 313618, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 14 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> According to the ''District Census Handbook, Maldah'', 2011, Bamangram covered an area of 1.9015&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. It had 2&amp;nbsp;km roads with covered drains. The protected water-supply involved tap water from treated sources, uncovered well. It had 1,668 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities, it had 3 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school in town, the nearest senior secondary school at [[Sujapur, Malda|Sujapur]] 5&amp;nbsp;km away, the nearest general degree college at [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] 15&amp;nbsp;km away. It had 6 non-formal education centres (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan). It produced silk, [[beedi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 775-786; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 775; Statement III: Civic &amp; Other Amenities, Pages 779-780; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 781-782; Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities: Pages 783-785; Statement VI: Industry &amp; Banking, Page 786 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 8 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Bamongram HMAM High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1982. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a library with 2,379 books, and 15 computers for teaching and learning purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/maldah/19060418601/bamongram-h-m-a-m-high-school-h-s.html | title = Bamongram H.M.A.M. High School | publisher = Schools.org | accessdate = 17 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Malda District}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Malda district]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madiraju_Ranga_Rao&diff=476288 2025-07-27T19:15:34Z

<p>Timothyves: added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian writer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|{{BLP refimprove|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{notability|bio|date=June 2025}}}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Dr. Madiraju Ranga Rao<br /> | relatives = Sri Narayana Rao (father)<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | genre = &lt;span style=&quot;color:#36c;&quot;&gt;Classical Literature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#36c;&quot;&gt;Indian Poetics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#36c;&quot;&gt;Modern Poetry, Novel and Criticism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#36c;&quot;&gt;Studies in Sanskrit Literature&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> | occupation = Telugu Poet and Writer<br /> | image = rangaraju.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|06|08|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = &lt;span style=&quot;color:black;&quot;&gt;Pandithapuram&lt;/span&gt;, [[Yellandu]], [[Khammam]] &lt;br/&gt; [[About Prof Madiraju Rangarao garu]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date |2025|06|21|df=y}}<br /> | death_place =<br /> | citizenship = [[India]]<br /> | signature = &lt;!-- file name only --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Madiraju Ranga Rao''' (born 1935) is a scholar of [[Telugu literature]], associated with Classical Literature, Indian Poetics, Modern Poetry, Novels, Criticism, and Studies in [[Sanskrit literature]].<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Madiraju Ranga Rao was a student of Telugu Literature with qualifications in M.A. Telugu (Osmania University 1962), Ph.D (Osmania University 1966), and M.A. Sanskrit (Osmania University 1969). His Doctoral Thesis is &quot;Concept and Practice of Poetry of Kavitrayamu&quot;.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Madiraju Ranga Rao is one of the foremost writers in Modern Telugu Poetry.<br /> <br /> Rao taught Telugu and Sanskrit literature at Kakatiya University (1968–95) and Osmania University (1964–68). During his tenure, he supervised 12 M. Phil and 10 Ph. D. scholars.<br /> <br /> He was a member of the Editorial Committee of ''Critical Edition of Andhra Maha Bhagavatham'' (Chief Editor, Acharya Raya Prolu Subba Rao) and Member of the Editorial Board of ''Critical Edition of Andhra Maha Bharathamu'' sponsored by the ''UGC'' (Chief Editor, Acharya Khandavalli Laxmi Ranjanam).<br /> <br /> Rao was Principal Investigator of two major research projects of University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi. The two projects are &quot;Concept of Democracy and National Integration in Free-Verse&quot; and &quot;National, International and Human Facets in Post-Independence Telugu Free-Verse&quot;. During 2004–06, he was Senior Fellow, Department of Culture, Government of India.<br /> <br /> He has made a significant contribution in the fields of Modern Telugu Poetry and Research and Literary Criticism. Rao's prominence in Telugu literature came with his poem &quot;Sveccha Kavithvam&quot;.<br /> <br /> His journal appearances include ''Swatantra'', ''Navatha'', ''Bharathi'', ''Sravanthi'', ''Jayanthi'', ''Vangmayi'', ''Musi'', ''Andhra Prabha'', and ''Andhra Bhoomi''. He published some 145 books on Sveccha Kavithvam and 14 books on Research and Literary Criticism.<br /> <br /> Ranga Rao is the founder and editor of ''Rasadhuni Sahithi Parishat''.<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> <br /> * Best Teacher (1992)<br /> * Best Modern Poetry (1993) award, Telugu University, Hyderabad.<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> ===Research and literary criticism===<br /> * Kavithrayam-Srujana Kala Shilpam<br /> * Sveccha Kavithvam<br /> * Navala Swaroopam<br /> * Parishodhana Svaroopam<br /> * Adhikara Bhasha<br /> * Anuvada Kala<br /> * Sri Sri Maha Prasthanam<br /> * Dasarathi Punarnanam<br /> * Sama Darshini<br /> * Alokanam Literary Essays<br /> * Srujana Drushti-Manaveeya Bhavana<br /> * Sahitya Vyasalu<br /> * Facets of Telugu Free-Verse<br /> * Srujana Chetana-Kalpavruksham<br /> <br /> ===Poetry: Sveccha Kavithvam===<br /> * Maananaveeyam<br /> * Padagettina Udayam<br /> * Mukta Dhatri<br /> * Idi Vietnam<br /> * Manobhoomikalo<br /> * Jeevana Rekhala<br /> * Mukthakalu<br /> * Avaahanam<br /> * Nalo Pravahistondi Nadi<br /> * Naku Jnapakamundi<br /> * Manobhoomikalo<br /> * Velugulo Ee Nelapi<br /> * Melkonna Ee Samayam<br /> * Shabdamai Pranamai<br /> * Agnimayam Jeevitham<br /> * Kalanni Nilipi Kshanam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anjaneylu |first1=D. |title=Telugu: Variety and Wish Fulfilment |journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] |date=1980 |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=83–84 |jstor=23330262 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23330262 |access-date=3 June 2025 |issn=0019-5804}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Ee Taram Svara Chitram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sarma |first1=M. Nagabhushana |title=The Telugu Scene: Old Classics and New Voices |journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] |date=1987 |volume=30 |issue=6 (122) |page=216 |jstor=23337276 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23337276 |access-date=3 June 2025 |issn=0019-5804}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Ashanthi Orchestra<br /> * Varthamanam Screen Pai<br /> * Agninundi Anandaniki<br /> * Jail Corner Nundi<br /> * Payanam Nundi Anandanki<br /> * Diary Darpanamlo<br /> * Ee Shatabdi Rekkalapai<br /> * Shanti Svapnam<br /> * Cross Fire<br /> * Cease Fire<br /> * Nedu Repu Madhya<br /> * Kirana Padham<br /> * Abhishekam<br /> * Agamanam<br /> * Eppatiki Kothe<br /> * Srujana Darshanam<br /> * Maro-vaipu<br /> * Hrudaya Megham<br /> * Samakaleenam<br /> * Abhinava Yanam<br /> * Antharanga Dhvani<br /> * Navarambham<br /> * Navadarshanam<br /> * Gift- Packet<br /> * Punardarshanam<br /> * Nadiche Velugu Chuttu<br /> * Apoorva<br /> * Ajnatham Nundi<br /> * Roju Vasthnudi Svacchanga <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.rasadhuni.com/ rasadhuni.com]<br /> * [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL5880545A/Madiraju_Ranga_Rao/ openlibrary.org]<br /> * [http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/telugu_literature.html/ culturopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915124606/http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/telugu_literature.html |date=15 September 2010 }}<br /> * [http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/Madiraju_Ranga_Rao/ museumstuff.com]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Madiraju Ranga}}<br /> [[Category:1935 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu poets]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashad_Mehanna&diff=453239 2025-07-25T17:47:09Z

<p>Timothyves: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Egyptian colonel}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox minister<br /> | name = Rashad Mehanna<br /> | image = Regents of Egypt 1952.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Mehanna (right) with [[Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim]] (left) and [[Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha|Barakat Pasha]] (middle)<br /> | office = [[Ministry of Transportation (Egypt)|Minister of Transport]]<br /> | term_start = 30 July 1952<br /> | term_end = 2 August 1952<br /> | predecessor = [[Mohamed Zoheir Garranah Bey]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bibliotheca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/TxtViewer/TextViewer.aspx?ID=21872&amp;type=Document |script-title=ar:محمد رشاد مهنا وزيراً للمواصلات في وزارة علي ماهر الرابعة |publisher=Memory of Modern Egypt Digital Archive |location=[[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] |language=Arabic |trans-title=Appointment of Rashad Mehanna as Minister of Transport in Ali Mahir's Fourth Cabinet |accessdate=2010-08-05|title=Text Viewer }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | successor = [[Mohamed Zoheir Garranah Bey]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bibliotheca&quot;/&gt;<br /> | primeminister = [[Ali Mahir Pasha]]<br /> | office2 = [[Regencies in Egypt|Regent of Egypt]]<br /> | term_start2 = 2 August 1952<br /> | term_end2 = 14 October 1952<br /> | monarch2 = [[Fuad II of Egypt|Fuad II]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date | 1909 | 10 | 2 | df=yes }}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kom Hamada]], [[Egypt]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|1|3|1909|10|2|df=yes}} <br /> | nationality = [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[The Egyptian Military Academy|Egyptian Military Academy]]<br /> | profession = [[Officer (armed forces)|Officer]]<br /> &lt;!-- Military service --&gt;<br /> | branch = [[Artillery]] of the [[Egyptian Army]]<br /> | rank = [[Colonel]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rashad Mehanna''' ({{Langx|ar|رشاد مهنا<br /> }}; 2 October 1909 – 3 January 1996){{Ref label|Birth|Note A|}} was an [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] [[colonel]] who played a significant role in the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Mehanna was born to an [[Al-Azhar University|Azharite]] father in the ''[[Markazes of Egypt|markaze]]'' of [[Kom Hamada]] in the [[Beheira Governorate]]. As a child, he studied at a [[Quranic school]], then went to primary school in [[Tanta]] and obtained his [[high school diploma]] in 1928. He initially went to [[medical school]], but dropped out and joined the [[The Egyptian Military Academy|Egyptian Military Academy]]. He graduated in 1932 and joined the [[artillery]] branch of the [[Egyptian Army]].<br /> <br /> Mehanna travelled to the [[United Kingdom]] in 1937 on a military scholarship, then returned a year later in order to work as a teacher at the Artillery School. He was the first Egyptian officer to specialize in [[air defense]]. Where in 1938 he formed the Anti-Aircraft branch of the artillery. <br /> <br /> Between 1946 and 1947, Mehanna helped [[Mohammad Amin al-Husayni]] who had proclaimed [[jihad]] in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. Along with other officers, he provided him with arms in order to support the Palestinian resistance. Mehanna was arrested in 1947 with a group of other officers on charges of conspiracy against [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk I]]. However, he was released after a short while.<br /> <br /> ==Role in the 1952 Revolution==<br /> Mehanna was contacted by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] in 1949 and attended preparatory meetings for the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|Revolution]]. During the 1951 elections at the Officers' Club, Mehanna was the one who advocated [[Muhammad Naguib|Muhammad Naguib's]] election.<br /> <br /> After the Revolution took place in July 1952, Mehanna was appointed Minister of Transport in the first post-revolutionary government, which was headed by [[Ali Mahir Pasha|Ali Maher]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bibliotheca&quot;/&gt; He was one of the few members of the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Committee]] whose name was actually known, the nine-person committee being shrouded in secrecy and most of its members keeping their names almost a military secret. Mehanna acted as an intermediary between the Free Officers Committee and the [[Cabinet of Egypt|Cabinet]], since he was a member of both.<br /> <br /> ==Regency and arrest==<br /> Mehanna was chosen by Nasser to serve as a representative of the Army on the three-member [[Regencies in Egypt|Regency Body]] established during the nominal reign of infant king-in-exile [[Fuad II of Egypt|Fuad II]]. However, the Regency Body had no real powers, these having been assumed by the [[Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council|Revolutionary Command Council]] (RCC). Historians of this period agree that one of the main reasons for the hostility that arose between Mehanna and the RCC was that the former actually took his title seriously while Nasser and his colleagues had no intention whatsoever of allowing him to exercise the powers that came with it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rizk | first = Yunan Labib | title = Royal help | journal = [[Al-Ahram Weekly]] | issue = 727 | date = 27 January – 2 February 2005 | url = http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/727/chrncls.htm | issn = 1110-2977 | oclc = 163624446 | accessdate = 2008-07-27 | archive-date = 2008-09-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080906143901/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/727/chrncls.htm | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The standoff ended with the dismissal of Mehanna as a member of the Regency Body.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Naguib Drops Agent in Regency Council | journal = [[The New York Times]] | pages = 3 | date = 1952-10-14 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50A16FF3458177B93C6A8178BD95F468585F9 | accessdate = 2008-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Body was dissolved altogether, and [[Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim]] was appointed as sole [[Prince regent]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Regent Replaces Council in Egypt | journal = [[The New York Times]] | pages = 17 | date = 1952-10-15 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30814FC3558107A93C7A8178BD95F468585F9 | accessdate = 2008-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By early 1953, reports began circulating which indicated that Mehanna was the ringleader in an attempted [[Coup d'état|coup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Mehanna Reported Ringleader | journal = [[The New York Times]] | pages = 3 | date = 1953-01-17 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F1FFB355E177B93C5A8178AD85F478585F9 | accessdate = 2008-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result of this, Mehanna was accused of counterrevolutionary conspiracy and was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] on 30 March 1953.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Egypt Ex-Regent Gets Prison Term | journal = [[The New York Times]] | pages = 16 | date = 1953-03-31 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00F16FC3D5B177B93C3AA1788D85F478585F9 | accessdate = 2008-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he was released in 1956 and then put under [[house arrest]]. He was re-arrested in 1965, only to be released once again in 1967. He retired completely from politics after that, and died on 3 January 1996.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> :'''A'''{{note|Birth}}: Joan Wucher King's ''[[#Kin89|Historical Dictionary of Egypt]]'' gives 1918 as Mehanna's year of birth and 1982 as his year of death.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Kin89|King 1989]], pp. 427–428&lt;/ref&gt; However, [[Arabic Bharatpedia]] gives 2 October 1909 as his date of birth and 3 January 1996 as his date of death. It cites an [[obituary]] by [[Mostafa Amin]] published on 10 January 1996. In his memoirs, [[Muhammad Naguib]] states that Mehanna was 39 years old at the time of the 1947 abortive conspiracy, which is concordant with the 1909 birth date.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Nag55|Naguib 1955]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uq-aAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Rashad+Mehanna p. 16]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ;General<br /> *''This article draws heavily on the [[:ar:رشاد مهنا|Rashad Mehanna]] article in the Arabic-language Bharatpedia, which was accessed in the version of 21 August 2008.''<br /> ;Specific<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *{{cite book |last=King |first=Joan Wucher |title=Historical Dictionary of Egypt |series=Books of Lasting Value |year=1989 |orig-date=First published 1984 |publisher=[[American University in Cairo Press]] |isbn=978-977-424-213-7 |ref=Kin89}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Naguib |first=Muhammad |authorlink=Muhammad Naguib |title=Egypt's Destiny |year=1955 |publisher=[[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Gollancz]] |location=[[London]] |oclc=2326907 |ref=Nag55}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Cabinet of Egypt]]&lt;br&gt;assuming the powers of infant King [[Fuad II of Egypt|Fuad II]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Regencies in Egypt|Regent of Egypt]]|years=1952|regent1=[[Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim]]|regent2=[[Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha]]}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim]]|as=sole [[Prince regent]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mehanna, Rashad}}<br /> [[Category:1909 births]]<br /> [[Category:1996 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century regents]]<br /> [[Category:Egyptian Military Academy alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Egyptian colonels]]<br /> [[Category:Egyptian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]<br /> [[Category:Transport ministers of Egypt]]<br /> [[Category:Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood members]]<br /> [[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Egypt]]<br /> [[Category:Regents of Egypt]]<br /> [[Category:People from Beheira Governorate]]<br /> [[Category:Political prisoners in Egypt]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Backward_Classes_Welfare_(Andhra_Pradesh)&diff=496199 2025-06-08T08:06:01Z

<p>Timothyves: Added a entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Head of the Ministry of Backward Classes Welfare of the Government of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox official post<br /> | post = Minister of Backward Classes Welfare<br /> | body = <br /> | native_name = {{transliteration|te|Venukabaḍina Taragatula Saṅkṣēma Śākha Mantrī}}<br /> | insignia = <br /> | insigniasize = 200px<br /> | insigniacaption = <br /> | insigniaalt = <br /> | flag = <br /> | flagsize = <br /> | flagalt = <br /> | flagborder = <br /> | flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | image = Sanjeevareddygari Savitha.jpg<br /> | imagesize = 150px<br /> | alt = <br /> | imagecaption = <br /> | incumbent = [[S. Savitha]]<br /> | acting = <br /> | incumbentsince = 12 June 2024<br /> | department = Department of Backward Classes Welfare<br /> | style = <br /> | type = <br /> | status = <br /> | abbreviation = <br /> | member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]<br /> | reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]<br /> | residence = <br /> | seat = <br /> | nominator = <br /> | appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | termlength = <br /> | termlength_qualified = <br /> | constituting_instrument = <br /> | precursor = <br /> | inaugural = [[Kollu Ravindra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chandrababu Naidu allocates portfolios, has two deputy CMs|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/Chandrababu-Naidu-allocates-portfolios-has-two-deputy-CMs/article20796521.ece|date=11 June 2014|website=The Hindu Business Line|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | formation = 8 June 2014<br /> | first = <br /> | last = <br /> | abolished = <br /> | superseded_by = <br /> | succession = <br /> | unofficial_names = <br /> | deputy = <br /> | salary = <br /> | website = {{url|https://wdcw.ap.gov.in/|Official website}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> &lt;!--<br /> {{Politics of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> --&gt;<br /> The '''Minister of Backward Classes Welfare''', is the head of the Department of Backward Classes Welfare of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> The incumbent minister of the Backward Classes Welfare department is the [[S. Savitha]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<br /> <br /> == List of ministers ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.4em; text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=2 |#<br /> ! rowspan=2 colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Portrait<br /> ! rowspan=2 style=&quot;width:16em&quot; | Minister&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(Lifespan)&lt;br/&gt;Constituency}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Term of office<br /> ! rowspan=2 style=&quot;width:5em&quot; |Election&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(Term)}}<br /> ! rowspan=2 style=&quot;width:8em&quot; |Party<br /> ! rowspan=2 style=&quot;width:8em&quot; |Ministry<br /> ! rowspan=2 style=&quot;width:10em&quot; |Chief Minister<br /> !rowspan=2 |Ref.<br /> |-<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !Duration<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |rowspan=2 bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |[[File: Shri Ravindra Kollu.png|97x97px]]<br /> |'''[[Kollu Ravindra]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1973)&lt;br/&gt;MLA for [[Machilipatnam Assembly constituency|Machilipatnam]]}}<br /> |8 June 2014<br /> |1 April 2017<br /> | '''{{ayd|8 June 2014|1 April 2017}}'''<br /> |rowspan=2 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |rowspan=2 bgcolor=&quot;#F5EC7D&quot;| [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]<br /> |rowspan=2 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! 2<br /> |[[File: K. Atchannaidu.jpg|97x97px]]<br /> |'''[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1969)&lt;br/&gt;MLA for [[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]}}<br /> | 2 April 2017<br /> | 29 May 2019<br /> | '''{{ayd|2 April 2017|29 May 2019}}'''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 November 2018|title=AP Cabinet expansion: NMD Farooq, Kidari Sravan to take oath as ministers today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/Nov/11/ap-cabinet-expansion-nmd-farooq-kidari-sravan-to-take-oath-as-ministers-today-1896702.html |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |rowspan=2 bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |'''[[Malagundla Sankaranarayana]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1965)&lt;br/&gt;MLA for [[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]}}<br /> |30 May 2019<br /> |22 July 2020<br /> | '''{{ayd|30 May 2019|22 July 2020}}'''<br /> |rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[YSR Congress Party]]<br /> | rowspan=2 bgcolor=&quot;#94A2F7&quot;| [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-05-30 |title=Jaganmohan Reddy sworn-in as Andhra Pradesh chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaganmohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/69574758.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |[[File: Chelluboyina Srinivasa Venugopalakrishna in April 2022.png|97x97px]]<br /> |'''[[Chelluboyina Srinivasa Venugopalakrishna]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1962)&lt;br/&gt;MLA for [[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]}}<br /> |23 July 2020<br /> |11 June 2024<br /> | '''{{ayd|23 July 2020|11 June 2024}}'''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2022-04-11 |title=25 members of Jagan Reddy's revamped Cabinet take oath |url=https://www.siasat.com/25-members-of-jagan-reddys-revamped-cabinet-take-oath-2306655/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !5<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |[[File: Sanjeevareddygari Savitha.jpg|97x97px]]<br /> |'''[[S. Savitha]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(born 1977)&lt;br/&gt;MLA for [[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]}}<br /> |12 June 2024<br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> | '''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''<br /> |[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}<br /> |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#F5EC7D&quot;| [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]<br /> |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sholinganallur_taluk&diff=461434 2025-04-11T23:40:33Z

<p>Timothyves: slightly cleaned up content for clarity and corrected details based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Human settlement in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> [[File:Chennai_District.png|thumb|Sholinganallur depicted on a map of the Chennai revenue districts]]<br /> '''Sholinganallur ''taluk''''' is a ''[[taluk]]'' of the district of [[Chennai district|Chennai]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was created in 2009 by the trifurcation of [[Tambaram taluk]] in [[Chennai district]]. The centre of the ''taluk'' is the neighbourhood of [[Sholinganallur]]. The headquarters of its [[Guindy division]]. On 4 January 2018, Chennai district was expanded by annexing Sholinganallur ''taluk''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Chennai district doubles in size|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-district-doubles-in-size/article22373082.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 January 2018|date=5 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the 2011 census, the taluk had a population of 548,654 with 276,828 males and 271,826 females. There were 982 women for every 1,000 men. The literacy rate was 81.23%. Child population in the age group below 6 was 28,905 males and 27,521 females.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals - Tamil Nadu-Census 2011|url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf|publisher=Census Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095215/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Revenue Villages==<br /> * Pallikaranai Firka<br /> # Karapakkam<br /> # Madipakkam<br /> # Madipakkam-B<br /> # Okkiyam Thoraibakkam<br /> # Pallikaranai<br /> # Perungudi<br /> # Seevaram<br /> # Ullagaram<br /> * Sholinganallur Firka<br /> # Chemmancheri<br /> # Cholinganallur-1<br /> # Chozhinganallur-2<br /> # Enchambakkam<br /> # Jaladampettai<br /> # Kottivakkam<br /> # Neelangarai<br /> # Palavaakkam<br /> # Utthandi<br /> <br /> All of the above revenue villages are under [[Chennai]] city except for Madipakkam-B which has revenue and disaster management under Zone-14 (Puzhutivakkam) of [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] but Local body administration under wards 3, 4 and 5 of [[Kovilambakkam]] rural village panchayat.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;References/&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Chennai district|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Taluks of Chennai district]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brothers_(Andaman_Islands)&diff=540441 2024-07-22T09:51:15Z

<p>Timothyves: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox islands<br /> | name = The Brothers<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_link = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | sobriquet = <br /> | image_name = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_width = <br /> | map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands<br /> | map_caption = Location of Brother Islands<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10.95|N|92.64|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}<br /> | etymology = <br /> | location = [[Bay of Bengal]]<br /> | archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]<br /> | waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]<br /> | total_islands = 2<br /> | major_islands = {{hlist|[[South Brother Island (India)|South]]|[[North Brother Island (India)|North]]}}<br /> | area_km2 = 2.2<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;cit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rank = <br /> | length_km = <br /> | width_km = <br /> | coastline_km = <br /> | elevation_m = 27<br /> | elevation_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;nga&quot;&gt;{{cite enroute|173|2017|288}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | highest_mount = <br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]<br /> | country_admin_divisions = [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]]<br /> | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]<br /> | country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]<br /> | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group<br /> | country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Little Andaman Group]]<br /> | country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]<br /> | country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Little Andaman Group|Little Andaman Tehsil]]<br /> | population = 0<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_rank_max = <br /> | density_km2 = <br /> | density_rank =<br /> | density_footnotes = <br /> | ethnic_groups = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | timezone1_DST = <br /> | utc_offset1_DST = <br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 744202&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |title=A&amp;N Islands - Pincodes |date=22 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archivedate=23 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 031927&lt;ref name=&quot;allcodesindia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |publisher=allcodesindia.in|title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar|accessdate=2016-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}<br /> | iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]<br /> | iso_code = IN-AN-00&lt;ref&gt;Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''[[North Brother Island, India|North]] and [[South Brother Island, India|South]] Brother Islands''' are uninhabited [[island]]s in the [[Indian Ocean]], part of the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman Archipelago]].<br /> They belong to the [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=2011-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; These islands are {{convert|75|km|0|abbr=on}} south of [[Port Blair]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> The islands belong to the [[Little Andaman Group]], and are located {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Little Andaman]].<br /> &lt;ref&gt;[http://ls1.and.nic.in/doef/images/Little%20Andaman%20ForestDivision.jpg map]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> There is a [[lighthouse]] at the top of the tallest hill on [[North Brother Island, India|North Brother]], established 1993.<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;light&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/LightHouse.aspx?Consent_id=164&amp;Module_id=16&amp;LocationId=10&amp;LangId=1|publisher=www.dgll.nic.in|title=Government of India, Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships.|accessdate=2016-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The Lighthouse is about half a Km from the landing point.<br /> The islands are almost flat, thickly wooded islands fringed by reef around.<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> Politically, the islands are part of [[Little Andaman Group|Little Andaman Tehsil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;and&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |publisher=andssw1.and.nic.in|title=DEMOGRAPHIC – A&amp;N ISLANDS |accessdate=2016-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> The islands are uninhabited.<br /> <br /> ==Image gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Little Andaman locale.png|Outline map of the [[Andaman Islands]], with the location of Little Andaman highlighted (in red).<br /> File:Little Andaman STS032-72-64.jpg|1990 Space Shuttle image of Little Andaman<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> *{{wikivoyage-inline|Little Andaman}}<br /> {{South Andaman district |state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Brother Islands}}<br /> [[Category:Archipelagoes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br /> [[Category:South Andaman district]]<br /> [[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarun,_Ayodhya&diff=539765 2024-04-24T05:44:38Z

<p>Timothyves: new a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Tarun<br /> | native_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 =[[List of districts of India|District]] <br /> | subdivision_name2 =<br /> [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]] <br /> | subdivision_type3 =[[Tehsil]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 =<br /> [[Bikapur]] <br /> | subdivision_type4 =[[Community Development Block|Block]]<br /> | subdivision_name4 =<br /> Tarun <br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = Town<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 1346<br /> | population_total = 15,985<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = 32<br /> | [population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 =<br /> [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = <br /> Additional official<br /> | demographics1_info2 =<br /> [[Urdu]]<br /> | demographics1_title3 = <br /> Regional<br /> | demographics1_info3 =<br /> [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code =224203 <br /> | registration_plate = UP 42<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/1020 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tarun''' is a town in [[Bikapur]] tehsil, [[Ayodhya district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh, India]]. Tarun is 30&amp;nbsp;km south of district headquarters [[Ayodhya]] city.<br /> <br /> Tarun is also a block in [[Ayodhya district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Subdivision &amp; Blocks {{!}} District Ayodhya - Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/|access-date=2021-02-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a police station in Tarun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Police {{!}} District Ayodhya - Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/police/|access-date=2021-02-22|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarun is a part of Goshainganj Vidhan Sabha constituency and Ambedkar Nagar [[Lok Sabha]] constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ambedkar Nagar MP (Lok Sabha) Election Results 2019 Live: Candidate List, Constituency Map, Winner &amp; Runner Up - Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/ambedkar-nagar-lok-sabha-election-result-471/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> <br /> ===Road===<br /> <br /> Tarun is well connected with nearby cities [[Ayodhya]], [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] and [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]]. And also [[Goshainganj]], [[Bikapur]], [[Bhadarsa]], [[Haiderganj]], [[Masodha]] and Chaure Bazar towns are the nearby towns from Tarun, Ayodhya.<br /> <br /> ===Railway===<br /> Goshainganj,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Goshainganj (GGJ) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule &amp; Train Enquiry - RailYatri|url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/goshainganj-ggj|access-date=2021-02-23|website=www.railyatri.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ayodhya Junction]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|author=Aishwarya Paliwal |date=August 6, 2020 |title=Ayodhya Junction railway station to get new temple-like look|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-junction-railway-station-to-get-new-temple-like-look-1708280-2020-08-06|access-date=2021-02-23|magazine=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Faizabad Junction]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Faizabad Jn Railway Station (FD) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/faizabad-jn-fd-station|access-date=2021-02-23|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Chaure Bazar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chaure Bazar (CHBR) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule &amp; Train Enquiry - RailYatri|url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/chaure-bazar-chbr|access-date=2021-02-23|website=www.railyatri.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; are the nearby railway stations from Tarun.<br /> <br /> ===Air===<br /> <br /> [[Ayodhya Airport]] in Ayodhya is the nearest airport from Tarun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UP Cabinet clears proposal to rename Ayodhya Airport as Maryada Purushottam Sri Ram Airport|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/up-cabinet-clears-proposal-to-rename-ayodhya-airport-as-maryada-purushottam-sri-ram-airport/686291|access-date=2021-02-22|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Tarun Bazaar had a population of 15,990. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Tarun Bazaar has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 52%. In Tarun Bazaar, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Tarun Bazaar<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|85}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|15}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|0}}<br /> {{bar percent|Others†|black|0}}<br /> |caption=Distribution of religions&lt;br /&gt;<br /> †&lt;small&gt;Includes [[Sikh]]s (0%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (&lt;0%).&lt;/small&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Faizabad district}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Ayodhya district]]<br /> {{Faizabad-geo-stub}}</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_Laboratory,_IIT_Kanpur&diff=499214 2024-04-17T07:35:04Z

<p>Timothyves: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox airport <br /> | name = Flight Laboratory, IIT Kanpur<br /> | nativename = <br /> | nativename-a =<br /> | nativename-r =<br /> | image = Kalyanpur airport.jpg<br /> | IATA = &lt;!--none--&gt;<br /> | ICAO = VI75<br /> | type = Private <br /> | owner = [[IIT Kanpur]]<br /> | operator = <br /> | city-served = <br /> | location = [[IIT Kanpur]] campus, [[Kalianpur|Kalyanpur]], [[Kanpur]], [[India]]<br /> | metric-elev = yes<br /> | elevation-f = <br /> | elevation-m = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26|31|14|N|080|13|51|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_mapsize = 250<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location of IIT Kanpur Airfield<br /> | pushpin_label = IIT Kanpur<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | website = https://www.iitk.ac.in/aero/flight-laboratory<br /> | metric-rwy = yes<br /> | r1-number = 09/27<br /> | r1-length-f = 3500<br /> | r1-length-m = 1000<br /> | r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Flight Laboratory, IIT Kanpur''' is an [[airstrip]]/[[aerodrome]] located inside [[IIT Kanpur]]'s campus at [[Kalianpur|Kalyanpur]] 18 kilometres west of city of [[Kanpur]], [[India]]. It is used by the Aerospace Engineering department of [[IIT Kanpur]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.iitk.ac.in/aero/dept.html Aerospace Engineering department, IIT Kanpur&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pawan Hans]] began a helicopter ferry service to [[Lucknow]] from June 2013, which later shut down silently.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IIT-Kanpur's helicopter service to Lucknow begins|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/IIT-Kanpurs-helicopter-service-to-Lucknow-begins/articleshow/20358825.cms|access-date=10 August 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> IIT Kanpur received collaborative technical assistance from a consortium of nine leading US universities when it was being set up. Considering the intense research potentials and rapid growth in the field of aviation at that time, it was decided to establish the faculty of Aeronautical Engineering at IIT Kanpur. Under the USAID educational assistance project, an all-weather 884x61 m small airstrip was set up with a Flight Laboratory. The Lab was equipped with Piper PA-18 and Cessna 182 powered aircraft and Schweizer 2-22 and Schweizer 1-26 gliders. A Rohini glider, designed and developed at Technical Center of Civil Aviation Department and manufactured at HAL, was the jewel in the crown of the Flight Lab. The open cockpit, side-by-side seating, fabric covered wooden structure glider became very popular among students and used extensively for research work. Soon the Flight Lab. swung into action and the gliders were aero-towed to desired heights with students on board for the complex studies of aerodynamics and flight mechanics.<br /> <br /> The glider flying programme was an instant hit with the students of IIT Kanpur. Due to the massive response, membership was restricted to a number of selected students. You could see them beeline for the Center immediately after their classes. The intense heat of summer or the extreme cold of winter could not deter them from that one more flight. The excitement of positive- and negative- 'G's, long soaring flights or a first solo provided a special thrill and were keenly awaited. Soaring flights of over five hours and altitudes over 10,000 feet became common events. Many students who were unable to become members became frequent visitors for joyrides. The campus residents were not to be left far behind, and visited the centre with family and friends to lose the feel of being earth-bound.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://students.iitk.ac.in/glidingclub/blog/gld_soar.htm|title=Gliding and Soaring Center|website=students.iitk.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of airports by ICAO code: V#VA VE VI VO - India]]<br /> * [[List of airports in India]]<br /> * [[IIT Kanpur#Laboratories and other facilities]]<br /> * [[Kanpur Airport]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://students.iitk.ac.in/glidingclub Gliding Club, IIT Kanpur]<br /> <br /> {{Kanpur}}<br /> {{Airports in India}}<br /> {{Kanpur division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Flight Laboratory, IIT Kanpur}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:IIT Kanpur]]<br /> [[Category:University and college airports]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]<br /> [[Category:Airstrips in India]]</div>

Timothyves https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asir_Ebenezer&diff=488047 2024-04-08T05:38:08Z

<p>Timothyves: created redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[National Council of Churches in India]]</div>

Timothyves