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Shekhar Home

2026-05-05T22:44:09Z

TimXlb08387347: stub

{{Short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shekhar Home.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Crime film|Crime]] [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Aniruddha Guha]] [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| inspired_by = [[Sherlock Holmes]] by [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]
| screenplay = Aniruddha Guha Niharika Puri Vaibhav Vishal (dialogues)
| story = [[Aniruddha Guha]]
| director = [[Rohan Sippy]] Srijit Mukherji
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kay Kay Menon]]
* [[Ranvir Shorey]]
* [[Rasika Dugal]]
* [[Kirti Kulhari]]
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 6 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| cinematography = [[Shanu Singh Rajput]]
| editor =
| runtime = 39-47 mins
| company = [[BBC Studios Productions]]
| network = [[JioCinema]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|14}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}
'''''Shekhar Home''''' is an Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi-language]] [[Crime film|crime drama]] television series created by [[Aniruddha Guha]] and [[Srijit Mukherji]] and directed by Rohan Sippy and Mukherji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Shekhar Home review: Kay Kay Menon, Ranvir Shorey-starrer Sherlock reimaging is plodding, feeble |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shekhar-home-review-kay-kay-menon-ranvir-shorey-starrer-sherlock-reimaging-is-plodding-feeble-9513355/lite/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> An adaptation of [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]’s canon of [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories, the series is produced by [[BBC Studios Productions]], and stars [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Rasika Dugal]], [[Kirti Kulhari]] and [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Niyogi | first=Agnivo | title=Srijit Mukherji's Shekhar Home with Kay Kay Menon to drop on JioCinema in August | website=Telegraph India | date=30 July 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-shekhar-home-with-kay-kay-menon-to-drop-on-jiocinema-in-august/cid/2037292 | access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> The dialogues of the show are written by Vaibhav Vishal.<ref>{{cite web | last=Indian | first=The New | title=Famous Poem In 'Shekhar Home' Actually Written By Writer Vishal, Not Tagore: Shares Ranvir Shorey | website=YouTube | date=17 September 2024 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVwY1XV0S-I }}</ref> The series premiered on [[JioCinema]] on 14 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kay Kay Menon-starrer detective series 'Shekhar Home' gets premiere date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kay-kay-menon-starrer-detective-series-shekhar-home-gets-premiere-date/article68472090.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kay-kay-menon-ranvir-shorey-rasika-dugals-shekhar-home-web-series-review-on-jiocinema-a-satisfying-watch-even-if-not-pulpy-enough-13804270.html | title=Kay Kay Menon, Ranvir Shorey, Rasika Dugal's 'Shekhar Home' web-series review: A satisfying watch even if not pulpy enough | date=14 August 2024 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Shekhar Home, a genius detective (character based on [[Sherlock Holmes]])
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Jayavrat Saini, a retired army medic and doctor (character loosely based on [[Dr. Watson|Dr. John Watson]]
* [[Rasika Dugal]] as Iraboty Adhyo (character based on [[Irene Adler]])
* [[Kirti Kulhari]] as Mumtaz Afsari (character based on [[Colonel Sebastian Moran]])
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Inspector Gobindo Laha (character based on [[Inspector Lestrade|Inspector Gareth Lestrade]])
* [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] as Debnath "Debu" Chaudhary
* [[Shernaz Patel]] as Mrs "H/Henry" Henriques (character based on [[Mrs. Hudson|Miss Hudson]])
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Mrinmoy (character based on [[Mycroft Holmes]])
* [[Mir Afsar Ali]] as Das

== Production ==
The series was announced by [[BBC Studios Productions]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Web |first1=Statesman |title='Shekhar Home': Kay Kay Menon reveals first look at new detective series |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/shekhar-home-kay-kay-menon-reveals-first-look-at-new-detective-series-1503324814.html |website=The Statesman |language=en |date=26 July 2024}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian adaptation of Sherlock Holmes titled 'Shekhar Home' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/indian-adaptation-sherlock-holmes-titled-shekhar-home-3290301 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |date=6 April 2023}}</ref> The filming was [[wrap (filming)|wrapped]] up in May 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=বীরভূমে 'শেখর হোমের' শুটিং শেষে কে কে মেনন-রণবীর শোরের সঙ্গে রুদ্রনীল, সৃজিৎকে দিলেন গুরুদক্ষিণা |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bbc-studios-indian-adaptation-of-sherlock-shekhar-home-shooting-wrap-up-rudranil-ghosh-shares-pic-with-ranvir-shorey-and-kaykay-menon-595144/ |website=Indian Express Bangla |language=bn |date=5 May 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[The Times of India]] critic gave the series 3.5 stars, saying, “ ‘Shekhar Home,’ created by Aniruddha Guha and Sriijit Mukherji, and directed by Mukherji and Rohan Sippy, is a compelling series inspired by Arthur Conan Doyle's ‘Sherlock Holmes’. The creators have excelled in crafting a world that captivates from the very first frame.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shekhar Home Season 1 Review : Kay Kay Menon stands out in this Sherlock-style detective series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/shekhar-home/season-1/amp_seasonreview/112470643.cms |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

In another 3.5 star-rated review, the [[India Today]] critic Trisha Bhattacharya said, “The screenplay is tight, with well-researched cases and dialogues that stay true to the spirit of Doyle's stories. The Bengali representation is top-notch.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Shekhar Home Review: A well-done Bengali twist on Sherlock Holmes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/shekhar-home-kay-kay-menon-ranveer-shorey-rasika-duggal-show-bengali-twist-on-sherlock-holmes-2581834-2024-08-14 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In her review for [[Scroll.in|Scroll]], critic Nandini Ramnath said, “Breezy and irreverent, Shekhar Home's attitude is best captured by its high-performing hero's high-pitched giggle whenever a breakthrough occurs. Menon's detective is brilliant without being overbearing, a genial class topper rather than an insufferable genius.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2024-08-14 |title='Shekhar Home' review: An irreverent adaptation of the Sherlock Holmes stories |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1071814/shekhar-home-review-a-breezy-irreverent-adaptation-of-the-sherlock-holmes-stories |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] review called Shekhar Home a deft Conan Doyle adaptation. “The adaptation of Doyle's stories (originally written in the late 1800s) by Srijit Mukherji and Aniruddha Guha skillfully integrates classic detective elements into an Indian context.”<ref>{{Cite news |title=Review livemint |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/shekhar-home-kay-kay-menon-arthur-conan-doyle-sherlock-holmes-11723814086128.html |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref>

The [[The Free Press Journal|Free Press Journal]] rated the series 3.5 stars, and said: “This is a well-crafted series that offers a nostalgic ride through the labyrinthine mysteries of 1990s.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shekhar Home Review: Kay Kay Menon, Ranvir Shorey's Show Is A Delightfully Whimsical Spin On Sherlock Holmes |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-review/shekhar-home-review-kay-kay-menon-ranvir-shoreys-show-is-a-delightfully-whimsical-spin-on-sherlock-holmes |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the series 2/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shekhar Home review: Kay Kay Menon, Ranvir Shorey-starrer Sherlock reimaging is plodding, feeble |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shekhar-home-review-kay-kay-menon-ranvir-shorey-starrer-sherlock-reimaging-is-plodding-feeble-9513355/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=14 August 2024}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |last1=GAHLOT |first1=DEEPA |title=Shekhar Home Review: Riveting Watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/shekhar-home-review/20240814.htm |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt27411674}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/shekhar-home/3743467 ''Shekhar Home''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{India-tv-stub}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Netaji Subhash Mahavidyalaya

2026-05-02T13:32:36Z

TimXlb08387347: Done

{{Short description|College in Udaipur, Tripura}}
{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = Fails [[WP:NSCHOOL]] and [[WP:GNG]]
|timestamp = 20260502133236
|nom = Filmssssssssssss
|help = off
}}
{{notability|Org|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Netaji Subhash Mahavidyalaya
| image =
| caption = Logo of Netaji Subhash Mahavidyalaya
| former_name =
| type = Public
| established = {{Start date|1979}}
| affiliation = [[Tripura University]]
| principal = Dr. Sudhan Debnath
| city = Udaipur
| state = Tripura
| country = India
| location =
| campus_type = Rural
| language = [[English language|English]]
| logo =
| website = {{URL|https://nsmahavidyalaya.nic.in/}}
}}
'''Netaji Subhash Mahavidyalaya''', is a government [[List of institutions of higher education in Tripura|degree college]] (affiliated with [[Tripura University]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Degree Colleges |url=https://tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/affiliatedCollege1 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=tripurauniv.ac.in}}</ref> situated in the [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]] Sub-Division of the [[Gomati district|Gomati District]] of [[Tripura]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2021-12-17 |title=Tripura Government To Introduce 2 PG Courses Across Six Colleges |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/12/17/tripura-government-to-introduce-2-pg-courses-across-six-colleges/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref> This college was established in 1979 and recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Degree Colleges {{!}} Directorate of Higher Education |url=https://highereducation.tripura.gov.in/content/general-degree-colleges |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=highereducation.tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Netaji Subhash Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur {{!}} Admissions to 2023 - 2024 Academic Year |url=https://www.indiastudychannel.com/colleges/55175-netaji-subhash-mahavidyalaya-college-udaipur |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=IndiaStudyChannel.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in Tripura]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Tripura]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gomati district]]
[[Category:Colleges in Tripura]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Tripura University| ]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in India]]

Nandi Awards of 1973

2026-05-02T04:33:41Z

TimXlb08387347: started article - done

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{one source|date=July 2021}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

The [[Nandi Awards]] were presented annually by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]] to recognise excellence in [[Telugu cinema]]. The first awards were presented in 1964. The following won the best films awards in 1973.

== 1973 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Nandi Award winners 1964-2008|url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref>
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|[[K. Viswanath]]
|[[Sarada (1973 film)|Sarada]]
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
|[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
|[[Samsaram Sagaram]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nandi Awards]]
[[Category:1973 awards]]

Nedunchaalai

2026-04-29T17:36:29Z

TimXlb08387347: started new data

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by N. Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nedunchaalai Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[N. Krishna]]
| writer = S. A. Ramakrishnan '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = N. Krishna
| story = N. Krishna
| producer = Aaju C.Soundarajan Dheeraj Kher
| starring = [[Aari Arujunan]] [[Sshivada]]
| cinematography = Rajavel Olhiveeran
| editing = [[Kishore Te.]]
| music = [[C. Sathya]]
| studio = Fine Focus
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2014|3|28}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil

}}
'''''Nedunchalai''''' ({{translation|[[Highway]]}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Obeli N. Krishna|N. Krishna]] and produced by Aaju, C. Soundarajan and Dheeraj Kher. The film stars [[Aari Arujunan]] and [[Sshivada]] in the lead roles, with [[Thambi Ramiah]] and [[Prashant Narayanan]] in other pivotal roles. It was released on 28 March 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2014 |title=Nedunchalai to release on March 28 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nedunchalai-to-release-on-march-28/articleshow/30161804.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260130032122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nedunchalai-to-release-on-march-28/articleshow/30161804.cms |archive-date=30 January 2026 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> by Red Giant Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2014 |title=Red Giant to distribute Nedunchalai |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140320/entertainment-kollywood/article/red-giant-distribute-nedunchalai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260130032319/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/farhan-akhtar-shifts-focus-to-jee-le-zaraa-after-don-3-casting-woes-1933545 |archive-date=30 January 2026 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
An old man hitch-hiking on a lorry on the route to Delhi recounts the story of Tharpai Murugan, an infamous dacoit that looted goods off trucks that passed through a desolate stretch of a highway. The old man, Settu was part of Murugan's group as well. Murugan was born in an accident that killed both his parents, and was taken in by an old man who raised Murugan as his own. Murugan was strong-willed and atheltic, however after the grandfather dies due to a faulty moonshine, he joins the group of Guru and eventually becomes the lead of the looting. After they sell the goods, they hand it over to Maattu Sekhar and collect their share of commission.

Manga opens a dhaba in the highway. Initially her business is slow but after lorries are rerouted to avoid Murugan, her business flourishes. Murugan eats at the Dhaba and leaves without paying and Manga gets him arrested.

The new inspector Masana who lusts after Manga uses Murugan to threaten her so he could spend time in her Dhaba. One day he attempts to molest her, and Manga attacks him and warns to never come by her hotel again. A vengeful Masana arrests her on grounds of prostitution and plants Murugan as the witness. However, Murugan exposes Masana infront of the judge that he staged it, for his personal revenge. Manga owes her life and dignity to Murugan and falls for him.

Masana provides the news of transport of several goods to Maatu Sekhar's gang. They reach the location, with plans of Murugan joining soon once he's sober. A constable leaks Masana's plan to Manga and she holds him back in the house. The gang continue without Murugan with Guru taking his place. However, the "goods" turn out to be toxic chemicals that instantly kills him. Murugan is furious and almost kills Masana but Sekhar hold his back and tells him that Guru was the one who actually killed his grandfather. A depressed and betrayed Murugan finds solace in Manga and they start a romance. Manga convinces Murugan to surrender to the collector, hence rendering Masana powerless.

Masana commits several lootings himself, which pressure the SP to start an operation to arrest Murugan. Murugan swears to kill Masana and spend life in jail, but Manga reveals she's pregnant and convinces him to start a new life away from the town. Masana captures him and plans to loot 4 crores that was being laundered. He hatches a plan to loot with Sekhar's group and pin it on Murugan and kill him. In a twist, Sekhar kills Masana, since he's aware Masana would kill him too once his plan is done. He convinces Murugan to loot one last time so they can share the 4 crores among themselves and Murugan and Manga can live a comfortable life. Murugan does so, but Manga begs him to not covet others money claiming they would never be able to live peacefully. They are captured by the owner of the money however but he lets them go after learning they're expecting a child. Things seem rosy for them but Settu kills Murugan since he robbed him of his chance of the 4 crores.

The story cuts back to present and Settu arrives in Delhi and looks at Manga from a distance, who is now running a successful restaurant in Murugan's name. Her son is preparing to be an athlete. Settu walks away without talking to her, explaining she's an example on how to live life, while theirs is an example on how not to.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Aari Arujunan]] as 'Tharpai' Murugan
** [[Kishore DS]] as Young Murugan
* [[Sshivada]] as Manga
* [[Thambi Ramiah]] as Master
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Maattu Sekhar
* [[Prashant Narayanan]] as Masanamuthu
* Kannan Ponnaiya as Guru
* [[Rachana Maurya]] in a special appearance
* [[Ashvin Raja]] as Soozhi
* Kishore Kumar as Settu
* [[Ken Karunas]] as Mani, Hotel Assistant
* [[Thavasi (actor)|Thavasi]] as Thavasi, Murugan's Foster father (Chiyaan)
}}

==Production==
''Nedunchalai'' is based on the life of a real person. The film's stunt sequences, choreographed by [[Dhilip Subbarayan]], took 25 days to complete, during which he tried experimenting with different sequences.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Nedunchalai packs a punch'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Nov/15/nedunchalai-packs-a-punch-421115.html|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 November 2012|access-date=30 January 2026|language=en|first=Venkadesan|last=S|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925032858/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Nov/15/nedunchalai-packs-a-punch-421115.html|archive-date=25 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> There was a title dispute between this film and another film titled ''Desiya Nedunchalai'', but that film was later retitled ''[[Udhayam NH4]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2014 |title=Nedunchalai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nedunchalai/articleshow/33115253.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260130022421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nedunchalai/articleshow/33115253.cms |archive-date=30 January 2026 |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack album was composed by [[C. Sathya]]. It was released on 1 July 2013 at an event where [[A. R. Rahman]], who had collaborated with director Krishna in ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]'' (2006), was invited as chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AR Rahman to launch 'Nedunchalai' audio|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ar-rahman-to-launch-nedunchalai-audio-news-tamil-ng0jkiicgja.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313180807/http://www.sify.com/movies/ar-rahman-to-launch-nedunchalai-audio-news-tamil-ng0jkiicgja.html|archive-date=13 March 2014|access-date=11 January 2014|website=[[Sify]]|date=26 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=3 July 2013 |title=One for the highway! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/one-for-the-highway/article4876886.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111011918/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/one-for-the-highway/article4876886.ece |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=11 January 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:20
| title1 = Injathea
| extra1 = [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], [[Madhushree]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| lyrics1 = Mani Amudhavan, Vayalar Sharath Chandra Varma (Malayalam)
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Ivan Yaaro
| extra2 = [[Madhushree]]
| lyrics2 = Mani Amudhavan
| length2 = 2:15
| title3 = Kadal Thaandi
| extra3 = Elizabeth Malini, Dheeraj Kher
| lyrics3 = Mani Amudhavan
| length3 = 1:56
| title4 = Nandooruthu
| extra4 = Palaniammal, Chinna
| lyrics4 = Mani Amudhavan
| length4 = 4:21
| title5 = Thamirabharani
| extra5 = C. Sathya
| lyrics5 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| length5 = 4:56
| title6 = Vaigai Nathi
| extra6 = C. Sathya, Bavani
| lyrics6 = Mani Amudhavan
| length6 = 3:12
}}

==Critical reception==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "In his previous film, [[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]], the director Krishna lost his way in trying to balance an intimate story with the overblown must-haves of a star-driven movie. He doesn’t make that mistake in ''Nedunchalai'', which is toplined by [[Aari Arujunan]] and a terrific newcomer named Shivada", calling it "a rock-solid B-movie" and "one of the season’s happiest surprises".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=29 March 2014 |title=Nedunchalai: Road rage |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/nedunchalai-road-rage/article5848263.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401132046/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/nedunchalai-road-rage/article5848263.ece |archive-date=1 April 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote "The over-the-top characters along with their spontaneous dialogues make ''Nedunchalai'' worth a look. Despite its minor flaws, it makes-up with style and excellence".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2014 |title=Nedunchalai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nedunchalai-review-tamil-pcmbmOfggbhej.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823073315/http://www.sify.com/movies/nedunchalai-review-tamil-pcmbmOfggbhej.html |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "From the characterization of the hero (right down to his costumes) to the tragic climax, the shadow of Ameer's ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' looms large on ''Nedunchalai'', and this is both its strength and weakness" and stated that "this film is certainly a surefooted effort that shows that this director can tell an engaging tale".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=28 March 2014 |title=Nedunchalai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/nedunchalai/movie-review/32863975.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330094547/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/nedunchalai/movie-review/32863975.cms |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Accolades==
At the [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]], the film received two nominations: [[SIIMA Award for Best Debutant Actor – Tamil|Best Debutant Actor – Tamil]] for Aari, despite this not actually being his debut film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2018 |title=SIIMA 2015 nominations: Best Debutant Male |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/siima-2015-nominations-best-debutant-male/siima-2015-nominations-best-debutant-male/photostory/48264292.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609140953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/siima-2015-nominations-best-debutant-male/photostory/48264281.cms |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil|Best Actor in a Negative Role]] for Prashanth Narayanan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2018 |title=SIIMA 2015 Nominations: Best Actor in a Negative Role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/siima-2015-nominations-best-actor-in-a-negative-role/photostory/48212623.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609142209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/siima-2015-nominations-best-actor-in-a-negative-role/photostory/48212623.cms |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010s road movies]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Obeli N. Krishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Sathya]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

History of Bareilly

2026-04-25T07:15:47Z

TimXlb08387347: added first pg more to come

{{Hatnote|This article is about the History of Bareilly. For other uses of terms redirecting here, see [[Bareilly (disambiguation)]], [[Bareilly|City of Bareilly]], [[Panchala|Panchala Kingdom]], [[Rohilkhand|State of Rohilkhand]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Ahichchhatra_Fort_Temple_Bareilly.jpg|400px|thumb|alt=Multi-coloured political map|[[Ahichchhatra]] (or Ahi-Kshetra) was the ancient capital of Northern Panchala. The remains of this city has been discovered in Bareilly]]

According to the epic [[Mahābhārata]], Bareilly region ([[Panchala]]) is said to be the birthplace of [[Draupadi]], who was also referred to as 'Panchali' (one from the kingdom of Panchāla) by Kṛṣṇā ([[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]). When [[Yudhishthira]] becomes the king of Hastinapura at the end of the [[Mahābhārata]], Draupadi becomes his queen. The folklore says that [[Gautama Buddha]] had once visited the ancient fortress city of Ahicchattra in Bareilly.<ref name="members.rediff.com">{{cite web|url=http://members.rediff.com/gangwar/Bareilly.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-11-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714233142/http://members.rediff.com/gangwar/Bareilly.html |archivedate=14 July 2007 }}</ref> The [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] [[Parshva]] is said to have attained Kaivalya at Ahichhatra.<ref name="bareilly.nic.in">[http://bareilly.nic.in/hist.htm history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826065926/http://bareilly.nic.in/hist.htm |date=26 August 2010 }}</ref>

In the 12th century, the kingdom was under the rule by Katheriya Rajputs . [[Muslim]] [[Turkic people|Turkic]] dynasties the region became a part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] before getting absorbed in the emerging [[Mughal Empire]]. The foundation of the City of Bareilly was laid by [[Jagat singh Katehriya]]. His two sons were responsible for finding bareilly Bans deo and Barel deo. Later a mughal general [[Mukund rai]] ruled here in mughal period in 1647.

Later the region became the capital of [[Rohilkhand]] region before getting handed over to Nawab Vazir of Awadh and then to [[East India Company]] (transferred to the British India) and later becoming an integral part of [[Republic of India|India]]. The region has, also, acted as a mint for a major part of its history.

From archaeological point of view the district of Bareilly is very rich. The extensive remains of Ahichhatra, the Capital town of Northern Panchala have been discovered near [[Ramnagar, Bareilly|Ramnagar village]] of Aonla Tehsil in the district. It was during the first excavations at Ahichhatra (1940–44) that the painted grey ware, associated with the advent of the Aryans in the Ganges–Yamuna Valley, was recognised for the first time in the earliest levels of the site. Nearly five thousand coins belonging to periods earlier than that of Guptas have been yielded from Ahichhatra. It has also been one of the richest sites in India from the point of view of the total yield of terracotta. Some of the masterpieces of Indian terracotta art are from Ahichhatra. In fact the classification made of the terracotta human figurines from Ahichhatra on grounds of style and to some extent stratigraphy became a model for determining the stratigraphy of subsequent excavations at other sites in the Ganges Valley. On the basis of the existing material, the archaeology of the region helps us to get an idea of the cultural sequence from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC up to the 11th century AD. Some ancient mounds in the district have also been discovered by the Deptt. of Ancient History and culture, [[Rohilkhand University]], at Tihar-Khera (Fatehganj West), Pachaumi, Rahtuia, Kadarganj and Sainthal.<ref name="bareilly.nic.in"/>

== Historical Empire ==
[[File:Map of Vedic India.png|thumb|350px|The position of the Panchala kingdom in [[Vedic civilization|Iron Age Vedic India]].]]

Historically, [[Bareilly division|Bareilly region]] was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Uttara-[[Panchala]] (Northern [[Panchala]]). The ancient fortress city of '''Ahicchattra''' in [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]] served as a seat of the influential Empire.

The [[Panchala|Kingdom]] occupied the country (region) to the east of the [[Kuru (India)|Kuru Kingdom]], i.e. between the upper Himalayas and the river [[Ganges River|Ganges]]. The country was divided into Uttara-Panchala (Northern Panchala) and Dakshina-Panchala (Southern Panchala).

The Uttara-Panchala (Northern Panchala) had its capital at Ahicchattra (also known as Adhichhatra and Chhatravati, near present-day [[Ramnagar, Bareilly|Ramnagar]] village in [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]] region of [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]], while Dakshina-Panchala (Southern Panchala) had it capital at Kampilya or [[Kampil]] in [[Farrukhabad district]].

The names of the last two [[Panchala]] clans, the Somakas and the Srinjayas are also mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]]. King [[Drupada]], whose daughter [[Draupadi]] was married to the [[Pandava]]s belonged to the Somaka clan.<ref>Pargiter, F.E. (1972). ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.117</ref> However, the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]] consider the ruling clan of the northern Panchala as an offshoot of the [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] clan and Divodasa, Sudas, Srinjaya, Somaka and [[Drupada]] (also called Yajnasena) were the most notable rulers of this clan.<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972) ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.65-8.</ref> The Kshatriya Nairs - it is believed, belonged to the Yajnasena clan and migrated from Ahi-Kshetra to Kerala, via Shimoga and Tulunadu.

== Rule of Nanda, Maurya, Gupta and Maukharis Empire ==

The experiment in non-monarchical form of Government in Panchala was soon engulfed in the growing Magadhen imperialism - first under the Nandas and then under the Mauryas. The fall of the Mauryan empire saw the emergence of multiple small and independent states in the whole Ganges Valley. It saw a remarkable revival in the fortunes of Panchala which once again came to occupy a very significant position in the history of north India.

[[File:Coin-of-Agnimitra.jpg|thumb|Coin of Agnimitra, showing the depiction of [[Agni]] with flaming hair on the obverse, and a reverse showing the three dynastic symbols of the Panchala rulers and a legend naming the king: Agimitasa.]]

[[File:Coin-of-Achyuta.jpg|thumb|Coin of Achyuta, the last Panchala king, showing an 8-spoked wheel and the king's name: Achyu.]]

Panchala emerges at this time as one of the strongest powers in India. About 25 kings who have ruled during this period have left behind thousands of coins. During the period between the fall of the Mauryas and the rise of the Guptas, the Panchalas had two phases of power - first the pre Kushana phase i.e. from C-150 BC to AD 125 and secondly a short period of fifty years after the fall of the Kushanas, which ended in CAD 350 when Panchala was assimilated in the Gupta empire by Samudragupta. Under the Guptas Ahichhatra was one of the provinces into which the Gupta empire was divided.

Evidence reveal that the Panchal coins were minted at Bareilly and the surrounding areas during 176 - 166 BC. Kushan and Gupta kings established mints in the region and this status was retained until the Christian era. Found at Ganga Ghati in abundance were the Adi Vigraha and Shree Vigraha coins of the Pratihara Kings that were minted here between the 4th and 9th centuries. Dating to this period are also the silver coins – similar to those of Firoz Second – known as Indo-Sasanian.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-Bareilly-was-in-currency/articleshow/36674.cms#ixzz13Y8j1V7C | work=The Times of India | title=When Bareilly was in currency}}</ref> Later, the city's continued status as a '''Mint town''' since the beginning of the Christian era was helped by the fact that Bareilly was never a disturbed area. (except at the time of the Independence Struggle)

The amalgamation of several religious and popular beliefs may be observed throughout the history of Panchala in ancient India. In addition to being associated with the activities of [[Pravahana Jaivali]], Gargayayana, Uddalaka etc. responsible for giving a distinctive touch to the later vedic thought, the region was also a prominent centre of popular beliefs such as the cult of Nagas, Yaksas and Vetalas.

After the fall of the Guptas in the latter half of the 6th century the district of Bareilly came under the domination of the Maukharis. Under the Emperor [[Harsha]] (r. 606 - 647 AD) the district was the part of the Ahichhatra Bhukti.

== Rise of Buddhism and Jainism ==
In the 6th century BC, the Panchala was one of the sixteen mehajanapadas of India. The city was also influenced by Buddha and his followers. The remains of Buddhist monasteries at Ahichhatra are quite extensive. The folklore says that [[Gautama Buddha]] had once visited the ancient fortress city of Ahicchattra in Bareilly.<ref name="members.rediff.com"/>

The [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] [[Parshva]] is said to have attained Kaivalya at Ahichhatra. The echoes of the Bhagavates and the Saivas at Ahichhatrra can still be seen in the towering monuments of a massive temples, which is the most imposing structure of the site.

During [[Harsha]]'s reign the Chinese pilgrim [[Hiuen Tsang]] also visited Ahichhatra about 635 AD.<ref name="bareilly.nic.in"/>

== Period of anarchy and Muslim dynasties ==

After the death of Harsha this region falls under anarchy and confusion. In the second quarter of 8th century the district was included in the kingdom of Yashavarman (725 - 52 AD) of Kannauj and after him the Ayudha kings also Kannauj became the masters of the district for several decades. With the rise of the power of the Gurjara Pratiharas in the 9th century, Bareilly came under their sway. It continued under their subordination until the end of the 10th century.

[[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi]] gave a death blow to the already decaying Gurjara Pretihara power. After the fall of the Gurjara Pretiharas Ahichhetra ceases to remain a flourishing cultural centre of the region. The seat of the royal power was shifted from Ahichhatra to Vodamayuta or modern Badaun as the irrefutable evidence of Rashtrakuta Chief Lakhanpalas inscription shows.

== Chamkandi ==
After the fall of the Gurjara Pretihara, the city was under the rule of local rulers.

== Under rule of Delhi Sultanate and Mughal rule ==

This move by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] Alamgir was aimed to suppress [[Rajput]] uprisings, which had afflicted this region. Originally, some 20,000 soldiers from various [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribes ( [[Yusafzai]]s, Ghoris, [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodis]], [[Ghilzai]], [[Barech]], [[Marwat]], [[Durrani]], [[Tanoli]], [[Tareen|Tarin]], [[Kakar]], [[Khattak]], [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridi]] and Baqarzai ) were hired by Mughals to provide soldiers to the Mughal armies and this was appreciated by [[Aurangzeb]] Alamgir, an additional force of 25,000 men was given respected positions in Mughal Army. However most of them settled in the [[Katehar]] region during [[Nadir Shah]]'s invasion of northern India in 1739 increasing their population up to 100,0000. Due to the large settlement of Rohilla [[Pashtun people|Afghans]], the [[Katehar]] region gained fame as [[Rohilkhand]].

== Establishment of Rohilkhand ==
[[File:The mausoleum of Hafiz Rahmat Khan at Bareilly, 1814-15.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The mausoleum of Rohilla chief, [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] at Bareilly, India.]]

In 1623 two Afghan brothers of the [[Barech]] tribe, Shah Alam and Husain Khan, settled in the region, bringing with them multiple other Pashtun settlers. It was with the immigration of '''Daud Khan''', an Afghan (who originally hails from ''Roh'' in [[Afghanistan]]) in the region that the Afghan Rohillas had come into prominence. His adopted son '''Ali Muhammad Khan''' succeeded in carving out an estate for himself in the district with his headquarters in the region. He was ultimately made the lawful governor of ''Kateher'' by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] Alamgir (ruled 1658–1707), and the region was henceforth called '''"the land of the Ruhelas."''' Eventually after the end of the Mughal Empire multiple Pathans migrated from 'Rohilkhand'.

Bareilly as a ruined city became crowded with unemployed, restless Rohilla [[Pashtun people|Pathans]] (Afghans or Pashtuns). Multiple urban cities in Uttar Pradesh were experiencing economic stagnation and poverty. Naturally, this led to heavy migration overseas to [[Suriname]] and [[Guyana]].<ref>[http://www.guyana.org/features/afghanguyanese_muslim.html The Afghan Muslims of Guyana and Suriname]</ref>

[[File:UP region map.gif|450px|thumb|Regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]]including [[Rohilkhand]](with Bareilly as its capital)]]

Meanwhile, Ali Muhammad Khan (1737–1749), grandson of Shah Alam, captured the city of Bareilly and made it his capital, later uniting the [[Rohilla]]s to form the 'State of [[Rohilkhand]]', between 1707 and 1720, making Bareilly his capital. He rapidly rose to power and got confirmed in possession of the lands he had seized.

According to 1901 census of India, the total Pathan population in Bareilly District was 40,779, out of a total population of 1,090,117.<ref>Imperial Gazetteer of India by W M Hunter</ref> Their principal clans were the [[Yusafzai]]s, Ghoris, [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodis]], [[Ghilzai]], Barech, [[Marwat]], [[Durrani]], [[Tanoli]], [[Tareen|Tarin]], [[Kakar]], [[Khattak]], Afridi and Baqarzai. Other important cities were [[Rampur (Uttar Pradesh)|Rampur]], [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Badaun District|Badaun]], and others.<ref>An Eighteenth Century History of North India: An Account of the Rise And Fall of the Rohilla Chiefs in Janbhasha By Rustam Ali Bijnori by Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui Manohar Publications</ref>

The term ''Rohilla'' is derived from the [[Pashto]] ''Roh'', meaning ''mountain'', and literally means ''a mountain air'', and was used by the [[Baloch people|Baluch]] and [[Jat]]s of the [[Derajat]] region to refer to the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] mountains tribes of [[Loralai]], [[Zhob]] and [[Waziristan]] regions. The [[Rohilla]]s and are men of a taller stature, a fairer complexion and a more arrogant air than the general inhabitants of the district. The Muslims in the area are chiefly the descendants of [[Yousafzai|Yousafzai Afghans]] tribe of [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]]s, called the Rohilla Pathans of the [[Mandanh]] sub-section, (but other Pashtuns also became part of the community), who settled in the country about the year 1720.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bareilly |volume=3 |page=397}}</ref> Rohilla's [[Sardar]] like Daud Khan, Ali Muhammad Khan, and the legendary [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] Barech were from the renowned [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] tribe the [[Barech]], who were originally from the [[Kandahar Province]] of [[Afghanistan]]. In [[Uttar Pradesh]], it was used for all Pashtuns, except for the [[Shia]] [[Bangash]]es who settled in the [[Rohilkhand]] region, or men serving under Rohilla chiefs. Rohillas were distinguished by their separate language and culture. They spoke [[Pashto language|Pashto]] among each other but gradually lost their language over time and now converse in [[Urdu language|Urdu]].

Bishop Heber described them as follows: - "The country is burdened with a crowd of lazy, profligate, self-called sawars (cavaliers), who, though many of them are not worth a rupee, conceive it derogatory to their gentility and Pathan blood to apply themselves to any honest industry, and obtain for the most part a precarious livelihood by sponging on the industrious tradesmen and farmers, on whom they levy a sort of blackmail, or as hangers-on to the wealthy and noble families yet remaining in the province. These men have no visible means of maintenance, and no visible occupation except that of lounging up and down with their swords and shields, like the ancient Highlanders, whom in many respects they much resemble."<ref name="EB1911"/>

=== Rule of Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech ===
[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|250px|thumb|'''Hafiz Rahmat Khan''', standing right to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], who is shown on a brown horse.(during The '[[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Third battle of Panipat]]') 14 January 1761]]

Ali Muhammad was succeeded by [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] Barech (1749–1774), whom he appointed h¹fiz or [[regent]] of [[Rohilkhand]] on his deathbed.<ref>[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/r/rampur.html Genealogy of Rampur princely state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012202406/http://uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/r/rampur.html |date=12 October 2007 }}, [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html]</ref> Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech extended the power of [[Rohilkhand]] from [[Almora]] in the North to [[Etawah]] in the South-West.

== Maratha attack and aid from Oudh ==

After the accession of Shuja-ud-daula as the Nawab of Oudh, Rohilkhand (under [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] Barech) joined the imperial troops in their attack upon that prince, but the Nawab bought them off with a subsidy of 500,000. Later, Rahmat Khan took advantage of being on the winning side at the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Third Battle of Panipat]] of 1761 and successfully blocked the expansion of the [[Maratha Empire]] into north India. He continuously strengthened himself by fortifying his towns and founding new strongholds. Shuja-ud-daula on the other hand engaged in his struggle against British power.

The Marathas defeated Rohilla in 1772 and overran whole of [[Rohilkhand]] in 1772, after which Rohilla asked for Nawab of Oudh help but Nawab knew that his forces are no match to the Marathas. After plundering Rohillakhand the Marathas proceed towards Oudh sensing the same fate as Rohilla, the Nawab made frantic calls to British troops in Bengal. The [[East India Company]] knew that the Nawab of Oudh did not pose any danger to them whereas Maratha will try to invade Bengal and Bihar after overrunning Oudh. It sent 20,000 British troops to fight the Maratha and the two armies came face to face in Ram Ghat but the sudden demise of the [[Peshwa]] and the struggle in [[Pune]] to choose the next Peshwa forced the Maratha army to retreat. The Rohilla decided not to pay Nawab of Oudh because there was no war between the two states. The British made Oudh a buffer state in order to protect it from the Maratha and the British troops started protecting Oudh. The subsidy of one British brigade to provide protection to Nawab and Oudh from the Maratha was decided to be Rs {{formatnum:210000}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&dq=nawab+of+oudh+defeated+by+maratha&pg=PA57 |title=History of Modern India: 1707 A.D. to Upto 2000 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0085-5 |language=en}}</ref>

After the war Nawab [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] demanded payment for their help from the [[Rohilla]] chief, Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech. When the demand was refused, the Nawab joined with the British under [[Governor-General of India|Governor]] [[Warren Hastings]] and his [[Commander-in-Chief]], [[Alexander Champion (East India Company officer)|Alexander Champion]], to invade [[Rohilkhand]].

== Rohilla War ==

The First [[Rohilla War]] of 1773-1774 was a punitive campaign by [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], [[Nawab of Awadh]], against the [[Rohillas]], Afghan highlanders settled in [[Rohilkhand]], northern India. The Nawab was supported by troops of the [[British East India Company]], in a successful campaign brought about by the Rohillas reneging on a debt to the Nawab.

Rohilkhand fell to Awadh, was plundered and occupied. The majority of the Rohillas left. They fled across the [[Ganges]] in numbers, to start a guerilla war; or emigrated. A Rohilla state under British protection was set up in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]].

The Rohillas, after fifty years' precarious independence, were conquered in 1774 by the confederacy of British troops with the nawab of Oudh's army, which formed so serious a charge against Warren Hastings.<ref name="EB1911"/> There was a second Rohilla War, in 1794.

== Period under the Patronage of Oudh ==
From 1774 to 1800, the province was ruled by the Nawabs of Awadh. Faiz-ullah, the son of Ali Muhammad, escaped to the north-west and became the leader of Rohillas. After multiple negotiations he effected a treaty with Shuja-ud-daula in 1774, by which he accepted nine parganas worth 1.5 million a year, giving up all the remainder of Rohilkhand to the Wazir of Rampur State.

Saadat Ali was appointed governor of Bareilly under the Oudh government.

In 1794 a revolution in Rampur State led to the dispatch of a British force, who fought the insurgents at Bhitaura or Fatehganj (West)-both in [[Bareilly district|Bareilly District]], where an obelisk still commemorates the casualties.

Bareilly remained in the hands of the Wazir until 1801, when Rohilkhand, with [[Allahabad]] and [[Kora Jahanabad|Kora]], was ceded to the British in lieu of tribute.

== Bareilly retaining its status as a major mint ==

During this period too, Bareilly retained its status as a mint. Emperor Akbar and his descendants minted gold and silver coins at mints in Bareilly. The Afghan conqueror Ahmed Shah Durani too minted gold and silver coins at the Bareilly mint.

During the time of Shah Alam II, Bareilly was the headquarters of Rohilla Sardar Hafiz Rehmat Khan and many more coins were issued. After that, the city was in possession of Awadh Nawab Asaf-ud-Daulah. The coins that he issued had '''Bareilly''', '''Bareilly Aasfabad''', and '''Bareilly kite and fish''' as identification marks. After that, the minting of coins passed on to the East India Company.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-Bareilly-was-in-currency/articleshow/36674.cms#ixzz13Y9RX8bT | work=The Times of India | title=When Bareilly was in currency}}</ref>

== Rule of British East India Company ==

=== Administrative control and division into districts ===

Mr. Henry Wellesley, brother of the Governor General, was appointed president of the Board of Commissioners sitting in Bareilly. In 1805, Amir khan, the Pindari, made an inroad into Rohilkhand, but was driven off. Disturbance occurred in 1816, in 1837 and in 1842 but the peace of the district was not seriously endangered until the Mutiny of 1857.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_011.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 7, page 5 - Imperial Gazetteer of India - Digital South Asia Library |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212231/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_011.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After annexation in 1801, Rohilkhand was divided into two districts, [[Bareilly]] and a comparatively new city of [[Moradabad]]. [[Shahjahanpur district]] was formed in 1813–14; Budaun in 1824; the south of [[Nainital district]] was taken away in 1858 and sixty-four villages were given, as a reward for loyalty, to the nawab of Rampur. [[Pilibhit]] was made a separate district in 1879.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_016.gif Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 7, page 10 - Imperial Gazetteer of India - Digital South Asia Library]</ref>

== Indian Rebellion of 1857 ==

[[File:Indian Rebellion of 1857.jpg|250px|thumb|A 1912 map of 'Northern India The Revolt of 1857-59' showing the centres of rebellion including the principal ones: [[Meerut]], [[Delhi]], Bareilly, ([[Kanpur]]), [[Lucknow]], [[Jhansi]], and [[Gwalior]]]]

Bareilly ([[Rohilkhand]]) was a major centre during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as India's First War of Independence). The Rebellion which began as a [[mutiny]] of native soldiers ([[sepoy]]s) employed by the three [[Presidency armies]], against perceived race- based injustices and inequities, on 10 May 1857, in the town of [[Meerut]], soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions which were mainly centred on north central India along the several major river valleys draining the south face of the Himalayas [See red annotated locations on Map at right] but with local episodes extending both northwest to [[Peshawar]] on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|north-west frontier]] with [[Afghanistan]] and southeast beyond Delhi.

The news of the outbreak of the struggle of independence which started at Meerut reached Bareilly on 14 May 1857. The people rose in revolt, occupied treasury and burnt the records of Kotwali, Khan Bahadur khan, the grandson of Hafiz Rahmat Khan was able to form his own government by appointing Sobha Ram Diwan, Madar Ali Khan and Niyaz Muhammed Khan generals and Hori Lal as paymaster.

During the Mutiny of 1857 the Rohillas, though already been disarmed, took a very active part against the English.<ref name="EB1911"/> [[Khan Badur Khan Rohilla]], the grandson of [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] formed his own government in Bareilly in 1857 Indian revolt against British. During the period troops were raised at Bareilly from 1 June 1857, and tumults at once broke out amongst the population in the city, while the surrounding villages remained prey to the rapacity and extortion of the rival [[Zamindar]]s. The Joint Magistrate was forced to flee to [[Nainital]]. The mutineers of city nominally admitted the authority of [[Khan Bahadur Khan Rohilla]], the self-declared Nawab of Bareilly.

British order was restored on 13 May 1858 by an expeditionary force lent by Commander [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]] of [[Royal Norfolk Regiment|9th Regiment of Foot]] with the help of Captain [[George Stewart (VC)|George Stewart]] of [[93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|93rd Regiment of Foot]], after winning the Bareilly battle. Some of the mutineers were captured and sentenced to death.<ref name="1857Mutiny inPilibhit">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_016.gif/|title=1857 Mutiny in Pilibhit|accessdate=2009-05-12|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> When [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|the Indian Rebellion of 1857]] failed Bareilly, too, was subjugated. Khan Bahadur Khan was sentenced to death and hanged in the Kotwali on 24 February 1860.

Communal hatred led to communal riots in multiple parts of U.P. The green flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly, Bijnor, Moradabad, and other places the Muslims shouted for the revival of Muslim kingdom.<ref>[[R. C. Majumdar]]: Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857 (page 2303-31)</ref>

[[File:United Provinces 1903.gif|450px|thumb|Bareilly was made the part of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]]]

During the First War of Indian Independence in 1857, Khan Bhadur Khan issued silver coins from Bareilly as an independent ruler. These coins are a novelty as far as the numismatist is concerned.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-Bareilly-was-in-currency/articleshow/36674.cms#ixzz13YA2UnkB | work=The Times of India | title=When Bareilly was in currency}}</ref>

The main conflict occurred largely in the [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|upper Gangetic plain]] and [[central India]], with the major hostilities confined to present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], northern [[Madhya Pradesh]], and the [[Delhi]] region.<ref name=intro-refs>{{Harvnb|Bandyopadhyay|2004|pp=169–172}} {{Harvnb|Bose|Jalal|2003|pp=88–103}} Quote: "The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|northern Indian Gangetic Plain]] and central India.", {{Harvnb|Brown|1994|pp=85–87}}, and {{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=100–106}}</ref> The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British East India Company's power in that region,<ref>{{Harvnb|Bayly|1987|p=170}} Quote: "What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat to British dominance in the Ganges Plain."</ref> and it was contained only with the fall of [[Gwalior]] on 20 June 1858.<ref name=intro-refs/>  Some{{who|date=November 2010}} regard the rebellion as the first of several movements over ninety years to achieve independence, which was finally achieved in 1947.

The population in 1901 was 1,090,117. Bareilly, also, was the headquarters of a brigade in the 7th division of the eastern army corps in British period.<ref name="EB1911"/>

=== Railway in Bareilly ===
[[File:India railways1909a.jpg|thumb|350px|Indian Railways Network in 1909.]]
Bareilly is well connected with the rest of the country through railways from the 19th century. An official map of 1909 shows that Bareilly was a prominent junction of Railway even during the commence of the 20th century with six railway tracks intersecting in the city. In 1890, the Bengal and North Western Railway took over management of the Tirhoot State Railway (under a lease) in an effort to increase the latter's profitability. The Lucknow-Sitapur-Seramow Provincial State Railway merged with the Bareilly-Pilibheet Provincial State Railway to form the Lucknow-Bareilly Railway on 1 January 1891. The Lucknow-Bareilly Railway was owned by the Government of India and worked by the Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway.

The '''Oudh and Tirhut Railway''' was a Railway company operated the railway line until 1943 and managed a number of lines until 1943, when it was amalgamated with the Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway, and the Lucknow Bareilly Railway. It became the Oudh-Tirhut Railway. All existing contracts were determined and it became an entirely state-owned enterprise.

The Oudh and Tirhut Railway was formed on 1 January 1943 by the amalgamation of the Bengal and North Western Railway, the Tirhut Railway (BNW worked), the Mashrak-Thawe Extension Railway,(BNW worked), the Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway and the Lucknow-Bareilly Railway (R&K worked). The Oudh and Tirhut Railway was later renamed the Oudh Tirhut Railway and merged with the Assam Railway to form the North Eastern Railway on 14 April 1952.<ref>[http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf Indian Railways line history]</ref><ref>Rao, M.A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, p.37</ref><ref name=r>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |title=Chapter 1 - Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background |publisher=Ministry of Railways website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601024404/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |archivedate=1 June 2009 }}</ref>

Its headquarters was at [[Gorakhpur]]. On 14 April 1952, the Oudh and Tirhut Railway was amalgamated with the Assam Railway and the Kanpur-Achnera section of the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] to form [[North Eastern Railway (India)|North Eastern Railway]], one of the 16 zones of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name=r/><ref>Rao, M.A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, pp.42-3</ref>

== India independence movement ==

The Indian National Congress came into prominence in Bareilly during the khilafat movement when Gandhiji visited this town twice and a number of Hindus were arrested. In response to the call given by Gandhiji, the Civil Disobedience Movement in the district was launched on Jan 26,1930. In 1936, a conference of the Congress was held in Bareilly under the presidency
of Acharya Narendra Deo. It was addressed by Jawaharlal Nehru, M.N. Roy, Purushottam Das Tandon and Rafi Ahmad Kidwai. In 1942 when the 'Quit India' movement was launched, multiple processions and meetings were organised and nearly 200 persons were arrested.

More prominent among them were Damodar Swaroop Seth, Brijmohan Lal Shastri, P.C. Azad, Rammurti, Naurang Lal, Chiranjivi Lal,
Udho Narain D.D. Vaidya and Darbari Lal Sharma. In the [[Bareilly Central Jail]] at that time were confined such prominent leaders as Jawahar Lal Nehru. Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Mahavir Tyagi, Sukh Lal Rastogi, Manzar Ali Sokhata and Maulana Hifazul Rahman.<ref name="bareilly.nic.in"/>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation |last1=Bayly |first1=Christopher Alan |author-link1=Christopher Alan Bayly |year=1987 |title=Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire |series=The New Cambridge History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX2zMfWqIzMC |volume=II.1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38650-0 }}
* {{Citation| last1=Bose| first1=Sugata| author1-link=Sugata Bose| last2=Jalal| first2=Ayesha| author2-link=Ayesha Jalal| year=2003| title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy| place=London| publisher=Routledge| edition=2nd| page=[https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose/page/253 253]| isbn=0-415-30787-2| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose/page/253}}
* {{Citation| last1=Metcalf| first1=Barbara D. | last2=Metcalf | first2=Thomas R.| year=2006 | title=A Concise History of Modern India | edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press | page= 337 | isbn=0-521-68225-8}}
* {{Citation| last=Bandyopadhyay| first=Sekhara| year=2004| title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India| place=New Delhi | publisher=Orient Longman | page=523| isbn=81-250-2596-0}}
* {{Citation| last=Brown| first=Judith M.| year=1994| title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy| edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press| page=480| isbn=0-19-873113-2| url=http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198731139}}

== External links ==
*[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_011.gif] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212231/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_011.gif |date=3 March 2016 }}

{{Bareilly division topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Bareilly}}
[[Category:History of Bareilly| ]]

Tamil Nadu Archives and Historical Research

2026-04-25T05:58:40Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Tamil Nadu Archives and Historical Research
| native_name_lang =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image =
| image_alt =
| location =
| address = No. 51, Gandhi Irwin Road, [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] 600 008<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnarchives.tn.gov.in/contacts.html|title=Archives and Historical Research Department Contacts|website=Archives and Historical Research|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0764|80.2604|display=inline}}
| completion_date = 1909
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| cost = {{INR}}2.25 lakh<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madras-miscellany-keeping-the-records-straight/article7216529.ece|title=Madras Miscellany: Keeping the records straight|last=Muthiah|first=S.|date=2015-05-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://tamilnaduarchives.tn.gov.in/WEB/EN/|tamilnaduarchives.tn.gov.in}}
| pushpin_map = India Chennai
| map_caption = Location within Chennai
| building_type = [[Government Buildings]]
| architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-records-office-now-known-as-the-tamil-nadu-archives-has-a-wealth-of-historical-and-government-documents/article6416326.ece|title=An impressive record|first=Geeta|last=Padmanabhan|date=16 September 2014|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| structural_system =
| current_tenants = Department of Archives & Historical Research
| main_contractor = P. Loganatha Mudaliar
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
}}

The '''Tamil Nadu Archives and Historical Research''', formerly known as the '''Madras Record Office''' is the official archival facility that holds the government records of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. With its origins dating back to a record keeping facility set up at the council room of [[Fort St George]] in 1672, it is one of the oldest and largest document repositories in Southern India. Documents stored and archived in TNA are invaluable to researchers working on post-independence Tamil Nadu or British-era Madras Presidency. In addition to British India records, TNA also houses a substantial collection of Dutch East India Company records from the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and volumes relating to various southern Princely States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/2405|title=Tamil Nadu Archives, Chennai - Dissertation Reviews|website=dissertationreviews.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&q=Madras+Record+Office&pg=PA621|title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire|last1=Benians|first1=Ernest Alfred|last2=Rose|first2=John Holland|last3=Newton|first3=Arthur Percival|date=1929|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref>

The Tamil Nadu Archives and Historical Research has an up-to-date publication facility for publication of records from time to time. The archives are also tasked with the publication of the official district gazetteers of the state of Tamil Nadu.

==History==
===Record keeping in Madras===
In 1672 [[Sir William Langhorne, 1st Baronet|William Langhorne]] the Governor of Madras presidency insisted on keeping records on all government transactions and its preservation for future. These records were initially stored in council room at Fort St. George which is the present day Secretariat-Assembly complex. His successor [[Streynsham Master]] also continued this tradition of record keeping. Due to increasing volume of records storage of records were scattered across various departments. It was in 1805 [[Lord William Bentinck]], then Governor of Madras presidency ordered the centralization of all Secretariat records which were scattered in the various Departments of the Secretariat and appointed a Record Keeper and supporting staff to index, look after and to issue records promptly on requisition from various departments for reference.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madras-miscellany-keeping-the-records-straight/article7216529.ece|title=Madras Miscellany: Keeping the records straight|last=Muthiah|first=S.|date=2015-05-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Muthiah, the principal native servant in the Political and Military Department, was appointed Record Keeper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tanap.net/content/archives/archives.cfm?ArticleID=202#history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211092352/http://www.tanap.net/content/archives/archives.cfm?ArticleID=202#history|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 February 2005|title=TANAP - archives|website=www.tanap.net|language=EN|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>

In 1823 the records were moved into several rooms on the first floor of the Secretariat. Later on, the office was shifted to the "Pillar-godown", and in 1888 it moved to the ground floor of the Secretariat building. Due to the increasing number of records in 1909 the government decided to establish an independent record department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tanap.net/content/archives/archives.cfm?ArticleID=202#history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211092352/http://www.tanap.net/content/archives/archives.cfm?ArticleID=202#history|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 February 2005|title=TANAP - archives|website=www.tanap.net|language=EN|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>

===Construction===
When a new location was being considered for relocating the records office, one of the suggested location was the government bungalow called Grassmere. There was a debate among the officials if Grassmere should be used to house the Medical and Sanitation Department who were also eyeing the same property for its own office. But the sewage farm next door (now the [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]]) had several officials questioning the wisdom of this move. This debate lasted for two years before it was decided that the building was more suited for the archives. P. Loganatha Mudaliar was given the contract to rebuild Grassmere to make it suitable for its new function as the archives. It cost {{INR}}225,000 for the reconstruction of Grassmere to make it suitable for the new Archives building. An additional {{INR}}125,000 was spent on stacks and furniture. This [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] building was built with open spaces for future expansion and constructed to provide maximum protection to the records. The construction was completed and opened for operation in October 1909. The administrative block and six record stacks were constructed in 1909. The seventh stack was added in 1929 and the eighth and ninth were added in 1938. Further additions to the building such as the present Stationery section and Preservation Section were made in 1978 and 1994, respectively. In 1999 a new building for housing the Archival Library was constructed.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Tamil Nadu Archives|url=http://www.tnarchives.tn.gov.in/aboutus.html|website=Archives and Historical Research|publisher=Tamil Nadu Archives|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926122355/https://tnarchives.tn.gov.in/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Curator of records===
The head of Madras Record Office is designated as curator. Upon its completion C M Schmidt, the Registrar of the Secretariat, was put in temporary charge till Prof Henry Dodwell of Presidency College and [[Saidapet Teachers' College|Teachers’ College]] was appointed the first Curator in April 1911.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]
* [[List of archives in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Archives in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:History of Chennai]]
[[Category:Heritage sites in Chennai]]

Suneel Saraf

2026-04-23T08:47:02Z

TimXlb08387347: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suneel Saraf
| image = File:Ss123.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kotma Assembly constituency|Kotma]]
| term_start = 17 December 2018
| predecessor = [[Manoj Kumar Agrawal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1974|1|1}}
| birth_place = Madhya Pradesh
}}
'''Suneel Saraf'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP: Congress MLA Suneel Saraf booked for celebratory firing in new year party |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/mp-congress-mla-suneel-saraf-booked-for-celebratory-firing-in-new-year-party20230102203328/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP Congress MLAs Siddharth Kushwaha, Suneel Saraf accused of molesting woman on train; Kamal Nath forms probe panel |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mp-congress-mlas-siddharth-kushwaha-suneel-saraf-accused-of-molesting-woman-on-train-2991042 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly]]. He was elected as MLA from [[Kotma Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=MP: रिवॉल्वर के साथ डांस करने वाले विधायक खुद पहुंचे थाने, जमा करवाई बंदूक |url=https://www.aajtak.in/madhya-pradesh/story/suneel-saraf-mla-from-kotma-in-anuppur-district-handed-overlicensed-gun-to-the-police-after-his-video-gone-viral-lclt-1611074-2023-01-08 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from Anuppur district]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Vasant Rai

2026-04-21T12:59:00Z

TimXlb08387347: adding

{{mfn|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Vasant Rai
|image =
|caption =
|image_size =
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|birth_name =
|alias =
|birth_date = 1942
|birth_place =
|death_date = 1985 (aged 43)
|death_place =[[New York City]], United States
|origin = India
|instrument = [[Sarod]]
|genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
|occupation =
|years_active =
|label =
|website =
|current_members =
|past_members =
}}
'''Vasant Rai''' (1942–1985) was an Indian musician who played the Indo-Afghan instrument the [[sarod]].

==Personal life and education==
Rai's family was born in [[Unjha]], Gujarat. Rai was the last student of Baba [[Allauddin Khan]], who is best known as the teacher of [[Ravi Shankar]].

He died in his New York apartment shortly after a [[Carnegie Hall]] performance.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raga.com/cds/226/226interview.html |title=Vasant Rai biography and interview |publisher=Raga.com |access-date=2012-04-04}}</ref>

==Career==
Rai had been visiting the United States since his teen years. He settled in [[New York City]] in 1969 and lived mainly in the [[Greenwich Village]] area and also for a short time at the [[Hotel Chelsea|Chelsea Hotel]] when he was not touring. From 1969 to 1985, he conducted the Alam School of Music in Greenwich Village. [[Alla Rakha]], [[Mahapurush Mishra]], [[Shamta Prasad]] and [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] usually accompanied him on the [[tabla]]. Vasant Rai taught Indian musicians, most notable are sarodist [[Pradeep Barot]], mandolin player Emu Desai, and sitar player Shamim Ahmed Khan. Vasant Rai's notable western musicians were [[Lex Hixon]], [[Collin Walcott]], and [[Don Cherry (trumpeter)|Don Cherry]].

Rai had been signed exclusively by [[Vanguard Records]] from 1975 to 1982. Vasant's first commercial recording was by [[EMI]] and on the tabla was [[Alla Rakha]].{{fact|date=March 2023}}

Vasant Rai's sarod was a gift from his guru Allauddin Khan, and was made by Allauddin Khan's younger brother [[Ayet Ali Khan]] in the 1930s.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://www.proquest.com/docview/123761903/fulltextPDF/C7DE32ED59441FCPQ/20?accountid=196403&sourcetype=Newspapers ]
*[https://www.proquest.com/docview/119576466/fulltextPDF/C7DE32ED59441FCPQ/5?accountid=196403&sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers ]
*[https://www.proquest.com/docview/424904910/C7DE32ED59441FCPQ/14?accountid=196403&sourcetype=Newspapers ]
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA314&dq=%22Vasant+Rai%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGu4mP3r6PAxU2h_0HHfnHAjEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Vasant%20Rai%22&f=false& Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956]
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC&pg=PA324&dq=%22Vasant+Rai%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3sOzO3r6PAxWhhf0HHSn-I_A4ChDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q=%22Vasant%20Rai%22&f=false The Dawn of Indian Music in the West]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Vasant}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Sarod players]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:People from Satna]]
[[Category:Maihar gharana]]
[[Category:Vanguard Records artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:American musicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Manhattan]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich Village]]

Satnam Rattu

2026-04-21T04:30:56Z

TimXlb08387347: stub

{{Short description|American jurist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Judge
| name = Satnam Rattu
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| order =
| office =
| monarch =
| 1blankname =
| term_start =
| term_end =

| office2 = [[Sacramento County Superior Court]]
| deputy2 =
| term_start2 = 2022
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Yuba City]], California, United States
| death_date =
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| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| caption =
}}

'''Satnam Rattu''' is a judge of the [[Superior Court of Sacramento County]] in [[California]] and he is a [[California Democratic Party|Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor Newsom Announces Judicial Appointments 10.7.22 |url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/10/07/governor-newsom-announces-judicial-appointments-10-7-22/ |website=California Governor |access-date=20 January 2024 |language=en |date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=YC native appointed superior court judge |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/yc-native-appointed-superior-court-090300265.html |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=Yahoo Finance |date=18 October 2022}}</ref>

== Early life and education==

He was born and raised in the Indian family of Mohinder Singh Rattu and Gurpal Kaur Rattu of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Ravidassia]] origin in Yuba City, California and attended [[Yuba City High School]]. He received his undergraduate degree from [[University of California, Davis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Satnam Singh Rattu |url=https://lawyers.justia.com/lawyer/satnam-singh-rattu-164200 |website=lawyers.justia.com |access-date=20 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
Rattu earned his Juris Doctor from [[University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Michaela |title=YC native appointed superior court judge |url=https://www.appeal-democrat.com/news/yc-native-appointed-superior-court-judge/article_5e93a62e-4e74-11ed-bda3-fff2b3349afe.html |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=Appeal-Democrat |date=18 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Legal career==
Rattu was appointed to serve as a judge in the [[Sacramento County Superior Court]] by governor [[Gavin Newsom]] on October 7, 2022, filling the vacancy created by the retirement of the Hon. Kevin R. Culhane. Prior to this appointment, Rattu served as a deputy district attorney at the Sacramento County District Attorney’s Office since 2008. Rattu was a law clerk at Freidberg & Parker from 2006 to 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Judge Satnam S. Rattu |url=https://trellis.law/judge/satnam.s.rattu |website=Trellis |access-date=20 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rattu, Satnam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:California lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Yuba City, California]]
[[Category:California state court judges]]
[[Category:McGeorge School of Law alumni| ]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:University of California, Davis alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]

Neemuch Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:39:33Z

TimXlb08387347: started new details - done

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Neemuch
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 229
| map_image = 229-Neemuch.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Neemuch district|Neemuch]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandsour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsour]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Dilip singh parihar.jpg
| mla = [[Dilip Singh Parihar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Khuman Singh Shivaji
}}

'''Neemuch Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951 as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Neemuch (constituency number 229) is one of the 3 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Neemuch district]]. This constituency covers the entire Neemuch [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=249, 251}}</ref>

Neemuch is part of [[Mandsaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsour Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Manasa Assembly constituency|Manasa]] and [[Jawad Assembly constituency|Jawad]] in this district, [[Jaora|Jaora Assembly constituency]] in [[Ratlam district]] and [[Mandsaur|Mandsaur Assembly constituency]], [[Malhargarh|Malhargarh Assembly constituency]], Suwasra and [[Garoth|Garoth Assembly constituency]] in [[Mandsaur district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="eci2" />
| [[Sitaram Jajoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1957
|[[Sitaram Jajoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" | Khuman Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Raghunandan Prasad Verma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Kanhaiyalal Dungerlal
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Raghunandan Prasad Verma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Sampatswaroop Sitaram Jajoo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Khuman Singh Shivaji
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Nandkishore Patel
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Dilip Singh Parihar]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi)|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=14 March 2011}}</ref>
|Khuman Singh Shivaji
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Dilip Singh Parihar]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Neemuch<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dilip Singh Parihar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:105290}}
|percentage = 55.67
|change = +3.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Umrao Singh Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:79007}}
|percentage = 41.77
|change = -1.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1840}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change = -0.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26283}}
|percentage = 13.9
|change = +5.05
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189146}}
|percentage = 82.57
|change = +2.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Neemuch<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dilip Singh Parihar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87197}}
|percentage = 51.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Satya Narayan
|votes = {{formatnum:72340}}
|percentage = 43.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Naveen Kumar Agrawal
|votes = {{formatnum:2046}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2147}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14857}}
|percentage = 8.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167902}}
|percentage = 79.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Neemuch]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.47|74.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Neemuch district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Mall Wala

2026-04-18T08:18:00Z

TimXlb08387347: started a article - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mall Wala
| other_name = Also spelled: Mal Wala, Mallwala, Malwala
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.|N|74.|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Punjab region|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Tehsil]]
| parts = [[Talwandi Sabo]]{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 205
| population_total = 2737
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = {{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0164
| registration_plate = PB-
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bathinda]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1000/910 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|BSh]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|43|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|05|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mall Wala''', also spelled Mal Wala, Mallwala or Malwala, is a village of Talwandi Sabo tehsil of [[Bathinda district]] of Indian Punjab.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} The surrounding villages include [[Bhukhianwali]].

== Geography ==

Mall Wala is approximately centred at {{coord|30.047262|N|74.907455|E}}. Located at nearly {{convert|205|m|ft|sp=us}} above sea level, it is {{convert|23|km|mi}} from district headquarter, Bathinda. The surrounding villages include [[Bhukhianwali]], [[Dunne Wala]] and [[Gurthari]].

== Demographics ==

[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is the [[mother tongue]] and [[Sikhism]] is the dominant religion of the village. As of 2011 census, it has total population of 2,737 with 531 households, 1,433 males and 1,304 females. The sex ratio is 910 females per thousand males, which is higher than the Punjabi sex ratio of 895, with children sex ratio of 914. The literacy rate is 60.86% with male literacy of 69.13% and female, 51.76%. The Schedule Caste constitutes 44.46% of the population with no Scheduled Tribe population.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bathinda district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bathinda district]]

Keragodu Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:14Z

TimXlb08387347: added basic post first draft

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Keragodu
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}
'''Keragodu Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || H. D. Choudaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || H. D. Chowdiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || H. D. Choudaiah
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || N. Thammanna
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || G. B. Shivakumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || H. D. Choudaiah || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Ramu. H. B || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Keragodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramu. H. B |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,842 |percentage = 44.98% |change = {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiva Kumar. G. B |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 27,366 |percentage = 30.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagarajappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,036 |percentage = 11.33% |change = {{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Yogish @ Shambugowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,142 |percentage = 4.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatagiriyaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,711 |percentage = 4.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaramu. H. C |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,019 |percentage = 2.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Dyavappa |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 843 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiva Basavaiah. M. V |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 614 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,476 |percentage = 14.09% |change = {{increase}}12.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,659 |percentage = 72.54% |change = {{decrease}}4.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,573}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,224 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Keragodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Choudaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 35,579 |percentage = 42.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. B. Ramu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,543 |percentage = 41.67% |change = {{increase}}24.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagarajappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,780 |percentage = 15.42% |change = {{increase}}11.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,036 |percentage = 1.25% |change = {{decrease}}38.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,704 |percentage = 77.47% |change = {{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,902}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,802 |percentage = 5.48% |change = {{increase}}3.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,207 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}14.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Keragodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Shivakumar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 48,124 |percentage = 56.99% |change = {{increase}}48.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Ramesh Raju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,838 |percentage = 17.57% |change = {{decrease}}22.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marilinge Gowda |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 10,106 |percentage = 11.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Guruprasad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,602 |percentage = 5.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavegowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,482 |percentage = 4.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Shivarame Gowda |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,456 |percentage = 2.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,286 |percentage = 39.42% |change = {{increase}}28.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,955 |percentage = 78.61% |change = {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,449}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,506 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,338 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Keragodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Thammanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,575 |percentage = 40.31% |change = {{decrease}}11.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Shivakumar |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,634 |percentage = 29.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marilinge Gowda |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 15,493 |percentage = 20.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Sachidanandha |party = Janata Dal |votes = 6,392 |percentage = 8.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Revananjundaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 558 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,941 |percentage = 10.47% |change = {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,239 |percentage = 77.69% |change = {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,841}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,398 |percentage = 5.48% |change = {{increase}}4.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,285 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Keragodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Choudaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,837 |percentage = 52.09% |change = {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Shivakumar |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,101 |percentage = 46.66% |change = {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Boraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 864 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,736 |percentage = 5.43% |change = {{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,697 |percentage = 79.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,802}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 895 |percentage = 1.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,503 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Keragodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Chowdiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,483 |percentage = 54.64% |change = {{increase}}43.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Shankara Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,966 |percentage = 45.36% |change = {{decrease}}16.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,517 |percentage = 9.28% |change = {{decrease}}26.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,550 |percentage = 81.41% |change = {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,449}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,101 |percentage = 1.82% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,374 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Keragodu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Choudaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 34,515 |percentage = 61.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Siddaramaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,556 |percentage = 25.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Puttaswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,266 |percentage = 11.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ramalingaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 675 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,959 |percentage = 35.63% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,161 |percentage = 83.21% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,012}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,149 |percentage = 2.01% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,692 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|12.828261|77.033901|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mandya district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

K. B. Singh

2026-04-16T20:42:51Z

TimXlb08387347: added basic bio from scratch...

{{Short description|Fijian politician (1905–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name= Kunwar Bachint Singh
| image= Kunwar Bachint Singh.png

| office2 = Member of [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]] for Southern
| term_start2 = 1932
| term_end2= 1937
| predecessor2=[[Vishnu Deo]]
| successor2=[[Vishnu Deo]]

| title3=Nominated Indian Member of the Legislative Council
| term_start3=1937
| term_end3=1947
| predecessor3=
| successor3=

| title4=Member of the [[Executive Council (Fiji)|Executive Council]]
| term_start4=1946
| term_end4=1947

| birth_date= 1905
| birth_place= [[British India]]
| death_date= 1979
| death_place= [[Suva]], Fiji
| party=
| spouse=
| profession= Teacher
}}

'''Kunwar Bachint Singh''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Committee to advise on closure of Nausori Mill |publisher= Fiji Times|date= 3 February 1958 }}</ref> (1905 – 1979) was an [[Indo-Fijians|Indo-Fijian]] teacher and politician. He arrived in [[Fiji]] in 1927 as a teacher for the [[Arya Samaj in Fiji|Arya Samaj]] but his association with [[Vishnu Deo]] led him to play an active role in aggressively promoting the Arya Samaj and finally into politics. He was elected into the [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]] as a protégé of Vishnu Deo but after the election took an independent stance opposed to the wishes of the majority of the Indo-Fijians. He supported nominated rather than elected representation, actively supported the war effort and even attempted to set up a farmers union opposed to a number of existing unions. The Government rewarded him for his loyalty by nominating him into the Legislative Council three times, appointing him as a Justice of the Peace and as the first Indo-Fijian member of the [[Executive Council of Fiji|Executive Council]].

== Early life ==
Singh was born in 1905 in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] in [[British India]].<ref name=PIM1>[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-311574745/view?partId=nla.obj-311589225#page/n8/mode/1up Young Indian Leaders in Fiji] ''[[Pacific Islands Monthly]]'', January 1935, p7</ref> He was educated at Nadalon village high school, before joining the civil service and moving to [[Delhi]].<ref name=PIM1/> He moved to [[Singapore]] to study accountancy,<ref name=PIM1/> before moving to Fiji in 1927 as a teacher and taught at Viti School near [[Nausori]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Sharma | first = Guru Dayal | title = Memories of Fiji: 1887 - 1987 | publisher =Guru Dayal Sharma, Suva, Fiji | year = 1987 | page = 99 }}</ref> He worked hand-in-hand with Vishnu Deo, in June 1930, to establish the Fiji Indian Labour Union to represent unemployed [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] immigrants.

==Political career==
In the build-up to the [[1932 Fijian general election|1932 elections]], Indo-Fijian leader Vishnu Deo needed a candidate to oppose a rebel candidate who had nominated for a seat in the [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]] against the call for boycott from Vishnu Deo and other leaders, K. B. Singh was an obvious choice. He was regarded as a loyal supporter of Vishnu Deo and common roll. K.B.Singh defeated his opponent for the Southern Indian Division,<ref>{{cite web|title=Fiji Elections Archive: Elections for the Legislative Council, Southern Division 1929 - 1959 |url=http://au.geocities.com/girmitya/FijiElections/1929/SouthDiv.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20091025065259/http://au.geocities.com/girmitya/FijiElections/1929/SouthDiv.htm |archive-date=2009-10-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> capturing 79 percent of the formal votes cast.

On 14 October 1932, under the guidance of Deo, Singh put forward a motion for common roll. The Governor convinced him that his fears were unfounded and asked him to withdraw the motion so that he could discuss it with the Secretary of State. Contrary to Deo's advice, he withdrew the motion. In February 1933, the Secretary of State informed the Legislative Council that it was impracticable to have common roll. Singh resigned and was re-elected in the subsequent by-election with an increased majority over the same rival with Deo's support. However, he took his seat in the Legislative Council, contrary to Deo's instructions and evaded the common roll issue, which led to him being denounced in public meetings organised by Deo and his associates. On 23 March 1934, Singh introduced another motion for common roll which was defeated but its consequence was that new motion could not be introduced immediately after next election.

Fully aware that he would not be able to retain his seat in the next election, Singh accepted the Governor's advice and moved a motion calling for members of the Legislative Council to be nominated and not elected. The motion was passed,<ref>[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-311640764/view?partId=nla.obj-311660082#page/n54/mode/1up The Franchise in Fiji] ''Pacific Islands Monthly'', July 1935, p53</ref> but the Colonial Office implemented a compromise, combining election and nomination. The Legislative Council was increased to 31, made up of 15 unofficial members, made up of 5 members from each ethnic group, and 16 official members. All the Fijian seats were to be nominated by the [[Great Council of Chiefs]], but three each of the Indian and European seats were to be elected on [[Communal constituencies|communal franchise]] and the remaining two filled through nomination.

In June 1934 he was made a [[Justice of the Peace]].<ref name=PIM1/> This had previously been considered an honorary position in Fiji; however, Singh used his new status to request to sit on the bench alongside the magistrate during a court hearing in [[Naduruloulou]]. In September 1934 it was reported in ''[[Pacific Islands Monthly]]'' that he had been refused permission to do so by the District Commissioner, after which he complained to the Governor, and returned to the District Commissioner with instructions from the Governor that he be allowed to sit on the bench.<ref>[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-311547727/view?partId=nla.obj-311552198#page/n30/mode/1up/search/singh Fiji Indian J.P.] ''Pacific Islands Monthly'', September 1934, p29</ref> The incident led to the Governor issuing a public clarification that all Justices of the Peace were occasionally invited to sit on the bench, and that Singh had not been snubbed by the District Commissioner.<ref>[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-311557254/view?partId=nla.obj-311570436#page/n18/mode/1up The Fiji-Indian J.P.] ''Pacific Islands Monthly,'' November 1934, p17</ref>

Singh did not contest the [[1937 Fijian general election|1937 elections]], but was appointed to the Legislative Council by the [[Governor of Fiji|Governor]] as one of the nominated members. He ran unsuccessfully against Deo in the [[1940 Fijian general election|1940 elections]], after which he was nominated again by the Governor. In 1940, K.B. Singh supported the Native Land Trust Bill, which gave control of native land to the [[Native Land Trust Board]]. In the 1943 debate in the Legislative Council, on the sugar cane dispute, he condemned the rivalry among Indian leaders when [[B. D. Lakshman]] asked for a Royal Commission and Vishnu Deo for a Court of Arbitration. He said that," when elephants fight the grass is trampled", pointing out that rivalry among [[Indians in Fiji|Fiji Indian]] leaders only harmed the humble farmer. In May 1943, he was commissioned as an officer to raise recruits for the [[Fiji Labour Corps]] to support the military effort. With stiff opposition from Vishnu Deo, only 300 Indians joined the military service. In 1944, he proposed the raising of a unit of Fiji Indians to serve in the [[Indian Army]] but this was rejected by the [[United Kingdom|British]] Government.

Singh was nominated to the Legislative Council again following the [[1944 Fijian general election|1944 elections]]. In 1946 Singh was appointed to [[Executive Council of Fiji|Executive Council]], becoming the first Indian to serve in government.<ref name=PIM2>[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-316680331/view?partId=nla.obj-316703644#page/n28/mode/1up/ Fiji Birthday Honours] ''Pacific Islands Monthly'', July 1948, p27</ref> During the same year, he also attempted to establish a new union known as the [[Southern Division Kisan Sangh|Southern Division Farmers Union]]. There was widespread opposition to this until Vishnu Deo took over its leadership. Following the [[1947 Fijian general election|1947 elections]], he lost his place in the Legislative Council. He was made an OBE in the [[1948 Birthday Honours]].<ref name=PIM2/>

Singh made several subsequent attempts to get back into the Legislative Council as an elected member, losing to [[Andrew Deoki]] in the [[1959 Fijian general election|1959]] and [[1963 Fijian general election|1963 elections]], and by [[K. C. Ramrakha]] in the [[1966 Fijian general election|1966 election]].

He died in Suva in 1979 at the age of 77.<ref>[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-337747313/view?partId=nla.obj-337789750#page/n67/mode/1up K.B. Singh] ''Pacific Islands Monthly'', May 1979, p68</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, K.B.}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Singapore]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Fiji]]
[[Category:Fijian Hindus]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nausori]]
[[Category:Indian members of the Legislative Council of Fiji]]
[[Category:Members of the Executive Council of Fiji]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Fijian justices of the peace]]

Vijay Kumar Yadav (Bihar Legislative Assembly politician)

2026-04-13T22:27:20Z

TimXlb08387347: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Kumar Yadav
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Munger]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Politician social work
| alma_mater = M.A.and LLB [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|Bhagalpur University]], [[Bihar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=238|title=Vijay Kumar Yadav Profile|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Munger Assembly constituency|Munger]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/munger/news/munger-rjd-mla-from-munger-vijay-kumar-vijay-062524-5607777.html|title=मुंगेर के राजद विधायक |website=www.bhaskar.com|accessdate=10 March 2019}}</ref>
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2020
| predecessor = Anant Kumar Satyarthy
| successor = [[Pranav Kumar Yadav]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
}}
'''Vijay Kumar Yadav''' is an Indian politician who was elected as a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Munger Assembly constituency|Munger]] constituency in 2015 as a candidate of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/munger.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Munger Assembly Constituency|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/munger-election-result-2020-live-updates-munger-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061772.html|title=Munger Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Pranav Kumar of BJP Wins|website=www.news18.com|accessdate=10 November 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Munger Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Rashtriya Janata Dal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Vijay Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Raghavendra Sharma

2026-04-11T20:23:52Z

TimXlb08387347: Done

{{Short description|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|06|27}}
| birth_place = [[Budaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| constituency = [[Bithari Chainpur Assembly constituency|Bithari Chainpur]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1967)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]
| successor =
| spouse = Deepshikha Joshi
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]]
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Raghavendra Sharma''' is an Indian doctor, [[politician]], and member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] representing the [[Bithari Chainpur Assembly constituency]].<ref name="upla">{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18123/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=12904 |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |website=upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Bithari Chainpur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Dr. Raghavendra Sharma of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bithari-chainpur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851098.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="upla" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/dr-raghavendra-sharma |title=Dr. Raghavendra Sharma |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Raghavendra Sharma was born on 27 July 1971 in [[Budaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] [[Brahman]] family of Kaushal Kishor Sharma.<ref name="upla" />

He completed his post-graduation from [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=826 |title=Dr. Raghavendra Sharma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BITHARI CHAINPUR(BAREILLY) |website=myneta.info |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref>

He married Deepshikha Joshi, and they have two daughters.<ref name="upla" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Raghvendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:People from Budaun]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Rang De Basanti (2024 film)

2026-04-10T12:48:29Z

TimXlb08387347: New

{{Update|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rang De Basanti
| image =
| caption =
| director = Premanshu Singh
| screenplay =
| story = Manoj Kushwaha
| producer = Roshan Singh
| starring = [[Khesari Lal Yadav]] [[Rati Pandey]] Diana Khan
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Om Jha
| studio = SRK Music Private Limited
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|06|07|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bhojpuri
| budget = {{INR|0-1}} crore<ref name=":1" />
| gross =
}}

'''''Rang De Basanti''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]]-language [[Patriotism|Patriotic]] film directed by Premanshu Singh and produced by Roshan Singh and Sharmila R. Singh under SRK Music Private Limited.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-09-04 |title=Daler Mehndi speaks about his latest track in Bhojpuri film 'Rang De Basanti' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/daler-mehndi-speaks-about-his-latest-track-in-bhojpuri-film-rang-de-basanti/1746535/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Written by Manoj Kushwaha, the film stars [[Khesari Lal Yadav]] in the lead role. [[Rati Pandey]] (her Bhojpuri debut) and Samarth Chaturvedi are in the supporting roles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=कश्मीर पहुंची फिल्म 'रंग दे बसंती' की टीम, इस हीरोइन की हो रही भोजपुरी में लॉन्चिंग |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/bhojpuri-movie-rang-de-basanti-team-reached-kashmir-actress-rati-pandey-is-ready-to-debut-in-industry-2023-03-14 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='रंग दे बसंती' के सेट पर खेसारी लाल यादव ने मनाई अपनी मैरेज एनिवर्सरी, सबके सामने पत्नी को पहनाई रिंग - Bhojpuri Actor khesari Lal Yadav celebrate marriage anniversary On rang de basanti Set With Wife And Team |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-bhojpuri-actor-khesari-lal-yadav-celebrate-marriage-anniversary-on-rang-de-basanti-set-with-wife-and-team-23441376.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced in March 2023 with filming taking place in [[Kashmir]]. [[Daler Mehndi]] and [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]] have sung for the film.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-05 |title=Daler Mehndi speaks about his latest track in Bhojpuri film 'Rang De Basanti' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/daler-mehndi-speaks-about-his-latest-track-in-bhojpuri-film-rang-de-basanti/articleshow/103380451.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=मशहूर सिंगर रिचा शर्मा ने एस आर के म्यूजिक फिल्म्स और खेसारीलाल यादव की फिल्म "रंग दे बसंती" के लिए गाना - ख़बर हर दिन |url=https://www.khabarhardin.com/entertainment/bollywood/famous-singer-richa-sharma-sang-for-srk-music-films-and-khesarilal-yadavs-film-rang-de-basanti/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.khabarhardin.com |language=hi-IN}}</ref> With a budget of 3 crores, it is [[List of most expensive Indian films|one of the most expensive Bhojpuri films]].<ref name=":1" />

== Cast ==

* [[Khesari Lal Yadav]] As Shiwam and Amar
* [[Rati Pandey]] As Gauri
* Samarth Chaturvedi
* Diana Khan As Aarti
* Amit Tiwari
* Mir Sarwar
* Feroz Khan
* Raj Premi
* Sujan Singh

== Production ==

=== Development ===
This film is produced by Roshan Singh and is made with a budget of 8 crores, which makes it one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Bhojpuri films]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Casting ===
[[Rati Pandey]] was finalized as the female lead opposite [[Khesari Lal Yadav]], making her [[Bhojpuri cinema]] debut.<ref name=":1"/>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] started in March 2023 in [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":1" /> Most of the film was shot in Kashmir. This film had the most expensive song ever shot in Bhojpuri, whose budget is INR 75 Lakhs. 400 crew members were involved in the production of the song along with 250 dancers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Expansive Bhojpuri Song: 75 लाख...250 डांसर, खेसारी लाल ने बताई भोजपुरी के सबसे महंगे गाने की कहानी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/khesari-lal-yadav-said-that-bhojpuri-most-expensive-song-was-shot-with-75-lakhs-and-250-dancer/1796728 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Music ==
Music of the film was produced by Om Jha. Four songs from the film is sung by [[Daler Mehndi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
Jitesh Shankar Priyanka Singh have also sung for this film.<ref name=":3" />

== Marketing ==
A preview of the film was held on 26 November 2023.

== Release ==
The film was released on 7 June 2024.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Shri Sai Baba Temple, Shirdi

2026-03-31T17:15:06Z

TimXlb08387347: done

{{Coord|19.766182|74.476998|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{No footnotes|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Shri Saibaba Temple
|image=Sri Sai Baba Temple , Shirdi.jpg
|caption=Shri Sai Baba Temple Constructed by Shreemant Gopalrao Bapusaheb Buti
|state=Maharashtra
|district=Ahilyanagar
|country=India
|location=Shirdi
|governing_body=Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust, Shirdi
|established=1918
|architecture_style=Wada
|deity=Hindu
|map_type=India Maharashtra
|functional_status=Functioning
|site_area=over 200 acres
|religious_affiliation=Hinduism
|organisational_status=The Trust is registered as a public charitable trust under the Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950
|temple_board=Trust
|festivals=Gurupurnima,Ram navami, Punyatihi utshav|native_name_lang=Marathi
|website=https://sai.org.in/|native_name=श्री साई बाबा समाधी मंदिर|designation1_offname=Shree Buti wada}}

The '''Shri Saibaba Temple, Shirdi''', also known as Shri Saibaba Samadhi Mandir is a prominent [[Hindu temple]] complex located in [[Shirdi]], [[Ahilyanagar district]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Dedicated to the 19th-century saint [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]], it is one of the most visited pilgrimage sites in India, attracting millions of devotees annually from India and abroad.

== History ==
Shri Sai Baba, a revered spiritual leader regarded by his followers believed to be incarnation of god [[Dattatreya|dattatrey]], lived in Shirdi for most of his life until his death in 1918. After his ''Mahasamadhi'' (passing), his mortal remains were interred in a shrine built on 15 October 1918, which later became the core of the present temple. The construction of the temple was initiated by Shreemant Gopalrao Buti, a wealthy devotee from Nagpur, who envisioned it as a ''Wada'' (residential mansion) for Baba. Today, this shrine is popularly known as the Shri Samadhi Mandir.

== Temple complex ==
The temple complex spans over 200 square meters and consists of several sacred sites associated with Sai Baba:

* Samadhi Mandir – the main shrine housing Sai Baba's mandir.
* [[Dwarkamai]] – the Mandir where Sai Baba lived for over 60 years, now preserved with a sacred dhuni (fire which is Still Burning).
* Chavadi – the place where Baba used to sleep on alternate nights.
* Gurusthan – regarded as the spot where Baba was first seen meditating under a Neem Tree (The Tree is believed to be healing properties and its leaves are sweat) and considered a sacred place of baba's spiritual guru.
* Lendi Baug – a garden developed by Sai Baba, featuring the sacred ''Nanda Deep'' (ever-burning lamp).

== Rituals and worship ==
Daily worship rituals include:

* Kakad Aarti (morning)
* Madhyan Aarti (noon)
* Dhoop Aarti (evening) and
* Shej Aarti (night).
* Sri Sai satnarayan pooja
* Sri Sai Abhishek pooja
* Pothi Reading

Special events include Rama Navami, Guru Purnima, Vijayadashami ''(Sai Baba's Mahasamadhi day)'', and New year, which draw lakhs of devotees per year and records the highest in India.

== Management ==
The temple is managed by the Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust, Shirdi, one of the wealthiest temple trusts in India. The trust oversees not only temple operations but also charitable hospitals, educational institutions, dharamshalas, and social service initiatives in the region.

Current CEO - Sri Goraksha Gadilkar

== Pilgrimage and footfall ==

The temple is among the top and biggest pilgrimage destinations in India recorded as the highest footfall temple in India, with an estimated 60,000 visitors daily, rising to over 2,00,000 - 3,00,000 during festivals from across India and abroad. It is considered one of the richest temples in India by donations and offerings.

== Accessibility ==
Shirdi is connected by Shirdi International Airport (14 km from temple), and by Sainagar Shirdi Railway Station. Regular buses and private vehicles connect Shirdi with [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Nashik]] and other major cities.

== See also ==
*[[Sai Baba of Shirdi]]
*[[Shirdi]]
*[[Kopargaon]]
*[[Shani Shingnapur|Shani shingnapur]]
*[[Ahilyanagar]]
*[[Maharashtra]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Rigopoulos, Antonio. ''The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi''. SUNY Press, 1993.
* "Shirdi Sai Baba temple sees millions of visitors every year." ''The Hindu'', 10 October 2018.
* Narasimhaswami, B.V. ''Life of Sai Baba''. All India Sai Samaj, 1955.
* White, Charles S.J. "The Sai Baba Movement." ''Journal of Asian Studies'', Vol. 31, No. 4, 1972.
* "Sacred Sites of Shirdi." Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust Official Website.
* "Guru Purnima draws lakhs of devotees to Shirdi." ''Times of India'', 9 July 2017.
* "Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust: Activities and Services." Official Website.
* "Sai Baba temple among richest in the country." ''The Indian Express'', 2 January 2016.
* "Devotee donations cross Rs 500 crore mark." ''Economic Times'', 20 October 2019.
* "How to reach Shirdi." Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation.

[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shirdi]]

Amay Prashna Kare Neel Dhrubatara

2026-03-29T13:30:01Z

TimXlb08387347: starting a data needs work

{{Short description|1955 song by Hemanta Mukherjee}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Amay Prashna Kare Neel Dhrubatara
| type = song
| artist = [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]]
| album = Sera Shilpi Sera Gaan, Vol 1
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=20}}
| label = [[Saregama]]
| writer = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
}}

"'''Amay Prashna Kare Neel Dhrubatara'''" (Bengali: {{Lang|bn|আমায় প্রশ্ন করে নীল ধ্রুবতারা}})<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-06-16 |title=Evergreen Songs Of Hemanta: 'আমি ঝড়ের কাছে রেখে গেলাম...', আজও অনুরাগীদের ঠিকানা লেখা হেমন্তের গানেই |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/some-songs-of-hemanta-mukherjee-remain-evergreen/wb20230616160345851851324 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] song by Indian [[playback singer]] [[Hemanta Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen To The Popular Bengali Song Amay Prashna Kare Neel Dhrubatara By Hemanta Mukherjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/listen-to-the-popular-bengali-song-amay-prashna-kare-neel-dhrubatara-by-hemanta-mukherjee/videoshow/103779669.cms |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It was released in 1955, under the label of [[Saregama]] as a part of the album ''Sera Shilpi Sera Gaan''. The song was written and composed by songwriter [[Salil Chowdhury]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amay Prashna Kare Neel Dhrubatara - Shazam |url=https://www.shazam.com/song/1398299335/amay-prashna-kare-neel-dhrubatara |access-date=March 29, 2026 |website=Shazam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amay Prashna Kare Neel Dhrubatara - Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/amay-prashna-kare-neel-dhrubatara/1398299335 |access-date=March 29, 2026 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> The song talks about the blue polar star in the sky.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-29 |title=নতুনরূপে ধরা দিল ধ্রুবতারা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/technology/science/ogjmq4dsv5 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn |agency=প্রযুক্তি ডেস্ক}}</ref>

== Composition and remakes ==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2013 - Colnect 477067 - Salil Chowdhury (cropped).jpeg|thumb|Salil Chowdhury|213x213px]]
Chowdhury made his debut with the song "Runner" or "Ranar" by composing its music. The lyrics were written by Bengali poet [[Sukanta Bhattacharya]] and the song was sung by Hemanta Mukherjee in 1950.{{Refn|name=Fallout|Two same sources:
* {{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=2023-11-19 |title=Hemant Kumar’s Historic Fallout With Salil Choudhary |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/hemant-kumars-historic-fallout-with-salil-choudhary-article-105326060 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=2020-08-10 |title=Shocking untold story: How singer-composer Hemant Kumar fell out with composer Salil Chowdhury |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/shocking-untold-story-how-singer-composer-hemant-kumar-fell-out-with-composer-salil-choudhary |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=National Herald |language=en}}}}

"Amay Prashna Kare Neel Dhrubatara" was written by Salil Chowdhury. He suggested composing a Hindi version of the song after the Bengali version was released. The song, titled "Kahin Door Jab Din Dhal Jaye" was penned by lyricist [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]] and released in the 1971 film [[Anand (1971 film)|''Anand'']]. It was composed by Chowdhury and sung by Indian playback singer [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]].{{Refn|name=Fallout}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 iconic Hindi-Bengali songs by Salil Chowdhury to tune into on his 99th birth anniversary |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/7-iconic-hindi-bengali-songs-by-salil-chowdhury-to-tune-into-on-his-99th-birth-anniversary/cid/1899041 |last=Agnivo |first=Niyogi |date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>

The cultural organization Nibedan featured its singer Anisur Rahman Sinha in an event named "Matha Noto Kore Dao" in October 2022, where he sang the song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2022 |title=Nibedan organises solo music evening |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/182659 |access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> On August 20, 2022, Bangladeshi singer [[Bappa Mazumder]] released a cover version of the song with modified lyrics by Partha Barua originally from Salil Chowdhury's song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check Out The Classic Bengali Song 'Amay Prashna Kare Neel Dhrubatara' Sung By Bappa Mazumder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/check-out-the-classic-bengali-song-amay-prashna-kare-neel-dhrubatara-sung-by-bappa-mazumder/videoshow/93660628.cms |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Devojyoti Mishra of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika|Anandabazar]]'' commented that the song begins in a three-dimensional rhythm, like a group of young people had gone out on bicycles and came to a stop by a road bend in front of a large waterfall. He notes that the prelude of the song starts in the rhythm of "{{Lang|bn|স গ র স ধ নি}}". He states the song's vocals to then have music in a four-dimensional rhythm. He states the tune to be used in the Hindi film ''Anand,'' with a different prelude and interlude, in a sad tone to express of life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=মিশ্র |first=দেবজ্যোতি |date=November 20, 2022 |title=গানের মধ্যে থাকা গান |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/essays/essay-songs-of-eminent-bengali-music-director-salil-chowdhury/cid/1385593 |access-date=March 29, 2026 |website=Anandabazar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1955 songs]]
[[Category:1955 singles]]
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]

Shabareesh Varma

2026-03-28T20:10:37Z

TimXlb08387347: quick update

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam singer, actor, lyricist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shabareesh Varma
| image = Shabareesh Varma.jpg
| caption = Shabareesh in a shooting location
| birthname = Shabareesh Varma
| birth_place = [[North Paravur]], Kerala, India
| othername =
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Lyricist
* singer
* actor
}}
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| notable works = ''[[Premam]]'' ''[[Kannur Squad]]'' ''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]''
| parents =
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Shabareesh Varma''' is an Indian lyricist, playback singer and actor who works in [[Malayalam]] films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Premam(film)' |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/premam }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Personal life ==
Varma was born to P. K Nandan Varma and Sulekha Varma in [[North Paravur]], [[Ernakulam]]. After completing his graduation from [[MES College Marampally, Aluva]], he studied at the [[SAE Institute]], in [[Chennai]] and graduated with a degree in [[Audio Engineering]] and [[Music Production]]. He began his acting with two short films "Cling-Cling" and "Neram" (short film) in which he played the protagonist.

==Career==
He debuted as an actor, lyricist and playback singer in the 2013 film ''[[Neram]]'' directed by [[Alphonse Putharen|Alphonse Puthren]]. In 2015, he was an actor and lyricist in Puthren's second directorial, ''[[Premam]]''. In 2023, he starred alongside [[Mammootty]] as a police officer in ''[[Kannur Squad]]''.<ref name=":0" />

The song [[Pistah (song)|Pistah]], which Shabareesh sang for ''Neram'', was the promo song for the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Pistah song is a tribute to Jagathy Sreekumar' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/The-Pistah-song-is-a-tribute-to-Jagathy-Sreekumar/articleshow/19005575.cms}}</ref> In 2016, he sang the official theme song of the [[Manjappada]] which is the supporters group of the football team [[Kerala Blasters]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Maria |date=2016-10-12 |title=Yellow fever song a big hit |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/121016/yellow-fever-song-a-big-hit.html |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, he wrote one song for [[Yennum Yellow]], an album released by Kerala Blasters as a tribute to their fans. He also performed the song 'Vaa Varika Vaa' written by [[Manu Manjith]] and Nikhil Thomas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-19 |title=ആരാധകര്‍ക്കായി സംഗീത ആല്‍ബം പുറത്തിറക്കുന്ന ആദ്യ ക്ലബ്ബായി കേരള ബ്ലാസ്റ്റേഴ്‌സ് എഫ്‌സി |url=https://www.sportsmalayalam.com/kerala-blasters-launch-the-yennum-yellow-music-album-for-fans/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713082802/https://www.sportsmalayalam.com/kerala-blasters-launch-the-yennum-yellow-music-album-for-fans/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=2020-11-21 |website=SPORTS MALAYALAM |language=ml-IN}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Malayalam, unless otherwise noted.''

===As lyricist===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Singer(s)
|-
| 2013 || ''Pistah Sumakiraya'' (Additional Lyrics) || ''[[Neram]]'' || Shabareesh Varma
|-
| rowspan="12" |2015 || ''Scene Contra''|| rowspan="7" |''[[Premam]]'' || Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Malare''|| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
| ''Ithu Puthan Kaalam''|| Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Pathivayi Njan''|| Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Kaalam Kettu poyi''|| Shabareesh Varma
|-
|''Kalippu''|| [[Murali Gopy]], Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Aluva Puzhayude''|| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
| ''Selfie''|| rowspan="3" |''[[Double Barrel (2015 film)|Double Barrel]]'' || Shabareesh Varma, K S Krishnan, Prashant Pillai
|-
| ''Athala Pithala''|| Arun Kamath, Shabareesh Varma, Rahul R Govinda, Gagan Baderiya
|-
| ''Kadala Varuthu''|| Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Arikil Ninnarikil''|| rowspan="2" |''[[Rockstar (2015 film)|Rock Star]]'' ||[[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
| ''Puthiya Puthiya''|| Siddharth Menon, Arun Kamath, Preeti Pillai, Prashant Pillai
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016 || ''Anuraga Karikinvellam''|| rowspan="3" |''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' || Peethambaran Menon, Govind Menon
|-
| ''Poyimaranjo''|| Preeti Pillai, Arun Kamath
|-
| ''Neeyoo Njano''|| Vaikom Vijayalakshmi, Niranj, Shabareesh Varma, Sreerag Saji
|-
|2017|| ''Madhumatiye''|| ''[[Sakhavu (2017 film)|Sakhavu]]'' || Shreekumar Vakkiyil, Preeti Pillai
|-
| rowspan="8" |2018 || ''Get Out House''|| rowspan="6" |''[[Naam (2018 film)|Naam]]'' || Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Tanka Takkara''|| Shabareesh Varma, Niranj Suresh, Sooraj Santhosh, Suchith
|-
| ''Adichu Polichu''|| Shabareesh Varma, Niranj Suresh, Sooraj Santhosh, Suchith
|-
| ''Thudikottunne''|| Niranj Suresh
|-
| ''Alakalay Uyarum''|| Haricharan Seshadri
|-
| ''Azhakiyane''|| Vijay Yesudas, Haricharan Seshadri
|-
| ''Neeye Neeye''|| ''[[Mandharam]]'' || Neha Venugopal, Niranj Suresh
|-
||''Karineela Kanna Kanna''|| ''[[Ladoo (film)|Ladoo]]'' || Rajesh Murugesan and Shabareesh Varma
|-
| |2019 || ''Vanil Chandrika''|| ''[[Luca (2019 film)|Luca]]'' || Arvind Venugopal, Zia Ul Haq
|-
|rowspan="10" |2022|| ''Kumkumamaake''|| rowspan="3" |''[[Brahmāstra (film)|Brahmāstra]] ''(Malayalam dubbed version) || [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|-
||''Piri Ilaki Aadi''|| Benny Dayal
|-
||''Deva Deva''|| Hesham Abdul Wahab, Arya Dhayal
|-
|| ''Alare''|| rowspan="3" | ''Member Rameshan 9am ward'' || Nithya Mammen, Ayraan
|-
||''Lokam''|| Vineeth Sreenivasan
|-
||''Thaaram''|| Arjun Ashokan
|-
|| ''Punch Triple punch''|| rowspan="2" |''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'' ||Shabareesh Varma, Ankit Menon
|-
|| ''Jhalak Rani''|| Zia Ul Haq
|-
||''Karalo Veruthe''|| rowspan="2" |''[[Oh Meri Laila]]''|| Sid Sriram
|-
|| ''Thiramaalayaay''|| Ankit Menon
|-
| 2025||''Whistle'u Bigil'u''||''[[Padakkalam]]''||Shabareesh Varma, Suroor Musthafa, Rajesh Murugesan
|-
|}

===As actor===
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Neram]]'' || John || Tamil version only
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Premam]]''|| Shambu ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2018 ||''[[Naam (2018 film)|Naam]]''||Harris Mohammed ||
|-
||''[[Ladoo (film)|Ladoo]]''|| SK ||
|-
||''[[Thobama]]''|| Vijay ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Thanneer Mathan Dinangal]]'' || Siju ||
|-
| 2020||''[[Mariyam Vannu Vilakkoothi]]''|| Balu ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 ||''[[Vasanthi (2021 film)|Vasanthi]]''|| Chandhu||
|-
|| ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'' || Vivek Guddalli Tachisthu ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2022 || ''Member Rameshan 9 am Ward'' || Subbu ||
|-
| ''Upachara Purvam Gunda Jayan'' || Reji ||
|-
| ''Anthakashri'' || Ananthan ||
|-
| ''Pathrosinte Padappukal'' || Sharath Panicker ||
|-
| ''Kochaal'' || Shijo Mathew ||
|-
| ''Trojan'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' || CPO Gireesh ||
|-
| ''Oh Meri Laila'' || Yohannan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Vellari Pattanam]]''|| Baburaj ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin Shahir-Manju Warrier starrer Vellaripattanam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/13/soubin-shahir-manju-warrier-starrer-vellari-pattinam-gets-a-release-date-41028.html |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]''|| Ramzan ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sulaikha Manzil makers release new song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/11/sulaikha-manzil-makers-release-new-song-40913.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kannur Squad]]'' || Muhammed Shafi ||<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-21 |title=Mammootty's 'Kannur Squad' censored with a U/A; the film to release on September 28 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-kannur-squad-censored-with-u/a-the-film-to-release-on-september-28/articleshow/103828712.cms |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]'' || Jerry ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-08 |title=Mammootty-starrer Turbo releases on OTT |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/08/mammootty-starrer-turbo-releases-on-ott |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''[[Pravinkoodu Shappu]]'' || Thotta Biju||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-12 |title=Audio launch of Basil Joseph and Soubin Shahir's Pravinkoodu Shappu to take place on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/12/audio-launch-of-basil-joseph-and-soubin-shahirs-pravinkoodu-shappu-to-take-place-on-this-date |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dheeran'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-31 |title=Rajesh Madhavan's Dheeran gets a release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/31/rajesh-madhavans-dheeran-gets-a-release-window |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sahasam (2025 film)|Sahasam]]'' || Saam ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-13 |title=Sahasam's teaser promises an entertaining crime comedy thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/13/sahasams-teaser-promises-an-entertaining-crime-comedy-thriller |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paathirathri]]'' || Felix ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-12 |title=Navya Nair and Soubin Shahir starrer Pathirathri gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/12/navya-nair-and-soubin-shahir-starrer-pathirathri-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Inspection Bungalow]]'' || Sub-Inspector Vishnu ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inspection Bungalow 2025: Release date, trailer, OTT partner, plot and all about this Malayalam horror comedy series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/inspection-bungalow-2025-release-date-trailer-ott-partner-plot-and-all-about-this-malayalam-horror-comedy-series/f3fe5b1201966 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Derby'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=Sagar Surya and Ameen's Derby gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/04/sagar-surya-and-ameens-derby-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As playback singer===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Singer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''Thaka Thaka''|| rowspan="2" | ''[[Neram]]'' || Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Pistah''|| Shabareesh Varma
|-
| rowspan="8" |2015 || ''Scene Contra''|| rowspan="5" | ''[[Premam]]'' || Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Ithu Puthan Kaalam''|| Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Pathivayi Njan''||Shabareesh Varma, [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
|-
| ''Kaalam Kettu Poyi''|| Shabareesh Varma
|-
|''Kalippu''||[[Murali Gopy]], Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Selfie''|| rowspan="3" |''[[Double Barrel (2015 film)|Double Barrel]]'' || Shabareesh Varma, K S Krishnan, Prashant Pillai
|-
| ''Athala Pithala''|| Arun Kamath, Shabareesh Varma, Rahul R Govinda, Gagan Baderiya
|-
| ''Kadala Varuthu''|| Shabareesh Varma
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018 || ''Get out House''|| rowspan="3" | ''[[Naam (2018 film)|Naam]]'' ||Shabareesh Varma
|-
| ''Ellarum Onnani''|| Shabareesh Varma, Niranj Suresh, Sooraj Santhosh, Suchith
|-
|''Adichu Polichu''|| Shabareesh Varma, Niranj Suresh, Sooraj Santhosh, Suchith
|-
||''Dhiname Dhinanme''|| ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], Mukesh, Shabareesh Varma
|-
||''Karineela Kanna Kanna''|| ''[[Ladoo (film)|Ladoo]]'' || Rajesh Murugesan and Shabareesh Varma
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022 || ''Raman thedum''||''[[Oh Meri Laila]]'' || Shabareesh Varma
|-
|| ''Punch Triple punch''||''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'' ||Shabareesh Varma, Ankit Menon
|-
|| ''Gunda Gunda Gunda jayan''|| ''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]'' || Shabareesh Varma
|-
|2024
|''Tharavadi Atrocity'' (Promo Song)
|''[[Bharathanatyam (2024 film)|Bharathanatyam]]''
|[[Aju Varghese]], Shabareesh Varma
|-
||2025||''Whistle'u Bigil'u''||''[[Padakkalam]]''||Shabareesh Varma, Suroor Musthafa, Rajesh Murugesan
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm5682173}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Shabareesh}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kochi]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Conan Stevens

2026-03-27T05:49:46Z

TimXlb08387347: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Australian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Conan Stevens
|birth_name = Mark Stevens
|image = Conan Stevens (2012).jpg
|caption = Conan Stevens in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|11|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Newcastle, New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
| occupation = Actor
| height = 2.13m
}}
'''Mark "Conan" Stevens''' is an [[Australians|Australian]] actor and former [[professional wrestler]] as 7 FT Thunder.<ref name="Official Site">[https://www.conanstevens.com/ ConanStevens.com ConanStevens.com, Official Site.].</ref> He is 2.13m (7’) tall.

==Career==
Stevens portrayed giant green swamp creature of [[Man-Thing]] in [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]]'s ''[[Man-Thing (film)|Man-Thing]]'' film and [[Gregor Clegane]] ("The Mountain") in the [[Game of Thrones (season 1)|first season]] of the [[HBO]] television series ''[[Game of Thrones]]''. He was cast to portray Bolg, son of Azog, in [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Hobbit (film series)|''Hobbit'' trilogy]], and completed a portion of the films' photography in makeup as the character.<ref name="BADigest">{{cite web|url=http://badassdigest.com/2013/12/12/see-the-awesome-practical-orc-who-was-painted-over-in-desolation-of-smaug/|title=See The Awesome Practical Orc Who Was Painted Over In DESOLATION OF SMAUG|author=Faraci, Devin|publisher=Badass Digest|date=12 December 2013|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219231336/http://badassdigest.com/2013/12/12/see-the-awesome-practical-orc-who-was-painted-over-in-desolation-of-smaug|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was subsequently replaced in the role by ''Lord of the Rings'' trilogy veteran [[Lawrence Makoare]] when Bolg was revamped into a completely [[computer-generated imagery|CGI]] character.<ref name="BADigest"/> He ended up playing an unnamed Gundabad Orc, called "Keeper of the Dungeons" in ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2013/12/12/see-the-awesome-practical-orc-who-was-painted-over-in-desolation-of-smaug|title=See The Awesome Practical Orc Who Was Painted Over In DESOLATION OF SMAUG|author=Faraci, Devin|website=Birth.Movies.Death.|date=12 December 2013}}</ref>

Stevens co-wrote the 2009 martial arts film, ''Bangkok Adrenaline''.<ref name="HBO Watch">[https://hbowatch.com/a-conversation-with-conan-stevens/ MJ Snow, A Conversation with Conan Stevens HBOWatch.com, MJ Snow.], additional text.</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2005
|''[[Man-Thing (film)|Man-Thing]]''
|[[Man-Thing|Dr. Ted Sallis / Man-Thing]]
|Main role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''Treasure Island''
| Cascadeurs
|
|-
|''[[The Bodyguard 2]]''
|Big Security Guard
|(uncredited)
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008
|''[[Somtum (film)|Somtum]]''
|Jo Jo
|
|-
|''The White Monkey Warrior''
|Fight Club Gang Leader
|(uncredited)
|-
|''[[Drona (2008 film)|Drona]]''
|Asura
|Bollywood Movie
|-
|''E-Tim tai nae''
|Wrestler
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]''
|Joey
|Bollywood Movie
|-
|''[[Power Kids|Force of Five]]''
|Ambassadors Bodyguard
|
|-
|''Bangkok Adrenaline''
|Conan
|
|-
|2010
|''[[True Legend]]''
|Malotoff
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Largo Winch II|Largo Winch 2 - The Burma Conspiracy]]''
|Nazachov's Bodyguard
|(uncredited)
|-
|2012
|''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
|Keeper of the Dungeons
|Despite this, he is credited in the film as Bolg.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|''[[Vikingdom]]''
|[[Thor]]
|
|-
|''Mystic Blade''
|Butch
|
|-
|''[[A Man Will Rise]]''
|Unknown
|(uncompleted)
|-
|2014
|''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]''
|Keeper of the Dungeons (Gundabad Orc)
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Skin Trade (film)|Skin Trade]]''
|Igor
|
|-
|''Runestone''
|Rauthr Wulfgrimm
|
|-
|''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]''
|Luca
|Bollywood Movie
|-
|2016
|''Kumander Baltazar''
|Johnny
|First Filipino indie movie
|-
|2017
|''Dead Squad''
|Z13
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Blood Hunters: Rise of the Hybrids]]''
|
|Second Filipino movie
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2011
|''[[Game of Thrones]]''
|[[Gregor Clegane|"The Mountain" Gregor Clegane]]
|(2 episodes)
|-
|2012
|''[[Spartacus: Vengeance]]''
|Sedullus
| (1 episode)
|-
|2013
|''[[The Bible (miniseries)|The Bible]]''
|[[Goliath]]
|
|-
|2016; 2017
|''[[Encantadia (2016 TV series)|Encantadia]]''
|Vish'ka
| rowspan="3" |Special participation
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Super Ma'am]]''
| Baraka The Tamawo
|-
|2018
|''[[Victor Magtanggol]]''
|[[Thor]]
|}

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[International Wrestling Australia]]'''
**IWA Heavyweight Championship (2 time)<ref name="IMDb">{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1947403/ | title=Conan Stevens | Actor, Writer | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.conanstevens.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|1947403|Conan Stevens}}
* [https://hbowatch.com/a-conversation-with-conan-stevens/ MJ Snow, HBOWatch.com]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stevens, Conan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian male film actors]]
[[Category:Australian people of German descent]]
[[Category:Male actors from New South Wales]]
[[Category:Actors from Newcastle, New South Wales]]
[[Category:Australian stunt performers]]
[[Category:Australian male bodybuilders]]
[[Category:Australian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Australian expatriates in the Philippines]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:GMA Network (company) people]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian sportsmen]]

{{Australia-film-actor-stub}}
{{Powerlifting-bio-stub}}
{{Australia-sport-bio-stub}}

Devika Devarajan

2026-03-26T19:19:34Z

TimXlb08387347: starting initial bio w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian volleyball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
'''Devika Devarajan Kallumambraparambil''' (born 16 June 1992) is an Indian volleyball player from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kallumambraparambil Devika Devarajan - AVC Women’s Nations Cup 2025 - Players |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/avc-women-nations-cup/players/190434 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=volleyballworld.com |language=en}}</ref> She plays for [[India women's national volleyball team]] as a setter, and for Kerala in the domestic tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-14 |title=Volleyball: India women finish ninth at AVC Nations Cup |url=https://thebridge.in/volleyball/volleyball-india-women-finish-ninth-avc-nations-league-53522 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In June 2025, she was part of the Indian women's volleyball team that played the 2025 AVC Women's Nations Cup in Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Indian Women's Volleyball Squad 2025 Unveiled |url=https://jeetwinsports.in/other-sports/volley-ball/anusree-leads-the-indian-womens-volleyball-team-for-avc-2025-national-cup-indian-squad-and-fixture-revealed/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-14 |title=Volleyball: India women finish ninth at AVC Nations Cup |url=https://thebridge.in/volleyball/volleyball-india-women-finish-ninth-avc-nations-league-53522 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-03 |title=Rajasthan’s Ayushi Bhandari named vice-captain of Indian women’s volleyball team for National Cup in Vietnam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthans-ayushi-bhandari-named-vice-captain-of-indian-womens-volleyball-team-for-national-cup-in-vietnam/articleshow/121601810.cms |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In March 2014, she captained the Tamil Nadu team in the Federation Cup Volleyball tournament at Jimmy George stadium, [[Kizhakkambalam]], Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-02 |title=Federation Cup volleyball: Railways chug along |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/federation-cup-volleyball-railways-chug-along/articleshow/31264296.cms |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In March 2017, she represented South Central Railway in the P John Memorial all-India volleyball tournament held at the Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium, Chennai where she was declared as the Best Player (setter) award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2017-03-12 |title=Kerala Police emerge winners in P John Memorial volleyball tournament |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/Mar/12/kerala-police-emerge-winners-in-p-john-memorial-volleyball-tournament-1580531.html |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In February 2018, she was part of the Railways team that won the 66 Senior National Volleyball Championship at Kozhikode, Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2018-02-28 |title=No stopping Kerala men, Railways women |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/no-stopping-kerala-men-railways-women/article22882088.ece |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2022, she was selected for the National camp held at Bhubaneswar where she selected for the India team that took part in the Princess Cup 3rd AVC Women's Challenge Cup Volleyball Championship at [[Nakhon Pathom]], Thailand from 24 to 29 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=Indian senior women’s team leaves for 3rd AVC Volleyball Challenge Cup in Thailand |url=https://statetimes.in/indian-senior-womens-team-leaves-for-3rd-avc-volleyball-challenge-cup-in-thailand/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devarajan, Devika}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Volleyball players from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women's volleyball players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Setters (volleyball)]]

List of mosques in Kerala

2026-03-17T09:57:37Z

TimXlb08387347: expanded content

{{Short description|List of mosques in India}}

This is a '''list of [[mosque]]s in [[Kerala]], [[India]].'''
{{incomplete list|date=January 2025}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:250px;"|Name
! style="text-align:center; width:160px;" class="unsortable"|Images
! style="text-align:left; width:200px;"|City
! style="text-align:left; width:100px;"|[[Districts of Kerala|District]]
! style="text-align:left; width:050px;"|Year
! style="text-align:left; width:150px;" class="unsortable" |Notes
|- valign="top"
| [[Central Mahallu Juma Masjid]]
| [[File:Centalmahallujamaath2.jpg|160x160px|center]]
| [[Muvattupuzha]]
| [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| {{AH|1346|link=on}}
|
|- valign="top"
| [[Chempittapally]]
|
| [[Mattancherry]], [[Kochi]]
| [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| 16th century
| <ref name=sahapedia>{{cite web |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/article/Chembitta-Palli/3533 |title=Chembitta Palli |work=Shapedia |date=February 2022 |access-date=22 January 2025 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]]
| [[File:Cheraman_Juma_Palli_(ചേരമാൻ_ജുമാ_പള്ളി).jpg|160x160px|center]]
| [[Kodungallur]]
| [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| 629 [[Common Era|CE]]
| Claimed oldest mosque in India<ref>{{cite book |author=Geaves, Ron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1s1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Islam and Britain: Muslim Mission in an Age of Empire |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4742-7175-2 |pages=6}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Edappally Juma Mosque]]
| [[File:Edappally Juma Masjid.JPG|160x160px|center]]
| [[Edappally]], [[Kochi]]
| [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| {{circa|20th century}}
|
|- valign="top"
| [[Kambalakkad Juma Mosque]]
| [[File:Kambalakkad Town Juma Masjid .jpg|160x160px|center]]
| [[Kambalakkad]]
| [[Wayanad district]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- valign="top"
|Varambatta [[Jumuah|juma]] [[Juma Masjid|Masjid]]
|
|Varambatta [[Vellamunda Gram Panchayat]]
|[[Wayanad district]]
|
|one of the oldest masjid in [[Wayanad district]],
|
|
|
|
|- valign="top"
| [[Kolloorvila Juma Mosque]]
|
| Pallimukku
| [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|
|
|- valign="top"
| [[Madayi Mosque]]
|
| [[Pazhayangadi]]
| [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| {{AH|518}}
|
|- valign="top"
| [[Malik Dinar Mosque]]
| [[File:Malikdeenar Mosque in the Morning.jpg|160x160px|center]]
| [[Thalangara]]
| [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| {{AH|22}}
| Remodelled in 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/malik-dinar-mosque.php |title=Malik Dinar Mosque |work=Kerala Tourism |date=2025 |access-date=19 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Rao, Bindu Gopal |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/malik-deenar-mosque/articleshow/53095771.cms |title=Malik Deenar Mosque |work=[[Times of India]] |date=2016-07-11 |access-date=19 January 2025 |format=Includes an image and description of the mosque, prior to its 2018 renovation }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Mampuram Mosque]]
|
| [[Tirurangadi]]
| [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|
|
|- valign="top"
| [[Maqam Masjid]]
|
|
| [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| mid-19th century
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=SUNNIVOICE |date=2021-12-31 |title=ആലപ്പുഴ: കനാൽ കരകളിലെ പൈതൃകക്കാഴ്ചകൾ |url=https://sunnivoice.net/%e0%b4%86%e0%b4%b2%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%b4-%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%a8%e0%b4%be%e0%b5%bd-%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%b3%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b2%e0%b5%86-%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%88%e0%b4%a4/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=ml}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Mishkal Mosque]]
| [[File:Mishkal mosque calicut.jpg|160x160px|center]]
| [[Kuttichira]]
| [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| 14th century
| <ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Prange, Sebastian |title=Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2018 |pages=78-81, 135-36 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Misri Masjid]]
| [[File:Misiri Palli Ponnani bright.jpg|160x160px|center]]
| [[Ponnani]]
| [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| 16th century
| <ref>{{cite news |title=India: Joint efforts to preserve 16th century mosque |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/india-joint-efforts-to-preserve-16th-century-mosque/1385856 |work=[[Anadolu Agency]] |location=Turkey }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Muchundi Mosque]]
| [[File:Muchundi Mosque.JPG|160x160px|center]]
| [[Kuttichira]]
| [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| 13th century
| <ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress |edition=59th Session |location=Patiala |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=1999 |pages=396–402 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Nellikunnu Muhyaddin Juma Masjid]]
| [[File:Nellikkunnu Mosque (4472451684).jpg|160x160px|center]]
| [[Nellikunnu]]
| [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| Before 7th century
|
|- valign="top"
| [[Odathil Mosque]]
|
| [[Thalassery]]
| [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| {{circa|1806}}
| <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sebastian |first1=Aleena |title=Matriliny, Merchandise and Islam: A Study of the Keyis in the Coastal Belt of Tellicherry, North Malabar |journal=Coastal Studies & Society |date=December 2023 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=336–355 |doi=10.1177/26349817221147375 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/26349817221147375 |access-date=16 February 2024 |language=en |issn=2634-9817|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Palayam Juma Mosque]]
| [[File:Palayam Masid 1.jpg|160x160px|center]]
| [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram|Palayam]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 1813
| <ref>{{cite news |title=This 200-Year-Old 'Military' Mosque In Kerala Offers 'Green' Iftar To People From Every Faith |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/this-200-year-old-military-mosque-in-kerala-offers-green-iftar-to-people-from-every-faith-345960.html |work=Indian Times |date=23 May 2018 |access-date=18 January 2025 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Ponnani Juma Masjid]]
| [[File:Ponnani juma masjid 02.JPG|160x160px|center]]
| [[Ponnani]]
| [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| {{AH|925}}
| <ref name="PrfoKV">{{cite book |last1=Abdurahman |first1=Prof. K. V. |title=Mappila Charithra Shakalangal |date=1998 |publisher=Muslim Service Society |location=Ponnani}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Juma Mosque, Pullancheri]]
|
| [[Pullancheri]], [[Manjeri]]
| [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| {{circa|1920}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pullancheri Juma Masjid, Elankur - Mosque in Malappuram |url=https://www.indiainfo.net/place/pullancheri-juma-masjid-3923483 |date= |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.indiainfo.net}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Saukar Masjid]]
|
|
| [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| 1850
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bennykuriakose.com/alappuzha-heritage-project-1/saukar-masjid |title=Saukar Masjid |work=Benny Kuriakose & Associates |date=2021 |access-date=17 January 2025 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Jamiul Futuh|Shahre Mubarak Grand Mosque]] (also known as ''Jamiul Futuh'')
| [[File:Markaz knowledge city.jpg|160x160px|center]]
| [[Markaz Knowledge City]]
| [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| 2022
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Jamiul Futuh – The Indian Grand Masjid Calls For Urgent Action To Protect Minorities In Bangladesh |url=https://thecommunemag.com/jamiul-futuh-issues-statement-on-tensions-in-bangladesh-calls-for-urgent-action-to-protect-minorities-in-bangladesh |work=The Commune |date=4 December 2024 |access-date=18 January 2025 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Tahir Mosque, Payangadi]]
| [[File:Tahir Mosque, Peyangadi, Kerala.jpg|160x160px|center]]
| [[Payangadi]]
| [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| 2008
|
|- valign="top"
| [[Thazhathangady Juma Mosque]]
| [[File:ThazhathangadyJumaMasjid1.JPG|160x160px|center]]
| [[Thazhathangady]]
| [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| 824 CE
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hiran |first=U. |date=2019-04-16 |title=Thazhathangadi mosque gets a facelift |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thazhathangadi-mosque-gets-a-facelift/article26858638.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of the oldest mosques]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Mosques in Kerala}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{List of mosques}}

[[Category:Mosques in Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Lists of mosques in India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Kerala|Mosques]]

Naya Qila

2026-03-16T08:23:33Z

TimXlb08387347: started a details

{{Short description|Historic site in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
[[File:Golconda View.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view over the southern side of Naya Qila from the top of the [[Golkonda]].|405x405px]]
'''Naya Qila''' ("New Fort", also spelled ''Naya Quila'') is an extended portion of [[Golkonda#Fort|Golkonda Fort]] in [[Hyderabad]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/16/stories/2011031663100400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428044312/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/16/stories/2011031663100400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2011 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : Excavation in Naya Qila opposed |date=16 March 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=29 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Naya-Qila-played-down-in-Unesco-list/articleshow/8653661.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105150425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-31/hyderabad/29604077_1_golconda-fort-world-heritage-heritage-map|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=Naya Qila played down in Unesco list |date=31 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref> It was built in 1656 by Sultan [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] as further defence for the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal armies]]. This integral part of the Golkonda fort contains many historic structures. There are strange figures and animals worked out of stone and stucco on the walls of the outer fort facing the Naya Qila. It is one of the least explored heritage sites of [[India]],<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="aponline1">{{cite web |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/architecture_qut.html |title=History and Culture-Qutb Shahi Style |publisher=APonline |accessdate=29 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110075247/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_qut.html |archivedate=10 January 2013 }}</ref> partly because it has become part of a golf course, which makes access for visitors complicated.<ref name="Naya Qila">{{cite news| title=Naya Qila| url=http://www.minorsights.com/2017/08/India-naya-qila.html|work=Minor Sights| accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Hatiyan ka Jhad (Baobab Tree) in Naya Qila.jpg|thumb|Hatiyan ka Jhad ([[Adansonia madagascariensis|Baobab Tree]]) in Naya Qila]]
[[File:Naya_Qila,_the_extended_portion_of_Golkonda_Fort_in_Hyderabad_24.jpg|thumb|[[Battlement|Battlements]] of Naya Qila Fort]]
[[File:Mulla Khayali Mosque 1.jpg|thumb|Mulla Khayali Mosque]]
[[File:Naya Qila 3.jpg|thumb|[[Golconda Fort]] towers above the golf course of Naya Qila ]]
During the rule of Sultan [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] (1625–1672), Mughal governor of the [[Deccan Plateau]], [[Aurangzeb]] aimed the fusillade against Golkonda Fort in January 1656. The mighty Mughal army kept up the cannon-fire but the fort stood firm. After a four-month siege, the Mughal army withdrew in April 1656. Due to heavy fusillade by the Mughals, the fort became weak and Fort walls started leaning, thus to avoid future attacks and loss Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah ordered for the repair of fort walls and the extension of Golkonda fort, thus the construction of Naya Qila was started in the year 1656 and was completed with more additions by Sultan [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]].<ref name="datta">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Exploring Hyderabad’s Naya Qila and the ‘fabled’ hideout of 40 thieves that Ali Baba found |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-naya-qila-hyderabad-and-the-fabled-hideout-of-40-thieves-that-ali-baba-found/cid/1937636 |access-date=20 May 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="yahoo1">{{cite web|url=http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/deccanresearch/message/12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105173457/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/deccanresearch/message/12 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 |title=Yahoo! Groups |publisher=Tech.groups.yahoo.com |accessdate=29 May 2011}}</ref> and nearly, 30 years later when [[Aurangzeb]] become the emperor, again he set his sights on the Golkonda he completely avoided the place because the place from where he aimed the fusillade, stood the Naya Qila. A rock masonry structure with moats, it made the Golkonda all the more impregnable.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} In 1687 Aurangzeb annexed Golkonda.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487752/Qutb-Shahi-dynasty |title=Qutb Shahi dynasty (Indian dynasty) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=29 May 2011}}</ref>

The fort was designed and constructed by Mustafa Khan, the royal architect of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]]; [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] and [[Toli Masjid]] was designed and constructed by him.<ref>{{cite news| title=How protected is our heritage?| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-12/hyderabad/30144560_1_intach-qutub-shahi-heritage-list| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106121633/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-12/hyderabad/30144560_1_intach-qutub-shahi-heritage-list| url-status=dead| archive-date=6 November 2012| date=12 September 2011| work=[[The Times of India]]| accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref>

==Attraction==
* The Persian garden (''Bagh-i-Qutb''), built by Abdullah Qutb Shah (1625–1672).<ref name="hindu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/12/12/stories/2009121254591200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109223351/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/12/12/stories/2009121254591200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2012 |title=Metro Plus Hyderabad / Columns : Naya Qila |date=12 December 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=29 May 2011}}</ref>
*''Hatiyan ka Jhad'' ("Elephant-sized Tree"): This famous [[Adansonia digitata|baobab]] located on the premises of Naya Qila is more than 400 years old.<ref>[http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/tag/qila/most_popular/ gigapan: search]</ref> Arab traders introduced this tree to Hyderabad<ref name="thenews1">{{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/10522153/The-Baobabs|title=Naya Quila, in Dire Straits ? The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia by Gerald E. Wickens|page=40,267,270|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media B.V|isbn=978-1-4020-6430-2 |accessdate=29 May 2011|archive-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108071208/http://www.scribd.com/doc/10522153/The-Baobabs|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it was given to Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] by [[Arab]] traders. This tree have the girth of 27.40 meters (89 feet). The cave formed in between the branches of this tree. There are various stories centred on this baobab tree and one of the famous stories is related to its cave which helped some 40 notorious thieves to hide themselves<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/10522153/The-Baobabs|title=Naya Quila, in Dire Straits ? The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia by Gerald E. Wickens|page=40|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media B.V|isbn=978-1-4020-6430-2 |accessdate=29 May 2011|archive-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108071208/http://www.scribd.com/doc/10522153/The-Baobabs|url-status=dead}}</ref> some 400 years ago.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenews.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161:naya-quila-in-dire-straits-&catid=39:nigha&Itemid=58 |title=Naya Quila, in Dire Straits ? |publisher=Thenews.co.in |date=30 December 2008 |accessdate=29 May 2011 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714083723/http://www.thenews.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161:naya-quila-in-dire-straits-&catid=39:nigha&Itemid=58 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Naya Qila"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Abhinay |title=Bereft of attention, 430-year-old Hathiyan ka Jhad stands alone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bereft-of-attention-430-year-old-hathiyan-ka-jhad-stands-alone/article65517437.ece |access-date=3 May 2023 |agency=The Hindu |date=12 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="datta"/>
*The Mosque of Mustafa Khan: build in memory of the royal architect of the Qutb Shahi dynasty.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/22/stories/2009022258060300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225112806/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/22/stories/2009022258060300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2009 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : Outrage over golf at Naya Qila |date=22 February 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=29 May 2011}}</ref>
*Mosque Mullah Khiyali: constructed in memory of the royal poet of the Qutb Shahi dynasty.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Both, Mosque of Mustafa Khan and the Mosque of Mullah Khiyali are critical examples of the early architecture of Golkonda.<ref name="yahoo1" /><ref name="hindu1" /><ref name="thenews1" />
*Naya Qila Talab: a water tank situated within the Naya Qila. Currently, this water body is badly-neglected.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://iasc2011.fes.org.in/one-day-field-trips-12.php |title=IASC 2011 - Sustaining Commons: Sustaining our Future |publisher=Iasc2011.fes.org.in |accessdate=29 May 2011}}</ref> Ruins of the Naya Qila contain 350 years old fragments of earthen pipes used for water supply during the Qutb Shahi rule.<ref name="aponline1"/>

== Controversies ==
The construction of the [[Hyderabad Golf Club|Hyderabad Golf Course]] in the Naya Qila area met with a lot of resistance from various NGOs and organisations.<ref name="datta"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> According to them, the Golf Course and the almost exclusive access given to its members was against the proper use of the Heritage site which should give easy access and ownership to the public above anything else. There were also protests organised by the farmers who were displaced by the construction of the Golf Course who were eventually offered land in the city in return for their land in the Golkonda fort area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/naya-qila-farmers-likely-to-get-land-in-city/article5361453.ece|title=Naya Qila farmers likely to get land in city|last=Ifthekhar|first=J. S.|date=2013-11-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-05|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The controversy regarding the historic lands' use as a golf course also sparked debates among scholars part of the heritage and conversation circles around the 'Adopt a Heritage' scheme of the government of India, under which the Dalmia Bharat Private Limited was allowed to adopt the [[Red Fort]]. There have also been concerns regarding the negative ecological implications of the Golf Course, outlined in a comprehensive document shared by the NGO, Better Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Naya Qila}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad|India}}
* [[Charminar]]

{{Forts in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Forts in India}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Sultanate of Golconda]]
[[Category:1656 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Gaṅgeśa

2026-03-11T07:15:50Z

TimXlb08387347: starting the details more to come - done

{{Short description|14th-century Indian philosopher, logician and mathematician}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|name=Gangesha
|native_name=गङ्गेश
|birth_name=Gangesha
|nationality=
|alma_mater=
|occupation=[[Philosopher]] and [[logician]]
|notable_works=Navya Nyaya School of Indian Philosophy,
Tattvachintāmaṇi
|region=[[Mithila region]]
|school_tradition=Nyaya School of Indian Philosophy
|institutions=
|language=[[Sanskrit]]
|notable_ideas=New Logic}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}

'''Gaṅgeśa''' ({{langx|sa|गङ्गेश}} ''/ Gaṅgeśa'' ) (first half of the 14th century) was an Indian [[philosopher]], [[logic]]ian and [[mathematician]] from the [[monarchy|kingdom]] of [[History of Mithila|Mithila]]. He established the [[Navya-Nyāya]] ("New Logic") school. His ''[[Tattvachintamani|Tattvachintāmaṇi]]'' (The Jewel of Thought on the Nature of Things), also known as ''Pramāṇacintāmaṇi'' (The Jewel of Thought on the Means of Valid Knowledge), is the basic text for all later developments. The [[logician]]s of this school were primarily interested in defining their terms and concepts related to non-binary logical categories.

==Life==
Gaṅgeśa was a native of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in modern-day [[Bihar]].<ref name=Potter1970>{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=Karl |title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 6 |date=1970 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=85–86 |isbn=978-81-208-0894-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak1Qla4xUgMC&dq=Ga%E1%B9%85ge%C5%9Ba+mithila&pg=PA85}}</ref> He seems to have been born and raised in a village called Chadana however this is no longer identifiable. He later lived in the village of Karion, the same village that fellow philosopher, [[Udayana]] came from which is twelve miles southeast of the city of [[Darbhanga]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lG85RD9YZoC|title=A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools|last=Vidyabhusana|first=Satis Chandra|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1920|isbn=9788120805651|location=Delhi|pages=405–6|language=en}}</ref>

Scholars have struggled to find an accurate date for Gaṅgeśa with the most common estimate placing him in the late thirteenth century however recent opinion now places him in the fourteenth century.<ref name= Potter1970 />

==Teachings==
Gaṅgeśa's work is mainly focused on [[epistemology]] although he does rely on [[ontological]] systems in his analyses. He inherits his thoughts from his predecessor, [[Udayana]] which he incorporates into his [[Navya-Nyāya]] system. In his exploration of causal relationships, Gaṅgeśa identifies several categories of possible referents that play a role in understanding causality. These categories are grounded in the relationships between causes and effects, and they include:<ref name=Stanford>{{cite web |title=Gaṅgeśa |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gangesa/#CatePossRefeCausRela |website=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy|date=2024 }}</ref>

Inherence (Samavāya): This refers to the inseparable relationship between a substance and its qualities or actions. For instance, the colour of a pot is inherently related to the pot itself. Non-inherence (Asamavāya): This category involves relationships that are not direct but still play a crucial role in causal connections, such as the colour of threads contributing to the colour of the cloth. Non-existence (Abhāva): Gaṅgeśa also discusses the concept of non-existence as a possible referent in causal relations. Non-existence can refer to the absence of a cause or an effect, which plays a crucial role in understanding why certain effects do not occur.<ref name= Stanford />
===Perception===
Gaṅgeśa provides a detailed account of perception (pratyakṣa) as a fundamental means of knowledge acquisition. He categorises perception into two types:

Sensory Perception: This type refers to the direct contact between sense organs and external objects, leading to knowledge. Gaṅgeśa's analysis of perception involves understanding how the senses apprehend various qualities of objects, such as colour or sound. Extraordinary Perception (Alaukika Pratyakṣa): While the article touches on Gaṅgeśa's understanding of perception primarily in a sensory context, he also discusses the possibility of extraordinary perception, which occurs in situations that go beyond ordinary sensory experiences.<ref name= Stanford />

===Inference===
Inference (anumāna) is another critical method of knowledge in Gaṅgeśa's philosophy. Gaṅgeśa defines inference as a process that allows one to draw conclusions based on observed relationships. He distinguishes between two types of inference:

Inference for Oneself (Svārthānumāna): This type of inference is used by an individual to arrive at knowledge independently, based on their own observations and reasoning.
Inference for Others (Parārthānumāna): This type of inference is presented in a way that can be communicated to others, providing a logical basis for convincing others of a particular conclusion. Gaṅgeśa's analysis of inference includes an examination of the conditions under which inferences are valid, focusing on the relationship between the observed evidence and the conclusion drawn from it.<ref name= Stanford />

===The ''Tattvacintāmaṇi''===
{{main|Tattvacintāmaṇi}}

The founding text of Navya-Nyaya - is divided into four khaṇḍas (books): Pratyakṣakhaṇḍa (book on perception), Anumānakhaṇḍa (book on inference), Upamānakhaṇḍa (book on comparison) and Śabdakhaṇḍa (book on verbal testimony). The first book opens with a salutation to Shiva.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lG85RD9YZoC|title=A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools|last=Vidyabhusana|first=Satis Chandra|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1920|isbn=9788120805651|location=Delhi|pages=407|language=en}}</ref>

The Tattvacintāmaṇi (T.C.) is a systematic account of epistemology, logic, and the philosophy of grammar. Other subjects, such as the proofs of God, are treated incidentally.

Gangesa refers to his own teachings as the New Nyaya. This term New Nyaya is not to be understood as implying any great originality in theory on Gangesa's part, but rather originality in method. His work differs from the oldest Nyaya in that he accepts many tenets of the Vaisesika school, and in his arrangement of Nyaya teachings under four headings rather than under the 16 subjects ([[Padārtha|padartha]]) of the Old Nyaya.

The newness of Gangesa's method is newness of style and of organization. He is far more precise, more careful to define his terms, than were his predecessors; these virtues of his work are responsible for the fact that perhaps half of Navya-Nyaya literature is based either directly on the T.C. or on a commentary on the T.C.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENvsAAAAIAAJ|title=Materials for the Study of Navya-nyāya Logic|last=Ingalls|first=Daniel Henry Holmes|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1951|isbn=9788120803848|location=Delhi|pages=5–6|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian philosophers]]
*[[Indian mathematicians]]
*[[Nyaya]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite SEP |url-id=gangesa |title=Gaṅgeśa |last=Phillips |first=Stephen}}
*{{cite SEP |url-id=early-modern-india |title=Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India |last=Ganeri |first=Jonardon}}

{{Indian mathematics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:13th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Epistemologists]]
[[Category:Indian logicians]]
[[Category:Nyaya]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Philosophers of Mithila]]
[[Category:People from Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Bihar]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]

Arabi Malayalam

2026-03-05T18:27:55Z

TimXlb08387347: general enhance intro for clarity and added references

{{Short description|Dialect of Malayalam used by Mappila Muslims}}
{{About|the Arabi Malayalam dialect of Malayalam|the Arabic script used for writing Arabi Malayalam|Arabi Malayalam script}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Arabi Malayalam
| nativename = عَرَبِ مَلَیَاۻَمٛ
| altname = Mappila Malayalam
| image = ArabiMalayalam alphabet.png
| ethnicity =
| pronunciation =
| states = [[India]]
| speakers = [[Malabar Muslims]]
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–Kannada
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]
| fam9 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]
| fam10 = [[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]
| fam11 = [[Malayalam]]
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
| script = [[Arabi Malayalam script]]
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = mopl1237
| glottorefname = Moplah
}}

'''Arabi Malayalam''' (also called Mappila Malayalam<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|date=1 October 2019|title=Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuzhiyan|first=Muneer Aram|title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506|publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad|hdl=10603/213506}}</ref> and Moplah Malayalam) is the traditional [[Malayalam dialect]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|title=Sea, Community and Language: A Study on the Origin and Development of Arabi- Malayalam Language of Mappila Muslims of Malabar|date=2 October 2019|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> of the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila Muslim community]]. It is spoken by several thousand people, predominantly in the [[Malabar Coast]] of Kerala state, southern India. The form can be classified as a regional dialect in northern Kerala, or as a class or occupational dialect of the Mappila community. It can also be called a [[vernacular]] in general, or as a provincial [[patois]], with the latter label being increasingly applicable in Colonial times. All the forms of Malayalam, including the Mappila dialect, are mutually intelligible.<ref name="Subramoniam">Subramoniam, V. I. (1997). ''Dravidian Encyclopaedia''. Vol. 3, Language and literature. Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala): International School of Dravidian Linguistics. pp. 508-09. [http://worldcat.org/isbn/818569222X]</ref><ref name="jewish-malayalam">{{cite news|url=http://www.jewish-languages.org/jewish-malayalam.html|title=Mappila Malayalam-1|access-date=3 July 2007|archive-date=1 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501075736/http://www.jewish-languages.org/jewish-malayalam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Mappila form shows some lexical admixture from Arabic and Persian.<ref name="jewish-malayalam" /><ref name="KrishnaChaitanya">Krishna Chaitanya. ''Kerala. India, the Land and the People.'' New Delhi: National Book Trust, India, 1994. [http://worldcat.org/isbn/8123707517]</ref>

The variety Arabi Malayalam is also used by lower castes non-Muslims in northern Kerala, Muslims in [[Dakshina Kannada]], and different Mappila migrant communities in South East Asia.<ref>Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha. ''Coastal Karnataka: Studies in Folkloristic and Linguistic Traditions of Dakshina Kannada Region of the Western Coast of India.'' Udupi: Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra, 1996. pp. 63-83.</ref>

== Writing system ==
{{Main|Arabi Malayalam script}}
[[File:Multilingual (Tamil and Malayalam - Arabic script) advertisement - catalogue of books and textiles - Ponnani (1908).jpg|thumb|left|A multilingual advertisement with a catalogue of books and textiles available from a shop in Ponnani in 1908. Text on the left hand side is [[Arwi|Arabi-Tamil]], text on the right hand side, Arabi Malayalam script]]

The [[Arabi Malayalam script]] is an [[Abjad]]. The script<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arafath|first=P. K. Yasser|date=July 2020|title=Polyglossic Malabar: Arabi-Malayalam and the Muhiyuddinmala in the age of transition (1600s–1750s)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/polyglossic-malabar-arabimalayalam-and-the-muhiyuddinmala-in-the-age-of-transition-1600s1750s/65608DE0D0113699E7907ECC08E899C0|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en|volume=30|issue=3|pages=517–539|doi=10.1017/S1356186320000085|s2cid=232345197|issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription}}</ref> is also known as Khatafunnani<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kunnath|first=Ammad|date=15 September 2015|title=The rise and growth of Ponnani from 1498 AD To 1792 AD|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/49524|publisher=Department of History|hdl=10603/49524}}</ref> or [[Ponnani]] script.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panakkal|first=Abbas|url=http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|title=Islam in Malabar (1460-1600) : a socio-cultural study /|date=2016|publisher=Kulliyyah Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527064123/http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kallen|first=hussain Randathani|title=TRADE AND CULTURE: INDIAN OCEAN INTERACTION ON THE COAST OF MALABAR IN MEDIEVAL PERIOD|url=https://www.academia.edu/22105661|language=en}}</ref> It is also used to write several minority languages such as [[Aranadan language|Eranadan]] and [[Jeseri|Jesri]].

Arabi Malayalam came into being as Malayalam written in the Arabic script. The Malayalam language was mainly used to spread the ideas and practices of Islam in Kerala. Creating Arabi Malayalam made it easier for the Arabs who migrated to Kerala to spread the religion without a language barrier getting in the way.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabi Malayalam|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/arabi-malayalam-3|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Sahapedia|language=en}}</ref>

== Study center ==
[[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University|Malayalam University]] has been set up as a centre for studies of Arabi Malayalam language at [[Tirur]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 October 2017|title=New university centre for Arabi Malayalam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/151017/new-university-centre-for-arabi-malayalam.html|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TwoCircles.net|date=28 December 2015|title=In Kerala, attempts to save Arabi Malayalam take final shape|url=http://twocircles.net/2015dec28/1451285082.html|access-date=20 October 2020|website=TwoCircles.net|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arabi Malayalam script]]
* [[Suriyani Malayalam]]
* [[Arwi]]
* [[Byari bhashe]]
* [[Eranadan language]]
* [[Jasri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Arabee Malayala Sahitya Charithram [History of Arabi Malayalam] |publisher=[[National Book Stall|N.B.S.]] |year=1970 |location=Kottayam |last=O. Abu |language=Malayalam |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.27717}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Languages spoken in Kerala}}
{{Topics related to Kerala}}
{{Islam in Kerala}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arabi Malayalam}}
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Islamic culture]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]
[[Category:Arabi Malayalam]]
[[Category:Languages of Kerala]]

Guru Pournima (film)

2026-03-04T09:46:46Z

TimXlb08387347: added first pg needs work

{{Short description|2014 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guru Pournima
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Girish Mohite]]
| writer = Swapnil Gangurde
| screenplay =
| producer = Meghna Manoj Caculo
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sai Tamhankar]]
* [[Upendra Limaye]]
* Sulabha Arya
}}
| cinematography = Santosh Shinde
| editing =
| music = [[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
| studio = Shrihit Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|09|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Guru Pournima''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by [[Girish Mohite]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2014 |title=Mohite was wary of projecting Sai as mother in 'Guru Pournima'|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mohite-was-wary-of-projecting-sai-as-mother-in-guru-pournima-114091500266_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123122151/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mohite-was-wary-of-projecting-sai-as-mother-in-guru-pournima-114091500266_1.html |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Business Standard]] |language=English
}}</ref> and produced by Meghana Manoj Caculo. The film stars [[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Upendra Limaye]] and Sulabha Arya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2014 |title=Sai's double action with Upendra|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sai-tamhankar-guru-pournima/articleshow/41607743.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123124615/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sai-tamhankar-guru-pournima/articleshow/41607743.cms |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> The film was released on 12 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2022 |title=सई-उपेंद्रचा प्रेमाची हृदयस्पर्शी कथा असलेला 'गुरु-पौर्णिमा' 12 सप्टेंबरला चित्रपटगृहात|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-marathi-film-guru-pournima-released-on-12th-sept-4736012-PHO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123145542/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-marathi-film-guru-pournima-released-on-12th-sept-4736012-PHO.html |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=सई-उपेंद्रची 'गुरु पौर्णिमा' एक LOVABLE गोष्ट, पाहा फस्ट लूक लाँचची छायाचित्रे|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-marathi-film-guru-purnima-first-look-launch-4612429-PHO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123122722/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-marathi-film-guru-purnima-first-look-launch-4612429-PHO.html |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Guru Pournima revolves around a love story of a creative director Guru and a struggling actress Pournima, who is ambitious and leaves her parents and family to pursue her acting career.

== Cast ==
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] double role as Pournima. aka Akanksha<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2014 |title=Playing double role was tough, says Marathi actress Sai|url=https://odishatv.in/entertainment/playing-double-role-was-tough-says-marathi-actress-sai-55451 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123134953/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://odishatv.in/entertainment/playing-double-role-was-tough-says-marathi-actress-sai-55451 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Odisha TV]] |language=English
}}</ref>
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Guru
* Sulabha Arya as Guru’s mother
* Vidhita Kale
* Rajiv Hede
* Sushant

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Guru Pournima
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2014 |title=MUSIC REVIEW: Guru Pournima|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/guru-pournima-music-review/articleshow/42449678.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129031414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/guru-pournima-music-review/articleshow/42449678.cms |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:26
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2013
| year = 2015
| next_title =
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|GCHO9pn5GCA| Guru Pournima – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:26
| title1 = Aikavi Watate
| extra1 = [[Swapnil Bandodkar]], [[Bela Shende]]
| length1 = 4:29
| title2 = Visaruni Kshana
| extra2 = [[Bela Shende]]
| length2 = 4:27
| title3 = Aikavi Watate (Male Version)
| extra3 = [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = Aikavi Watate (Female Version)
| extra4 = [[Bela Shende]]
| length4 = 4:30
| title5 = Kalla Masti On The Way
| extra5 = Swaroop Bhalwankar, Sandip Ubale, [[Neha Rajpal]], [[Savani Ravindra]]
| length5 = 4:10
}}

==Critical response==
Guru Pournima received mixed reviews from critics. Mihir Bhanage of [[The Times of India]] rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Girish Mohite’s tale is as closely knit as relations should be and in portraying the importance of those, he has come out with flying colours".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2016 |title=GURU POURNIMA MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/guru-pournima/movie-review/42396063.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123140007/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/guru-pournima/movie-review/42396063.cms |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of [[Pune Mirror]] wrote "Everyone including Sulabha Arya, who plays Guru’s mother, has performed admirably. The film looks good and works well in parts. Still, it lacks the overall punch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2014 |title=A slightly dated romance|url=https://punemirror.com/amp/entertainment/marathi-reviews/a-slightly-dated-romance/cid5011342.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123140529/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://punemirror.com/amp/entertainment/marathi-reviews/a-slightly-dated-romance/cid5011342.htm |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English
}}</ref> Paloma Sharma of [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote " It is an engaging, sensitive and not frills film that deserves at least one watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2014 |title=Review Guru Pournima is an engaging watch|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-guru-pournima-is-an-engaging-watch/20140912.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123142956/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-guru-pournima-is-an-engaging-watch/20140912.htm |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] |language=English
}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of [[Maharashtra Times]] rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Overall, it is true that the student has passed. But, there is no situation to beat the marks obtained".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2014 |title='गुरू पौर्णिमा' प्रेमाची बरी गोष्ट!|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/guru-pournima/amp_moviereview/42392322.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123144008/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/guru-pournima/amp_moviereview/42392322.cms |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Loksatta]] wrote "The twists required in a love story do not come here. So, if the good acting of the actors is omitted, the film falls short in reaching the audience".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2014 |title=फक्त कलावंतांसाठी..|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/guru-purnima-marathi-film-review-905679/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123144945/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/guru-purnima-marathi-film-review-905679/ |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4660426}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/guru_pournima}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Colours of Innocence

2026-03-04T00:29:40Z

TimXlb08387347: cleanup citations for accuracy and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sahaj Pather Gappo (Colours of Innocence)
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Film Poster
| native_name = Colours of Innocence
| director = [[Manas Mukul Pal]]
| producer = Avijit Saha
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Manas Mukul Pal]]
| story =
| based_on = Taal Nabami by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]
| starring = Nur Islam Samiul Alam Sneha Biswas [[Shakuntala Barua]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Supratim Bhol]] Mrinmoy Mondal
| editing = Sujoy Dutta Roy Anirban Maity
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2016}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Sahaj Paather Gappo''''' ({{langx|bn|সহজ পাঠের গপ্পো}}) ('''''{{langx|en|Colours of Innocence}}''''') is a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] directed by [[Manas Mukul Pal]] and produced by Avijit Saha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-16|title=Lasting impression of wisdom and warmth|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/lasting-impression-wisdom-warmth-1502493480.html|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref> The film is based on the short story by famous writer [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]].
The music was done by Chandradip Goswami and [[Indraadip Dasgupta]].

==Plot==
10-year-old Gopal's carefree childhood is disrupted when his father meets with an accident. It becomes difficult for his mother to feed him and his little brother Chottu. Gopal starts devising ways to earn money. With a little assistance from Chottu he takes up odd jobs from cleaning wells to selling laboriously plucked fruits in the local village market. Emboldened by his initial success, Gopal fancies himself as the breadwinner of the family. Meanwhile, a grand Janmashtami feast is being planned in the Brahmin household where the pulao will be served. Hearing this both the brothers hatch plans of their own. Gopal would like to make a quick buck by selling palmyras for the feast, while Chottu starts dreaming of this fancy dish that he has never seen or tasted. After all he has heard that the whole village will be invited. But as a disheartening reality Gopal and Chhotu were not chosen to be invited. It shattered Chhotu's dream world.

== Cast ==
* [[Shakuntala Barua]] as Lakshmi Granny
* Nur Islam as Chhotu
* Samiul Alam as Gopal
* Sanjay Biswas as Pecho
* Sneha Biswas as mother of Chhotu and Gopal

[[File:The Director of Sahaj Paather Gapo (Colour of Innocence), Manas Mukul Pal at a press conference, during the 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2016), in Panaji, Goa on November 24, 2016.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Film crew, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] [[47th International Film Festival of India|(2016)]] ]]

== Production ==
=== Development ===
This film is the debut film of Manas Mukul Pal as director and produced by Avijit Saha.

=== Filming ===
Shooting for the film started from August 2015. To capture the seasons of rural Bengal, the film was shot in three different seasons - post monsoon, Autumn and Spring. The locations for shooting were chosen as the interiors of Bengal villages near [[Bolpur]] in [[Birbhum district]] and Piyali in [[South 24 Parganas]].

Manas started this film with fresh faces chosen by himself from the interiors of rural [[West Bengal]]. According to him, "I went to many schools in the villages of North and South 24 Pargana districts to find the suitable faces for the film. I did not want to use any of the polished urban child as the main protagonists of this film. Noor and Aminul were found in such village schools and I groomed them keeping in my own house for months." Almost everybody related to this film were on their first assignment for the big screen. So, an honest, passionate and dedicated work was possible and that became the key of success.

== Awards and recognition ==
This film made its entry to [[Mumbai Film Festival]] 2016 in two categories <ref name="MAMI2016">{{cite web|title=Mumbai film festival 2016 Programme: ''Colours of Innocence (Sahaj Paather Gappo)''|url=http://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/programmeDetail/36}}</ref> and is selected for Indian Panorama section of [[International Film Festival of India]] 2016.<ref name="IFFI2016">{{cite web|title=IFFI international films selections|url=http://iffigoa.org/indian-films-ishti-sahajpaathergappo-selected-international-competition/}}</ref> It is also one of the two movies from India that competed in the international section of International Film Festival of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/a-portrait-of-hope-4395413/|title=A Portrait of Hope|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
Noor Islam and Samiul Alam jointly won the [[National Film Awards]], India (2016) in the best child actor category <ref name="NFA2016">{{cite web|title=NFA|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf}}</ref>

Here is the list of all the recognition -

* First Bengali film in last three decades to win [[National Film Awards]] in Best Child Actor Category (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 4, 2017|first=Priyanka|last=Dasgupta|title=Sahaj Pather Goppo: Why did 'Sahaj Pather Goppo' give Oscar competition a miss|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/why-did-sahaj-pather-goppo-give-oscar-competition-a-miss/articleshow/60936664.cms|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* One of the 26 feature films selected for Indian Panorama Section of the 47th International Film Festival of India (2016)
* One of the 2 Indian films selected for the international competition section of 47th International [[Film Festival of India]] (2016) <ref name="IPComp">{{cite web|title=2 Indian films among 15 in competition section|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/2-Indian-films-among-15-in-competition-section/articleshow/55300228.cms}}</ref>
* Special Jury Mention award in [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] (2016)
* Invited in [[Goteborg International Film Festival]], Sweden (2017) <ref name="Goteborg ">{{cite web|title=Goteborg International Film Festival|url=https://festival.giff.se/events}}</ref>
* Invited in [[New York Indian Film Festival]] (2017) – nominated for Best Film and Best Director award.<ref name="NYIF2017">{{cite web|title=New York Indian Film Festival 2017|url=http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2017/nominations.htm}}</ref>
* Invited in [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] (2017) <ref name="APSA2017">{{cite web|title=Asia Pacific Screen Awards 2017|url=https://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/apsa-nominees-winners?nomination-winner-name=nominee&apsa-year-name=2017}}</ref>
* The International Critics Prize (FIPRESCI Prize) in Schlingel International Children's Film Festival (2017)
* Invited in Kolkata International Children's Film Festival (2018).
* Won four [[Filmfare Awards]] East, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2018/|title=Filmfare Awards East 2018 - Bengali Film Awards Show {{!}} Filmfare.com|website=filmfare.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-06}}</ref> for Best Debut Director, Best Screenplay, Best Editing, Best Debut Actor.
*Won Best director award given by West Bengal Government in 2017
* It won Most Promising Director, Best Sound Design, Most Promising Actor honour at the second West Bengal Film Journalist Association award function for films released in 2017.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6384376}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Child Artist National Award–winning performance]]

PSV Garuda Vega

2026-03-03T21:50:00Z

TimXlb08387347: Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = PSV Garuda Vega
| image = PSV Garuda Vega poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Praveen Sattaru]]
| producer = M Koteswara Raju
| screenplay = Praveen Sattaru
| story = Praveen Sattaru Niranjan Reddy
| starring = [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] [[Pooja Kumar]] [[Adith Arun]] [[Shraddha Das]] [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] [[Sricharan Pakala]] '''Score:''' Sricharan Pakala
| cinematography = [[Anji (cinematographer)|Anji]] Suresh Ragutu Shyam Prasad Gika Chelidze<ref name=DC>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150617/hollywood-dop-for-psv-garuda-vega.html | title= Hollywood DOP for 'PSV Garuda Vega' | date=15 June 2017 | first=Pranita | last=Jonnalagedda | newspaper=Deccan Chronicle | access-date=16 March 2018 }}</ref> Bakur Chikobava<ref name=DC />
| editing = Dharmendra Kakarala
| studio = Jyo Star Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|11|03|}}
| distributor = Shivani Shivatmika Movies, Wall Poster Cinema (Overseas)
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = {{INR|35.9 crore
}}<ref>{{cite web|title=‘Garuda Vega’ Full Time Collection Report
|website=[[Hans India]]|date= 8 January 2017 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-01-04/Garuda-Vega-Full-Time-Collection-Report/349857|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''PSV Garuda Vega'''''{{efn|This is the name of the ship featured in the film, with PSV standing for Private Security Vehicle.<ref>[https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/garuda-vega-director-praveen-sattaru-says-psv-stands-for-private-security-vehicle.html Garuda Vega director Praveen Sattaru says PSV stands for Private Security Vehicle]. ''Behindwoods.com''.</ref>}} is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action]] [[spy film]] written and directed by [[Praveen Sattaru]]. The film is produced by M. Koteswara Raju and stars [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Pooja Kumar]], [[Adith Arun]], [[Shraddha Das]], and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/psv-garuda-vega-shot-in-never-before-explored-places-director-117061000268_1.html|title='PSV Garuda Vega' shot in never before explored places: Director|last=IANS|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=10 June 2017|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/270617/rajasekhar-to-shoot-at-charminar.html|title=Rajasekhar to shoot at Charminar|date=27 June 2017|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150617/hollywood-dop-for-psv-garuda-vega.html|title=Hollywood DOP for 'PSV Garuda Vega'|date=15 June 2017|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/shraddha-das-kicked-about-playing-a-reporter-in-psv-garuda-vega/story-ORUeIgbBX3w5SErNo6U0sN.html|title=Shraddha Das kicked about playing a reporter in PSV Garuda Vega|date=3 July 2017|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> while Sanjay Reddy, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]], and [[Sayaji Shinde]] play supporting roles.

''PSV Garuda Vega'' was released worldwide on 3 November 2017 to positive reviews from critics,was successful at the box office, grossing over ₹35.9 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2018 |title=‘Garuda Vega’ Full Time Collection Report |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-01-04/Garuda-Vega-Full-Time-Collection-Report/349857 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |website=[[Hans India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/psv-garuda-vega-review-five-reasons-to-watch-dr-rajasekhar-starrer-movie-psv-garuda-vega/articleshow/61460709.cms|title='PSV Garuda Vega': Five reasons to watch Dr Rajasekhar starrer|website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Adivi |first1=Sridhar }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/psv-garuda-vega-movie-review-rating-by-audience-live-updates-rajasekhar-pooja-kumar-kishore-shraddha-das-praveen-sattaru-747987|title=PSV Garuda Vega movie review and rating by audience: Live updates|first=Shekhar H|last=Hooli|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=3 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.chitramala.in/garuda-vega-movie-review-254471.html |title = Garuda Vega Movie Review|date = 3 November 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Niranjan Iyer, a [[hacker]], makes a deal for confidential information worth {{INRConvert|10|c}} with an unknown person. When he confirms the deal, someone chases after him, but Niranjan manages to escape. Pullela Chandrasekhar, an [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] of the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] and his wife Swathi, consult a [[Family law|divorce lawyer]]. Swathi accuses Shekhar of neglecting her and their son and only focusing on his work. Shekhar gets into a car crash when he returns to his office. He finds a [[Long range shooting|high range gun]] in the other car, which is rare in [[India]], and the other car's owner escapes by shooting Shekhar.

Shekhar decides to arrest the car owner and orders his assistant to check [[traffic signal]] [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV footage]] to find him. He discovers that the owner is the seasoned [[assassin]] Yakub Ali. Shekhar and his team interrogate him, but learn nothing; they decide to bring him to court, but Ali dies on the way, where his phone receives a message, which displays three codes. Having solved the code, Shekhar and his team learn that the codes describe a bomb placed in [[Charminar]] and set to explode at 8:00 AM, in just a few hours, and also learns in the investigation, that the opposition leader of the state, Pratap Reddy, is going on a rally against the current government, and they conclude that the bomb is placed to kill Reddy.

Shekhar finds the bomb in an underhole and immediately informs the [[bomb squad]], but they inform him that it is a remote-controlled bomb and that the remote must be used to detonate the bomb, in the vicinity. Shekhar searches for the remote, but to no avail. After Shekhar captures a suspicious man, the latter reveals that the remote is in a white colored-van, being operated by the terrorists. He shoots at the van with the other police officers and kills them. Shekhar finds Niranjan in the crowd, and chases after him, where he successfully arrests him. In custody, Niranjan manages to sell the drive containing the secret information for {{INRConvert|25|c}} to Reddy's secretary. After arresting him, Shekhar's senior officer is informed by the government that Shekhar has been assigned to transfer Niranjan to [[Nagpur]].

When Shekhar and Niranjan arrive in Nagpur, a gang attacks them, which forces their van into the river and shoot at them. Shekhar saves Niranjan and leaves towards the forest, where Niranjan reveals that the success of Pokhran Fire testing in 1998 made India to keep its [[uranium]] reserves protected from other countries, for future use. The head of the Atomic Department of India, hired four hackers, which include Niranjan, Vishal and two other people, to replace the current photos of their uranium reserves with older photos, so that [[satellites]] from other countries cannot see their wealth. They successfully hacked and then left the place. However, Vishal bugged the Indian database of the [[Department of Atomic Energy|DAE]] and learned that a uranium mine in [[Andhra Pradesh]] has the highest quantity of uranium in the country.

The head of the DAE has dealt with the [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of the district and several other ministers, and the hackers were used to hack the satellites to cover up evidence of uranium smuggling. Vishal blackmailed the head of the DAE for {{INRConvert|10|c}}, but was killed. Niranjan took the drive and sold it to Reddy's secretary as he would expose the scandal, but Reddy made a deal with the MLA. After the revelation, Shekhar kills the mercenaries sent to kill them and manages to track the location of the main suspect George.

Shekhar and Niranjan leave to meet George to find the data on a remote server of the DAE, but are captured. They are left tied, along with Swathi, on the remote server ship, rigged with explosives to kill them. Shekhar and Niranjan manage to escape and detach the explosives on their ship. They shoot the explosives onto George's ship, by using a leaking high pressurized steam pipe, and successfully kill him and the smugglers. The MLA and several other officers of the scandal are exposed and arrested.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Pullela Chandrashekhar "Shekhar"
*[[Pooja Kumar]] as Swathi
*[[Adith Arun]] as Niranjan Iyer
*[[Shraddha Das]] as Malini
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as George
*Sanjay Reddy as Ex-Intelligence Officer and Analyst
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] Head
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Lawyer
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Opposition Leader Pratap Reddy
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Mining Minister
*[[Srinivas Avasarala]] as Prakash
*[[Charandeep]] as [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] Officer Venkat Rao
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] Officer Yadav
*[[Prudhvi Raj (Telugu actor)|Pruthviraj]] as Doctor
*[[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Yakub Ali
*Sanjay Swaroop as Ravi Naik
*[[Aadarsh Balakrishna]]
*[[Sunny Leone]] - special appearance in the song "Deo Deo"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indialivetoday.com/2017/10/03/sunny-leone-hook-line-deo-deo-number-actor-dr-rajasekhar-psv-garuda-vega-126-18m/|title=Sunny Leone in hook line 'Deo Deo' number with actor Dr Rajasekhar in PSV Garuda Vega 126.18M - India Live Today Movies|date=3 October 2017}}</ref>
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==

Soundtrack was composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] and [[Sricharan Pakala]].<ref name = "PSV Garudavega Spotify">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/1vZRDJKxBV3QxJ8RTjiZI5 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = PSV Garudavega (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 2 July 2023 }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list<ref name = "PSV Garudavega Spotify" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 7:16

| title1 = Deo Deo
| music1 = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| length1 = 3:46
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar|Bhaskara Batla]]
| extra1 = [[Geetha Madhuri]], Raghu Ram, [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]

| title2 = Premale
| music2 = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| length2 = 3:20
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra2 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], [[LV Revanth]]

}}

== Controversy ==
On 12 April 2018, Hyderabad city civil court forbade the film producers, directors, and [[YouTube]] from screening this movie. The court passed this interim order as a city-based uranium company filed a complaint against the film, claiming that it shows the corporation in a bad light.<ref name="The New Indian Express News">{{cite web|title=Don't screen PSV Garuda Vega, orders Hyderabad civil court|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/apr/12/dont-screen-psv-garuda-vega-orders-hyderabad-civil-court-1800400.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6613470|PSV Garuda Vega}}

[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films about computing]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about mass murder]]
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sricharan Pakala]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bheems Ceciroleo]]
[[Category:Films directed by Praveen Sattaru]]
[[Category:Films set on ships]]

Mayureswar I

2026-02-28T20:18:52Z

TimXlb08387347: basic add information after review additionally per sources

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Mayureswar I
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = File: Mayureswar-I in Birbhum (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Mayureswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mayureswar]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 224.83
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 159,782
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|24|00|50|N|87|41|31|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 731216
|area_code =
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 71.52 per cent
|website = http://birbhum.nic.in/
|footnotes =
}}
'''Mayureswar I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Rampurhat subdivision]] of [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
Birbhum district is physiographically a part of the ancient [[Rarh region]]. The western portion of the district is basically an extension of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The area has mostly loose reddish [[laterite|lateritic]] low fertility soil. In the east, the flood plains of the major rivers, such as the [[Ajay River|Ajay]], [[Bakreshwar River|Bakreshwar]], [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] and [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]] have soft [[alluvium|alluvial]] soil. The forest cover is only 3.5% of the total district. Although coal is found in the district and [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] has a capacity of 2,010 MW, the economic condition of Birbhum is dominated by agriculture.<ref name=land>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Page 15: Physiography, Page 21: Tenancy, Agriculture | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> From 1977 onwards major [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In Birbhum district, 19,968 hectares of vested agricultural land has been distributed amongst 161,515 beneficiaries, till 2011. However, more than 38% of the operational land holding is marginal or less than 1 acre.<ref name=land/> The proportion of agricultural labourers amongst total workers in Birbhum district is 45.9%, the highest amongst all districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B |work = Page 17 : District Highlights – 2011 census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> Culturally rich Birbhum, with such traditional landmarks as [[Jaydev Kenduli]] and [[Nanoor|Chandidas Nanoor]], is home to [[Visva-Bharati University]] at [[Santiniketan]], having close association with two Nobel laureates – [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Amartya Sen]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Pages 102105: Bolpur-Satiniketan, Visva Bharati | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Birbhum district map.svg|400px|thumb|left|Map of Birbhum district showing CD blocks and municipal areas. Click on the map to view larger map.]]

Mallarpur is located at {{coord|24.014|N|87.692|E|format=dms|}}.

Mayureshwar I CD Block is part of the Brahmani-Mayurakshi Basin, one of the four sub-micro physiographic regions occupying the area between Brahmani River in the north and Mayurakshi River in the south.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

Mayureshwar I CD Block is bounded by [[Rampurhat I]] and [[Rampurhat II]] CD Blocks on the north, [[Burwan (community development block)|Burwan]] CD Block, in Murshidabad district, on the east, [[Mayureswar II]] and [[Sainthia (community development block)|Sainthia]] CD Block on the south and [[Mohammad Bazar (community development block)|Mohammad Bazar]] CD Block on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/birbhum.html |title = Tehsil Map of Birbhum |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

Mayureswar I CD Block has an area of 224.83 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 88 gram sansads (village councils), 114 [[mouza]]s and 108 inhabited villages, according to District Statistical Handbook Birbhum 2008. [[Mallarpur#Police station|Mallarpur]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf|title = District Statistical Handbook 2008 Birbhum |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 December 2017}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Mallarpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 December 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Mayureswar I block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Bajitpur, Baraturigram, Dabuk, Dakshingram, Jhikadda, Kanachi, Mollarpur I, Mollarpur II and Talwan.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Birbhum - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 December 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Mayureshwar I CD Block had a total population of 159,782, of which 149,606 were rural and 10,176 were urban. There were 81,465 (51%) males and 78,317 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 19,966. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 54,435 (34.07%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 10,692 (6.69%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 6 December 2017}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Mayureswar I block had a total population of 139,677, out of which 71,677 were males and 68,000 were females. Mayureswar I block registered a population growth of 19.80 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Birbhum district was 17.88 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Birbhum District (8) |access-date=2011-10-10 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040904/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]] in Mayureshwar I CD Block is (2011 census figure in brackets): [[Fatehpur, Birbhum|Fatehpur]] (10,176).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Mayursehwar I CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Sekhpur (4,638), [[Mallarpur]] (6,471), Rangtara (4,120), Baraturigram (5,968), Hazipur (4,345) and Sanakpur (5,050).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Mayureshwar I CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Dabuk (3,096), Jhikadda (1,088), Bajitpur (2,611), Kanachi (2,108), Dakshin Gram (2,589) and Taloan (2,409).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Mayureswar I CD Block was 99,993 (71.52% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 56,064 (78.59% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 43,929 (64.15% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.44%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Birbhum district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Mayureswar I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|69.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|29.39}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.77}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 111,589 and formed 69.84% of the population in Mayureswar I CD Block. Muslims numbered 46,864 and formed 29.39% of the population. Christians numbered 446 and formed 0.28% of the population. Others numbered 883 and formed 0.55% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The proportion of Hindus in Birbhum district has declined from 72.2% in 1961 to 62.3% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in Birbhum district has increased from 27.6% to 37.1% during the same period. Christians formed 0.3% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 47: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Mayureswar I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 93.45 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 5.62 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.93 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 93.45% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 5.62% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the BPL household survey carried out in 2005, the proportion of [[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] households in Mayureswar I CD Block was 39.8%, against 42.3% in Birbhum district. In six CD Blocks – Murarai II, Nalhati II, Rampurhat II, Rampurhat I, Suri II and Murarai I – the proportion of BPL families was more than 50%. In three CD Blocks – Rajnagar, Suri I and Labhpur – the proportion of BPL families was less than 30%. The other ten CD Blocks in Birbhum district were placed in between. According to the District Human Development Report, Birbhum, “Although there is no indication that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with higher share of agricultural labourer, there is a clear pattern that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with disadvantaged population in general and Muslim population in particular.” (The disadvantaged population includes SCs, STs and Muslims.)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum |work = Table 4.5 + Analytical Text: Number and percentage of BPL households, 2005, page 83-85 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 28 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf |archive-date = 11 June 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Mayureswar I CD Block'''
|value1 = 20.30
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 52.27
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 4.93
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 22.50
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Mayureswar I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 12,973 and formed 20.30%, agricultural labourers numbered 33,407 and formed 52.27%, household industry workers numbered 3,152 and formed 4.93% and other workers numbered 14,378 and formed 22.50%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref> Total workers numbered 63,910 and formed 40.00% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 95,872 and formed 60.00% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 107 inhabited villages in Mayureswar I CD Block, as per District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 106 villages (99.07%) have drinking water supply. 20 villages (18.69%) have post offices. 100 villages (93.46%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 23 villages (21.50%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 38 villages (35.51%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 12 villages (11.21%) have agricultural credit societies and 6 villages (5.61%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 80 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 January 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2004-05 (the agricultural labourer data is for 2001), persons engaged in agriculture in Mayureswar I CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 3,276 (5.79%), patta (document) holders 7,990 (14.13%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 9,986 (17.66%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 11,695 (20.68%) and agricultural labourers 23,599 (41.73%).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Table 4A1: Population Features of Farmers in the blocks of Birbhum for the year 2004-05| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Birbhum is a predominantly paddy cultivation-based agricultural district. The area under paddy cultivation in 2010-11 was 249,000 hectares of land. Paddy is grown in do, suna and sali classes of land. There is double to triple cropping system for paddy cultivation. Other crops grown in Birbhum are gram, masuri, peas, wheat, linseed, khesari, til, sugarcane and occasionally cotton. 192,470 hectares of cultivable land is under irrigation by different sources, such as canals, tanks, river lift irrigation and different types of tubewells. In 2009-10, 158,380 hectares were irrigated by canal water. There are such major irrigation projects as Mayurakshi and Hijli. Other rivers such as Ajoy, Brahmani, Kuskurni, Dwaraka, Hingla and Kopai are also helpful for irrigation in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 21-22: Agriculture, Irrigation | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.5: Expansion of economic opportunities, Page 95| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 60 fertiliser depots, 12 seed stores and 57 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Mayureswar I CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Birbhum | work = 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 July 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, Mayureswar I CD block produced 50,817 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 16,670 hectares, 9,936 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 3,016 hectares, 4,856 tonnes of wheat from 1,418 hectares, 274 tonnes of jute from 14 hectares, 14,159 tonnes of potatoes from 739 hectares and 3,566 tonnes of sugar cane from 46 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Mayureswar I CD block was 21,692 hectares, out of which 15,000 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 552 hectares by tank water, 50 hectares by river lift irrigation, 3,040 hectares by deep tube wells and 3,050 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Mayureswar I CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Other sectors===
According to the District Human Development Report, 2009, Birbhum is one of the most backward districts of West Bengal in terms of industrial development. Of the new industrial projects set-up in West Bengal between 1991 and 2005, only 1.23% came to Birbhum. [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] is the only large-scale industry in the district and employs about 5,000 people. There are 4 medium-scale industries and 4,748 registered small-scale industries.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.4: Opportunities in Industries, Page 93| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The proportion of workers engaged in agriculture in Birbhum has been decreasing. According to the District Human Development Report, “more people are now engaged in non-agricultural activities, such as fishing, retail sales, vegetable vending, selling milk, and so on. As all these activities are at the lower end of the spectrum of marketable skills, it remains doubtful if these activities generate enough return for their family’s sustenance.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.2: Structure of Employment, Page 78| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Birbhum district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Khana-Barharwa section|collapse=y}}
Mayureswar I CD block has 8 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The Khana-Barharwa section of [[Sahibganj loop]] passes through this block. There are stations at Mallarpur and Gadadharpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-barddhaman-barharwa-passenger-53063/14297/2/1381 | title= 53063 Bardhaman-Barharwa Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= Indiarailinfo | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

[[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] and [[National Highway 114 (India)|NH 114]] pass through this block.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Culture==
Dabukeswar temple at Dabuk is the highest temple in Birbhum district. It was constructed in 1287 Bengali era.<ref name = "Mukhopadhyay">Mukhopadhyay Aditya, ''Birbhumer Mela'', ''Paschim Banga '', Birbhum Special Issue, February 2006, {{in lang|bn}}, pp. 203-214, Information & Cultural Department, Government of West Bengal.</ref>

[[Poush]] [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]] fair is held at Shibpur in the Mayureswar police station. [[Shivratri]] fair is held at Dabuk. Gosaidas fair is held at Dakshingram. Dharma pujo fair is held at Ratma on the occasion of Buddha Purnima.<ref name = "Mukhopadhyay"/>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Mayureswar I CD block had 112 primary schools with 10,625 students, 8 middle schools with 952 students, 14 high schools with 8,055 students and 8 higher secondary schools with 8,745 students. Mayureswar I CD Block had 1 general degree college with 2,432 students, 3 technical/ professional institutions with 449 students and 258 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,065 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Mayursewar I CD Block, amongst the 107 inhabited villages, 6 villages did not have a school, 34 villages had more than 1 primary school, 35 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 26 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. 13 villages had senior secondary schools. There were 2 degree colleges for arts, science and commerce in Mayureswar I CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 936-937, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, Page 933, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

[[Turku Hansda-Lapsa Hemram Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Madian, Birbhum|Madian]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thlhmahavidyalay.com/ | title = Turku Hansda Lapsa Hembram Mahavidyalaya | publisher = THLHM | access-date = 9 February 2018 | archive-date = 10 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002624/http://www.thlhmahavidyalay.com/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/TurkuHansdaLapsaHemramMahavidyalaya/Turku_Hansda_Lapsa_Hemram_Mahavidyalaya.shtml |title = Turku Hansda Lapsa Hembram Mahavidyalaya | publisher= College Admission | access-date = 9 February 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Muyureswar I CD block had 1 rural hospital and 2 primary health centres with total 31 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 23 family welfare subcentres. 4,004 patients were treated indoor and 84,606 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Mayureswar I CD Block, 1 village had a community health centre, 3 villages had primary health centres, 78 villages had primary health subcentres, 4 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 4 villages had veterinary hospitals, 15 villages had medicine shops and out of the 107 inhabited villages 20 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 933-34, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

Mallarpur Rural Hospital at [[Mallarpur]] has 30 beds. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Talwa (6 beds) and Ratma (PO Daksingram) (6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =26 January 2018 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =26 January 2018 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 January 2018 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Birbhum district]]

Sharmada Balu

2026-02-28T10:02:52Z

TimXlb08387347: adding

{{Short description|Indian tennis player (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Sharmada Balu
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| full_name =
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|08|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bengaluru
| residence = Bengaluru, India
| height = 1.75 m
| turnedpro =
| plays = Right (two-handed backhand)
| careerprizemoney = $44,806
| singlesrecord = 121–133
| singlestitles = 2 ITF
| highestsinglesranking = No. 582 (30 November 2015)
| currentsinglesranking =
| doublesrecord = 177–108
| doublestitles = 16 ITF
| highestdoublesranking = No. 335 (3 August 2015)
| currentdoublesranking = No. 581 (19 February 2024)
| Team =
| FedCupresult =
| updated = 19 February 2024
| medaltemplates-expand = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{Flagu|India}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's tennis}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Tennis at the 2016 South Asian Games#Medalists|Women's doubles]]}}
}}

'''Sharmada Balu''' (born 9 August 1993) is a professional Indian tennis player.

Balu has career-high [[WTA rankings]] of 582 in singles, achieved on 30 November 2015, and 335 in doubles, reached on 3 August 2015. She has won two singles and 16 doubles titles at tournaments of the [[ITF Women's Circuit]].

She won the gold medal for India in the doubles competition in partnership with [[Prarthana Thombare]] at the 12th [[Tennis at the 2016 South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] held in [[Guwahati]], India in February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://southasiangames2016.nic.in/includes/SAG_Final_Results.pdf|title=2016 South Asian Games Result|language=English|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028114701/http://southasiangames2016.nic.in/includes/SAG_Final_Results.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She decided to quit tennis at the end of 2016 due to an injury and lack of financial support. Five years later she started playing tennis again. Balu made her [[WTA Tour]] main-draw debut at the [[2022 Chennai Open]] in the doubles tournament, partnering with her compatriot [[Riya Bhatia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/indian-tennis-chennai-open-sharmada-balu-five-year-break-wta-news/article65890105.ece|title=Quit tennis, take up job, return to play: Sharmada Balu back after 5-year break to make it count|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|language=English|first=Divyakriti|last=Singh|date=14 September 2022|accessdate=8 October 2022}}</ref>

==ITF finals==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|- style="background:#addfad;"
|$60,000 tournaments
|- style="background:lightblue;"
|$25,000 tournaments
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|$10/15,000 tournaments
|}

===Singles: 2 (2 titles)===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Result
!class=unsortable|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class=unsortable|Score
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 1–0
| Apr 2011
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Lucknow, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Grass
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Yvonne Neuwirth]]
| 6–3, 2–6, 6–2
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 2–0
| May 2015
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Bhopal, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sowjanya Bavisetti]]
| 6–2, 6–3
|}

===Doubles: 29 (16 titles, 13 runner-ups)===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Result
!class=unsortable|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class=unsortable|Score
|-
| bgcolor="FFA07A"|Loss
| 0–1
| Apr 2012
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Les Franqueses del Vallès, Spain
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|CHN}} He Sirui
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Carolin Daniels]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Eugeniya Pashkova]]
| 4–6, 3–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 1–1
| Mar 2013
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Hyderabad, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sowjanya Bavisetti]]
| {{flagicon|GER}} Michaela Frlicka {{flagicon|CZE}} Tereza Malíková
| 7–5, 5–7, [10–8]
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 1–2
| Mar 2013
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Hyderabad, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sowjanya Bavisetti
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Natasha Palha]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare]]
| 1–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 2–2
| Jul 2013
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF New Delhi, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sowjanya Bavisetti
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shweta Rana]]
| 6–2, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 3–2
| Apr 2014
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Chennai, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rishika Sunkara]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Natasha Palha {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| 6–0, 7–6(4)
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 4–2
| May 2014
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Hyderabad, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| {{flagicon|IND}} Shweta Rana {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| 6–1, 7–5
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 4–3
| Aug 2014
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF New Delhi, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|CHN}} Wang Xiyao
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Da-bin (tennis)|Kim Da-bin]]
| 3–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 5–3
| Aug 2014
| bgcolor=f0f8ff|ITF Bangalore, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Ching-wen]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Natasha Palha]]
| 6–4, 0–6, [10–6]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 6–3
| Oct 2014
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|CHN}} Wang Xiyao
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Harriet Dart]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Eden Silva]]
| 7–5, 2–6, [11–9]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 6–4
| Feb 2015
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Port El Kantaoui, Tunisia
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Michika Ozeki
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Deborah Chiesa]] {{flagicon|ITA}} Beatrice Lombardo
| 3–6, 2–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"| Win
| 7–4
| Apr 2015
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Heraklion, Greece
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Pei-chi]]
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Tamara Čurović]] {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Aryna Sabalenka]]
| 4–6, 6–3, [10–2]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 7–5
| Apr 2015
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Heraklion, Greece
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|OMA}} [[Fatma Al-Nabhani]]
| {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lisa-Maria Moser]]
| 3–6, 5–7
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 7–6
| May 2015
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Bhopal, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Ching-wen]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Snehadevi Reddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruthi Tatachar Venugopal]]
| 6–0, 6–7(1), [3–10]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 8–6
| Jun 2015
| style="background:lightblue;"|[[Fergana Challenger]], Uzbekistan
| style="background:lightblue;"|25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Tadeja Majerič]]
| {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Vlada Ekshibarova]] {{flagicon|IND}} Natasha Palha
| 7–5, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 8–7
| Sep 2015
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Hyderabad, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| {{flagicon|OMA}} Fatma Al-Nabhani {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerna Bhambri]]
| 5–7, 2–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 9–7
| Sep 2015
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Hyderabad, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| {{flagicon|IND}} Nidhi Chilumula {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| 2–6, 6–3, [12–10]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 9–8
| Oct 2015
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Lucknow, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Grass
| {{flagicon|IND}} Nidhi Chilumula
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prerna Bhambri {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| 3–6, 6–4, [7–10]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 10–8
| Oct 2015
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Raipur, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prerna Bhambri {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| 6–3, 6–7(4), [10–8]
|-
| bgcolor="98FB98"|Win
| 11–8
| Jul 2016
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Ola Abou Zekry]]
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Eleni Kordolaimi]] {{flagicon|ROU}} Ana Bianca Mihăilă
| 2–6, 6–3, [10–5]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 12–8
| Aug 2016
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|MNE}} [[Ana Veselinović]]
| {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Mariam Bolkvadze]] {{flagicon|ROU}} Ana Bianca Mihăilă
| 4–6, 7–6(2), [10–8]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 13–8
| Aug 2016
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dhruthi Tatachar Venugopal
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Inês Murta]] {{flagicon|GBR}} Mirabelle Njoze
| 6–3, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 13–9
| Sep 2016
| bgcolor=f0f8ff|ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| bgcolor=f0f8ff|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dhruthi Tatachar Venugopal
| {{flagicon|ROU}} Ana Bianca Mihăilă {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Sandra Samir]]
| 4–6, 1–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 14–9
| Sep 2016
| bgcolor=f0f8ff|ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| bgcolor=f0f8ff|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dhruthi Tatachar Venugopal
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Suzy Larkin {{flagicon|SWE}} Linnea Malmqvist
| 6–1, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 15–9
| Oct 2016
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Pune, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dhruthi Tatachar Venugopal
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Bhatia]] {{flagicon|IND}} Shweta Rana
| 6–4, 6–0
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 16–9
| Sep 2021
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Monastir, Tunisia
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|15,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sravya Shivani Chilakalapudi
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dalayna Hewitt]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Elena Milovanović]]
| 7–5, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 16–10
| Dec 2021
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Solapur, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|15,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sowjanya Bavisetti
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ramya Natarajan {{flagicon|IND}} Sathwika Sama
| 3–6, 6–1, [11–13]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 16–11
| Feb 2022
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Ahmedabad, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|15,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sravya Shivani Chilakalapudi
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Punnin Kovapitukted]] {{flagicon|RUS}} Anna Ureke
| 3–6, 1–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 16–12
| Nov 2022
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Nairobi, Kenya
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|15,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sabastiani Leon]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Smriti Bhasin]] {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Angella Okutoyi]]
| 3–6, 5–7
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 16–13
| June 2024
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|ITF Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|15,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Riya Bhatia
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Raphaëlle Lacasse]] {{flagicon|DOM}} [[Ana Carmen Zamburek]]
| 3–6, 4–6
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{WTA|317588}}
* {{ITF|sharmada-balu/800280322/ind}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balu, Sharmada}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-tennis-bio-stub}}

Kishori Mohan Tripathi

2026-02-27T09:56:05Z

TimXlb08387347: added the info nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
'''Kishori Mohan Tripathi''' was an Indian politician and member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from the [[Central Provinces]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Team |first=YCT Expert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q01gEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kishori+Mohan+Tripathi&pg=PA189 |title=General Studies |publisher=Youth Competition Times |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly (Legislative) |first=India Constituent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjIdyQtTjNoC&dq=Kishori+Mohan+Tripathi&pg=PA55 |title=The Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates: Official Report |date=1948 |publisher=Manager of Publications |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Tripathi was born on 8 November 1912 in the [[Sarangarh State]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=पं. किशोरी मोहन त्रिपाठी, रियासतों के विरोध से जन्मा क्रांतिकारी नेता |url=http://raigarhexpress.in/news-detail.php?id=65 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=raigarhexpress.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tripathi became a member of the Indian parliament in 1950 at the age of 37 and served till 1952.<ref name=":0" />

== Death and legacy ==
Tripathi died on 25 September 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-28 |title=शहरवासी व जिला प्रशासन ने जिले के सपूत के योगदानों को भुला दिया |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raigarh-shrwasi-son-of-the-district-administration-and-district-contributions-be-forgotten-858852 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref> Kishori Mohan Tripathi Government Girls College is a college in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kishori Mohan Tripathi Government Girls College, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh » PunjabColleges.com |url=https://www.punjabcolleges.com/10993-indiacolleges-Kishori-Mohan-Tripathi-Government-Girls-College-Raigarh/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.punjabcolleges.com |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302041404/https://www.punjabcolleges.com/10993-indiacolleges-Kishori-Mohan-Tripathi-Government-Girls-College-Raigarh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Tripathi's grandson, Colonel [[Viplav Tripathi]], was killed in action in [[Manipur|Manipur State]] while serving in the [[Assam Rifles]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Colonel Tripathi who died in Manipur ambush carried on legacy of freedom fighter grandfather |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/colonel-tripathi-who-died-in-manipur-ambush-carried-on-legacy-of-freedom-fighter-grandfather-337674 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Colonel killed in Manipur ambush cremated |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-ambush-martyred-colonel-cremated-mother-jai-hind-7624500/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
[[Viplav Tripathi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Kishori Mohan}}
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:People from Sarangarh]]

Thiruvananthapuram Metro

2026-02-23T08:34:07Z

TimXlb08387347:

{{Short description|Metro project}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox public transit
| box_width =
| name = '''Thiruvananthapuram Metro'''
| native_name = TMC
| image =
| alt =
| imagesize =
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| imagesize2 =
| image3 =
| alt3 =
| imagesize3 =
| caption =
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| locale = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| transit_type = [[Medium-capacity rail system|Rapid Transit]]
| lines = 2
| stations = 38 (including 2 underground station) <ref>Thiruvananthapuram</ref>
| ridership =
| annual_ridership =
| chief_executive =
| headquarters =
| website =
| callcentre =
| began_operation = TBD
| operation_will_start = TBD
| operator = [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited]]
| character = Elevated, Underground
| marks =
| host =
| train_length = 3 Coaches
| headway =
| system_length = 42.1 km (including 2 lanes) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krtl.in/trivandrum.html|title = ::Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation Limited::}}</ref>
| notrack = 2
| ogauge =
| minimum_radius_of_curvature = 
| el = {{750 V DC|conductor=y}}
| average_speed =
| top_speed = {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}
| track_gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| osm_id =
| map_name = Thiruvananthapuram Metro Map
| map_state = collapsed
| map = {{Thiruvananthapuram Metro}}
}}

'''Thiruvananthapuram Metro''' is a proposed [[Rapid Transit|rapid transit]]<ref name=":0">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/oct/09/report-suggests-kochi-metro-model-for-thiruvananthapuram-dmrc-to-prepare-fresh-dpr-2622086.html]</ref> system in the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Earlier, there was a plan to build a light metro system in the city. However, the plan was later changed to a conventional metro system.

==History==
Thiruvananthapuram's first attempt to build a [[rapid transit]] system for the city failed, when its proposal to build a metro rail system was rejected by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) in the 2000s.<ref>[http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/monorail-the-fading-dream Monorail – The Fading Dream - Trivandrum News]. Yentha.com (10 September 2012).</ref> The [[Government of Kerala]], then entrusted the National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC), an autonomous research body under the State Government, to conduct the feasibility study of the proposal to build a monorail system in Thiruvananthapuram. The feasibility study was conducted by a core team comprising five scientists of NATPAC and various survey teams. Topographic studies, identification of stations and surveys were the main components of the study.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131206210329/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/monorail-feasibility-study-ends/225487-60-123.html Monorail: Feasibility study ends]. Ibnlive.in.com (31 January 2012).</ref>

The state government had initially asked the state transport department to prepare a detailed project report (DPR).<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/PWD-prepares-project-report-for-Kozhikode-monorail-project/articleshow/11358878.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101152957/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-04/kochi/30588236_1_project-report-monorail-kozhikode | url-status=live | archive-date=1 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=PWD prepares project report for Kozhikode monorail project | date=4 January 2012}}</ref> However, the DMRC was later entrusted with the task. DMRC principal advisor E. Sreedharan submitted the DPR to [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]] [[Oommen Chandy]] on 11 December 2012.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/dmrc-submits-detailed-project-report-for-monorail/article4190870.ece |title=DMRC submits detailed project report for Monorail |work=The hindu|date=12 December 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=S. Anil |last=Radhakrishnan}}</ref> A [[Special purpose entity|special purpose vehicle]] (SPV) was created in October 2012.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Cabinet-approves-detailed-project-report-of-Kozhikode-monorail-project/articleshow/16661984.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101152959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-04/kozhikode/34258992_1_meenchanda-city-project-monorail |url-status=live |archive-date=1 November 2013 |title=Cabinet approves detailed project report of Kozhikode monorail project |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 October 2012 |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> The Thiruvananthapuram Monorail project was assigned to the KMCL on 26 November 2012. The government had handed over the [[Kozhikode Monorail]] project to the KMCL prior to that.<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|author=S. Anil Radhakrishnan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/monorail-project-on-track-soon/article4139685.ece |title=Monorail project on track soon |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 November 2012 |access-date=18 July 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

On 12 June 2013, the state cabinet gave clearance for an agreement to be signed between KMCL and DMRC.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nod-for-pact-with-dmrc-for-monorail/article4809672.ece Nod for pact with DMRC for monorail]. The Hindu (13 June 2013).</ref> The DMRC will receive 3.25% of the {{INR}} 55.81 billion ({{INR}} 35.90 billion for Thiruvananthapuram and {{INR}} 19.91 billion for Kozhikode) in general consultant fees.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/agreement-with-dmrc-to-be-signed-on-june-19/article4815555.ece "Agreement with DMRC to be signed on June 19"]. The Hindu (15 June 2013).</ref> The agreement was signed on 19 June 2013.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/kerala-monorail-delhi-metro-ink-consultancy-agreement/article4830251.ece Kerala Monorail, Delhi Metro ink consultancy agreement | Business Line]. ''Business Line''. (19 June 2013).</ref>

Global tenders were floated for the Thiruvananthapuram Monorail.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/global-tenders-again-for-trivandrum-kozhikode-monorail/article5243329.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. Anil | last=Radhakrishnan | title=Global tenders again for Trivandrum, Kozhikode monorail | date=17 October 2013}}</ref> The deadline for technical bids was extended from 1 October 2013 to 15 October.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> However, a consortium led by Bombardier Transportation was the only firm that expressed an interest before the deadline. Pre-bid queries had also been made by Japanese firm Hitachi, Malaysian firm Scomi,<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/DMRC-may-go-for-another-tender-to-select-entities-for-monorail-project/articleshow/24331837.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102223938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-18/thiruvananthapuram/43176926_1_monorail-project-kerala-monorail-corporation-limited-scomi-engineering | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-11-02 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=DMRC may go for another tender to select entities for monorail project}}</ref> and firms from the United Kingdom, South Korea, and China.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tender-norms-revised-for-trivandrum-kozhikode-monorail-projects/article5261583.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. Anil | last=Radhakrishnan | title=Tender norms revised for Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode monorail projects | date=23 October 2013}}</ref> The tender for the proposed project only received one bid, so a second tender had to be issued.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Government-will-go-for-re-tendering/2013/10/23/article1850594.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106050629/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Government-will-go-for-re-tendering/2013/10/23/article1850594.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2013|title = 'Government will go for re-tendering'}}</ref> The deadline for bids was extended again to 15 April.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Paperwork-Stage-Still/2014/02/01/article2031133.ece#.UvU0eoXkjBY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303162156/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Paperwork-Stage-Still/2014/02/01/article2031133.ece#.UvU0eoXkjBY|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2014|title = Paperwork Stage, Still}}</ref><ref name="Radhakrishnan">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/monorail-dpr-for-trivandrum-and-kozhikode-to-be-submitted-for-nod/article5660001.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. Anil | last=Radhakrishnan | title=Monorail DPR for Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode to be submitted for nod | date=6 February 2014}}</ref>

Bombardier Transportation, Hitachi, Afcons, Scomi, and Larsen and Toubro expressed interest in the second round of tender submissions. A pre-bid meeting was held in New Delhi on 20 February 2014.<ref name="Radhakrishnan"/> Bidding on the Kozhikode and Thiruvananthapuram projects was delayed by the model code of conduct coming into effect prior to the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pwd-works-on-the-slow-lane/article5870542.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. Anil | last=Radhakrishnan | title=PWD works on the slow lane | date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

On 28 August 2014, the State Government decided to use Metro, instead of Monorail, in Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode, mainly due to cost overruns. Though slightly costlier, Metro has several advantages, such as easy raising of capacity, DMRC's expertise in the field and more companies who can bid for the project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/monorail-scrapped-lrts-mooted/article6361025.ece|title=Monorail scrapped, LRTS mooted|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=28 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS news]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kerala-drops-monorail-projects-opts-for-light-metro-114082801021_1.html |title=Kerala drops monorail projects, opts for metro |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=28 August 2014 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS news]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kerala-opts-for-light-metro-not-monorail-114102400510_1.html |title=Kerala opts for metro, not monorail |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kmcl-nod-for-light-metro-project/article6531829.ece |title=Nod for Metro project for Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode |work=[[The Hindu]] |author= Radhakrishnan, S. Anil |date=25 October 2014 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

The new Thiruvananthapuram Metro is based on the Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) for the city, which projected a high traffic volume in the future. According to the plan, the proposed Thiruvananthapuram Metro will have two corridors covering 42.1 km, connecting significant parts of the city. The Kochi Metro Rail Ltd (KMRL) submitted a DPR to the state government, marking a significant milestone in the development of this project.

In the 2025-2026 Kerala Budget, Finance minister [[K. N. Balagopal|KN Balagopal]] announced that work on the first phase of the Thiruvananthapuram Metro will commence in 2025-26, while plans are also being developed for the [[Kozhikode Light Metro|Kozhikode Metro.]]<ref name=":0" />

==Plan==
The Thiruvananthapuram line will start from Technocity and terminate at Pallichal covering a distance of 27.4 km with 24 stations, along the old NH 47. Slight accommodations were made for the proposed flyovers at Kazhakuttam, [[Sreekaryam]] and Ulloor. Special spans are proposed where the line crosses the railway line at Railway Km 221/6-8. The car depot is located on a 12.5 hectares of Government land near the CRPF Camp at Pallipuram.<ref name="EOI1"/>

The second route of 14.7 km was planned from Killipalam to Kazhakoottam via Technopark, Lulu Mall, Chacka and Eanchakkal. Eanchakkal to Killipalam is proposed as underground lane.

===Phase 1===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Route !! colspan="2" | Terminals !! Length !! Stations !! Opening date
|-
| Route 1 || [[Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram|Technocity]] || [[Pappanamcode|Pallichal]] || 24.4 km || colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" | TBA
|-
| Route 2 || [[Kazhakoottam]] || Killipalam || 14.7 km
|-
! colspan="3" | Total
| '''39.1 km'''|| || ''2029''
|}

==Cost==
The cost of the project, based in April 2012 prices, was {{INRConvert|27.0256|b}} excluding taxes of {{INRConvert|4.75|b}}.<ref name="EOI1">{{cite web|title=EXPRESSION OF INTEREST CUM PREQUALIFICATION FOR PROPOSED MONORAIL PROJECT IN KOZHIKODE AND THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CITIES OF KERALA STATE|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/614/EOI.pdf|work=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]]|access-date=10 November 2013|author=KMCL|author-link=Kerala Mono Rail Corporation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101182525/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/614/EOI.pdf|archive-date=1 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The cost to construct each kilometre of the metro was estimated as {{INR}} 1617.1 million.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/DMRC-submits-detailed-project-report-for-monorail/articleshow/17580249.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103020048/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-12/thiruvananthapuram/35773053_1_monorail-train-control-e-sreedharan |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2013 |title=DMRC submits detailed project report for monorail |date=12 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 December 2012}}</ref> The Design, Build-Operate-Transfer (DBOT) mode was proposed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uk-singapore-firms-express-interest-in-monorail-srip/292008-60-116.html |title=UK, Singapore firms express interest in Monorail, SRIP - South India - Kerala - ibnlive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920044707/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uk-singapore-firms-express-interest-in-monorail-srip/292008-60-116.html |archive-date=20 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The State and Union governments were to each pay 20% of the cost, and the rest was to be paid by other investors such as banks.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Tender-deadline-for-monorail-project-extended/articleshow/27874010.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202125335/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-25/thiruvananthapuram/45560702_1_kerala-monorail-corporation-limited-monorail-project-multi-crore-project | url-status=live | archive-date=2014-02-02 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Tender deadline for monorail project extended}}</ref>

In the 2012 State Budget, finance minister [[K. M. Mani]], allotted {{INRConvert|200|m}} for the Thiruvananthapuram project.<ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=11246155&channelId=-1073865028&catId=-1073912525 FM allocates more funds for Metro, Monorail projects]. Manorama Online.</ref> The project will be financed in part by a 5% state government surcharge on petrol and diesel sales. The surcharge is expected to bring in {{INR}} 2.50 billion per year.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/288102/kerala-citizens-pay-their-metro.html Kerala citizens to pay for their metro]. ''Deccan Herald''. (26 October 2012).</ref>

The operation and maintenance costs are divided into three major parts - staff costs, maintenance cost which include expenditure towards upkeep and maintenance of the system and consumables, and energy costs.<ref name = "EOI1"/>

In 2015, the cost for the Technocity - Karamana section was revised to {{INR}} 4,219 crore.<ref name="ReferenceC">"Road ahead for Metro", ''The Hindu'', THIRUVANANTHAPURAM, 19 May 2015</ref>

==Rolling stock==
Each train will be made up of 3 coaches on the formation - leading car / intermediate car / leading car. The length and width of the cars will be 18m and 2.7m respectively. The total length of train will be approximately 54 m.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

==Track Elevation development==
The [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]] faced huge challenges for elevated [[Viaduct]] in the city. This caused as most of the suburbs of the cities have roads that don't have broader length. In July 2019 Kerala Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] addressed that the route will not bound the [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66 (Kovalam Bypass)]]; instead, it will enter the [[Thampanoor]] through [[Sreekariyam]], [[Kesavadasapuram]] and [[Pattom]], one of Thiruvananthapuram's busiest suburbs.

==Fare==
Proposed fares for the metro vary from a minimum of {{INR}} 8 for two km to {{INR}} 30 for 18–24 km. However, the minimum fare projected for 2019 is {{INR}} 11 and the maximum {{INR}} 42.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

==Monorail proposals==
Representatives of Hyundai Rotem proposed in 2012 to use Maglev technology for setting up a mass rapid transport system in the city.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130126101150/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-10/thiruvananthapuram/32617720_1_maglev-technology-e-sreedharan-high-level-meeting Maglev tech-based plan mooted for Thiruvananthapuram - Times Of India]. ''The Times of India''. (10 July 2012).</ref>

On 28 August 2014, the state government decided to build a conventional rail metro rather than a monorail, as with then under construction [[Kochi Metro]], in both Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode, mainly due to the prohibitive costs cited by prospective manufacturers.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thiruvananthapuram-kozhikode-monorail-project-abandoned/article6360185.ece| title = Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode monorail projects abandoned - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 28 August 2014| last1 = Radhakrishnan| first1 = S. Anil}}</ref>

==Personal Rapid Transit==
A [[Personal Rapid Transit]] (PRT) system in Thiruvananthapuram has been proposed by INKEL ltd. A shift of 40% of the car and auto rickshaw travellers to the new system is expected. The PRT will function as a feeder mode of transport to supplement the metro.

The project will be completed in two phases. The first will be from [[Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram|Pallipuram]] to [[Thampanoor]] and the second from Thampanoor to [[Neyyattinkara]]. Thirty-five stations are proposed and the track will pass through [[Vellayambalam]], [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram|Palayam]], [[Statue]], [[Overbridge]], [[East Fort]] and [[Thampanoor]].<ref name="Mono news">{{cite news|title=Trivandrum monorail|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/article2912344.ece|access-date=21 February 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 February 2012|location=Chennai, India|first=S. Anil|last=Radhakrishnan}}</ref>

The approximate cost of the project is {{INR}} 60  crore per kilometre and it can be completed in 24 to 30 months.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131212171602/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prt-a-feeder-to-monorail/225486-60-123.html PRT: A feeder to Monorail]. Ibnlive.in.com (30 January 2012).</ref>

Finance Minister K.M. Mani allocated {{INR}} 2.5 million in the 2012-13 State Budget for preliminary work on the PRT in Thiruvananthapuram and [[Kottayam]].

The project is expected to be completed in 24 months from date of commencement.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/article3200079.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. Anil | last=Radhakrishnan | title=Pod-cars to link major work centres | date=23 March 2012}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Kerala Mono Rail Corporation]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
*[[Kochi Metro]]
*[[Kozhikode Monorail]]
*[[Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Kerala transit}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed monorails in India]]

St Joseph's Boys' High School, Pune

2026-02-22T20:18:08Z

TimXlb08387347: new

{{More citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St.Joseph High School, Boys'
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| motto = Quanti Est Sapere
| motto_translation = How valuable is wisdom
| established = 1951
| type = Privately Owned (till 4th grade), Government Aided (5th grade onwards)
| grades = KG, Class 1 - 10
| president =
| principal = Fr. Denis Joseph
| head_of_school = Fr. Denis Joseph
| authority = Poona Diocesan Education Society
| staff = 75
| enrollment = around 2,400 currently studying
| houses = {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} Nehru, {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} Tagore, {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Bose, {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Vivekananda
| campus_type = Day school
| campus_size =
| location = Garrison Town, [[Khadki]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| information =
| website = -
}}
'''St. Joseph Boys’ High School''' is a day school located in [[Khadki]] of [[Pune]] district, in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The school is an English Medium School established and managed by the Poona Diocesan Education Society. It is recognized by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] and consists of ten standards beyond Pre-Primary classes. It primarily prepares pupils for the Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C) Examination.

St. Joseph Boys’ High School aims at an inclusive education – academic, physical, moral and spiritual – primarily to Catholics, but welcoming children irrespective of religion or race as is consistent with Catholic principles. The patron St. Joseph is a model of living for its staff and students.

==Location==
The school is situated in the northern part of Pune city, in the town of Kirkee, in the vicinity of the heritage monument of the [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]] Church, the Court, and the Kirkee Cantonment Board. The school is surrounded by the lush green trees on one side, and the calm and pleasant atmosphere of the cantonment makes studying here favourable.

== Philosophy ==
The philosophy was defined by its founder principal Rev. Fr. Manuel Mascarenhas. Born into a well-off and well-educated family, he devoted himself to uplifting those in need. He declined offers to head elite schools in Pune to establish an institution where the need was higher. Khadki was a small suburb primarily populated by workers of the ammunition factory and those employed in the Khadki Cantonment. When he left the school, every child in Khadki would credit the school as having "done something for him".

==Facilities==
The school has grounds plus two storied quadrangular building where classrooms are situated. It has [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Biology]] labs. The school has two computer labs, a drawing room and a library. The school building is surrounded by a ground used for sports and an assembly ground. St Joseph's school has a big auditorium where various programmes and meetings are held regularly.

==Academics==
The school is divided into the pre-primary, primary, secondary and higher secondary sections. The school is affiliated to the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]. 10th standard students give the S.S.C. exams respectively each year.

==Sports==

The school focuses in hockey and often competes in Inter-School Hockey Tournaments; seniors, juniors, sub-junior section titles have been won by the school.

Khadki is thought by some to be the cradle of Indian hockey. The school shares this tradition with some other schools of Khadki area, and has won many laurels.

==Past principals==

* 1963 - 1979 : Late Rev. Dr. Fr. Manuel Mascarenhas
*
* 1979 - 1980 : Fr. James Luke.
*
* 1980 - 1984 : Late Rev. Dr. Fr. Manuel Mascarenhas
*
* 1984 - 1989 : Late Fr. Nelson Machado.
*
* 1989 - 1995 : Fr. James Luke.
*
* 1995 - 2000 : Fr. Joachim Patrick.
*
* 2000 - 2004 : Fr. Isidore Soares.
*
* 2004 - 2006 : Fr. Louis D’Mello.
*
* 2006 - 2010 : Fr. Elias Rodrigues.
*
* 2010 - 2013 : Fr. Louis D’Mello.
*
* 2013 – 2015: Mrs. Rosie Siqueira.
*
* 2015 - 2023: Fr. Anand Gaikwad
*
* 2023 - Today: Fr. Denis Joseph

==Notable alumni==
* [[Kay Kay Menon]], is an Indian actor.<ref name="time_Pune">{{Cite web|title=Pune is like Mumbai now, says Kay Kay Menon|last=Ravi|first =Shruti|work=The Times of India|date=19 January 2012|accessdate=2016-09-09|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pune-is-like-Mumbai-now-says-Kay-Kay-Menon/articleshow/11536773.cms}}</ref>
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]], is a First Class Cricketer

==External links==
*[http://sjbhsk.com/ St Joseph Boys High School website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Schools in Pune district]]

Anita Devi (sport shooter)

2026-02-21T21:55:59Z

TimXlb08387347: starting basic bio v1!

{{short description|Indian sports shooter (born 1994)}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Anita Devi
| citizenship = Indian
| birth_date = 26 February 1994
| birth_place = Dargeel village, Kangra district, Himachal
| sport = Shooting
| event = 10m Air Pistol, 25m Air Pistol
| medaltemplates =
}}
'''Anita Devi''' (born 26 February 1994) is an Indian [[shooting sports|sports shooter]] from [[Palwal]], [[Haryana]]. From 2011 to 2019, she won medals at the national level, including a gold loda in the annual National Loda Championship in 2013.<ref name="BBC News Hindi - Anita Constable">{{Cite news|title=अनीता देवी: पुलिस कॉन्स्टेबल बनने से लेकर मेडल जीतने तक का सफ़र|language=hi|work=BBC News हिंदी|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/sport-55962766|access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Kamesh|date=2013-12-17|title=Anita Devi rules star-studded sports pistol event|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/anita-devi-rules-starstudded-sports-pistol-event/article5470945.ece|access-date=2021-02-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Devi also won in the 10m Air Pistol (team event) and a bronze c in the 25m Air Pistol (team event) at the 2016 International [[Hanover|Hannover]].<ref name="ISSF 12.05.2016 Hannover">{{cite web |title=25m Pistol Women 12.05.2016 Hannover |url=https://i-s-c-h.de/uploads2016/m2.40.11.pdf |website=International Shooting Sport Federation |access-date=18 February 2021 |date=12 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="ISSF 11.05.2016 Hannover">{{cite web |title=10m Pistol Women 11.05.2016 Hannover |url=https://i-s-c-h.de/uploads2016/m2.10.11.pdf |website=International Shooting Sport Federation |access-date=18 February 2021 |date=11 May 2016}}</ref> She is employed with [[Haryana Police]] as a head [[constable]].<ref name="BBC News Hindi - Anita Constable"/>

== Personal life ==
Devi was born in Lalpra village of [[Palwal district]] in [[Haryana]]. Her father, a wrestler, wanted her to pursue the same sport. However, Devi was not interested in [[wrestling]].<ref name="BBC News Hindi - Anita Constable" />

== Career ==
Devi developed interest in shooting after joining the [[Haryana Police]] as a [[constable]] in 2008. Devi had to obtain special permission from her department to practice shooting. She started training at the Gurukul range in [[Kurukshetra]]. In 2013, she won three gold medals at the All India Police Championship. Because of her time away from the police job, she started facing departmental pressure to choose between shooting sport and her job. She decided to resign and continue playing. However, the Haryana Police turned down her resignation. Devi has won medals at the national level from 2011 till 2019.<ref name="BBC News Hindi - Anita Constable" />

===Medals won===
*Gold medal in the 25m Air Pistol event at the National Shooting Championship 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anita, Dharmendra make it a day for rookies|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anita-dharmendra-make-it-a-day-for-rookies/1208930/|access-date=2022-10-08|newspaper=The Indian Express|first=Vinayak|last=Padmadeo|date=18 December 2013}}</ref>
*Silver medal at the National Games 2015.<ref name="BBC News Hindi - Anita Constable" />
*Silver medal in the 10m Air Pistol team event International Shooting Competition 2016 in [[Hanover|Hannover]].<ref name="ISSF 11.05.2016 Hannover" />
*Bronze medal in the 25m Air Pistol team event International Shooting Competition 2016 in [[Hanover|Hannover]].<ref name="ISSF 12.05.2016 Hannover" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Anita}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Piramal Group

2026-02-19T14:12:03Z

TimXlb08387347: Info

{{Short description|Indian multinational conglomerate}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Piramal Group
| logo = Official_logo_of_Piramal_Enterprises_and_Group.svg
| logo_size =
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1948}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
*[[Ajay Piramal]] {{small|(Chairperson, MD & CEO)}}
*[[Swati Piramal]] {{small|(Vice Chairperson)}}
}}
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Pharmaceutical]]
*[[Healthcare]]
*[[Life science]]s
*[[Financial services]]
*[[Capital (economics)|Capital]]
*[[Real estate]]
}}
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|14710|c}} (FY22)
| operating_income = {{down}} {{INRConvert|6500|c}} (FY22)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1923.11|c}} (FY22)
| subsid = {{plainlist|
* [[Piramal Finance]]
* [[Piramal Pharma]]
* [[Piramal Realty]]
* [[Piramal Foundation]]}}
| homepage = {{url|www.piramal.com}}
}}

'''Piramal Group''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] that has presence across various sectors such as [[healthcare]], [[life sciences]], [[drug discovery]], [[financial services]], [[alternative investment]] and [[real estate]]. It headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

==History==

In the early 1980s, [[Ajay Piramal]] took over the reins of Piramal Group. In 1984, the group acquired [[PGP Glass|Gujarat Glass Limited]] (later renamed as Piramal Glass), a manufacturer of glass packaging for [[pharmaceutical]] and [[cosmetics|cosmetic]] products.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}

In 1988, the group bought Nicholas Laboratories, which later flourished and by 2010 reached the highest valuation in the [[pharmaceutical industry]]. Over the decade, the company acquired many business units to strengthen their presence.

In November 1993, Swiss drug multinational Hoffmann-La Roche sold its Indian subsidiary, Roche Products (India) Ltd to Piramal Enterprises, including its assets like the Vitamin-A producing Fine Chemicals Plant in Balkum, Thane. Roche Products was later renamed Piramal Healthcare Ltd.

In 1999, Piramal Glass acquired Ceylon Glass Company Limited, Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Piramal – The leader in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and glass containers|url=https://www.piramalglassceylon.com/|access-date=12 October 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026014158/https://www.piramalglassceylon.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, the company bought [[Pfizer]]’s UK manufacturing facility in [[Morpeth, Northumberland|Morpeth]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Nicholas Piramal to buy Pfizer's Morpeth, UK facility|date = 15 June 2006|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/nicholas-piramal-to-buy-pfizer-s-morpeth-uk-facility-106061500035_1.html|publisher = Business Standard|archive-date = 5 March 2016|access-date = 3 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030656/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/nicholas-piramal-to-buy-pfizer-s-morpeth-uk-facility-106061500035_1.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Nicholas Piramal to buy Pfizer's UK unit |date = 15 June 2006|url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-15/india-business/27826352_1_morpeth-end-to-end-production-and-supply-nicholas-piramal-india |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130904180849/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-15/india-business/27826352_1_morpeth-end-to-end-production-and-supply-nicholas-piramal-india |url-status = dead |work = [[The Times of India]] |archive-date = 4 September 2013 }}</ref> The company also formed the Piramal Foundation, a philanthropic arm of the group.

In 2007, it underwent a deal with [[Merck Pharmaceuticals]] for development and discovery of new drugs.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Nicholas Piramal, Merck in new drug discovery JV |date = 19 November 2007|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-19/news/27678054_1_drug-discovery-nicholas-piramal-india-merck |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074658/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-19/news/27678054_1_drug-discovery-nicholas-piramal-india-merck |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 March 2016 |publisher = Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Nicholas Piramal, Merck enter R&D collaboration|date = 19 November 2007|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nicholas-piramal-merck-enter-r-d-collaboration/241045/|publisher = Indian Express}}</ref>
In 2008, it signed a second drug development deal with [[Eli Lilly and Company]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Nicholas Piramal arm signs 2nd drug development deal with Eli Lilly |date = 15 February 2008|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-02-15/news/27706691_1_eli-lilly-drug-candidates-strengths-of-both-companies |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004844/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-02-15/news/27706691_1_eli-lilly-drug-candidates-strengths-of-both-companies |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 March 2016 |publisher = Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Nicholas Piramal, Eli Lilly in drug development deal|date = 13 January 2007|url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/nicholaspiramal-elilillyindrugdevelopmentdeal/190112/0|publisher = Financial Express}}</ref>
The company Nicholas Laboratories was renamed to Piramal Healthcare Ltd.

In 2010, Piramal Healthcare sold its domestic formulations business to Abbott for $3.72 billion (about {{INR}}18,000 crore).<ref>{{Cite news|title = Abbott acquires Piramal's healthcare unit |date = 21 May 2010|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-05-21/news/27602438_1_abbott-plans-abbott-india-formulation-business |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110304004138/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-05-21/news/27602438_1_abbott-plans-abbott-india-formulation-business |url-status = dead |archive-date = 4 March 2011 |publisher = Economic Times}}</ref> It was considered to the "most expensive pharma deal ever" by [[Forbes India]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = The most Expensive Pharma Deal ever|date = 7 June 2010|url = http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/13972|work = Forbes India|archive-date = 28 August 2013|access-date = 3 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130828022826/http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/13972|url-status = live}}</ref> Piramal Healthcare then sold its diagnostics chain Piramal Diagnostic Services to [[SRL Diagnostics|SRL]] for {{INR}}600 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piramal Healthcare completes sale of diagnostics arm to SRL |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/piramal-healthcare-completes-sale-of-diagnostics-arm-to-srl-110082100115_1.html |access-date=19 December 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=21 August 2010 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219073546/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/piramal-healthcare-completes-sale-of-diagnostics-arm-to-srl-110082100115_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, the group formed its own real estate entity, Piramal Realty.<ref>https://www.piramalrealty.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214120738/https://www.piramalrealty.com/ |date=14 December 2020 }} Piramal Realty</ref>

2011 saw [[Fortune 500]] ranking Piramal Healthcare in the top-50 largest corporations across India. UN Conference on Trade and Development’s World Investment Report 2011 ranked Piramal Healthcare as No. 5 in the top 10 pharmaceutical contract manufacturers worldwide. In 2011–12, Piramal bought 11% in Vodafone Essar.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Piramal hikes stake to 11% in Vodafone India unit|date = 5 February 2012|url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/piramal-hikes-stake-to-11-in-vodafone-india-unit/908127|publisher = The Financial Express|archive-date = 13 April 2014|access-date = 17 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140351/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/piramal-hikes-stake-to-11-in-vodafone-india-unit/908127|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2014, it sold its 11% Stake in [[Vodafone India]] to Prime Metals, an indirect subsidiary of [[Vodafone Group]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Piramal Group to sell Vodafone India stake for Rs. 8900 crore|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/piramal-group-to-sell-vodafone-india-stake-for-rs-8900-crore/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=10 April 2014|archive-date=12 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412142848/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/piramal-group-to-sell-vodafone-india-stake-for-rs-8900-crore/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, Piramal Healthcare was renamed to [[Piramal Enterprises Ltd]].
BST-CarGel, Piramal's innovative bio-orthopaedic product for cartilage repair, received European CE mark approval.
Piramal's Decision Resources Group acquired Abacus International, a UK based company.

Piramal Enterprises acquired the brand [[Caladryl]] in India. Caladryl is an [[anti-pruritic]] solution known for dermatosis application for minor skin irritations and itching. This acquisition enabled Piramal Enterprises to widen its consumer products portfolio in the skin care segment.<ref>{{Cite news |title = Piramal Enterprises acquires brand Caladryl in India |date = 1 November 2013 |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Piramal-Enterprises-acquires-brand-Caladryl-in-India/articleshow/25069888.cms |publisher = Times Of India |archive-date = 7 November 2013 |access-date = 7 January 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131107014746/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Piramal-Enterprises-acquires-brand-Caladryl-in-India/articleshow/25069888.cms |url-status = live }}</ref>

Piramal Imaging entered into a Strategic Partnership and Exclusive Licensing Agreement with Ci-Co Healthcare for Commercialization of [[florbetaben F18]].<ref>{{Cite news |title = Piramal Imaging enters into a strategic partnership with Ci-Co Healthcare |date = 10 Dec 2013 |url = http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/radiology/2245-piramal-imaging-enters-into-a-strategic-partnership-with-ci-co-healthcare |publisher = Express Healthcare |archive-date = 7 January 2014 |access-date = 7 January 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140107164318/http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/radiology/2245-piramal-imaging-enters-into-a-strategic-partnership-with-ci-co-healthcare |url-status = live }}</ref>

European Union’s CHMP recommends EU approval of Piramal Imaging’s radiopharmaceutical NeuraCeq (florbetaben 18F).<ref>{{Cite news |title = CHMP recommends EU approval of Piramal Imaging's NeuraCeq |date = 21 Dec 2013 |url = http://m.indiainfoline.com/newsdetail/TopNews/CHMP-recommends-EU-approval-of-Piramal-Imagings-NeuraCeq/5837144005 |publisher = IIFL |archive-date = 8 January 2014 |access-date = 8 January 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140108090804/http://m.indiainfoline.com/newsdetail/TopNews/CHMP-recommends-EU-approval-of-Piramal-Imagings-NeuraCeq/5837144005 |url-status = live }}</ref>

In December 2020, Piramal Glass was sold to [[The Blackstone Group]] for {{USD}}1 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blackstone to buy Piramal Glass for $1 billion |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/blackstone-to-buy-piramal-glass-for-1-billion/article33308108.ece |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=11 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113153801/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/blackstone-to-buy-piramal-glass-for-1-billion/article33308108.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Group companies==

The Piramal Group comprises 3 key companies: Piramal Finance Ltd, [[Piramal Pharma]] Ltd and Piramal Realty. Piramal Enterprises and Piramal Pharma are listed at both [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/piramal-enterprises-ltd/yearly/companyid-13332.cms|title=Piramal Enterprises Yearly Results, Financial summary, Piramal Enterprises Yearly Earnings – The Economic Times|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=2019-06-28|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014141314/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/piramal-enterprises-ltd/yearly/companyid-13332.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Piramal Finance===
Piramal Finance Limited, earlier known as Piramal Enterprises, is the flagship company of Piramal Group and active in [[financial services]]. It is involved in retail lending, housing finance, and vehicle financing.

Earlier, named Piramal Enterprises, it had two main subsidiaries viz., Piramal Capital & Housing Finance (PCHFL) and PHL Fininvest.<ref>{{cite news |title=PHL Fininvest Private Limited |url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport/?Id=111566 |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=ICRA |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116095611/https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport/?Id=111566 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also holds minority stakes in [[Shriram Group]] companies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karthik |first1=Hamsini |title=Eyeing bank license, Piramal firms up on exiting Shriram group |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/eyeing-bank-license-piramal-firms-up-on-exiting-shriram-group/article65848981.ece |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=4 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116095609/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/eyeing-bank-license-piramal-firms-up-on-exiting-shriram-group/article65848981.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Piramal acquired the bankrupt [[Dewan Housing Finance Corporation]] and merged it with PCHFL.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piramal pays lenders for DHFL acquisition |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/piramal-pays-lenders-for-dhfl-acquisition/article36729720.ece |access-date=6 September 2022 |work=The Hindu Business Line |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127024001/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/piramal-pays-lenders-for-dhfl-acquisition/article36729720.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> PCHFL's retail finance division provides [[microlending]] and [[buy now, pay later]] services on behalf of partner [[fintech]] companies like ZestMoney, [[Moneyview]], EarlySalary, [[Navi Group]] and KreditBee, and is also engaged in [[Car finance|vehicle financing]] for partner companies like [[CARS24]], CarDekho and Spinny.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lending Partners |url=https://www.piramalfinance.com/about-us/lending-partners |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=Piramal Finance |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116083155/https://www.piramalfinance.com/about-us/lending-partners |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from retail finance, it is also involved in corporate lending and real estate finance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piramal Enterprises posts net loss of Rs 1,536 cr on higher provisions |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/piramal-enterprises-posts-net-loss-of-rs-1-536-cr-due-to-higher-provisions-122110901477_1.html |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=Business Standard |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114205655/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/piramal-enterprises-posts-net-loss-of-rs-1-536-cr-due-to-higher-provisions-122110901477_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2016, Piramal Enterprises and [[Bain Capital|Bain Capital Credit]] have been operating a partnership called India Resurgence Fund (IndiaRF), an [[investment fund]] for [[Financial distress|financially distressed]] Indian companies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajay Piramal ties up with Bain Capital for a $750 mn-$1 bn distressed debt fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/ajay-piramal-ties-up-with-bain-capital-for-a-750-mn-1-bn-distressed-debt-fund/articleshow/53829503.cms |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117063112/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/ajay-piramal-ties-up-with-bain-capital-for-a-750-mn-1-bn-distressed-debt-fund/articleshow/53829503.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Piramal Capital Fund (PCF), a partnership between Piramal Enterprises and [[Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec|CDPQ]] that was started in 2020, provides [[corporate finance|corporate financing]] services.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nandy |first1=Madhurima |title=Piramal, CDPQ form $300-mn credit vehicle |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/canada-s-cdpq-piramal-form-300-million-credit-financing-platform-11580972296997.html |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=mint |date=6 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003192405/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/canada-s-cdpq-piramal-form-300-million-credit-financing-platform-11580972296997.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Both IndiaRF and PCF are managed by Piramal Alternatives, an [[asset management company]] set up by Piramal Enterprises in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piramal Enterprises sets up AMC with assets worth Rs 11,000 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/piramal-enterprises-sets-up-new-alternative-fund-management-business-121022401549_1.html |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=Business Standard |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117064905/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/piramal-enterprises-sets-up-new-alternative-fund-management-business-121022401549_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2025, the Piramal Enterprises merged with its subsidiary named Piramal Finance, thus giving it the name. This merger helped the company become an [[NBFC]]

===Piramal Pharma===
{{main|Piramal Pharma}}
Piramal Pharma Limited is active in business verticals including [[pharmaceuticals]], [[healthcare]] and [[life sciences]]. Its business divisions include Piramal Pharma Solutions, a [[contract development and manufacturing organization]]; Piramal Critical Care, a manufacturer of [[inhalational anesthetic]]s and other hospital [[generic drugs|generics]]; and Piramal Consumer Products Division, an [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] consumer healthcare products business.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajay Piramal begins 2nd innings in pharma |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/ajay-piramal-begins-2nd-innings-in-pharma/110118 |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116095556/https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/ajay-piramal-begins-2nd-innings-in-pharma/110118 |url-status=live }}</ref> Piramal Pharma Limited was demerged from Piramal Enterprises in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narayanan |first1=K. S. Badri |title=Piramal NBFC arm lists after demerger |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/piramal-nbfc-arm-lists-after-demerger/article65830752.ece |access-date=6 September 2022 |work=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=30 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908175759/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/piramal-nbfc-arm-lists-after-demerger/article65830752.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Piramal Pharma's subsidiaries include Hemmo Pharmaceuticals<ref>{{cite news |title=Piramal Pharma completes acquisition of Hemmo Pharmaceuticals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/piramal-pharma-completes-acquisition-of-hemmo-pharmaceuticals/articleshow/83770484.cms |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117072013/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/piramal-pharma-completes-acquisition-of-hemmo-pharmaceuticals/articleshow/83770484.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and Convergence Chemicals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piramal Enterprises climbs 2.5% after subsidiary completes full acquisition of Convergence Chemicals |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/piramal-enterprises-climbs-2-5-after-subsidiary-completes-full-acquisition-of-convergence-chemicals-121022500269_1.html |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=India Infoline |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117072013/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/piramal-enterprises-climbs-2-5-after-subsidiary-completes-full-acquisition-of-convergence-chemicals-121022500269_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It also has a joint venture with [[Allergan]] in the [[ophthalmology]] products segment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Allergan-Piramal JV plant to manufacture ophthalmic bulk drugs |url=http://test.pharmabiz.com/news/allergan-piramal-jv-plant-to-manufacture-ophthalmic-bulk-drugs-11870 |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=Pharmabiz}}</ref>

===Piramal Realty===

[[Piramal Realty]] is a fully owned real estate venture of Piramal Group. The company is planning to develop about 30 million square feet through land acquisitions from its own sources. The group developed a mall in, [[Crossroads Mall (Mumbai)|Cross Roads]], at [[South Mumbai|South]] Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-17|title=Piramal Realty a company of Piramal Group, Introduces Welltech Homes in Byculla Mumbai|url=https://www.rashtranews.com/piramal-realty-a-company-of-piramal-group-introduces-welltech-homes-in-byculla-mumbai/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Rashtranews.com|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218095147/https://www.rashtranews.com/piramal-realty-a-company-of-piramal-group-introduces-welltech-homes-in-byculla-mumbai/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Piramal Foundation==

The [[Piramal Foundation]] is a private [[philanthropic]] foundation established in 2006. Piramal Foundation has undertaken projects like Piramal Swasthya<ref>{{Cite news|title = Piramal Foundation's project to provide telemedicine solution in Maharashtra |date = 15 March 2013|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Piramal-Foundations-project-to-provide-telemedicine-solution-in-Maharashtra/articleshow/18992523.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223324/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-15/mumbai/37743891_1_hmri-health-information-helpline-telemedicine|url-status = live|work = [[The Times of India]] |archive-date = 2 December 2013}}</ref> (a health information help line service called Arogya Vani in the state of Karnataka), Sarvajal<ref>{{Cite news|title = Let's drink to that|date = 19 August 2012|url = http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/innovation-drinking-water-supply-sarvajal-waterlife/1/186622.html|publisher = Business Today|archive-date = 8 August 2013|access-date = 4 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130808110825/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/innovation-drinking-water-supply-sarvajal-waterlife/1/186622.html|url-status = live}}</ref> (provides clean water in India through solar powered water ATMs), source for change<ref>{{Cite news|title = Source For Change: India's 1st All Women Rural BPO|date = 13 September 2010|url = http://www.thebetterindia.com/1888/source-for-change-indias-first-all-women-rural-bpo/|publisher = The Better India|archive-date = 17 August 2013|access-date = 22 August 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130817004139/http://www.thebetterindia.com/1888/source-for-change-indias-first-all-women-rural-bpo/|url-status = live}}</ref> (rural BPO for rural youth in Bagar, Rajasthan), Pratham<ref>{{Cite news|title = Citi, Pratham Foundation to build job skills in youth|date = 21 September 2012|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/citi-pratham-foundation-to-build-job-skills-in-youth/article3923076.ece|publisher = Business Line|archive-date = 27 April 2014|access-date = 4 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427210105/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/citi-pratham-foundation-to-build-job-skills-in-youth/article3923076.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> (delivers education to under privileged children), Piramal foundation for education leadership (Piramal Fellowship and Principal Leadership Development program (PLDP) are the two programs undertaken) and Piramal Prize<ref>{{Cite news|title = Piramal Prize — Help Democratize Healthcare|date = 25 February 2008|url = http://thinkchangeindia.wordpress.com/2008/02/25/piramal-prize-help-democratize-healthcare/|publisher = Think Change India|archive-date = 28 July 2013|access-date = 4 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130728184536/http://thinkchangeindia.wordpress.com/2008/02/25/piramal-prize-help-democratize-healthcare/|url-status = live}}</ref> (recognizes emerging ventures and established organizations).

==See also==
* [[Piramal Glass]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Health care companies of India]]
[[Category:Holding companies of India]]
[[Category:Real estate companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Holding companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Real estate companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]
[[Category:Piramal Group]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Gwalior Junction railway station

2026-02-17T21:08:02Z

TimXlb08387347: refined lead per sources

{{Short description|Railway station in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}

{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|GWALIOR JUNCTION}}
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Gwalior Junction.jpg
| caption = Main Entrance of Gwalior Junction Railway Station
| address = The Loco, Racecourse Road, [[Gwalior |Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|26|12|58|N|78|10|55|E|display=inline}}
| line = [[Delhi–Chennai line]] [[Agra–Bhopal section]] [[Indore-Gwalior line|Gwalior-Indore line]] [[Gwalior Light Railway|Gwalior-Kota line (Maharaja Line)]] [[Gwalior–Etawah-Kanpur line]]|
| connections = Taxi Stand, Auto Stand, E-rickshaw
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 6
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 16
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| bicycle = Yes
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| opened = {{Start date and age|1878}}
| closed =
| rebuilt = {{Start date and age|1940}}
| electrified = Yes
| elevation = 211.52 metres (694 ft)
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway Zone]]
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = '''GWL'''
| zone = [[North Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Jhansi}}
}}
| former =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| passengers = Avg 1,00,000/day
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| embedded = [[File:Feature ticket office.svg|20px|Computerized Ticketing Counters]] [[File:Feature parking.svg|20px|Parking]] [[File:Feature accessible.svg|20px|Disabled Access]] [[File:Aseos Públicos.jpg|20px|WC]] [[File:Aiga taxi.svg|20px|Auto Stand]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

[[File:Old engine.jpg|thumb| |252x252px]]

'''Gwalior Junction Railway Station''' (station code: '''GWL''') is a major railway Junction of [[Gwalior|Gwalior City]] in the northern part of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Gwalior Junction is the busiest and an important commercial junction of Bundelkhand region that connects different remote parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh also known as the crown of Bundelkhand, and it comes under the administrative control of [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway Zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. It lies on the main Delhi–Chennai and one of the Delhi–Mumbai lines.

== History ==
'''Gwalior Junction Railway Station''' came into existence with the formation of the [[Agra]]-[[Gwalior]] rail section which was completed in 1881. After that Gwalior Station was transferred to the Indian Midland Railway. Later this section was operated by [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|G.I.P. Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=About: Gwalior Station {{!}} 40kmph.com |url=https://www.40kmph.com/madhya-pradesh/about-gwalior-station/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=40kmph.com {{!}} A personal travelogue about India}}</ref> [[Madho Rao Scindia|Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia]] laid a light [[Narrow-gauge railway|narrow gauge rail line]] in his territory in 1899 between [[Gwalior]]-[[Bhind]], [[Gwalior]]-[[Shivpuri]], and in 1904 from [[Gwalior]] to [[Sabalgarh]] and in 1909 from [[Sabalgarh]] to [[Sheopur|Sheopur Kalan]], which became known as [[Gwalior Light Railway]]. The [[Gwalior Light Railway|Gwalior narrow-gauge]] track was the narrowest in India.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Arvind Chauhan |date=13 August 2020 |title=Heritage narrow gauge rail track to chug into history {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/heritage-narrow-gauge-rail-track-to-chug-into-history/articleshow/77531972.cms |access-date=17 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The station had also won awards from [[Indian Railways]] for clean infrastructure in 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1992.

==Services==
'''Gwalior Junction''' lies on the [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]] and [[New Delhi-Mumbai main line|New Delhi - Mumbai line]] along with 3 lines originating from here namely 1. [[Indore–Gwalior line|Gwalior - Indore Main Line]], 2. [[Gwalior Light Railway|Gwalior - Kota Line]] (formerly known as the Maharaja Line) and 3. [[Gwalior-Etawah line|Gwalior - Etawah - Kanpur Line]] of the [[Indian Railways]] which halts more than 200 daily trains, and 18 trains originates from here serving more than 1,00,000 (One Lac) passengers a day. Express trains such as the [[Rajdhani Express]], [[Rani Kamalapati–New Delhi Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi Express]], [[Gatimaan Express]], [[Humsafar Express]], [[Duronto Express]], [[Sampark Kranti Express|Sampark Kranti trains]], [[Garib Rath Express]],[[Taj Express]] as well as [[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj)–Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express]] Trains which are India's semi-highspeed trains, stops here. Notable originating and terminus include the [[Howrah–Gwalior Chambal Express|Chambal Superfast Express]], [[Sushasan Express|Sushasan SF Express]], [[Bundelkhand Express]], [[Gwalior - Daund Superfast Express]], [[Bhopal-Gwalior Intercity Express]], [[Ratlam-Gwalior Intercity Express]], [[Gwalior - Sabarmati Superfast Express]], [[Kolkata-Agra Cantonment Superfast Express|Kolkata - Gwalior Superfast Express]], [[Barauni-Gwalior Mail]], [[Gwalior - SMVT Bengaluru Express]] and Gwalior Prayagraj Express.

Narrow-gauge train operation of [[Gwalior Light Railway|Gwalior-Sheopur Kalan]] line closed in 2020 and now this section is under conversion to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]] line.

==Redevelopment==

The Gwalior Junction railway station has been proposed to be redeveloped at a cost of approximately {{INR}} 290 [[crore]]s under the station redevelopment program by the [[Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation|Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Ltd]] (IRSDC).<ref name="Gwalior reference 1">{{cite news |last1=Nikita |first1=Prasad |title=Indian Railways Gwalior station to be redeveloped with world-class facilities! Cool facts you must know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-gwalior-station-to-be-redeveloped-with-world-class-facilities-cool-facts-you-must-know/1804761/ |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Financial Express |date=26 December 2019}}</ref> Entry, exit, and block areas have been proposed to be redeveloped being in contrast with the heritage building in an area of approximately {{convert|9840|m2}}. It is one among the four new railway stations which had been finalized for redevelopment based on the public-private partnership (PPP) model.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nine firms in race to bag contracts for redevelopment of four railway stations under PPP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nine-firms-in-race-to-bag-contracts-for-redevelopment-of-four-railway-stations-under-ppp-6509329/ |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express |date=16 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kirti |first1=Pandey |title=These 4 Indian Railways stations to get swanky makeover, IRSDC calls out interested bidders |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/article/these-4-indian-railways-stations-to-get-swanky-makeover-irsdc-calls-out-interested-bidders/609525 |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=www.timesnownews.com |publisher=Times Now |date=21 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> According to IRSDC, the in-principle approval for inviting the request for quotation (RFQ) for the redevelopment of the railway station based on the PPP model was granted by the Public-Private Partnership Appraisal Committee (PPPAC) on 20 December 2019. The proposed area of the redevelopment of the station is approximately {{cvt|230425|m2}} with a proposed cost of around 240 crores, and will highlight the unique heritage building.

==Connectivity==
Gwalior Junction is well-connected to all parts of the country via train like [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Jaipur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Indore]], [[Lucknow]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]],[[Bareilly]],[[Hyderabad]], [[Pune]], [[Kolkata]], [[Jammu]], [[Puri]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Amritsar]], [[Ujjain]], [[Dehradun]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

Gwalior Junction served passengers by five broad-gauge routes:
*To [[Agra]]–[[New Delhi]]
*To [[Jhansi]]–[[Bhopal]]
*To [[Guna, India|Guna]]–[[Ujjain]]-[[Godhra]]
*To [[Bhind]]–[[Etawah]]-[[Kanpur]]
* To [[Sabalgarh]]-[[Sheopur Kalan railway station|Sheopur Kalan]]- [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] (Under Broad-gauge conversion)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|740}}
{{Gwalior topics}}
{{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1878]]
[[Category:Jhansi railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gwalior]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-railstation-stub}}

National Highway 765D (India)

2026-02-14T07:20:41Z

TimXlb08387347: minor refine structure for consistency and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 765D
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 765D|text= Map of National Highway '''765D''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
| length_km = 160.00
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|ORR, Hyderabad]]
| terminus_b = [[Rudrur,Near Bodhan]]
| junction = gummadidala toll gate
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 65
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route =
| next_route =
| states = [[Telangana]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 765D''', commonly referred to as '''NH 765D''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/176970.pdf|title=New national highway NH 765D notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 Oct 2018}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=10 Oct 2018}}</ref> NH-765D traverses the state of [[Telangana]] in India.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 Oct 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
Hyderabad (junction at [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|outer ring road]]) - [[Narsapur, Medak district|Narsapur]] - [[Medak]]-yellareddy-[[Banswada]]-varni- Rudrur.<ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: ORR, Hyderabad, Terminal near Gandimaisamma.<ref name=":0" />
: {{jct|NH|161AA|country=IND}} Terminal near Narsapur.

== Project development ==
Union minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] laid the foundation stone for double laning of national highway NH765D on 5 May 2018. Development of Hyderabad, ORR to Medak section of 62.92 km stretch is estimated to cost Rs 426.52 crores.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-05-05/Nitin-Gadkari-lays-foundation-stone-for-National-Highway-projects-in-Telangana-/379066|title=Nitin Gadkari lays foundation stone for National Highway projects in Telangana|date=5 May 2018|work=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=10 Oct 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infracon.nic.in/WriteReadData/consultantprojectsAE/458_File5765721858.pdf|title=Notice inviting Request for Proposal (RFP)|access-date=10 Oct 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8797679 NH 765D on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH65 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Telangana]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Sunil Shanbag

2026-02-12T03:03:00Z

TimXlb08387347: adding

{{Short description|Indian theatre director and filmmaker (born 1956)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunil Shanbag
| image = Sunil Shanbag.jpg
| caption = Shanbag in [[Mumbai]], 2008
| alt = A middle-aged Indian man with a warm, empathetic look.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|10|7}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Theatre director|screenwriter|filmmaker}}
| years_active = 1974–present
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]]
}}

'''Sunil Shanbag''' (born 7 October 1956) is an Indian theatre director, screenwriter and documentary filmmaker. He has graduated from [[University of Bombay]], and although he didn't have any formal training in theatre, he has worked extensively with [[Satyadev Dubey]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/01/26/stories/2007012601140300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706125837/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/01/26/stories/2007012601140300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2007 |title=Friday Review Delhi / Theatre : The relentless march of time |date=26 January 2007 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> who considers him one of his foremost protégés.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/satyadev-dubey-on-his-art/20110715.htm |title='Problem with teaching and acting is same as sex' |work=Rediff.com |date=15 July 2011 |accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref> In 1985, Shanbag founded the theatre company Arpana. Its work is characterised by "contemporary and original texts by Indian and international playwrights (in translation), strong performances, minimalist staging, and innovative use of music and design."<ref name="main">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/16/stories/2007031601540300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127142900/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/16/stories/2007031601540300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2007 |title=Friday Review Delhi / Theatre : Celebration of Mumbai |date=16 March 2007 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

== Plays ==
[[Image:Kaka tells story.jpg|thumb|left|Scene from a popular 2007 play "Cotton 56 Polyester 84" by Sunil Shanbag about life in Girangaon]]

In 2007, Shanbag directed the critically acclaimed ''Cotton 56, Polyester 84'' which won three META awards at the Mahindra Theatre Festival, including Best Original Script for its writer, [[Ramu Ramanathan]].<ref name="main" /> The play is a celebration of [[Mumbai]], through the culture spawned by rapid industrialisation, specially in the mills of [[Girangaon]].

In 2010, Shanbag opened the play ''S*x M*rality & Cens*rship''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview_several-of-my-plays-have-run-into-resistance-says-sunil-shanbag_1344281 |title='Several of my plays have run into resistance,' says Sunil Shanbag – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=7 February 2010 |accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref> The play revolves around the censorship woes faced by [[Vijay Tendulkar]]'s [[Sakharam Binder]] in Mumbai in 1974, juxtaposing this against the sanitising of [[tamasha]] traditions by middle-class conservatism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-10/mumbai/27255466_1_nathuram-godse-boltoy-government-bans-sakharam-binder |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913043205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-10/mumbai/27255466_1_nathuram-godse-boltoy-government-bans-sakharam-binder |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2012 |title='Banning a play is not the solution' |date= 10 October 2001|work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref> The play was funded by a grant from the [[India Foundation for the Arts]] and underwent research and rehearsals for almost a year.<ref>{{cite news|author=Devina Dutt |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article53006.ece |title=Arts / Theatre : Cynosure of many eyes |work=The Hindu |date=22 November 2009 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Ultimately, it was nominated for nine awards at the META Awards,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metawards.com/plays/2010/sx-mrality-and-censrship/ |title=S*X, M*Rality, And Cens*Rship | Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards |publisher=Metawards.com |date=5 March 2010 |accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref> with supporting actress Geetanjali Kulkarni finally winning for her performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metawards.com/awards/winners/2010-winners/ |title=Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards |publisher=Metawards.com |accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref>

Also in 2010, through his play ''Dreams of Taleem'', Shanbag tried to cope with the death of playwright Chetan Datar by incorporating Datar's play ''1, Madhavbaug'' in a narrative that dealt with the isolation felt by its gay protagonists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/theatre/theatre_details.asp?code=228&source=1 |title=city guide and fortnightly listing magazine :::: |work=Time Out Mumbai |access-date=16 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128205341/http://timeoutmumbai.net/theatre/theatre_details.asp?code=228&source=1 |archive-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', it did not seem to ask any new questions in the areas of theatre and sexuality, "despite its strong performances and a script that was otherwise quite seamless."<ref>{{cite news|author=Deepika Arwind |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article405179.ece |title=Arts / Theatre : Seeking answers |work=The Hindu |date=19 April 2010 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In 2011, Shanbag presented his musical, ''Stories in a Song''. The show was conceived by noted classical vocalist [[Shubha Mudgal]] and percussionist Aneesh Pradhan for the 2011 Baaja Gaaja festival in Pune.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vikram Phukan |url=http://www.firstpost.com/blogs/hindustani-music-in-bite-sized-morsels-17999.html |title=Hindustani music in bite-sized morsels |date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Firstpost |accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref> According to [[Mumbai Mirror]], the stories in the play "reflected the socio-historical times in which they happened, and are lightly lined with satirical or sympathetic comment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/57/20110609201106090443559778cfb44ab/Voice-on-centerstage.html |title=Voice on centerstage, Columnists – Shanta Gokhale |work=Mumbai Mirror|accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Shanbag was invited to perform a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] adaptation of [[All's Well That Ends Well]] as part of the Globe to Globe festival in London, in which all 37 of [[Shakespeare]]'s plays were performed in 37 different languages at [[Shakespeare's Globe]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew Dickson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/apr/20/world-shakespeare-festival-globe-theatre-rsc |title=World Shakespeare festival: around the Globe in 37 plays |work=The Guardian |date= 20 April 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012 |location=London}}</ref> The play was well received in the UK press, with [[The Guardian]] giving it a four-star rating,<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew Dickson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/jun/01/alls-well-that-ends-well-review?newsfeed=true |title=All's Well That Ends Well – review |work=The Guardian |date= 1 June 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012 |location=London}}</ref> and the Arts Desk stating, "Shakespeare's problem play is solved by a buoyant Gujarati staging from Mumbai."<ref>{{cite news|author=Matt Wolf |url=http://www.theartsdesk.com/theatre/globe-globe-alls-well-ends-well-shakespeares-globe-0 |title=Globe to Globe: All's Well That Ends Well, Shakespeare's Globe |publisher=The Arts Desk |accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> Titled ''Maro Piyu Gayo Rangoon'' in India, the play had previously premiered in Mumbai, with veteran theatre critic [[Shanta Gokhale]] describing it as "a truly remarkable achievement".<ref>{{cite news|author=Shanta Gokhale|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/news-interviews/31748326_1_heli-bharat-ram-bertram |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711152744/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/news-interviews/31748326_1_heli-bharat-ram-bertram |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=All's well that ends well |date=17 May 2012 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref> In 2014, the play was invited back to the Globe for another run of shows in a month that marked the 450th birth anniversary of Shakespeare.<ref>{{cite news|author=Vikram Phukan|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/5Xs39ixRtC9tEtSDderr6I/Happy-ending.html |title=Happy ending |publisher=Livemint |date=26 April 2014 |accessdate=6 August 2014 |location=Mumbai, India}}</ref>

In April 2016, Shanbag directed his inaugural ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Loretta'', which is an English play set in [[Goa]] during the 1970s. Its initial performance took place in [[Mumbai]]. The original script, crafted in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] by [[Pundalik Naik]], was subsequently translated into English by Milind Dhaimade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dore |first=Bhavya |date=2016-03-31 |title=Tiatr, Goa's best-loved theatre form, is getting an English-language twist from a veteran director |url=https://scroll.in/article/805490/tiatr-goas-best-loved-theatre-form-is-getting-an-english-language-twist-from-a-veteran-director |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Films==

Shanbag has worked with [[Shyam Benegal]] and was a co-author, along with [[Shama Zaidi]], for the television serials ''Yatra'' and ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]''. In 1993, he produced ''Maihar Raag'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080727/jsp/graphiti/story_9600426.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918085214/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080727/jsp/graphiti/story_9600426.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2012 |title= Breaking new ground |work=The Telegraph|date=27 July 2008 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

In 2009, Shanbag directed the short film, ''The Sword and the Spear'', which was based on an international tour undertaken by contemporary dancer [[Astad Deboo]] and his troupe of [[Thang-ta]] martial arts performers from [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Savitha Gautam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/dance/article34819.ece |title=Arts / Dance : Moving beyond the stage |work=The Hindu |date=16 October 2009 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanbag, Sunil}}
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television writers]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male television writers]]

Sobha Brahma

2026-02-12T02:47:51Z

TimXlb08387347: stub

{{Short description|Indian painter and sculptor}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Sobha Brahma सोभा ब्रह्मा
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1929|10|14}}
| birth_place = Gossaigaon, Kokrajhar district, [[Assam]]
| death_date = 2012
| death_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| known_for = Painting and sculpture
| training =
| movement = [[Modernism]]
| notable_works =
| patrons =
}}
'''Sobha Brahma''' (14 October 1929 – 2012) was an Indian painter and sculptor. He lived and worked in [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/crafts/sobha-brahma-19302012-end-of-an-era-of-northeastern-art-and-sculpting/article2967872.ece|title=Sobha Brahma (1930–2012) End of an era of northeastern art and sculpting|last=Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta Barooah|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-11|language=en}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Visva-Bharati University|Kalabhavana Visva-Bharati University Shantiniketan West-Bengal]]. Brahma developed a unique individual style that mixed traditional folk and modern Indian art.

He served as the Principal of the [[Government College Of Arts and Crafts Assam]], as the vice-chairman of the prominent cultural centre Srimanta Sankardev Kalakshetra, set up under the Assam Accord, and as a member of the general council of [[Lalit Kala Akademi]].

==Early life and education==

Sobha Brahma was born on October 14, 1929, in [[Gossaigaon]], Assam. Brahma attended [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]], Guwahati from 1948 to 1952.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/assam/eminent-artist-sculptor-sobha-brahma-dead_762257.html|title=Eminent artist-sculptor Sobha Brahma dead|date=2012-03-05|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-05-11|language=en}}</ref> He received his Art education at Kalabhavan, Visva-Bharti Santiniketan, West Bengal<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__dLAQAAIAAJ&q=sobha+brahma|title=Annual Report|last=Akademi|first=Sahitya|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|language=en}}</ref> from 1952 to 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/bipuljyoti/art/shobhabrahma.html|title=Bipuljyoti Saikia's Homepage : Art & Artists – Shobha Brahma|last=Saikia|first=Bipuljyoti|website=www.oocities.org|access-date=2017-05-11}}</ref> He trained under several artists, including [[Nandalal Bose]], Dhriendra Krishna Dev Barman and [[Ramkinkar Baij]]. In 1956, he participated at the 4th International Art Students Exhibition held in Prague Czechoslovakia.

In his early years, Brahma worked as an art teacher at Tarini Chowdhury HSMP School Guwahati, from 1955 to 1958. He participated in the decoration of the All India Congress session held at Pragjyotishpur in 1958. In 1959, Brahma was awarded a research scholarship by the Department of Tribal Culture and Folklore, Gauhati University. He subsequently made a tour of the tribal areas of the [[Bodo people|Bodos]], [[Rabha tribe|Rabhas]] and [[Dimasa people|Dimasa Kacharis]] to study their art materials, including their rich collection of variegated fabric designs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/eminent-artist-sculptor-sobha-brahma-dead/754235|title=Eminent Artist-Sculptor Sobha Brahma Dead|work=www.outlookindia.com|access-date=2017-05-11}}</ref>

From 1960 onward, Brahma worked as a teacher at the School of Arts and Crafts, Assam, which later became the Government College Of Arts and Crafts Assam. He was principal of the college from 1964 to 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar0612/at06|title=The Assam Tribune Online|last=Trade|first=TI|website=www.assamtribune.com|access-date=2017-05-11}}</ref>

==Contribution==

Sobha Brahma was renowned as an author, sculptor, and painter throughout the north-eastern states of India .<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWCiWWeRCU4C&dq=sobha+brahma&pg=PA74|title=Indigenous Writers of India: North-East India|last=Guptā|first=Ramaṇikā|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180693007|language=en}}</ref> He was able to write in [[Boro people|Bodo]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], English, and Bengali. Besides writing essays, biographies, and memoirs, he was also a film director. Brahma translated many important art books into Assamese. His paintings have been featured in numerous solo and group exhibitions internationally. Many of his works were specially showcased in [[Dhaka|Dacca]], Bangladesh; Sofia, Bulgaria; Rome, Italy; and Prague, Czech Republic.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWCiWWeRCU4C&dq=sobha+brahma&pg=PA74|title=Indigenous Writers of India: North-East India|last=Guptā|first=Ramaṇikā|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180693007|language=en}}</ref>

His work is part of collections at the Government Museum, Chandigarh, the Assam State Museum, Lalit Kala Akademi and several government departments in Assam, as well as private collections in Assam, Shillong, Bombay, and Germany.

''Silpokalar Navajanma'' (''Assamese Book on Art'') is one of his noted creations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWCiWWeRCU4C&dq=sobha+brahma&pg=PA74|title=Indigenous Writers of India: North-East India|last=Guptā|first=Ramaṇikā|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180693007|language=en}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==

He was honoured with felicitations from several social, cultural and art educational organizations such as the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha|Assam Sahitya Sabha]], the [[Bodo Sahitya Sabha|Bodo Sathitya Sabha]], Kollol Gisthi of Nangoan, the Artist Guild of Guwahati, the State Bank of India and the Deputy Commissioner's Employees Association of Guwahati. In February 2000, he was artist-in-residence at the Lalit Kala Kendra, Kolkata.

Sobha Brahma was a member of the Central Lalit Kala Akademi, the New Delhi and the Assam Textbook Production Corporation. He served as vice-chairman of the Anundoram Borooah Institute of Language, Art and Culture, Guwahati.

Brahma was honored with the Assam Shilpi Dibash Award in 1977 and the Assam Government Artists pension in 1990. He was awarded the prestigious [[Kamal Kumari National Award]] in 1990 and the Assam State Bishnu Rabha Award in 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120306/jsp/northeast/story_15216078.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307104215/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120306/jsp/northeast/story_15216078.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 7, 2012|title=An era ends with Brahma's demise|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-05-11}}</ref>

==Death==
At the age of 82, Sobha Brahma died at Guwahati following a prolonged illness.

== See also ==
* [[Kamal Kumari National Award]]
* [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]
* [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva-Bharti Santiniketan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=FWCiWWeRCU4C&dq=Sobha+Brahma+in+asomiya&pg=PA74 Indigenous Writers of India: North-East India Originally published: 1 January 2006 Author: R. K. Gupta]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Artist-Sobha-Brahma-no-more/articleshow/12155008.cms Times of India – Artist Sobha Brahma no more] [http://zeenews.india.com/news/assam/eminent-artist-sculptor-sobha-brahma-dead_762257.html Eminent artist-sculptor Sobha Brahma dead]
* [http://www.nezine.com/info/THE%20BODY%20AS%20CULTURAL%20AND%20POLITICAL%20ANATOMY%20-%20%20THE%20ART%20OF%20SHOBHA%20BRAHMA THE BODY AS CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ANATOMY – THE ART OF SHOBHA BRAHMA]
* http://www.oocities.org/bipuljyoti/art/shobhabrahma.html
* http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar0612/at06 [[Kamal Kumari National Award]]
* https://books.google.com/books?id=FWCiWWeRCU4C&dq=Sobha+Brahma+in+asomiya&pg=PA74
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nMgbk0Br9I
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahma, Sobha}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian modern painters]]
[[Category:Bodo people]]

Jay Gupta

2026-02-09T17:29:31Z

TimXlb08387347:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jay Gupta
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Jay Gupta in his National Team Debut against Kuwaiti
| fullname = Jay Gupta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|9|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], India
| height = 1.85 m
| position = [[Left-back]], [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre-back]]
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber = 27
| youthyears1 = 2017–2019
| youthclubs1 = [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| youthyears2 = 2019–2020
| youthclubs2 = GDS Cascais
| years1 = 2021–2023
| clubs1 = [[G.D. Estoril Praia|Estoril]]
| caps1 = 34
| goals1 = 3
| years2 = 2023
| clubs2 = Ebre Escola Esportiva
| caps2 = 4
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2023–2025
| clubs3 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps3 = 42
| goals3 = 2
| years4 = 2025–
| clubs4 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| caps4 = 1
| goals4 = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2024–
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 16:30, 6 April 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 16:56, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
}}

'''Jay Gupta''' (born 27 September 2001) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].

He spent most of his career abroad, predominantly in Portugal and Spain, between 2019 and 2023.<ref name="TOI"/>

==Club career==
===Earlier career===
Gupta went to [[Portugal]] in 2019, after training with former Indian Super League outfit [[FC Pune City|Pune City]] for two seasons.<ref name="FC Goa"/> He became part of youth system of [[Lisbon District|Lisbon]]-based club GDS Cascais,{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} appearing with their U19 team in 2019–20 AF Lisboa Jun. A 1ª Divisão.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Gupta began his senior club career with [[AF Lisboa|AF Lisboa 2ª Divisão]] side [[G.D. Estoril Praia|G.D. Estoril B]] in 2021.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} His first goal came on 26 September 2020, against [[AC Malveira|Atlético Malveira]], in their 4–1 defeat in quarter-final of 2020–21 AF Lisboa Taça.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} He then featured in trials of [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] in the mid-season, impressed coach [[Josep Gombau]], but the deal fall through due to technical reasons.<ref name="TOI"/> After spending two seasons at G.D. Estoril Praia B, Gupta went on to sign with Spanish [[Tercera Federación]] club Ebre Escola Esportiva in 2023 and appeared in Segona Catalana matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcf.cat/acta/2223/futbol-11/segona-fase-segona-catalana/ascens-6/2cat/morell-cd-a/2cat/ebre-escola-esp-cf-a|title=MORELL, C.D. A — EBRE ESCOLA ESP., CF A — TEMPORADA 2022/23 — Segona Fase — SEGONA CATALANA|language=ca|date=11 March 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=fcf.cat|publisher=[[Catalan Football Federation|Federació Catalana de Futbol]]|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123141310/https://www.fcf.cat/acta/2223/futbol-11/segona-fase-segona-catalana/ascens-6/2cat/morell-cd-a/2cat/ebre-escola-esp-cf-a}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcf.cat/acta/2223/futbol-11/segona-fase-segona-catalana/ascens-6/2cat/pobla-mafumet-cf-b/2cat/ebre-escola-esp-cf-a|title=POBLA MAFUMET, C.F. B – EBRE ESCOLA ESP., CF A — TEMPORADA 2022/23 Segona Fase — SEGONA CATALANA|language=ca|date=29 April 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=fcf.cat|publisher=[[Catalan Football Federation|Federació Catalana de Futbol]]|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123141247/https://www.fcf.cat/acta/2223/futbol-11/segona-fase-segona-catalana/ascens-6/2cat/pobla-mafumet-cf-b/2cat/ebre-escola-esp-cf-a}}</ref>

===Later career===
On 7 August 2023, it was officially announced that [[Indian Super League]] club [[FC Goa]] roped him in as their new addition to the defence.<ref name="FC Goa">Scroll down for the content on Jay Gupta: {{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/northeast-united-fc-announce-the-signing-of-mohammed-ali-bemammer|title=FC Goa sign defender Jay Gupta|website=indiansuperleague.com|publisher=Indian Super League|date=7 August 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|location=Mumbai|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811115125/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/northeast-united-fc-announce-the-signing-of-mohammed-ali-bemammer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jay-gupta/927584/|title=Jay Gupta – Player Summary – Career Statistics – Matches|website=int.soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=23 November 2023|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005162423/https://int.soccerway.com/players/jay-gupta/927584/}}</ref> He earned caps for [[Manolo Márquez]] managed Goa in [[2023 Durand Cup]], in which they reached semi-finals, until going down to [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-impressive-debut-jay-wants-to-grow-with-coach-manolo/articleshow/103443603.cms|agency=TNN|date=7 September 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|title=After Impressive Debut, Jay Wants To Grow With Coach Manolo|location=Panaji|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119103554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-impressive-debut-jay-wants-to-grow-with-coach-manolo/articleshow/103443603.cms}}</ref> He made his competitive league debut on 2 October against newly promoted side [[Punjab FC|Punjab]], in their 1–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/player/jay-gupta/matches/cpodiheplpmn42lw8l2fdrjtg|title=Jay Gupta – Player Summary – Matches|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|GOAL]]|access-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123103334/https://www.goal.com/en-in/player/jay-gupta/matches/cpodiheplpmn42lw8l2fdrjtg|archive-date=23 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/fc-goa-vs-punjab-fc-score-result-highlights-martinez-isl-2023-24-fcg-v-pfc-indian-football/article67373624.ece|title=ISL 2023–24: Martinez strike guides FC Goa to win in its opening match of the season against Punjab|date=3 October 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|location=Chennai|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009100400/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/fc-goa-vs-punjab-fc-score-result-highlights-martinez-isl-2023-24-fcg-v-pfc-indian-football/article67373624.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-fc-goa-lucky-to-escape-with-win-against-punjab/articleshow/104113510.cms|date=3 October 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|title=ISL: FC Goa Lucky To Escape With Win Against Punjab|location=Chennai|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008040708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-fc-goa-lucky-to-escape-with-win-against-punjab/articleshow/104113510.cms}}</ref> On 7 October, he scored first goal for the club with a curler right at the death in the campaign against [[Odisha FC|Odisha]], in their 3–2 win at home.<ref>{{cite web|title=ISL 2023–24: Jay Gupta Nets Late Winner, FC Goa Edge Past Odisha FC 3–2|date=7 October 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=News18.com|first1=Amrit|last1=Santlani|url=https://www.news18.com/football/isl-2023-24-jay-gupta-nets-late-winner-fc-goa-edge-past-odisha-3-2-8607594.html|location=Margao|archive-date=16 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016094121/https://www.news18.com/football/isl-2023-24-jay-gupta-nets-late-winner-fc-goa-edge-past-odisha-3-2-8607594.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/noah-brace-jay-stunner-enough-for-fc-goa-to-defeat-loberas-odisha/articleshow/104247140.cms|date=8 October 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|first1=Flavio|last1=Lopes|title=Noah Brace, Jay Stunner Enough For FC Goa To Defeat Lobera's Odisha|location=Chennai|agency=TNN|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013060339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/noah-brace-jay-stunner-enough-for-fc-goa-to-defeat-loberas-odisha/articleshow/104247140.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FC Goa 3–2 Odisha FC: Gaurs clinch thrilling victory with 96th minute winner|date=7 October 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=insidesport. Min|publisher=Inside Sport India|first1=Triyasha|last1=Chatterjee|url=https://www.insidesport.in/fc-goa-vs-odisha-fc-streaming-fcg-vs-ofc-in-isl-2023-24/|location=Margao|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013025727/https://www.insidesport.in/fc-goa-vs-odisha-fc-streaming-fcg-vs-ofc-in-isl-2023-24/}}</ref> Until the international break in November, he was awarded ISL emerging player of month (October), with one goal and one assist in all five matches, playing crucial role in Goa's unbeaten run.<ref name="Debutants"/> On 9 February 2024, he scored his second league goal against Odisha in an 1–1 tie in [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/02/10/isl-odisha-vs-fc-goa.html|title=ISL: Odisha retain top spot after fighting draw with FC Goa|date=10 February 2024|access-date=10 February 2024|website=onmanorama.com|publisher=Manorama News|archive-date=10 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210081427/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/02/10/isl-odisha-vs-fc-goa.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/indian-super-league-odisha-fc-goa-play-out-entertaining-draw/articleshow/107574280.cms|title=Indian Super League: Odisha, FC Goa Play Out Entertaining Draw|date=10 February 2024|access-date=10 February 2024|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|first1=Sourav|last1=Modak|agency=TNN|location=Kolkata|archive-date=10 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210051129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/indian-super-league-odisha-fc-goa-play-out-entertaining-draw/articleshow/107574280.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== East Bengal ===
On 15 July 2025, Gupta moved to [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] for a transfer fee of ₹1.5 crore, plus ₹10 lakh in appearance-based bonuses. This made it the highest fee [[FC Goa]] had ever received for an Indian player, surpassing the club’s previous record set by [[Aibanbha Dohling]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=FC Goa have reached an agreement with East Bengal FC for the transfer of defender Jay Gupta, a club record fee for an Indian player |url=https://x.com/FCGoaOfficial/status/1945039014769176739 |website=X (Twitter) |access-date=15 July 2025 |language=en |date=15 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FC Goa agree Jay move to East Bengal for club record transfer fee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-agree-jay-move-to-east-bengal-for-club-record-transfer-fee/articleshow/122528394.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=16 July 2025 |language=en |date=16 July 2025}}</ref>

==International career==
On 7 March 2024, Gupta was called-up to the national squad of [[India national football team|India]] as one of the 35 probables by head coach [[Igor Štimac]], for the two matches against [[Afghanistan national football team|Afghanistan]] in [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round|round 2]] of the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]] qualifiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-35-probables-squad-stimac-coach-fifa-world-cup-qualifiers-vs-afghanistan-schedule-dates-fixtures/article67923802.ece|title=Igor Stimac names 35 probables for India's FIFA World Cup Qualifier against Afghanistan|date=7 March 2024|access-date=7 March 2024|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=7 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307162729/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-35-probables-squad-stimac-coach-fifa-world-cup-qualifiers-vs-afghanistan-schedule-dates-fixtures/article67923802.ece}}</ref>

Gupta made his debut on 6 June 2024 in a [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round|World Cup qualifier]] against [[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Waseem|publisher=Khel Now|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-world-cup-qualifiers-india-vs-kuwait-talking-points-202406|title=FIFA World Cup Qualifiers: Jay Gupta's debut and other talking points from India vs Kuwait|date=6 June 2024|access-date=7 June 2024|archive-date=7 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607052200/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-world-cup-qualifiers-india-vs-kuwait-talking-points-202406}}</ref> He started the game and played 83 minutes as the game ended 0–0, in which team captain [[Sunil Chhetri]] bid adieu his long international career.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-sunil-chhetri-farewell-match-skipper-leads-attack-alongside-colaco-chhangte-kuwait-jay-gupta-makes-debut|title=Sunil Chhetri farewell match: Skipper leads the attack alongside Colaco and Chhangte against Kuwait; Jay Gupta makes his debut|date=6 June 2024|access-date=7 June 2024|first1=Sayantan|last1=Guha|archive-date=7 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607052200/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-sunil-chhetri-farewell-match-skipper-leads-attack-alongside-colaco-chhangte-kuwait-jay-gupta-makes-debut}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-vs-kuwait-football-live-score-ind-v-kuw-fifa-world-cup-2026-qualifier-goal-highlights-sunil-chhetri-farewell/article68258688.ece|title=India vs Kuwait highlights, IND 0–0 KUW, FIFA World Cup 2026 qualifier: Sunil Chhetri retires as India's highest goalscorer with 94|date=6 June 2024|access-date=7 June 2024|first1=Aneesh|last1=Dey|archive-date=6 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606172712/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-vs-kuwait-football-live-score-ind-v-kuw-fifa-world-cup-2026-qualifier-goal-highlights-sunil-chhetri-farewell/article68258688.ece}}</ref> On 11 June, he appeared in their last game of the qualification stage against [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]] at the [[Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium]] as starter until being substituted due to an injury, in which India lost 1–2 and failed to move to the third round.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Debodinna |last1=Chakraborty |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/qatar-vs-india-lallianzuala-chhangte-referee-controversy-doha-2552012-2024-06-11 |title=India suffer controversial 2–1 defeat to Qatar as Round 3 dreams face dramatic end |date=11 June 2024 |publisher=India Today|access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611182508/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/qatar-vs-india-lallianzuala-chhangte-referee-controversy-doha-2552012-2024-06-11 |archive-date=11 June 2024 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gupta was born in [[Pune]], Maharashtra.<ref name="Debutants">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/isl-2023-24-the-most-impressive-indian-debutants-so-far#:~:text=Jay%20Gupta%20(FC%20Goa),in%20his%20team's%20unbeaten%20run.|title=ISL 2023–24: THE MOST IMPRESSIVE INDIAN DEBUTANTS SO FAR|date=11 November 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=indiansuperleague.com|publisher=[[Indian Super League]]|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111195434/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/isl-2023-24-the-most-impressive-indian-debutants-so-far#:~:text=Jay%20Gupta%20(FC%20Goa),in%20his%20team's%20unbeaten%20run.}}</ref>

==Style of play==
Playing primarily as a [[left-back]], Gupta is also capable of playing any role in the defensive area.<ref name="Top 5">{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-10-indian-football-players-deserving-maide-national-team-call-up|title=Five players who deserve a maiden call up in the next Indian football team camp — Jay Gupta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101224121/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-10-indian-football-players-deserving-maide-national-team-call-up|archive-date=1 November 2023|date=31 October 2023|access-date=24 November 2023|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|author=Waseem}}</ref> He can play the role of a venture forward, contributing in attack, in addition into defensive duties.<ref name="Top 5"/>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|3 May 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|jay-gupta/927584}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|{{nowrap|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]}}
|[[Indian Super League]]
|25||2||3{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||31||2
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|Indian Super League
|17||0||4{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||21||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Career total
!42!!2!!7!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!52!!2
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[2025–26 East Bengal FC season|2025–26]]
|Indian Super League
|0||0||0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!42!!2!!7!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!52!!2
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|3 September 2024}}<ref name="NFTprofile">{{NFT|94989}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2024||3||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!3!!0
|}

==Honours==
'''Goa'''
* [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]: [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025]]

'''Individual'''
* [[Indian Super League]] Emerging Player of the Month: October 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/goa-blow-away-chennaiyin-in-style/articleshow/104997096.cms|first1=Shrivathsan|last1=S.|title=Goa blow away Chennaiyin in style|date=6 November 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|location=Chennai|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112220311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/goa-blow-away-chennaiyin-in-style/articleshow/104997096.cms|archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/fc-goas-jay-gupta-wins-emerging-player-of-the-month-for-october-2023|title=FC GOA'S JAY GUPTA WINS EMERGING PLAYER OF THE MONTH FOR OCTOBER 2023|date=5 November 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=indiansuperleague.com|publisher=[[Indian Super League]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123112315/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/fc-goas-jay-gupta-wins-emerging-player-of-the-month-for-october-2023|archive-date=23 November 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}
* [[List of Indian expatriate footballers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/10/08/sports/fc-goa-seal-dramatic-victory-with-last-gasp-goal/|title=FC Goa seal dramatic victory with last-gasp goal|archive-date=23 November 2023|website=navhindtimes.in|publisher=The Navahind Times|location=Panaji|date=8 October 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123150817/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/10/08/sports/fc-goa-seal-dramatic-victory-with-last-gasp-goal/}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway}}
* {{WorldFootball}}

{{FC Goa squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Jay}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal]]

Sailen Manna Stadium

2026-02-01T14:06:50Z

TimXlb08387347: fix structure also and updated info

{{Short description|Stadium in Howrah, West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{infobox venue
| name = Sailen Manna Stadium
| logo_image =
| image = Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium - Howrah Maidan Area - Howrah 2013-04-28 6616.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium
| location = Howrah Maidan, [[Howrah]]
| coordinates =
| opened =
| owner = [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
| surface = [[Grass]]
| dimensions =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| main_contractors =
| construction_cost =
| former_names =
| capacity = 15,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.goal.com/s/en-india/news/2867667/ |title=The Lazy Man's guide to becoming a PLS expert - the top 10 things you need to know about world football's biggest coming in India - Goal.com |website=m.goal.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150501003124/http://m.goal.com/s/en-india/news/2867667/ |archive-date=1 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| public_transit = [[Howrah railway station]], ''[[Howrah Maidan metro station]] {{font color|Green|}} {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|green|croute}} ''
| suites =
| tenants = Various
}}

'''Sailen Manna Stadium''' (also known as '''Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium''') is a multi-use [[stadium]] in [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sabujmaroonswapno.in/wordpress/mini-derby-of-ifa-shield-ends-in-a-draw/ |title=Sabuj Maroon Swapno | Howrah Stadium Renamed as Sailen Manna Stadium: Bagan wins Practice Match |access-date=2015-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150501003133/http://sabujmaroonswapno.in/wordpress/mini-derby-of-ifa-shield-ends-in-a-draw/ |archive-date=2015-05-01 }}</ref> Mainly used for [[football (soccer)|football]], it has hosted some matches during the [[AFC Youth Championship 2006]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howrahonline.in/city-guide/howrah-municipal-corporation-stadium|title=Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium — Sailen Manna Stadium|first=|last=|website=www.howrahonline.in|publisher=Howrah Online|language=|trans-title=|location=|agency=|date=2015|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129204607/https://www.howrahonline.in/city-guide/howrah-municipal-corporation-stadium}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/birthday-celebrating-of-sailen-manna/articleshow/22200521.cms|title=উদ্যোক্তা বামেরা, তাই শৈলেন-স্টেডিয়ামে এল না তৃণমূল পরিবার|first=Preetam|last=Basu|website=eisamay.com|publisher=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]]|language=bn|trans-title=Entrepreneurs left, that's why Trinamool family didn't come to Shailen-Stadium|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=1 September 2013|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019173700/https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/birthday-celebrating-of-sailen-manna/articleshow/22200521.cms}}</ref> The stadium can host 15,000 spectators. Howrah Rugby Crows and several football clubs (most notably [[Howrah Hooghly Warriors FC]]) use the venue for home games.

[[File:Office - Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium - Howrah Maidan - Howrah 2013-04-28 6709.JPG|thumb|A view of the pavilion]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Howrah_Municipal_Corporation_Stadium_-_Howrah_Maidan_Area_-_Howrah_2013-04-28_6475.jpg Stadium picture]

{{Football stadiums in India}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Howrah]]
[[Category:Football venues in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sports in Howrah]]
[[Category:Sports venues in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Event venues with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Kumarasamy Thangaraj

2026-01-28T06:45:48Z

TimXlb08387347: Adding Initial Bio & Citations

#REDIRECT [[Kumaraswamy Thangaraj]]

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Chalchitra

2026-01-25T16:40:22Z

TimXlb08387347: starting initial post added tags - done

{{short description|Art form of West Bengal, India}}
{{infobox
| abovestyle = background-color: goldenrod; color: white
| above = Chalchitra চালচিত্র
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Chalchitra Kumartuli, Kolkata.jpg
| photo2a =
| position = centre
| size = 250
| foot_montage = Chalchitra, the background Patachitra of the [[Durga]] Pratima
}}
| caption =
| headerstyle = background-color: goldenrod; color: white
|label1 = Others Name
|data1 = Paṭa lēkhō (পট লেখ), Durgā cālā (দুর্গা চালা), Dēbīcāla (দেবীচাল)
|label2 = Gramatical meaning
|data2 =
|label3 = Theme
|data3 = Various Hindu religious plot related to [[Durga|Debi Durga]] and Shiva
|label4 = Antiquity
|data4 = About 1200 yrars old tradition
|label5 = Ingradinet of making Chalchitra
|data5 = [[Bamboo]], Heavy Cloths, [[Clay]], [[Color]]
|label6 = Related Festival
|data6 = * [[Shakta Rash]]
* Bengal's Shakti Festivals
}}
'''Chalchitra''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: [[:bn:চালচিত্র|চালচিত্র]]) is a part of ''Bengal Patachitra''. It referred to the ''Debi Chal'' or ''Durga chala'', the background of the [[Durga]] Pratima or idol. Originally, these were used to give a proper proportion to the structure. This tradition is very ancient and is still maintained.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Paschimbanger lokoshilpa o lokosamaj|last=tarapada santra|publisher=Kolkata: lokosanskriti o adibasi sanskriti kendra|year=2000|location=Kolkata|pages=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/durga-puja-chalchitra-patachitra-traditional-backdrop-fading-art-form-5400664/lite/|title=Chalchitra & Patachitra – the fading art forms which form the backdrop of Durga Puja|date=2018-10-13|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Significance of the name==
''Chalchitra'' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] word where ''Chal'' means covering. It is drawn in Pratima Chala. So, it is called Chalchitra. [[Patua]], the artists of Chalchitra, called it Pata Lekha, which means the writing of [[Pattachitra|Patachitra]].<ref>Giusti, M. and Chakraborty, U. (ed.). ''Immagini Storie Parole. Dialoghi di formazione coi dipinti cantati delle donne Chitrakar del West Bengal''. Mantova: Universitas Studiorum, 2014, {{ISBN|978-88-97683-39-1}}</ref> It is also called ''Durga Chala'', ''Debi Chala''.

==Classification==
[[File:Charichapara bhadrakali pratima chitra.jpg|thumb|Charichapara Bhadrakali Pratima Chitra, [[Nabadwip]]]]
According to the shape of the Chali, the structure of [[Durga]] Pratima has some varieties like Bangla Chali, Mothchouri Chali, Tanachauri Chali, Sorbosundori Chali, Khep Chali, Markini Chali. Among them, the commonly seen Chali is the Markini Chali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1121013/13kol-pujo8.html|title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - কলকাতার আরও খবর|website=archives.anandabazar.com|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref> The Bangla Chali follows the tradition of temple architecture. It stretches on both sides of the idol in a suspended pattern and is long enough to fit all the idols present there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nandimrinal.wordpress.com/2016/10/01/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE/|title=চালচিত্রের ইতিকথা|date=2016-09-30|work=Mrinal & Udvas|access-date=2018-04-13|language=bn-IN}}</ref>

==Theme and style==
[[File:Barisha Nabin Sangha 1 Arnab Dutta 2011.jpg|thumb|Sabeki Durga idol with Chalchitra]]
The main content of the ''chalchitra'' is Shib-Parboti, Kali, Shib attending Nandi-Vringi, Mahish-mardini, Dashabatar etc. Such a special Patachitra is seen in Durga Pot in the ''Hatsarandi Sutradhar society'' of [[Birbhum district]], which is called '''''Durga Pot'''''. However, instead of Durga idol, it was worshiped in '''''Durga Pot'''''.<ref>Patua Sanskriti: Parapara O Poribartan by Dr. Dipak Kumar Bara Panda, ph.D., Pustaka Bipani, Kolkata, August, 1999, pg: 87</ref> Durga Pot has a semi-circular Patachitra where Patachitra of Durga is in the middle position. Ram, Sita, Shib, Nandi-Vringi, Brahma, Vishnu, Shumbha-Nishumbha are painted on this kind of Chalchitra. [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanager]] Rajrajeshwari Durga is seen to be uniquely noticed. In the middle of the Chalchitra, there is Panchanan Shib and Parvati is beside him, on one side there is Dasha-mahabidya and the other side, there is [[Dashavatara|Dashabatar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%9D-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-1.74260|title=অবক্ষয় আর অবলুপ্তির মাঝে বাংলার চালচিত্র - Anandabazar|last=ভট্টাচার্য|first=বিভূতিসুন্দর|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-04-14|language=bn}}</ref>

==Antiquity==
[[File:নৃত্য কালী.jpg|thumb|Nrityo Kali Mata with Chalchitra in [[Shakta Rash]]]]
Two of the most famous forms of idol making in Bengal are [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] style and Kansanarayan style. Among them, Kangshonarayan style is most popular.

300–400 years old idols of [[Shakta Rash|Nabadwip Shakta Rash]] used Chalchitra as a part of Pratima. At a time, the use of Chalchitra became fade, but now it has a great popularity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/portrait-art-s-demand-at-nabadwip-1.700221|title=পটচিত্রের চাহিদা বাড়ছে নবদ্বীপের রাসে|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=দেবাশিস|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-04-14|language=bn}}</ref> Chalchitra artist of [[Nabadwip]], Tapan Bhattacharya said-
{{cquote|It's good to see a lost painting coming back around.|Tapan Bhattacharya}}

==Tradition==
[[File:Kalibari 0011.jpg|thumb|Goddess Kali with Chalchitra in [[Rampara Kalibari]]]]
Rajrajeshwari Durga Pratima of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanager]] Rajbari uses a unique Chalchitra. Baishnavadas Mallik of [[Kolkata|Kolkata's]] Darpanarayan Tagore Street and the tradition of writing pot in the Bose family of Ramkrishnapur is still fine. Bimanbihari Sheel of Ramchan family in Chorabagan, north Kolkata said<ref name=":1" />-
{{Cquote|Āgē cālitē paṭa lēkhā halē'ō bhāla cālacitra śilpī saṅkhyāẏa kamē yā'ōẏāẏa ēkhana dēbīra cālacitrē byabahāra karā haẏa hātē ām̐kā cālacitra|Bimanbihari Sheel}}

Krishnanagar's Chalchitra artist Biswanath Pal wrote pot in various Banedi families of Kolkata. He said-
{{Cquote|Banadi family still enjoy hand painted pot. Before Pujo, there are many places to write pots in Khidirpur and north Kolkata.|Biswanath Pal}}

==Technique==
On the upper surface of the idol, a half-domed [[bamboo]] structure was strapped on it, and the width of the cloth was wrapped in a width of thick cloth and the back part of the cloth was folded behind the [[bamboo]] structure. When the [[clay]]ed cloth dried up, it was given a few layers of Chalk Dust. After that, the planned storyline is drawn on it.<ref name=":0" />

===Colour===
Natural color is used in color, which is one of the characteristics of the Bengal Patachitra. In general, blue, [[yellow]], [[green]], [[red]], [[brown]], [[black]] and [[white]] are used in the Chalchitra. Indeed, the painting illustration has been imitated by the Patachitra of [[Bengal]]. Chalk dust is used for white color, pauri for yellow color, cultivated indigo for blue, bhushakali for black and mete sindur for red color in chalchitra.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==

* [[Patua]]
* [[Pattachitra|Patachitra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Culture of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Bengal Patachitra]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]

Vikram Partap Singh

2026-01-19T19:49:12Z

TimXlb08387347: further update lead to improve readability additionally and added references

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Vikram Partap Singh
| image = [[File:Vikram Partap Singh.png|235x235px]]
| caption = Vikram with [[Mumbai City FC]] in 2023
| fullname = Vikram Partap Singh Sandhu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|01|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| height = 1.73 m<ref name=ISLprofile>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-63450-vikram-partap-singh-sandhu-profile |title=Vikram Singh - Indian Super League}}</ref>
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| clubnumber = 6
| youthyears1 = 2011–2017
| youthclubs1 = Chandigarh Football Academy
| youthyears2 = 2017–2018
| youthclubs2 = [[Minerva Academy FC CC|Minerva Punjab]]
| years1 = 2018–2020
| clubs1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
| caps1 = 27
| goals1 = 5
| years2 = 2020–
| clubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps2 = 90
| goals2 = 14
| nationalyears1 = 2017–2018
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 33
| nationalgoals1 = 15
| nationalyears2 = 2019–2021
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 14
| nationalgoals2 = 3
| nationalyears3 = 2021
| nationalteam3 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps3 = 3
| nationalgoals3 = 1
| nationalyears4 = 2024–
| nationalteam4 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps4 = 10
| nationalgoals4 = 0
| club-update = 06:00, 1 June 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 17:00, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CAFA Nations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup|2025 Tajikistan–Uzbekistan]]|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup squads#India|Team]]}}
}}

'''Vikram Partap Singh Sandhu''' ({{langx|pa|ਵਿਕਰਮ ਪ੍ਤਾਪ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੰਧੂ}}; born 16 January 2002) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].

==Club career==
Vikram started his youth career at the Chandigarh Football Academy. He also had a brief stint with [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab]].<ref name="Goal.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/india-u-16-football-vikram-pratap-singh/1ivan0jop9v791ki5kqf2i44j5|title=India U-16's Vikram Pratap Singh confident of AFC U-16 Championship glory|website=Goal.com|date=20 September 2018|first=Zulhilmi|last=Zainal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101203151/https://www.goal.com/en/news/india-u-16-football-vikram-pratap-singh/1ivan0jop9v791ki5kqf2i44j5|archive-date=1 November 2022}}</ref>

===Indian Arrows===
In 2018, Vikram joined [[I-League]] club [[Indian Arrows]].<ref name="Sportstar">{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/mumbai-city-fc-vikram-partap-singh-new-signing-india-u-20-striker-isl-2020-21/article32860810.ece/ |title=Mumbai City FC signs India U-20 striker Vikram Partap Singh |website=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=The Hindu |date=15 October 2020 |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017113844/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/mumbai-city-fc-vikram-partap-singh-new-signing-india-u-20-striker-isl-2020-21/article32860810.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his debut on 25 November 2018 in a 2–0 defeat against [[Real Kashmir]] in the I-League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/real-kashmir-secure-2-0-win-over-indian-arrows-for-maiden-win-at-home/story-kyUVOBplxe5PzSViYv3eeN_amp.html|date=25 November 2018|title=Real Kashmir secure 2-0 win over Indian Arrows for maiden win at home|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029110103/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/real-kashmir-secure-2-0-win-over-indian-arrows-for-maiden-win-at-home/story-kyUVOBplxe5PzSViYv3eeN_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his first professional goal on 13 January 2019 in a 3–0 win over [[Shillong Lajong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/i-league-2018-19-report-shillong-lajong-vs-indian-arrows-football-lalengmawia-vikram-pratap-ninthoinganba/article25985914.ece/|date=13 January 2019|title=I-League: Indian Arrows thrashes Shillong Lajong 3-0|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029100333/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/i-league-2018-19-report-shillong-lajong-vs-indian-arrows-football-lalengmawia-vikram-pratap-ninthoinganba/article25985914.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mumbai City===
On 14 October 2020, [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] announced the signing of Vikram on a three-year deal with an option to extend for a further year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-sign-young-striker-vikram-partap-singh |title=Mumbai City sign young striker Vikram Partap Singh |date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609021201/https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-sign-young-striker-vikram-partap-singh |publisher=Mumbai City FC}}</ref> On 20 December 2020, he made his debut in a 2–0 win against [[Hyderabad FC]] in the ISL, coming on as a substitute for [[Vignesh Dakshinamurthy]] in the 88th minute. On 1 December 2021, he scored his first goal for the club, a brace against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]] in their 5–1 win. He was later included in the club's [[2022 AFC Champions League]] squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/all-need-know-mumbai-city-fc-s-afc-champions-league-2022-campaign|title=All you need to know about Mumbai City FC's AFC Champions League 2022 campaign|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|date=6 April 2022|access-date=6 April 2022|first=Sayantan|last=Guha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406165901/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/all-need-know-mumbai-city-fc-s-afc-champions-league-2022-campaign|archive-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> On 19 January 2023, he played his 50th match for Mumbai City when he came on as 59th minute substitute in a 4–0 win over [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/report/_/gameId/653400|date=|title=ISL 2022-23: Mumbai City smash four past NorthEast United|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029111703/https://www.espn.in/football/report/_/gameId/653400|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 June 2023, Vikram signed a contract extension with Mumbai City until 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/vikram-partap-singh-mumbai-city-fc-contract-extension-may-2026-mcfc-news-isl-updates/article66942324.ece |title=Vikram Partap Singh signs extension with Mumbai City FC until 2026 |date=7 June 2023 |website=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115080959/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/vikram-partap-singh-mumbai-city-fc-contract-extension-may-2026-mcfc-news-isl-updates/article66942324.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 October 2023, he started in his 50th ISL match against Hyderabad FC which was also his first start of [[2023–24 Indian Super League|the season]], but it was cut short when he was substituted off in the 8th minute for [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]] after goalkeeper [[Phurba Lachenpa]] was sent off.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/match-report-mumbai-city-1-1-hyderabad-fc|date=28 October 2023|title=Match Report: Mumbai City 1-1 Hyderabad FC|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029111704/https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/match-report-mumbai-city-1-1-hyderabad-fc|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 February 2024, he scored his second league brace against [[Bengaluru FC]] in a 2–0 home win.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2023-24-mumbai-city-fc-beats-bengaluru-fc-2-0-mcfc-v-bfc-indian-super-league-highlights/article67861589.ece |title=ISL 2023-24: Mumbai City beats Bengaluru FC 2-0 to continue winning form |date=18 February 2024 |website=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> On 2 March 2024, he won the February 2024 ISL Emerging Player of the Month award.<ref name=epm/>

On 12 March 2024, Vikram scored his first [[List of Indian Super League hat-tricks|ISL hat-trick]] in a 4–1 win against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mumbai-city-fc-vs-northeast-united-fc-indian-super-league-isl-2023-24-football-news/article67944375.ece |title=ISL 2023-24: Vikram Partap's heroic hat-trick seals emphatic 4-1 win for Mumbai City FC against NEUFC |date=12 March 2024 |website=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> This was the second hat-trick in the [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023-24 season]] after [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]'s hat-trick versus Hyderabad on 21 December 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |title=Report: Chima Chukwu nets hat-trick as Jamshedpur FC thump Hyderabad FC |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-chima-chukwu-nets-hat-trick-as-jamshedpur-fc-thump-hyderabad-fc#:~:text=It%20was%20Chukwu's%20night%20of,for%20him%20by%20Nikhil%20Barla |website=[[Indian Super League]]}}</ref> and the first hat-trick by an Indian of the season.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=ISL 2023-24: Vikram Partap's heroic hat-trick seals emphatic 4-1 win for Mumbai City FC against NEUFC |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mumbai-city-fc-vs-northeast-united-fc-vikram-partap-singh-indian-super-league-isl-2023-24-football-news/article67944375.ece |website=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref> This hat-trick also made Vikram to become only the sixth Indian to score an [[Indian Super League]] hat-trick, and the second youngest player to do so, after [[Kiyan Nassiri]]'s hat-trick versus [[East Bengal FC]] in the 21-22 ISL season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Mohun Bagan star Kiyan Nassiri Giri recalls hat-trick heroics in Kolkata Derby |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/mohun-bagan-star-kiyan-nassiri-giri-recalls-hat-trick-heroics-in-kolkata-derby-18925821.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref>

==International career==

===Youth career===
On 21 September 2018, Vikram scored for the [[India national under-17 football team|India under-16s]] in the [[2018 AFC U-16 Championship]] group stage match against [[Vietnam national under-17 football team|Vietnam]], securing the quarterfinal spot.<ref name=":0" />

With the [[India national under-20 football team|India under-20 team]], Vikram took part in the [[2019 OFC Youth Development Tournament]] held in [[Vanuatu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oceaniafootball.com/events/ofcs-youth-development-tournament-2019-mens/|title=OFC's Youth Development Tournament 2019 – Men's|date=August 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929074112/https://www.oceaniafootball.com/events/ofcs-youth-development-tournament-2019-mens/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |publisher=Oceania Football Confederation}}</ref> and they emerged champions as he scored twice in the tournament, including one in the final, to become top scorer.<ref name="ofc">{{cite web |url=https://www.oceaniafootball.com/competition-list/ofc-youth-development-tournament-2019-final-223100783/tahiti-india-223100816/ |title=OFC Youth Development Tournament 2019 - Final |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822163441/https://www.oceaniafootball.com/competition-list/ofc-youth-development-tournament-2019-final-223100783/tahiti-india-223100816/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |publisher=Oceania Football Confederation}}</ref>

On 24 October 2021, Vikram made his debut for the [[India national under-23 football team|India under-23 team]] against [[Oman national under-23 football team|Oman]] in the first match of the [[2022 AFC U-23 Asian Cup qualification]]. He scored in the 37th minute to give India a 2–0 lead. India went on to win the match 2–1.

===Senior career===
In December 2023, Vikram was called up to the [[India national football team|India]] senior [[2023 AFC Asian Cup squads#India|squad]] for the [[2023 AFC Asian Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 26-member squad for AFC Asian Cup Qatar 2023 announced|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indias-26-member-squad-for-afc-asian-cup-qatar-2023-announced|date=30 December 2023|archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230130446/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indias-26-member-squad-for-afc-asian-cup-qatar-2023-announced |access-date=14 January 2023 |publisher=All India Football Federation}}</ref> He made his debut as an 89th-minute substitute against [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]] on 13 January 2024, in their 2–0 defeat.<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/93428/Vikram_Partap_Singh.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Singh, Vikram Pratap|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=24 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114200820/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/93428/Vikram_Partap_Singh.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>

==Style of play==
Vikram mainly plays as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]], but he can play anywhere up front. He is known for his pace, ball control and defensive inputs as a winger.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sagnik |url=https://thebridge.in/featured/isl-2020-21-indian-football-top-young-talents-vikram-partap-singh |title=Indian football's top young talents — Vikram Partap Singh |website=thebridge.in |date=18 May 2020 |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115075721/https://thebridge.in/featured/isl-2020-21-indian-football-top-young-talents-vikram-partap-singh |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|match played 1 June 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|vikram-pratap-singh/547619}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Arrows]]
|{{Nowrap|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|13||1||0||0||colspan="2" |–||colspan="2" |–||13||1
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|14||4||0||0||colspan="2" |–||colspan="2" |–||14||4
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!27!!5!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!27!!5
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2020–21 Mumbai City FC season|2020–21]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian Super League]]
|11||0||0||0||colspan="2" |–||colspan="2" |–||11||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Mumbai City FC season|2021–22]]
|16||3||0||0||6{{efn|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League]]|name=statsAFCCL}}||0||colspan="2" |–||22||3
|-
|[[2022–23 Mumbai City FC season|2022–23]]
|19||2||3||0||colspan="2" |–||5{{efn| Four appearances and two goals in [[Durand Cup]], one appearance and one goal in [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions#Qualification for AFC Champions League group stage|Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions]]}}||3||27||5
|-
|[[2023–24 Mumbai City FC season|2023–24]]
|23||8||0||0||6{{efn|name=statsAFCCL}}||0||4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearances in [[Durand Cup]]}}||1||33||9
|-
|[[2024–25 Mumbai City FC season|2024–25]]
|21||1||3||0||0||0||0||0||5||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!90!!14!!6!!0!!12!!0!!9!!4!!117!!18
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!117!!19!!6!!0!!12!!0!!9!!4!!144!!23
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|18 November 2025}}<ref name="NFTprofile">{{NFT|93428}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2024||5||0
|-
|2025||5||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!10!!0
|}

==Honours==

'''Mumbai City'''
*[[Indian Super League]]: [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/isl-mumbai-city-fc-beat-atk-mohun-bagan-in-final-to-clinch-title-2390172|title=ISL: Mumbai City FC Beat ATK Mohun Bagan In Final To Clinch Title|newspaper=Ndtvsports.com|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314013850/https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/isl-mumbai-city-fc-beat-atk-mohun-bagan-in-final-to-clinch-title-2390172|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Indian Super League]] Winners' Shield: [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]], [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Sportstar Aces Awards 2022: Mumbai City FC wins the Club of the Year award |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/sportstar-aces-awards-2022-mumbai-city-fc-wins-club-of-the-year-award/article38458150.ece |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321074136/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/sportstar-aces-awards-2022-mumbai-city-fc-wins-club-of-the-year-award/article38458150.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Indian Super League|ISL Cup]]: [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]<ref name=isl23/24/>
* [[Durand Cup]] runner-up: [[2022 Durand Cup|2022]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/india-ind/story/4750058/durand-cup-2022-review-curtain-raiser-indian-football-season?platform=amp|title=Durand Cup 2022 review: The perfect curtain-raiser to the Indian football season|website=www.espn.in|publisher=[[ESPN]]|first=Aaditya|last=Narayan|date=19 September 2022|access-date=20 September 2022|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920142913/https://www.espn.in/football/india-ind/story/4750058/durand-cup-2022-review-curtain-raiser-indian-football-season?platform=amp|archive-date=20 September 2022}}</ref>

'''India U15'''
*[[SAFF U-17 Championship|SAFF U-15 Championship]]: [[2017 SAFF U-15 Championship|2017]]

'''India U20'''
*[[OFC Youth Development Tournament]]: [[2019 OFC Youth Development Tournament|2019]]
*[[SAFF U-20 Championship|SAFF U-18 Championship]]: [[2019 SAFF U-18 Championship|2019]]

'''Individual'''
* [[Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League]]: [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]<ref name=isl23/24>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mumbai-city-fc-come-from-behind-to-win-isl-cup |title=Report: Mumbai City FC come from behind to win ISL Cup |date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504182931/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mumbai-city-fc-come-from-behind-to-win-isl-cup |archive-date=4 May 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=5 May 2024 }}</ref>
* [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards|AIFF Emerging Player of the Year]]: 2021–22<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunil Chhetri, Manisha Kalyan bag AIFF Footballer of the Year awards|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/sunil-chhetri-manisha-kalyan-bags-aiff-footballer-of-the-year-award-1.7771016#:~:text=09%20August%202022%2C%2002%3A23%20PM%20IST&text=Sunil%20Chhetri%20bagged%20the%20All,by%20any%20player%20in%20history.|access-date=9 August 2022|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|publisher=Mathrubhumi Sports|location=[[Kozhikode]], Kerala|date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809095258/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/sunil-chhetri-manisha-kalyan-bags-aiff-footballer-of-the-year-award-1.7771016|archive-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[2017 SAFF U-15 Championship]] Player of the tournament
* [[2019 OFC Youth Development Tournament]] Top goalscorer
* Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League: February 2024,<ref name=epm>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mumbai-city-fcs-vikram-partap-named-emerging-player-of-the-month-for-february |title=Mumbai City FC's Vikram Partap named Emerging Player of the Month for February |date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312172322/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mumbai-city-fcs-vikram-partap-named-emerging-player-of-the-month-for-february |archive-date=12 March 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=12 March 2024 }}</ref> March 2024<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mumbai-city-fcs-vikram-partap-wins-emerging-player-of-the-month-for-march-2024 |title=Mumbai City FC's Vikram Partap wins Emerging Player of the Month for March 2024 |date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502105007/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mumbai-city-fcs-vikram-partap-wins-emerging-player-of-the-month-for-march-2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=2 May 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-63450-vikram-partap-singh-profile Vikram Pratap Singh] at ''Indian Super League''
*[https://khelnow.com/tag/vikram-pratap-singh/page/2/ Vikram Pratap Singh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201162517/https://khelnow.com/tag/vikram-pratap-singh/page/2/ |date=1 December 2021 }} at ''Khel Now''
*{{Global Sports Archive|vikram-singh/210497/}}

{{Mumbai City FC squad}}
{{Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League}}
{{India squad 2023 AFC Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap Singh, Vikram}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Minerva Academy FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:2023 AFC Asian Cup players]]

Satkhandagama

2026-01-18T03:30:00Z

TimXlb08387347: done

{{Short description|Digambara Jain sacred text}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2016}}
{{Weasel words|date=December 2024}}{{Infobox religious text
| image = Dhavala.jpg
| caption = ''Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'' with commentary ''Dhavalā'' of ''Acharya Virasena''
| religion = {{flagicon image|In-jain.png}} [[Jainism]]
| author = Puṣpadanta and Bhūtabali
| language = [[Prakrit]]
|chapters=5}}
{{Jainism}}
The '''{{IAST|Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama}}''' ([[Prakrit]]: "Scripture in Six Parts") is the only canonical piece of literature of [[Digambara]] sect of [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Singh|2001|p=6373}}{{clarification needed|Kasayapahuda is also mentioned as a canonical text in other sources|date=October 2025}}
According to Digambara tradition, the original teachings of [[Mahavira|Lord Mahavira]] were passed on orally from [[Ganadhara|Ganadhar]], the chief disciple of [[Mahavira]] to his disciples and so on as they had the capability of listening and remembering it for always. But as the centuries passed there was downfall in these capabilities and so Ācārya Puṣpadanta and Bhūtabali penned down the teachings of Mahavira in ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama''. Therefore the ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'' is the most revered Digambara text that has been given the status of ''[[Āgama (Jainism)|āgama]]''.

The importance of the ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'' to the Digambaras can be judged by the fact that, the day its ''Dhavalā'' commentary was completed, it is commemorated on the ''Śrūta Pañcamī'', a day when all the [[Jain scriptures]] are venerated. The ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'', the first ''āgama'', is also called the "Prathama Śruta-Skandha", while the ''Pañca Paramāgama'' by [[Kundakunda]] are referred to as the second ''āgama'' or Dvitiya Śruta-Skandha.

==Origins==
This work is based oral tradition of Dharasena, a [[Digambara monk]], who knew parts of several canons.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Puṣpadanta & Bhūtabali |first=Ācārya |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.428458/page/n19/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Satkhandagama Vol 1 |date=2004 |pages=xiii-xiv}}</ref> According to the tradition, alarmed at the gradual dwindling of scriptural knowledge, he summoned two monks, Puṣpadanta and [[Bhūtabali]] to a cave, known as ''Candra Guphā'', or the Moon Cave, his retreat in mount [[Girnar]], [[Gujarat]], and communicated what he remembered out of originally vast extent of sacred Jain writings.<ref name=jaini>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|p=50}}</ref>{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=63–64}} He taught them portions of the fifth Aṅga Viāhapannaṭṭi (Vyākhyā Prajñapti) and of the twelfth Aṅga Diṭṭhivāda (Dṛṣṭivāda). These were subsequently reduced to writing in Sutra form by his pupils. Puṣpadanta composed the first 177 aphorisms and his colleague Bhūtabali wrote the rest, the total being 6000 aphorisms.<ref name=":0" />

==Dhavala Commentary==

Ācārya [[Virasena|Vīrasena]] received the ancient ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'' and ''Kasāyapāhuḍa'' texts through the lineage tradition. At Vatagram, he wrote a 72,000 śloka commentary on Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama (known as Dhavala and the last section called Mahadhavala) and 20,000 shloka commentary the Kashyaprabhrita (known as Jayadhavala). After his death, his disciple [[Jinasena]] completed the Jayadhavala commentary by adding another 20,000 shlokas. Both of the commentaries use both Sanskrit and Prakit.<ref>Jayadhavala Sahit Kashyaprabhrata, p. 9</ref> Jayadhavala was finished during the rule of the [[Rashtrakuta]] ruler [[Amoghavarsha]] in 838 AD (or Jagatunga according to some scholars)

A palm leaf manuscript of this long work were preserved in the Digambara holy place of [[Shravanabelagola]] at the Siddhanta Basadi. Later they were shifted to [[Mudabidri]], a temple town in South-West [[Karnataka]]. The palm leaf manuscript, itself written during the Rāṣṭrakūṭa rule, is still preserved. Some of the leaves contain beautiful paintings of historical importance<ref>Dhavala Manuscripts Glimpses Of Jaina Art, Hampa Nagarajaiah, 2019</ref> A copy was reputed to have been at the Malked (Manyakhet) Mutt, but that has not survived.<ref>Pandit Todarmal, Vyaktitva aur Kratitva, Hukumchand Bharilla, PhD Dissertation, Indore University, 1973, p. 66</ref> At Mudabidri, these manuscripts were treated with great reverence, but became mere objects of worship, and unavailable to outside scholars. Ordinary householders were not permitted to study them.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.428660/page/n145/mode/2up Jhammanlal Tarkatirth, Shri Lavechu Di. Jain Samaj Ka Itihas, 1951, p. 142]</ref> ''Digambara āgamas'' like ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'' and the ''Kasāyapāhuda'' were in a state of neglect and were not studied or made available to the community.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=63–64}}

==Revival to the Modern Society==
With the support of Manikchand of Sholapur during 1896 to 1920, the Moodbidrai manuscript were transcribed in modern Nagari and Kannad scripts, without the knowledge of the Moodbidri temple trustees.

In the 20th century, Dr. Hiralal Jain was one of the first few lay scholars who decided to retrieve the āgamas, and bring to light with systematic editing and proof reading. With the help of his scholar friends like Pandit [[Nathuram Premi]] and Jamunaprasada Sub-Judge, he raised the funds to publish the āgamas, and set out to extricate the āgamas from Mudabidri, where the original handwritten [[Prakrit]] manuscripts had lain for centuries, unstudied. Dr Hiralal Jain, Pt [[Nathuram Premi]] and Jamunaprasada sub-judge together managed to convince Seth Sitabray Gulabray, a wealthy land-owner from Vidisha ([[Bundelkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]) belonging to the [[Parwar (Jain)|Paravāra]] community, to donate Rs. 30,000 for the cause of editing and publishing the Satkhandāgama along with its Dhavalā commentary, expertly edited and accompanied by an excellent Hindi translation.
This donation enabled Dr Hiralal Jain to work together with Dr. A.N. Upadhye, close friend and a scholar of Prakrit. Dr. Hiralal Jain brought together a team of scholars including, Pt. Phulchandra Shastri, Pt. Kailashchandra Shastri, Sh. Sheryansh Kumar Jain Shastri, Pt. Hiralal Shastri and Pt. [[Balachandra Shastri]] started the project of revival and study of the [[Digambara]] āgama. These scholars had to face stiff opposition from the monks and the traditional srāvakas who were opposed to the very concept of printing religious scriptures as they felt that printing would undermine the purity of the scripture.

In a period of twenty years, the Satkhandāgama, along with its massive Dhavalā and Mahādhavalā commentaries was edited from the original palm leaf manuscripts and published after very careful proof reading in consultation with senior Jaina scholars like Pt. [[Nathuram Premi]] and Pt. Devakinandan Nayak.

==Subject matter of the Agama and its commentaries==
The ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'', as the name suggests, is a scripture in six parts.<ref name=mohanlal>{{cite book | last =Mohan Lal|title =The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Five) (Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5 |year =1992 | publisher =Sahitya Akademi, 2006| location =New Delhi | isbn =81-260-1221-8|pages=38–63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&dq=Six+parts+of+Satkhandagama&pg=PA3863|language=en}}</ref>
The six parts are:
# ''Jīva Sthāna'' (Categories of Living Beings)
# ''Kṣudraka Bāndha'' (Minutiae of Bondage)
# ''Bāndhasvāmitva'' (Ownership of Bondage)
# ''Vedanā'' (Perception)
# ''Varganā'' (Divisions of Karmas)
# ''Mahābāndha'' (Great Bondage)
''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'' postulates [[Karma in Jainism|karma theory]], using a number of technical terms defining various concepts and mathematical notions.<ref>{{harvnb|Jaini|1991|p=32}}</ref> The first three parts deal with the karma philosophy from the view point of the soul which is the agent of the bondage and the last three section discusses the nature and extent of the karmas.<ref name=mohanlal />

The commentary on the first five parts is known as the ''Dhaval्ā''. The commentary on the sixth part is known as the ''Mahādhavalā''.

''Dhavalā'' is divided into 16 sections which is as follows:<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jain, Hiralal |author2=Upadhye, Adinath Neminath |name-list-style=amp |title =Shatkhandagama Dhavala Tika Part One| publisher =Jain Sanskriti Sanrakshak Sangh, 2000| location =Solapur }}</ref>
* Volume One, Jivasthana - Categories of Living Beings
:*Book 1: Satprārūpaṇa (Teaching on the Entities) Part - 1
:*Book 2: Satprārūpaṇa (Teaching on the Entities) Part - 2
:*Book 3: Dravyapramāṇāṇugama (Teaching on the Entities)
:*Book 4: Kṣetra - Sparśana - Kalānugama (Location, Touch and Time)
:*Book 5: Antara - Bhāva - Alpabahuttva (Gap, State, Few or Many)
:*Book 6: Culika (Appendix)
* Volume Two : Kṣudraka Bāndha - Minutiae of Bondage
* Volume Three : Bāndhasvamittva - Ownership of Bondage
* Volume Four, Vedanā - Perception
:*Book 1: Krtianuyogdvara (Acts as Doors of Disquisition)
:* Book 2: Vedanā Kṣetra - Vedanā Kāla - Vedanā Dravya (Area, Time and Object of Perception)
:*Book 3: Vedanā Kṣetra - Vedanā Kāla (Area and Time of Perception)
:*Book 4: Vedanā Bhava Vidhāna (Directive on State of Perception)
* Volume Five Vargana - Divisions of Karma
:*Book 1: Sparśakarmaprakṛti Anuyoga (Examination of the Nature of Karmic Sensation)
:*Book 2: Bandhana Anuyoga (Examination of Bondage)
:*Book 3: Nibandhanādi Catura Anuyoga (Four-part Examination of the Fastening of Karmas)
:*Book 4: Mokṣādi Caturdaśa Anuyoga (Fourteen-part Examination of Liberation, etc.)

''Mahādhavalā'' the commentary on sixth section called Mahabandha has seven books. The other ''Digambara āgama'', the ''Kasāyapāhuda'', also has a voluminous commentary. It is called the ''Jaya Dhavalā''. All three commentaries were composed by Ācārya Virasena and Ācārya Jinasena (8th century CE). The text and its commentaries preserved on the palm leaf manuscripts run into some 120,000 verses.<ref name=jaini />

One interesting fact about the ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'' is that it is believed that the 5 pada ''[[Namokar Mantra|Namokāra Mantra]]'' is believed to have been composed by Ācārya Puṣpadanta as the ''mangalacarana'' (opening verse, often an invocation to god for the successful completion of the text) to the ''Satkhandāgama''. Before this work, only the 2 ''pada Namokāra Mantra'' has been found in inscriptions. Hence, there is reason to believe that Ācārya Puṣpadanta was the first person to compose the 5 ''pada Namokāra Mantra''.<ref>{{harvnb|Dundas|2002|p=82}}</ref> The ''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'' is a highly complex work, adumbrating the ''Jaina karma siddhānta''. Although it is a ''Digambara'' work, it is seen as an authoritative work on the Jaina karma theory by all Jains.

==Hindi and English translations==

The first five parts of the Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama along with the Dhavalā commentary and Hindi translation, running into 16 Volumes, was first published from [[Vidisha]] itself, by the family of Shrimant Seth Sitabray Gulabray. But is now published by the Jaina Sanskriti Sanrakshak Sangh in Solapur and distributed by [[Hindi Granth Karyalay]], Mumbai.
The Mahādhavalā commentary and Hindi translation, running into 7 Volumes, is published from New Delhi by [[Bharatiya Jnanapitha|Bharatiya Jñanapitha]].
The Kasāyapāhuda along with the JayaDhavalā commentary and Hindi translation, running into 16 Volumes, is published by Jaina Sangha, Mathura and distributed by Hindi Granth Karyalay, [[Mumbai]].

Popular English Translations are :-
Satkhandagama : Dhavala (Jivasthana) Satparupana-I (Enunciation of Existence-I)
An English Translation of Part 1 of the Dhavala Commentary on the Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama of Acarya Puṣpadanta & Bhūtabali Dhavala commentary by Acarya Virasena English tr. by Prof. Nandlal Jain, Ed. by Prof. Ashok Jain, {{ISBN|8186957472}}, {{ISBN|9788186957479}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last=Dundas|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Dundas|editor=John Hinnels|title=The Jains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdjNkZoGFCgC|edition=2nd|year=2002|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=[[London]]|isbn=978-0-415-26605-5|language=en}}
* {{citation|last=Singh|first=Nagendra Kr|title=Encyclopaedia Of Jainism|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=2001|isbn=9788126106912|page=8330|language=en}}
* {{citation|last=Lal|first=Mohan|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3863|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=3863–|language=en}}
* {{citation|last1=Singh|first1=N.R.|last2=Mishra|first2=A.P.|title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgNHE-48jNcC&pg=PA95|year=2007|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|isbn=978-81-8220-113-2|pages=95–|language=en}}
* {{citation|last=Jaini|first=Padmanabh S. |title=The Jaina Path Of Purification|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C&pg=PA50 |year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1578-0|pages=50–|language=en}}
* {{citation
|last=Jain|first=Sumati Chand|title=Structure and Functions of Soul in Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tX_w3h2ew0sC&pg=PA205|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-1186-6|pages=205–|language=en}}
* {{citation | last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh |title =Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women| url= http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft138nb0wk;brand=ucpress| publisher =University of California Press| year =1991 | location =Berkeley|language=en}}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*''Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama'', vols 2 and 3, ed. H. Jain, [[A. N. Upadhye]] and K. Siddhantashastri, Sholapur, 1976 and 1980.

{{Jain Agamas}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Prakrit Jain texts]]
[[Category:Agamas]]

Patiala Dreamz

2026-01-09T04:30:47Z

TimXlb08387347: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Patiala Dreamz
| image =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Abhishek Saxena]]
| producer = [[Anmol Kapoor]] [[Parminder Kapoor]]
| screenplay = [[Shaheen Iqbal]]
| story = [[Anmol Kapoor]] [[Jazz Punjabi]]
| starring = [[Sarwar Ahuja]] [[Madalasa Sharma]] [[Sardar Sohi]] [[Usha Bachani]] [[Amita Nangia]] [[Amrit pal Singh - Billa Bhajji]]
| music = [[Vickky Agarwal]]
| cinematography = [[Suhas Rao]]
| editing = [[Raj Rajeshwari Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|01|10|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/patiala_dreamz|title = Patiala Dreamz}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Patiala Dreamz
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Javed Ali]], [[Shahid Maliya]], [[Ritu Pathak]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 January 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]], [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = Vickky Agarwal
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
'''''Patiala Dreamz''''' is a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language film starring [[Sarwar Ahuja]] and [[Madalasa Sharma]].

==Cast==
* [[Sarwar Ahuja]] as Garry
* [[Madalasa Sharma]] as Reet
* [[Sardar Sohi]] as Teja Singh
* [[Usha Bachani]] as Jageer kaur
* [[Amita Nangia]] as Reets Mother
* [[Amrit pal Singh - Billa Bhajji]] as Major Sandhu

==Production==
''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that ''Patiala Dreamz'' is Parminder Kapoor's first film.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-12/news-interviews/39203459_1_india-and-canada-film-mika-singh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930044721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-12/news-interviews/39203459_1_india-and-canada-film-mika-singh |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-09-30 |title=Parminder Kapoor making his maiden feature, Patiala Dreamz | date=2013-05-12 |work=[[The Times of India]]| accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref> The [[Royal Patiala]] reported that the movie was made with a star cast of [[Sarwar Ahuja]] (winner of ZeeCine Star ki Khoj), Madalsa Sharma, comedy king BN Sharma, versatile actor Sardar Sohi, Preeto Sawhney, Maninder Velly, Rana Jang Bahadar, [[Amita Nangia]], Amritpal Billa Bhajji, Kuwinder Billa and many more. The movie's actors are mostly from Patiala as are the producers. The songs were recorded by Punjabi and Bollywood singers. The shooting of the movie has just finished, and inside news is that movie will be ready for release for upcoming holiday season near Diwali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalpatiala.com/patiala-dreamz-movie |title=Patiala Dreamz (Movie) |publisher=Royal Patiala |date= |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref> According to the [[Calgary Herald]], the Alberta-shot Bollywood film delayed by flooding is back on track.<ref>{{cite web|last=Volmers |first=Eric |url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/Alberta+shot+Bollywood+film+delayed+flooding+back+track/8613311/story.html |title=Alberta-shot Bollywood film delayed by flooding back on track |publisher=Calgaryherald.com |date=2013-07-05 |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.pressking.com/press-releases/Bollywood-Movie-Patiala-Dreamz-Shooting-Postponed-Due-to-Calgary-Floods-Crew-Helping-in-Recovery-061030 |title=Bollywood Movie 'Patiala Dreamz' Shooting Postponed Due to Calgary Floods: Crew Helping in Recovery |publisher=Pressking.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabiportal.com/forum/patiala-dreamz-punjabi-movie-t13226.html |title=Patiala Dreamz - Punjabi Movie : Punjabi Movies |publisher=Punjabiportal.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.patialadreamzmovie.com/}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Reginald Dyer

2026-01-08T15:01:33Z

TimXlb08387347: minor rework lead per sources and cleaned formatting

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|British Indian Army officer (1864–1927)}}
{{about|an officer of the British Indian Army|the commander of Dyer's Battalion|Royce Coleman Dyer|the English footballer|Reg Dyer}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]]
| name = Reginald Dyer
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB}}
| image = General-Reginald-Dyer.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption = Dyer {{circa}} 1919
| birth_date = {{birth date|1864|10|09|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1927|07|23|1864|10|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Murree]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Long Ashton]], [[Somerset]], England
| placeofburial =
| allegiance = [[British Empire]]
* [[Bengal Presidency|Presidency of Bengal]]
* [[British Raj|British India]]
| branch = {{ubl|[[British Army]]|[[Bengal Army]]|[[British Indian Army]]}}
| serviceyears = 1885–1920
| rank = {{ubl|[[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] |
[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier-General]] (temporarily)}}
| commands = {{ubl|[[Seistan Force]]|[[25th Punjabis]]}}
| unit =
| battles = {{ubl| [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] | [[Chitral Expedition]]|[[First World War]]|[[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]}}
| awards = {{ubl| [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]]|[[Mentioned in Despatches]] (2)}}
| laterwork =
| spouse = Frances Anne Trevor Ommaney (m. 1888)
| children = {{ubl|Gladys Mary b. 1889|Ivon Reginald, b. 1895|Geoffrey Edward MacLeod, b. 1896}}
}}
[[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] '''Reginald Edward Harry Dyer''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB}} (9 October 1864{{snd}}23 July 1927) was a British military officer in the [[Bengal Army]] and later the newly constituted [[British Indian Army]]. His military career began in the regular British Army, but he soon transferred to the presidency armies of India.

As a temporary [[Brigadier (India)|brigadier-general]],<ref name="temp-bg" /> he was responsible for the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] that took place on 13 April 1919 in [[Amritsar]] (in the province of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]]). He has been called "the Butcher of Amritsar",{{sfn|Collett|2006}} because of his order to fire on a large gathering of people. The official report stated that this resulted in the killing of at least 379 people and the injuring of over a thousand more.<ref>[[Ferdinand Mount]], [https://www.lrb.co.uk/v41/n07/ferdinand-mount/they-would-have-laughed "They would have laughed"], in ''London Review of Books'' dated 4 April 2019, Vol. 41, No.7, pp. 9–12</ref> Some submissions to the official inquiry suggested a higher number of deaths.{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&pg=PA263 263]}} After the massacre, he served in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan war]], where he lifted the siege at Thal and inflicted heavy casualties on Afghans.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |editor-first=Tom|editor-last=Lansford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgCejwEACAAJ|chapter="A" - "Anglo-Afghan War: Third (1919)" | title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] | publication-place=[[Santa Barbara, California]] | date=2017-02-16 | isbn=978-1-59884-759-8|page=49}}</ref>

Dyer later resigned. He was widely condemned for spearheading the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, both in Britain and India, but he became a celebrated hero among some with connections to the [[British Raj]].<ref>Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920," ''Past & Present,'' May 1991, Issue 131, pp. 130–164</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bond |first=Brian |date=October 1963 |title=Amritsar 1919 |magazine=History Today |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=666–676}}</ref>

==Life and career==
[[File:major-dyer-1903.jpg|thumb|left|135px|Major Reginald Dyer at the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1903|Delhi Durbar of 1903]]]]

Dyer was born on 9 October 1864 in [[Murree]], in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] of [[British Raj|British India]], which is now in [[Pakistan]]. He was the son of Edward Dyer, a brewer who managed the [[Murree Brewery]], and Mary Passmore.{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=3}}<ref>Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series Ireland and the British Empire Kenny, Kevin 2004 Oxford University Press page 90</ref> He spent his childhood in [[Murree]] and [[Shimla]] and received his early education at the [[Lawrence College Ghora Gali]], Murree and [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton School]] in Shimla.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chauhan |first=Pratibha |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/the-evil-cottonian-who-let-the-school-down-753414 |title=The 'Evil Cottonian' who let the school down|agency=Tribune News service |work=The Tribune |language=en|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref> From eleven he attended [[Midleton College]] in [[County Cork]], Ireland,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imt.ie/news/amritsar-and-the-irish-connections-29-09-2009/|title=Amritsar and the Irish connections|date=29 September 2009|publisher=Irish Medical Times|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n23/mode/2up 9]}} before briefly studying medicine, at the [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=News from the archives: a recent accession|url=https://www.nationalarchives.ie/article/news-archives-recent-accession/|access-date=6 June 2020|website=The National Archives of Ireland|language=en-US}}</ref> Dyer then decided to pursue a military career, and enrolled at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College of Sandhurst]], from where he graduated in August 1885. He was also fluent in a number of Indian languages as well as [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=III |first=H. W. Crocker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4_mAgAAQBAJ |title=The Politically Incorrect Guide to the British Empire |date=24 October 2011 |publisher=Regnery Publishing |isbn=978-1-59698-629-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Following his graduation, Dyer was commissioned into the [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)]] as a lieutenant,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25506|page=4082|date=28 August 1885}}</ref> and performed [[riot control]] duties in [[Belfast]] ([[1886 Belfast riots|1886]]) and served in the [[Third Burmese War]] (1886–87). He transferred to the [[Bengal Army]], initially joining the [[Bengal Staff Corps]] as a lieutenant in 1887.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25766|page=6940|date=13 December 1887}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25883|page=7141|date=14 December 1888}}</ref> He was attached to the 39th Bengal Infantry, later transferring to the [[29th Punjabis]]. Dyer served in the latter in the Black Mountain campaign (1888), the [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] [[Chitral Expedition|Relief]] (1895) (promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in November 1896)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26795|page=6276|date=17 November 1896}}</ref> and, after attending the [[Staff College, Camberley]] from 1896 to 1897,{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n47/mode/2up 33]}} the [[Mahsud]] blockade (1901–02).{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n51/mode/2up 37]}}

In 1901 he was appointed a [[Adjutant general|deputy assistant adjutant general]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27362|page=6489|date=4 October 1901}}</ref> In August 1903, Dyer was promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]], and served with the [[Landi Kotal]] Expedition (1908). He commanded the 25th Punjabis in India and Hong Kong and was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] in May 1910.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28362|page=3072|date=3 May 1910}}</ref>

During the [[First World War]] (1914–18), he commanded the [[Seistan Force]], for which he was [[mentioned in dispatches]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30360 |supp=y|page=11270|date=30 October 1917}}</ref> and made a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] (CB). He was promoted to [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] in March 1915,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29924 |supp=y|page=1058|date=30 January 1917}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31787 |supp=y|page=2046|date=17 February 1920}}</ref> and was promoted to temporary [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|brigadier-general]] in February 1916,<ref name="temp-bg">{{London Gazette|issue=29509 |supp=y|page=2902|date=14 March 1916}}</ref> when he took command of a brigade,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30145|page=6185|date=22 June 1917}}</ref> and again in March 1918.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30617 |supp=y|page=4273|date=5 April 1918}}</ref> In 1919, about a month after the Jallianwala Bagh killing, Dyer served in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. His brigade relieved the garrison of [[Thall, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Thal]], and inflicted heavy casualties on Afghans,<ref name="auto"/> for which he was again mentioned in dispatches.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31823 |supp=y|page=3278|date=12 March 1920}}</ref> For a few months in 1919 he was posted to the 5th Brigade at [[Jamrud]].{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n253/mode/2up 231]}} He retired on 17 July 1920, retaining the rank of colonel.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32047|page=9148|date=10 September 1920}}</ref>

In 1888 Dyer married Frances Anne Trevor Ommaney, the daughter of Edmund Piper Ommaney, on 4 April 1888, in St Martin's Church, [[Jhansi]], India.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n31/mode/2up 17]}} The first of their three children, Gladys, was born in Shimla, India, in 1889. They also had two sons, Ivon Reginald, born 1895 and Geoffrey Edward MacLeod, born 1896.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n49/mode/2up 35]}}

==Amritsar massacre==
{{main|Jallianwala Bagh massacre}}

===Background===
In 1919, the European population in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] feared the locals would overthrow British rule. A nationwide [[hartal]] (strike action), which was called on 30 March (later changed to 6 April) by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], had turned violent in some areas. Authorities were also becoming concerned by displays of [[Hindu-Muslim unity]].<ref name=Chadha-1997>Chadha, Yogesh (1997). ''Gandhi: A Life'' John Wiley & Sons Inc. {{ISBN|0-471-35062-1}}</ref>{{RP|237}} [[Michael O'Dwyer]], the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, decided to deport major [[Political demonstration|agitator]]s from the province. One of those targeted was Dr. [[Satyapal]],<ref name=Chadha-1997/>{{RP|237}} a Hindu who had served with the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] during the First World War. He advocated non-violent [[civil disobedience]] and was forbidden by the authorities to speak publicly. Another agitator was Dr. [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]],<ref name=Chadha-1997/>{{RP|237}} a Muslim barrister who wanted political change and also preached [[non-violence]]. The district magistrate, acting on orders from the Punjab government, had the two leaders arrested.<ref name=Chadha-1997/>{{RP|237}}

In protest at this action, demonstrators headed for the residence of Miles Irving, the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar. The deputy commissioner had given orders that protestors were not to be allowed to pass into the [[Civil Lines|civil lines]] (the civilian administrative area, effectively the "British area" of town). [[Picquet (military)|Army picket]]s fired on the crowd, killing at least eight protesters and wounding others. As a result, angry mobs formed, returning to Amritsar's city centre, setting fire to government buildings and attacking Europeans in the city. Three British bank employees were beaten to death, and [[Marcella Sherwood]], who supervised the Mission Day School for Girls, was cycling around the city to close her schools when she was assaulted by a mob in a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan. Sherwood was rescued from the mob by (Indian) locals.<ref name=Chadha-1997/>{{RP|237–239}} They hid the teacher, who was injured in the beating, before moving her to the fort. Dyer, who was the commandant of the infantry brigade in [[Jalandhar]], was incensed that a European woman had been attacked and decided to take action. He arrived on 11 April to assume command.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n181/mode/2up 162]}}

===Events of 13 April===
{{Further|Jallianwala Bagh massacre}}
The event known historically as the Amritsar massacre occurred on 13 April 1919 in [[Amritsar]]. The date coincided with that of the annual [[Baisakhi]] celebrations which are both a religious and a cultural festival of the Punjabis, and would have attracted visitors from outside the city. On the morning of 13 April, Dyer issued a proclamation in English, Urdu and Punjabi at 19 locations around the city, and had handbills distributed, to the effect that a curfew was imposed, no processions were to take place, and that meetings of more than four individuals could be fired upon.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n187/mode/2up 168–169]}} By 12:30pm that day, Dyer was informed that, in defiance of his orders, a meeting was to be held in the Jallianwala Bagh.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n189/mode/2up 169]}}

Dyer was determined to suppress disobedience in Amritsar. The proposed meeting was to take place in the Jallianwala Bagh, in defiance of the proclamation; Dyer saw this as an opportunity to, in his view, suppress rebels, and, as he claimed, do so in isolation from the general populace.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n189/mode/2up 170–172]}} The meeting assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, a walled space of {{convert|6|to|7|acre|ha|0}} with five entrances, four of which were narrow, admitting only a few people at a time. The fifth entrance was that used by Dyer and his troops. The organiser of the meeting was Dr Mohammed Bashir, who was later found guilty of inciting the attack on the National Bank.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n195/mode/2up 175]}} Seven people had addressed the meeting before Dyer arrived, including Brij Gopi Nath who read a poem inciting people to fight against the British crimes.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n195/mode/2up 175–176]}}

Dyer had at his command 50 troops, including 25 [[Gurkhas]] of 1/[[9th Gurkha Rifles|9 Gurkha Rifles]] (1st battalion, 9th Gurkha Rifles), 25 [[Pathans]] and [[Baluch people|Baluch]] from [[59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)|59th Sindh Rifles]], armed with [[Lee–Enfield|.303 Lee–Enfield]] rifles, plus a further 40 [[Gurkha|Gurkhas]] armed only with kukris.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n197/mode/2up 178]}}<ref name=":0" /> He also had two [[armored car (military)|armoured cars]] with [[Machine gun|machine guns]], which were unable to pass through the entrance, and Dyer made no attempt to dismount their [[Vickers machine gun|Vickers Machine Guns]] and deploy them in the Bagh.<ref name=":0" /> Upon entering the Bagh, the general ordered the troops to shoot directly into the gathering. The shooting continued unabated for about 10 minutes,<ref>''Disorder Inquiry Committee Report,'' Vol II, p. 191.</ref> and the soldiers fired a total of 1,650 rounds of ammunition, roughly a third of the rounds carried.<ref name=":0" />

Dyer is reported to have, from time to time, "checked his fire and directed it upon places where the crowd was thickest",<ref name="CommissionersI_II_56">''Report of Commissioners,'' Vol I, II, Bombay, 1920, Reprint New Delhi, 1976, p. 56.</ref> not because the crowd was slow to disperse, but because he "had made up his mind to punish them for having assembled there."<ref name=CommissionersI_II_56/> Some of the soldiers initially shot into the air, at which Dyer shouted: "Fire low. What have you been brought here for?"<ref>''Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, A Premeditated Plan'', Punjab University Chandigarh, 1969, p 89, Raja Ram; ''A Saga of Freedom Movement and Jallianwala Bagh'', Udham Singh, 2002, p 141, Prof (Dr) Sikander Singh.</ref> Later, Dyer's own testimony revealed that the crowd was not given any warning to disperse and he was not remorseful for having ordered his troops to shoot.<ref>See: ''Report of Commissioners, Vol I, II'', Bombay, 1920, Reprint New Delhi, 1976, pp. 55–56.</ref>

{{blockquote|The worst part of the whole thing was that the firing was directed towards the exit gates through which the people were running out. There were 3 or 4 small outlets in all and bullets were actually rained over the people at all these gates{{nbsp}}... and many got trampled under the feet of the rushing crowds and thus lost their lives{{nbsp}}... even those who lay flat on the ground were fired upon.<ref>Statement of Eyewitness Mr Girdhari Lal, who happened to watch the scene from the window of his house overlooking the Jallianwala Bagh: Ref: Report of Commissioners, Vol I, II, Bombay, 1920, Reprint New Delhi, 1976, p 1011.</ref>}}

The [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre#Hunter Commission|Hunter Commission]] report on the incident, published the following year by the Government of India, criticised both Dyer, and the Government of the Punjab for failing to compile a casualty count, so quoted a figure offered by the Sewa Samati (A Social Services Society) of 379 identified dead, comprising 337 men, 41 boys and a six-week-old baby,{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&pg=PA263 263]}} with approximately 1,100 wounded, of which 192 were seriously injured.<ref name="HumterMins">{{cite web |title=Amritsar: Minutes of Evidence taken before the Hunter Committee |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/collections1/collections2/amritsar-hunter-commission/amritsar-hunter-commission/ |website=Parliament.UK |access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> However other estimates,<ref name=HP23>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2719279?searchWord=&backquery=%5Blocation=&query=&filter_field_1=subjectCollection&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=Home+Political&filter_field_2=department&filter_type_2=equals&filter_value_2=Home+Political::Deposit&rpp=20&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=asc%5D|title=Abhilekh Patal|website=www.abhilekh-patal.in}}</ref> from government civil servants in the city (commissioned by the Punjab Sub-committee of Indian National Congress),<ref>Report of Commissioners, appointed by the Punjab Sub-committee of Indian National Congress, Vol I, New Delhi, p 68</ref> as well as counts from the Home Political,<ref name=HP23/> cite numbers of well over a thousand dead. According to a Home Political Deposit report, the number was more than 1,000, with more than 1,200 wounded.<ref name=HP23 /> Dr Smith, a British [[civil surgeon#British use|civil surgeon]] at Amritsar, estimated that there were over 1,800 casualties.<ref>Report of Commissioners, Vol I, New Delhi, p 105</ref> The infliction of these casualties earned Dyer the epithet of the "Butcher of Amritsar".{{sfn|Collett|2006}}

===Subsequent events===
The day after the massacre Dyer continued along confrontational lines, even though the city was quiet. He met with a delegation of Amritsar citizens to whom he directed the following speech, without having received their petitions or heard from them. Made to the delegation in [[Urdu]], the English translation of a segment of Dyer's statement is shown below, as given in Collett's ''The Butcher of Amritsar'':{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=270}}
{{blockquote|You people know well that I am a soldier and a military man. Do you want war or peace? If you wish for a war, the Government is prepared for it, and if you want peace, then obey my orders and open all your shops; else I will shoot. For me the battlefield of France or Amritsar is the same.}}
Dyer devised what even one of his generally supportive superiors, O'Dwyer, described as an "irregular and improper" retaliation for the attack on [[Marcella Sherwood]], designed, it seemed, to fall indiscriminately and humiliatingly on the local population. On the street where the assault occurred, Kucha Kurrichhan, Dyer ordered daytime pickets placed at either end. Anyone wishing to proceed into the street between 6 am and 8 pm was [[Crawling Order|made to crawl]] the {{convert|200|yd}} on all fours, lying flat on their bellies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Susan Kingsley|title=Aftershocks: politics and trauma in Britain, 1918–1931|year=2009|publisher=University of California|isbn=978-1-4039-9333-5|pages=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7eypXVnabIC&pg=PT49}}</ref> When questioned at the Hunter inquiry about this, Dyer explained his motivation:<ref>{{multiref2
| 1 = {{cite book|last=Talbott|first=Strobe |title=Engaging India: Diplomacy, Democracy, and the Bomb |publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-8300-8| page=[https://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb/page/245 245]|url=https://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb |url-access=registration |date=2004}}
| 2 = {{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Mayank |title=The Crawling Order: A sign of imperial British atrocities |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/crawling-order-sign-imperial-british-atrocities |work=The Sunday Guardian |date=16 April 2022}}
}}</ref>{{blockquote|Some Indians crawl face downwards in front of their gods. I wanted them to know that a British woman is as sacred as a Hindu god and therefore, they have to crawl in front of her too.}} There was a curfew in effect from 8 pm, so the order effectively closed the street for the full 24 hours. The houses and shops had no back doors, so the inhabitants could not go out without climbing down from their roofs. No deliveries or services were available to those effectively locked in, so no food or other supplies could be replenished, any sick or injured had no medical attendance, and normal rubbish and latrine sanitary services were absent. The trapped inhabitants included some of the individuals responsible for rescuing and attending to Sherwood, the assault victim. This order was in effect from 19 April until 25, or possibly, 26 April 1919. In addition, Dyer had flogging triangles erected in the street; on these, youths arrested for the assault, some of whom were not subsequently convicted, were publicly flogged in view of the residents.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n217/mode/2up 197]}}{{sfn|Collett|2006|pp=282–284}}

===Reaction in Britain and British India===
A [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre#Hunter Commission|committee of inquiry]], chaired by [[William Hunter, Lord Hunter|Lord Hunter]], was established to investigate the massacre. The committee's report criticised Dyer, arguing that in "continuing firing as long as he did, it appears to us that Colonel Dyer committed a grave error."<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&q=hunter+report+bagh&pg=PA241 | title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922| isbn=9780521098731| last1=Brown| first1=Judith M.| date=26 September 1974| publisher=CUP Archive}}</ref> Dissenting members argued that the martial law regime's use of force was wholly unjustified. "Colonel Dyer thought he had crushed the rebellion and [[Michael O'Dwyer]] was of the same view," they wrote, "(but) there was no rebellion which required to be crushed."{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n295/mode/2up 273]}} ''[[The Morning Post]]'' claimed Dyer was "the man who saved India" and started a benefit fund which raised over £26,000 [[pound sterling|sterling]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-when-a-british-newspaper-collected-rs-26000-pounds-for-general-dyer/articleshow/68866316.cms?from=mdr|title=Jallianwala Bagh massacre: When a British newspaper collected 26,000 pounds for General Dyer|date=13 April 2019|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> Sources differ on how much, if anything [[Rudyard Kipling]] contributed to this fund and some sources claim that 'the man who saved India' line came from Kipling.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130221/jsp/frontpage/story_16587696.jsp#.Ugh5LRZXTGA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225191140/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130221/jsp/frontpage/story_16587696.jsp#.Ugh5LRZXTGA|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2013|title=History repeats itself, in stopping short|last=Thakur|first=Sankarshan|date=21 February 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=12 August 2013|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kipling Sahib: The Raj Patriot|first=Subhash |last=Chopra|publisher=New Millennium|year=2016|isbn=978-1858454405}}</ref> Michael O'Dwyer, Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab from 1913 to 1919, endorsed Dyer and called the massacre a "correct" action.<ref>''Disorder Inquiry Committee Report'', Vol II, p 197</ref> Some historians now believe he premeditated the massacre and set Dyer to work.<ref>''The Massacre that Ended the Raj'', London, 1981, p 78, Alfred Draper</ref><ref>Rajit K. Mazumder, ''The Indian army and the making of Punjab'' (2003) pp. 239–240</ref><ref>John Keay, ''India: a history'' (2001) p. 475</ref><ref>Lawrence James, ''The Rise and fall of the British Empire'' (1997) p. 417</ref> Many Indians blamed O'Dwyer, and while Dyer was never assaulted, O'Dwyer was assassinated in London in 1940 by an Indian revolutionary, Sardar [[Udham Singh]] in retaliation for his role in the massacre.<ref name="video">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/31/indian-pop-video-honours-activists-udham-singh-1940-killing-british-official |title=Indian pop video honours activist's 1940 killing of British official |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>

Dyer was met by the Adjutant-General of India, Lieutenant-General [[Havelock Hudson]], who told him that he was relieved of his command. He was told later by the Commander-in-Chief in India, [[Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet|General Charles Monro]], to resign his post and that he would not be reemployed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yehassAM-t0C&dq=General+Sir+Havelock+Hudson+Amritsar+massacre&pg=PT105 |title=Mariners, Merchants and the Military Too|first=Phillip E.|last= Jones|year=2011|publisher=P. J. Publishing|isbn=978-0956554949}}</ref> He was heavily criticised both in Britain and India. Several senior and influential British government officials and Indians spoke against him, including:
*[[Pandit Motilal Nehru]], father of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[Prime Minister of India]], who called the massacre the "saddest and most revealing of all".<ref>Valentine Chitol, ''India Old and New,'' London, 1921, p. 312</ref>
*[[Rabindranath Tagore]], the first Asian Nobel Laureate and distinguished Indian educator, who renounced his knighthood in protest against the massacre and said, "a great crime has been done in the name of law in the Punjab".<ref>''Tribune'', Lahore, 16 April 1919, see Government of India, Home Department, Political Deposit, August 1919, No 52, National Archives of India, New Delhi.</ref>
*[[C. Sankaran Nair|Shankaran Nair]], who resigned his membership of the Viceroy's Executive Council in the Legislative Council of Punjab in protest of the massacre.<ref name="PunjabLC">Punjab Legislative Council Proceedings, 23 February 1921, Vol I I.</ref>
*Punjab Legislative Council members Nawab Din Murad and Kartar Singh, who described the massacre as "neither just nor humane."<ref name="PunjabLC" />
*[[Charles Freer Andrews]], an [[Anglican]] priest and friend of Gandhi, who termed the Jallianwala Bagh massacre as a "cold-blooded massacre and inhumane."<ref name=HP126-194>''Home Political, K. W., A'', 20 June 1920, Nos 126–194, National Archives of India, New Delhi.</ref>
*Brigadier-General Herbert [[Conyers Surtees]], who stated in the Dyer debate that "we hold India by force – undoubtedly by force".<ref>Arthur Swinson, ''Six Minutes of Sunset'', London, 1964, p. 210; cited in ''Psycho-Political compulsions of Jallinawala Bagh'' by Gurcaharan Singh, op cit, p. 156.</ref>
*[[Edwin Samuel Montagu]], the [[Secretary of State for India]], who called it "a grave error in judgement". In a debate in the House of Commons, he asked, "Are you going to keep your hold on India by terrorism, racial humiliation, subordination and frightfulness, or are you going to rest it upon the goodwill and the growing goodwill of the people of your Indian Empire?"<ref name=HP126-194/>{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=380}}
*[[Winston Churchill]], at the time Britain's Secretary of State for War, who called the massacre "an episode without precedent or parallel in the modern history of the British Empire{{nbsp}}... an extraordinary event, a monstrous event, an event which stands in singular and sinister isolation{{nbsp}}... the crowd was neither armed nor attacking" during a debate in the House of Commons. In a letter to the leader of the Liberals and former Secretary of State for India, the [[Marquess of Crewe]], he wrote, "My own opinion is that the offence amounted to murder, or alternatively manslaughter."{{sfn|Collett|2006|pp=382–383}}<ref>{{cite hansard| house=House of Commons|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/jul/08/army-council-and-general-dyer#column_1725|date = 8 July 1920|column_start = 1725|column_end = 1726|speaker= Mr. Churchill|position= The Secretary of State for War|title=Were we right in accepting, as we have done, the conclusion of the Army Council as terminating the matter so far as Colonel Dyer was concerned, or ought we to have taken further action of a disciplinary or quasi-disciplinary character against him?}}</ref>
*Leader of the Liberal Party and former Prime Minister [[H. H. Asquith]], who observed: "There has never been such an incident in the whole annals of [[Anglo-Indian]] history, nor, I believe, in the history of our empire since its very inception down to present day. It is one of the worst outrages in the whole of our history."<ref>''Hansard'', 5th sec. Commons, quoted by Derek Sayer, British Commemoration of Amritsar Volume, Patiala, 1997, p. 24.</ref>
*[[B. G. Horniman]], who observed: "No event within living memory, probably, has made so deep and painful impression on the mind of the public in this country [Britain] as what came to be known as the Amritsar massacre."<ref>''Amritsar and Our Duty to India'', London, 1920, B. G. Horniman, p. 7.</ref>

Gandhi referenced Dyer and the massacre in his 1927 letter on moral justifications of violence, especially in the context of religion:

<blockquote>"General Dyer himself surely believed that English men and women were in danger of losing their lives if he did not take the measures he did. We, who know better, call it an act of cruelty and vengeance. But from General Dyer’s own standpoint, he is justified. Many Hindus sincerely believe that it is a proper thing to kill a man who wants to kill a cow and he will quote scripture for his defence and many other Hindus will be found to justify his action. But strangers who do not accept the sacredness of the cow will hold it to be preposterous to kill a human being for the sake of slaying an animal (sic)."<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter to Deveshvar Siddhantalankar |url=https://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj-CWMG-033/page/358/mode/2up |website=Collected Works of Mohandas Gandhi |access-date=24 April 2025 |location=CWMG, Vol. 033 |page=358 |language=English |date=1927}}</ref><ref name="o647">{{cite web | title=The perpetrator of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre General Reginald Dyer | website=Satyaagrah | date=1919-04-13 | url=https://mail.satyaagrah.com/shorts/shorts-history/1343-the-perpetrator-of-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-general-reginald-dyer-was-forgiven-by-mohandas-gandhi-as-an-exercise-of-forgiveness-or-love-to-nurse-dyer-back-to-life-if-he-was-suffering-from-a-physical-malady | access-date=2025-02-09}}</ref></blockquote>

During the Dyer debates in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, there was both praise and condemnation of Dyer.<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/jul/08/army-council-and-general-dyer Army Council and Colonel Dyer] Hansard, 8 July 1920</ref> In 1920, the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] Conference at Scarborough unanimously passed a resolution denouncing the Amritsar massacre as a "cruel and barbarous action" of British officers in Punjab, and called for their trial, the recall of Michael O'Dwyer and the Viceroy, [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]], and the repealing of repressive legislation.<ref>''The Times'', London, 25 June 1920, cited in Sayer, ''British Reaction of Amritsar massacre'', 1919–20, Reprint in ''Jallianwala Bagh Commemoration Volume'', Patiala, 1997, p. 41</ref>

===Dyer's response and motivation===
Dyer wrote an article in the ''Globe'' of 21 January 1921, entitled, "The Peril to the Empire". It commenced with "India does not want self-government. She does not understand it." Dyer wrote later that:{{sfn|Collett|2006|pp=406–407}}
*"There should be an eleventh commandment in India - "Thou shalt not agitate'. All that the cultivator and the factory worker want is just and clear laws applicable to all alike. He does not always know why his passions have been roused and whether he is being misled, who is there to tell him but the [[Sahib#Colonial_and_modern_use|Sahib]]? And now it seems that the Sahib is not allowed to tell him. He does not want an exchange of rulers."
*"India will not be desirous or capable of self-government for generations, and when self-government does come, it will not be the leaders of revolt who will rule. The very names of most of the extremists smell in the nostrils of Indian manhood."
*"Self-government for India is a horrible pretence which would set the people of the country at each other's throats long before the beginnings of constructive work were made possible. Under self-government, India would commit suicide; but our politicians would be guilty of murder as associates in the crime."
*"Gandhi will not lead India to capable self-government. The British Raj must continue, firm and unshaken in its administration of justice to all men, to carry out the job it has taken in hand."{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&pg=PA407 407]}}

In his official response to [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre#Hunter Commission|the Hunter commission]] that inquired into the shooting, Dyer was unremorseful and stated: "I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/sep/20jal.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: General Dyer hardly remorseful for Jallianwala massacre|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

However, in his account of the massacre, [[Nick Lloyd (historian)|Nick Lloyd]] comments that although Dyer later claimed to have undertaken the massacre to "save" British India, he had had no such idea in his mind that fateful afternoon. As well as being "dazed and shaken up" – hardly the response of a soldier who had had murder in his mind – all the witnesses recall how Dyer "was unnerved and deeply upset about what had happened".<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Lloyd |first1=Nick|title=The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day |date=2011 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0857730770 |edition=Rev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6X3AgAAQBAJ |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

[[Nigel Collett]] – author of the biography ''[[The Butcher of Amritsar]]'' – is convinced that the Amritsar massacre preyed on Dyer's mind from the very day he opened fire. "He spent the rest of his life trying to justify himself. He persuaded himself it had been his duty to act as he did, but he could not persuade his soul that he had done right. It rotted his mind and, I am guessing here, added to his sickness."<ref name=NigelCollet>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050605/asp/look/story_4823931.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315082735/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050605/asp/look/story_4823931.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2006|title=Dyer consequences – interview with Nigel Collett}}</ref><ref name=ButcherofAmritsar>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/a-family-man-whose-bloody-disposition-sent-the-british-into-a-spin/201603.article |title=A family man whose bloody disposition sent the British into a spin: The Butcher of Amritsar|date=24 February 2006|magazine=[[Times Higher Education]]}}</ref>

Collett quotes Dyer on the motivations that drove him to act as he did:{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=328}} "It was no longer a question of merely dispersing the crowd but one of producing a sufficient moral effect, from a military point of view, not only on those who were present but more specially throughout the Punjab. There could be no question of undue severity. The mutineers had thrown out the challenge and the punishment, if administered at all, must be complete, unhesitating and immediate."<ref name=colletreviewlloyd>{{cite web|url=https://ourtribes.wordpress.com/2012/07/17/my-review-of-nick-lloyds-book-on-the-amritsar-massacre/|title=Nigel Collet's Review of Nick Lloyd's Book on the Amritsar Massacre|date=17 July 2012}}</ref>

Historian [[Gordon Johnson (historian)|Gordon Johnson]] comments that
<blockquote>...{{nbsp}}Dyer's actions ran counter to Army regulations. These required that force should be constrained by what was reasonable to achieve an immediate objective; minimum, not maximum, force should be deployed. Moreover, proper warning had to be given. On 13 April 1919, as demonstrated by Collett, Dyer ignored this. While he may have believed the Raj was threatened, and may have thought the mob was out to attack him and his soldiers, this does not justify his cavalier abuse of procedure and his indifference to Indian suffering. In so behaving, he brought not only death to the innocent but also destroyed himself and undermined the empire in which he took so much pride.<ref name=ButcherofAmritsar/> </blockquote>

==Later life==
Churchill, the then [[Secretary of State for War]], wanted Dyer to be disciplined, but the [[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]] superseded by him decided to allow Dyer to resign with no plan for further punishment. Following Churchill's speech defending the council's decision and a debate in Parliament, on 8 July 1920 MPs voted for the government by a majority of 247 to 37; a motion calling for approval of Dyer's actions was defeated by a majority of 230 to 129.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/am-man.htm | title=Background and Commentary of Winston Churchill's 1920 British House of Commons Amritsar Massacre Speech}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/amritsar.htm|title=Winston Churchill – Amritsar Massacre Speech – July 8th 1920, House of Commons}}</ref>

Having been born in India and educated in Ireland, Dyer then settled in Britain. He was presented with a gift of £26,000 sterling, ({{Inflation|UK|26000|1920|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}), which emerged from the fund raised on his behalf by ''[[The Morning Post]]'', a conservative, pro-imperialist newspaper which later merged with ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. A "Thirteen Women Committee" was constituted to present "the Saviour of the Punjab with the sword of honour and a purse". Large contributions to the fund were made by civil servants and by British Army and Indian Army officers, although serving members of the military were not allowed to donate to political funds under the King's Regulations (para. 443).{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=390}}

The ''Morning Post'' had supported Dyer's action on the grounds that the massacre was necessary to "Protect the honour of European Women".<ref>Morning Post, cited in Derek Sayer, ''British Reaction of Amritsar massacre'', 1919–20, reprinted in ''Jallianwala Bagh Commemoration Volume'', Patiala, 1997, p. 45.</ref>

Many Indians, including [[Nobel Laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]], were outraged by the fund for Dyer, particularly due to the families of the victims killed at the Jallianwala Bagh, who were still fighting for government compensation. In the end, they received Rs 500 (then equal to £37.10s.0d; {{Inflation|UK|37|1920|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}) for each victim.{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=392}}

Dyer acquired a farm at Ashton Fields, [[Ashton Keynes]], [[Wiltshire]], which was still given as his address when he died,<ref name=probate>{{cite web|title=Probate Index for 1927: DYER C. B. Reginald Edward Harry of Ashton Fields Ashton Keynes Wiltshire died 23 July 1927 at St Martin's Long Ashton near Bristol|website=Probate Search Gov.uk| access-date= 17 April 2019 |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/}}</ref> although in 1925 he had bought a small cottage at [[Long Ashton]] on the outskirts of Bristol and spent his last two years there, while one of his sons lived at the farm.<ref name=ghosh>{{cite news|first=Swagata |last=Ghosh|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/cover-story/100416/the-last-days-of-reginald-dyer.html |title=The last days of Reginald Dyer| date= 10 April 2016 |work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date= 17 April 2019}}</ref>

Dyer suffered a series of strokes during the last years of his life and he became increasingly isolated due to the paralysis and speechlessness inflicted by his strokes. He died of [[cerebral haemorrhage]] and [[arteriosclerosis]]{{sfn|Collett|2006|pp=420–424}} on 23 July 1927.{{sfn|Colvin|1929|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n337/mode/2up 316]}} On his deathbed, Dyer reportedly said: {{blockquote|So many people who knew the condition of Amritsar say I did right{{nbsp}}... but so many others say I did wrong. I only want to die and know from my Maker whether I did right or wrong.{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=}} }} The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative-leaning]] ''Morning Post'' defended him in an article titled "The Man Who Saved India", where they wrote that Dyer "did his duty, regardless of consequences".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prisha |title=Explained {{!}} What happened to General Dyer – the butcher of Jallianwala Bagh? |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/explained-what-happened-to-general-dyer-the-butcher-of-jallianwala-bagh-581900 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[WION]] |date=13 April 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref> The [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal-supporting]] ''[[Westminster Gazette]]'' wrote a contrary opinion: "No British action, during the whole course of our history in India, has struck a severer blow to Indian faith in British justice than the massacre at Amritsar."{{sfn|Collett|2006|p=431}} Although still owning property in Wiltshire, Dyer died at his cottage in Somerset, St Martin's, [[Long Ashton]], near Bristol.<ref name=ghosh/> He left an estate valued at £11,941, {{Inflation|UK|11941|1927|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}.<ref name=probate/>

==In popular culture==
In 1977, Dyer was depicted in the Indian film [[Jallian Wala Bagh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jallianwala-bagh-102-anniversary-looking-for-traces-of-the-massacre-in-bollywood-7271249/|title=Jallianwala Bagh's 102nd anniversary: Looking for traces of the massacre in Bollywood|date=14 April 2021|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>

In the 1982 Oscar-winning film [[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]], Dyer was portrayed by [[Edward Fox (actor)|Edward Fox]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gandhi (1982) - Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Gandhi-(1982)#tab=cast-and-crew |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=The Numbers}}</ref>

R. E. Dyer was a character in Salman Rushdie's 1981 novel [[Midnight's Children|Midnight’s Children]], which dramatises the Amritsar massacre.<ref>{{cite book|first=Salman|last=Rushdie|title=Midnight's Children|page=35|year=1995|publisher=Everyman|isbn=978-1857152173}}</ref>

Dyer's actions in Amritsar are mentioned in [[The Great Indian Novel]] by [[Shashi Tharoor]] and by [[Nigel Collett]] in his 2005 historical biography [[The Butcher of Amritsar]].<ref>
{{cite news|last=French|first=Patrick|title=History: The Butcher of Amritsar by Nigel Collett|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/culture/books/article89459.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051312/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/culture/books/article89459.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|newspaper=Sunday Times|date=24 April 2005}}
</ref>

Dyer was also depicted in Indian films such as [[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]] (2002),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://somindram.com/actors/richard-as-reginald-dyer-who-ordered-gurkha-soldiers-to-open-fire-on-an-unarmed-gathering-of-people-at-jallianwala-bagh|title=Richard as Reginald Dyer, who ordered Gurkha soldiers to open fire on an unarmed gathering of people at Jallianwala Bagh|publisher=somindram|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> and [[Sardar Udham]] (2021).<ref name="x651">{{cite web | last=Gupta | first=Shubhra | title=Sardar Udham review: A turbulent slice of India’s colonial past | website=The Indian Express | date=2021-10-17 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sardar-udham-movie-review-a-turbulent-slice-of-indias-colonial-past-7573877/ | access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>

Dyer was portrayed by Alex Reece in the 2025 web series [[The Waking of a Nation]].<ref name="t739">{{cite web | title=The Waking of a Nation teaser: Ram Madhvani set to explore the Jallianwala Bagh ‘conspiracy’ in new show | website=The Indian Express | date=2025-02-10 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-waking-of-a-nation-teaser-ram-madhvani-set-to-explore-the-jallianwala-bagh-conspiracy-in-new-show-9828117/ | access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref>

Dyer was portrayed by [[Simon Paisley Day]] in the 2025 film [[Kesari Chapter 2]].<ref name="c760">{{cite web | last=Khan | first=Lubna | title=Kesari Chapter 2: Ananya Panday Plays Dilreet Gill, R Madhavan’s FIRST Look As Neville Mckinley Unveiled | website=News18 | date=2025-03-28 | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kesari-chapter-2-ananya-panday-plays-dilreet-gill-r-madhavans-first-look-as-neville-mckinley-unveiled-9278795.html | access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208303/page/n5 |title=The Life Of General Dyer|last=Colvin|first= Ian|author-link=Ian Colvin|date=1929|publisher=William Blackwood And Sons|location=London}}
*{{cite book |first=Nigel |last=Collett|title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C |date=2006 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-85285-575-8 |url-access=limited}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Draper |first1=Alfred |title=Amritsar: The Massacre That Ended the Raj |date=1981 |publisher=Littlehampton Book Services Ltd |location=London|isbn=978-0-304-30481-3}}
* {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32947 |title=Dyer, Reginald Edward Harry (1864–1927) |first=T. R. |last=Moreman |date=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32947 |access-date=7 January 2008}}
* {{cite book |author1=((Hunter Committee)) |author2=(("Disorders Inquiry" Committee)) |title=Report of the Committee Appointed by the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab 1919–1920 |date=1920 |volume=I–III|url=https://archive.org/details/report-disturbances-punjab/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater |id= (Cmd. 681) [1920]}}

==External links==
* [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/jul/08/army-council-and-general-dyer Army Council and General Dyer] 8 July 1920, UK House of Commons
* [http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/amritsar.htm Winston Churchill's Amritsar Speech], 8 July 1920, UK House of Commons
* [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/mar/14/sir-michael-odwyer-assassination#S5CV0358P0_19400314_HOC_315,14 Michael O'Dwyer (Assassination)] 14 March 1940, UK House of Commons

{{Anglo-Afghan War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dyer, Reginald}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:Bengal Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton School Shimla alumni]]
[[Category:British colonels]]
[[Category:British mass murderers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:British murderers of children]]
[[Category:British white supremacists]]
[[Category:Deaths from arteriosclerosis]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Indian Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:People educated at Midleton College]]
[[Category:People from Murree]]
[[Category:Queen's Royal Regiment officers]]

MGR Chennai Central–Coimbatore Vande Bharat Express

2026-01-06T21:39:39Z

TimXlb08387347: started details

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = MGR Chennai Central - Coimbatore Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi flags off Chennai-Coimbatore Vande Bharat Express, in Tamil Nadu on April 8, 2023.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = Prime Minister Narendra Modi flags off Chennai-Coimbatore Vande Bharat Express, in Tamil Nadu on 8 April 2023.
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| first = 8 April 2023 (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|04|09}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways (SR)]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]] '''(MAS)'''
| stops = 3
| end = {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}} '''(CBE)'''
| distance = {{convert|495|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 05 hrs 50 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Wednesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20643 / 20644
| line_used = [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|MGR Chennai Central - SBC Line (till Jolarpettai Jn)]] [[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line|Jolarpettai - Coimbatore Line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|80|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Southern Railway zone|Coimbatore Jn]]
| map = {{MGR Chennai Central-Coimbatore VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}
The 20643/20644 '''MGR Chennai Central - Coimbatore ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 13th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the city of [[Chennai]] with [[Coimbatore]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express Chennai to Coimbatore: PM Modi to flag-off train on April 8 |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/indian-railways/news-vande-bharat-express-chennai-coimbatore-train-number-route-ticket-price-stoppage-stations-online-booking-227012 |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Chennai-Coimbatore Vande Bharat Express To Be Flagged Off On April 8 {{!}} What To Expect |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/chennai-coimbatore-vande-bharat-express-to-be-flagged-off-on-april-8-what-to-expect-article-98917461 |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2023 |title=Overwhelming response to Coimbatore-Chennai Vande Bharat express |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/all-tickets-booked-within-a-few-hours-for-first-day-regular-service-of-vande-bharat-express/article66710138.ece |access-date=9 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]], [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Jn]], [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Jn]], [[Tiruppur]] and [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Jn]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 20643/20644 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Narendra Modi To Inaugurate Chennai-Coimbatore Vande Bharat Express On April 8 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-chennai-coimbatore-vande-bharat-express-on-april-8-2586511.html |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> This train was flagged off by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 8 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Express from Coimbatore to Chennai set to complete 200 days on October 25 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/vande-bharat-express-set-to-complete-200-days-on-october-25-with-full-occupancy-since-inception/article67446011.ece |access-date=22 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
It is the eleventh [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and the second [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-15|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|reason= The anchor (Mini Vande Bharat Express) [[Special:Diff/1183623994|has been deleted]].}} manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frontline railway staff from other states to speak Tamil soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/feb/04/frontline-railwaystaff-from-other-states-to-speak-tamil-soon-2544209.html |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 February 2023 }}</ref>

== Service ==

The 20643/20644 MGR Chennai Ctrl - Coimbatore Jn Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Wednesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|495|km}} in a travel time of 6 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|82|km/h}}. The service has 3 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Chennai Central railway station]]
* [[Coimbatore Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India| ]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Coimbatore]]

V. P. Menon

2026-01-03T00:13:06Z

TimXlb08387347: small fix

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1893–1965)}}
{{Hatnote|This is an Indian name; Vappala is the family name, Pangunni is his given name and Menon is the caste title.}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = V. P. Menon
|image = V. P. Menon.jpg
|caption =
| office = Acting [[Governor of Odisha]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 6 May 1951
| term_end = 17 July 1951
| predecessor = [[Asaf Ali]]
| successor = [[Asaf Ali]]
| office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India]] in the [[States Department|Ministry of the States]]
| term_start2 = 1947
| term_end2 = 1951
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[C. S. Venkatachar]]
| office3 = Constitutional Adviser and Political Reforms Commissioner to [[Viceroy of India]]
| term_start3 = 1942
| term_end3 = 1947
| predecessor3 = [[Harry Hodson]]
| successor3 = Abolished
|birth_name = Vappala Pangunni Menon
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1893|09|30|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Ottapalam]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India|British Raj]] (Present day [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]])
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|12|31|1893|09|30|df=yes}}, [[Cooke Town]], [[Bangalore]], Mysore State (now [[Karnataka]])
|death_place =
| spouse = Rita Menon (div.) Kanakamma Kunnathidathil<ref name="VP">{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/954265/vp-menons-biography-was-the-man-who-charmed-the-princes-really-the-architect-of-modern-india |title=VP Menon’s biography: Was the man who charmed the princes really the architect of modern India? |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
| children = Anantan Menon and Sankaran Menon<ref name="VP"/>
|other_names =
|known_for =
|occupation = Civil servant
|nationality = Indian
}}
'''Vappala Pangunni Menon''' ({{ipa|ml|ʋaːpːaːlɐ puŋɡuɳːi menoːn|lang}}) {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|CIE}} (30 September 1893 – 31 December 1965) was an Indian [[civil servant]] who served as [[Secretary to the Government of India]] in the [[States Department|Ministry of the States]], under [[Sardar Patel]] to integrate [[List of princely states of British India (by region)|562 princely states]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/remembering-vp-menon-our-unrecognised-nation-builder-317857/|title=Remembering VP Menon, our unrecognised nation-builder|date=30 July 2025}}</ref> By appointment from [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]] [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Wavell]], he also served as Secretary to the Governor-General (Public) and later as Secretary to the [[Interim Government of India|Interim Government of India (Cabinet)]]. He also was the Constitutional Adviser<ref name="VP Menon">{{cite news |url=http://www.forgotten-raj.org/doc/vp6.pdf |title=V P Menon – The Forgotten Architect of Modern India |work=Forgotten Raj |date=13 April 2011 |access-date=13 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726061929/http://www.forgotten-raj.org/doc/vp6.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="VP Menon Architect">{{cite news |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/india/vpmenon.htm |title=V P Menon – The Forgotten Architect of Modern India |access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref> and Political Reforms Commissioner to the last three successive Viceroy's{{efn|[[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Linlithgow]], [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Wavell]] and [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]].}} during British rule in India.

In May 1948, at the initiative of V. P. Menon, a meeting was held in Delhi between the Rajpramukhs of the princely unions and the States Department, at the end of which the Rajpramukhs signed new Instruments of Accession which gave the Government of India the power to pass laws in respect of all matters that fell within the seventh schedule of the [[Government of India Act 1935]].

He played a vital role in India's [[partition of India|partition]] and [[Political integration of India|political integration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/|title=How Vallabhbhai Patel, V P Menon and Mountbatten unified India|date=31 October 2017}}</ref> Later in his life, he became a member of the free-market–oriented [[Swatantra Party]]. He was a member of the [[Imperial Secretariat Service]].<ref name="VPM"/>

==Early life and career==
The son of a school headmaster Chunangad Shankara Menon, in [[Kerala]], Pangunni Menon worked as a railway stoker, coal miner and Bangalore tobacco company clerk. He dropped out of formal education and never earned high school diploma or a college degree.<ref name="VPM"/>

Menon joined the [[Imperial Secretariat Service]]<ref name="VPM">{{cite book|last=Basu|first=Narayani|title=[[V. P. Menon: The Unsung Architect of Modern India]]|year=2020|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=|isbn=9789386797681}}</ref> and served as [[Imperial Secretariat Service#Salary and posts|Superintendent]] in the Reforms Office with effect from 15th May 1930.<ref name="VPM"/> He later served as Assistant Secretary to the Government of India in the Reforms Office from 1933 to 1934.<ref name="Prince Endgame">{{cite book|last=Copland|first=Ian|title=The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917-1947|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521894364}}</ref> He later served as Under Secretary from 1934 to 1935, Deputy Secretary from 1935 to 1940, [[Joint secretary to the Government of India]] from 1941 to 1942.<ref name="Prince Endgame"/> By working assiduously, encouraged by [[Edwin Montagu]], Menon rose through the ranks to become the highest serving Indian officer in [[British India]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=VP Menon: The forgotten hero who stitched India together |work=BBC News |date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-62422428 |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Sardar and Menon at Nagpur.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and Menon received by the Governor and Chief Minister of the Central Provinces [[Ravishankar Shukla]] at Nagpur.]]
[[File:VP Menon signing Patial and East Punjab Union convenant.jpg|thumb|right|V. P. Menon signing the Patiala and East Punjab States Union covenant.]]
[[File:Mountbatten with Menon.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Lord Mountbatten]], [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]] and V.P. Menon discussing the Hyderabad question at a party on 30 May 1948.]]
Menon served as Joint Secretary to the [[Simla Conference]] in June 1945. In 1946, he was appointed Political Reforms Commissioner to the British Viceroy.

==India and his contributions==
{{Main|Indian independence movement|Partition of India|Standstill agreement (India)|Princely state}}
===Instrument of Accession===
{{Main|Instrument of Accession}}
Menon was the political advisor of the last [[Viceroy of India]], Lord [[Louis Mountbatten]]. When the interim Government had collapsed due to the rivalry between the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], Menon had proposed to Mountbatten, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], the Indian leaders, the Muslim League's plan to partition India into two independent nations - India and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="bbc"/> Menon drafted the [[Instrument of Accession]], a legal document that allowed princely states to accede to either India or Pakistan. This was crucial in bringing many states, like Bikaner and Baroda, into the Indian union.

Menon's resourcefulness during this period caught the eye of Sardar Patel, who would become the [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] in 1947. He became the envoy to negotiate with the Maharajas.<ref name="bbc"/>

V.P. Menon was present at the meeting between Lord Mountbatten and [[Hanwant Singh]], Maharaja of [[Jodhpur]]. It was at this meeting that Hanwant Singh signed the instrument of accession to India. After he had signed and the Viceroy Mountbatten left, only Menon was in the room with him. The Maharaja took out a .22 calibre pistol and pointed it at Menon and said 'I refuse to take your dictation'. Menon told him that he would be making a very serious mistake by threatening him and would not be able to get the accession abrogated in any case.<ref>India - a portrait by Patrick French (page 10)</ref>

===Junagadh===
{{Main|Annexation of Junagadh}}
In August 1947, the [[Nawab of Junagarh|Nawab of Junagadh]]—a Muslim ruler presiding over a predominantly Hindu state surrounded by Indian territory—signed the Instrument of Accession with [[Pakistan]], becoming the first princely state to do so. India strongly objected to this decision, arguing that Junagadh’s accession to Pakistan violated both geographic contiguity and the will of its Hindu-majority population. India responded by imposing a blockade, instigating political instability, and facilitating defections among local vassal states to accede to India. Eventually, administrative control passed to India when Junagadh’s rulers sought intervention amid unrest, followed by a plebiscite in February 1948, in which over 99.9% voted to join India, leading to its formal annexation and merger into Saurashtra State.

As Secretary of the States Department, V. P. Menon was deeply involved in the diplomatic and legal maneuvers surrounding Junagadh’s accession. On 17 September 1947, just after Pakistan accepted Junagadh’s accession, he visited the state to deliver India’s protest directly to Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, the Dewan, insisting that the accession be retracted—though Bhutto cited international law to claim its validity. Menon also worked behind the scenes to mobilize local leaders, including journalists and activists like Samaldas Gandhi, supporting the formation of a provisional government ("Arziee Hukumat"), which amplified internal dissent against the Nawab’s decision. His negotiations and legal framing laid the groundwork for India to assert control over Junagadh, culminating in India's formal administration takeover and the 1948 plebiscite.

===Hyderabad===
{{Main|Annexation of Hyderabad}}
Following Indian independence in August 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad—Mir Osman Ali Khan—refused to join either India or Pakistan and declared Hyderabad an independent sovereign state, hoping to continue under British suzerainty despite being surrounded by Indian territory and ruled over a predominantly Hindu population. India insisted Hyderabad accede, citing geographic contiguity and internal security. A Standstill Agreement signed in November 1947 temporarily extended administrative relations but notably did not allow Indian troops into the state, fearing that Hyderabad was using the interval to strengthen its position and build ties with Pakistan-backed militias known as the Razakars. As lawlessness grew and the Razakars began terrorizing the populace, India launched Operation Polo ("police action") in September 1948. Within five days, the Indian Army secured Hyderabad, the Nizam capitulated on 17 September, and a plebiscite was avoided—Hyderabad was formally integrated into India. The aftermath saw widespread communal violence; official estimates cite 30,000–40,000 civilian deaths, while other accounts put the toll closer to 200,000.

As Secretary of the States Department, V. P. Menon played a central strategic and legal role in managing the Hyderabad situation. He was responsible for drafting and negotiating the Standstill Agreement, working alongside Sardar Patel and Mountbatten to ensure it preserved India’s right over defence, external affairs, and communications—or at least delayed formal accession until a resolution could be found. Menon’s framing allowed India to legally restrict Hyderabad’s freedom, anticipating potential internal disturbances. Behind the scenes, he coordinated diplomatic pressure, economic isolation, and contingency planning that preceded the decision for police action when negotiation failed and Razakar violence escalated. While avoidance of bloodshed was attempted through diplomacy, Menon supported military planning as a last resort—operation Polo unfolded decisively following his legal groundwork and strategic planning.

===Tripura Merger Agreement===
{{Main|Tripura Merger Agreement}}
Menon signed the agreement on behalf of the Governor General. The agreement took effect on October 15, 1949.

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{{Main|Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)}}
On 25 October, V.P. Menon arrived at Srinagar to assess the situation of Kashmir and advised [[Maharaja Hari Singh]] to proceed to Jammu as invaders were very close to Srinagar. Maharaja Hari Singh left from Srinagar to Jammu on the same night. V.P. Menon along with [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] (Prime Minister J&K) left for New Delhi by air on the morning of 26 October. On arriving at New Delhi, Lord Mountbatten assured militarily intervention in J&K only after instrument of accession were signed. V.P. Menon then left from New Delhi to Jammu by air on the afternoon of 26 October, secured signature on the legal documents, returning that evening by air to New Delhi. The next day, on 27 October [[Lord Mountbatten]] accepted the accession of the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir to India and Indian Army landed on Srinagar airport on the same day.<ref>Pakistan Invasion http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=248744 Early Times date=26 October 2018</ref>

==Later years==
After his stint as Secretary, he was [[Governor of Odisha]] (''Orissa then'') for a short period in 1951.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2769906 |title=Grant of three months' leave of absence to His Excellency Mr. M. Asaf Ali, Governor of Orissa, and appointment of Sri V.P. Menon as Acting Governor |publisher=Government House |year=1951 |location=New Delhi |pages=36 |chapter=Communique |access-date=13 September 2022 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]]}}</ref> He authored a book on the [[political integration of India]], ''The Story of the Integration of Indian States'' and on the [[partition of India]], ''Transfer of Power''. He later joined the [[Swatantra Party]], but never contested the elections.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raju|first=S. V.|title=Masani and Swatantra Party|url=https://ccs.in/masani-and-swatantra-party|access-date=6 January 2021|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225141307/https://ccs.in/masani-and-swatantra-party|url-status=dead}}</ref> Menon died on 31 December 1965 at the age of 72.

==Honors and awards==
Menon was given the title of ''[[Rao Bahadur]]'', appointed a [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] in the 1941 Birthday Honours <ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35184/supplements/3285 London Gazette, 6 June 1941]</ref> and a [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] in the 1946 Birthday Honours.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37598/supplements/2760 London Gazette, 13 June 1946]</ref> He was offered a knighthood as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in a final imperial honours list in 1948,<ref name="decades">{{cite book |last=Pothen |first=Nayantara |author-link= |date=2012 |title=Glittering Decades: New Delhi in Love and War |url= |location= |publisher=Viking|page=172 |isbn=9788184756012}}</ref> but refused. In a formal statement to the outgoing British authorities, Menon declined the knighthood, stating that with Indian independence, he had entered the service of the new Indian government.<ref name="decades"/> According to his grandson, however, Menon later privately told his daughter-in-law he could not accept a knighthood for having caused the partition of his country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramaswamy |first=Chitra |date=7 August 2022 |title=India 1947: Partition in Colour review – a heartbreaking, rage-inspiring history of Britain's colonial legacy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/aug/07/india-1947-partition-in-colour-review-channel-4-history-britain-colonial-legacy |work=[[The Guardian]] |location= |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In [[Patrick French]]'s ''India: A Portrait'', a biographical book on the Indian Subcontinent, it is mentioned that V.P. Menon moved in with his Keralite friends after his wife left him and returned to south India. The two friends, who were a couple, had arranged his marriage and helped raise his two sons – Pangunni Anantan Menon and Pangunni Shankaran Menon. When the husband died, Menon married his widow.<ref>India - a portrait by Patrick French - page 13</ref>

==In popular culture==
Indian actor [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] portrayed Menon in the 1993 film ''[[Sardar (1993 film)|Sardar]]'', based on the life of Indian statesman Vallabhbhai Patel.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sardar (1993) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0240879/fullcredits|access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref> In [[Pradhanmantri]], a television political documentary series, [[Adi Irani]] plays as Menon.

In 2024 historical hindi series ''[[Freedom at Midnight (TV series)|Freedom at Midnight]]'' also specifying V.P. Menon's contributions.

==Bibliography==
* Menon, V.P (1956), ''[https://archive.org/stream/99999990823953TheStoryOfTheIntegrationOfTheIndianStates/99999990823953%20-%20The%20Story%20Of%20The%20Integration%20Of%20The%20Indian%20States#mode/2up The Story of the Integration of the Indian States]'', Orient Longman Ltd, Madras
* Menon, V.P (1957), ''[[iarchive:4990010060490TheTransferOfPowerInIndia/page/n11/mode/2up|The Transfer of Power in India]]'', Orient Longman Ltd, Madras

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Patel: A Life|publisher=[[Navajivan]]|year=1990|location=Ahmedabad|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Narayani|title=[[V. P. Menon: The Unsung Architect of Modern India]]|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster India]]|year=2020|isbn=9789386797681}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bhadada|first=Shubhangi|last2=Leaning|first2=Jennifer|title=The 1947 Partition of British India - Forced Migration and Its Reverberations|publisher=[[Sage Publishing]]|year=2022|isbn=9789354793127}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250506005648/https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/pdf/name_of_governor.pdf Governors of Orissa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250730085615/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/remembering-vp-menon-our-unrecognised-nation-builder-317857/ Remembering VP Menon, our unrecognised nation-builder] The Tribune
* [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/the-forgotten-bureaucrat-who-shaped-modern-india.html The forgotten bureaucrat who shaped modern India] The Pioneer
* [https://inc.in/congress-sandesh/tribute/sardar-patel-and-integration-of-states Sardar Patel & Integration of States] Indian National Congress

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, V P}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Central Secretariat Service officers]]
[[Category:Governors of Odisha]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Ottapalam]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Kerala]]

S. Easwara Varma

2026-01-02T01:17:09Z

TimXlb08387347: Started

{{BLP sources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = S. Easwara Varma
| image =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|10|03}}
| death_date =
| origin = [[India]]
| instrument = [[Violin]]
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = Violinist, Teacher
| years_active = 1972 to present
| label =
| website =
}}
'''S. Easwara Varma''' is a [[Carnatic music|carnatic style]] violinist and teacher from [[Kerala]], [[South India]]. Shri.Varma has taught in several music colleges in Kerala for over 30 years. He is a regular performer in various music events held in the country, both as a soloist and as an accompanying artiste. Easwara Varma has accompanied with his violin many greats in Carnatic music, like T.K.Govinda Rao, [[V. Dakshinamoorthy|V.Dakshinamoorthy Swamy]], [[Mavelikkara Prabhakara Varma]], [[Neyyattinkara Vasudevan]], Neyyattinkara Mohanachandran, S.Retnakaran Bhagavathar, P.R.Kumara Kerala Varma, [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath|Perumbavoor.G.Raveendranath]], [[K. J. Yesudas|Dr.K.J.Yesudas]], [[T. V. Sankaranarayanan|T.V.Sankaranarayanan]], [[Sanjay Subrahmanyan]], [[T. M. Krishna|T.M.Krishna]], [[K. Omanakutty|Prof.K.Omanakutty]], [[M. K. Sankaran Namboothiri|M.K.Sankaran Namboothiri]], Vayyankara.S.R.Madhusoodanan, and K.Venkataraman

==Early life==
Easwara Varma was born on 3 October 1952 as the fourth child of Late V.Sambu Namboothiri and Ambika Thampuratty in Mavelikkara. As a young child, Shri.Varma was taught the basics of [[Carnatic music|classical]] music by his father who was quite proficient in the [[Carnatic music|carnatic]] style. Later, he had his formal education in violin under the able tutelage of Shri.[[B. Sasikumar|B.Sasikumar]] and Shri.Chalakudy.N.S.Narayana Swamy. He had completed Ganabhooshanam and Ganapraveena (post Diploma) from Sree [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] with distinction. He further underwent a two-year advanced training under the guidance of Shri.Chalakudy.N.S.Narayana Swamy with a Cultural Scholarship from the Government of India

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==Teaching==
In 1977 Easwara Varma joined the [[Chembai Memorial Government Music College]], [[Palakkad]] as a tutor in violin. Later he joined in Sree Swathi Thirunal College of Music, Thiruvananthapuram where he was eventually made a professor, and retired as the Head of the Department (Violin). He had also taught at R.L.V. College of Music and Fine Arts, [[Thrippunithura]]. Outside of these institutions too, he has trained a large number of students, many of whom are celebrated artistes themselves. He had also served as a member of the Board of Studies (Music), [[University of Kerala]] from 2005 to 2008, and as an external examiner of M.A Music Examination board, [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[Kottayam]]. After retiring from government service in 2008, Shri.Varma currently divides his time between nurturing violin enthusiasts and performing at various venues

==Music career==
Easwara Varma had performed in various stages right from his school days. However, he started performing as a professional artiste only when he was around 20 years old. Since then, he has performed extensively in various Sangeetha Sabhas across the country

From 1978 onwards, he has been closely associating with the [[All India Radio|A.I.R]], Thiruvananthapuram, where he had given several violin concerts and also accompanied many eminent artistes. Currently, he is an A-Grade artist of the A.I.R. He had given a violin concert in South Zone hookup Music Concerts conducted by the A.I.R, in 1989. He also performed as an accompanying artiste in Akashvani Sangeet Sammelan in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://enarada.com/treat-for-music-lovers-at-akashvani-sangeet-sammelan/|title=Treat for music lovers at Akashvani Sangeet Sammelan - enarada.com|publisher=}}</ref> From 1985 onwards, Doordarshan also has aired several of his performances

Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel (SVBC) had aired an episode featuring him accompanying on violin the renowned vocalist, Shri.K.Venkataraman

In 2000, Shri.Varma along with Shri.Vayyankara.S.R.Madhusoodanan (Vocal), Shri.[[Mavelikkara S. R. Raju|Mavelikkara.S.R.Raju]] (Mridangam), Shri. Anil Kumar (Ghatam), and Shri.Neyyattinakara Krishnan (Mukharshanku), had visited USA and gave concerts in Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Texas, Virginia, New York, and Washington<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rec.music.indian.classical/8B4ocbpC-WI|title=Google Groups|publisher=}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Easwara Varma lives with his family in [[Sreekanteswaram]], Thiruvananthapuram. His wife, Smt. Lalithambika Thambatty, now retired, used to teach in [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust|Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], Thiruvananthapuram. He has two daughters - Dr. Vrinda Varma and Smt.Vidya Varma. Dr. Vrinda Varma, a Ph.D. holder in carnatic music from the [[University of Kerala]], and an accomplished violinist,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artindia.net/vrinda.html|title=VRINDA VARMA - Carnatic Violin - www.artindia.net - Indian classical performing arts.|publisher=}}</ref> currently works as a guest lecturer of violin, in [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]], [[Kalady]]. Smt.Vidya Varma is employed with [[Wipro]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] campus.

==Awards and honours==
Shri.Varma had been the recipient of numerous accolades on account of his performances and teaching skills. Some of them are
* Nada Bhooshan Award by Kerala Marar Kshema Sabha in 1980
* Ponnada presented by the then Kerala Governor Sri.B.Rachaiah, for Thulasee Vana Parishath in 1990
* Madhura Gana Sudha Award by Vaikathashtami festival committee, Madhura in 2005
* Guru Puja Puraskar by Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy in 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/akademi-awards-announced/article731008.ece|title=Akademi awards announced|date=19 March 2010|publisher=|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
* Raghuvara Puraskaram in 2013
* Lalithamma Smaraka Award and cash prize by Sakthiswaroopini Rajarajeswari Temple, Manacadu in 2013
* Sangeetha Saparya Puraskaram by Vayyankara Madhusoodanan Smaraka Trust and Anjaneya Musicals in 2014
* Gurusree Puraskaram by Gurupriya School of Music, Puthuppally in 2015

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAXKN3KNBtY K.R.Harikrishnan Easwara Varma V.R.Narayana prakash 9-2-2012]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqS8NvDNnyM Perumbavoor G.Raveendranath-S.Easwara Varma-V.Surendran-V.Karthikeyan-live concert]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xrn_oXEga0Y C.S.Sajeev, Easwara varma, vaikam venugopal, Trivandrum Rajesh 21-2-2011]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baEe1X8xFbc Sandeep Narayanan-Paramapurusa-Lalitapanchamam]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wV9z8lfWCM Onam Fest Arjun B Krishna (Vocal) Prof.S.Easwara Varma (Violin) Kadanad.V.K.Gopi (Mridangam) Neyyanttinkara Krishnan (Morsing)]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, S. Easwara}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Musicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]