Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Manipur State Election Commission

2026-04-30T21:26:07Z

Tijusacademy: started a page

{{Infobox government agency
| name = Manipur State Election Commission
| nativename =
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| jurisdiction = [[Manipur]]
| headquarters = State Election Commission,
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Thakur Ram Singh.
| chief1_position = Chief Election Commissioner.
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| website = {{URL|https://ceomanipur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Manipur State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Manipur]] for ensuring that [[Elections in Manipur|elections]] in are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commissions]]. Manipur State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Manipur State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Manipur.

== History and Administration ==

Manipur State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State election commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113835/http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Manipur state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].

== Powers and Responsibilities ==

Manipur States Election Commission is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Releasing election schedule.<ref name="ma ref3">{{cite news |title=Election commission starts preparatory steps for upcoming Manipur Assembly election |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/9933/election-commission-starts-preparatory-steps-for-upcoming-manipur-assembly-election |access-date=21 December 2021 |publisher=Imphal Free Press |date=23 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.<ref name="ma ref4">{{cite news |title=Manipur draft electoral roll has more women voters than men |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/manipur-draft-electoral-roll-has-more-women-voters-than-men-101635771992008.html |access-date=21 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=1 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ma ref6">{{cite news |title=Election Commission of India begins Special Summary Revision of Electoral Rolls in Manipur - North East Live |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/2021/11/01/eci-begins-special-summary-revision-of-electoral-rolls-in-manipur/ |access-date=21 December 2021 |publisher=NorthEast Live |date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal panchayats in State
* Ordering repoll if needed.
* Making arrangements for Statewide polls.<ref name="ma ref1">{{cite news |title=Manipur election commission asks DCs, SPs to prepare for Assembly polls |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-election-commission-assembly.html |access-date=21 December 2021 |publisher=Northeast now |date=20 December 2021}}</ref>
* Monitoring poll expenditure for Panchayat polls.
* Laying guidelines for issue of opinion polls.
* Decision on conducting elections.
* Ensure proper counting of votes polled in local body polls.
* Declaring results of local body polls.
* Municipal and Panchayat constituencies delimitation exercise.
* Countermanding elections in case of mal practices.
* Issuing guidelines for voting in local body elections.
* Organising demonstration of Electronic Voting machine and VVPAT.
* Taking preventive steps to avoid pre-poll violence.<ref name="ma ref2">{{cite news |title=Ahead of Assembly polls, over 8,000 licensed firearms submitted in Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/ahead-of-assembly-polls-8000-licensed-firearms-submitted-in-manipur-7673192/ |access-date=21 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=14 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Manipur State Election Commission is headed by Chief Election Commissioner and as many members as specified in State Act. State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations.<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=telegraphindia.com |date=20 December 2021}}</ref>

Sri Rajesh Agarwal, is the Chief Electoral Officer of Manipur State Election Commission.<ref name="ma ref1" /> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

== Constitutional Requirements ==

Manipur State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of Election commission of India as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==

[[Election Commission of India]].

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://cgsec.gov.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405062652/http://cgsec.gov.in/ |date=2016-04-05 }}
* [https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ Official Website]


{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:Elections in Manipur]]
[[Category:Government of Manipur]]

Kohar, Bhiwani district

2026-04-30T14:03:29Z

Tijusacademy: made new location and citations

{{One source|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kohar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = none
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.799|N|76.017|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwani]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,242
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kohar''' is a village in the [[Bhiwani district]] of the Indian state of [[Haryana]]. It lies approximately {{convert|14|km}} west of the district headquarters town of [[Bhiwani]]. {{As of|2011|alt=As of the [[2011 Census of India]]}}, the village had 980 households with a total population of 5,242 of which 2,746 were male and 2,496 female.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kohar village|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=62793|publisher=[[Census of India]]|accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwani district]]

{{Bhiwani-geo-stub}}

Sundri Uttamchandani

2026-04-29T04:41:21Z

Tijusacademy: Added A Article - done

{{Short description|Indian writer of Sindhi language}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sundri Uttamchandani
| native_name =
| image = SundriUttamchandani-SindhiWriter.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1924|09|28}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|07|08|1924|09|28}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet, Prose writer
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| style =
| movement = [[Progressivism|Progressive]]
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Sundri Uttamchandani''' (28 September 1924 – 8 July 2013) was a noted Indian writer. She wrote mostly in [[Sindhi language]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Tunio |first=Hafeez |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/574401/sundri-uttamchandani-noted-sindhi-fiction-writer-passes-away/ |title=Sundri Uttamchandani: Noted Sindhi fiction writer passes away – The Express Tribune |date=8 July 2013 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref> She was married to progressive writer A. J. Uttam.

In 1986 she was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] by [[Sahitya Akademi]] in Sindhi for her Book ''Vichhoro'', a compilation of nine short stories.<ref>[http://www.thesindhuworld.com/academy_awards.html Sahitya Academy Awards in Sindhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717030858/http://www.thesindhuworld.com/academy_awards.html |date=17 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal |first= Mohan |author2=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay-Zorgot (Volume 5)|year=1992|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|page=4558}}</ref>

==Biography==
Sundri Uttamchandani was born on 28 September 1924 at [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] [[Sindh]] (now in Pakistan). Hydrabad was the capital of Sindh before the conquest of Sindh by the British. Though it lost its position as a capital city but, it continued to be a thriving centre of education literature and culture. All reform movements were rooted in its soil. At the very young age, Sundri was exposed to a vast repertoire of folk and mythological tales which were narrated by her parents to her and other children of the extended joint family. During her youth the freedom movement was sweeping across the country and she could not but be drawn to it. While still in college she translated a story "Bhadur Maao Ji Bahadur Deeah" (A brave daughter of a brave mother). This was her initiation in the literary field.

She married Assandas Uttamchandani (A.J.Uttam), a Freedom fighter, with a keen interest in [[Sindhi literature|Sindhi Literature]] with clear leanings toward Marxist Philosophy and, who become in the later years one of the leading writers of Sindhi progressive literary movement, A J Uttam, was one of the founders of Sindhi Sahit Mandal in Bombay. Sundri accompanied him to weekly literary meetings which were presided over by a fatherly figure, Prof M U Malkani, who was a fountain head of encouragement to new and upcoming writers. This exposure to Sindhi writers and their creative works were to become source of inspiration for her and in the year 1953 she produced her first novel "Kirandar Deewaroon" (Crumbling walls). This proved to be path breaking. She shattered the near monopoly of male domination in literature by her one feat, while on the one hand, she won the accolades and acclaim of all senior writers for use of 'homely' language, a folksy- idiomatic language used by women folk in their household and thus brought in a new literary flavour in Sindhi literature. The theme and structure of the novel was mature and it has distinction of being reprinted many times over. This Novel was translated into many Indian languages and brought her acclaim by literary critics of those languages, thus elevating her from a writer of a regional language to a writer of All India fame. Her Second Novel "Preet Purani Reet Niraali" came in the year 1956, which has run into 5 reprints, which amply speaks of its merit and popularity.

Apart from her path breaking novels, it is in short story form in which she found herself more comfortable. She has collections of short stories to her credit some of which have gone into various reprints. Some of her short stories have become water mark in this genre and are often cited as outstanding examples.

Her Story" Bhoori" (A doll) brings out in stark relief the beauty of yester years, who due to ravages of partition of the country has lost her enchanting looks but is radiant with inner beauty born out of [[dignity of labour]] and assured demeanor to shoulder economic responsibilities to feed her family, thus standing shoulder to shoulder with her husband, ushering in gender equality without being sounding stirringly feminist.Her first story 'Mamta' against the war won her first prize in 1952 in a short story competition. 'Koshan' was another story which also appreciated and received first prize in 1954 from Kahani Magazine.In early sixties a Publisher of 'KAHANI' magazine had organised a short story competition in which many stalwarts of the time participated and Sundri's short story "KHEER BARIYA HATHRA" won the first prize. This was story published in a book titled as "KHEER BARIYA HATHRA" 1960 by KAHANI. Her story "HI SHAHAR" (This City) is everlasting portrayal of a meek Nepali watchman in a lower middle class apartment building in this city as a vast ruthless and soul less machine, unmindful of the personal loss or tragedy.
Sundri has tried her hand at traditional poetry with proper meter but it is in [[free verse]] where she has found her niche. She has four poetry collections to her credit. Her poems delve deep into subtle and delicate gamut of emotions and find artistic and imaginative articulation with her individual stamp.

Apart from winning many awards throughout her vast and eventful literary career, she was bestowed prestigious [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for her Book "Vichhoro" in the year 1986.

As a part of [[Progressive Writers' Movement|Progressive Writers' movement]] she has written on erstwhile Soviet Union, "NAEEN SABHYATA Jo DARSHAN' and Bharat Roos ba Banh Beli (India Russia two comrades in arms) for which she won '''The coveted Soviet Land Award'''. She has inspired many women writers to contribute to Sindhi literature and will continue to inspire future generations.

==Literary career==
Started writing in the year 1946. She has written 200 Short Stories, 2 Novels, 12 one act plays, Approx. 500 essays 200 poems. Has translated many novels, short stories and poems of renowned writers viz. [[Amrita Pritam]], Maxim Gorky, Krishanchandra, Sholokhav etc.

* Positions Held: Pioneer Member of Sindhi Sahitya Mandal & Akhil Bharat Sindhi Boli and Sahit Sabha
* Founder of: Sindhu Nari Sabha and Sindhu Bal Mandir

==Awards received==
* Soviet Land Nehru Peace award, comprising cash award and 2 weeks visit to USSR.
* Award from Hindi Directorate, Ministry of Education for the Book ‘Bhoori’
* Cash Prize of Rs. 10,000/- from Akhil Bharat Sindhi Boli Ain Sahit Sabha – 1985
* Sahitya Academy award 1986 on Book ‘Vichhoro’
* Cash Prize of Rs. 100,000/- Guarav Purskar from Govt. of [[Maharashtra]].
* Cash Prize of Rs. 50,000/- towards Life Time Achievement Award from NCPSL – National Council for Promotion Of Sindhi Language in 2005.
* Cash Prize of Rs.150,000 and Citetion from Sindhi Akademi, Delhi in 2012

==Telefilms made==
* Bandhan 1986 – In Hindi
* Vilayati Ghot ji Golha – Director – Kamal Nathani
* Kitty Party – Director Kailash Advani
* Bhoori – 2008 – Director Rajesh Bachchani
* Insaaf—2012 – Director Kamal Nathani
 Documentary made on Sundri Uttamchandani along with two leading Sindhi lady writers [[Popati Hiranandani|Prof. Popati Hiranandani]] & Kala Prakash (Sindhi Sahit jun te barkh Lekhkaun)

Available all over India through Sindhi Sangat

==List of books==
* Kirandar Deewarun – 1953 (5 editions and translated in 3 languages)
* Aman Sade Peyo – 1966
* Preet Purani Reet Niralee – 1956 (5 editions)
* Bharat Russ Ba Bahn Boli
* Hugao 1993
* To Jin Jee Taat – 1970
* Murk Te Manah 1992
* Naien Sabhitya jo Darshan – 1975
* Bhoori – 1979 (3 editions)
* Hik Sassui Sao Soor (Trans) – 1963
* Achaa Vaar Gaara Gul – 1965
* Atam Vishwas – 1999
* Vichooro – 1989 (2 editions)
* Sindhu(Dramas) – 2000
* Yugaantar – 1989
* Nakhreliyun – 2001
* Kheryal Dharti – 1992
* Daath bani aa laat – 2004
* Bandhan – 1985 (3 editions)
* Chanchala- Translation of her stories in Hindi – 2011

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sundriuttam.com/ SundriUttam.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100514082337/http://www.sindhisahitsabha.com/awards.htm Akhil Bharat Sindhi Boli Ain Sahit Sabha Awards]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uttamchandani, Sundri}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad District, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sindhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Sindhi women writers]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, Sindh]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests

2026-04-27T01:43:12Z

Tijusacademy: started entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{broader|List of changes made due to the George Floyd protests|List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2020}} 
{{Use American English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{TOC right}}

After [[George Floyd]], an unarmed [[African Americans|Black American]] man, [[Murder of George Floyd|was murdered]] by a white police officer, [[Derek Chauvin]], during an arrest in [[Minneapolis]], Minnesota, on May 25, 2020, [[George Floyd protests|many people protested]] against [[systemic racism]], both [[List of George Floyd protests in the United States|in the United States]] and [[International George Floyd protests|internationally]]. During the course of these protests, many [[List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests|monuments and memorials]] were vandalized or toppled by protestors, prompting those people who were in charge of other similar monuments to remove them from public view. Similarly, many names, mascots, and other controversial forms of symbolism were either changed or removed under direct or indirect public pressure. In other countries, [[Race (human categorization)|race]]-related and [[Colonialism|colonial issues]] were also raised, and some of them were acted upon. In some cases, changes were already being planned or they had already been under consideration before the outbreak of the protests.


'''Color code''':
:{{legend|#DFF|outline=#AAA|Reported but not (yet) executed}}
:{{legend|#FFD|outline=#AAA|Decision pending}}
:{{legend|#FED|outline=#AAA|Proposed change supported by one or more officials}}
:{{legend|#F8F9FA|outline=#AAA|Change implemented}}
:{{legend|#FDF|outline=#AAA|Change partially or fully reversed}}

'''Abbreviations used''': 
: '''ES''': Elementary school
: '''HS''': High school
: '''MS''': Middle school
: '''TBD''': To be determined

{{clear}}

== Education ==


{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! rowspan=2 | Reported 
! rowspan=2 | Executed
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortal/kjlkjmble" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" |'''Sir Francis Drake HS'''
| style="text-align: center" |'''[[Archie Williams High School|Archie Williams HS]]'''
| [[San Anselmo, California|San Anselmo]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA" | [[California|CA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 1, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|May 11, 2021}}
| Sir Francis Drake High School was renamed [[Archie Williams High School]] for former teacher and Olympic athlete [[Archie Williams]], after awareness grew of [[Francis Drake]]'s involvement with the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]], [[colonialism]] and [[piracy]], along with his symbolic connection to the [[Scientific racism|racist]] ideology of [[19th-century Anglo-Saxonism|Anglo-Saxonism]].
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UA5SePs-8axEYJC89FugJb8z7XUZGXMeXChQpI0Or1g|title=Communication to Community|website=Google Docs|access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last=White|first=Richard|author-link=Richard White (historian)|date=2020|title=California Exposures|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|pages=1–31|isbn=978-0-393-24306-2|oclc=1102467481}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last1= Lane|first1= Kris E.|author-link1= Kris Lane|date= 1998|chapter= Smugglers, Pirates, and Privateers: The Elizabethans|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405270582/page/32/|title= Pillaging the empire: piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750|language= en|location= Armonk, N.Y.|publisher= M.E. Sharpe|publication-date= 1998|isbn= 0-7656-0256-3}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Brenner|first=Keri|date=2021-05-07|title=Drake panel taps Archie Williams for new high school name|url=https://www.marinij.com/2021/05/07/drake-panel-taps-archie-williams-for-new-high-school-name/|url-status=live|work=Marin Independent Journal|location=San Rafael, CA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508224327/https://www.marinij.com/2021/05/07/drake-panel-taps-archie-williams-for-new-high-school-name|archive-date=2021-05-08|access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Marin School Board Votes To Rename Drake High After Beloved, Former Teacher Archie Williams |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2021/05/11/marin-school-board-votes-to-rename-drake-high-after-beloved-former-teacher-archie-williams/ |access-date=29 June 2021 |work=KPIX-TV |date=11 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[P. G. T. Beauregard]] Hall'''<hr />'''[[Leonidas K. Polk]] Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''College of Science and Technology'''<hr />'''College of Education and Behavioral Sciences'''
| [[Thibodaux, Louisiana|Thibodaux]]
| data-sort-value="US-LA" |[[Louisiana|LA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 3, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 3, 2020}}
| The [[Nicholls State University]] president announced the renaming of two buildings on campus named for people associated with the Confederacy who had no relationship to the university.
| <ref name="NSU">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailycomet.com/news/20200603/nicholls-to-change-names-of-beauregard-and-polk-halls|title=Nicholls to change names of Beauregard and Polk halls|first=Dan|last=Copp|website=Daily Comet|date=June 3, 2020|access-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608131025/https://www.dailycomet.com/news/20200603/nicholls-to-change-names-of-beauregard-and-polk-halls|archive-date=June 8, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Roscoe & Gladstone Halls, University of Liverpool (1).JPG|100px|Gladstone Hall]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[William Ewart Gladstone|Gladstone]] Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Greenbank Hall of Residence'''
| [[Liverpool]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 9, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 14, 2022}}
| The [[University of Liverpool]] announced that it would rename a [[Dormitory|hall of residence]] honoring prime minister [[William Ewart Gladstone]], for "his views on slavery".
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Dorothy Kuya Halls: Official Opening |url=https://www.liverpoolguild.org/articles/dorothy-kuya-halls-official-opening |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614171348/https://www.liverpoolguild.org/articles/dorothy-kuya-halls-official-opening/ |archive-date=2022-06-14 |access-date=August 20, 2022 |website=Liverpool Guild}}</ref><ref>Clements, Max. [https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/university-rename-student-halls-named-18387566 University will rename student halls named after former Prime Minister William Gladstone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610100018/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/university-rename-student-halls-named-18387566 |date=June 10, 2020 }}. Liverpool Echo. June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Calcutta building.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[John Cass|Sir John Cass]] School of Art, Architecture and Design'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[School of Art, Architecture and Design (London Metropolitan University)|School of Art, Architecture and Design]]'''
| [[London]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 10, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 10, 2020}}
| [[London Metropolitan University]] announced that the school's name would no longer refer to [[John Cass|Sir John Cass]], because of his links to the [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]].
| <ref>{{cite news |title=A message about our School of Art, Architecture and Design |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/a-message-about-our-school-of-art-architecture-and-design// |access-date=June 13, 2020 |work=londonmet.ac.uk |date=June 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610190316/https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/articles/a-message-about-our-school-of-art-architecture-and-design/ |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Jefferson ES'''<hr/>'''Washington ES'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Ruth Acty ES'''<hr/>{{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA" | CA
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 10, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|December 9, 2020}}<hr/>{{sort||''TBD''}}
| The [[Berkeley Unified School District]] board unanimously voted to rename two elementary schools because of [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s and [[George Washington]]'s ownership of slaves. Jefferson ES was renamed after Ruth Acty, the first teacher of color in the Berkeley Unified School District, who dedicated nearly 50 years of her life to teaching.
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Yelimeli|first=Supriya|date=2020-06-12|title=BUSD will rename Jefferson and Washington elementary schools in broader 'Black Lives Matter' push|url=https://www.berkeleyside.com/2020/06/12/busd-will-rename-jefferson-and-washington-elementary-schools-in-broader-black-lives-matter-push|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Berkeleyside|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625142518/https://www.berkeleyside.com/2020/06/12/busd-will-rename-jefferson-and-washington-elementary-schools-in-broader-black-lives-matter-push|archive-date=June 25, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6951754/13-1-Resolution20064-0.pdf |title=Resolution No. 20-064 in support of Black Lives Matter |access-date=June 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625235111/https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6951754/13-1-Resolution20064-0.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berkeleyschools.net/schools/elementary-schools/ruth-acty-elementary/name-change/ |title=Jefferson Elementary School Renaming |date=September 4, 2020 |publisher=Berkeley Unified School District |access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:052607-013-VKC-USC.jpg|100 px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Rufus B. von KleinSmid|Von KleinSmid]] Center for International and Public Affairs ([[University of Southern California|USC]])'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''The Center for International and Public Affairs (temporarily)'''<hr/>'''Dr. [[Joseph Medicine Crow]] Center for International and Public Affairs'''
| [[Los Angeles]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA" |[[California|CA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 11, 2020}}<hr/>{{dts|abbr=on|November 18, 2021}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 11, 2020}}<hr/>{{dts|abbr=on|April 11, 2022}}
| The executive committee of the board of trustees of the [[University of Southern California]] (USC) voted unanimously to remove [[Rufus B. von KleinSmid]]'s name. Von KleinSmid was the fifth president of USC, an active supporter of eugenics and forced sterilization, and the only [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] university president who refused to send the transcripts of [[Japanese Americans|Japanese American]] students who were released from World War II [[Internment of Japanese Americans|internment camps]] to colleges in other states.

In November 2021, USC announced the building would be renamed in honor of alumnus [[Joseph Medicine Crow]], an author, historian, and the last [[Tribal chief|war chief]] of the [[Crow people|Apsáalooke (Crow) Nation]]. The building was dedicated on April 11, 2022.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-06-11/usc-removes-name-of-former-president-rufus-von-kleinsmid-a-supporter-of-eugenics-from-prominent-building|title=USC removes name of Rufus von KleinSmid, a eugenics leader, from prominent building|website=Los Angeles Times|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623131432/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-06-11/usc-removes-name-of-former-president-rufus-von-kleinsmid-a-supporter-of-eugenics-from-prominent-building|archive-date=June 23, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="usc.president">{{cite web|url=https://www.president.usc.edu/a-message-to-the-usc-community-from-president-folt/|title=A Message to the USC Community from President Folt|website=University of Southern California|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625191147/https://www.president.usc.edu/a-message-to-the-usc-community-from-president-folt/|archive-date=June 25, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-11-18/usc-native-american-alumnus-building-renamed|title=A USC building stripped of eugenicist's name will instead honor a Native American alumnus|website=Los Angeles Times|first=Melissa|last=Gomez|date=November 18, 2021|access-date=June 4, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://today.usc.edu/usc-dedicates-dr-joseph-medicine-crow-center/|title=Signaling a cultural shift, President Folt dedicates landmark building to alum Joseph Medicine Crow|website=University of Southern California|first=Grayson|last=Schmidt|date=April 11, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:SVU Durham.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Robert Lee Durham|Durham]] Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Academic Center (temporarily)'''
| [[Buena Vista, Virginia|Buena Vista]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA" |[[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.11|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.11|format=mdy}}
| [[Southern Virginia University]] (SVU) renamed its primary academic building.{{efn|Durham's name was also removed from the building and SVU's web site, and would no longer be used in SVU's publications.{{r|svu.statement}} SVU administrators had become aware of Durham's views about a week before the renaming, from a social media post in response to a statement condemning racism made by the university roughly a week after the George Floyd protests began.{{r|svu.statement}}{{r|svu.deseret}}}} [[Robert Lee Durham]] was a [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] who was a co-owner and former president of Southern Seminary, a predecessor of SVU.{{efn|Durham was president from 1919 to 1942.{{r|svu.statement}}}} His advocacy of white supremacy was "explicit, public, [and] proactive".{{efn|Durham authored and published a novel with white supremacist themes, disenfranchised African American voters, and advocated for white supremacist views with US Congressmembers and other politicians.{{r|svu.statement}}}}
| <ref name="svu.statement">{{cite web|url=https://svu.edu/news/2020/official-university-statement-update-to-our-academic-center/|title=Official University Statement: Update to our Academic Center | Southern Virginia University|website=svu.edu|access-date=September 14, 2020|archive-date=August 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812184834/https://svu.edu/news/2020/official-university-statement-update-to-our-academic-center/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="svu.deseret">{{cite web|url=https://www.deseret.com/faith/2020/6/19/21297326/racism-southern-virginia-university-white-supremacists-name-juneteenth-latter-day-saints-mormon|title=Southern Virginia University removes white supremacist's name from building at school for Latter-day Saints|first=Tad|last=Walch|date=June 19, 2020|website=Deseret News|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="svu.milestones">{{cite web|url=https://svu.edu/about/milestones/|title=Mission & Milestones | Southern Virginia University|website=svu.edu|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Marge Schott|Schott]] Building'''<hr />'''Schottzie Stadium'''
| style="text-align: center" | ''n/a''
| Cincinnati
| data-sort-value="US-OH" | OH
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.11|format=mdy}}
|
| The [[St. Ursula Academy (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Saint Ursula Academy]] leadership team decided to rename two of its facilities because of [[Marge Schott]]'s "record of racism and bigotry." Schottzie was Schott's dog.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saintursula.org/protected/ArticleView.aspx?iid=6GBAB3B&dasi=4GGGY|title=Saint Ursula Academy to Remove Schott Name from Two Campus Facilities|website=saintursula.org|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616002432/https://www.saintursula.org/protected/ArticleView.aspx?iid=6GBAB3B&dasi=4GGGY|archive-date=June 16, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saintursula.org/Location.aspx|title=Campus|website=saintursula.org|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624004657/http://www.saintursula.org/Location.aspx|archive-date=June 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2020/06/11/saint-ursula-academy-remove-marge-schotts-name-two-buildings-schottzie-stadium/5346219002/|title=Saint Ursula Academy will remove Marge Schott's name from two buildings|first=Cole|last=Behrens|website=The Enquirer|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626180026/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2020/06/11/saint-ursula-academy-remove-marge-schotts-name-two-buildings-schottzie-stadium/5346219002/|archive-date=June 26, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[John C. Calhoun|Calhoun]] Honors College'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Clemson University#Clemson University Honors College|Clemson University Honors College]]'''
| [[Clemson, South Carolina|Clemson]]
| data-sort-value="US-SC" |[[South Carolina|SC]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 12, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 12, 2020}}
| [[Clemson University]] removed the name of its founder [[John C. Calhoun]] from its [[Honors colleges and programs|honors college]], for his pro-slavery views and his ownership of slaves.
| <ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press in Columbia, South Carolina|date=2020-06-13|title=Clemson to strip name of John C Calhoun from honors college|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/13/clemson-john-c-calhoun-slavery-honors-college|access-date=2020-06-13|website=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613201352/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/13/clemson-john-c-calhoun-slavery-honors-college|archive-date=June 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Wildermuth Intramural Center'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[William Leon Garrett Fieldhouse]]'''{{efn|The resolution approved by the trustees stated, "The Trustees of Indiana University do hereby approve the naming of the Intramural Center on the IU Bloomington Campus as the William Leon Garrett Fieldhouse."{{r|garrett.presidentiu}} However, the sign in front of the facility itself reads "Bill Garrett Fieldhouse".{{r|garrett.hq}}}}
| [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]
| data-sort-value="US-IN" | IN
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.12|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.12|format=mdy}}
| The [[Indiana University]] Board of Trustees approved the renaming.{{efn|The trustees had actually approved a recommendation to rename the facility to "William L. Garrett-Ora L. Wildermuth Intramural Center" on {{dts|2009.02.20}}.{{r|garrett.indystar}} However, the school announced four days later that it would not implement the change because it lacked support from Garrett's family.{{r|garrett.indystar}}}} The sports facility was formerly named "Wildermuth Intramural Center" after former trustee Ora Wildermuth, but due to his "extraordinarily strong opposition to racial integration," Wildermuth's name was stripped from the facility in 2018. [[Bill Garrett (basketball)|Bill Garrett]] was the "first black basketball player to regularly play in the [[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten conference]]".
| <ref name="garrett.indystar">{{cite web|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2018/10/05/name-segregationist-ora-wildermuth-stripped-iu-gym-college-says/1539046002/|title=Indiana University gym no longer named after segregationist, school says|first=Crystal|last=Hill|website=The Indianapolis Star|access-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707104541/https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2018/10/05/name-segregationist-ora-wildermuth-stripped-iu-gym-college-says/1539046002/|archive-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.iu.edu/stories/2020/06/iu/releases/12-intramural-center-renamed-for-basketball-star-bill-garrett.html|title=Intramural Center renamed for IU basketball star Bill Garrett|first=Chuck|last=Carney|date=June 12, 2020|website=News at IU|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707013545/https://news.iu.edu/stories/2020/06/iu/releases/12-intramural-center-renamed-for-basketball-star-bill-garrett.html|archive-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="garrett.presidentiu">{{cite web|url=https://president.iu.edu/speeches/statements/2020/06-12-board-of-trustees-report-intramural-center-bill-garrett-racial-justice.html|title=Board of Trustees President's Report: 2020: Statements: Select Speeches: Office of the President: Indiana University|date=June 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612144321/https://president.iu.edu/speeches/statements/2020/06-12-board-of-trustees-report-intramural-center-bill-garrett-racial-justice.html|archive-date=June 12, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="garrett.hq">{{cite web|url=https://indianahq.com/indiana-officially-renames-campus-intramural-center-after-basketball-legend-bill-garrett/|title=Indiana officially renames campus intramural center after basketball legend Bill Garrett|first=Dakota|last=Thompson|date=June 13, 2020|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707071843/https://indianahq.com/indiana-officially-renames-campus-intramural-center-after-basketball-legend-bill-garrett/|archive-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sir John Cass's Foundation.jpg|100px|Sir John Cass's Foundation]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[John Cass#Sir John Cass's Foundation|Sir John Cass's Foundation]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''The Portal Trust'''
| [[London]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 16, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|April 27, 2021}}
| The foundation issued a statement announcing its commitment to a change of name.
| <ref>{{citation|url=https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/heritage/sir-john-cass-foundation-name-change-1-6703747|title=Foundation named after slave trader Sir John Cass to change its name after 300 years|first=Jon|last=King|date=June 16, 2020|newspaper=The Docklands & East London Advertiser|access-date=June 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621225517/https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/heritage/sir-john-cass-foundation-name-change-1-6703747|archive-date=June 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=May |first=Melanie |date=2021-04-28 |title=Sir John Cass Foundation relaunches under new name of The Portal Trust |work=UK Fundraising |url=https://fundraising.co.uk/2021/04/28/sir-john-cass-foundation-relaunches-under-new-name-of-the-portal-trust/ |access-date=2024-04-23}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=THE PORTAL TRUST – THE NEW CASS NAME UNVEILED |work=The Portal Trust |url=https://portaltrust.org/news/the-portal-trust-the-new-cass-name-unveiled |access-date=2024-04-23}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:John Cass school.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Sir John Cass Redcoat School'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Stepney All Saints School]]'''
| [[London]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 16, 2020}}
| {{circa|Aug 19, 2020}}
| The school's governing body voted unanimously for a change of name.
| <ref name="King 6/18">{{cite news|url=https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/sir-john-cass-redcoat-school-name-change-1-6705474|title=Sir John Cass's Foundation and Redcoat school in Stepney Green to change its name over slave trader link|first=Jon|last=King|date=June 18, 2020|newspaper=The Docklands & East London Advertiser|access-date=June 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620163618/https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/sir-john-cass-redcoat-school-name-change-1-6705474|archive-date=June 20, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/education/redcoat-school-to-become-stepney-all-saints-1-6799993|title=Sir John Cass Redcoat School announces name change|first=Rachael|last=Burford|date=August 19, 2020|newspaper=The Docklands & East London Advertiser|access-date=September 5, 2020|archive-date=August 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821072933/https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/education/redcoat-school-to-become-stepney-all-saints-1-6799993|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:LouisPlummerAuditorium01c.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Louis E. Plummer Auditorium'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fullerton HS Auditorium'''
| [[Fullerton, California|Fullerton]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA" | CA
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 16, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 19, 2020}}
| The Fullerton Joint Union High School District board of trustees unanimously voted to remove Plummer's name from the [[Fullerton Union High School]] auditorium. Plummer was a leader of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. An online petition had amassed over 27,000 signatures. The Louis E. Plummer name was removed on June 19.
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Tour|first=Jesse La|date=2020-06-18|title=School Board Votes to Remove Plummer Name from Auditorium|url=https://fullertonobserver.com/2020/06/17/school-board-votes-to-remove-plummer-name-from-auditorium/|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Fullerton Observer}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Hendricks |first1=Terry |title=Petition Succeeds in Effort to Remove Plummer Name from Auditorium |url=https://fullertonobserver.com/2020/06/13/petition-succeeds-in-effort-to-remove-plummer-name-from-auditorium/ |work=Fullerton Observer |date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Richard |title=Renaming Historic Sites Continues to Ignite Debate in Orange County |url=https://voiceofoc.org/2020/07/discussion-on-changing-place-names-reignites-debate-across-orange-county/ |website=[[Voice of OC]] |date=July 22, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Jesse J. Finley|J. J. Finley]] ES'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Carolyn Beatrice Parker]] ES'''
| [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]]
| data-sort-value="US-FL" |[[Florida|FL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.16|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.18|format=mdy}}
| The School Board of [[Alachua County Public Schools|Alachua County]] voted unanimously for the name change. [[Jesse J. Finley]] was a Confederate brigadier general. The board unanimously voted to rename the school after Gainesville native [[Carolyn Parker|Carolyn Beatrice Parker]], "the first African American woman in the U.S. to receive a graduate degree in physics", and who worked on the [[Manhattan Project]].
|<ref name="Wjxt" /> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbac.edu/site/default.aspx?PageID=30000|title=Communications and Community Initiatives / Renaming J. J. Finley Elementary School|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gainesville.com/news/20200616/school-board-votes-to-rename-jj-finley-elementary-school|title=School board votes to rename J.J. Finley Elementary School|first=Sarah|last=Nelson|website=Gainesville Sun|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alligator.org/news/j-j-finley-elementary-s-new-namesake-carolyn-beatrice-parker/article_0d66409c-e1b4-11ea-943c-9f0c117e39eb.html|title=J.J. Finley Elementary's new namesake: Carolyn Beatrice Parker|first=Avery|last= Lotz|website=The Independent Florida Alligator|date=August 18, 2020|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6W3QhdMwwE|title=School Board Meeting, 8/18/20|date=August 18, 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kVLnkyNP553ibL2GgaROz5b9HJIJ4sFJ/view?usp=embed_facebook|title=ag81820.pdf|website=Google Docs|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.sbac.edu/cms/lib/FL02219191/Centricity/Domain/42/Recommendation%20to%20Board%20re%20Carolyn%20Beatrice%20Parker%20Elementary.pdf "Recommendation to Board re Carolyn Beatrice Parker"], August 5, 2020.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Finegan Elementary School award ceremony 121005-G-OD102-048.jpg|100px|Award ceremony at Finegan Elementary School]]<hr/>[[File:RobertELeeHSJacksonvilleFlorida.jpg|100px|Robert E. Lee High School]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Joseph Finegan]] ES<hr/>[[Stonewall Jackson]] ES<hr/>[[Jefferson Davis]] MS<hr/>[[Edmund Kirby Smith|Kirby-Smith]] MS<hr/>[[J.E.B. Stuart]] MS<hr/>Robert E. Lee HS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Anchor Academy'''<hr/>'''Hidden Oaks ES'''<hr/>'''Charger Academy'''<hr/>'''Springfield MS'''<hr/>'''Westside MS'''<hr/>'''[[Riverside High School (Florida)|Riverside HS]]'''
| [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]]
| data-sort-value="US-FL" | [[Florida|FL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.16|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.08.03|format=mdy}}
| The [[Duval County Public Schools#Duval County School Board|Duval County School Board]] unanimously approved the recommendation of the board chair to begin the renaming process. [[Joseph Finegan]], [[Stonewall Jackson]], [[Edmund Kirby Smith]], [[J. E. B. Stuart]], and [[Robert E. Lee]] were Confederate generals, and [[Jefferson Davis]] was the Confederate president. The name changes were approved in 2021. In 2013, the Board renamed [[Westside High School (Jacksonville)|Nathan B. Forrest High School]] to [[Westside High School (Jacksonville)|Westside High School]].
| <ref name=Wjxt>{{cite news |title= Board votes to explore removing Confederate names from Duval schools |newspaper=[[WJXT]] (news4jax) |url= https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/2020/06/16/board-chairman-launches-effort-to-strip-duval-county-schools-of-confederate-names/ |date=June 16, 2020 |first1=Joe |last1=McLean |first2=Corley |last2=Peel}}</ref> <ref>[https://duvalcosb.civicclerk.com/Web/UserControls/DocPreview.aspx?samid=20702&aoid=2201 "Meeting Minutes"], Duval County Public Schools, June 16, 2020.</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=McLean |first=Joe |date=2021-06-01 |title=Duval School Board approves renaming Lee High, 5 other schools |work=[[WJXT]] (news4jax) |url=https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/2021/06/02/duval-school-board-approves-renaming-lee-high-5-other-schools/ |access-date=2024-04-23}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Josephus Daniels|Daniels]] MS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Oberlin MS'''
| [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]]
| data-sort-value="US-NC" | [[North Carolina|NC]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 16, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 16, 2020}}
| [[Josephus Daniels]] was a newspaper editor and planner of the [[Wilmington insurrection of 1898]] in which the biracial city government of Wilmington was overthrown by white supremacists. The middle school in Raleigh honoring him was renamed for its location on Oberlin Road.
| <ref>Hui, Ti Keung (16 June 2017). [https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/education/article243567137.html A Raleigh School Named After a White Supremacist is Getting a New, Inclusive Name] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617024017/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/education/article243567137.html |date=June 17, 2020}}. ''The News & Observer''. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Woodrow Wilson HS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Eastside High School (Camden, New Jersey)|Eastside HS]]'''
| [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]]
| data-sort-value="US-NJ" | [[New Jersey|NJ]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 16, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|January 25, 2022}}
| The school superintendent cited "the segregationist views and ideas of the [[Woodrow Wilson|former president]] that ... have drastically reshaped his legacy" as the reason for the change.
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodas |first1=Steven |title=After 90 Years, Camden's Woodrow Wilson High School Will Be Renamed |url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/camden/sections/education/articles/after-90-years-camden-s-woodrow-wilson-high-school-will-be-renamed |website=TAPinto |access-date=22 June 2020 |date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622180023/https://www.tapinto.net/towns/camden/sections/education/articles/after-90-years-camden-s-woodrow-wilson-high-school-will-be-renamed |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Burney |first1=Melanie |title=Camden to rename Woodrow Wilson High School, citing the former president's segregationist legacy |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/nj-camden-woodrow-wilson-high-school-name-change-racism-20200619.html |website=Philadelphia Inquirer |access-date=22 June 2020 |date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622144932/https://www.inquirer.com/news/nj-camden-woodrow-wilson-high-school-name-change-racism-20200619.html |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>Burney, Melanie. [https://www.inquirer.com/news/woodrow-wilson-high-school-rename-20220125.html "Camden’s Woodrow Wilson High School renamed Eastside High"], ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', January 25, 2022. Accessed February 9, 2023. "Camden’s Woodrow Wilson High School will now be called Eastside High to break from the segregationist views and practices of the former president and New Jersey governor."</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aycock Residence Hall at UNC.jpg|100px]]<hr />[[File:Carr Building UNC 1.JPG|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Charles Brantley Aycock|Aycock]] Residence Hall'''<hr />'''[[Julian Carr (industrialist)|Carr]] Building'''<hr />'''Josephus Daniels Student Stores'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Hortense McClinton|McClinton]] Residence Hall'''<hr />'''Henry Owl Building'''<hr />'''Student Stores Building'''
| [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]]
| NC
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 17, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|December 3, 2021}}
| After the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] board of trustees lifted a ban on renaming buildings, the university's Commission on History, Race and A Way Forward recommended the removal of four names of [[White supremacy|white supremacists]] to the Chancellor. The board temporarily changed the names of Carr Building and Aycock Residence Hall to the Student Affairs Building and Residence Hall 1 respectively; it later voted to rename Residence Hall 1 after Hortense McClinton, the university's first Black professor, and the Students Affairs Building after [[Henry Owl]], the university's first Native American student.
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Krueger |first=Sarah |date=June 17, 2020 |title=UNC-Chapel Hill moves toward scrubbing buildings of racist links |newspaper=[[WRAL-TV]] |url=https://www.wral.com/unc-chapel-hill-moves-toward-scrubbing-buildings-of-racist-links/19148366/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706162954/https://www.wral.com/unc-chapel-hill-moves-toward-scrubbing-buildings-of-racist-links/19148366/ |archive-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Greta |date=July 6, 2020 |title=Campuses Reckon With Racist Past |newspaper=[[InsideHigherEd]] |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/07/06/campuses-remove-monuments-and-building-names-legacies-racism |url-status=live |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706145502/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/07/06/campuses-remove-monuments-and-building-names-legacies-racism |archive-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="unc.wnct">{{cite news |date=July 13, 2020 |title=UNC commission recommends renaming 4 campus buildings |newspaper=[[WNCT-TV|WNCT]] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.wnct.com/news/north-carolina/unc-commission-recommends-re-naming-4-campus-buildings/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713135746/https://www.wnct.com/news/north-carolina/unc-commission-recommends-re-naming-4-campus-buildings/ |archive-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=HRWF Full Commission Meeting | date=June 22, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdP3CY6Tgr8 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Trustees approve policy for renaming campus buildings | UNC-Chapel Hill |website=The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |url=https://www.unc.edu/posts/2020/07/17/trustees-approve-policy-for-renaming-campus-buildings/}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Two buildings renamed after UNC 'firsts' Henry Owl and Hortense McClinton|url=https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2021/12/university-building-renaming-breaking1203|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Daily Tar Heel}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Walpole High School|Walpole HS]] Rebels'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Walpole HS Timberwolves'''
| [[Walpole, Massachusetts|Walpole]]
| data-sort-value="US-MA" | [[Massachusetts|MA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 18, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|April 29, 2021}}
| The Walpole School Committee voted unanimously to change the school's mascot. More than 150 people participated in a rally for the change. Multiple [[Change.org]] petitions had called for the change, amassing over 14,000 signatures in total.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boston.com/sports/local-news-2/2020/06/19/walpole-rebels-nickname-vote|title=Walpole School Committee votes unanimously to change 'Rebels' nickname|website=Boston Globe|date=June 19, 2020|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622205859/https://www.boston.com/sports/local-news-2/2020/06/19/walpole-rebels-nickname-vote|archive-date=June 22, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wickedlocal.com/story/times-advocate/2021/05/04/walpole-high-school-new-mascot-timberwolves-replaces-rebels/4921023001/|title='Involved an exhaustive process': Timberwolves to replace Rebels as Walpole High mascot|date=May 4, 2021|access-date=April 23, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Lee Magnet.tif|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Robert E. Lee|Lee]] Magnet HS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Liberty Magnet High School|Liberty Magnet HS]]'''
| [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]]
| data-sort-value="US-LA" | LA
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.18|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.03|format=mdy}}
| The [[East Baton Rouge Parish Public Schools|East Baton Rouge]] school board voted to change the school's name. It was formerly Robert E. Lee HS and then Lee Magnet HS.
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Baton Rouge school board calls for the resignation of fellow member following viral video |first1=Madeline |last1=Holcombe |first2=Eric |last2=Levenson |newspaper=[[CNN]] |date=June 23, 2020 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/23/us/robert-e-lee-baton-rouge-bernard-resignation-call-trnd/index.html |access-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623133045/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/23/us/robert-e-lee-baton-rouge-bernard-resignation-call-trnd/index.html |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=EBRPSS renaming committee settles on three possible names to replace Lee High School |first=Briana |last=Augustus |newspaper=BR Proud |date=July 14, 2020 |url=https://www.brproud.com/news/local-news/ebrpss-renaming-committee-settles-on-three-possible-names-to-replace-lee-high-school/ |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714104715/https://www.brproud.com/news/local-news/ebrpss-renaming-committee-settles-on-three-possible-names-to-replace-lee-high-school/ |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brproud.com/news/local-news/ebr-school-board-votes-to-rename-lee-high-school/ |title=EBR school board votes to rename Lee High School |date=June 19, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704164304/https://www.brproud.com/news/local-news/ebr-school-board-votes-to-rename-lee-high-school/ |archive-date=July 4, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title= School board votes for Baton Rouge's Lee High School to be renamed Liberty High School |newspaper=[[WAFB]] |date=July 16, 2020 |url= https://www.wafb.com/2020/07/16/ebr-school-board-decides-rename-lee-high-school/ |first1=Lester |last1=Duhé |first2=Nick |last2=Gremillion}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brproud.com/news/lee-high-school-name-removed-from-front-of-campus/|title=Lee High School name removed from front of campus|date=August 3, 2020|access-date=September 14, 2020|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115224651/https://www.brproud.com/news/lee-high-school-name-removed-from-front-of-campus/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Francis Galton|Galton]] Lecture Theatre'''<hr />'''[[Karl Pearson|Pearson]] Lecture Theatre'''<hr />'''Pearson Building'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Lecture Theatre 115'''<hr />'''Lecture Theatre G22'''<hr />'''North-West Wing'''
| [[London]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 19, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 19, 2020}}
| [[University College London]] renamed two lecture theatres and a building named after [[Eugenics|eugenicists]] [[Francis Galton]] and [[Karl Pearson]].
| <ref>{{cite news |title=UCL renames three facilities that honoured prominent eugenicists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jun/19/ucl-renames-three-facilities-that-honoured-prominent-eugenicists |access-date=June 20, 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619231000/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jun/19/ucl-renames-three-facilities-that-honoured-prominent-eugenicists |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/jun/ucl-denames-buildings-named-after-eugenicists|title=UCL denames buildings named after eugenicists|date=June 19, 2020|website=UCL News|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626192046/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/jun/ucl-denames-buildings-named-after-eugenicists|archive-date=June 26, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Woodrow Wilson Hall, West Long Branch, NJ - Dedication plaque.jpg|100px|Woodrow Wilson Hall dedication plaque]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Woodrow Wilson]] Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Great Hall at Shadow Lawn'''
| [[West Long Branch, New Jersey|West Long Branch]]
| data-sort-value="US-NJ" | NJ
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 19, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 19, 2020}}
| [[Monmouth University]]'s board of trustees unanimously voted to rename the building, after voting to keep it in 2016.
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Chris |title=Monmouth U. removing Woodrow Wilson's name from building to foster diversity |url=https://www.nj.com/monmouth/2020/06/monmouth-u-removing-woodrow-wilsons-name-from-building-to-foster-diversity.html |website=The Star-Ledger |access-date=22 June 2020 |date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624190703/https://www.nj.com/monmouth/2020/06/monmouth-u-removing-woodrow-wilsons-name-from-building-to-foster-diversity.html |archive-date=June 24, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Levenson |first1=Michael |title=Monmouth University to Remove Woodrow Wilson's Name From Building |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/nyregion/monmouth-university-woodrow-wilson.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=22 June 2020 |date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623054434/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/nyregion/monmouth-university-woodrow-wilson.html |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Philip J. Schuyler]] Achievement Academy'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Roots Academy at West Hill'''
| [[Albany, New York|Albany]]
| data-sort-value="US-NY" | [[New York (state)|NY]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.19|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2023.07.01|format=mdy}}
| The [[City School District of Albany]] announced that it would form a School Naming Policy Committee to create "a policy regarding the naming and renaming of district buildings and facilities" including that of this elementary school.{{efn|The committee was formed in order to "establish an official process to rename [Philip] J. Schuyler Achievement Academy, and to evaluate the history behind each district building's name in order to consider other changes as necessary".{{r|albany.schools}}}} [[Philip Schuyler]] was "the largest slave owner in late-1700s [[Albany County, New York|Albany County]]".
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Don't get too attached to your institution's name. It's only for now
|first=Kate
|last=Cohen
|date=July 20, 2020
|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/20/dont-get-too-attached-your-institutions-name-its-only-now/}}
</ref> <ref name="albany.schools">{{cite web|url=https://www.albanyschools.org/schools/schuyler/news/1683528/board-initiates-process-to-rename-schuyler|title=Board initiates process to rename Schuyler Achievement Academy|website=albanyschools.org|access-date=July 22, 2020|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423025606/https://www.albanyschools.org/schools/schuyler/news/1683528/board-initiates-process-to-rename-schuyler|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wamc.org/post/albany-school-board-rename-philip-j-schuyler-achievement-academy|title=Albany School Board To Rename 'Philip J. Schuyler Achievement Academy'|first=Jesse|last=King|newspaper=Wamc|date=June 19, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=A New Name for Our School |work=City School District of Albany |url=https://www.albanyschools.org/schools/roots/renaming |access-date=2024-04-23}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Stonewall Jackson]] HS'''<hr/>'''Stonewall MS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Unity Reed High School|Unity Reed HS]]'''<hr/>'''[[Unity Braxton Middle School|Unity Braxton MS]]'''
| [[Manassas, Virginia|Manassas]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | VA
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 22, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.30|format=mdy}} 
| The school board voted unanimously to change the names. "Unity" reflected the desire of the community. Carroll Braxton is a Marine veteran of World War II and the Korean War. Celestine Braxton served [[Prince William County Public Schools]] for 33 years, and worked to integrate the schools when they were segregated. Arthur Reed was a security assistant at the high school for 20 years who "had a huge impact within the school community" and "loved his school and his students".
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Renaming Stonewall Schools: Alumni, beloved staff among suggestions
|first=Emily
|last=Sides
|date=June 23, 2020
|newspaper=[[WTOP-FM|WTOP]]
|url=https://wtop.com/prince-william-county/2020/06/renaming-stonewall-schools-alumni-beloved-staff-among-suggestions/
|access-date=June 23, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624145653/https://wtop.com/prince-william-county/2020/06/renaming-stonewall-schools-alumni-beloved-staff-among-suggestions/
|archive-date=June 24, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite news
|title=Prince William County Votes to Rename Stonewall Schools After Black Community Members
|first=Sophia
|last=Barnes
|date=June 30, 2020
|newspaper=[[WRC-TV]] (NBCWashington)
|url= https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/prince-william-county-votes-to-rename-stonewall-schools-after-black-community-members/2347734/}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwcs.edu/news/what_s_new/unity_braxton_m_s___unity_reed_h_s|title=Unity Braxton MS & Unity Reed HS|access-date=July 1, 2020|archive-date=July 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714114943/http://www.pwcs.edu/news/what_s_new/unity_braxton_m_s___unity_reed_h_s|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1278123909414449152|user=UnityBraxton|title=Today, after 18 years as principal of Stonewall Middle School and 1 day as principal of @UnityBraxton Middle School…|date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Christopher Columbus]] Family Academy'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Family Academy of Multilingual Exploration'''
| [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]]
| data-sort-value="US-CT" | CT
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.22|format=mdy}} 
| {{sdash}}
| The [[New Haven Public Schools|New Haven]] school board decided to rename the school, "due to [Columbus's] history of violence toward indigenous people."
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Vote Stands to Rename Christopher Columbus Family Academy in New Haven
|date=July 13, 2020
|newspaper=[[WVIT]] (nbcconnecticut.com)
|url=https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/vote-stands-to-rename-christopher-columbus-family-academy-in-new-haven/2301835/
|access-date=July 14, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714123939/https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/vote-stands-to-rename-christopher-columbus-family-academy-in-new-haven/2301835/
|archive-date=July 14, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/new-haven-school-board-to-rename-christopher-columbus-school-replace-holiday/2292065/ |title=New Haven School Board to Rename Christopher Columbus School, Replace Holiday |newspaper=NBC Connecticut |date=23 June 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714232302/https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/new-haven-school-board-to-rename-christopher-columbus-school-replace-holiday/2292065/ |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |author=WTNH Staff |date=2021-06-14 |title=New Haven' Columbus Academy renamed "Family Academy of Multilingual Exploration" |work=[[WTNH]] |url=https://www.wtnh.com/news/connecticut/new-haven/new-haven-columbus-academy-renamed-family-academy-of-multilingual-exploration/ |access-date=2024-04-23}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Robert E. Lee]] HS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[John R. Lewis High School|John R. Lewis HS]]'''
| [[Springfield, Virginia|Springfield]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | VA
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.23|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.23|format=mdy}}
| The [[Fairfax County Public Schools#School Board|Fairfax County School Board]] voted unanimously to rename the school and requested feedback and suggestions from the community. The board voted unanimously to rename the school after recently deceased civil rights leader [[John Lewis]].{{efn|The superintendent was directed to change the name by {{dts|abbr=on|2020.09.08|format=mdy}} and a news release stated that the change was "effective for the 2020–21 school year".{{r|fairfax.fcps.02}}{{r|fairfax.minutes}} A letter to the community stated that items were being replaced immediately, and the school's web page had begun switching to the new name on the day of the renaming decision.{{r|fairfax.fcps.03}}{{r|fairfax.leehs}}}}
| <ref name=Changed>{{cite news
|title=Virginia schools quickly drop Confederate names, this time ignoring calls to preserve 'history'
|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]
|date=July 6, 2020
|last=Natanson
|first=Hannah
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/virginia-schools-confederate-names/2020/07/06/4c67faec-bc75-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html
|access-date=July 7, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707114652/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/virginia-schools-confederate-names/2020/07/06/4c67faec-bc75-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html
|archive-date=July 7, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref name="fairfax.fcps">{{cite web|url=https://www.fcps.edu/news/fairfax-county-school-board-votes-change-name-robert-e-lee-high-school|title=Fairfax County School Board Votes to Change the Name of Robert E. Lee High School | Fairfax County Public Schools|website=fcps.edu|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707114700/https://www.fcps.edu/news/fairfax-county-school-board-votes-change-name-robert-e-lee-high-school|archive-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://wjla.com/news/local/fairfax-county-school-board-votes-unanimously-to-change-name-of-robert-e-lee-high-school|title=Fairfax County school board votes unanimously to change name of Robert E. Lee High School|first=Heather|last=Graf|date=June 23, 2020|website=WJLA|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711203933/https://wjla.com/news/local/fairfax-county-school-board-votes-unanimously-to-change-name-of-robert-e-lee-high-school|archive-date=July 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="fairfax.fcps.02">{{cite web |title=School Board Renames Robert E. Lee High School for Late Congressman John Lewis |url=https://www.fcps.edu/news/school-board-renames-robert-e-lee-high-school-late-congressman-john-lewis |website=Fairfax County Public Schools |access-date=23 July 2020 |date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=July 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723220833/https://www.fcps.edu/news/school-board-renames-robert-e-lee-high-school-late-congressman-john-lewis |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="fairfax.minutes">{{cite web|url=https://go.boarddocs.com/vsba/fairfax/Board.nsf/goto?open&id=BRKJHJ4D42BC|title=BoardDocs® Agenda Item: 5.02 Recommendation for Robert E. Lee HS Renaming|website=go.boarddocs.com}}</ref> <ref name="fairfax.fcps.03">{{cite web|url=https://www.fcps.edu/node/41616|title=Letter on Decision to Name High School After Civil Rights Leader John R. Lewis | Fairfax County Public Schools|website=fcps.edu|access-date=July 24, 2020|archive-date=July 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724014211/https://www.fcps.edu/node/41616|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="fairfax.leehs">{{cite web|url=https://leehs.fcps.edu/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200724004350/https://leehs.fcps.edu/|title=John R. Lewis High School | Home of the Lancers! | Fairfax County Public Schools | John R. Lewis High School|website=leehs.fcps.edu|archive-date=July 24, 2020|access-date=July 24, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Zebulon Baird Vance|Zebulon B. Vance]] HS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Julius L. Chambers High School|Julius L. Chambers HS]]'''
| [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]]
| data-sort-value="US-NC" | NC
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 23, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|October 13, 2020}}
| In June 2020, the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School Board started the process to rename Zebulon B. Vance HS, named after [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] military officer [[Zebulon Baird Vance]]. In October, the board unanimously voted to rename the school in honor of civil rights icon [[Julius L. Chambers]], whose legal work led to the [[School integration in the United States|desegregation]] of Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools in the 1970s.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=CMS Board starts renaming process of high school named after Confederate military officer
|publisher=[[WBTV]]
|date=June 23, 2020
|url=https://www.wbtv.com/2020/06/23/school-board-starts-process-rename-charlotte-high-school-named-after-confederate-military-officer/
|access-date=June 24, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624200330/https://www.wbtv.com/2020/06/23/school-board-starts-process-rename-charlotte-high-school-named-after-confederate-military-officer/
|archive-date=June 24, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Ma |first=Annie |date=2020-10-14 |url=https://greensboro.com/news/education/introducing-julius-l-chambers-high-charlotte-mecklenburg-schools-drops-vance-highs-confederate-namesake/article_62f6fe0c-0e41-11eb-b30b-a3fd1bf5a065.html |title=Introducing Julius L. Chambers High. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools drops Vance High's Confederate namesake |access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Marge Schott Stadium'''<hr/>'''Marge Schott Seminar Room'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[UC Baseball Stadium]]'''
| [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]]
| data-sort-value="US-OH" | [[Ohio|OH]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 23, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 23, 2020}}
| The [[University of Cincinnati]] board of trustees voted unanimously to rename a stadium and a library seminar room named after [[Marge Schott]], who made racist remarks in support of Adolf Hitler.{{efn|The Marge Schott Seminar Room is located in Carl Blegen Library, which houses the university's Archive and Rare Books Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/29352693/university-cincinnati-remove-marge-schott-name-baseball-stadium|title=Bearcats to remove Schott's name from stadium|date=June 23, 2020|website=ESPN.com|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625032437/https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/29352693/university-cincinnati-remove-marge-schott-name-baseball-stadium|archive-date=June 25, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://libapps.libraries.uc.edu/liblog/2013/02/records-management-workshops-scheduled-2/ |title=Records Management Workshops Scheduled |date=February 7, 2013 |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623191414/https://libapps.libraries.uc.edu/liblog/2013/02/records-management-workshops-scheduled-2/ |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucdirectory.uc.edu/CampusBuildings.asp?bldgcode=BLEGEN|title=CampusBuildings|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908063903/https://ucdirectory.uc.edu/CampusBuildings.asp?bldgcode=BLEGEN|archive-date=September 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://libraries.uc.edu/libraries/arb.html |title=Archives and Rare Books Library |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614090126/https://libraries.uc.edu/libraries/arb.html |archive-date=June 14, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=U of Cincinnati removing Marge Schott's name from stadium
|agency=Associated Press
|newspaper=[[WTOP-FM|WTOP]]
|date=June 23, 2020
|url=https://wtop.com/education/2020/06/university-removes-marge-schotts-name-from-stadium/
|access-date=June 23, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624064632/https://wtop.com/education/2020/06/university-removes-marge-schotts-name-from-stadium/
|archive-date=June 24, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref name="schott.uc">{{cite web|url=https://www.uc.edu/news/articles/2020/06/n20926408.html|title=Board of Trustees removes Schott name from baseball stadium | University Of Cincinnati|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625000523/https://www.uc.edu/news/articles/2020/06/n20926408.html|archive-date=June 25, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:DeadyHallWest.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Matthew Deady|Deady]] Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[University Hall (University of Oregon)|University Hall]] (temporarily)'''
| [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
| data-sort-value="US-OR" | [[Oregon|OR]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 24, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 24, 2020}}
| The [[University of Oregon]] board of trustees unanimously voted to remove [[Matthew Deady]]'s name from the hall.{{efn|The vote followed University of Oregon President Michael Schill's recommendation to the board to rename the hall because of Deady's racist views.{{r|Renaming Deady Hall}}}} The hall was temporarily renamed "University Hall". Deady was Oregon's first federal judge, and advocated for racial discrimination against African Americans. Previous attempts to change the name had failed.{{efn|One such attempt occurred in 2016, when the university's Black Student Task Force demanded that the building be renamed. On January 25, 2017, President Schill refused the demand.{{r|President-2017}}}}
| <ref name="President-2017">{{cite web|date=2017-01-25|title=Deady Hall and update on Black students' demands|url=https://president.uoregon.edu/deady-hall-and-update-black-students-demands|access-date=2020-07-04|website=President|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705193657/https://president.uoregon.edu/deady-hall-and-update-black-students-demands|archive-date=July 5, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Deady Hall Architecture of the University of Oregon {{!}} UO Libraries|url=https://library.uoregon.edu/architecture/oregon/deady|access-date=2020-07-04|website=library.uoregon.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501224024/https://library.uoregon.edu/architecture/oregon/deady|archive-date=May 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Renaming Deady Hall">{{Cite web|url=https://president.uoregon.edu/sites/president2.uoregon.edu/files/schill_memo_board_of_trustees_061020.pdf|title=Renaming Deady Hall}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://around.uoregon.edu/content/uo-board-votes-unanimously-seek-new-name-deady-hall|title=UO board votes unanimously to seek new name for Deady Hall|date=June 24, 2020|website=Around the O|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701201041/https://around.uoregon.edu/content/uo-board-votes-unanimously-seek-new-name-deady-hall|archive-date=July 1, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Pacific Beach Joint-Use Field'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fannie and William Payne Joint-Use Field'''
| rowspan="2" | [[San Diego]]
| rowspan="2" | CA
| rowspan="2" | US
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 9, 2021}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 9, 2021}}
|In 1945, over 1,900 [[Pacific Beach, San Diego|Pacific Beach]] residents petitioned to remove Pacific Beach Middle School's first black teacher from the staff because they didn't think a black teacher deserved to be there. In 2021, a joint-use field at Pacific Beach Middle School was named after Payne and his wife after a petition was circulated in the wake of the Black Lives Matter movement the previous summer.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Brian |date=2021-08-05 |title=Pacific Beach Park renamed after Fannie and William Payne |url=https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/pacific-beach-park-renamed-after-fannie-william-payne/509-8ef78cea-6fc5-47af-806a-9fb249afad92 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=cbs8.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Taketa-2021" />
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" |'''Serra HS'''
| style="text-align: center" |'''[[Canyon Hills High School (San Diego)|Canyon Hills HS]]'''
|{{dts|abbr=on|June 25, 2020}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 9, 2021}}
|In June 2020, two sisters, both students at Serra High School, started a petition to change the school's namesake [[Junípero Serra|Father Junipero Serra]] and the school mascot away from the Conquistadors. The [[San Diego Unified School District]] board would go on to unanimously approve the renaming of the school to [[Canyon Hills High School (San Diego)|Canyon Hills]] in March 2021.
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Chen|first=Michael|date=2020-06-26|title=Campaign to 'rebrand' Serra High School name, mascot|url=https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/campaign-to-rebrand-serra-high-school|access-date=2021-03-10|website=KGTV}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Ojeda|first=Artie|date=2020-08-21|title=Sisters Behind Drive to Change Name of Serra High School|url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/sisters-behind-drive-to-change-name-of-serra-high-school/2390571/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=NBC 7 San Diego}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Ojeda|first=Artie|date=2021-03-09|title=San Diego's Serra High Poised to Be Renamed 'Canyon Hills High School'|url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/whats-in-a-name-san-diego-unified-set-to-vote-on-mascot-change-for-serra-high-school/2544086/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=NBC 7 San Diego}}</ref> <ref name="Taketa-2021">{{cite web|last=Taketa|first=Kristen|date=2021-03-09|title=San Diego Unified changes name of Junipero Serra High School, removes conquistador mascot|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/story/2021-03-09/san-diego-unified-changes-name-of-junipero-serra-high-school-conquistador-mascot-after-students-said-they-were|access-date=2021-03-10|website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:1922 Oregon Civil War game.jpeg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Civil War (college rivalry)|Civil War]] {{nowrap|(college rivalry)}}'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''None''}}
|
| data-sort-value="US-OR" | [[Oregon|OR]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 26, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 26, 2020}}
| The [[University of Oregon]] and [[Oregon State University]] jointly decided to stop using "Civil War" to refer to athletic competitions between the two universities.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://goducks.com/news/2020/6/26/general-uo-osu-series-no-longer-to-reference-civil-war.aspx|title=UO-OSU Series No Longer to Reference 'Civil War'|website=University of Oregon Athletics}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://osubeavers.com/news/2020/6/26/football-osu-uo-to-no-longer-use-civil-war-in-promoting-athletic-events.aspx|title=OSU, UO to No Longer Use Civil War in Promoting Athletic Events|website=Oregon State University Athletics}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Robertson Hall.jpg|100px]]<hr/>[[File:Walker Hall, Wilson College, Princeton University, Princeton NJ.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs'''<hr/>'''Wilson College'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Princeton School of Public and International Affairs]]'''<hr/>'''[[First College]]'''
| [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]
| data-sort-value="US-NJ" | NJ
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 26, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 27, 2020}}
| The [[Princeton University]] board of trustees voted to change the names because "Wilson's racist thinking and policies make him an inappropriate namesake for a school whose scholars, students, and alumni must be firmly committed to {{not a typo|combatting}} the scourge of racism in all its forms". Wilson opposed admitting African American students to Princeton, and introduced racial segregation into the [[United States federal civil service|U.S. federal civil service]] as U.S. president. He also was an avid supporter of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], as in his book ''A History of the American People'' he is generally sympathetic to the group stating how during [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]] "the white men of the South were aroused by the mere instinct of self-preservation to rid themselves, by fair means or foul, of the intolerable burden of governments sustained by the votes of ignorant negroes and conducted in the interest of adventurers". Wilson also approved the White House screening of the film ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'', which glorified the Klan and led to its resurgence in the [[southern United States]].
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2020/06/27/board-trustees-decision-removing-woodrow-wilsons-name-public-policy-school-and |title=Board of Trustees' decision on removing Woodrow Wilson's name from public policy school and residential college |access-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628091805/https://www.princeton.edu/news/2020/06/27/board-trustees-decision-removing-woodrow-wilsons-name-public-policy-school-and |archive-date=June 28, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2020/06/27/president-eisgrubers-message-community-removal-woodrow-wilson-name-public-policy |title=President Eisgruber's message to community on removal of Woodrow Wilson name from public policy school and Wilson College |access-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627195426/https://www.princeton.edu/news/2020/06/27/president-eisgrubers-message-community-removal-woodrow-wilson-name-public-policy |archive-date=June 27, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/27/884310403/princeton-to-remove-woodrow-wilsons-name-from-public-policy-school |title=Princeton To Remove Woodrow Wilson's Name From Public Policy School |newspaper=NPR |date=June 27, 2020 |access-date=June 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701015231/https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/27/884310403/princeton-to-remove-woodrow-wilsons-name-from-public-policy-school |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |url-status=live|last1=Slotkin |first1=Jason }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |date=2015-11-20 |title=Woodrow Wilson was extremely racist — even by the standards of his time |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2015/11/20/9766896/woodrow-wilson-racist |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last1=New York &amp |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260321 |title=A History Of The American People |last2=London Harper &amp |last3=Brothers Publishers |date=1901}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="The Birth of A Nation" opens, glorifying the KKK |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/birth-of-a-nation-opens |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=HISTORY |date=February 9, 2010 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Alexis |title=How 'The Birth of a Nation' Revived the Ku Klux Klan |url=https://www.history.com/news/kkk-birth-of-a-nation-film |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=HISTORY |date=4 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Clyde R. Hoey|Hoey]] Hall'''<hr/>'''Lovill Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Dogwood Hall'''<hr/>'''Elkstone Hall'''
| [[Boone, North Carolina|Boone]]
| data-sort-value="US-NC" | NC
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.26|format=mdy}}
|
| The [[Appalachian State University]] board of trustees unanimously voted to support Chancellor Sheri Everts' plan to replace the names of the two residence halls. [[Clyde R. Hoey]] was a governor of North Carolina who was a segregationist and white supremacist. Edward Francis Lovill was a Confederate captain who "secured a bill that would ultimately lead to the creation of ... the forerunner of Appalachian State" while serving as a Democratic state senator in 1885, and was "the chair of the school's first board of trustees". He was described as a "Democrat of the purest type" at a time when the party "stood for a return to white supremacy and its associated policies".
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=App State removes Hoey, Lovill residence hall signs amid name change
|first=Emily
|last=Broyles
|newspaper=The Appalachian
|date=June 2, 2020
|url=https://theappalachianonline.com/app-state-removes-hoey-lovill-residence-hall-signs-amid-name-change/}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://chancellor.appstate.edu/newsletter/id/203|title=Update from Appalachian State University — week of June 22–26|website=Office of the Chancellor|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706114305/https://chancellor.appstate.edu/newsletter/id/203|archive-date=July 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://theappalachianonline.com/unc-chapel-hill-lifts-ban-on-renaming-buildings-petitions-sga-advocate-for-app-state-to-follow/|title=UNC-Chapel Hill lifts ban on renaming buildings; petitions, SGA advocate for App State to follow|first=Xanayra|last=Marin-Lopez|date=June 17, 2020|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706143215/https://theappalachianonline.com/unc-chapel-hill-lifts-ban-on-renaming-buildings-petitions-sga-advocate-for-app-state-to-follow/|archive-date=July 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://omeka-dev.library.appstate.edu/exhibits/show/dorm-histories-and-legacies/eastcampus/lovillhall |title=Lovill Hall |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706155105/https://omeka-dev.library.appstate.edu/exhibits/show/dorm-histories-and-legacies/eastcampus/lovillhall |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Oakes |first1=Anna |title=App State considering proposal to rename Hoey, Lovill halls |url=https://www.wataugademocrat.com/news/app-state-considering-proposal-to-rename-hoey-lovill-halls/article_9ae70046-5001-56fc-8811-c5e1e1bbad73.html |work=Watauga Democrat |date=June 26, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Hoey Auditorium, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC (45725915345).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Clyde R. Hoey|Hoey]] Auditorium'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''University Auditorium'''
| [[Cullowhee, North Carolina|Cullowhee]]
| data-sort-value="US-NC" | NC
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 29, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 29, 2020}}
| [[Western Carolina University]]'s board of trustees unanimously voted to rename the auditorium. As governor, Hoey "...actively opposed civil rights legislation and favored racial segregation". He also opposed statehood for Hawaii because it had "only a small percentage of white people".
| <ref name=Wcu>{{cite web|url=https://news-prod.wcu.edu/2020/06/wcu-board-removes-name-hoey-from-campus-auditorium/|title=WCU board removes name 'Hoey' from campus auditorium|access-date=July 6, 2020|first=Bill|last=Studenc|date=June 29, 2020|publisher=[[Western Carolina University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629184620/https://news-prod.wcu.edu/2020/06/wcu-board-removes-name-hoey-from-campus-auditorium/|archive-date=June 29, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesylvaherald.com/top_stories/article_47f11136-bbb4-11ea-a9a0-8b18ae185de4.html|title=WCU trustees drop Hoey name in unanimous vote|first=Patrick|last=Clemons|website=The Sylva Herald|date=July 2020 |access-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709122921/http://www.thesylvaherald.com/top_stories/article_47f11136-bbb4-11ea-a9a0-8b18ae185de4.html|archive-date=July 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wcu.edu/learn/departments-schools-colleges/fpa/stagescreen/facilities.aspx|title=Western Carolina University|website=Facilities|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706135547/https://www.wcu.edu/learn/departments-schools-colleges/fpa/stagescreen/facilities.aspx|archive-date=July 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" |'''Kroeber Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" rowspan="3" |Names removed
| rowspan="3" |[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]
| rowspan="3" |CA
| rowspan="3" |US
| rowspan="3" |{{dts|abbr=on|July 2020}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|January 27, 2021}}
|[[UC Berkeley]] denamed a building named for [[Alfred Kroeber]], the "founder of the study of anthropology in the American West." Reasons given were the collection of Native American remains for curation and taking custody of a Native American genocide survivor who "performed as a living exhibit for museum visitors."
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Kell|first=Gretchen|date=2021-01-26|title=Kroeber Hall, honoring anthropologist who symbolizes exclusion, is unnamed|url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2021/01/26/kroeber-hall-unnamed/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Berkeley News}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Lauren M.|date=|title=UC Berkeley removes the name on a school building over an anthropologist's controversial past|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/27/us/uc-berkeley-removes-kroeber-from-anthropology-building-trnd/index.html|access-date=2021-01-28|website=CNN}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" |'''LeConte Hall'''
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|abbr=on|November 18, 2020}}
|[[UC Berkeley]] faculty members John and Joseph LaConte were Confederate military veterans who used scientific language to promote racist ideas.
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web|last=Kell|first=Gretchen|date=2020-11-18|title=UC Berkeley's LeConte and Barrows halls lose their names|url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/11/18/uc-berkeleys-leconte-and-barrows-halls-lose-their-names/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Berkeley News}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" |'''Barrows Hall'''
|[[UC Berkeley]] faculty member [[David Prescott Barrows]] was an anthropologist and colonizer of the [[Philippines]] education system who professed that the white race was superior to all others.
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[James Watson|Watson]] School of Biological Sciences'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory School of Biological Sciences]]'''
| [[Cold Spring Harbor, New York|Cold Spring Harbor]]
| data-sort-value="US-NY" | NY
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 1, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 1, 2020}} 
| [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]]'s board of trustees voted to restore the original name of its graduate school because of [[James Watson]]'s views on race.
| <ref>{{cite news |title=CSHL trustees vote on future of graduate school |url=https://www.cshl.edu/cshl-trustees-vote-on-future-of-graduate-school/ |website=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |access-date=4 July 2020 |date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705001830/https://www.cshl.edu/cshl-trustees-vote-on-future-of-graduate-school/ |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Burwell Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Queens Hall'''
| [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]]
| data-sort-value="US-NC" | NC
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 2, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 2, 2020}}
| The [[Queens University of Charlotte]] Board of Trustees unanimously voted to rename the main administration building. Rev. Robert Armistead Burwell was the first head of the Charlotte Female Institute, a precursor of the university. He was also a slaveowner who led a Presbyterian church that excluded slaves.
| <ref>{{cite web
|title=Queens Renames Building After Discovery of Ties to Slavery
|publisher=[[Queens University of Charlotte]]
|date=July 2, 2020
|url=https://www.queens.edu/news/2020/queens-renames-building.html
|access-date=July 6, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706171904/https://www.queens.edu/news/2020/queens-renames-building.html
|archive-date=July 6, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Jesse Helms|Helms]] Center'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Hawks Athletic Center'''
| [[Murfreesboro, North Carolina|Murfreesboro]]
| data-sort-value="US-NC" | NC
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.02|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.02|format=mdy}}
| The [[Chowan University]] board of trustees renamed the facility, which had honored [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[Jesse Helms]], because "positions taken by Senator Helms were not in keeping with the current mission of Chowan University". The history department called on the university for the change, stating that "it is now time to acknowledge the institutional racism Senator Helms embodied". The center was renamed for the school's athletic teams, the Hawks.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=From 'Helms' to 'Hawks'
|first=Holly
|last=Taylor
|newspaper=[[Roanoke-Chowan News-Herald]]
|date=July 7, 2020
|url=https://www.roanoke-chowannewsherald.com/2020/07/07/from-helms-to-hawks/
|access-date=July 9, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709120402/https://www.roanoke-chowannewsherald.com/2020/07/07/from-helms-to-hawks/
|archive-date=July 9, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1278718862075351040|user=ChowanU|title=1/6 A message from Chairman W. Frank Rose Jr., and the Board of Trustees: One of the important cornerstones of a Un…|date=July 2, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1278718917721145344|user=ChowanU|title=2/6 The Board of Trustees acted in true liberal arts practice by listening and learning, then having a thoughtful d…|date=July 2, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1278718959857143811|user=ChowanU|title=3/6 After consideration of the impact on current students, faculty, staff, alumni, admissions, and fundraising, and…|date=July 2, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1278719072285450242|user=ChowanU|title=4/6 ...the Chowan University Board of Trustees has decided to rename the Helms Center the Hawks Athletic Center.|date=July 2, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Guy T. Gillespie Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Lakeview Hall'''
| [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]]
| data-sort-value="US-MS" | MS
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.03|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.03|format=mdy}}
| [[Belhaven University]]'s board of trustees renamed the residence hall. Gillespie was a segregationist and former president of the university. The renaming was supported by the Gillespie family.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=University Renames Hall After Namesake Called Segregationist
|agency=Associated Press
|date=July 6, 2020
|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/mississippi/articles/2020-07-06/university-renames-hall-after-namesake-called-segregationist
|newspaper=[[U.S. News & World Report]]
|access-date=July 6, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706183958/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/mississippi/articles/2020-07-06/university-renames-hall-after-namesake-called-segregationist
|archive-date=July 6, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1279096072284094464|user=BelhavenU|title=With the gracious support of the Gillespie family, the Belhaven University Board of Trustees is renaming Guy T. Gil…|date=July 3, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Cass Business School in 2008 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Cass Business School'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Bayes Business School]]'''
| [[London]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.06|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.09.06|format=mdy}}
| [[City, University of London]] announced that its business school would be renamed to strip the school's association with slave trader [[John Cass|Sir John Cass]]. It was decided to rename the school after [[Thomas Bayes]], a philosopher.
| <ref name="cuol">{{cite news |title=City, University of London's Business School will no longer be known as Cass |url=https://www.city.ac.uk/news/2020/july/city,-university-of-londons-business-school-will-no-longer-be-known-as-cass |access-date=July 8, 2020 |work=city.ac.uk |date=July 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706154356/https://www.city.ac.uk/news/2020/july/city,-university-of-londons-business-school-will-no-longer-be-known-as-cass |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bayes.citystgeorges.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2021/april/the-business-school-formerly-cass-to-be-renamed-bayes-business-school|title=The business school formerly Cass to be renamed Bayes Business School|date= April 21, 2021|access-date=October 4, 2021|publisher=Official website}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''''Copeia'' (journal)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''''[[Ichthyology & Herpetology]]'''''
| data-sort-value="US" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value="US" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.06|format=mdy}} 
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.03.19|format=mdy}}
| The board of the [[American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists]] voted to rename the society's flagship journal, starting with its May 2021 issue. Scientist [[Edward Drinker Cope]] held racist views.
| <ref name="Science_20200702">{{cite web |last1=Cahan |first1=Eli |title=Amid protests against racism, scientists move to strip offensive names from journals, prizes, and more |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/amid-protests-against-racism-scientists-move-strip-offensive-names-journals-prizes-and |website=Science |access-date=7 July 2020 |date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704002611/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/amid-protests-against-racism-scientists-move-strip-offensive-names-journals-prizes-and |archive-date=July 4, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ichthyologyandherpetology.org/blog|title=Journal Blog — Copeia|date=July 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717161902/https://www.ichthyologyandherpetology.org/blog|access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=July 17, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnean]] Games ([[quiz bowl]])'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Entomology Games'''
| data-sort-value="US" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value="US" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.06|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.06|format=mdy}} 
| The [[Entomological Society of America]] renamed its student quiz bowl. [[Carl Linnaeus]], known as the father of modern [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]], had "named four 'varieties' of human and ascribed to them anthropological and cultural stereotypes that are inappropriate and offensive today".{{efn|Society members also pointed out that Linnaeus was not an entomologist, and using his name for the games implied that the games were centered around the taxonomy of insects, even though the games actually covered a wide range of [[entomology]].{{r|entomologygames}}}}
| <ref name="entomologygames">{{cite web|url=https://www.entsoc.org/entomological-society-america-renames-student-quiz-competition|title=Entomological Society of America Renames Student Quiz Competition | Entomological Society of America|website=entsoc.org|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707075037/https://www.entsoc.org/entomological-society-america-renames-student-quiz-competition|archive-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Stonewall Jackson MS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''West Side MS'''
| [[Charleston, West Virginia|Charleston]]
| data-sort-value="US-WV" | WV
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.06|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.07|format=mdy}}{{efn|Date of denaming. The new name was chosen on July 16.{{r|charleston.wvns}}{{r|charleston.wdtv}}}}
| The [[Kanawha County, West Virginia|Kanawha County]] Board of Education unanimously voted to change the name.{{efn|Over 6,500 suggestions were submitted, with the top five names being West Side Middle School, [[Katherine Johnson]] Middle School, Charleston Middle School, Jack Perry Middle School, and [[Booker T. Washington]] Middle School.{{r|charleston.wsaz}}}} Confederate general [[Stonewall Jackson]] was from West Virginia.{{efn|At the time, the area was in the state of Virginia.{{r|charleston.metro}}}}
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Boards did right thing in removing divisive names
|date=July 9, 2020
|newspaper=[[Herald-Dispatch]]
|url=https://www.herald-dispatch.com/opinion/editorial-boards-did-right-thing-in-removing-divisive-names/article_b0621ea4-c0ab-53d9-a97c-77b0f33e3224.html
|access-date=July 9, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709121418/https://www.herald-dispatch.com/opinion/editorial-boards-did-right-thing-in-removing-divisive-names/article_b0621ea4-c0ab-53d9-a97c-77b0f33e3224.html
|archive-date=July 9, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref name="charleston.metro">{{cite web|url=https://wvmetronews.com/2020/07/06/kanawha-board-approves-name-change-of-stonewall-jackson-middle-school/|title=Kanawha school board approves name change of Stonewall Jackson Middle School|first=Jake|last=Flatley|date=July 6, 2020|access-date=July 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707072357/https://wvmetronews.com/2020/07/06/kanawha-board-approves-name-change-of-stonewall-jackson-middle-school/|archive-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="charleston.wvns">{{cite web|url=https://www.wvnstv.com/top-stories/signage-officially-removed-from-stonewall-jackson-middle-school/|title=Signage officially removed from Stonewall Jackson Middle School|date=July 9, 2020|access-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711021420/https://www.wvnstv.com/top-stories/signage-officially-removed-from-stonewall-jackson-middle-school/|archive-date=July 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="charleston.wsaz">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsaz.com/2020/07/14/5-names-suggested-for-former-stonewall-jackson-middle-school/ |title=5 names suggested for former Stonewall Jackson Middle School |date=14 July 2020 |access-date=July 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715135732/https://www.wsaz.com/2020/07/14/5-names-suggested-for-former-stonewall-jackson-middle-school/ |archive-date=July 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="charleston.wdtv">{{cite news
| newspaper=[[WDTV]]
|title= Charleston's Stonewall Jackson Middle School has new name
|date=July 17, 2020
| url= https://www.wdtv.com/2020/07/17/stonewall-jackson-middle-school-has-new-name/}}
</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Albert Gallatin Jenkins|Jenkins]] Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Education Building (temporarily)'''
| [[Huntington, West Virginia|Huntington]]
| data-sort-value="US-WV" | WV
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.07|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.07|format=mdy}} 
| [[Marshall University]]'s governing board unanimously voted to remove the name of Confederate general [[Albert Gallatin Jenkins]] from the building, and use "Education Building" as a temporary name until the board voted for a new name.{{efn|The board had also considered the issue the previous year, but had elected to keep the name at the time.{{r|marshall}}}}
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Here is the latest West Virginia news from The Associated Press
|date=July 8, 2020
|agency=Associated Press
|url= https://www.wtap.com/2020/07/08/here-is-the-latest-west-virginia-news-from-the-associated-press-at-540-am-edt/
|newspaper=[[WTAP]]}}
</ref> <ref name="marshall">{{cite web|url=http://www.marshall.edu/ucomm/2020/07/07/board-of-governors-votes-to-remove-name-from-campus-building/|title=Board of Governors votes to remove name from campus building|date=July 7, 2020|website=University Communications|access-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708140246/https://www.marshall.edu/ucomm/2020/07/07/board-of-governors-votes-to-remove-name-from-campus-building/|archive-date=July 8, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ashby Hall.JPG|100px|Valley Hall]]<hr/>[[File:Maury Hall (JMU).jpg|100px|Mountain Hall]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Turner Ashby|Ashby]] Hall<hr/>{{nowrap|Jackson Hall}}<hr/>[[Matthew Fontaine Maury|Maury]] Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Valley Hall<hr/>Justice Studies Hall<hr/>Mountain Hall {{nowrap|(all temporarily)}}'''
| [[Harrisonburg, Virginia|Harrisonburg]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | [[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.07|format=mdy}} 
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.07|format=mdy}} 
| The [[James Madison University]] board of visitors voted unanimously to change the names of buildings named for Confederate officers [[Turner Ashby]], [[Stonewall Jackson]], and [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]].
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=JMU leaders propose removing Confederate names from buildings
|first=Lauren
|last=Lumpkin
|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]
|date=June 22, 2020
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/jmu-leaders-propose-removing-confederate-names-from-buildings/2020/06/22/b984e7d8-b4d8-11ea-a510-55bf26485c93_story.html
|access-date=June 24, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624152011/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/jmu-leaders-propose-removing-confederate-names-from-buildings/2020/06/22/b984e7d8-b4d8-11ea-a510-55bf26485c93_story.html
|archive-date=June 24, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite news
|title=JMU Board of Visitors votes to remove Confederate leaders' names
|date=June 8, 2020
|newspaper=cbs19news
|url=https://www.cbs19news.com/story/42342077/jmu-board-of-visitors-votes-to-remove-confederate-leaders-names
|access-date=July 8, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710071012/https://www.cbs19news.com/story/42342077/jmu-board-of-visitors-votes-to-remove-confederate-leaders-names
|archive-date=July 10, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://hburgcitizen.com/2020/07/07/jmu-board-votes-unanimously-to-change-three-building-names-honoring-confederate-officers/|title=JMU board votes to rename three buildings on campus|date=July 8, 2020|website=The Harrisonburg Citizen|access-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711035853/https://hburgcitizen.com/2020/07/07/jmu-board-votes-unanimously-to-change-three-building-names-honoring-confederate-officers/|archive-date=July 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jmu.edu/directory/buildings/JUST.shtml |title=JMU Location: Justice Studies Hall |access-date=July 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715032223/https://www.jmu.edu/directory/buildings/JUST.shtml |archive-date=July 15, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnronline.com/news/harrisonburg/jmu-votes-to-rename-three-buildings/article_26040fdd-108b-5b98-918d-ae2a790a6607.html |title=JMU Votes To Rename Three Buildings |date=7 July 2020 |access-date=July 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715032228/https://www.dnronline.com/news/harrisonburg/jmu-votes-to-rename-three-buildings/article_26040fdd-108b-5b98-918d-ae2a790a6607.html |archive-date=July 15, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fanning Academy of Science and Technology'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Falcon Academy of Science and Technology'''
| [[Brea, California|Brea]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA" | [[California|CA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.07|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.07|format=mdy}}
| The [[Brea Olinda Unified School District]] board unanimously voted to change the name after the Fanning family submitted a letter to the board requesting that the name be removed.{{efn|The letter was received by the board on {{dts|2020.07.06|format=mdy}}.{{r|brea.resolution}} The school was previously called "William E. Fanning Elementary School", but the board had changed the name to "Fanning Academy of Science and Technology" when it tried to "partially defuse the issue".{{r|brea.voice}}{{r|brea.2019.01.28}}}} William E. Fanning may have been a [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]] member.{{efn|His name is "included in list No. 2 of Orange County KKK members", but there was considerable debate over the validity of the list, as seen in the minutes of the board meetings of {{dts|2019.01.14|format=mdy}} and {{dts|2019.01.28|format=mdy}}.{{r|brea.2019.01.14}}{{r|brea.2019.01.28}}{{r|brea.voice}}}} The falcon is the school's mascot.
| <ref name="brea.voice">{{cite news
|title=Discussion on Changing Place Names Reignites Debate Across Orange County
|newspaper=Voice of Orange County
|url=https://voiceofoc.org/2020/07/discussion-on-changing-place-names-reignites-debate-across-orange-county/
|date=July 22, 2020}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite news
|title=With school's namesake accused of possible KKK ties, family asks district to remove name
|newspaper=[[Orange County Register]]
| date=July 6, 2020
|first=Susan Christian
|last=Goulding
|url= https://www.ocregister.com/2020/07/06/with-schools-namesake-accused-of-possible-kkk-ties-fanning-family-asks-district-to-let-the-healing-begin-and-remove-name/}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ocregister.com/brea-olinda-school-board-honors-fanning-family-request-to-rename-school|title=Brea Olinda school board honors Fanning family request to rename school|date=July 9, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="brea.2019.01.14">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=BREA OLINDA UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT - RESOLUTION #20-14 |url=https://4.files.edl.io/d641/07/08/20/193736-2a5a7e4e-5ea4-44df-aafc-cd092e6eb1c9.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="brea.2019.01.28">{{cite web|url=https://4.files.edl.io/f990/03/28/19/193847-706cd7b1-363a-40cb-9776-47a123bd5764.pdf |title=Regular Board Meeting/Study Session Minutes |publisher=Board of Education, Brea Olinda Unified School District |date=January 28, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="brea.2020.07.07">{{cite web|url=https://4.files.edl.io/0c3a/07/18/20/004942-6b5a4e46-98e2-4728-9c0c-639d22df47da.pdf |title=Resolution #20-14 |publisher=Brea Olinda Unified School District |access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="brea.resolution">{{cite web|url=https://4.files.edl.io/d641/07/08/20/193736-2a5a7e4e-5ea4-44df-aafc-cd092e6eb1c9.pdf |title=Special Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=Board of Education, Brea Olinda Unified School District |date=July 7, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Parkwood High School|Parkwood HS]] Rebels'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Parkwood HS Wolf Pack'''
| [[Monroe, North Carolina|Monroe]]
| data-sort-value="US-NC" | NC
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.07|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.11.05|format=mdy}}
| The [[List of high schools in North Carolina#Union County Public Schools|Union County Schools]] Board of Education voted to change the name and mascot. An image of a Confederate soldier had been removed from the school logo earlier after the [[NAACP]] called for its change.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=North Carolina high school to change its 'Rebels' nickname
|date=July 8, 2020
|newspaper=[[New Haven Register]]
|url=https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/North-Carolina-high-school-to-change-its-Rebels-15393604.php
|agency=Associated Press
|access-date=July 8, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711134128/https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/North-Carolina-high-school-to-change-its-Rebels-15393604.php
|archive-date=July 11, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/high-school/article244072407.html |title=Rebels no more. North Carolina high school will change its Confederate-themed mascot |access-date=July 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708181834/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/high-school/article244072407.html |archive-date=July 8, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wbtv.com/video/2020/11/05/parkwood-high-school-mascot-changed-wolf-pack/ |title=Parkwood High School mascot changed to Wolf Pack |date=November 6, 2020 |access-date=April 23, 2024}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FDF;"
|
| style="text-align: center" |'''[[Stonewall Jackson High School (Shenandoah County, Virginia)|Stonewall Jackson HS]]'''
| style="text-align: center" |'''Mountain View HS'''
|[[Quicksburg, Virginia|Quicksburg]]
|VA
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|July 9, 2020}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|July 9, 2020}} {{dts|abbr=on|May 10, 2024}} (reversed)
|The Shenandoah County School Board voted to remove the names of Confederate leaders and change the mascots at two of its schools. The board had previously issued a resolution condemning racism. After three school board members running on a platform against teaching [[critical race theory]] in schools were elected, a motion to restore the [[Stonewall Jackson]] name lost on a tie vote. The school board voted to restore the name to Stonewall Jackson in 2024.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hood |first=John |title=Shenandoah County School Board votes to remove Confederate leader names from school buildings |url=https://www.whsv.com/2020/07/09/shenandoah-county-school-board-votes-to-remove-confederate-leader-names-from-school-buildings/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=WHSV3 |date=9 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Colby |title=Shenandoah County School Board votes against restoring confederate school names |url=https://www.whsv.com/2022/06/10/shenandoah-county-school-board-votes-against-restoring-confederate-school-names/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=WHSV3 |date=10 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Campbell |date=2022-06-10 |title=Stonewall Jackson's Name Fell Fast, and a Fury Quickly Followed |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/10/us/stonewall-jackson-shenandoah-county-virginia.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Chavez-2024">{{Cite web |last=Chavez |first=Nicole |date=2024-05-09 |title=Virginia school board votes to restore Confederate names to two schools |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/09/us/shenandoah-county-confederate-school-names-reaj/index.html |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FDF;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Ashby-Lee ES'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Honey Run ES'''
|[[Quicksburg, Virginia|Quicksburg]]
|VA
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|July 9, 2020}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|July 9, 2020}} {{dts|abbr=on|May 10, 2024}} (reversed)
|The Shenandoah County School Board voted to remove the names Turner and Lee in 2020. The school board voted to restore the names in 2024.
|<ref name="Chavez-2024" />
|-
| [[File:Robert Lee Moore Hall.jpg|100px]] 
| style="text-align: center" |  '''Joe Jamail Field'''<hr/>'''Robert Lee Moore Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium|Campbell-Williams Field]]'''{{efn|Renamed in honor of [[Earl Campbell]] and [[Ricky Williams]].{{r|austin.president}}}}<hr/>'''[[Physics, Math, and Astronomy Building]]'''
| [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]
| data-sort-value="US-TX" | TX
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.13|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.09.04|format=mdy}}<hr/>{{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.13|format=mdy}}
| [[University of Texas at Austin]] interim president [[Jay Hartzell]] announced that the building and the football field would be renamed. [[Robert Lee Moore]] was a segregationist mathematics professor who refused to teach Black students,{{efn|[[Rice University]] Professor [[Raymond L. Johnson]] had "wr[itten] in [Moore's] teacher profile that Moore once told a black student 'he was welcome to take his course, but that he would start with a C and could only go down from there.'"{{r|austin.daily}}}} was "hostil[e] toward the black community", and was "obsess[ed] with claims of intellectual differences among the races". [[Joe Jamail]] was a rich alumnus who made large donations to the university.{{efn|''The Spun'' notes that "[t]here's no apparent controversy surrounding Jamail or his family.{{r|austin.spun}}}} Jamail's family requested the name change "to be more inclusive and promote diversity".
| <ref name=Austin>{{cite news
|title=UT-Austin says it will keep 'Eyes of Texas' as school song, but will rename buildings as Black students call for change
|newspaper=Fort Worth Business Press
|date=July 13, 2020
|first=Reese
|last=Oxner
|url=https://fortworthbusiness.com/education/ut-austin-says-it-will-keep-eyes-of-texas-as-school-song-but-will-rename-buildings-as-black-students-call-for-change/
|access-date=July 14, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715090309/https://fortworthbusiness.com/education/ut-austin-says-it-will-keep-eyes-of-texas-as-school-song-but-will-rename-buildings-as-black-students-call-for-change/
|archive-date=July 15, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref name="austin.president">{{cite web |url=https://president.utexas.edu/messages-speeches-2020/a-more-diverse-and-welcoming-campus |title=A More Diverse and Welcoming Campus |date=July 13, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714183216/https://president.utexas.edu/messages-speeches-2020/a-more-diverse-and-welcoming-campus |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.utexas.edu/2020/07/13/ut-diversity-initiatives-will-redefine-campus-symbolism-and-will-recruit-support-and-retain-top-talent/ |title=UT Diversity Initiatives Will Redefine Campus Symbolism and Will Recruit, Support and Retain Top Talent |date=July 13, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221305/https://news.utexas.edu/2020/07/13/ut-diversity-initiatives-will-redefine-campus-symbolism-and-will-recruit-support-and-retain-top-talent/ |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cbsaustin.com/news/local/ut-will-keep-eyes-of-texas-but-will-rename-buildings-as-black-students-call-for-change |title=Students, athletes say UT changes are small first step towards inclusion |date=July 13, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713233346/https://cbsaustin.com/news/local/ut-will-keep-eyes-of-texas-but-will-rename-buildings-as-black-students-call-for-change |archive-date=July 13, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="austin.daily">{{cite news |url=https://thedailytexan.com/2016/10/28/petition-calls-for-name-change-of-robert-lee-moore-hall |title=Petition calls for name change of Robert Lee Moore Hall |newspaper=The Daily Texan |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714225100/https://thedailytexan.com/2016/10/28/petition-calls-for-name-change-of-robert-lee-moore-hall |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |url-status=live|last1=Cobler |first1=Paul }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://thedailytexan.com/2018/02/11/robert-lee-moore-hall-needs-renaming |title=Robert Lee Moore Hall needs renaming |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221333/https://thedailytexan.com/2018/02/11/robert-lee-moore-hall-needs-renaming |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="austin.spun">{{cite web |url=https://thespun.com/big-12/texas-longhorns/the-university-of-texas-is-renaming-its-football-field |title=The University Of Texas Is Renaming Its Football Field |date=July 13, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714105055/https://thespun.com/big-12/texas-longhorns/the-university-of-texas-is-renaming-its-football-field |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Texas officially dedicates Campbell-Williams Field to honor Earl Campbell, Ricky Williams |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/texas-longhorns/2021/09/04/texas-officially-dedicates-campbell-williams-field-to-honor-earl-campbell-ricky-williams/ |access-date=17 December 2021 |work=Dallas News |date=4 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Carlton |first=Chuck |date=2021-09-04 |title=Texas officially dedicates Campbell-Williams Field to honor Earl Campbell, Ricky Williams |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/texas-longhorns/2021/09/04/texas-officially-dedicates-campbell-williams-field-to-honor-earl-campbell-ricky-williams/ |access-date=2024-04-23}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Robert E. Lee ES'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Delmas Morton ES'''
| [[Grand Prairie, Texas|Grand Prairie]]
| data-sort-value="US-TX" | [[Texas|TX]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}} 
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}}
| [[Grand Prairie Independent School District]] voted to rename the school. Delmas Morton served the children of the school district for nearly 45 years, including 17 as principal of Austin Elementary School.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Grand Prairie ISD to rename Robert E. Lee Elementary after longtime Black educator Delmas Morton
|date=July 15, 2020
|newspaper=[[KDFW]] (fox4news.com)
|url=https://www.fox4news.com/news/grand-prairie-isd-to-rename-robert-e-lee-elementary-after-longtime-black-educator-delmas-morton}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/education/2020/07/14/grand-prairie-isd-rights-a-wrong-renaming-robert-e-lee-elementary-school-after-black-educator/|title=Grand Prairie ISD 'rights a wrong,' renaming Robert E. Lee Elementary School after Black educator|date=July 14, 2020|website=Dallas News}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/grand-prairie-isd-renames-robert-e-lee-elementary-educator-delmas-morton/ |title=Grand Prairie ISD To Rename Robert E. Lee Elementary For Longtime Educator Delmas Morton |website=[[CBS News]] |date=July 14, 2020 |access-date=July 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715013439/https://dfw.cbslocal.com/2020/07/14/grand-prairie-isd-renames-robert-e-lee-elementary-educator-delmas-morton/ |archive-date=July 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://v3.boardbook.org/Public/PublicAgenda.aspx?ak=57910&mk=50381804|title=BoardBook – Public Agenda Packet|website=v3.boardbook.org|access-date=July 16, 2020|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716173748/https://v3.boardbook.org/Public/PublicAgenda.aspx?ak=57910&mk=50381804|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Woodrow Wilson School'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Harmony Grove Elementary School - A Global Academy'''
| [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
| data-sort-value="US-MA" | [[Massachusetts|MA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 14, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|May 19, 2021}}
| Renamed due to Wilson's segregationist policies and racist foreign policies. The new name honors a local park with a natural amphitheatre that was used by the [[Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society]] and an 1874 [[women's suffrage]] convention.
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/07/14/metro/framingham-calls-drop-presidents-name-school/ |title=In Framingham, calls to drop a president's name from school |author=John Hilliard |date=14 July 2020 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/25/metro/framingham-drops-woodrow-wilson-renames-school-historic-harmony-grove-park/ |title=Framingham drops 'Woodrow Wilson,' renames school for historic Harmony Grove park |date=25 May 2021 |author=John Hilliard |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Oakton Guard at Lee-Davis Invitational 2001.JPG|100px|Performance at Lee-Davis High School]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Lee-Davis HS<hr/>Stonewall Jackson MS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Mechanicsville High School|Mechanicsville HS]]<hr/>Bell Creek MS'''
| [[Mechanicsville, Virginia|Mechanicsville]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | VA
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.10.14}}
| The [[Hanover County Public Schools|Hanover County School Board]] voted to rename the schools and change their mascots. Lee-Davis was home of the Confederates, and Stonewall Jackson was home of the Rebels. Lee-Davis had been founded in 1959 as an all-white school. A petition to rename Lee-Davis had amassed roughly 25,000 signatures.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=2 Virginia schools will no longer be named after Confederate leaders
|first=Jeff
|last=Eisenberg
|newspaper=[[Yahoo Sports]]
|date=July 15, 2020
|url= https://sports.yahoo.com/two-virginia-schools-will-no-longer-be-named-after-confederate-leaders-041427826.html}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://richmond.com/news/local/hanover-school-board-votes-to-change-name-of-lee-davis-high-stonewall-jackson-middle-schools/article_a7c0e2b9-75e8-5e10-912c-c1e213d8d30e.html|title=Hanover School Board votes to change name of Lee-Davis High, Stonewall Jackson Middle schools|first=C. SUAREZ ROJAS Richmond|last=Times-Dispatch|website=Richmond Times-Dispatch|date=14 July 2020 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Small |first1=Alonzo |title=Hanover school board officially approves new names for Lee-Davis High, Stonewall Jackson Middle |url=https://www.wric.com/news/local-news/hanover-county/hanover-school-board-officially-approves-new-names-for-lee-davis-high-stonewall-jackson-middle/ |website=ABC 8 News |access-date=April 23, 2024 |date=October 14, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sidney Lanier HS July 2009 02.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Jefferson Davis HS<hr/>Robert E. Lee HS<hr/>[[Sidney Lanier High School|Sidney Lanier HS]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Johnson Abernathy Graetz High School|Johnson Abernathy Graetz HS]]'''<hr/>'''[[Dr. Percy L. Julian High School|Dr. Percy L. Julian HS]]'''<hr>{{sort||''N/A''}}
| [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]]
| data-sort-value="US-AL" | [[Alabama|AL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2022.10.10|format=mdy}} (Johnson Abernathy Graetz HS, Dr. Percy L. Julian HS)<hr/> N/A (Sidney Lanier HS rename)
| The [[Montgomery Public Schools|Montgomery County Board of Education]] voted to rename the schools.{{efn|The renamings of Davis and Lee passed 6–1 and the renaming of Lanier passed 5–2.{{r|montgomery.ap}}}} [[Sidney Lanier]] was a Confederate private who became a prestigious poet.{{efn|The [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]] posthumously made him a symbol of the [[Lost Cause of the Confederacy|Lost Cause]] in the 1920s.{{r|montgomery.advertiser}}}} A petition to rename the schools had amassed nearly 30,000 signatures. The planned name change of Lanier High School was canceled when the school board voted to merge Lanier with [[George Washington Carver High School (Montgomery, Alabama)|George Washington Carver High School]] in 2022; Lanier closed after the 2022–23 academic year. If a waiver to the [[Alabama Memorial Preservation Act]] was not granted, the district faced a $25,000 fine.{{efn|A private group had already raised more than $42,000.{{r|montgomery.ap}}}}
| <ref name="montgomery.advertiser">{{cite news
|title=Montgomery school board votes to change the Confederate names of three high schools
|first=Krista
|last=Johnson
|newspaper=[[Montgomery Advertiser]]
|date=July 14, 2020
|url= https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/education/2020/07/14/montgomery-high-schools-jefferson-davis-robert-e-lee-sidney-lanier-confederacy-name-changes-board/5433727002/}}
</ref> <ref name="montgomery.ap">{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/64ee8c260c97703fd897eac82c6a0754|title=Board votes to rename 3 schools honoring Confederates|date=July 15, 2020|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|author=Bowerman, Ashley|url=https://www.wsfa.com/2022/11/11/mps-board-approves-name-changes-2-schools/|title=Montgomery school board votes to change the Confederate names of three high schools|publisher=WSFA|date=November 10, 2022|access-date=April 23, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:High school students.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Juan de Oñate|Oñate]] HS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Organ Mountain High School|Organ Mountain HS]]'''
| [[Las Cruces, New Mexico|Las Cruces]]
| data-sort-value="US-NM" | [[New Mexico|NM]]
| [[United States|US]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.07.08|format=mdy}}
| The [[Las Cruces Public Schools]] board voted to rename the school, despite a community survey reporting overwhelming opposition to the change. One of a number of removals of references to [[conquistador]] [[Juan de Oñate]] from public spaces in New Mexico.
| <ref name="lascruces.sun">Devine, Jacqueline & Peerman, Lucas (14 July 2020). [https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/news/local/community/2020/07/14/no-more-onate-school-board-votes-change-name/5438260002/ No more Oñate: School board votes to change name]. ''Las Cruces Sun-News''. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</ref> <ref>{{cite news
|title=School will start remotely, Oñate High School to be renamed
|url=https://www.lascrucesbulletin.com/stories/school-will-start-remotely-oate-high-school-to-be-renamed,4347
|newspaper=[[Las Cruces Bulletin]]
|date=July 15, 2020
|first=Elva K.
|last=Österreich}}
</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-08|title=Formerly Oñate High School, Organ Mountain name change takes effect|url=https://www.ktsm.com/sports/high-school-sports/formerly-onate-high-school-organ-mountain-name-change-takes-effect/|access-date=2024-04-23|website=KTSM 9 News|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Wilson High Front.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson]] HS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Ida B. Wells-Barnett High School|Ida B. Wells-Barnett HS]]'''
| [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]
| data-sort-value="US-OR" | [[Oregon|OR]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.01.26|format=mdy}}
| The [[Portland Public Schools (Oregon)|Portland Public Schools]] Board of Education decided to rename the school.{{efn|Board hoped to obtain student input in autumn before renaming the school in spring of 2021.{{r|portland.kgw}}{{r|portland.live}}}} U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] "instituted [[racial segregation|segregation]] in federal government agencies and was an ally of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]". Board members also supported renaming [[Madison High School (Portland, Oregon)|Madison High School]] before a planned reopening in 2021 after major renovations. In January 2021, the school was renamed in honor of [[Ida B. Wells]].
| <ref name="portland.kgw">{{cite news
|title='A fuller picture of history': PPS says Wilson High could be one of multiple schools to be renamed
|newspaper=[[KGW]]
|date=July 15, 2020
|url=https://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/portlands-wilson-high-school-to-be-renamed/283-047d9f93-7097-4181-b0aa-a4150cd7b733}}
</ref> <ref name="portland.live">{{cite web|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/education/2020/07/portland-public-schools-will-rename-wilson-high-by-spring-2021-more-buildings-to-come.html|title=Portland Public Schools will rename Wilson High by spring 2021, more buildings to come|first=Eder Campuzano | The|last=Oregonian/OregonLive|date=July 15, 2020|website=oregonlive}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pps.net/cms/lib/OR01913224/Centricity/domain/219/board%20meeting%20materials/Renaming%20and%20Redefining%20PPS%20Spaces%20Memo.pdf |title=Superintendent's Charge RE: Renaming and Redefining PPS Spaces |date=July 13, 2020 |publisher=Portland Public Schools}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=PPS changes Wilson HS name to honor Ida B. Wells-Barnett |url=https://www.koin.com/news/education/pps-changes-wilson-hs-name-to-honor-ida-b-wells-barnett/ |last=Young |first=Jenny |publisher=[[KOIN]] |date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203211318/https://www.koin.com/news/education/pps-changes-wilson-hs-name-to-honor-ida-b-wells-barnett/ |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=April 23, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[San Antonio College]] Rangers'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''San Antonio College Armadillos'''
| [[San Antonio]]
| data-sort-value="US-TX" | [[Texas|TX]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}} 
| [[San Antonio College]]'s College Council unanimously recommended to "immediately stop using the name, symbol, logo, and image of the 'Ranger'", which college president Robert Vela approved.{{efn|The mascot was first chosen in 1926, shortly after the college was founded as University Junior College during a time when there was "an education statute mandating racially segregated schools".{{r|sac.express}}}}
| <ref name="sac.express">{{cite news
|title=San Antonio College reckons with racist past by dropping Ranger mascot
|first=Elaine
|last=Ayala
|date=July 16, 2020
|newspaper=[[San Antonio Express-News]]
|url=https://www.expressnews.com/news/news_columnists/elaine_ayala/article/Ayala-San-Antonio-College-reckons-with-racist-15411611.php}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alamo.edu/sac/remove-ranger-mascot/|title=San Antonio College : News : 2020 : July : SAC to Remove Ranger Mascot | Alamo Colleges|website=alamo.edu|access-date=July 16, 2020|archive-date=July 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012622/https://www.alamo.edu/sac/remove-ranger-mascot/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Edward Thorndike|Thorndike]] Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Building 528'''
| [[New York City|New York]]
| data-sort-value="US-NY" | [[New York (state)|NY]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.15|format=mdy}}
| {{sdash}}
| The board of trustees of [[Teachers College, Columbia University]], voted unanimously to rename the hall. Psychologist [[Edward Thorndike]] was "a proponent of eugenics, and held racist, sexist, and antisemitic ideas".
| <ref>{{cite news
|title= Thorndike Hall at Columbia Teaching College being renamed
|newspaper=[[WABC-TV]] (ABC7NewYork)
|date=July 16, 2020
|url=https://abc7ny.com/education/columbia-university-building-to-undergo-name-change/6319893/}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2020/july/important-announcement-from-the-president--chair-of-the-board-of-trustees/|title=Important Announcement from the President & Chair of the Board of Trustees | July | 2020 | Newsroom | Teachers College, Columbia University|website=Teachers College – Columbia University}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Agassiz Building Fargo ND.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Woodrow Wilson HS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Dakota High School (Fargo, North Dakota)|Dakota HS]]'''
| [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]]
| [[North Dakota|ND]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 16, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|December 8, 2020}} 
| The Fargo Human Relations Commission unanimously voted to recommend that the Fargo School Board rename the school, which it did.
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Mike |date=July 22, 2020 |title=Name change movement reaches Fargo schools |newspaper=Dickenson Press |url=https://www.thedickinsonpress.com/opinion/columns/6583674-Mike-Jacobs-Name-change-movement-reaches-Fargo-schools}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Quttaineh |first=Raya |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Fargo Human Relations Commission recommends Woodrow Wilson High School name change |url=https://www.kvrr.com/2020/07/16/fargo-human-relations-commission-recommends-woodrow-wilson-high-school-name-change/ |website=KVVR Local News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aupperle |first=Katherine |date=2020-12-08 |title=Woodrow Wilson High School renamed Dakota High School |url=https://www.valleynewslive.com/2020/12/09/woodrow-wilson-high-school-renamed-dakota-high-school/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Valley News Live |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:John Tyler High School, Tyler, TX IMG 0553.JPG|100px|John Tyler High School]] 
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Robert E. Lee]] HS<hr/>[[John Tyler]] HS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Tyler Legacy High School|Tyler Legacy HS]]<hr/>[[Tyler High School|Tyler HS]]'''
| [[Tyler, Texas|Tyler]]
| data-sort-value="US-TX" | [[Texas|TX]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.16|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.16|format=mdy}}
| The [[Tyler Independent School District]] Board of Trustees voted unanimously to change the schools' names. [[John Tyler]] was President of the United States from 1841 to 1845, but joined the Confederacy after the start of the Civil War.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title= Tyler ISD board votes to change the names of Robert E. Lee, John Tyler
|newspaper=[[Tyler Morning Telegraph]]
|date=July 16, 2020
|first=Cory
|last=McCoy
|url= https://tylerpaper.com/news/education/tyler-isd-board-votes-to-change-the-names-of-robert-e-lee-john-tyler/article_19e865b4-c7a3-11ea-a106-938ba7ab21e8.html}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgkWGSHB6U4|title=Tyler ISD Board of Trustees Special Meeting 07/16/2020 (Live Stream Version)|date=July 16, 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Peter Burnett ES'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Aviation ES'''
| [[Hawthorne, California|Hawthorne]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA | [[California|CA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 22, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|January 25, 2022}}
| [[Peter Hardeman Burnett|Peter Burnett]] Elementary School was named after California's first governor. However, due to Burnett's racist history, the school was renamed to 138th Street Elementary School. At the January 25, 2022 school board meeting, 138th Street was given a new name: Aviation Elementary School. The renaming took place effective the 2023-2024 school year.
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheridan |first1=Jake |title=Citing racist past, Hawthorne elementary school drops Peter Burnett name |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-07-22/citing-racist-past-hawthorne-elementary-school-drops-peter-burnett-name |website=Los Angeles Times |date=July 22, 2020 |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:UMW Trinkle Hall.JPG|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Trinkle Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''James Farmer Hall'''
| [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]]
| date-sort-value="US-VA | [[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 24, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|November 19, 2021}}
| Built in 1940, the [[Elbert Lee Trinkle|E. Lee Trinkle]] Hall at the [[University of Mary Washington]] was named after a former Virginia governor that was an outspoken supporter of segregation and eugenics. Following decisions by students, staff, and the UMW Board of Visitors, the building was renamed in memory of [[James Farmer]], a prominent leader of the Civil Rights movement as well as a UMW professor in his later years.
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.umw.edu/news/2020/07/24/umw-chooses-new-name-for-building-james-farmer-hall/ | title=UMW Chooses New Name for Building: James Farmer Hall | date=July 24, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.umw.edu/news/2021/11/19/james-farmer-hall-officially-dedicated/ | title=James Farmer Hall Officially Dedicated | date=November 19, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Nott Hall'''<hr/>'''Morgan Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Honors Building'''<hr/>'''The English Building (temporarily)'''
| [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]
| data-sort-value="US-AL" | [[Alabama|AL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|August 5, 2020}}<hr/>{{dts|abbr=on|September 17, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|August 5, 2020}}<hr/>{{dts|abbr=on|September 17, 2020}}
| The [[University of Alabama]] trustees unanimously voted to rename both halls. Morgan Hall, which contains the school's English department, was named after [[John Tyler Morgan]], a former U.S. senator. Morgan maintained ties with the Ku Klux Klan, called the abolition of slavery a mistake, and promoted Jim Crow laws. Nott Hall was named after [[Josiah C. Nott]], a scientist, slaveowner, and advocate for slavery.
|<ref>Martin, Tyler (17 September 2020). [https://www.si.com/college/alabama/bamacentral/uas-morgan-hall-to-be-re-named-english-building-martin Morgan Hall is the second building on Alabama's campus to have 'racist ties' removed from the name in recent months]. ''Sports Illustrated''. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</ref> <ref>[https://cw.ua.edu/65794/top-stories/university-of-alabama-trustees-vote-to-rename-morgan-hall/ Bolling, Jessa Reid (18 September 2020). University of Alabama trustees vote to rename Morgan Hall. ''The Crimson White''. Retrieved 23 April 2021.]</ref> <ref>[https://www.wbrc.com/2020/08/05/ua-board-trustees-vote-rename-nott-hall-alabama-campus/ WBRC Staff (5 August 2020). UA Board of Trustees vote to rename Nott Hall on Alabama campus. ''6 WBRC''. Retrieved 23 April 2021.]</ref>
|-
| [[File:Virginia Tech Lee Hall Pritchard Hall.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Paul Brandon Barringer|Barringer]] Hall'''<hr />'''Lee Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Campus of Virginia Tech#Residence halls|Whitehurst Hall]]'''<hr />'''[[Campus of Virginia Tech#Residence halls|Hoge Hall]]'''
| [[Blacksburg, VA|Blacksburg]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" |[[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|August 13, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|August 14, 2020}}
| [[Virginia Tech]] changed the name of two residence halls after a vote by the school's Board of Visitors. [[Paul Brandon Barringer]] was a former administrator and President of Virginia Tech who was known for his [[eugenics|eugenicist]] and white supremacist views. Barringer Hall was renamed in honor of the first Black student allowed to live on campus, James Leslie Whitehurst Jr. Claudius Lee was a professor at the school who was listed as being the "Father of Terror" in a campus organization named the "K.K.K." in the 1896 edition of the school's yearbook, ''Bugle''. Lee Hall was renamed after Janie and William Hoge, a notable Black couple in the area who had housed students denied housing by discriminatory practices conducted by the school in the 1950s.
| <ref>{{cite news|agency=Cable News Network (CNN)|date=2020-08-14|title=Virginia Tech renames dorms once named after men with racist views|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/14/us/virginia-tech-dorm-rename/index.html|access-date=2023-09-04}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sir John Cass's Foundation Primary School (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Sir John Cass's Foundation Primary School'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[The Aldgate School]]'''
| [[London]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{circa|Sep 2, 2020}}
| {{circa|Sep 2, 2020}}
| The Cass Child and Family Centre, which runs a [[Reception (school)|reception class]] alongside a nursery and children's centre at the school, also was renamed, as the [[City of London]] Child and Family Centre.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-53985187|title=City of London school changes name 'due to slavery links'|work=BBC News|date=September 2, 2020|access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citymatters.london/city-primary-school-changes-name-to-break-historic-slavery-link/|title=City primary school changes name to break historic slavery link|first=Julia|last=Gregory|date=September 3, 2020|website=City Matters|access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:University of Edinburgh (2056644299).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[David Hume]] Tower'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[40 George Square]]'''
| [[Edinburgh]]
| data-sort-value="GB-SCT" | {{smallcaps|[[Scotland|Sct]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 10, 2020}}
| Beginning of 2020–2021 academic year
| Hume was involved in the [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]] and wrote in his essay "Of National Characters" (1753) that "negros" are "naturally inferior to the whites". The building is the tallest on the [[University of Edinburgh]] campus.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/students/2020/equality-diversity-and-inclusion-an-update|title=Equality, Diversity and Inclusion – an update|newspaper=University of Edinburgh|date=September 10, 2020|access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/education/edinburgh-university-renames-david-hume-tower-over-racist-comments-2970002|title=Edinburgh University renames David Hume tower over racist comments|first=Elsa|last=Maishman|newspaper=[[Edinburgh Evening News]]|date=September 10, 2020|access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Entrance of Vaughan Secondary School.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Vaughan Secondary School'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School]]'''
| [[Vaughan]]
| data-sort-value="CA-ON" | {{smallcaps|[[Ontario|ON]]}}
| CA
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 16, 2020}}
| {{circa|Mar 2, 2021}}
| Vaughan Secondary School was a high school named for the city it is in, [[Vaughan]], Ontario. It was revealed that Benjamin Vaughan, after whom the city was named, was a slaveowner. After consultations, the school was controversially renamed after [[Hodan Nalayeh]], a Somali-Canadian journalist.
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Westoll |first1=Nick |title=YRDSB renaming Vaughan Secondary School amid namesake's history of slavery |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7340189/vaughan-secondary-school-yrdsb-renaming/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804190920/https://globalnews.ca/news/7340189/vaughan-secondary-school-yrdsb-renaming/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-08-04 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Trustees in York Region rename Vaughan high school after late Somali-Canadian journalist Social Sharing |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/york-region-district-school-board-secondary-school-vaughan-hodan-nalayeh-1.5934420 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804190930/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/york-region-district-school-board-secondary-school-vaughan-hodan-nalayeh-1.5934420 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-08-04 |agency=CBC News}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Stonewall Jackson]] MS'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Roberto Clemente MS'''
| [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]
| data-sort-value="US-FL" | [[North Florida|FL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 22, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 22, 2020}}
| The middle school, which was formerly restricted to white students, was renamed after [[Roberto Clemente]], a Major League baseball player and humanitarian.
| <ref>Gillespie, Ryan; Ocasion, Jennifer A. Marcial; Cotto, Ingrid (12 April 2021). [https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/orange-county/os-ne-orange-stonewall-jackson-road-20210412-vlmco5b5bndolmrlrpcit4clme-story.htmlOrlando moves toward renaming Stonewall Jackson Road after Roberto Clemente]. ''Orlando Sentinel''. Retrieved 29 April 2021.</ref>
<ref>Cotto, Ingrid (27 March 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210327095334/https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/School-gets-Roberto-Clemente-mural-after-name-16057454.php School gets Roberto Clemente mural after name change]. ''Times Union''. Archived from [https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/School-gets-Roberto-Clemente-mural-after-name-16057454.php the original] 27 March 2021.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Tyler Hall, College of William & Mary, May 2021.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Elbert Trinkle|Trinkle]] Hall'''<hr/>'''[[Matthew Fontaine Maury|Maury]] Hall'''<hr/>'''[[William B. Taliaferro|Taliaferro]] Hall'''<hr/>'''Morton Hall'''<hr/>'''[[List of United States political families (T)#The Tylers|Tyler]] Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Unity Hall'''<hr/>'''[[York River (Virginia)|York River]] Hall'''<hr/>'''Hulon L. Willis Sr. Hall'''<hr/>'''[[John Boswell|John E. Boswell]] Hall'''<hr/>'''[[Chancellor of the College of William & Mary|Chancellors']] Hall'''
| [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | {{smallcaps|[[Virginia|VA]]}}
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 25, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 25, 2020}}<hr/>{{dts|abbr=on|April 23, 2021}}
| The [[College of William & Mary]] announced the renaming of multiple campus buildings previously named for various Confederate officers and/or segregationists. The former two were given placeholder names, while the following two were renamed for two William & Mary alumni; Tyler Hall reverted to its former name, after the chancellors of the college.
| <ref>{{cite web|last1=Zagursky|first1=Erin|last2=Whitson|first2=Brian|url=https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2020/wm-board-committee-approves-principles-for-naming,-renaming-campus-spaces.php|title=W&M board approves principles for naming, renaming campus spaces|publisher=[[College of William & Mary]]|date=September 25, 2020|access-date=October 17, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2021/wm-campus-structures-named-for-trailblazing-alumni.php|title=W&M campus structures named for trailblazing alumni|publisher=College of William & Mary|date=April 23, 2021|access-date=October 17, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Adams' - Big School.png|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Clive House'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Owen House'''
| [[Newport, Shropshire]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|October 13, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 2021}}
| The house in [[Haberdashers' Adams|Adams' Grammar School]], named after [[Robert Clive]] (instrumental in establishing British rule in [[India]] in the 18th century), was renamed for early 20th-century poet [[Wilfred Owen]].
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/education/2020/10/13/clive-house-at-school-in-newport-to-be-renamed-next-year-over-colonial-controversy/|title=Clive House at school in Newport to be renamed next year|first=Thomas|last=Parkes|newspaper=[[Shropshire Star]]|date=October 13, 2020|access-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Sir [[John A. Macdonald]] Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Residence Hall West'''
| [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]]
| data-sort-value="CA-ON" | {{smallcaps|[[Ontario|ON]]}}
| CA
| {{dts|abbr=on|October 19, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|October 19, 2020}}
| [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] announced that it would be changing the name of its law school building, named after the prime minister [[John A. Macdonald|Sir John A. Macdonald]], for his participation in establishing Canada's [[Canadian Indian residential school system|residential school system]] and for instituting a [[Chinese head tax in Canada|head tax]] on Chinese immigrants.
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.queensu.ca/gazette/stories/queens-remove-sir-john-macdonald-name-law-school-building |title=Queen's to remove Sir John A. Macdonald name from law school building |publisher=Queen's Gazette |date=October 19, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/sir-john-a-macdonald-law-school-queens-university-1.5768385 |title=Queen's University to remove Sir John A. Macdonald's name from law school building |last=Glowacki |first=Laura |publisher=cbca.ca |date=October 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Colston's Girls' School in 2009 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Colston's Girls' School'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Montpelier High School, Bristol|Montpelier HS]]'''
| [[Bristol]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|November 6, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 1, 2021}}
| A previous attempt to rename the school in 2017 was unsuccessful. The new name was decided in a vote by staff and students. [[Edward Colston]] was an English merchant and slave trader. [[Colston's School]], a different school in Bristol, is also reconsidering its name.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/new-name-colstons-girls-school-4676628|title=New name for Colston's Girls' School in Bristol is revealed|first=Tristan|last=Cork|date=November 6, 2020|website=BristolLive|access-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bristol247.com/news-and-features/news/colstons-school-to-look-again-at-name-change/|title=Colston's School 'to look again' at name change|website=B24/7|first=Martin|last=Booth|date=Jun 8, 2020|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627042548/https://www.bristol247.com/news-and-features/news/colstons-school-to-look-again-at-name-change/|archive-date=June 27, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:EOU Pierce Library.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Pierce Library'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''EOU Library'''
| [[La Grande, Oregon|La Grande]]
| data-sort-value="US-OR" | [[Oregon|OR]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|November 12, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|November 12, 2020}}
| [[Eastern Oregon University]] removed the name from the library due to the racial views of [[Walter M. Pierce]]. The library had been named for Pierce and his wife, but he had ties to the Ku Klux Klan.
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Sabrina |title=EOU removes Pierce name from library |url=https://www.lagrandeobserver.com/news/local/eou-removes-pierce-name-from-library/article_498986c2-2536-11eb-a21e-b743bc013148.html |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=The Observer |date=12 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:The Codrington Library, All Souls College, Oxford 3.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Codrington Library'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[All Souls College Library]]'''
| [[Oxford]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|November 20, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|November 20, 2020}}
| The library was founded with a bequest from [[Christopher Codrington]], whose wealth derived from slave plantations in the West Indies.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://cherwell.org/2020/11/20/all-souls-college-change-codrington-library-name-but-keep-statue-of-slaveholder/|first=Amelia|last=Wood|title=All Souls College change Codrington Library name, but keep statue of slaveholder|newspaper=[[Cherwell (newspaper)|Cherwell]]|date=November 20, 2020|access-date=January 31, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Merchant Taylors' School.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Clive House'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Raphael House'''
| Sandy Lodge, [[Hertfordshire]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|January 9, 2021}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|January 9, 2021}}
| The house at [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood|Merchant Taylors' School]], named after Robert Clive, was renamed after cricketer, rugby player and politician [[John Raphael (sportsman)|John Raphael]], who died in [[World War I]]. Both were former pupils of the school.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/18999560.merchant-taylors-clive-india-school-house-renamed/|title=Merchant Taylor's Clive of India school house renamed|first=Joseph|last=Reaidi|date=January 9, 2021|newspaper=[[Watford Observer]]|access-date=January 31, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" |'''[[William Osler|Osler]] Lane'''<hr/>'''Osler Parking Structure'''
| style="text-align: center" |'''Biomedical Sciences Way'''<hr/>'''South Parking Structure'''
| [[San Diego]]
| CA
| US
| {{Circa|Aug 15, 2021}}
|
| Following a petition made by a medical student from the [[Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indians|Pauma Band]], who objected to [[William Osler]]'s gifting of Native American skulls to a mentor in Germany, among other actions, [[UCSD]] changed the name of the Parking Structure to South Parking Structure and Osler Lane to Biomedical Sciences Way.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=The petition is in a RS but, I'm still looking for RS that records the name change.}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkens |first=John |date=2021-08-14 |title=Native Americans ask UCSD to rename facilities that honor Dr. William Osler |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2021/08/14/native-americans-ask-ucsd-to-rename-facilities-that-honor-dr-william-osler/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305034058/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2021/08/14/native-americans-ask-ucsd-to-rename-facilities-that-honor-dr-william-osler/ |archive-date=2025-03-05 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=[[San Diego Union-Tribune]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Big Haus (residence hall)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Central'''
| [[Purchase, New York|Purchase]]
| data-sort-value="US-NY | [[New York (state)|NY]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|March 21, 2022}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 26, 2022}}
| One of [[Purchase College]]'s three first-year dormitories. Renamed due to "Big House" being slang for [[prison]], which "disproportionately targets Black, Indigenous, and People of Color".
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.purchasenews.org/post/recent-town-hall-furthers-efforts-to-rename-big-haus | title=Recent Town Hall Furthers Efforts to Rename Big Haus | date=March 21, 2022 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbpFX9pIIVg | title=SUNY Purchase renames Big Haus dorm name deemed offensive | website=[[YouTube]] | date=July 26, 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" |'''Dixie State University'''
| style="text-align: center" |'''[[Utah Tech University]]'''
| [[St. George, Utah|St. George]]
| UT
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|May 16, 2022}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 1, 2022}}
| The name "Dixie", former Rebels mascot, and Confederate symbolism in logos long had been a source of controversy. Protests after Floyd's murder led to students seeking to drop Dixie from the university's name.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stefanich |first=Logan |date=2022-05-16 |title=Utah Tech University rebranding itself after ditching 'Dixie' name — here's the new look |work=[[Deseret News]] |url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2022/5/16/23075217/utah-tech-university-rebranding-dixie-state-name-change-new-logo-colors-revealed |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" |'''Patrick Henry HS'''
| style="text-align: center" |'''[[Camden High School (Minneapolis)|Camden HS]]'''
|[[Minneapolis]]
|MN
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|August 17, 2022}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|December 13, 2023}}
|An advisory committee to [[Minneapolis Public Schools]] unanimously approved a name-change process for the school, which was named after the early American Revolutionary figure, [[Patrick Henry]], who also owned slaves. The 2022 name-change decision was a contrast to a pre-George Floyd renaming effort that failed in 2018. The community recommended it be named for the [[Camden, Minneapolis|Camden Community]] it was located in.The city school board approved the change in late 2023 effective for the 2024-25 school year.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Edwards |first=Kiya |date=2022-08-17 |title=Minneapolis' Patrick Henry High School to be renamed |work=[[KARE-TV]] |url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/breaking-the-news/minneapolis-patrick-henry-high-school-renamed/89-8f4f918c-09e1-4ada-98be-dfa965ac72f0 |access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Klecker |first=Mara |date=December 13, 2023 |title=Minneapolis goes with Camden High School, sheds slaveholder's name |work=[[Star Tribune]] |url=https://www.startribune.com/patrick-henry-camden-high-school-name-change-north-minneapolis-goes-up-for-a-vote-tuesday-evening/600326232/ |access-date=December 13, 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Geography ==

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! rowspan=2 | Reported 
! rowspan=2 | Executed
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Lake Shore Drive]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Lake Shore Drive|Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable Lake Shore Drive]]'''
| [[Chicago]]
| data-sort-value="US-IL" | [[Illinois|IL]]
| US
| Oct 17, 2019
| Jun 25, 2021
| The renaming of Lake Shore Drive, although proposed before the murder of George Floyd, gained a renowned push after the Black Lives Matter movement. DuSable was a Haitian-born trader of African descent and is recognized as the founder of Chicago.
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Aldermen Propose New Name for Lake Shore Drive |url=https://news.wttw.com/2019/10/17/chicago-aldermen-propose-new-name-lake-shore-drive |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=WTTW News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite Website |last=Rossi |first=Marco Rosaire |date=September 12, 2023 |title=Lori Lightfoot's Mayoralty: A Divided Council Begets Chicago's New Factionalism Chicago City Council Report #14 |url=https://pols.uic.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/273/2023/09/Lori-Lightfoots-Mayoralty.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Chicago]]}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}
|- style="background:#fdf;"
| [[File:Black Lives Matter Plaza Street Sign (cropped) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''(section of) [[16th Street NW|16th Street Northwest]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Black Lives Matter Plaza|Black Lives Matter Plaza Northwest]]'''
| [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]
| data-sort-value="US-DC" | [[Washington, D.C.|DC]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 5, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 5, 2020}}<hr />{{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|March 11, 2025}} (reversed)
| On [[Shooting of Breonna Taylor|Breonna Taylor]]'s birthday, Mayor [[Muriel Bowser]] renamed two blocks of the street in front of the [[White House]], using giant yellow letters on the street. On March 11, 2025, the letters were removed from the street.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/dc-mayor-inaugurates-black-lives-matter-plaza-white-house-200605193621540.html|title=DC mayor inaugurates 'Black Lives Matter' Plaza near White House|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606174528/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/dc-mayor-inaugurates-black-lives-matter-plaza-white-house-200605193621540.html|archive-date=June 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/bowser-black-lives-matter-street/2020/06/05/eb44ff4a-a733-11ea-bb20-ebf0921f3bbd_story.html|title='Black Lives Matter': In giant yellow letters, D.C. mayor sends message to Trump|first1=Fenit|last1=Nirappil|first2=Julie|last2=Zauzmer|first3=Rachel|last3=Chason|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617021648/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/bowser-black-lives-matter-street/2020/06/05/eb44ff4a-a733-11ea-bb20-ebf0921f3bbd_story.html|archive-date=June 17, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/videos/c62zl8r1jd1o|title=Black Lives Matter Plaza demolished in Washington, D.C.|work=BBC news|date=March 11, 2025|access-date=March 11, 2025}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Lynchview Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Verdell Burdine Rutherford Park'''
| [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]
| data-sort-value="US-OR" | [[Oregon|OR]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 9, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 9, 2020}}
| [[Portland Parks & Recreation]] and Mayor [[Ted Wheeler]] announced the change. Rutherford was a prominent local historian and civil rights leader. [[Centennial School District (Oregon)|Centennial School District]] Superintendent Paul Oakley stated that there was no connection between [[lynching]] and the Lynch family, but the name caused "a disruption for some students".
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/73739 |title=Verdell Burdine Rutherford Park |access-date=June 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616023259/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/73739 |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/06/portland-renames-renovated-park-after-prominent-black-leader.html |title=Portland renames renovated park after prominent black leader |newspaper=Oregonlive |date=June 11, 2020 |access-date=June 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625084321/https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/06/portland-renames-renovated-park-after-prominent-black-leader.html |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
| [[File:Sir John Hawkins Square (geograph 5527083).jpg|100px|Sir John Hawkins Square]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Sir John Hawkins Square]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Jack Leslie Square'''
| [[Plymouth]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 9, 2020}}
| 
| The Plymouth City Council announced that the square would be renamed because of [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]]'s links to the [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]]. It now commemorates the [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]] [[Association football|footballer]] [[Jack Leslie (English footballer)|Jack Leslie]], the only professional black player in England between 1921 and 1934.
| <ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-53095468|title=Plymouth square to be renamed after black footballer Jack Leslie|website=BBC News|date=June 18, 2020|access-date=June 21, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-52983430|title=City square named after slave trader to be renamed|work=BBC News|date=June 9, 2020|access-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707030614/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-52983430|archive-date=July 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news
|title=Challenge to removal of slave trader John Hawkins' name from Plymouth square
|first=Edward
|last=Oldfield
|date=June 22, 2020
|newspaper=PlymouthLive
|url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/challenge-removal-slave-trader-john-4253464
|access-date=July 9, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709135114/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/challenge-removal-slave-trader-john-4253464
|archive-date=July 9, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref>
|-
| [[File:Margaret River in Flood.jpg|100px|Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Leopold II of Belgium|King Leopold]] Ranges'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges]]'''
| [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]]
| data-sort-value="AU-WA" | [[Western Australia|WA]]
| {{smallcaps|[[Australia|Au]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 12, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 1, 2020}}
| The Western Australian government sought to hasten the name change in response to the removal of [[Statue of Leopold II of Belgium, Ekeren|Leopold II's statue]] in [[Antwerp]]. The new name is a combination of the names given to the ranges by the [[traditional owners]], the [[Ngarinjin|Ngarinyin]] and [[Bunuba]] peoples.
| <ref>{{cite AV media|title=Ben Wyatt announces King Leopold ranges in the Kimberley to be renamed|medium=Radio broadcast|date=12 June 2020|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|time=03:15, 04:15|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio/perth/programs/drive/ben-wyatt-announces-name-change-for-king-leopold-range/12351088|quote=... to what extent is it a reassessment brought on by so many questions being asked about so many statues and monuments and names around the world at the moment. ... it's been elevated by that very discussion and those activities around the world. ... How significant though, Minister, is it this week when, in the Belgian city of Antwerp they pulled down a statue of King Leopold? ... very significant ... so I'm keen to do this soon.}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kagi |first1=Jacob |last2=Mills |first2=Vanessa |last3=Barry |first3=Hannah |title=Name of Belgian 'tyrant' king linked to millions of African deaths wiped from WA mountain range |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-12/king-leopold-ranges-renamed-amid-black-lives-matter-protests/12349532 |access-date=June 13, 2020 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=June 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612215552/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-12/king-leopold-ranges-renamed-amid-black-lives-matter-protests/12349532 |archive-date=June 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Leopold Ranges ABC">{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Ben |last2=Parke |first2=Erin |title=WA Government confirms King Leopold Ranges to be renamed the Wunaamin-Miliwundi Ranges |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-03/wa-king-leopold-ranges-renamed-wunaamin-miliwundi-ranges/12416254 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703173114/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-03/wa-king-leopold-ranges-renamed-wunaamin-miliwundi-ranges/12416254 |archive-date=July 3, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Livingston family|Livingston]] Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Black Lives Matter Park'''
| [[Albany, New York|Albany]]
| data-sort-value="US-NY" | [[New York (state)|NY]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 16, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 16, 2020}} 
| The Albany [[Albany, New York#Government|Common Council]] unanimously renamed the park in honor of [[Juneteenth]]. The [[Livingston family]] was a prominent family in New York but owned [[Antigua]]n and [[Jamaica]]n slaves.
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Common-Council-renames-park-Black-Lives-Matter-15342363.php |title=Albany Common Council renames park Black Lives Matter Park |date=June 16, 2020 |access-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621071048/https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Common-Council-renames-park-Black-Lives-Matter-15342363.php |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.albanyny.gov/NewsandEvents/News/20-06-19/Albany_Mayor_Kathy_Sheehan_Announces_Opening_of_City_Spray_Pads.aspx |title=Albany Mayor Kathy Sheehan Announces Opening of City Spray Pads |access-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623125923/https://www.albanyny.gov/NewsandEvents/News/20-06-19/Albany_Mayor_Kathy_Sheehan_Announces_Opening_of_City_Spray_Pads.aspx |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:HemmingPark.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Hemming Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[James Weldon Johnson Park]]'''
| [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]]
| data-sort-value="US-FL" | [[Florida|FL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 17, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|August 11, 2020}}
| The City Council voted to rename the park after writer and civil rights activist [[James Weldon Johnson]]. The adjacent [[James Weldon Johnson Park station|monorail station]] was also renamed to match.
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Peel|first=Corley|date=2020-06-17|title=Councilman introduces legislation to rename Hemming Park|url=https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/2020/06/17/councilman-introduces-legislation-that-would-rename-hemming-park/|access-date=2024-04-10|website=WJXT|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jacksonville">{{Cite web|last1=Peel|first1=Corley|last2=Harris|first2=Jenese|date=2020-08-11|title=Council OKs renaming Hemming Park after James Weldon Johnson|url=https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/2020/08/11/city-council-to-discuss-renaming-hemming-park-5-others-in-jacksonville/|access-date=2024-03-26|website=WJXT|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Stapleton International Airport 1.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Benjamin F. Stapleton|Stapleton]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Central Park, Denver|Central Park]]'''
| [[Denver]]
| data-sort-value="US-CO" | [[Colorado|CO]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 17, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|August 1, 2020}}
| The Stapleton Master Community Association voted to rename the Denver neighborhood{{efn|Two blocks of the southeast area of the neighbourhood are actually located in [[Aurora, Colorado|Aurora]].{{r|colorado.denverite}}}} named after former mayor and [[Ku Klux Klan]] member [[Benjamin F. Stapleton]], for whom Denver's former airport, [[Stapleton International Airport]], was also named. The community narrowed down the new name to four options: Central Park, Concourse, [[John Mosley|Mosley]], and Skyview. The community selected the name "Central Park".
| <ref>John Bowden (17 June 2020). [https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/503259-community-delegates-vote-to-rename-denver-neighborhood-named-after-kkk Community delegates vote to rename Denver neighborhood named after KKK member] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618034516/https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/503259-community-delegates-vote-to-rename-denver-neighborhood-named-after-kkk |date=June 18, 2020}}. ''The Hill''. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</ref> <ref name="colorado.denverite">{{cite web|url=https://denverite.com/2020/07/13/here-are-the-nine-neighborhood-name-finalists-for-stapleton/|title=Here are the nine neighborhood name finalists for Stapleton|date=July 13, 2020|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="colorado.post">{{cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/07/20/denver-stapleton-neighborhood-name-four-finalists/|title=Four options remain for new name of Denver's Stapleton neighborhood|date=July 20, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/sunwebsite1/Home/change-the-name-information|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200801202252/https://sites.google.com/site/sunwebsite1/Home/change-the-name-information|title=Change the Name Information – SUN|website=sites.google.com|access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2020/08/01/stapleton-neighborhood-central-park/|title=Stapleton Neighborhood Is Now Central Park After Final Vote|date=August 1, 2020|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Broad Street'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Black Lives Matter Boulevard'''
| [[Salisbury, Maryland|Salisbury]]
| data-sort-value="US-MD" | [[Maryland|MD]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 19, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 19, 2020}}
| City Administrator and Acting Mayor Julia Glanz stated that the inspiration came from the renaming of [[Black Lives Matter Plaza]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], and executing the idea was inexpensive and took about two weeks.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://salisburyindependent.net/salisbury-news/blm-salisbury-will-be-on-the-right-side-of-history/|title=BLM: Salisbury 'will be on the right side of history'|date=June 19, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://salisburyindependent.net/salisbury-news/julia-glanz-takes-reins-as-salisburys-acting-mayor/|title=Julia Glanz takes reins as Salisbury's Acting Mayor|date=June 11, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wmdt.com/2020/06/salisbury-declares-black-lives-matter-with-street-renaming-celebration/|title=Salisbury declares "Black Lives Matter" with street renaming celebration|date=June 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Mallards (8207464216).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Lake [[Matthew Fontaine Maury|Maury]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[The Mariners' Lake]]'''
| [[Newport News]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | [[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 19, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 19, 2020}}
| [[Mariners' Museum and Park|The Mariners' Museum]] board of trustees voted to rename the lake. [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]] was an [[oceanography|oceanographer]] and Confederate officer.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Newport News' Lake Maury, named for Confederate officer, is now The Mariners' Lake
|first=Matt
|last=Jones
|newspaper=[[Daily Press (Virginia)]]
|date=July 8, 2020
|url=https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-nw-lake-maury-mariners-museum-20200708-4cdo62hvvfailoc2bzqe427cqi-story.html
|access-date=July 9, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709102149/https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-nw-lake-maury-mariners-museum-20200708-4cdo62hvvfailoc2bzqe427cqi-story.html
|archive-date=July 9, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marinersmuseum.org/the-mariners-lake/|title=The Mariners' Lake|access-date=July 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709145201/https://www.marinersmuseum.org/the-mariners-lake/|archive-date=July 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Main Street'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Black Lives Matter Way'''
| [[Hempstead, New York|Hempstead]]
| data-sort-value="US-NY" | [[New York (state)|NY]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 25, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 25, 2020}}
| During the renaming ceremony, Mayor Don Ryan stated that "until Black Lives Matter, the dream of the United States Constitution falls short of its mark."
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2020/06/26/village-of-hempstead-black-lives-matter-way/|title=Long Island Street Renamed 'Black Lives Matter Way'|first=TF Millar|last=says|date=June 26, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/nassau/black-lives-matter-main-street-hempstead-1.46100349|title=Main Street in Hempstead becomes Black Lives Matter Way|website=Newsday}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://theislandnow.com/new_hyde_park-108/hempstead-renames-street-for-black-lives-matter-movement/|title=Hempstead renames street for 'Black Lives Matter' Movement – New Hyde Park Herald Courier|first=Dan|last=Offner|date=June 30, 2020}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''{{lang|fr|Place de l'Europe|italics=no}}'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''{{lang|fr|Place de la liberté et de la dignité humaine|italics=no}}'''{{efn|This can be translated as "Liberty and Human Dignity Square".{{r|gorée.barrons}}}}
| [[Dakar]]
| data-sort-value="SN-DK" | {{smallcaps|[[Dakar Region|Dk]]}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Senegal|Sn]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 28, 2020}}
| 
| On {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.27}}, the municipal council of [[Gorée|Gorée Island]] unanimously voted to rename the square. The island itself is a symbol of the slave trade, and associations had demanded that the square be renamed as early as 2018.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Famous Senegalese island Goree to rename its Europe Square in nod to George Floyd
|date=July 8, 2020
|first=Nii
|last=Ntreh
|newspaper=Face2FaceAfrica
|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/famous-senegalese-island-goree-to-rename-its-europe-square-in-nod-to-george-floyd
|access-date=July 8, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708215217/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/famous-senegalese-island-goree-to-rename-its-europe-square-in-nod-to-george-floyd
|archive-date=July 8, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://aps.sn/actualites/article/a-goree-la-place-de-l-europe-devient-place-de-la-liberte-et-de-la-dignite-humaine|title=APS – A Gorée, la Place de l'Europe devient Place de la liberté et de la dignité humaine|website=aps.sn|access-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708151200/http://aps.sn/actualites/article/a-goree-la-place-de-l-europe-devient-place-de-la-liberte-et-de-la-dignite-humaine|archive-date=July 8, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="gorée.barrons">{{cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/former-slave-island-goree-renames-square-against-racism-01593364204|title=Former Slave Island Goree Renames Square Against Racism|first=AFP-Agence France|last=Presse|website=barrons.com|access-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713010357/https://www.barrons.com/news/former-slave-island-goree-renames-square-against-racism-01593364204|archive-date=July 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://goreenews.com/communique-reunion-conseil-municipal-de-goree/|title=Communiqué Réunion Conseil Municipal de Gorée|date=June 28, 2020|access-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708181909/http://goreenews.com/communique-reunion-conseil-municipal-de-goree/|archive-date=July 8, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Statue of Confederate General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson in the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia LCCN2011633295.tif|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Oak Grove Cemetery (Lexington, Virginia)|Oak Grove Cemetery]]'''
| [[Lexington, Virginia|Lexington]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | [[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 3, 2020}} 
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.09.03|format=mdy}}
| The Lexington City Council voted unanimously to change the name and requested suggestions from residents. [[Stonewall Jackson]] was buried there in 1863, and the cemetery was named after him in 1949. The council unanimously voted to change the name to "Oak Grove Cemetery", subject to a public hearing, which confirmed the change.
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Lexington City Council unanimously agrees to rename Stonewall Jackson Cemetery|first=Jeff|last=Williamson|newspaper=[[WSLS]]|date=July 3, 2020|url=https://www.wsls.com/news/local/2020/07/03/lexington-city-council-unanimously-agrees-to-rename-stonewall-jackson-cemetery/|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703154114/https://www.wsls.com/news/local/2020/07/03/lexington-city-council-unanimously-agrees-to-rename-stonewall-jackson-cemetery/|archive-date=July 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wric.com/news/virginia-news/lexington-city-council-votes-to-rename-stonewall-jackson-memorial-cemetery/|title=Lexington City Council votes to rename Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery|date=July 3, 2020|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703192750/https://www.wric.com/news/virginia-news/lexington-city-council-votes-to-rename-stonewall-jackson-memorial-cemetery/|archive-date=July 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvEdxL_awaQ|title=City Council Regular Meeting: August 20, 2020|date=August 21, 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://roanoke.com/news/lexington-council-chooses-oak-grove-as-new-jackson-cemetery-name/article_8a8f804a-53cf-5981-b00a-ba0c63799eaa.html|title=Lexington council chooses Oak Grove as new Jackson cemetery name|first=Mike Allen|last=mike.allen@roanoke.com 981–3236|website=Roanoke Times|date=20 August 2020 |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews-gazette.com/content/oak-grove-cemetery-likely-officially-replace-stonewall-jackson-memorial-cemetery-name-sept-3|title='Oak Grove Cemetery' Likely to Officially Replace 'Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery' Name on Sept. 3.|date=August 21, 2020|website=The News-Gazette|access-date=September 14, 2020|archive-date=August 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818105235/https://www.thenews-gazette.com/content/oak-grove-cemetery-likely-officially-replace-stonewall-jackson-memorial-cemetery-name-sept-3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Unity Square Park'''
| [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]
| data-sort-value="US-NJ" | [[New Jersey|NJ]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 7, 2020}}
| {{sdash}}
| The mayor stated that the park would be renamed, stating that "what we know about [[Christopher Columbus]] simply makes his image a poor fit for a city that is diverse as Trenton". A [[Statue of Christopher Columbus (Trenton, New Jersey)|statue of Christopher Columbus]] was also removed from the park.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2020/07/07/mayor-of-trenton-announces-city-will-remove-christopher-columbus-statue-rename-columbus-park/|title=Mayor Of Trenton Announces City Will Remove Christopher Columbus Statue, Rename Columbus Park|date=July 7, 2020|access-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711012315/https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2020/07/07/mayor-of-trenton-announces-city-will-remove-christopher-columbus-statue-rename-columbus-park/|archive-date=July 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://communitynews.org/2020/07/08/columbus-statue-in-trenton-park-taken-down-park-to-be-renamed/|title=Columbus statue in Trenton park taken down, park to be renamed|first=Nicole|last=Viviano|date=July 8, 2020|access-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711135947/https://communitynews.org/2020/07/08/columbus-statue-in-trenton-park-taken-down-park-to-be-renamed/|archive-date=July 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Roy H. Chapman|Chapman]] Pond'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Evans Pond'''
| [[Tallahassee]]
| data-sort-value="US-FL" | [[Florida|FL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 8, 2020}}
| 
| The City Commission unanimously voted to change the name. Florida Chief Justice [[Roy H. Chapman]] "upheld segregationist policies". Dr. Charles Evans was president of the Tallahassee [[NAACP]].
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=City Commission votes to rename Chapman Pond after Dr. Charles Evans
|first=Monica
|last=Casey
|newspaper=[[WCTV]]
|date=July 8, 2020
|url=https://www.wctv.tv/2020/07/08/city-commission-votes-to-rename-chapman-pond-after-dr-charles-evans/
|access-date=July 9, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709093810/https://www.wctv.tv/2020/07/08/city-commission-votes-to-rename-chapman-pond-after-dr-charles-evans/
|archive-date=July 9, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtxl.com/news/local-news/city-commission-approves-pond-be-renamed-after-former-naacp-president-dr-charles-evans-sr|title=City Commission approves pond be renamed after former NAACP president Dr. Charles Evans, Sr.|date=July 9, 2020|website=WTXL|access-date=July 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709031437/https://www.wtxl.com/news/local-news/city-commission-approves-pond-be-renamed-after-former-naacp-president-dr-charles-evans-sr|archive-date=July 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtxl.com/news/local-news/tallahassee-commissioners-to-vote-on-chapman-pond-name-change|title=Tallahassee commissioners to vote on Chapman Pond name change|date=June 26, 2020|website=WTXL|access-date=July 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709035710/https://www.wtxl.com/news/local-news/tallahassee-commissioners-to-vote-on-chapman-pond-name-change|archive-date=July 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.floridasupremecourt.org/Justices/Former-Justices/Justice-Roy-Harrison-Chapman|title=Justice Roy Harrison Chapman|website=Supreme Court|access-date=July 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324052715/https://www.floridasupremecourt.org/Justices/Former-Justices/Justice-Roy-Harrison-Chapman|archive-date=March 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Jeff Davis Peak'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Da-ek Dow Go-et Mountain'''
| [[Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest]]
| data-sort-value="US-DC" | [[California|CA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 9, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 9, 2020}}
| The mountain was previously named after Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who had no known connections with the state of California. The new name is derived from the [[Washo language]] and roughly translates to "saddle between points."
| <ref>Capron, Maddie (9 July 2020). [https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/article244129642.html Jeff Davis Peak ditches Confederate namesake, officials say. Here’s what it will be called]. ''The Sacramento Bee''. Retrieved 21 April 2021.</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
| [[File:Christopher Columbus statue, Prospect Park, Buffalo, New York - 20200326.jpg|100px]] 
| style="text-align: center" | '''Columbus Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Prospect Park (Buffalo, New York)|Prospect Park]]'''
| [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]
| data-sort-value="US-NY" | [[New York (state)|NY]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 10, 2020}}
| {{sdash}}
| The mayor and other city officials stated that the park would be renamed "with a name that better honors the contributions and sacrifices of Italian Americans". A [[Statue of Christopher Columbus (Buffalo, New York)|statue of Christopher Columbus]] was also removed from the park.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buffalony.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=698|title=Buffalo, NY|website=Buffalo, NY|access-date=July 10, 2020|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808083139/https://www.buffalony.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=698|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://buffalonews.com/news/statue-comes-down-in-christopher-columbus-park-name-change-will-follow/article_7011a3f8-c2a6-11ea-b013-1bb8b83406cd.html|title=Statue comes down in Christopher Columbus Park; name change will follow|first=Keith|last= McShea |website=Buffalo News|date=10 July 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712215029/https://buffalonews.com/news/statue-comes-down-in-christopher-columbus-park-name-change-will-follow/article_7011a3f8-c2a6-11ea-b013-1bb8b83406cd.html|archive-date=July 12, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Confederate Monument, Lee Square, Pensacola, Florida.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Robert E. Lee|Lee]] Square'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Florida Square'''
| [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]]
| FL
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 14, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 14, 2020}}
| The [[Pensacola City Council]] voted unanimously to revert the square's name back to Florida Square. The council also voted to remove a Confederate monument in the square.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Pensacola City Council Votes To Remove Confederate Monument, Rename Lee Square
|newspaper=northescambia.com
|date=July 15, 2020
|url=http://www.northescambia.com/2020/07/pensacola-city-council-votes-to-remove-confederate-monument-rename-lee-square}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2020/07/14/pensacola-city-council-votes-remove-confederate-monument-change-name-lee-square/5438879002/|title=Pensacola City Council votes to remove Confederate monument, change name of Lee Square|first=Jim|last=Little|website=Pensacola News Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://pensacola.granicus.com/player/clip/835?|title=City Council Special Meeting on 2020-07-14 5:30 PM – •Members of the public may attend and participate only via live stream or phone cityofpensacola.com/428/Live-Meeting-Video or facebook.com/PensacolaMayor •Citizens may submit an online form here https:/|website=pensacola.granicus.com}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Robert E. Lee]] Road'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Unison Road'''
| [[Houston]]
| data-sort-value="US-TX" | [[Texas|TX]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 14, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 14, 2020}}
| [[Harris County, Texas|Harris County]] Commissioners unanimously voted to rename the road.
| <ref>{{cite news
| url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Harris-County-Commissioners-Court-unanimously-15410938.php
| title=Harris County Commissioners Court unanimously votes to rename Robert E. Lee Road
|first=Currie
|last=Engel
|date=July 15, 2020
|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/harris-countys-robert-e-lee-road-renamed/285-3025401c-507d-428f-97c8-8a69a0945620|title=Harris County's Robert E. Lee Road renamed|website=khou.com|date=July 15, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
|style="text-align: center" | '''Jackson Park'''
|style="text-align: center" | '''[[Chochenyo Park (Alameda, California)|Chochenyo Park]]'''
| [[Alameda, California|Alameda]]
| CA
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 21, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|January 21, 2021}}
| Alameda's first park was renamed after previously honoring former U.S. President Andrew Jackson. The City Council directed the Parks and Recreation Commission to propose new names, and a change to [[Chochenyo Park (Alameda, California)|Chochenyo Park]] was made official shortly afterward. Chochenyo is the language spoken by the Lisjan Ohlone people.
| <ref>{{cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=History|url=https://renamejacksonpark.wordpress.com/history/|access-date=2020-09-30|website=Rename Jackson Park}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=Alameda Changes Jackson Park To Chochenyo Park, Named After Language Of Ohlone Tribe|url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2021/01/20/alameda-changes-jackson-park-to-chochenyo-park-named-after-language-of-ohlone-tribe/|access-date=2021-01-27}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Margaret-Sanger-Square NYC.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Margaret Sanger Square'''
| style="text-align: center" | Name removed
| [[New York City]]
| [[New York (state)|NY]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 21, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|December 15, 2021}}
| [[Planned Parenthood]] of Greater New York (PPGNY) announced it was "working with the Community Board, City Council and community" to rename the intersection of [[Bleecker Street|Bleecker]] and [[Mott Street|Mott]] streets outside its Manhattan Health Clinic. [[Margaret Sanger]] was a supporter of [[eugenics]]. The City Council had voted to name the intersection after Sanger in 1993, as PPGNY had moved a clinic to that location and advocated for the honorary naming. They voted to remove the street sign in December 2021.
|{{r|ppgny.pp}} {{r|ppgny.times}} {{r|ppgny.time}} <ref>{{Cite news |last=Samantha |first=Schmidt |date=July 21, 2021 |title=Planned Parenthood to remove Margaret Sanger's name from N.Y. clinic over views on eugenics |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/07/21/margaret-sanger-planned-parenthood-eugenics/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marrero |first=Jacquelyn |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Planned Parenthood of Greater New York Applauds the New York City Council for Approving the Removal of Margaret Sanger Square street sign |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/planned-parenthood-greater-new-york/about/news/planned-parenthood-of-greater-new-york-applauds-the-new-york-city-council-for-approving-the-removal-of-margaret-sanger-square-street-sign-2 |website=Planned Parenthood}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Douglas Park Athletics.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Douglas Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Douglass Park|(Anna and Frederick) Douglass Park]]'''
| Chicago
| data-sort-value="US-IL" | [[Illinois|IL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 22, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|November 18, 2020}}
| The [[Chicago Park District]] Board of Commissioners voted unanimously in an emergency meeting to rename the park, located in a 90% Black neighborhood.{{efn|Because the board called an emergency meeting, advocates working on the renaming for years were disappointed at being unable to attend, with one organizer stating that she felt snubbed, and a group of student advocates who wanted the park named for both Frederick Douglass and his wife Anna Murray Douglass were unable to present their request at the meeting.{{r|chicago.wttw}}}} A 45-day public comment was required before the name change could be finalized. [[Stephen A. Douglas]] was "one of the country's most notorious slavery advocates".{{efn|Douglas supported expanded slavery in a debate against Abraham Lincoln, and his wife owned at least 100 slaves.{{r|chicago.club}}}} [[Frederick Douglass]] was an abolitionist born into slavery who ran a station on the [[Underground Railroad]] with his wife [[Anna Murray Douglass]].
| <ref name="chicago.club">{{cite news |title=Douglas Park Will Be Renamed For Frederick Douglass, Park District Board Says: 'We Have Heard You' |date=2020-07-22 |newspaper=Block Club Chicago |url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2020/07/22/douglas-park-will-almost-certainly-be-renamed-for-frederick-douglass-we-have-heard-you/ |first=Pascal |last=Sabino}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Chicago officials to rename Douglas Park amid backlash over namesake's ties to slavery |date=2020-07-22 |newspaper=[[WLS-TV]] (ABC7Chicago) |url=https://abc7chicago.com/douglas-park-chicago-stephen-a-frederick-douglass-district/6329810/ |access-date=July 23, 2020 |archive-date=July 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723130052/https://abc7chicago.com/douglas-park-chicago-stephen-a-frederick-douglass-district/6329810/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="chicago.wttw">{{cite web|url=https://news.wttw.com/2020/07/22/park-district-board-says-douglas-park-name-change-will-happen|title=Park District Board Says of Douglas Park Name Change: 'It Will Be Done'|website=WTTW News|date=18 July 2020 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Chicago Park District approves Douglas Park name change to honor Frederick Douglass |date=2020-09-10 |url=https://abc7chicago.com/douglas-park-chicago-stephen-frederick-douglass-district/6416512/ |work=[[WLS-TV]] (ABC7Chicago) |access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Greene |first=Morgan |title=After years of student activism, Park District officially makes name change to Douglass Park |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-douglass-park-chicago-renaming-20201118-lrt2n6h5i5gi7mmc7e4bd42g4a-story.html |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=2020-11-18 |access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
| [[File:Cassland Crescent, London Borough of Hackney, E9 (2611258960).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Cassland Road Gardens'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Kit Crowley Gardens'''
| [[Hackney, London|Hackney]], London
| data-sort-value="UK-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 23, 2020}} 
| {{sdash}}
| Local residents decided on a new name for the park, which had been named after slave trader [[John Cass]]. It now honors Kathleen 'Kit' Crowley, who lived in the neighborhood for six decades and was described by those who nominated her as 'a role model for children of the Windrush generation growing up in the area'. She experienced poverty and racism in childhood, and growing up where survival often relied on the goodness of neighbours shaped her resilience and sense of community spirit.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hackneycitizen.co.uk/2020/07/23/cassland-road-gardens-renamed-borough-wide-review/|title=Cassland Road Gardens to be renamed as part of borough-wide review|first=Aisha|last=Payne|newspaper=Hackney Citizen|date=July 23, 2020|access-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Roy G. Williams Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Elliott Avenue Park'''
| [[Sanford, Florida|Sanford]]
| data-sort-value="US-FL" | [[Florida|FL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|August 10, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|August 10, 2020}} 
| The City Commission of Sanford restored the original name to the park.{{efn|The commission found no record of the park being formally named by the city after Williams, but acknowledged that it was being referred to with his name, and adopted a resolution rejecting the usage of that name.{{r|sanford.resolution}}}} Roy G. Williams was a former police chief who once removed [[Jackie Robinson]] from a baseball game to enforce segregation laws and was also once jailed for forcing city prisoners to work on his farm in Georgia. The park is located on Elliott Avenue.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/12/us/jackie-robinson-police-park-trnd/index.html|title=Park named after police chief who threw Jackie Robinson out of a game in 1946 is renamed|first=Leah |last=Asmelash |website=CNN|date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.avcaptureall.com/session.html?sessionid=35dd1552-d44d-47f3-9626-570738f671da|title=AV Capture ALL|website=media.avcaptureall.com}}</ref> <ref name="sanford.resolution">{{cite web|url=https://media.avcaptureall.com/lib/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=//avcamediawest.blob.core.windows.net/media/823/35dd1552-d44d-47f3-9626-570738f671da/RM_8.F.pdf|title=PDF.js viewer|website=media.avcaptureall.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Confederate Park, Jacksonville, FL, US (18).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Confederate Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Springfield Park (Jacksonville)|Springfield Park]]'''
| [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]]
| data-sort-value="US-FL" | [[Florida|FL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|August 11, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|August 11, 2020}}
| The City Council voted unanimously to rename the park, which is within the [[Springfield (Jacksonville)|Springfield]] neighborhood of Jacksonville, Florida.
| <ref name="Jacksonville" />
|-  style="background:#dff;"
| [[File:20200829-mohrenstrasse-2.jpg|100px|People have taken to adding an umlaut to the street name signs to change the offending term, as "Möhren" means "carrots".]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Mohrenstraße]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Anton-Wilhelm-Amo-Straße'''
| [[Berlin]]
| data-sort-value="DE-BE" | {{smallcaps|[[Berlin|Be]]}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Germany|De]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|August 20, 2020}}
| {{sdash}} 
| The {{ill|District Assembly (Berlin)|lt=District Assembly|de|Bezirk von Berlin}} of Berlin's [[Mitte]] district decided to rename the street, which uses [[wikt:Mohr#German|a term]] considered to be a racial slur.{{efn|name="berlin.street"}} [[Anton Wilhelm Amo]] is considered to be "Germany's first well-known philosopher and legal scholar of African origin". (''See also Mohrenstraße U-Bahn station, below'').
| <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1296542097005305856|user=spdmitte|title=Klarer #Beschluss und ein toller Erfolg: Auch die #bvvmitte schließt sich der #Zivilgesellschaft an und fordert das…|date=August 20, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/mohrenstrasse-berlin-racist-blm/a-54648546|title=Berlin street to change name following anti-racism protests | DW | 21.08.2020|website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.de/20200821/a-great-day-berlin-street-name-to-be-changed-after-anti-racism-protests-mohrenstrasse|title = 'A great day': Berlin street name to be changed after anti-racism protests|date = August 21, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.t-online.de/-/88433312|title=Berliner Mohrenstraße wird umbenannt|website=t-online.de|date=August 20, 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Leopold2tunnelIngang.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Leopold II Tunnel'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Annie Cordy Tunnel]]'''
| [[Brussels]]
| data-sort-value="BE-BRU" | {{smallcaps|[[Brussels|Bru]]}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Belgium|Be]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|September 8, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|May 22, 2022}}
| Residents of Brussels submitted suggestions for a new name for the tunnel, after a woman. Following a vote, it was decided to rename the tunnel after [[Annie Cordy]], a local singer.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-belgium-tunnel/belgium-seeks-new-name-for-road-tunnel-as-it-takes-on-colonial-past-idUKKBN25Z21E|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908130559/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-belgium-tunnel/belgium-seeks-new-name-for-road-tunnel-as-it-takes-on-colonial-past-idUKKBN25Z21E|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 8, 2020|title=Belgium seeks new name for road tunnel as it takes on colonial past|date=September 8, 2020|first1=Bart|last1=Biesemans|first2=Clément|last2=Rossignol|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/brussels-2/130074/brussels-residents-to-choose-female-name-for-belgiums-longest-tunnel/|title=Brussels to rename Belgium's longest tunnel after a woman|date=September 6, 2020|work=[[The Brussels Times]]|access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2021/03/08/brussels-to-re-name-tunnel-after-singer-and-actress-annie-cordy/|title=Brussels to re-name tunnel after singer and actress Annie Cordy|date=8 March 2021|publisher=[[VRT (broadcaster)|VRT]]|access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:South Tottenham - road sign, Black Boy Lane (geograph 6510053).jpg|100px]]
|style="text-align: center" | '''Black Boy Lane'''
|style="text-align: center" | '''La Rose Lane'''
| [[West Green, London|West Green]], London
| data-sort-value="UK-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|October 1, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|January 23, 2022}}
| Residents and businesses on the street had been asked to choose a new name from a shortlist of two: [[Jocelyn Barrow]] Lane and La Rose Lane, after [[John La Rose]], a poet, writer and political and cultural activist. The new sign was vandalised but restored.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/north-london-news/black-boy-lane-haringey-renamed-19028399|title=Black Boy Lane in Haringey is to be renamed due to its links with racism|first=Sam|last=Truelove|website=MyLondon|date=October 1, 2020|access-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Gecsoyler |first1=Sammy |title=London street sign for former 'Black Boy Lane' vandalised after renaming |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/24/london-street-sign-former-black-boy-lane-vandalised-renaming |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=24 January 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Banfield-Nwachi |first1=Mabel |last2=Mohdin |first2=Aamna |title='I hated it': London council's renaming of Black Boy Lane divides locals |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/06/i-hated-it-london-councils-renaming-of-black-boy-lane-divides-locals |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=6 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Rideau-Goulbourn Ward'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Rideau-Jock Ward]]'''
| [[Ottawa]]
| [[Ontario|ON]]
| CA
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|November 19, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|January 31, 2022}}
| Despite the misspelling, the ward had been partly named for 19th-century British politician [[Henry Goulburn]]. Due to his attachment to slavery, his part of the name was changed in favor of the local Jock River.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/goulbourn-ward-scott-moffatt-black-community-racism-1.5815836|title=Black leaders back councillor's bid to change ward's name|publisher=CBC}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
| [[File:Gurdwara.Sri.Guru.Singh.Sabha.Southall.jpg|100px]]
|style="text-align: center" | (Part of) '''[[Henry Havelock|Havelock]] Road'''
|style="text-align: center" | '''[[Guru Nanak]] Road'''
| [[Southall]], London
| data-sort-value="UK-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|November 25, 2020}}
| {{sdash}}
| The largest [[Sikhism|Sikh]] [[Gurdwara|temple]] in Europe, the [[Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Southall]], is on this stretch of road. [[Virendra Sharma]], the MP for [[Ealing Southall (UK Parliament constituency)|Ealing Southall]], had been campaigning to rename it since 1992. The road had been named for Henry Havelock, a British general associated with the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/980725/a-street-name-change-in-londons-little-india-forces-britain-to-confront-its-colonial-legacy |title=A street name change in London's Little India forces Britain to confront its colonial legacy |first1=Edward |last1=Anderson |first2=Priya |last2=Atwal |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=December 9, 2020 |access-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/henry-havelock-road-southall-name-change-emily-mckenzie-b127804.html|title=Furious row after council strip Southall road name from British general to Sikhism founder|first=Barney|last=Davis|newspaper=[[Evening Standard]]|date=December 12, 2020|access-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Jeb Stuart Trail'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Northern Edge Trail'''
| [[Montgomery County, Alabama|Montgomery County]]
| data-sort-value="US-DC" | [[Alabama|AL]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|December 7, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|December 7, 2020}}
| The trail was renamed to remove the name of the Confederate general J. E. B. (Jeb) Stuart.
| <ref>Shahzad, Maryam (7 December 2020). [https://www.mymcmedia.org/park-trail-named-after-confederate-general-jeb-stuart-renamed/ Park Trail Named After Confederate General Jeb Stuart Renamed]. ''MyMcM''. Retrieved 21 April 2021.</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Henry Clay Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Zitkala-Ša Park'''
| [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]]
| data-sort-value="US-DC" | [[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|December 8, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|December 12, 2020}}
| The Lyon Park Citizens' Association proposed the change to the Parks and Recreation Commission in 2020, and the move received unanimous support from the Historical Affairs and Landmark Review Board and majority support from the Neighborhood Conservation Advisory Committee. Secretary of State [[Henry Clay]] held abolitionist views but kept slaves. [[Zitkala-Sa|Zitkala-Ša]] was a Native American writer, musician, educator and activist who lived in Arlington and is buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].
| <ref>{{cite web|last=DeVoe|first=Jo|date=2020-12-08|title=Henry Clay Park Set to Be Renamed for Indigenous Activist Who Lived Nearby|url=https://www.arlnow.com/2020/12/08/henry-clay-park-set-to-be-renamed-for-indigenous-activist-who-lived-nearby/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=ARLnow.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=Henry Clay Park Renamed "Zitkala-Ša Park"|url=https://parks.arlingtonva.us/2020/12/henry-clay-park-renamed-zitkala-sa-park/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=ArlingtonVA Parks & Recreation|archive-date=February 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222202422/https://parks.arlingtonva.us/2020/12/henry-clay-park-renamed-zitkala-sa-park/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''McCarran International Airport'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Harry Reid International Airport]]'''
| [[Las Vegas]]
| data-sort-value="US-NV" | [[Nevada|NV]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|February 16, 2021}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|December 14, 2021}}
| From 2012 on, there were calls to rename McCarran International Airport. It had been named after [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[Pat McCarran]], who had a reputation for being anti-Semitic and racist. After the murder of George Floyd, the [[Clark County Commission]] decided to rename the airport after U.S. Senator [[Harry Reid]]. Reid apologized in 2010 for racist remarks he made about Barack Obama.
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=It's official: Las Vegas' McCarran becomes 'Harry Reid International Airport' starting Tuesday |date=December 11, 2021 |url=https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/its-official-mccarran-becomes-harry-reid-international-airport-starting-tuesday/ |access-date=April 20, 2022 |archive-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425063218/https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/its-official-mccarran-becomes-harry-reid-international-airport-starting-tuesday/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Nathan Bedford Forrest|Forrest]] Street'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Barack Obama]] Boulevard'''
|[[Valdosta, Georgia|Valdosta]]
|[[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]]
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 23, 2021}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|November 1, 2021}}
|Local activists called for the street to be renamed due to its association with Nathan Bedford Forrest, a Confederate general and founder of the Ku Klux Klan. Other residents opposed the change, citing city records that indicated the street was named for Elbert Forrest, a local African American business owner. The city council approved the renaming in favor of Barack Obama, the first African-American [[President of the United States]].
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=WALB News Team |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Valdosta will rename Forrest St. after former President Obama |work=WCTV-TV |url=https://www.wctv.tv/2021/07/23/valdosta-will-rename-forrest-st-after-former-president-obama/ |access-date=June 5, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite press release |title=Valdosta City Council Approves Request to Rename Forrest Street to Barack Obama Boulevard |url=https://www.valdostacity.com/news/valdosta-city-council-approves-request-rename-forrest-street-barack-obama-boulevard |date=July 22, 2021 |publisher=City of Valdosta, Georgia}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Dight Avenue'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Cheatham Avenue'''
|[[Minneapolis]]
|[[Minnesota|MN]]
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|December 25, 2021}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|March 17, 2022}}
|A street in the [[Longfellow, Minneapolis|Longfellow community]] was renamed for [[John Cheatham]], one of the first Black firefighters in the city. It had been named for [[Charles Fremont Dight]], a former city councilor and food safety proponent, but who had also advocated for human [[eugenics]] and praised Nazi leader [[Adolf Hitler]].
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Jennifer |date=2021-12-25 |title=Minneapolis will change infamous street name to honor trailblazing firefighter |work=[[Star Tribune]] |url=https://www.startribune.com/the-long-road-to-a-better-street-name/600130300/ |access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Croman |first=John |date=2021-12-28 |title=Minneapolis street renamed for city's first Black firefighter |work=[[KARE-TV]] |url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/minneapolis-street-renamed-for-citys-first-black-fireman/89-9f70d9ce-628d-491c-b7d8-efca89e2825a |access-date=2021-12-28}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Nelson |first=Tim |date=2022-03-17 |title=South Minneapolis street now honors a pioneer Black firefighter |work=[[Minnesota Public Radio]] |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2022/03/17/south-minneapolis-street-now-honors-a-pioneer-black-firefighter |access-date=2022-03-17}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Discovery Park, Chula Vista, CA.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Discovery Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Kumeyaay Park]]'''
| [[Chula Vista, California|Chula Vista]]
| CA
| US
|
| Nov. 1, 2022
| After decades of advocacy and the removal of a Christopher Columbus statue during the height of the George Floyd protests, the park was named after the [[Kumeyaay]] people who are native to the region. “It corrects a romanticized, historical fantasy that these lands were ‘discovered,’” according to the director of [[Kumeyaay Community College]].
| <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Murga |first1=Tammy |last2=Mapp |first2=Lauren J. |date=2022-11-02 |title=Chula Vista park where Columbus statue once stood will be renamed Kumeyaay Nation |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/south-county/story/2022-11-02/chula-vista-park-where-columbus-statue-once-stood-will-instead-honor-kumeyaay-nation-with-new-name |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103002600/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/south-county/story/2022-11-02/chula-vista-park-where-columbus-statue-once-stood-will-instead-honor-kumeyaay-nation-with-new-name |archive-date=2022-11-03 |website=[[San Diego Union-Tribune]]}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center;" |'''[[U.S. Route 29 in Virginia|Lee Highway]]'''
| style="text-align: center;" |'''Langston Boulevard'''
|[[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]]
|VA
|US
|Jul 17, 2021
|Jul 17, 2021
|Arlington County became the first jurisdiction in Northern Virginia to rename their section of Lee Highway in the 2020s.
|
|-
|[[File:Yonge-Dundas square.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Yonge-Dundas Square'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Sankofa Square]]'''
|[[Toronto]]
|[[Ontario|ON]]
|Canada
|{{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|July 24, 2021}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|August 23, 2025}}
| A public square, created in 2002, was named after its cross-streets, one of which, Dundas, became controversial as it was named after a UK Lord who had voted against the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. Toronto City Council voted to rename Dundas Street, Dundas subway station, the square and the Dundas West Station on July 23, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2021|title=Toronto city council votes to rename Dundas street, other amenities with same name|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/article/toronto-city-council-votes-to-rename-dundas-street-other-amenities-with-same-name/|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=CTV News|language=en}}</ref> Due to the cost of renaming the street, it was dropped. A committee was struck to develop a name for the square. The square was renamed "Sankofa Square"<ref name="Sankofa">{{cite news |last1=Bowden |first1=Olivia |title=Toronto's Yonge–Dundas square is being renamed. Here's what it'll be called — and why |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/dundas-square-rename-toronto-1.7060097 |access-date=December 15, 2023 |agency=CBC News |date=December 14, 2023}}</ref><ref name="cot">{{cite web |author=City of Toronto |website=toronto.ca |url=https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/accountability-operations-customer-service/city-administration/city-managers-office/agencies-corporations/agencies/yonge-dundas-square/ |title=Sankofa Square (formerly Yonge-Dundas Square) |accessdate=August 25, 2025}}</ref> and officially changed in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 23, 2025 |title=Sankofa Square officially opens in Toronto |url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2025/08/23/sankofa-square-officially-opens-in-toronto/ |accessdate=August 24, 2025 |work=City-TV News}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center;" |'''[[U.S. Route 29 in Virginia|Lee Highway]] and various local streets'''
| style="text-align: center;" |'''Blenheim Boulevard, Fairfax Boulevard, Main Street, and others'''
|[[Fairfax, Virginia|Fairfax City]]
|VA
|US
|Jul 12, 2022
|Jan 1, 2023
|Fairfax City removed a total of 14 Confederate street names.
|-
|
| style="text-align: center;" |'''[[U.S. Route 29 in Virginia|Lee Highway]] and [[U.S. Route 50 in Virginia|Lee-Jackson Memorial Highway]]'''
| style="text-align: center;" |'''Route 29 and Route 50'''
|[[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]]
|VA
|US
|Jun 15, 2023
|Jul 5, 2023
|After considering several alternatives, Fairfax County decided to just use the route number as the new street name.
|}

== Government ==


{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! rowspan=2 | Reported 
! rowspan=2 | Executed
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-
| [[File:Flag of Rhode Island.svg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''State of [[Rhode Island]]'''
|  data-sort-value="" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value="US-RI" | [[Rhode Island|RI]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|June 12, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|format=mdy|November 3, 2020}}
| An executive order by Gov. [[Gina Raimondo]] removed "and Providence Plantations" from official state documents and symbols. Leading legislators of the [[Rhode Island General Assembly|General Assembly]] then removed the phrase from internal legislative documents. Rhode Island voters approved the name change in a referendum on November 3, 2020. The same question had previously failed 78% to 22% in 2010. Though Providence Plantations did not utilize slaves, petitioners argued the word has connotations of Southern slave plantations, and that Rhode Island merchants [[Slavery in Rhode Island|historically played a large role]] in the [[transatlantic slave trade]].
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Li |first1=David K. |title=Rhode Island to change 'painful' state name associated with slavery |url=https://news.yahoo.com/rhode-island-change-painful-state-163200223.html |website=Today |access-date=June 25, 2020 |date=June 25, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/us/politics/rhode-island-plantation.html |title=Rhode Island to Remove 'Plantations' Reference From Documents |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 24, 2020 |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624152648/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/us/politics/rhode-island-plantation.html |archive-date=June 24, 2020 |url-status=live |last1=Fazio |first1=Marie }}</ref> <ref name=renewed>{{cite web|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Edward|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/06/12/metro/renewed-debate-should-rhode-island-drop-providence-plantations-its-official-name/|title=A renewed debate: Should Rhode Island drop 'Providence Plantations' from its official name?|website=Boston Globe|date=June 12, 2020|access-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613182232/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/06/12/metro/renewed-debate-should-rhode-island-drop-providence-plantations-its-official-name/|archive-date=June 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/11/04/metro/rhode-island-is-now-simply-rhode-island/|title=Rhode Island is now simply 'Rhode Island' |work= The Boston Globe}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Andrew Jackson Station.jpg|left|frameless|100x100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Andrew Jackson Post Office'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Susan A. Davis]] Post Office'''
| [[Rolando, San Diego]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA" | [[California|CA]]
| US
| {{dts|2020.06.24|format=mdy|abbr=on}}
| {{dts|2022.12.27|format=mdy|abbr=on}}
| Having received a petition, city councilor [[Georgette Gómez|Georgette Gomez]] wrote a letter to Congress to support legislation changing the building's name. [[Sara Jacobs|Rep. Sara Jacobs]] has called for "genuine community involvement in the naming process." On November 18, 2022, Jacobs introduced a bill to rename the post office co-sponsored by all 53 members of the [[California's congressional delegations|California delegation]] of the [[United States House of Representatives|US House]]. It passed by [[voice vote]] on November 29, 2022. President Joe Biden signed the bill into law on December 27.
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Summers |first=Dave |date=June 23, 2020 |title=Petition Calls for Name Change at Andrew Jackson Post Office in Rolando |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/petition-calls-for-name-change-at-andrew-jackson-post-office-in-rolando/2351966/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624033843/https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/petition-calls-for-name-change-at-andrew-jackson-post-office-in-rolando/2351966/ |archive-date=June 24, 2020 |access-date=June 24, 2020 |website=[[NBC 7 San Diego]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Hessedal |first=Kelly |date=June 22, 2020 |title=Petition circulates to have Andrew Jackson Post Office in San Diego renamed |url=https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/petition-circulates-to-have-andrew-jackson-post-office-in-san-diego-renamed/509-d826b541-5895-47e0-8134-397c64824082 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622171617/https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/petition-circulates-to-have-andrew-jackson-post-office-in-san-diego-renamed/509-d826b541-5895-47e0-8134-397c64824082 |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |access-date=June 24, 2020 |website=cbs8.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Charles |date=March 12, 2021 |title=Column: Junipero Serra High School, Andrew Jackson post station, and the importance of who we choose to honor |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/columnists/story/2021-03-12/column-junipero-serra-high-school-andrew-jackson-post-station-and-the-importance-of-who-we-choose-to-honor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919195832/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2021/03/12/column-junipero-serra-high-school-andrew-jackson-post-station-and-the-importance-of-who-we-choose-to-honor/ |archive-date=2024-09-19 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[San Diego Union-Tribune]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sklar |first=Debbie L. |date=November 20, 2022 |title=Rep. Jacobs Introduces Bipartisan Bill to Rename Post Office After Susan Davis |url=https://timesofsandiego.com/politics/2022/11/19/rep-sara-jacobs-introduces-bipartisan-bill-to-rename-rolando-post-office-after-ex-san-diego-rep-susan-davis/ |access-date=December 7, 2022 |website=Times of San Diego |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2022 |title=November 29, 2022 – Issue: Vol. 168, No. 183 — Daily Edition |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-168/issue-183/house-section/article/H8637-1 |website=Congress.gov |via=[[Congressional Record]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Biden OKs renaming of Rolando post office after former Rep. Susan Davis |url=https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/san-diego-news/biden-oks-renaming-of-rolando-post-office-after-former-rep-susan-davis |access-date=January 3, 2023 |website=ABC 10 News San Diego KGTV |language=en |via=City News Service}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:NASA HQ Building.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Two Independence Square'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[NASA Headquarters|Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters]]'''
| Washington
| data-sort-value="US-DC" | [[District of Columbia|DC]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.24|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.02.26|format=mdy}}
| [[NASA]] Administrator [[Jim Bridenstine]] announced that [[NASA Headquarters|its headquarters building]] will be renamed after [[Mary Jackson (engineer)|Mary W. Jackson]], the agency's first female African American engineer.
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Davenport |first1=Christian |title=NASA to rename headquarters for Mary W. Jackson, agency's first female African American engineer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/06/24/nasa-rename-headquarters-mary-w-jackson-agencys-first-female-african-american-engineer/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=June 25, 2020 |date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625135516/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/06/24/nasa-rename-headquarters-mary-w-jackson-agencys-first-female-african-american-engineer/ |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-headquarters-after-hidden-figure-mary-w-jackson/ |title=NASA Names Headquarters After 'Hidden Figure' Mary W. Jackson |access-date=July 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630221830/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-names-headquarters-after-hidden-figure-mary-w-jackson/ |archive-date=June 30, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Potter |first1=Sean |title=NASA to Honor 'Hidden Figure' Mary W. Jackson During Naming Ceremony |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-honor-hidden-figure-mary-w-jackson-during-headquarters-naming-ceremony |website=NASA |access-date=February 26, 2021 |date=February 24, 2021}}</ref>

|-
| [[File:2002 Michigan Lansing Lewis Cass Building.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Lewis Cass]] Building'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Elliott-Larsen Building]]'''
| [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]]
| data-sort-value="US-MI" | MI
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.30|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.30|format=mdy}}
| Renamed by Governor [[Gretchen Whitmer]] via executive order. [[Lewis Cass]] was a Michigan territorial governor who "owned a slave; defended a system to permit the expansion of slavery; and implemented a policy that forcibly removed Native Americans from their tribal lands". State Representatives [[Daisy Elliott]] and [[Melvin L. Larsen]] were primary sponsors of the bipartisan [[Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act]].
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Whitmer strips name of slavery advocate Cass from Michigan office building
|newspaper=Bridge Michigan
|date=June 30, 2020
|first=Sophia
|last=Yoon
|url=https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/whitmer-strips-name-slavery-advocate-cass-michigan-office-building}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/0,9309,7-387-90487-533252--,00.html|title=Whitmer – Governor Whitmer Renames Downtown Lansing's Lewis Cass Building to the "Elliott-Larsen Building" to Honor Sponsors of Michigan's Landmark Civil Rights Law|website=michigan.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/MIEOG/2020/06/30/file_attachments/1485253/EO%202020-139%20Elliott-Larsen%20Building.pdf |title=Naming the "Elliott-Larsen Building" |access-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701212937/https://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/MIEOG/2020/06/30/file_attachments/1485253/EO%202020-139%20Elliott-Larsen%20Building.pdf |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |url-status=live }}
</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
| [[File:U2 Mohrenstraße entrance.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Mohrenstraße (Berlin U-Bahn)|Mohrenstraße]] ([[Berlin U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] station)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Anton-Wilhelm-Amo-Straße'''
| [[Berlin]]
| data-sort-value="DE-BE" | {{smallcaps|[[Berlin|Be]]}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Germany|De]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.03|format=mdy}}
|
| The [[Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe]] (BVG){{efn|The abbreviation is taken from its original name, "''B''erliner ''V''erkehrs-Aktien''g''esellschaft".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2020 |title=Dazu gründete er die Berliner Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft {{sic|–|hide=y}} kurz, BVG. |url=https://www.bvg.de/images/content/unternehmen/medien/plus/2019/BVG_PLUSNAVI_0119_barrierefrei.pdf#page=19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710194312/https://www.bvg.de/images/content/unternehmen/medien/plus/2019/BVG_PLUSNAVI_0119_barrierefrei.pdf#page=19  |archive-date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=March 25, 2023 |publisher=Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe}}</ref>}} initially announced that the station would be renamed "Glinkastraße" after a street nearby, as "Mohr" is considered a racial slur (see Mohrenstraße, above).{{efn|[[Mohrenstraße]] is thought to derive its name from black or former slaves, who may have lived there in the early 18th century.{{r|mohrenstraße.bbc}}|name="berlin.street"}} The proposed name was criticized as its namesake, the composer [[Mikhail Glinka]], was anti-Semitic.{{efn|A spokesperson for BVG stated that they "[we]re not responsible for street names" and added that the Wikipedia article on him had not covered his anti-Semitism until recently.{{r|mohrenstraße.bbc}}}} A final decision on the name has yet to be made.
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Berliner U-Bahnhof Mohrenstraße wird wegen Rassismus umbenannt |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/berliner-u-bahnhof-mohrenstrasse-wird-wegen-rassismus-kritik-umbenannt-16845558.html |newspaper=Faz.net |access-date=July 4, 2020 |language=de |date=July 4, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705074810/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/berliner-u-bahnhof-mohrenstrasse-wird-wegen-rassismus-kritik-umbenannt-16845558.html |archive-date=July 5, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="mohrenstraße.bbc">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53348129|title=Mohrenstrasse: Berlin farce over renaming of 'racist' station|work=BBC News|date=July 9, 2020|access-date=July 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710014412/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53348129|archive-date=July 10, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:George Floyd memorial at the intersection of Chicago Ave and E 38th St in Minneapolis, Minnesota (50022892592).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Chicago Avenue from East 38th Street'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''George Perry Floyd Jr. Place'''
| Minneapolis
| MN
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 18, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 18, 2020}}
| The City of Minneapolis renamed a two-block section of [[Chicago Avenue (Minneapolis)|Chicago Avenue]] near its intersection of East [[38th Street (Minneapolis)|38th Street]] in honor of George Floyd. The area of 38th Street and Chicago Avenue is the location of the [[George Floyd Square occupied protest|George Floyd Square occupation protest]] since 2020.
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Staff|date=September 18, 2020|title=Minneapolis City Council approves George Perry Floyd Jr. Place as commemorative name for portion of Chicago Avenue|url=https://kstp.com/news/minneapolis-city-council-approves-george-perry-floyd-jr-place-as-commemorative-name-for-portion-of-chicago-avenue/5867198/|access-date=November 25, 2020|website=[[KSTP-TV|KSTP]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=38th & Chicago Re-Envisioned |url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/projects/38th-chicago-ave/ |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=www.minneapolismn.gov |publisher=City of Minneapolis |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="minneapolismn.gov">{{Cite web |title=2022-00460 – Commemorative street name change: Council President Andrea Jenkins, Chicago Ave between 37th St E and 39th St E |url=https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/File/2022-00460 |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=lims.minneapolismn.gov}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''East Calhoun'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[East Bde Maka Ska, Minneapolis|East Bde Maka Ska]]'''
|[[Minneapolis]]
|MN
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|July 23, 2021}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|July 31, 2021}}
|The neighborhood was named East Calhoun, after the formerly named [[Lake Calhoun]] (for Vice President John C. Calhoun), prior to August 2021. In the aftermath of the murder of George Floyd and greater awareness of racial justice issues, community members sought to change the name to honor the history of the [[Dakota people]] in the area.
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahamud|first=Faiza|date=July 22, 2021|title=Minneapolis' East Calhoun neighborhood to change name|work=[[Star Tribune]]|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-east-calhoun-neighborhood-to-change-name/600080535/|access-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=2021-00796 – Neighborhood name change: ECCO to East Bde Maka Ska|url=https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/File/2021-00796|access-date=August 11, 2021|website=lims.minneapolismn.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=July 29, 2021|title=Minneapolis City Council approves the name change|url=http://ecconeighborhood.org/|access-date=August 11, 2021|website=ECCO|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:George Perry Floyd Square sign May 25 2022.jpg|100px]]
|style="text-align: center" |'''George Perry Floyd Jr. Place'''
|style="text-align: center" |'''[[George Floyd Square|George Perry Floyd Square]]'''
|Minneapolis
|MN
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|May 12, 2022}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|May 17, 2022}}
|The [[Minneapolis City Council]] on May 12, 2022, voted to approved a resolution by [[Andrea Jenkins]] rename "George Perry Floyd Jr. Place" as "George Perry Floyd Square". The section of Chicago Avenue from East 38th Street had previously been renamed for Floyd in September 2020. Minneapolis mayor [[Jacob Frey]] approved the change on May 17, 2022. The area of 38th Street and Chicago Avenue was referred to colloquially as George Floyd Square.
|<ref name="minneapolismn.gov" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=RCA-2022-00460 – Commemorative street name change: Council President Andrea Jenkins, Chicago Ave between 37th St E and 39th St E |url=https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/RCA/9638 |access-date=May 23, 2022 |website=lims.minneapolismn.gov}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fort Pickett'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Fort Barfoot]]'''
|[[Blackstone, Virginia|Blackstone]]
|{{USStateNameToAbb|Virginia}}
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 22, 2023}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 24, 2023}}
|In commemoration of Colonel [[Van T. Barfoot]]. Renamed to Pickett in honor of decorated WWII Army soldier [[Vernon W. Pickett]] in 2025.
|<ref name="marchfort">{{cite web |date=March 22, 2023 |title=Exchange Teams Prepare for Big Changes as 9 Army Posts Get New Names |url=https://publicaffairs-sme.com/FamilyServingFamily/2023/03/22/exchange-teams-prepare-for-big-changes-as-9-army-posts-get-new-names/ |access-date=April 11, 2024 |publisher=[[Army & Air Force Exchange Service]] |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608213027/https://publicaffairs-sme.com/FamilyServingFamily/2023/03/22/exchange-teams-prepare-for-big-changes-as-9-army-posts-get-new-names/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.army.mil/article/265145/vng_installation_officially_redesignated_fort_barfoot |title=VNG installation officially redesignated Fort Barfoot |first=Mike |last=Vrabel |date=March 24, 2023 |work=U.S. Army}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Public Affairs |date=10 June 2025 |title=Army to change names of seven installations |url=https://www.army.mil/article/286223/army_to_change_names_of_seven_installations |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fort Rucker'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Fort Novosel]]'''
|[[Dale County, Alabama|Dale County]]
|{{USStateNameToAbb|Alabama}}
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 22, 2023}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|April 10, 2023}}
|In commemoration of CW4 [[Michael J. Novosel]]. Renamed to Rucker in honor of Captain [[Edward Rucker|Edward W. Rucker]] in 2025
|<ref name="marchfort"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/10/us/fort-rucker-name-change-novosel/index.html |title= Fort Rucker was named for a Confederate. The Army post will now be called Fort Novosel, for a Medal of Honor recipient who rescued thousands |first=Phil |last=Gast |work=[[CNN]] |date=April 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Public Affairs |date=10 June 2025 |title=Army to change names of seven installations |url=https://www.army.mil/article/286223/army_to_change_names_of_seven_installations |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fort Lee'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Fort Gregg-Adams]]'''
|[[Prince George County, Virginia|Prince George County]]
|{{USStateNameToAbb|Virginia}}
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 22, 2023}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|April 27, 2023}}
|In commemoration of Lt. Gen. [[Arthur J. Gregg]] and Lt. Col. [[Charity Adams Earley]]. Renamed back to Lee in honor of [[Fitz Lee (Medal of Honor)|Fitz Lee]] in 2025.
|<ref name="marchfort"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://6abc.com/fort-lee-renamed-in-honor-of-2-black-us-army-trailblazers/13190915/ |title=Fort Lee renamed in honor of 2 Black US Army trailblazers |first=Brittany |last=Gaddy |date=April 28, 2023 |work=[[WPVI-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Public Affairs |date=10 June 2025 |title=Army to change names of seven installations |url=https://www.army.mil/article/286223/army_to_change_names_of_seven_installations |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fort Hood'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Fort Cavazos]]'''
|[[Killeen, Texas|Killeen]]
|{{USStateNameToAbb|Texas}}
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 22, 2023}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|May 9, 2023}}
|In commemoration of Gen. [[Richard E. Cavazos]]. In 2025 it was renamed back to Hood in honor of [[Robert B. Hood|Col. Robert Hood]].
|<ref name="marchfort"/><ref name="ngaus"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Public Affairs |date=10 June 2025 |title=Army to change names of seven installations |url=https://www.army.mil/article/286223/army_to_change_names_of_seven_installations |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KWTX Staff |date=June 16, 2025 |title=Fort Cavazos officially redesignated Fort Hood, officials on post confirm |url=https://www.kwtx.com/2025/06/17/fort-cavazos-redesignated-fort-hood/ |access-date=June 17, 2025 |website=KWTX}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Fort Benning]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fort Moore'''
|[[Columbus, Georgia|Columbus]]
|{{USStateNameToAbb|Georgia}}
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 22, 2023}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|May 11, 2023}}
|In commemoration of Lt. Gen. [[Hal Moore]] and his wife [[Julia Compton Moore]]. In 2025, the name was reverted to Fort Benning, with the new namesake of [[Fred G. Benning|Corporal Fred G. Benning]].
|<ref name="marchfort"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Meron |first=Moges-Gerbi |date=May 12, 2023 |title=Georgia's Fort Benning drops Confederacy connection with new name in honor of a military couple |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/11/us/fort-benning-georgia-renamed-moore-reaj/index.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Cooper| first = Helene| title = Hegseth Says Fort Moore Will Be Renamed to Fort Benning| work = The New York Times| access-date = 2025-03-03| date = 2025-03-03| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/03/us/politics/hegseth-military-base-moore.html}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Fort Bragg]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fort Liberty'''
|[[Fayetteville, North Carolina|Fayetteville]]
|{{USStateNameToAbb|North Carolina}}
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 22, 2023}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|June 2, 2023}}
|As the only recommendation of a non-person name, this choice has attracted both criticism and praise in nearby Fayetteville. In 2025, the name was reverted to Fort Bragg, with the new namesake of [[Roland L. Bragg]].
|<ref name="marchfort"/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fayobserver.com/story/opinion/2022/05/27/fort-bragg-renaming-liberty-proposed-name-change-congress-fayetteville-nc/9940214002/|title= Fort Liberty? No, let's choose one of our heroes for Fort Bragg's new name|last= Pitts|first= Myron B.|date= May 29, 2022|publisher= [[The Fayetteville Observer]]|access-date= June 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fayobserver.com/story/opinion/2022/06/26/retired-general-fort-liberty-perfect-new-name-fort-bragg/7707245001/|title= Retired General: Fort Liberty the perfect new name for Fort Bragg|last= Anderson|first= Rodney|date= June 26, 2022|publisher= [[The Fayetteville Observer]]|access-date= July 22, 2022}}</ref> <ref name="ngaus">{{cite web |date=March 28, 2023 |title=Guard Installation Officially Redesignated Fort Barfoot |url=https://www.ngaus.org/newsroom/guard-installation-officially-redesignated-fort-barfoot |access-date=March 31, 2023 |publisher=National Guard Association of the US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackburn |first=Piper Hudspeth |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Defense Secretary Hegseth brings back Fort Bragg name, with a different namesake |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/10/politics/hegseth-fort-bragg/index.html |access-date=February 11, 2025 |website=CNN}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fort Polk'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Fort Johnson]]'''
|[[Vernon Parish, Louisiana|Vernon Parish]]
|{{USStateNameToAbb|Louisiana}}
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 22, 2023}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|June 13, 2023}}
|In commemoration of Sgt. [[Henry Johnson (World War I soldier)|William Henry Johnson]]. Renamed back to Polk in honor of [[James H. Polk]] in 2025.
|<ref name="marchfort"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Public Affairs |date=10 June 2025 |title=Army to change names of seven installations |url=https://www.army.mil/article/286223/army_to_change_names_of_seven_installations |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fort A. P. Hill'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Fort Walker]]'''
|[[Bowling Green, Virginia|Bowling Green]]
|{{USStateNameToAbb|Virginia}}
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 22, 2023}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|August 25, 2023}}
|In commemoration of Dr. [[Mary Edwards Walker]]. Renamed back to A. P. Hill in honor of three men: Lieutenant Colonel [[Edward Hill (Medal of Honor)|Edward Hill]], First Sergeant [[Robert A. Pinn]], and Private [[Bruce Anderson (soldier)|Bruce Anderson]] in 2025.
|<ref name="marchfort"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2023 |title=Diversity celebrated as Fort AP Hill is renamed Fort Walker |url=https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/fort-walker-virginia-august-25-2023 |access-date=August 28, 2023 |website=CBS 6 News Richmond WTVR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Public Affairs |date=10 June 2025 |title=Army to change names of seven installations |url=https://www.army.mil/article/286223/army_to_change_names_of_seven_installations |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fort Gordon'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Fort Eisenhower]]'''
|[[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]]
|{{USStateNameToAbb|Georgia}}
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|March 22, 2023}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|October 27, 2023}}
|In commemoration of President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. Renamed back to Gordon in honor of [[Gary Gordon]] in 2025.
|<ref name="marchfort"/><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Georgia's Fort Gordon becomes last of 9 US Army posts to be renamed
| last = Frazier | first = Aisha
| work = ABC News
| date = October 27, 2023
| access-date = October 27, 2023
| url = https://abcnews.go.com/US/georgias-fort-gordon-9-us-army-posts-renamed/story?id=104371264
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Public Affairs |date=10 June 2025 |title=Army to change names of seven installations |url=https://www.army.mil/article/286223/army_to_change_names_of_seven_installations |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=U.S. Army}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Camp Beauregard'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville]]'''
|[[Pineville, Louisiana|Pineville]]
|{{USStateNameToAbb|Louisiana}}
|US
|{{dts|abbr=on|October 18, 2023}}
|{{dts|abbr=on|October 18, 2023}}
|Previously named for [[P. G. T. Beauregard]]. Reversed by order of Gov. Jeff Landry in 2025.
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kalb.com/2023/10/18/new-name-redesignation-held-louisiana-national-guard-training-center-pineville/ |title= New name redesignation held for Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville |first=Colin |last=Vedros |accessdate=October 22, 2023|date=October 18, 2023 |newspaper=[[KALB-TV]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alexandria-louisiana.com/camp-beauregard-louisiana.htm |title=Camp Beauregard, near Alexandria Louisiana in World War II |website=Alexandria-Louisiana.com |access-date=December 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pfeil |first=Alyse |date=2025-07-14 |title=Camp Beauregard name returning to Louisiana National Guard center, Gov. Jeff Landry says |url=https://www.nola.com/news/politics/gov-jeff-landry-says-camp-beauregard-name-revived-at-louisiana-national-guard-installation-in-pineville/article_b7ff4708-66fc-4264-9e98-a11ceacb4083.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718153454/https://www.nola.com/news/politics/gov-jeff-landry-says-camp-beauregard-name-revived-at-louisiana-national-guard-installation-in-pineville/article_b7ff4708-66fc-4264-9e98-a11ceacb4083.html |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=NOLA.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Industry ==

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! rowspan=2 | Reported 
! rowspan=2 | Executed
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-
| [[File:Buchanan Wharf development (geograph 6354163).jpg|100px|Buchanan Wharf]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Andrew Buchanan of Drumpellier|Buchanan]] Wharf'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Barclays Glasgow Campus'''
| [[Glasgow]]
| data-sort-value="GB-SCT" | {{smallcaps|[[Scotland|Sct]]}}
| [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 9, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 9, 2020}}
| [[Barclays|Barclays Bank]] removed the name of the slave-owning [[Tobacco Lords|Tobacco Lord]] [[Andrew Buchanan of Drumpellier|Andrew Buchanan]] from its new property development after receiving a petition.
| <ref>{{cite news|date=2020-06-10|title=Slave-owner's name removed from Barclays building in Glasgow|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/barclays-bank-slave-owner-name-andrew-buchanan-glasgow-black-lives-matter-a9557921.html|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611223945/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/barclays-bank-slave-owner-name-andrew-buchanan-glasgow-black-lives-matter-a9557921.html|archive-date=June 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Colston Tower, Colston Avenue, Bristol (cropped).jpg|100px|Colston Tower]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Colston Tower'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Beacon Tower]]'''
| [[Bristol]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 11, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|November 26, 2020}}
| The former name was removed from the building's exterior four days after the [[statue of Edward Colston]] nearby was pulled down. The new name was voted for by the 20 businesses based in the tower; it mirrors the renaming of the nearby concert hall, Colston Hall, as the [[Bristol Beacon]].
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53011775|title=Edward Colston: Slave trader's name removed from Bristol tower|date=June 11, 2020|website=BBC News|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621125145/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53011775|archive-date=June 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/colston-tower-new-name-4738025 |title=The Colston Tower has a new name |work=Bristol Post |date=November 26, 2020|access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Apple Store, Glasgow, Scotland, UK 12281881636 o.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Apple Buchanan Street'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Apple Glasgow'''
| [[Glasgow]]
| data-sort-value="GB-SCT" | {{smallcaps|[[Scotland|Sct]]}}
| [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.12|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.12|format=mdy}}
| [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] renamed its Glaswegian store because of [[Andrew Buchanan of Drumpellier|Andrew Buchanan]]'s connection to the slave trade as a tobacco plantation owner.
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://9to5mac.com/2020/06/12/apple-store-buchanan-street-glasgow-renamed/ |title=Apple renames Buchanan Street store as Glasgow calls for racial justice |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=June 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624212337/https://9to5mac.com/2020/06/12/apple-store-buchanan-street-glasgow-renamed/ |archive-date=June 24, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/apple-store-renamed-buchanan-street-18414645|title=Apple renames Buchanan Street store as company launch racial justice initiative|first=Gary|last=Armstrong|date=June 13, 2020|website=glasgowlive}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Jefferson Area Builders'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Charlottesville Area Builders'''
| [[Albemarle County, Virginia|Albemarle County]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | [[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.12|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.12|format=mdy}}
| The company stated that [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]'s history of [[Thomas Jefferson and slavery|slavery]] and the changed  political climate led to the name change.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBVZK6zlJ5w/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CBVZK6zlJ5w |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|title=Charlottesville Area Builders on Instagram: "Jefferson Area Builders has been a name in the Charlottesville area for over 36 years. While we recognize the political, academic, and..."|website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref name="jeffareabuilders">{{cite web |title=Albemarle County business removes 'Jefferson' from its name |url=https://www.cbs19news.com/story/42257779/albemarle-county-business-removes-jefferson-from-its-name |website=CBS19 |access-date=30 June 2020 |date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630183926/https://www.cbs19news.com/story/42257779/albemarle-county-business-removes-jefferson-from-its-name |archive-date=June 30, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Calhoun mpls.jpg|100px|Calhoun Shopping Center]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Calhoun Square (shopping mall)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Seven Points (Minnesota)|Seven Points]]'''
| [[Minneapolis]]
| data-sort-value="US-MN" | [[Minnesota|MN]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 19, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|October 21, 2020}}
| Took its name from the former name of the nearby lake [[Bde Maka Ska]], which was renamed in 2018 because of [[John C. Calhoun]]'s support for slavery and Indian removal.
| <ref>[https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/19/owners-minneapolis-calhoun-square-say-theyre-dropping-the-name "Owners of Minneapolis' Calhoun Square say they're dropping the name"]. ''MPR News''. June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Armbruster |first1=Jessica |title=Calhoun Square in Uptown Minneapolis name change: They did what they could, OK? |url=http://www.citypages.com/arts/calhoun-squares-renaming-committee-did-what-they-could-okay/572817001 |work=City Pages |date=October 21, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Darlie]]/黑人牙膏 {{nowrap|([[toothpaste]])}}'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Darlie/好來(Haolai)'''
|  data-sort-value="" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
|  data-sort-value="" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}} 
| {{smallcaps|[[China|Cn]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 19, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|December 14, 2021}}
| [[Colgate-Palmolive]] stated, "We are currently working ... to review and further evolve all aspects of the brand, including the brand name." Darlie's marketing and packaging features the phrase, 黑人牙膏, which translates into "Black people toothpaste" in reference to its former English name, Darkie. On December 14, 2021, Hawley & Hazel announced the Chinese name of the brand will rename as "好來" ("Haolai") from March 2022.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/colgate-palmolive-review-product-s-name-translates-black-people-toothpaste-n1231514|title=Colgate-Palmolive to review product's name that translates to 'Black people toothpaste'|first=Delara|last=Shakib|work=NBC News|date=June 19, 2020|access-date=June 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619171005/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/colgate-palmolive-review-product-s-name-translates-black-people-toothpaste-n1231514|archive-date=June 19, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Hazel |first1=Hawley & |title=Hawley & Hazel Introduces New Brand Initiative to Uplift Brand Value and Capture New Growth Opportunities in the Oral Care Category |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hawley--hazel-introduces-new-brand-initiative-to-uplift-brand-value-and-capture-new-growth-opportunities-in-the-oral-care-category-301443829.html |access-date=14 December 2021 |work=www.prnewswire.com |date=14 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=88年歷史「黑人牙膏」將消失！母公司宣布明年3月更名 {{!}} 聯合新聞網：最懂你的新聞網站 |url=https://udn.com/news/story/7270/5961567 |access-date=14 December 2021 |work=聯合新聞網 |date=2021-12-14 |language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=【黑人牙膏】黑人牙膏不再？品牌改用「 DARLIE 好來」紳士頭像不變 - 香港經濟日報 - 即時新聞頻道 - 商業 |url=https://inews.hket.com/article/3131871/%E3%80%90%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%99%E8%86%8F%E3%80%91%20%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%99%E8%86%8F%E4%B8%8D%E5%86%8D%EF%BC%9F%E3%80%80%E5%93%81%E7%89%8C%E6%94%B9%E7%94%A8%E3%80%8C%20DARLIE%20%E5%A5%BD%E4%BE%86%E3%80%8D%E3%80%80%E7%B4%B3%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%AD%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%8D%E8%AE%8A |access-date=14 December 2021 |work=inews.hket.com}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Fair & Lovely (cosmetics for women)'''<hr/>'''Glow & Handsome (cosmetics for men)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Glow & Lovely]] (cosmetics for women)'''<hr/>'''[[Smart & Handsome]] (cosmetics for men)'''
|  data-sort-value="" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
|  data-sort-value="" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| {{smallcaps|[[India|In]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 25, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.02|format=mdy}} (Glow & Lovely)<hr/> {{dts|abbr=on|2025.01.14|format=mdy}}(Smart & Handsome)
| [[Unilever]] announced that it would rename its [[skin-lightening]] cream and remove references to lightening and whitening. The new names "Glow & Lovely" and "Glow & Handsome" were announced, with the latter for the men's version of the brand. [[Emami]] threatened legal action, as it had renamed its own brand "Fair and Handsome" to "Glow and Handsome" the previous week. On April 11, 2024, the [[Calcutta High Court]] ordered Unilever to removed the "Glow & Handsome" products from shelves after Emami winning the suit.
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Lora |title=Unilever drops 'fair' from skin cream after backlash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53178088 |work=BBC News |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626132317/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53178088 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/products-fair-and-lovely-renamed-glow-and-lovely-hul-hindustan-unilever-631083|title=Fair & Lovely is now Glow & Lovely|first=Manas|last=Joshi|date=July 2, 2020|website=indiatvnews.com|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703040831/https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/products-fair-and-lovely-renamed-glow-and-lovely-hul-hindustan-unilever-631083|archive-date=July 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/fair-lovely-cream-rebranded-glow-lovely/story-enetD67c8mNeOFHMlcgMTP.html|title='Fair & Lovely' cream rebranded 'Glow & Lovely'|date=July 3, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703084047/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/fair-lovely-cream-rebranded-glow-lovely/story-enetD67c8mNeOFHMlcgMTP.html|archive-date=July 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/emami-hul-locked-in-handsome-fight/60547/1|title=Emami, HUL Locked In 'handsome' Fight|website=Forbes India|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705030357/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/emami-hul-locked-in-handsome-fight/60547/1|archive-date=July 5, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/fashion/beauty/emami-take-legal-action-against-hul-over-fair-handsome-being-changed-glow-handsome-rebranding-546512|title=Emami to take legal action against HUL over Fair & Handsome being changed to Glow & Handsome in rebranding?  | PINKVILLA|website=pinkvilla.com|date=July 3, 2020|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703140143/https://www.pinkvilla.com/fashion/beauty/emami-take-legal-action-against-hul-over-fair-handsome-being-changed-glow-handsome-rebranding-546512|archive-date=July 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/remove-glow-handsome-from-shelves-high-court-tells-hul/articleshow/109209007.cms|title=Remove 'Glow & Handsome' from shelves, high court tells|first=Udit|last=Prasanna Mukherji|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=April 11, 2024|access-date=April 23, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/calcutta-high-court-restrains-hul-from-using-glow-handsome-mark-in-big-win-for-rival-emami-101712777502456.html|title=Calcutta High Court restrains HUL from using 'Glow & Handsome' mark in big win for rival Emami|first=HT|last=News Desk|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=April 11, 2024|access-date=April 23, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Splash Mountain at Disneyland.JPG|100px|Splash Mountain as it appeared at Disneyland]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Splash Mountain]] ([[Log flume (ride)|log flume]] ride)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Tiana's Bayou Adventure]]'''
| [[Bay Lake, Florida|Bay Lake]]<hr/>[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]
| data-sort-value="US-FL" | FL<hr/>CA 
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 25, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2024.06.28|format=mdy}} (Bay Lake)<hr/> {{dts|abbr=on|2024.11.15|format=mdy}} (Anaheim)
| [[The Walt Disney Company]] announced that the Splash Mountain rides at [[Disneyland]] in California and [[Magic Kingdom]] in Florida would be renamed, with depictions from the controversial 1946 film ''[[Song of the South]]'' replaced with those from 2009's ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'', which introduced the first black [[Disney Princess]]. While the rebranding was planned for over a year, the public unveiling of the project was moved up earlier than when it was originally going to be announced. The announcement of Tiana's Bayou Adventure came on July 1, 2022, with the Florida attraction opening two years later; the date for the California opening was announced in August 2024 at the [[D23 (Disney)|D23]] convention.
| <ref name="nytimesdisney">{{cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Brooks |title=Disney's Splash Mountain to Drop 'Song of the South' Depictions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/business/media/disney-splash-mountain-princess-frog.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=25 June 2020 |date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625211636/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/business/media/disney-splash-mountain-princess-frog.html |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/travel/disneys-splash-mountain-will-be-fully-transformed-into-tianas-bayou-adventure-by-2024/|title=Disney Reveals Splash Mountain Will Be Transformed Into Tiana's Bayou Adventure by 2024|first=Emma|last=Becker|work=People Magazine|date=July 1, 2022|access-date=May 11, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/travel/disneys-splash-mountain-will-be-fully-transformed-into-tianas-bayou-adventure-by-2024/|title=Disney Reveals Splash Mountain Will Be Transformed Into Tiana's Bayou Adventure by 2024|first=Emma|last=Becker|work=People Magazine|date=July 1, 2022|access-date=May 11, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wftv.com/news/local/walt-disney-world-celebrates-grand-opening-tianas-bayou-adventure/MZHEEDQFDFFZ3JLJOMHYDN5S5U/|title=Walt Disney World celebrates grand opening of Tiana's Bayou Adventure|first=James|last=Tutten|work=[[WFTV]]|date=June 28, 2024|access-date=June 28, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Whites Ferry loading on VA side.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Gen. [[Jubal A. Early]]''' '''(ferry)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Historic [[White's Ferry]]'''{{efn|It is unclear if the ferry was actually renamed or simply denamed, since this phrase also appears to have been often used to refer to the ferry service even before the name change.}}
| [[Dickerson, Maryland|Dickerson]]
| data-sort-value="US-MD" | MD
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.04|format=mdy}}{{efn|Change technically executed on unknown date prior to date of first known report.|name="earlier.execution"}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.04|format=mdy}}{{efn|name="earlier.execution"}}
| The owner also removed a Confederate monument on the ferry grounds. [[Jubal Early]] was "a Confederate general and white supremacist who spent his life promoting the '[[Lost Cause of the Confederacy|Lost Cause]]' mythology". [[Elijah V. White]], a Confederate colonel, had purchased the ferry after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. He named the ferry service "White's Ferry" after his family, and named the ferry itself after General Early.
| <ref>{{cite news|title=A Confederate statue is toppled in rural Maryland, then quietly stored away|first=Rebecca|last=Tan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/whites-ferry-confederate-statue/2020/07/04/e717b18e-bb3c-11ea-bdaf-a129f921026f_story.html|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://loudounnow.com/2020/03/24/whites-ferry-still-a-vital-virginia-maryland-connector-after-2-centuries/|title=Whites Ferry Still a Vital Virginia-Maryland Connector After 2 Centuries|first=Patrick|last=Szabo|date=March 24, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Squaw Valley Ski Resort'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Palisades Tahoe]]'''
| [[Lake Tahoe]]
| [[California|CA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|July 14, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 13, 2021}}
| In 2020, management of the resort, known for being location to the [[1960 Winter Olympics]], announced that removing [[Squaw|the slur in its name]] would be a "lengthy and expensive process" but that it is actively taking an inventory to find out how much it would cost pending a final decision in the future. The resort announced the change was done with guidance of the [[Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California|Washoe Tribe]].
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Marks |first=David |date=July 14, 2020 |title='An Epithet and a Slur': Momentum Grows to Rename Tahoe Ski Resort |url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11828926/an-epithet-and-a-slur-momentum-grows-to-rename-tahoe-ski-resort |access-date=2020-07-20 |website=KQED}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mossburg |first=Cheri |date=2021-09-13 |title=Olympic skiing venue Squaw Valley Resort changes its 'racist, sexist name' |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/squaw-valley-ski-resort-changes-name-trnd/index.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Charlestonteasign.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Charleston Tea Plantation'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Charleston Tea Garden'''
| [[Wadmalaw Island]]
| data-sort-value="US-SC" | [[South Carolina|SC]]
| [[United States|US]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.09.10|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.09.10|format=mdy}}
| While there had never been any major outcries or backlash regarding the garden's original name, the Bigelows said they have always been sensitive to the fact that the word "plantation" carries significant pain for many in the country and throughout the world.
| <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Errico Griffis |first1=Teri |title=Tea garden, others rebrand amid social-justice conversation |journal=Charleston Regional Business Journal |date=7-20 September 2020 |volume=26 |issue=19 |page=6 |url=https://issuu.com/scbiz/docs/crbj_090720/6 |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> 
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/business/charleston-tea-attraction-no-longer-called-plantation-after-name-change/article_2ef40624-f2bf-11ea-9f89-e7384d1ba2a3.html|title=Charleston tea attraction no longer called 'plantation' after name change|date=10 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Red Man''' '''([[chewing tobacco|tobacco]])'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[America's Best Chew]]'''
| [[Owensboro, Kentucky|Owensboro]]
| data-sort-value="US-KY" | KY
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|January 20, 2022}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|January 26, 2022}}
| [[Swedish Match]] announced that "Red Man" would be changed to "America's Best Chew" as its former name had since been viewed as a derogatory term for a [[person of color]] as it showed the head of a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] wearing a [[headdress]], which also removes the image as well.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://richmond.com/business/iconic-chewing-tobacco-brand-red-man-is-changing-its-name-and-getting-rid-of-its/article_09714484-8fc4-5c98-954a-48d01c04bb0e.html|title = Iconic chewing tobacco brand Red Man is changing its name and getting rid of its Native American imagery| date=20 January 2022 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tobaccobusiness.com/swedish-match-rebrands-its-red-man-chewing-tobacco-brand/|title = Swedish Match Rebrands its Red Man Chewing Tobacco Brand| date=26 January 2022 }}</ref>
|}

=== Food and drink ===

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! rowspan=2 | Reported 
! rowspan=2 | Executed
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|- style="background:#fdf;" 
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Arabian Joe's<hr/>Baker Josef's<hr/>Josephsbrau<hr/>Pilgrim Joe's<hr/>Thai Joe's<hr/>Trader Giotto's<hr/>{{nowrap|Trader Jacques'}}<hr/>Trader Joe San<hr/>Trader José's<hr/>Trader Ming's'''<hr/>{{nowrap|''various others''}}
| style="text-align: center" | '''Trader Joe's'''
|  data-sort-value="" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
|  data-sort-value="" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2019.07.08|format=mdy}}{{efn|Trader Joe's statement issued during the George Floyd protests was first reported on {{dts|2020.07.17}}.{{r|traderjoes.sfgate}}}}
| {{sdash}} 
| In 2019, [[Trader Joe's]] stated that labels which were using such variations of the "Trader Joe's" name were being eliminated, and "these designations do not appear on any new products we have introduced in the past two years". Many of the labels remained during the George Floyd protests, prompting a petition to rename the items, and another statement from Trader Joe's mentioning again that they were being eliminated, and being noncommittal about when the change would be completed. <hr/>On {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.24|format=mdy}}, Trader Joe's reversed its stance, stating that they "disagree that any of these labels are racist", and that they would only decide on renaming a product "based on what customers purchase [and] the feedback we receive from our customers and [employees]", and not based on a petition.{{efn|In 2019, a spokesperson for Trader Joe's had stated, "[A]s we make our way through label updates on older products, we will change any preexisting variations to Trader Joe's", in response to an inquiry from a ''[[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]]'' reporter.{{r|traderjoes.nylon}} In 2020, the same spokesperson had stated, "[W]e have been in the process of updating older labels and replacing any variations with the name Trader Joe's, and we will continue [to] do so until we complete this important work", in response to a petition.{{r|traderjoes.sfgate}}}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Trader Joe's to Remove 'Racist Branding' Following Bay Area Teen's Petition|url=https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/138277/trader-joes-to-remove-racist-branding-following-bay-area-teens-petition|access-date=2020-07-21|website=KQED|date=21 July 2020 }}</ref> <ref name="traderjoes.nylon">{{cite web|url=https://www.nylon.com/trader-joes-trader-ming-problem|title=Who Is Trader Ming?: Why Trader Joe's Has A Branding Problem – NYLON|date=July 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708212000/https://www.nylon.com/trader-joes-trader-ming-problem|access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=July 8, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="traderjoes.sfgate">{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/food/article/Trader-Joes-packaging-petition-change-15416827.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200718024230/https://www.sfgate.com/food/article/Trader-Joes-packaging-petition-change-15416827.php|title=Trader Joe's removing 'racist packaging' after online petition|date=July 18, 2020|website=SFGate|access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="traderjoes.times">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/19/business/trader-joes-petition.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200719214654/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/19/business/trader-joes-petition.html|title=Petition Urges Trader Joe's to Get Rid of 'Racist Branding'|first=Allyson|last=Waller|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 19, 2020|access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=July 19, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="traderjoes.grub">{{cite web|url=https://www.grubstreet.com/2020/07/trader-joes-changing-racist-product-names.html|title=Trader Joe's Says It Will Change Its 'Racist' Product Names|first=Chris|last=Crowley|date=July 20, 2020|website=Grub Street|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Trader Joe's Won't Change Trader Jose, Trader Ming Product Labels After Viral Petition Labels Them Racist|url=https://time.com/5874443/trader-joes-petition-racist-product-names/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731222237/https://time.com/5874443/trader-joes-petition-racist-product-names/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 31, 2020|access-date=2020-08-18|magazine=Time}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.traderjoes.com/announcement/a-note-about-our-product-naming|title=Announcements | Trader Joe's|website=traderjoes.com|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sambos.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Sambo's]] (restaurant)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Chad's'''
| [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA" | CA
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.05|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}}
| Named for its founders Sam Battistone and Newell Bohnett in 1957. Formerly marketed using imagery from ''[[The Story of Little Black Sambo]]'', which has negative connotations. Chad Stevens was the owner when the restaurant was renamed.
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Delaney|title=Amid Protests, 'Peace & Love' Is New Motto for Last Standing Sambo's Restaurant |url=https://www.independent.com/2020/06/05/amid-protests-peace-love-is-new-motto-for-last-standing-sambos-restaurant/ |work=The Santa Barbara Independent |date=June 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606170901/https://www.independent.com/2020/06/05/amid-protests-peace-love-is-new-motto-for-last-standing-sambos-restaurant/ |archive-date=June 6, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|first=Greg |last=LaMotte |url=http://edition.cnn.com/US/9801/28/sambo.revival/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606232747/http://edition.cnn.com/US/9801/28/sambo.revival/|title=Sambo's revival running into hot water |work=CNN|date=January 28, 1998|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=June 6, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news
|title=Sambo's officially renamed Chad's
|author=Blazer
|newspaper=[[EdHat]]
|url= https://www.edhat.com/news/sambos-officially-renamed-chads
|date=July 15, 2020}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.santabarbara.com/dining/news/2020/07/14/sambos-restaurant-rechristened-as-chads/|title=Sambo's restaurant rechristened as "Chad's" | The Restaurant Guy|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref>
|- style="background:#dff;" 
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Bully Hayes]] Restaurant'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[Akaroa]]
| data-sort-value="NZ-CAN" |[[Canterbury, New Zealand|CAN]]
| [[New Zealand|NZ]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 9, 2020}}
| {{sdash}}
| The restaurant's owners announced that they would be renaming it because of [[Bully Hayes|William "Bully" Hayes]]'s involvement in [[blackbirding]] in the Pacific during the late 19th century.
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Walton |first1=Steve |title=Akaroa restaurant named after 'notorious' slave trader seeks new name |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/121772817/akaroa-restaurant-named-after-notorious-slave-trader-seeks-new-name |access-date=June 15, 2020 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=June 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611012951/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/121772817/akaroa-restaurant-named-after-notorious-slave-trader-seeks-new-name |archive-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Burrows |first1=Matt |last2=Carran |first2=Holly |title=Akaroa restaurant Bully Hayes, named after 19th Century rapist slaver, to change its name |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/06/akaroa-restaurant-bully-hayes-named-after-19th-century-rapist-slaver-to-change-its-name.html |access-date=June 15, 2020 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615034949/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/06/akaroa-restaurant-bully-hayes-named-after-19th-century-rapist-slaver-to-change-its-name.html|archive-date=June 15, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aunt Jemima Flour.jpg|100px|Aunt Jemima flour]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Aunt Jemima]] {{nowrap|(breakfast food)}}'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||'''[[Pearl Milling Company]]'''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 17, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|February 9, 2021}}
| The breakfast foods company announced it was changing its name and imaging, noting that it is "based on a racial stereotype."
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alcorn |first1=Chauncey |date=February 9, 2021 |title=Aunt Jemima finally has a new name |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/09/business/aunt-jemima-new-name/index.html}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Dalvin |date=17 June 2020 |title=Aunt Jemima brand is changing its name and removing the namesake Black character |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/06/17/aunt-jemima-reportedly-change-name-remove-image-black-woman/3204562001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617134654/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/06/17/aunt-jemima-reportedly-change-name-remove-image-black-woman/3204562001/ |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=USA Today}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Uncle Ben's ([[parboiled rice]])'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Ben's Original]]'''
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 17, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 22, 2020}}
| Parent company [[Mars, Incorporated|Mars, Inc.]] stated that "now is the right time to evolve the Uncle Ben's brand, including its visual brand identity." Effective September 22, Uncle Ben's has been renamed to Ben's Original.
| <ref name=nbcnews1231329>{{cite web |last1=Madani |first1=Doha |title=Uncle Ben's rice to change brand as part of parent company's stance against racism |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/uncle-ben-s-change-its-branding-part-parent-company-s-n1231329 |work=NBC News |access-date=19 June 2020 |date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619134231/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/uncle-ben-s-change-its-branding-part-parent-company-s-n1231329 |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Wallace|first1=Alicia|title=Uncle Ben's has a new name: Ben's Original|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/23/business/uncle-bens-rice-rebrand-bens-original/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=23 September 2020|date=23 September 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/09/23/business/mars-drops-uncle-bens-reveals-new-name-rice-brand/|title=Mars drops Uncle Ben's, reveals new name for rice brand |work= The Boston Globe}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Choco kiss.png|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Beso de Negra''' '''(confectionery)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats#Colombia, Beso de Amor|Beso de Amor]]'''
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Colombia|Co]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.19|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.07.23|format=mdy}}
| [[Nestlé]] announced that it would rename the [[chocolate-coated marshmallow treats|chocolate-coated marshmallow treat]] and remove the image used on its packaging. ''Beso de negra'' means "kiss from a black woman". The packaging used an image of a black woman with bare shoulders and a colorful dress.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publimetro.co/co/noticias/2020/06/19/dulce-colombiano-cambiara-nombre-no-racistas.html|title=El dulce colombiano que cambiará de nombre para evitar racismo|first=Natalia|last=Martinez|website=Publimetro Colombia|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706101108/https://www.publimetro.co/co/noticias/2020/06/19/dulce-colombiano-cambiara-nombre-no-racistas.html |date=June 19, 2020 |archive-date=July 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2020/06/19/clorox-y-nestle-cambian-imagenes-de-blanquita-de-limpido-y-beso-de-negra-por-considerarlas-inapropiadas/|title=Clorox y Nestlé cambian imágenes de 'Blanquita' de Límpido y Beso de Negra por considerarlas inapropiadas|date=June 19, 2020|access-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704220713/https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2020/06/19/clorox-y-nestle-cambian-imagenes-de-blanquita-de-limpido-y-beso-de-negra-por-considerarlas-inapropiadas/|archive-date=July 4, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/nestle-pulls-beso-de-negra-candy-reviews-portfolio-for-racism|title=Nestle Pulls Beso de Negra, Red Skins Candy in Racial Review|website=BloombergQuint|date=22 June 2020 |access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706101104/https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/nestle-pulls-beso-de-negra-candy-reviews-portfolio-for-racism|archive-date=July 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Magnum (Ice cream).jpg|100px|Eskimo Pie]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Eskimo Pie (ice cream bar)'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||'''[[Edy's Pie]]'''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 19, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|October 6, 2020}}
| Eskimo Pies were the brand name of a vanilla ice cream product dipped in chocolate. "Eskimo" has been criticized as a racist name for Arctic indigenous peoples such as the [[Inuit]] and [[Yupik peoples|Yupik]].
| <ref>Newman, Jason (19 June 2020). [https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/eskimo-pie-owner-change-name-1017968/ 'Eskimo Pie' Owner Calls Brand 'Derogatory,' Vows to Change Name] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620062506/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/eskimo-pie-owner-change-name-1017968/ |date=June 20, 2020 }}. ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=ArLuther |title=Edy's abandons 'Eskimo Pie' name in shift toward racial sensitivity |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/edys-abandons-eskimo-pie-name-in-shift-toward-racial-sensitivity/XQNTTYIL4JB2VM2TDYMH4LH4LI/ |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |date=October 6, 2020 }}</ref>
|- style="background:;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Redskins<hr />Chicos (confectionery)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Red Ripperz]]'''<hr />'''[[Cheekies]]'''
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Australia|Au]]}}, [[New Zealand|NZ]] & [[South Africa|SA]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 23, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|November 16, 2020}}
| Being renamed by [[Nestlé]]. "Redskins" and "Chicos" have been interpreted as derogatory terms for [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s and [[Latin America]]ns, respectively. Just over 1% of Australia's population is [[Latin American Australians]] or Mexican Australians.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Nestlé to rename Australian lollies amid race debate
|first=Swati
|last=Pandey
|date=June 24, 2020
|newspaper=[[Financial Review]]
|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/nestl-to-rename-australian-lollies-amid-race-debate-20200624-p555ic
|access-date=June 24, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624185307/https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/nestl-to-rename-australian-lollies-amid-race-debate-20200624-p555ic
|archive-date=June 24, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/red-skins-and-chicos-lollies-renamed-due-to-racist-undertones/news-story/55478a6e041c4b6307f40bd6cbb7190f|title = Nestle announces new lolly names|date = November 16, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Dixie Beer Dixie Brewery.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Dixie Brewing Company'''{{efn|Change would also propagate to all Dixie-branded products.{{r|dixiebrewingcompany}}}}
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||'''[[Faubourg Brewing Company]]'''}}
| [[New Orleans]]
| data-sort-value="US-LA" |[[Louisiana|LA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.26|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.03.22|format=mdy}}
| Owner [[Gayle Benson]] announced the plan to change the name and requested community input. [[Dixie]] is a nickname for the Southern United States, especially the states that formed the Confederacy.
| <ref name="dixiebrewingcompany">{{cite web |url=https://dixiebeer.com/ |title=Dixie Beer |access-date=June 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200628094350/https://dixiebeer.com/ |archive-date=June 28, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nola.com/news/article_a313f0c2-b7bf-11ea-beab-0fb1eabf05b4.html|title=Dixie Beer, the oldest brewery in New Orleans, will change its name|first=Ian|last=McNulty|website=NOLA.com|date=26 June 2020 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |first=Ian |last=McNulty |date=February 26, 2021 |url=https://www.houmatoday.com/story/news/state/2021/02/26/dixie-beer-name-removed-new-orleans-brewery-brand-soon-become-faubourg/6814881002/ |title=Dixie Beer Name Removed from New Orleans Brewery; Brand Soon to become Faubourg |work=The Times-Picayune |access-date=June 6, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Edward Colston|Colston]] Arms (pub)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''The Open Arms'''
| [[Bristol]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.30|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.12.24|format=mdy}}
| The pub was named after the coat of arms of slave trader [[Edward Colston]]. A new name (Ye olde Pubby Mcdrunkface) was deliberately chosen to start a discussion on August 30, 2020. On December 24, 2021, the pub's name was officially changed to "The Open Arms".
| <ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53240033|title=Edward Colston: Bristol's Colston Arms pub to be renamed|date=July 1, 2020|website=BBC News|access-date=July 1, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701102222/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-53240033|archive-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/pub-bristol-colston-ye-olde-pubby-mcdrunkface-a4484891.html|title=Pub named after slaver trader renamed 'Ye Olde Pubby Mcdrunkface'|date=June 30, 2020|website=Evening Standard}}</ref> <ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink/historic-bristol-pub-given-new-6395217|title=Historic Bristol pub given new identity after Colston statue toppling|website=Bristol Post|last=Taylor|first=Mark|date=24 December 2021|access-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Eskimo (ice lolly)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''O'Payo'''
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Denmark|Dk]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.14|format=mdy}}
| {{ill|Hansens Flødeis|dk}} announced the name change, made "in case it offended Inuit and other Arctic people". The term "Eskimo" has "a pejorative meaning for many [[Greenland]]ers". O'Payo is the name of the Nicaraguan [[cocoa bean]]s from which the chocolate covering the ice cream is made.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Danish ice cream maker drops 'Eskimo' name
|newspaper=[[Agence France-Press]]
|date=July 15, 2020
|url=https://news.yahoo.com/danish-ice-cream-maker-drops-eskimo-name-141706578.html}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/isproducent-aendrer-navn-paa-eskimo-vi-har-faaet-rigtig-mange-henvendelser |title=Isproducent ændrer navn på 'Eskimo': 'Vi har fået rigtig mange henvendelser' |date=July 14, 2020 |access-date=July 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715091303/https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/isproducent-aendrer-navn-paa-eskimo-vi-har-faaet-rigtig-mange-henvendelser |archive-date=July 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CCn8sOKBg2N/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CCn8sOKBg2N |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|title=Hansens Is on Instagram: "Hansens Eskimo bliver til Hansens O'Payo Efter mange grundige overvejelser har vi besluttet os for at vi vil give vores ispind "Eskimo" et..."|website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Crazy Horse]] Beer and Burgers'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Lucky Horse Beer and Burgers'''
| [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
| data-sort-value="US-IA" | [[Iowa|IA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.15|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.16|format=mdy}} 
| Music-themed restaurant was named after Crazyhorse Guitars, formerly operating from that location, and [[Neil Young]]'s [[backup band|backing band]] [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]], but was renamed to avoid comparison to [[Lakota people|Lakota]] leader [[Crazy Horse]] and any appearance of disrespect.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Des Moines' Crazy Horse restaurant renamed days before opening
| date=July 15, 2020
| newspaper=Business Record
| url=https://businessrecord.com/Content/Culture/Culture/Article/Des-Moines-Crazy-Horse-restaurant-renamed-days-before-opening/170/832/90695}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/business/development/2020/07/15/new-des-moines-restaurant-crazy-horse-changes-name-lucky-horse/5439233002/|title=For respect, Des Moines' Crazy Horse restaurant renamed days before opening|first=Kim|last=Norvell|website=Des Moines Register}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Coon (cheese)'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||'''[[Cheer cheese|Cheer]]'''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Australia|Au]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.24|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.01.13|format=mdy}}
| While its owners have said in the past that Coon cheese was named after US cheese maker [[Edward William Coon]], this assertion has been challenged, with no link found between the two. "Coon" is a derogatory term for black people, in Australia mainly referring to [[Indigenous Australians]] and [[African Australians]].
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-24/coon-cheese-to-change-name-after-campaign/12489734|title=Coon cheese's name to be changed|date=July 24, 2020|website=abc.net.au}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title=COON: more holes than Swiss cheese | website=QNews |first=Destiny|last=Rogers| date=22 December 2020 | url=https://qnews.com.au/official-coon-cheese-history-more-holes-than-swiss-cheese/ | access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title=Coon Cheese changes name to Cheer Cheese, pledging to 'build a culture of acceptance' | website=ABC News |publisher =[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=13 January 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-13/coon-cheese-changes-name-cheer-racist-slur-stephen-hagan/13053524 | access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Knorr - Zigeunersauce.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''''Zigeunersauce'' (condiment)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''''[[À la zingara#Gypsy sauce|Paprikasauce Ungarische Art]]'''''
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Germany|De]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.16|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.16|format=mdy}}
| [[Knorr (brand)|Knorr]], a [[Unilever]] brand, announced it would rename ''Zigeunersauce'' to ''Paprikasauce Ungarische Art''. The term ''[[:wikt:Zigeuner|Zigeuner]]'' translates to "[[Romani people|gypsy]]" and is generally considered offensive. The replacement name translates to "Hungarian-style paprika sauce". Other manufacturers announced similar plans.
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/baden-wuerttemberg/heilbronn/knorr-heilbronn-zigeunersosse-102.html |website=[[Südwestrundfunk]] |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Neuer Name nach Rassismus-Debatte – Heilbronn: Knorr benennt "Zigeunersauce" um |trans-title=New Name after Racism Debate – Heilbronn: Knorr renames "Gypsy Sauce" |access-date=September 7, 2020 |language=de |archive-date=August 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821104953/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/baden-wuerttemberg/heilbronn/knorr-heilbronn-zigeunersosse-102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article213645146/Rassismusdebatte-Knorr-benennt-Zigeunersauce-um.html |website=[[Die Welt]] |date=August 16, 2020 |title=Debatte über rassistische Namen: Knorr benennt Zigeunersauce um |language=de |trans-title=Debate about Racist Names: Knorr Renames Gypsy Sauce |access-date=September 7, 2020 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.t-online.de/leben/essen-und-trinken/id_88419462/weitere-hersteller-wollen-zigeunersauce-umbennen.html |language=de |work=[[T-Online]] |date=August 18, 2020 |title=Weitere Hersteller wollen 'Zigeunersauce' umbennen |trans-title=Additional Manufacturers want to rename 'Gypsy Sauce' |agency=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] |access-date=May 19, 2022 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#fdf;" 
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Mahatma Rice'''
| style="text-align: center" | Name kept, image removed
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|August 29, 2020}}
| {{sdash}}
| [[Ebro Foods]] featured an [[India]]n man wearing a [[turban]] and [[kurta]] as the packaging mascot. It was since removed from the packaging for imaging a [[ethnic stereotype|South Asian stereotype]].
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asamnews.com/2020/08/29/mahatma-rice-brand-discontinues-logo-of-stereotypical-indian-mascot-after-shrivastava-siblings-speak-up-against-cultural-appropriation/|title=Teens convince Mahatma Rice to discontinue racist logo|work=AsAmNews|date=August 29, 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Geechie]] Boy Mill'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Marsh Hen Mill'''
|
| [[South Carolina|SC]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.09.29|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.09.29|format=mdy}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/blog/raskin_around/geechie-boy-slowly-transitioning-to-marsh-hen-mill-after-agreeing-to-drop-contentious-name/article_f8fab976-0283-11eb-83ad-5f4a880616c0.html|title=Geechie Boy slowly transitioning to Marsh Hen Mill after agreeing to drop contentious name |work= The Post and Courier| access-date= 3 Feb 2021 |date=29 Sep 2020|last1=Raskin |first1=Hanna}}</ref>
|- style="background:#dff;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''{{ill|Conguitos|es}}'''
| style="text-align: center" | ''TBA''
|
|
| {{smallcaps|[[Spain|Es]]}}
|
|
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Conguitos: Black Lives Matter Takes On Spain's Racist Candy|url=https://medium.com/@wlynnae/conguitos-black-lives-matter-takes-on-spains-racist-candy-8bc18726e1ba |last1=Williams |first1=Lynnae |website=medium.com |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acusan de racista a Bernardo Silva por bromear comparando a Benjamin Mendy con el logotipo de Conguitos |url=https://es.sports.yahoo.com/fotos/acusan-de-racista-a-bernardo-silva-por-una-broma-en-twitter-a-su-companero-benjamin-mendy-101903173/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=es.sports.yahoo.com |language=es-ES}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Eti Benimo ve Negro.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Negro'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Nero'''
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| data-sort-value=""  | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Turkey|Tr]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.12.01|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.12.01|format=mdy}}
| [[Eti (company)|Eti]] released a statement, saying that the change was made because the word was "used as an expression of discrimination in some countries. The previous name meant "black" in Spanish, while the new one means the same in Italian.
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/negro-biskuvinin-adi-degisti-1889274|title=‘Negro’ bisküvinin adı değişti|website=www.cumhuriyet.com.tr|access-date=2021-12-03|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202022902/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/negro-biskuvinin-adi-degisti-1889274|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://t24.com.tr/haber/eti-negro-irkci-soylemler-nedeniyle-adini-degistirdi,997495|title=Eti, Negro'nun ırkçı söylemler nedeniyle adını değiştirdi|website=T24|access-date=2021-12-03|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202015901/https://t24.com.tr/haber/eti-negro-irkci-soylemler-nedeniyle-adini-degistirdi,997495|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/live/59487159?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=61a733864a8abc5c8988fc4b%26Eti%3A%20Negro%20bisk%C3%BCvimizin%20ad%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20Nero%20olarak%20de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Ftiriyoruz%262021-12-01T08%3A34%3A15.229Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:91684905-10ea-497b-a2ef-b61a2f7da9a4&pinned_post_asset_id=61a733864a8abc5c8988fc4b&pinned_post_type=share|title=Eti: Negro bisküvimizin adını Nero olarak değiştiriyoruz|website=BBC News Türkçe|access-date=2021-12-03|archive-date=2021-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203172305/https://www.bbc.com/turkce/live/59487159?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=61a733864a8abc5c8988fc4b%26Eti%3A+Negro+bisk%C3%BCvimizin+ad%C4%B1n%C4%B1+Nero+olarak+de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Ftiriyoruz%262021-12-01T08%3A34%3A15.229Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn%3Aasset%3A91684905-10ea-497b-a2ef-b61a2f7da9a4&pinned_post_asset_id=61a733864a8abc5c8988fc4b&pinned_post_type=share&at_medium=custom7&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&at_campaign=64&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom4=B0E27082-52AC-11EC-84FD-91C0BDCD475E&at_custom3=BBC+Turkey|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Healthcare ===
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! rowspan=2 | Reported 
! rowspan=2 | Executed
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Dixie Regional Medical Center'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Intermountain [[St. George Regional Hospital]]'''
| [[St. George, Utah|St. George]]
| data-sort-value="US-UT" | [[Utah|UT]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.16|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.01.01|format=mdy}}
| Dixie Regional Medical Center Governing Board announced the name change, effective {{dts|2021.01.01|format=mdy}}.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Intermountain to rename Dixie Regional Medical Center
|first=Carter
|last=Williams
|newspaper=[[KSL.com]]
|date=July 16, 2020
|url=https://www.ksl.com/article/50000248/intermountain-to-rename-dixie-regional-medical-center}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://securedrop.intermountain.net/securedrop/public.php?service=files&t=3991b202e700812164d9d60087ed7af9|title=ownCloud|website=securedrop.intermountain.net|access-date=July 17, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718164245/https://securedrop.intermountain.net/securedrop/public.php?service=files&t=3991b202e700812164d9d60087ed7af9|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://intermountainhealthcare.org/news/2020/07/intermountain-healthcare-to-rename-dixie-regional-medical-center-to-intermountain-st-george-hospital/|title=Intermountain Healthcare to Rename Dixie Regional Medical Center to Intermountain St George Hospital | Intermountain Healthcare|date=5 December 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Margaret Sanger Square Planned Parenthood.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Margaret Sanger]] Health Center'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Manhattan Health Center'''
| [[New York City]]
| data-sort-value="US-NY" | [[New York (state)|NY]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.21|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.21|format=mdy}}
| [[Planned Parenthood]] of Greater New York (PPGNY) announced it was removing the name of [[Margaret Sanger]] from its Manhattan clinic because of her support for [[eugenics]]. Karen Seltzer, PPGNY board chair, cited Sanger's "racist legacy" as a reason for the removal. Defenders, including historian [[Linda Gordon]], claimed that Sanger was "no more racist than many progressives of her time".
| <ref>{{cite web|date=2020-07-21|title=Sanger's name to be dropped from NYC clinic over eugenics|url=https://apnews.com/ddef4d3812cfe106b7c0844536ac37ec|access-date=2020-07-22|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> <ref name="ppgny.pp">{{cite web|url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/planned-parenthood-greater-new-york/about/news/planned-parenthood-of-greater-new-york-announces-intent-to-remove-margaret-sangers-name-from-nyc-health-center|title=Planned Parenthood of Greater New York Announces Intent to Remove Margaret Sanger's Name from NYC Health Center|website=plannedparenthood.org|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="ppgny.times">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/nyregion/planned-parenthood-margaret-sanger-eugenics.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200723224236/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/nyregion/planned-parenthood-margaret-sanger-eugenics.html|title=Planned Parenthood in N.Y. Disavows Margaret Sanger Over Eugenics|first=Nikita|last=Stewart|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 21, 2020|access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=July 23, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ppgny.time">{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5869743/planned-parenthood-margaret-sanger/|title=Why Planned Parenthood Is Removing Founder Margaret Sanger's Name From a New York City Clinic|magazine=Time|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Carilion Stonewall Jackson Hospital'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Carilion Clinic#Carilion Rockbridge Community Hospital|Carilion Rockbridge Community Hospital]]'''
| [[Lexington, Virginia|Lexington]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | [[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.23|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.24|format=mdy}}
| [[Carilion Clinic]] announced it had obtained full ownership of the hospital, and would rename the hospital "follow[ing] the naming convention it uses for all other facilities ... to reflect the region it serves" once the "necessary regulations are met".
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://wset.com/news/local/carilion-announces-plans-to-rename-stonewall-jackson-hospital-after-109m-purchase|title=Carilion plans to rename Stonewall Jackson Hospital after $10.9M purchase|first=Ida|last=Domingo|date=July 24, 2020|website=WSET|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carilionclinic.org/blog/carilion-clinic-completes-purchase-stonewall-jackson-hospital-sjh-community-health-foundation|title=Carilion Clinic completes purchase of Stonewall Jackson Hospital from SJH Community Health Foundation for $10.9 million | Carilion Clinic|website=carilionclinic.org|access-date=August 8, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsls.com/news/local/2020/07/24/carilion-to-rename-lexingtons-stonewall-jackson-hospital/|title=Carilion to rename Lexington's Stonewall Jackson Hospital|first=Samantha|last=Smith|work=[[WSLS-TV]]|date=July 24, 2020|access-date=April 23, 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Lodging ===
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! rowspan=2 | Reported 
! rowspan=2 | Executed
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[James Cook|Captain Cook]] Hotel'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Dive'''
| [[Dunedin]]
| data-sort-value="NZ-OTA" | {{smallcaps|[[Otago|Ota]]}}
| [[New Zealand|NZ]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 15, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 18, 2020}}
| The owners announced that they would be changing the name in response both to Captain [[James Cook]]'s controversial legacy among Māori and to the Black Lives Matter protests sparked by George Floyd's murder.
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Walton |first1=Steve |last2=McNeilly |first2=Hamish |title=Dunedin's 'Captain Cook' set to sail as venue owner opts for name change |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jun/19/ucl-renames-three-facilities-that-honoured-prominent-eugenicists|access-date=June 15, 2020 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=June 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615000417/https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/121827141/dunedins-captain-cook-set-to-sail-as-venue-owner-opts-for-name-change?cid=app-iPhone |archive-date=June 15, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Hudson |first1=Daisy |title=Captain Cook Hotel to be renamed |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/captain-cook-hotel-be-renamed |access-date=June 15, 2020 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=June 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615000627/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/captain-cook-hotel-be-renamed |archive-date=June 15, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=McNeilly |first1=Hamish |title=Dunedin's Captain Cook pub renamed 'Dive' |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/inside-business/121874277/dunedins-captain-cook-pub-renamed-dive |access-date=18 June 2020 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618074849/https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/inside-business/121874277/dunedins-captain-cook-pub-renamed-dive |archive-date=18 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Stonewall Jackson Hotel sign.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Stonewall Jackson Hotel'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Hotel 24 South]]'''
| [[Staunton, Virginia|Staunton]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | [[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 16, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 1, 2020}}
| Hotel owner renamed the hotel (named after Confederate general [[Stonewall Jackson]]).
| <ref name="stonewalljacksonhotel">{{cite web |title=Owners announce name of Stonewall Jackson Hotel in Staunton will change |url=https://www.nbc29.com/2020/06/16/stonewall-jackson-hotel-staunton-change-its-name/ |website=NBC29 |access-date=29 June 2020 |date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617165630/https://www.nbc29.com/2020/06/16/stonewall-jackson-hotel-staunton-change-its-name/ |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|first=Matt|last=Talhelm|title=Staunton's Stonewall Jackson Hotel renamed Hotel 24 South|url=https://www.wdbj7.com/2020/09/01/stauntons-stonewall-jackson-hotel-renamed-hotel-24-south/|website=WDBJ-TV|access-date=25 September 2020|date=1 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Stonewall Jackson Inn'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||'''Friendly City Inn'''}}
| [[Harrisonburg, Virginia|Harrisonburg]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | [[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 26, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|September 30, 2020}}
| Owners had purchased the [[bed and breakfast]] in 2019 intending to change the name and carried out the name change in September 2020.
| <ref name="stonewalljacksoninn">{{cite web |title=Owners of Stonewall Jackson Inn plan to change the name |url=https://www.nbc29.com/2020/06/26/owners-stonewall-jackson-inn-plan-change-name/ |website=NBC29 |access-date=30 June 2020 |date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630170314/https://www.nbc29.com/2020/06/26/owners-stonewall-jackson-inn-plan-change-name/ |archive-date=June 30, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="friendlycityinn">{{cite web |title=Harrisonburg's Stonewall Jackson Inn officially changes name |url=https://www.whsv.com/2020/09/30/harrisonburgs-stonewall-jackson-inn-officially-changes-name/ |website=WHSV |access-date=6 January 2022 |date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128161838/https://www.whsv.com/2020/09/30/harrisonburgs-stonewall-jackson-inn-officially-changes-name/ |archive-date=28 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
| [[File:WEST FRONT AND NORTH SIDE - Main Street Area Survey, Sheridan Livery Stable, 29-33 North Main Street, Lexington, Lexington, VA HABS VA,82-LEX,12-1.tif|100px|Building where the Sheridan Livery Inn is currently located, taken sometime between 1919 and 1970, when it was the location of the Rockbridge Laundry and Cleaners]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Robert E. Lee]] Hotel'''<hr/>'''Sheridan Livery Inn'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''{{sort|Gin|The Gin}}'''<hr/>'''Tonic'''
| [[Lexington, Virginia|Lexington]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | [[Virginia|VA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.29|format=mdy}}{{efn|This is the first known report of how the two new names were chosen.{{r|lexington.gazette}} The Sheridan Livery Inn announced their name change on social media on {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.07|format=mdy}},{{r|lexington.instagram}} while the Robert E. Lee Hotel's name change was reported by ''The New York Times'' on {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.26}}.{{r|lexington.times}}}}
| {{sdash}}
| Both buildings are owned by the same family, who chose the names so that they could be referred to as "The [[gin and tonic|Gin and Tonic]]".
| <ref name="lexington.gazette">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews-gazette.com/content/hotel-livery-become-gin-and-tonic|title=Hotel, Livery To Become Gin And Tonic|date=July 29, 2020|website=The News-Gazette|access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=August 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812041920/https://www.thenews-gazette.com/content/hotel-livery-become-gin-and-tonic|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="lexington.instagram">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBJfXkTl5o0/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CBJfXkTl5o0 |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |url-access=registration|title=Tonic Restaurant + Inn on Instagram: "Soooo here we go... Welcome to Tonic! We're renaming, revamping, and bringing a new menu and vibe to a building & business that has been in…"|website=Instagram|access-date=August 8, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref name="lexington.times">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/us/politics/lexington-va-confederate-generals.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200727112201/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/us/politics/lexington-va-confederate-generals.html|title=A Liberal Town Built Around Confederate Generals Rethinks Its Identity|first=Reid J.|last=Epstein|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 26, 2020|access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=July 27, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Music ===
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! rowspan=2 | Reported 
! rowspan=2 | Executed
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-
| [[File:Colston Hall, Bristol (geograph 3972690).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Colston Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Bristol Beacon]]'''
| [[Bristol]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| [[UK]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.09|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.09.23|format=mdy}}
| Bristol Music Trust announced that the venue, located near [[Statue of Edward Colston|the statue]] that was famously toppled on June 8, would be renamed; it described this as "a fresh start for the organisation and its place in the city". There had been plans to rename the venue since 2017.
| <ref>{{cite news|date=2020-09-23|title=Colston Hall music venue renamed Bristol Beacon|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-54240812|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last=Morris|first=Steven|date=2020-09-23|title=Bristol's Colston Hall renamed after decades of protests|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/23/bristols-colston-hall-renamed-in-wake-of-black-lives-matter-protests|access-date=2020-09-24|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref>{{citation|last=Chilton|first=Louis|title=Bristol's Colston Hall music venue commits to name change by autumn 2020 after anti-racism protests|date=June 9, 2020|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/colston-hall-bristol-statue-name-change-edward-slave-trader-a9555751.html|website=Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616031832/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/colston-hall-bristol-statue-name-change-edward-slave-trader-a9555751.html|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-date=June 16, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:LadyAntebellumApr10.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Lady Antebellum (band)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''{{nowrap|[[Lady A]]}}'''
| [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]
| data-sort-value="US-TN" | [[Tennessee|TN]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 11, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 11, 2020}}
| U.S. [[country music]] band changed its name because of its association with slavery.{{efn|"Antebellum" refers to culture in [[Southern United States|the South]] before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], including slavery.{{r|ladya.reuters}}}} African American singer [[Anita White]], who had been using the name professionally for over 20 years, [[Anita White#Name conflict|was unhappy with the change]], stating, "It's an opportunity for them to pretend they're not racist or pretend this means something to them. If it did, they would've done some research." On July 8, the band filed a lawsuit against the singer.
| <ref name="ladya.reuters">{{cite web |title=Country music's Lady Antebellum changes name because of slavery association |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-music-lady-antebellum-idUSKBN23I2Y5 |work=Reuters |access-date=June 11, 2020 |date=June 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611191843/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-music-lady-antebellum-idUSKBN23I2Y5 |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/seattle-blues-singer-lady-a-not-happy-about-lady-antebellums-new-name/|title=Blues Singer Lady A 'Not Happy' About Lady Antebellum's New Name|newspaper=Thewrap |date=June 12, 2020|access-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033445/https://www.thewrap.com/seattle-blues-singer-lady-a-not-happy-about-lady-antebellums-new-name/|archive-date=June 25, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/news/lady-a-lady-antebellum-lawsuit-case-1026653/ |title=What Is Lady A's Case Against the Other Lady A? |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=July 13, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714003850/https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/news/lady-a-lady-antebellum-lawsuit-case-1026653/ |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''One Little Indian Records '''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[One Little Independent Records]]'''
| [[London]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| [[UK]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.11|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.11|format=mdy}}
| With the name change that the company announced they would donate money towards organizations which promote and assist Native American communities in North America. In a written statement, founder David Birkett explained. "The last few weeks have been a monumental learning curve ... Following the receipt of an eye-opening letter from a Crass fan that detailed precisely why the logo and label name are offensive, as well as the violent history of the terminology, I felt equally appalled and grateful to them for making me understand what must be changed."
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-53005676 |title=Record label One Little Indian scraps name |work=BBC News |date=June 11, 2020 |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Hatfield|first=Amanda|title=One Little Indian changes "offensive" name to One Little Independent Records|url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/one-little-indian-changes-offensive-name-to-one-little-independent-records/|work=[[Brooklyn Vegan]]|date=June 10, 2020|access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:DixieChicksMSG062003.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Dixie Chicks (band)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''{{nowrap|{{sort|Chicks|[[The Chicks]]}}}}'''
| [[Dallas]]
| data-sort-value="US-TX" | TX
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 25, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 25, 2020}}
| U.S. [[country music]] band changed their name to "The Chicks". The word "Dixie" is a nickname for the [[Southern United States]], especially those states that seceded to form the [[Confederate States of America]]; it is part of the culture of the [[Southern United States|American South]]. The name change followed criticism that the word had negative connotations of [[Slavery in the United States|American slavery]]. 
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Melas |first1=Chloe |title=The Dixie Chicks have changed their name |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/25/entertainment/dixie-chicks-change-name-trnd/index.html |work=CNN |date=June 25, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last1=Willman|first1=Chris|date=2020-06-25|title=Dixie Chicks Officially Change Name to 'The Chicks'|url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/dixie-chicks-change-name-1234689849/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Variety|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625172314/https://variety.com/2020/music/news/dixie-chicks-change-name-1234689849/|archive-date=June 25, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news
|title=The Dixie Chicks Change Their Name, Dropping the 'Dixie'
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|date=June 25, 2020
|first=Ben
|last=Sisario
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/arts/music/dixie-chicks-change-name.html
|access-date=June 25, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625161514/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/arts/music/dixie-chicks-change-name.html
|archive-date=June 25, 2020
|url-status=live}}
</ref>
|-
| [[File:Slaves American band.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Slaves (band)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''{{sort|Rain City Drive|[[Rain City Drive]]}}'''
| [[Sacramento]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA" | [[California|CA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|June 25, 2020}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|October 15, 2021}}
| Band members announced that their upcoming album ''To Better Days'' would be the last they would release under their current name. In a statement, they said "As obstinate supporters of the BLM Movement, we cannot continue to tie our music and our positive message to a word associated with such negative weight and hurt." On October 15, 2021, the band announced that they had changed their name to Rain City and signed to independent record label Thriller Records. However, the band later opted to be known as Rain City Drive.
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Trepany |first1=Charles |title=Slaves band will change name due to 'racial connotations,' follows Lady A, The Chicks |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/06/26/slaves-band-follows-lady-and-chicks-announces-name-change/3266320001/ |work=USA Today |date=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.melodicmag.com/2021/11/12/rain-city-drive-fka-slaves-release-first-song-with-new-band-name-cutting-it-close/|title=Rain City Drive (fka Slaves) release first song with new band name, "Cutting It Close"|first=Melodic|last=Mag|date=November 12, 2021|work=Melodic Magazine|access-date=April 11, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:The Black Madonna at All Points East Festival 2018 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''{{sort|Black Madonna|The Black Madonna}} (disc jockey)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''{{sort|Blessed Madonna|[[The Blessed Madonna]]}}'''
| [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]
| data-sort-value="US-KY" | [[Kentucky|KY]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.20|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.20|format=mdy}}
| The American DJ announced the change to her [[stage name]] after a petition that said "a white woman calling herself 'black' is highly problematic". The original name was chosen as "a reflection of [her] family's lifelong and profound Catholic devotion to a specific kind of European [[Black Madonna|icon of the Virgin Mary which is dark in hue]]".
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/the-black-madonna-changes-name-to-the-blessed-madonna-i-should-have-listened-harder-to-other-perspectives-2711556|title=The Black Madonna changes name to The Blessed Madonna: "I should have listened harder to other perspectives"|first=Charlotte|last=Krol|date=July 20, 2020|work=[[NME]]|access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Joey Negro (disc jockey)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''{{sort|Dave Lee|[[Dave Lee (DJ)|Dave Lee]]}}'''
| [[Isle of Wight, England|Isle of Wight]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| [[UK]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.21|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.21|format=mdy}}
| The English DJ announced the change a day after fellow disc jockey 'The Black Madonna', Lee admitted he had "not felt comfortable with the name Joey Negro for a while, especially as I've got older".
| <ref>{{cite news|date=2020-07-22|title=More music stars change their 'unacceptable' names|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53497347|access-date=2020-07-23}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Joey Negro|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10158970523799947&id=50060779946|access-date=2020-07-23|via=Facebook}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Spirit Animal at the Metro 5-9-18.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Spirit Animal (band)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Record Heat]]'''
| [[Brooklyn]]
| data-sort-value="US-NY" | [[New York City|NY]]
| US
| August, 2020
| August, 2020
|
|
|-
| [[File:Latto in 2021.png|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Mulatto (rapper)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Latto]]'''
| [[Atlanta]]
| data-sort-value="US-GA" | [[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]]
| [[US]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|January 28, 2021}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|May 18, 2021}}
| Rapper announced stage name change because of the controversy of the "Mulatto" term being deemed as colorist.
| <ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Mulatto Knows What Her New Stage Name Will Be (And Fans Have Already Guessed It)|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/mulatto-name-change-interview-9517184/|access-date=February 4, 2021|magazine=Billboard|archive-date=October 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022112425/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9517184/mulatto-name-change-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/mulatto-officially-changes-her-name-news.132139.html|title=Mulatto Officially Changes Her Name|work=HotNewHipHop|last=Zidel|first=Alex|date=May 18, 2021|access-date=May 18, 2021|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518140805/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/mulatto-officially-changes-her-name-news.132139.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Eskimo Callboy – Reload Festival 2015 01.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Eskimo Callboy (band)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Electric Callboy]]'''
| [[Castrop-Rauxel]]
| data-sort-value="DE-NRW" |{{smallcaps|[[North Rhine-Westphalia|NRW]]}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Germany|De]]}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|December 22, 2021}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|March 9, 2022}}
| The German metalcore band announced that they were taking time to "think about [their] name" and that they had deleted several old songs due to offensive and discriminatory lyrics via a post on their [[Instagram]] profile. On March 9, 2022, they announced that they would be called Electric Callboy from now on.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CXy5Si6LjQj/|title="The Internet doesn't forget. Not even the lyrics we wouldn't write today."|date=22 December 2021|access-date=31 January 2022|website=www.instagram.com/eskimocallboy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul 'Browny'|last=Brown|url=https://wallofsoundau.com/2022/03/10/eskimo-callboy-have-unveiled-their-new-name/|title=Eskimo Callboy Have Unveiled Their New Name…|work=Wall Of Sound|date=10 March 2022|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Sports ===
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! rowspan=2 | Reported 
! rowspan=2 | Executed
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-
| [[File:Washington Redskins wordmark.svg|100px|Washington Redskins]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Washington Redskins'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Washington Football Team (temporarily)<hr/>[[Washington Commanders]]'''
| [[Ashburn, Virginia|Ashburn]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | VA
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.13|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.23|format=mdy}}
<hr/> Feb 2, 2022
| {{main|Washington Redskins name controversy}} On July 1, 2020, a group of investors worth $620 billion had written letters to [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[FedEx]] and [[PepsiCo]] asking them to stop their support of the NFL until the [[Washington Redskins]] changed their name. On July 23, 2020, the Washington Football Team was adopted as the club's temporary name. The team played under that until a full rebrand as the "Commanders" was announced on February 2, 2022.{{pb}}The team also renamed the lower level of [[Northwest Stadium]] to honor [[Bobby Mitchell]], one of three African Americans who joined the team in 1962 when the team first [[racial integration|integrated]] and was later inducted into the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]. Founding owner [[George Preston Marshall]] was against integration, and his team was the last NFL team to integrate.
| <ref>{{cite news|last=McDonald|first=Scott|title=Washington Redskins Urged to Lose Name, or Millions in Sponsorships|url=https://www.newsweek.com/washington-redskins-urged-lose-name-millions-sponsorships-1514894|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|date=July 1, 2020|access-date=July 3, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703123716/https://www.newsweek.com/washington-redskins-urged-lose-name-millions-sponsorships-1514894|archive-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last=Grimes|first=Prince J.|title=Nike removes Redskins name, apparel from its website|url=https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/redskins/nike-removes-redskins-name-apparel-its-website|website=NBCSports.com|date=July 2, 2020|access-date=July 3, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703204141/https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/redskins/nike-removes-redskins-name-apparel-its-website|archive-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Washington Redskins to undergo thorough review of team's name|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/washington-redskins-to-undergo-thorough-review-of-team-s-name|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=July 3, 2020|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704145546/https://www.nfl.com/news/washington-redskins-to-undergo-thorough-review-of-team-s-name|archive-date=July 4, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last=Lantry|first=Lauren|title=Washington Redskins, under pressure from corporate sponsors, reviewing name|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/washington-redskins-pressure-corporate-sponsors-reviewing/story?id=71596724|website=ABCNews.go.com|date=July 3, 2020|access-date=July 3, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703171159/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/washington-redskins-pressure-corporate-sponsors-reviewing/story?id=71596724|archive-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="washington.post">{{cite news|last1=Carpenter|first1=Les|last2=Maske|first2=Mark|title=Redskins to retire team name Monday; new name to be revealed later|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/07/12/redskins-retire-team-name-monday-new-name-be-revealed-later/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 12, 2020|access-date=July 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713032715/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/07/12/redskins-retire-team-name-monday-new-name-be-revealed-later/|archive-date=July 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Washington NFL team to use 'Washington Football Team' for 2020 season|first=Adam|last=Schefter|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/29524343/washington-nfl-team-use-washington-football-team-now-sources-say|website=ESPN.com|date=July 23, 2020|access-date=July 23, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last=Dubin|first=Jared|title=Redskins to retire Bobby Mitchell's number, rename FedEx Field lower bowl for Hall of Famer|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/redskins-to-retire-bobby-mitchells-number-rename-fedex-field-lower-bowl-for-hall-of-famer/|work=[[CBS Sports]]|date=June 20, 2020|access-date=July 8, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622152049/https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/redskins-to-retire-bobby-mitchells-number-rename-fedex-field-lower-bowl-for-hall-of-famer/|archive-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Washington Football Team unveils new name: The Commanders|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/washington-commanders-washington-football-team-unveils-new-name-rcna14421|access-date=March 4, 2022|website=NBC News|date=2 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Edmonton eskimos wordmark.png|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Edmonton Eskimos'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Edmonton Football Team (temporarily)<hr/>[[Edmonton Elks]]'''
| [[Edmonton]]
| data-sort-value="CA-AB" | [[Alberta|AB]]
| [[Canada|CA]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.16|format=mdy}} 
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.21|format=mdy}} <hr/> Jun 1, 2021
| On {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.21|format=mdy}}, the Edmonton Football Team announced that their board of directors decided to discontinue the use of the old name, as [[Eskimo]] is considered a derogatory name for indigenous Alaskans and Canadians.{{efn|The team also announced that they would use the names "Edmonton Football Team" and "EE Football Team" until a more appropriate new name is found.{{r|edmonton.ee}}}} [[Intact Financial|Belairdirect]], a longtime sponsor, announced earlier that month that it would cut ties with the team if the name was not changed.{{pb}}On June 1, 2021, it was formally announced that the new team name would be the Edmonton Elks.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://3downnation.com/2020/07/16/eskimos-make-internal-decision-to-change-team-name-report/|title=Eskimos make internal decision to change team name: report|publisher=3DownNation|date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/edmonton-cfl-franchise-to-drop-eskimos-name-1.1496402|title=Edmonton CFL franchise to drop 'Eskimos' name – TSN.ca|author=|date=July 16, 2020|website=TSN}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=CFL sponsor threatens to cut ties unless Edmonton changes team name |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/edmonton-eskimos-belairdirect-sponsor-name-1.5641501 |work=CBC Sports |date=July 7, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="edmonton.ee">{{cite web|url=https://www.goelks.com/2020/07/21/edmonton-football-team-discontinues-use-name-eskimos/|title=Edmonton Football Team discontinues use of the name Eskimos|date=July 21, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goelks.com/2021/06/01/new-name-game-edmonton-elks/ |title=New name. Same game. We are the Edmonton Elks. |publisher= Edmonton Elks |date=June 1, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:National-league-most-valuable-player-award_2015.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Kenesaw Mountain Landis]] Award'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award|MVP Award]]'''
|
|
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.10.02|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.10.02|format=mdy}}
| The [[Baseball Writers' Association of America]] announced that the [[most valuable player]] (MVP) awards presented annually in [[Major League Baseball]] would no longer carry the name of the first commissioner of MLB. Landis, who served from 1920 to 1944, resisted efforts to integrate both Major League and [[Minor League Baseball]]. A number of past MVPs, including [[Barry Larkin]], [[Mike Schmidt]], and [[Terry Pendleton]], objected to continued use of Landis' name. The BBWAA announced its decision after 89% of its members voted for the change.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/30024685/bbwaa-removes-ex-mlb-commissioner-kenesaw-mountain-landis-name-mvp-awards|title=BBWAA removes ex-MLB commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis' name from MVP awards|work=ESPN.com|date=October 2, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Cleveland Indians insignia.svg|100px|Cleveland Indians logo]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Cleveland Indians'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Cleveland Guardians]]'''
| [[Cleveland]]
| data-sort-value="US-OH" | OH
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.12.14|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.11.19|format=mdy}}
| {{main|Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy}} The team announced that they would be reviewing their name to "embrace [their] responsibility to advance social justice and equality."{{pb}}On December 14, 2020, they announced they would be retiring the Indians branding. On July 23, 2021, they announced the new name to be the Cleveland Guardians; the name change was officially completed on November 19, 2021.
| <ref>{{cite news|last=Bell|first=Mandy|title=Indians weigh 'best path forward' for team name|url=https://www.mlb.com/indians/news/statement-from-the-indians|publisher=[[MLB Advanced Media]]|website=Indians.com|date=July 3, 2020|access-date=July 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704181502/https://www.mlb.com/indians/news/statement-from-the-indians|archive-date=July 4, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Cleveland Indians to review name|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/baseball/53289799|website=BBC.com|date=July 4, 2020|access-date=July 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704215414/https://www.bbc.com/sport/baseball/53289799|archive-date=July 4, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Hoynes |first=Paul |date=2021-07-23 |title=Cleveland Indians choose Guardians as new team name |language=en |work=Cleveland.com |url=https://www.cleveland.com/tribe/2021/07/cleveland-indians-choose-guardians-as-new-team-name.html |access-date=2021-07-23}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Guardians era officially arrives in Cleveland|url=https://www.mlb.com/news/cleveland-guardians-era-begins|access-date=2021-12-01|website=MLB.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[J. G. Taylor Spink]] Award'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[BBWAA Career Excellence Award]]'''
|
|
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.02.05|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.02.05|format=mdy}}
| For the second time since Floyd's murder, the BBWAA changed the name of an award due to revelations of racist conduct involving an honoree. This time, it affected the award presented for lifetime achievement in writing about baseball. Spink, who published the ''[[The Sporting News|Sporting News]]'' from 1914 to 1962, used "racist language, ugly stereotypes, and derogatory portrayals" of Negro League players and other African-Americans. The name change received 97% support among the association's members.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/30840064/bbwaa-removes-jg-taylor-spink-name-hall-fame-writing-award-racist-language|title=BBWAA removes J.G. Taylor Spink's name from Hall of Fame writing award over racist language|work=ESPN.com|date=February 5, 2021}}</ref>
|}

== Terminology ==
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" | Image
! Old
! New
! Group
! Reported 
! Executed
! Details
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''slaves (script)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''dm-deps'''
| style="text-align: center" | [[OpenZFS]] (storage platform)
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.11|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.11|format=mdy}}
| Developer Matt Ahrens, co-creator of [[ZFS]], updated the code to "[r]emove unnecessary references to slavery". The abbreviation "dm" stands for "device-mapper" and "deps" for "dependents".
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/openzfs/zfs/pull/10435|title=Remove unnecessary references to slavery by ahrens · Pull Request #10435 · openzfs/zfs|website=GitHub}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.com/2020/06/12/openzfs_terminology_change/|title=ZFS co-creator boots 'slave' out of OpenZFS codebase, says 'casual use' of term is 'unnecessary reference to a painful experience'|website=theregister.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/06/openzfs-removed-master-slave-terminology-from-its-codebase/|title=OpenZFS removed offensive terminology from its code|first=Jim|last=Salter|date=June 12, 2020|website=Ars Technica}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://linux.die.net/man/8/dmsetup|title=dmsetup(8): low level logical volume management – Linux man page|website=linux.die.net}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#dff;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''master {{nowrap|(code branch)}}'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''main'''
| style="text-align: center" | [[GitHub]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.11|format=mdy}}
| {{sdash}}
| GitHub [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] [[Nat Friedman]] announced they were working on the change. Developer Petr Baudiš, self-described "clueless Central European youngster [in 2005] whose command of English was mostly illusory", stated that he chose the term to "express 'this is where you cloned this repo[sitory] from'", as in "master recording".
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.com/2020/06/15/github_replaces_master_with_main/|title=GitHub to replace master with main across its services|website=theregister.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/tech-confronts-use-labels-master-slave/|title=Tech Confronts Its Use of the Labels 'Master' and 'Slave'|magazine=Wired|via=www.wired.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1271253144442253312|user=natfriedman|title=@Una @github It's a great idea and we are already working on this! cc @billygriffin22|date=June 12, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1271477451756056577|user=xpasky|title=@billygriffin22 @codervandal @natfriedman @Una @github I picked the names "master" (and "origin") in the early Git…|date=June 12, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1272279259478925314|user=xpasky|title=@msl0t @mattstratton @billygriffin22 @codervandal @natfriedman @Una @github A 20-year old who is very much not a na…|date=June 14, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|number=1272280760280637441|user=xpasky|title=@yawaramin @billygriffin22 @codervandal @natfriedman @Una @github "master" as in e.g. "master recording". Perhaps y…|date=June 14, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''master'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''master sommelier'''
| style="text-align: center" | [[Court of Master Sommeliers]], Americas
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.22|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.22|format=mdy}}
| {{further|Racism in the wine industry}} Court of Master Sommeliers, Americas (CMS-A) issued a statement "in solidarity with the Black community" that implied collaboration with Hue Society, without the knowledge of Hue Society Founder Tahiirah Habibi. Habibi then posted a video denying any collaboration and explaining her experiences with CMS-A, including seeing her dream to become "the first black woman to attain [Master Sommelier] status" be shattered after her CMS-A testing experience, which included the requirement that master sommeliers be addressed as "master".{{efn|Habibi still passed the test, but refrained from interacting with CMS-A since the experience.{{r|cmsa.instagram}}}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/us/wine-master.html|title=Prestigious Wine Organization Drops Use of Term 'Master'|first=Christina|last=Morales|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 22, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="cmsa.instagram">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/tv/CBgHut3l9kW/|title=Tahiirah Habibi on Instagram: 'If you are in positions of power, check yourself on how you use that power and who you hurt with it. • • It is time for the wine industry...'|website=Instagram}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://neatpour.com/2020/06/atop-the-wine-world-court-of-master-sommeliers-faces-a-racial-reckoning/|title=Atop The Wine World, Court Of Master Sommeliers Faces A Racial Reckoning|date=June 22, 2020|access-date=July 18, 2020|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718085516/https://neatpour.com/2020/06/atop-the-wine-world-court-of-master-sommeliers-faces-a-racial-reckoning/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-court-of-master-sommeliers-has-been-called-out-for-racism-now-it-is-pledging-change/2020/07/02/8666674c-bc57-11ea-bdaf-a129f921026f_story.html|title=The Court of Master Sommeliers has been called out for racism. Now, it is pledging change.|first=Dave|last=McIntyre|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''master bedroom'''<hr/>'''master bathroom'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''primary bedroom'''<hr/>'''primary bathroom'''
| style="text-align: center" | Houston Association of Realtors
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.25|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.25|format=mdy}}
| Change was made on its [[multiple listing service|property listing database]], but "did not constitute a ban on the use of the word 'master'", which can still be used on marketing materials.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2020/06/25/har-no-longer-using-master-to-describe-bedrooms-and-bathrooms-on-its-property-listing-database/|title=HAR no longer using 'master' to describe bedrooms and bathrooms on its property listing database|first=Briana|last=Zamora-Nipper|date=June 25, 2020|website=KPRC}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''master bedroom'''<hr/>'''master bathroom'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''main bedroom'''<hr/>'''main bathroom'''
| style="text-align: center" | GetBurbed
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.30|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.30|format=mdy}}
| GetBurbed is a [[real estate broker|real estate brokerage firm]] in Chicago.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagobusiness.com/residential-real-estate/master-bedroom-canceled|title=The 'master' bedroom is canceled|date=June 30, 2020|website=Crain's Chicago Business}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''master<hr/>slave<hr/>blacklist<hr/>whitelist''' 
| style="text-align: center" | '''source or primary<hr/>replica or secondary<hr/>blocklist<hr/>allowlist''' 
| style="text-align: center" | [[MySQL]] ([[Relational database|RDBMS]])
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.01|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.01|format=mdy}}
| [[Product manager]] Kenny Gryp announced that the change was being implemented and would be reflected in future releases.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-terminology-updates/|title=MySQL Terminology Updates|first=Kenny|last=Gryp|date=July 1, 2020|access-date=July 18, 2020|archive-date=March 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306110629/https://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-terminology-updates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-terminology-updates/|title=MySQL Terminology Updates|first=Kenny|last=Gryp|date=July 2020|access-date=July 18, 2020|archive-date=March 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306110629/https://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-terminology-updates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/mysql-drops-master-slave-and-blacklist-whitelist-terminology/|title=MySQL drops master-slave and blacklist-whitelist terminology|first=Catalin|last=Cimpanu|website=ZDNet}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''master<hr/>slave<hr/>blacklist<hr/>whitelist''' 
| style="text-align: center" | ''various''{{efn|Suggestions included "primary", "main", "initiator", "requester", "controller", "host", "leader", "director", "secondary", "replica", "subordinate", "target", "responder", "device", "worker", "proxy", "follower", "performer", "denylist", "blocklist", "allowlist", and "passlist".{{r|linux.git}}}}
| style="text-align: center" | [[Linux]] (operating system)
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.10|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.10|format=mdy}}
| Principal engineer [[Linus Torvalds]] added to the coding style documentation a recommendation to "avoid introducing new usage" of such terminology.{{efn|Sources do not appear to state any policy change for existing usage.}}
| <ref name="linux.git">{{cite web|url=https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=49decddd39e5f6132ccd7d9fdc3d7c470b0061bb|title=kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git – Linux kernel source tree|website=git.kernel.org}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.com/2020/07/13/linux_adopts_inclusive_language/|title=Linus Torvalds banishes masters, slaves and blacklists from the Linux kernel, starting now|website=theregister.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/dd/2020/07/13/linux-kernel-will-no-longer-use-terms-blacklist-and-slave/|title=Linux kernel will no longer use terms 'blacklist' and 'slave'|first=Ivan|last=Mehta|date=July 13, 2020|website=The Next Web}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:A Beautiful End to a Star's Life (9933955245).jpg|100px]]<hr/>[[File:NGC 4567 & 4568.png|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Eskimo Nebula'''<hr/>'''Siamese Twins Galaxy'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[NGC 2392]]'''<hr/>'''[[NGC 4567 and NGC 4568]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | [[NASA]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.05|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.05|format=mdy}}
| NASA announced that it was reviewing the unofficial terminology it has used for celestial objects in order to determine if any are "not only insensitive, but can be actively harmful". For terminology it has deemed inappropriate, official designations determined by the [[International Astronomical Union]] would be used. Two nicknames had been determined as inappropriate at the time of NASA's announcement.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-reexamine-nicknames-for-cosmic-objects|title=NASA to Reexamine Nicknames for Cosmic Objects|first=Tricia|last=Talbert|date=August 4, 2020|website=NASA|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/nasa-reevaluate-celestial-object-nicknames-deemed-insensitive-3023343|title=NASA To Reevaluate Celestial Object Nicknames Deemed Insensitive|first=Athena|last=Chan|date=August 5, 2020|website=International Business Times|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Thick-billed Longspur, Pakowki Lake, Alberta (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''McCown's longspur'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[thick-billed longspur]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | [[American Ornithological Society]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.07|format=mdy}} 
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.07|format=mdy}}
| The North American Classification Committee of the [[American Ornithological Society]] changed the name of the bird to "thick-billed longspur", which is a literal translation of its genus name, ''Rhynchophanes'', following [[Black Birders Week|Black Birder's Week]] and the [[Bird Names for Birds]] campaign.{{efn|The organization had previously refused to change the name, despite controversy.{{r|longspur.smithsonian}}}} [[John P. McCown]] was a general for the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate army]], took part in the [[Indian removal|forced relocation]] of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes in the 1840s, and fought in the [[Seminole Wars]].{{efn|[[George Newbold Lawrence]], the bird's descriptor, had named the species after his friend McCown before McCown fought for the Confederacy.{{r|longspur.proposal}} The species can be found in the US, Canada, and Mexico.{{r|longspur.range}}}}
| <ref>{{cite web|date=2020-07-08|title=What's in a name? More than you might think...|url=https://americanornithology.org/whats-in-a-name-more-than-you-might-think/|access-date=2020-08-08|website=American Ornithological Society}}</ref> <ref name="longspur.smithsonian">{{cite web|title=A Bird Named for a Confederate General Sparks Calls for Change|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/bird-named-confederate-general-sparks-calls-change-180975376/|access-date=2020-08-08|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=2020 Proposals|url=https://americanornithology.org/nacc/current-prior-proposals/2020-proposals/|access-date=2020-08-08|website=American Ornithological Society|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921070559/https://americanornithology.org/nacc/current-prior-proposals/2020-proposals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="longspur.proposal">{{cite web|url=https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-S.pdf |title=AOS North American Classification Committee Supplemental Proposal Set 2020-S |date=July 24, 2020 |publisher=American Ornithological Society}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.birdwatchingdaily.com/news/science/mccowns-longspur-renamed-thick-billed-longspur/|title=McCown's Longspur renamed Thick-billed Longspur|first=Matt|last=Mendenhall|website=BirdWatching|date=7 August 2020 |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="longspur.range">{{cite web|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/McCowns_Longspur/maps-range|title=McCown's Longspur Range Map, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology|website=allaboutbirds.org|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''chosen freeholder'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Board of County Commissioners (New Jersey)|county commissioner]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | [[New Jersey|State of {{nowrap|New Jersey}}]] (US state)
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.21|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.01.01|format=mdy}} 
| [[Governor of New Jersey|Governor]] [[Phil Murphy]] signed legislation to change the name of the governing bodies at the county level in the state. [[Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey|Lt. Governor]] [[Sheila Oliver]], an African-American woman who was once a freeholder herself, said that the term "refers to a time when only white male landowners could hold public office".
|<ref>{{cite news|date=2020-08-21|title='Freeholder' Title Abolished In New Jersey|url=https://patch.com/new-jersey/longvalley/freeholder-title-abolished-new-jersey|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Long Valley, NJ Patch}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Brunetti Post|first=Michelle|title=Murphy signs bill into law to change "freeholder" title to "commissioner"|url=https://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/murphy-signs-bill-into-law-to-change-freeholder-title-to-commissioner/article_dfee2290-4c09-5a93-9c0e-6d3407cc2a7c.html|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Press of Atlantic City|date=21 August 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''master page'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''parent page'''
| style="text-align: center" | [[Adobe InDesign]]
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.10.26|format=mdy}}
|
| Users can create templates that affect all pages of a document. In support of its value inclusion, Adobe now refers to these as "parent pages".
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=CreativePro Staff |title=News from Adobe MAX 2021: What's New in Creative Cloud |url=https://creativepro.com/news-from-adobe-max-2021-whats-new-in-creative-cloud/ |work=CreativePro |date=26 October 2021}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Putnam Tupper |first1=Shelby |title=Adobe InDesign Review |url=https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/adobe-indesign-cc |work=PCMAG |date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Museums==
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! rowspan=2 | Reported 
! rowspan=2 | Executed
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-
| [[File:USCGC Taney (WHEC-37) in Baltimore.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''USCGC Taney (museum ship)'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[WHEC-37]]''' '''{{nowrap|([[hull number]])}}'''
| [[Baltimore]]
| data-sort-value="US-MD" | MD
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.01|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.01|format=mdy}}
| Living Classrooms Foundation, the ship's steward, has removed the previous name from the [[United States Coast Guard Cutter]], and it is now referred to by its hull identification number, WHEC-37.{{efn|The ship is "the last surviving warship which was present (and fought) at the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]".{{r|whec37.nps}} It is a [[National Historic Landmark]] located in Baltimore's [[Inner Harbor]].{{r|whec37.livingclassrooms}}}} [[Roger B. Taney]] was a [[Chief Justice of the United States]] who authored the majority opinion in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'', declaring that all African Americans were not, and could not become, American citizens, regardless of whether they were enslaved or not.
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Hallie |date=2020-07-02 |title=Roger B. Taney’s name removed from historic Pearl Harbor ship in Baltimore |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2020/07/02/roger-b-taneys-name-removed-from-historic-pearl-harbor-ship-in-baltimore/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905101236/https://www.baltimoresun.com/2020/07/02/roger-b-taneys-name-removed-from-historic-pearl-harbor-ship-in-baltimore/ |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="whec37.livingclassrooms">Living Classrooms. [https://livingclassrooms.org/commitment-removing-national-symbols-racism-educating-youth-nations-history-leads-living-classrooms-foundation-remove-roger-b-taneys-racist-legacy-former/ Commitment to Removing National Symbols of Racism and Educating Youth about our Nation’s History Leads Living Classrooms Foundation to Remove Roger B. Taney's Racist Legacy from Former Coast Guard Cutter in Baltimore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707022149/https://livingclassrooms.org/commitment-removing-national-symbols-racism-educating-youth-nations-history-leads-living-classrooms-foundation-remove-roger-b-taneys-racist-legacy-former/ |date=July 7, 2020 }}. ''Living Classrooms''. Retrieved 7 July 2020</ref> <ref name="whec37.nps">{{cite web |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/acb98111-e22e-4b5f-9103-c38e5e996eb3 |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form |access-date=July 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705093616/https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/acb98111-e22e-4b5f-9103-c38e5e996eb3 |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Plimoth Plantation Fence.JPG|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Plimoth Plantation'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Plimoth Patuxet]]'''
| [[Plymouth, Massachusetts|Plymouth]]
| data-sort-value="US-MA" | MA
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.06|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.06|format=mdy}}
| Plimoth Plantation announced a change of name for its 400th anniversary, and is using "Plimoth [[Patuxet]]" on its interim logo.
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plimoth.org/news-press/commemorating-400-years-reflecting-on-our-mission |title=Commemorating 400 Years, Reflecting On Our Mission |website=plimoth.org |date=July 6, 2020 |access-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/07/12/metro/plimoth-plantation-undergo-name-change/ |title=Plimoth Plantation to undergo a name change |first=Lucas |last=Phillips |website=[[The Boston Globe]] |url-access=limited |date=July 12, 2020 |access-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=2020-07-13|title=Plimoth Plantation Name Change Will Better Represent Indigenous People|url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2020/07/13/plimoth-plantation-wampanoag-people-plymouth-pilgrims-living-museum-name-changes/|access-date=2020-11-24}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ttwentworthmuseum.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''T. T. Wentworth Jr. Florida State Museum'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Pensacola Museum of History]] at the University of West Florida'''
| [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]]
| data-sort-value="US-FL" | FL
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.07.13|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2021.03.18|format=mdy}}
| [[University of West Florida]] Historic Trust planned to change the name after learning that Wentworth was "the leader of the Ku Klux Klan in [[Escambia County, Florida|Escambia County]]". Wentworth had become an [[Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary|Exalted Cyclops]] in 1925, and the collection of memorabilia he donated to the state in 1983 eventually became the museum that was named after him in 1988. On March 18, 2021, the UWF Historic Trust board voted to change the name of the museum in a 5–4 decision with a new name "Pensacola Museum of History at the University of West Florida".
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=UWF Historic Trust to rename museum, learns T.T Wentworth Jr. was a KKK leader
|newspaper=[[WEAR-TV|WEAR]]
|date=July 13, 2020
| url=https://weartv.com/news/local/uwf-historic-trust-to-rename-museum-learns-tt-wentworth-jr-was-a-kkk-leader}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2020/07/13/t-t-wentworth-kkk-leader-1920-s-uwf-historic-trust-looks-change-museum-name/5429495002/ |title=T.T. Wentworth was KKK leader in 1920s. Now UWF Historic Trust looks to change museum name |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714152607/https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2020/07/13/t-t-wentworth-kkk-leader-1920-s-uwf-historic-trust-looks-change-museum-name/5429495002/ |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pnj.com/story/opinion/2020/07/14/who-becomes-keepers-history-garners-full-letter-city-council/5433062002/ |title=Who becomes the 'keeper of history?': Garner's full letter to city council |access-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715013705/https://www.pnj.com/story/opinion/2020/07/14/who-becomes-keepers-history-garners-full-letter-city-council/5433062002/ |archive-date=July 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2021/03/18/uwf-board-votes-change-t-t-wentworth-museum-name-over-kkk-ties/4745905001/ |title = UWF board votes to change T.T. Wentworth museum name over KKK ties |access-date=September 17, 2023 |first=Emma |last=Kennedy }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:San Diego Museum of Man 01.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''San Diego Museum of Man'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Museum of Us]]''' 
| [[San Diego]]
| data-sort-value="US-CA" | [[California|CA]]
| US
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.02|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|abbr=on|2020.08.02|format=mdy}}
| On {{dts|2020.06.24|format=mdy}}, the board of trustees approved the name change. The new name was chosen to "better reflect [ the museum's] work towards equity, inclusion, and decolonization".
| <ref>{{cite web|title=San Diego Museum of Man Announces Inclusive Name Change|url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/san-diego-museum-of-man-abruptly-changes-name/2377451/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=NBC 7 San Diego|date=2 August 2020 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=2020-08-02|title=As it moves forward with decolonizing, Museum of Man gets a new name|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/story/2020-08-02/museum-of-man-name-change|access-date=2020-08-02|website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://museumofus.org/allaboutus/|title=Museum Renaming Process|website=Museum of Us|access-date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806150648/https://museumofus.org/allaboutus/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

== Decision pending ==
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-  style="background:#ffd;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | ''various''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[Lagos]]
| data-sort-value="NG-LA" | {{smallcaps|[[Lagos State|La]]}}
| {{smallcaps|[[Nigeria|Ng]]}}
| The [[Lagos State House of Assembly]] unanimously passed a motion to call on [[Lagos State]] [[Lagos State Governor|Governor]] [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] "to direct the Commissioner for Tourism, Arts and Culture to liaise with the Attorney-General and Commissioner for Justice to look at the Listed Sites (Prevention) Law, 2015" with the intention of removing references of colonialism and the slave trade. Floyd's murder and the removal of the [[statue of Edward Colston]] in Bristol were explicitly referenced.
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/400406-lagos-lawmakers-demand-renaming-of-buildings-streets-named-after-colonial-masters.html|title=Lagos lawmakers demand renaming of buildings, streets named after colonial masters|date=June 30, 2020|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702151305/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/400406-lagos-lawmakers-demand-renaming-of-buildings-streets-named-after-colonial-masters.html|archive-date=July 2, 2020|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/400567-lawyers-activists-react-to-lagos-lawmakers-demand-to-rename-buildings-streets-named-after-colonial-masters.html|title=Lawyers, activists react to Lagos lawmakers' demand to rename buildings, streets named after colonial masters|date=July 1, 2020|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704045743/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/400567-lawyers-activists-react-to-lagos-lawmakers-demand-to-rename-buildings-streets-named-after-colonial-masters.html|archive-date=July 4, 2020|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/03/africa/africa-campaign-rename-streets-intl/index.html|title=From Uganda to Nigeria, activists are calling on their governments to remove colonialists' names from streets|author=Bukola Adebayo and Samson Ntale|website=CNN|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703211207/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/03/africa/africa-campaign-rename-streets-intl/index.html|archive-date=July 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#ffd;"
| [[File:Luton Christian Fellowship - geograph.org.uk - 944803.jpg|100px|Luton Christian Fellowship. Hibbert Street is on the left]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Hibbert Street'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[Luton]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| [[Luton Borough Council]] decided to change the name of a street named after [[Robert Hibbert (1717–1784)|Robert Hibbert]], a wealthy slave owner who "set up 12 cottages in Castle Street as a charity for poor widows" that were later replaced by almshouses on the street that bears his name. Consultation with the street's residents, required by local law, has been planned to start in the coming weeks.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Praise for plans to change name of Luton street honouring 'particularly inhumane' slave owner
|first=Stewart
|last=Carr
|publisher=Luton Today
|date=July 5, 2020
|url=https://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/people/praise-plans-change-name-luton-street-honouring-particularly-inhumane-slave-owner-2904567
|access-date=July 6, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706201012/https://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/people/praise-plans-change-name-luton-street-honouring-particularly-inhumane-slave-owner-2904567
|archive-date=July 6, 2020
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#ffd;"
| [[File:Tillman Hall 2008.jpg|100px|Tillman Hall]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Tillman Hall at Clemson University|Tillman Hall]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Old Main'''
| [[Clemson, South Carolina|Clemson]]
| data-sort-value="US-SC" | SC
| US
| [[Clemson University]] Board of Trustees decided to rename one of their buildings. [[Benjamin Tillman|"Pitchfork" Ben Tillman]] was a "governor and white supremacist" who "used virulent racism to dominate South Carolina politics". The Heritage Act requires two-thirds approval from [[South Carolina General Assembly]] to rename the building.
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Nicholson|first=Zoe|title=Clemson removes John C. Calhoun's name from Honors College, asks to rename Tillman Hall|url=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/2020/06/12/clemson-university-removes-john-c-calhouns-name-honors-college/5341257002/|access-date=2020-06-13|website=The Greenville News}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=2020-06-13|title=Clemson to strip name of John C Calhoun from honors college|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/13/clemson-john-c-calhoun-slavery-honors-college|access-date=2020-06-13|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613201352/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/13/clemson-john-c-calhoun-slavery-honors-college|archive-date=June 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#ffd;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[J. Marion Sims]] {{nowrap|(residence hall)}}'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]]
| data-sort-value="US-SC" | SC
| US
| President of [[University of South Carolina]] endorsed a resolution to rename [[J. Marion Sims]] residence hall. Sims "performed hundreds of medical experimentations on enslaved African American women". Board of Trustees approved unanimously. The Heritage Act requires two-thirds approval from [[South Carolina General Assembly]] to rename the building.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sc.edu/about/our_leadership/president/presidential_communications/message_bob_caslen_sims_renaming.php|title=A Message from President Bob Caslen|publisher=University of South Carolina|date=June 15, 2020|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041242/https://sc.edu/about/our_leadership/president/presidential_communications/message_bob_caslen_sims_renaming.php|archive-date=June 23, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wltx.com/article/news/local/university-of-south-carolina-trustees-j-marion-sims-hall/101-ae01ba60-fb85-4d7e-aafe-80c0001cec74|title=USC approves asking lawmakers to take name off Sims dorm on campus|website=wltx.com|date=June 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#ffd;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Robert E. Lee Road'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Buffalo Soldier Road'''
| [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]]
| data-sort-value="US-TX" | TX
| US
| City Council voted unanimously for the change. Must be reviewed by Development Coordinating Committee and approved by City Plan Commission before returning to City Council for another approval. [[Buffalo Soldier]]s were "the first Black professional soldiers to serve during peacetime".
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elpasoinc.com/news/local_news/robert-e-lee-road-to-be-renamed/image_f120e226-b92b-11ea-80bf-777c1420f887.html |title=Robert E. Lee Road to be renamed |date=28 June 2020 |access-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701062657/http://www.elpasoinc.com/news/local_news/robert-e-lee-road-to-be-renamed/image_f120e226-b92b-11ea-80bf-777c1420f887.html |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-  style="background:#ffd;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''John C. Calhoun Drive'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[Orangeburg, South Carolina|Orangeburg]]
| data-sort-value="US-SC" | SC
| US
| Orangeburg City Council voted unanimously to rename the road. The Heritage Act requires two-thirds approval from [[South Carolina General Assembly]] to rename the road.
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Orangeburg City Council votes to remove Confederate statue, rename road
|first1=Patrick
|last1=Phillips
|first2=Harve
|last2=Jacobs
|date=June 30, 2020
|url=https://www.live5news.com/2020/06/30/group-holds-protest-demand-removal-confederate-statue-orangeburg/
|newspaper=[[WCSC-TV|WCSC]] (live5news.com)}}
</ref>
|-  style="background:#ffd;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Jordan Hall<hr/>Jordan River<hr/>Jordan Avenue<hr/>Jordan {{nowrap|Parking Garage}}<hr/>David Starr Jordan Prize'''<hr/>''possibly others''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]
| data-sort-value="US-IN" | [[Indiana|IN]]
| US
| The president of [[Indiana University]] formed a committee to review sites and awards named for [[David Starr Jordan]], a former university president and prominent supporter of [[eugenics]]. The committee was also tasked with reviewing "all buildings on the nine [Indiana University] campuses and remov[ing] names of anyone whose statements and writings are judged unworthy of the recognition".
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=IU to review all named buildings on its nine campuses
|first=Zach
|last=Osterman
|newspaper=[[The Indianapolis Star]]
|date=June 18, 2020
|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/college/indiana/2020/06/18/iu-review-all-named-buildings-its-campuses-starting-jordan-hall/3209628001/
|access-date=July 6, 2020}}
</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.iu.edu/stories/2020/07/iub/releases/02-jordan-review-committee-appointed.html|title=Committee to review Jordan namings on IU Bloomington campus|first=Chuck|last=Carney|date=July 2, 2020|website=News at IU|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706230727/https://news.iu.edu/stories/2020/07/iub/releases/02-jordan-review-committee-appointed.html|archive-date=July 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#ffd;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Clarence Cook Little Hall'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[Orono, Maine|Orono]]
| data-sort-value="US-ME" | [[Maine|ME]]
| US
| The president of the [[University of Maine]] announced on June 29 that he would request that the University of Maine System Board of Trustees remove the name of [[C. C. Little]], the founder of the [[Society for Biodemography and Social Biology|American Eugenics Society]], from a lecture hall.
| <ref name="Science_20200702"/> <ref>{{cite web |title=Community message — June 29 |url=https://umaine.edu/president/2020/06/29/community-message-june-29/ |website=Office of the President, University of Maine |access-date=7 July 2020 |date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707133503/https://umaine.edu/president/2020/06/29/community-message-june-29/ |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2018/03/31/umaine-wont-rename-lecture-hall-because-of-namesakes-history/|title=UMaine has no plan to follow Michigan in stripping former president's name from building|first=Eric|last= Russell|date=March 31, 2018|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617010310/https://www.pressherald.com/2018/03/31/umaine-wont-rename-lecture-hall-because-of-namesakes-history/|archive-date=June 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://umaine.edu/president/umaine-presidents/clarence-cook-little/|title=Clarence Cook Little – Office of the President – University of Maine|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418222235/https://umaine.edu/president/umaine-presidents/clarence-cook-little/|archive-date=April 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#ffd;"
| [[File:Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA - historical marker.jpg|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Washington and Lee University]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[Lexington, Virginia|Lexington]]
| data-sort-value="US-VA" | VA
| US
| [[Rector (academia)|Rector]] of the Board of Trustees reported that "a committee of the board would embark on a review of the symbols and name of the university". Faculty had formally requested the trustees to remove Lee's name the previous day, and student government had requested the change the previous week. On June 4, 2021, after 11 months of deliberation, the committee voted 22-6 to keep the name.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas|first=Pat|title=Washington and Lee University will not change name|url=https://www.wdbj7.com/2021/06/04/washington-and-lee-university-will-not-change-name/|access-date=2021-06-05|website=www.wdbj7.com|date=June 4, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Faculty resoundingly votes to change the name of Washington and Lee
|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]
|date=July 6, 2020
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/07/06/faculty-resoundingly-votes-change-name-washington-lee/
|last=Svrluga
|first=Susan
|access-date=July 7, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707144631/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/07/06/faculty-resoundingly-votes-change-name-washington-lee/
|archive-date=July 7, 2020
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#ffd;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Columbus Park'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Piazza Italia Park'''
| [[San Antonio]]
| data-sort-value="US-TX" | [[Texas|TX]]
| US
| San Antonio's City Council was scheduled to vote on the renaming on {{dts|2020.08.13}}. A statue of Columbus was removed from the park on {{dts|2020.07.01|format=mdy}} after it was vandalized.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://therivardreport.com/city-council-to-vote-on-renaming-of-columbus-park-to-piazza-italia-park/|title=City Council to Vote on Renaming of Columbus Park to Piazza Italia Park|first=Iris|last=Dimmick|date=July 17, 2020|website=Rivard Report|access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Proposals with official backing ==
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="text-align:left"
|-
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Image
! rowspan=2 | Old
! rowspan=2 | New
! colspan=3 | Location
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | Details
! class="unsortable" rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!   
!   
!   
|-  style="background:#fed;"
| [[File:DundasStreetSign.png|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Dundas Street]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[Toronto]]
| data-sort-value="CA-ON" | [[Ontario|ON]]
| {{smallcaps|[[Canada|Ca]]}}
| On {{dts|abbr=on|2020.06.10}}, Toronto mayor [[John Tory]] stated that a working group would be formed "to examine the issue of renaming streets" in response to a petition about the street named after [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville]]. The proposal also received support from Ontario NDP leader [[Andrea Horwath]]. Dundas allegedly prolonged Britain's involvement in slavery by 15 years as he had "made himself the champion of 'gradual' abolition of the slave trade".{{pb}}The city's final report, published in {{dts|abbr=on|2021.06.18}}, supported renaming the street. The city's process also sparked reviews of the use of the Dundas name in other areas of the province, including [[Mississauga]], [[London, Ontario|London]] and [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]].{{pb}}On {{dts|abbr=on|2021.07.06}}, the City of Toronto's executive committee unanimously supported the renaming of Dundas Street.
| <ref name="dundasstreet.ctv">{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/article/hundreds-sign-petition-demanding-toronto-rename-major-street-due-to-racism-concerns/|title=Hundreds sign petition demanding Toronto rename major street due to racism concerns|date=June 10, 2020|website=CTV News Toronto|access-date=July 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701063317/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/hundreds-sign-petition-demanding-toronto-rename-major-street-due-to-racism-concerns-1.4977565|archive-date=July 1, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="dundasstreet.cbc">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/dundas-street-renaming-petition-1.5606540 |title=Thousands sign petition to rename Dundas Street, named for politician who delayed abolition of slavery |access-date=July 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628235737/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/dundas-street-renaming-petition-1.5606540 |archive-date=June 28, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="dundasstreet.narcity">{{cite web |url=https://www.narcity.com/people/ca/on/toronto/the-dundas-renaming-petition-is-inspiring-other-ontarians-to-launch-similar-campaigns |title=The Dundas Petition Guy Is Inspiring Ontarians To Call For More Name Changes |date=June 12, 2020 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712221427/https://www.narcity.com/people/ca/on/toronto/the-dundas-renaming-petition-is-inspiring-other-ontarians-to-launch-similar-campaigns |archive-date=July 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/dundas-henry-1742-1811|title=DUNDAS, Henry (1742–1811), of Melville Castle, Edinburgh. | History of Parliament Online|website=historyofparliamentonline.org|access-date=July 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622041421/https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/dundas-henry-1742-1811|archive-date=June 22, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/scotland/article/rewording-of-henry-dundas-plaque-bad-history-says-sir-tom-devine-2bc5f3jw8|title = Rewording of Henry Dundas plaque bad history, says Sir Tom Devine|last1 = Horne|first1 = Marc}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2021/ex/bgrd/backgroundfile-168523.pdf |title=Recognition Review Project Update and Response to the Dundas Street Renaming Petition |date=June 18, 2021 |publisher=Toronto.ca}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Knope |first1=Julia |title=Toronto's executive committee unanimously supports renaming Dundas Street |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-dundas-street-renaming-1.6091653 |work=CBC News |date=July 6, 2021}}</ref>

|-  style="background:#fed;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | various
| style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
| [[London]]
| data-sort-value="GB-ENG" | {{smallcaps|[[England|Eng]]}}
| UK
| London mayor [[Sadiq Khan]] announced that [[street names]] in London with links to slavery are being reviewed.
| <ref>{{cite news|date=2020-06-09|title=London slavery statue removed from outside museum|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-52977088|access-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609135511/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-52977088|archive-date=June 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#fed;"
|rowspan=3|[[File:Victoria lake landsat 7.png|100px]]
| style="text-align: center" | '''Colville Street'''
|rowspan=3 style="text-align: center" | {{sort||''TBD''}}
|rowspan=3  data-sort-value="" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
|rowspan=3  data-sort-value="" | {{color|#808080|''n/a''}}
|rowspan=3| {{smallcaps|[[Uganda|Ug]]}}
|rowspan=3| A petition calling on the government to remove the names of several British colonial figures was presented to parliament by lawyer [[Apollo Makubuya]], former [[High Court of Uganda|Principal Judge]] [[James Munange Ogoola|James Ogoola]], and [[Parliament of Uganda|Member of Parliament]] Medard Segona. Makubuya explained "our petition has been given a new momentum" because of the George Floyd protests. Speaker [[Rebecca Kadaga]] announced plans to convene a task force for the renaming and [[Kampala]] lord mayor [[Erias Lukwago]] described the motivation as "removing the names of dictators and people who committed crimes against humanity from our streets".
|rowspan=3| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/01/decolonise-and-rename-streets-of-uganda-and-sudan-activists-urge|title='Decolonise and rename' streets of Uganda and Sudan, activists urge|first1=Samuel Okiror Jason|last1=Burke|first2=Zeinab Mohammed|last2=Salih|newspaper=The Guardian |date=July 1, 2020|via=www.theguardian.com|access-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704012141/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/01/decolonise-and-rename-streets-of-uganda-and-sudan-activists-urge|archive-date=July 4, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=NANSUBUGA|first=PROSSY|date=2020-06-26|title=Ugandans petition Govt to rename, decolonize Kampala streets|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/ugandans-petition-govt-to-rename-decolonize-kampala-streets/|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Independent Uganda}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Ugandan campaigners seek to decolonise Kampala's streets|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/ugandan-campaigners-seek-decolonise-kampala-streets-200625152244379.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=aljazeera.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Gitta|first=Alex|date=2020-06-26|title=Ugandans seek to rid capital of colonialist names|url=https://www.dw.com/en/ugandans-seek-to-rid-capital-of-colonialist-names/a-53869694|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623221713/https://www.dw.com/en/ugandans-seek-to-rid-capital-of-colonialist-names/a-53869694|archive-date=June 23, 2020|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#fed;"
| style="text-align: center" | '''King's African Rifles Drive'''
|-  style="background:#fed;"
| style="text-align: center" | '''Speke Road'''
|-  style="background:#fed;"
|rowspan=2|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Jefferson Davis Parkway'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Norman C. Francis Parkway'''
|rowspan=2| [[New Orleans]]
|rowspan=2 data-sort-value="US-LA" | [[Louisiana|LA]]
|rowspan=2| US
|rowspan=2| Both petitions were created by the Vice Chairman of New Orleans' Regional Transit Authority.
|rowspan=2| <ref name="roads.neworleans.wwltv">{{cite web|title=Jefferson Davis Parkway could be renamed for Norman Francis|url=https://www.wwltv.com/article/news/local/orleans/new-orleans-rename-confederate-streets-jefferson-davis-parkway-could-be-renamed-for-norman-francis/289-2da59582-420c-4bbf-ae2d-321674c2c9ca|access-date=2020-06-24|website=wwltv.com|date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625060250/https://www.wwltv.com/article/news/local/orleans/new-orleans-rename-confederate-streets-jefferson-davis-parkway-could-be-renamed-for-norman-francis/289-2da59582-420c-4bbf-ae2d-321674c2c9ca|archive-date=June 25, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#fed;"
| style="text-align: center" | '''Robert E. Lee Boulevard'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Leah Chase Boulevard'''
|- style="background:#fed;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''Muskego Post Office'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Colonel Hans Christian Heg Post Office'''
| [[Muskego, Wisconsin|Muskego]]
| [[Wisconsin|WI]]
| US
| In response to [[Hans Christian Heg#Vandalizing of Heg's statue in Madison, Wisconsin|vandalism]] of the [[statue of Hans Christian Heg]], which was targeted during the George Floyd protest even though Heg was an abolitionist and the publisher of an anti-slavery newspaper, Rep. US Representative [[Bryan Steil]] introduced a bill to rename a post office in [[Muskego, Wisconsin|Muskego]] the "Colonel Hans Christian Heg Post Office".
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Andrea|first=Lawrence|title=Congressman proposes naming Wisconsin post office after abolitionist Hans Christian Heg, whose Madison statue was destroyed|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/25/madison-statues-bill-seeks-name-post-office-hans-christian-heg/3260344001/|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Steil|first=Bryan|date=2020-06-25|title=Cosponsors - H.R.7329 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): To designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at S74w16860 Janesville Road, in Muskego, Wisconsin, as the "Colonel Hans Christian Heg Post Office".|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/7329/cosponsors|access-date=2022-01-27|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>
|- style="background:#fed;"
|
| style="text-align: center" | '''[[Confederation Bridge]]'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''Epekwitk Crossing'''
| [[Borden-Carleton]] / [[Cape Jourimain]]
| [[Prince Edward Island|PEI]] / [[New Brunswick|NB]]
| {{smallcaps|[[Canada|Ca]]}}
| In April 2022, the legislature of Prince Edward Island unanimously voted in favor of renaming the Confederation Bridge—opened and named as such in 1997—to Epekwitk Crossing, "as way to uphold rights of Indigenous people". The structure connects the Canadian island province of [[Prince Edward Island]] to the mainland of contiguous [[North America]]. The "Confederation" in the original name refers to the 1867 [[Canadian confederation|Confederation of Canada]], while "Epekwitk" is the indigenous [[Mi'kmaq]] name for Prince Edward Island. The name change must be approved by the Canadian federal government.
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-confederation-bridge-name-epekwitk-crossing-1.6435413|date=April 29, 2022|accessdate=May 1, 2022|work=CBC|title=P.E.I. legislature calls for Confederation Bridge to be renamed Epekwitk Crossing}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests]]
*[[List of U.S. Army installations named for Confederate soldiers]]
*[[Naming Commission]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite magazine |last1=Chotiner |first1=Isaac |title=How San Francisco Renamed Its Schools |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-san-francisco-renamed-its-schools |magazine=The New Yorker |date=February 6, 2021}}
*St. Clair, Jeff (June 5, 2021). [https://www.npr.org/2021/06/05/1002944505/monuments-and-teams-have-changed-names-as-america-reckons-with-racism-birds-are- "Monuments And Teams Have Changed Names As America Reckons With Racism. Birds Are Next"] ''NPR.''

{{George Floyd protests}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Name changes due to the George Floyd protests}}
[[Category:Aftermath of the George Floyd protests]]
[[Category:Naming controversies]]
[[Category:Name changes due to the George Floyd protests|*]]

S8UL Esports

2026-04-26T16:05:11Z

Tijusacademy:

{{Short description|Indian esports organization}}
{{Infobox sports team
| name = S8UL Esports
| logo = S8UL ESports logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| founded = 2018
| website = [https://s8ul.gg/ official website]
| short_name = S8UL
| city = [[Mumbai]], India
| owner = Animesh Agarwal (Thug) Lokesh Jain (Goldy) [[Mortal (gamer)|Naman Mathur (MortaL)]] Sumit Sovarasia
| divisions = ''[[Apex Legends]] [[BGMI]] [[Call of Duty: Warzone]] [[Chess]] [[EA Sports FC]] [[Fatal Fury]] [[Fortnite]] [[Free Fire (video game)|Free Fire]] [[Honor of Kings]] [[League of Legends]] [[Mobile Legends]] [[Pokémon Go]] [[Pokémon Unite]] [[PUBG: Battlegrounds]] [[Street Fighter 6]] [[Tekken]] [[Trackmania (2020 video game)|TrackMania]] [[Valorant]]''
| partners = [[iQOO]] [[Monster Energy]]
}}

'''S8UL Esports''' is an Indian [[esports]] and content creation organization based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=S8UL |url=https://s8ul.gg/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=s8ul.live}}</ref> The team has competed in titles such as ''[[Battlegrounds Mobile India]]'' (BGMI), ''[[Pokémon Unite]]'', and ''[[Call of Duty: Mobile]]'', and employs several [[YouTube]] content creators. The organization was formed as a result of a collaboration between Team Soul (owned by [[Mortal (gamer)|Naman "Mortal" Mathur]]) and Team 8bit (founded by Animesh "Thug" Agarwal and Lokesh "Goldy" Jain).<ref>{{Cite web |title=S8UL Esports Organization Overview {{!}} Esports Charts |url=https://escharts.com/organizations/s8ul-esports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803023840/https://escharts.com/organizations/s8ul-esports |archive-date=2023-08-03 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=escharts.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
S8UL was officially formed in 2020 as a result of the merger of the teams Team Soul and 8bit Creatives. The name "S8UL" combines "Soul" and "8bit" symbolizing the union of the two brands.<ref name="IGN2020">{{cite web |title=Soul and 8Bit Unite to Form S8UL Esports |url=https://in.ign.com/esports/ |website=IGN India |date=2020}}</ref><ref name="AFK2021">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Rishi |title=S8UL: India’s Most Influential Gaming Clan? |url=https://afkgaming.com/esports/news/s8ul-esports-india |website=AFK Gaming |date=2021}}</ref>

In 2025, S8UL was selected to represent India at the [[2025 Esports World Cup |Esports World Cup 2025]], held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The organization participated in multiple titles under the Indian delegation, including ''Battlegrounds Mobile India'' and ''Apex Legends''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-18 |title=S8UL becomes first Indian team to be selected at Esports World Cup 2025 as Club Partner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/esports/news/s8ul-becomes-first-indian-team-to-be-selected-at-esports-world-cup-2025-as-club-partner/articleshow/119144908.cms |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=S8UL Esports becomes World's First Organization To Win Content Group Of The Year Title Three Years In A Row |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/s8ul-esports-becomes-worlds-first-organization-to-win-content-group-of-the-year-title-three-years-in-a-row-6420615 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=NDTV Sports |language=en}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
S8UL operates out of a gaming facility in Mumbai, often referred to as the S8UL Gaming House. The house includes training rooms, content studios, and collaboration areas.<ref name="ITG2022">{{cite web |title=Inside the S8UL Gaming House |url=https://www.indiatodaygaming.com/story/s8ul-gaming-house |website=India Today Gaming |date=2022}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
'''PUBG Mobile/BGMI - Team SouL'''
* PMIS: 2019
* PMCO India: 2019
* BMPS: 2022
* BGIS: 2026

'''Pokémon UNITE'''
* Pokémon UNITE Championship Series - INDIA: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026

'''VALORANT'''
* VCSA Split 1: 2026

'''League of Legends'''
* Legends Ascend South Asia: 2025

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Category !! Award !! Result !! Reference
|-
| 2022 || Content Group of the Year || Esports Awards || {{Won}} || <ref name="Esports2022">{{cite web |title=S8UL Wins Esports Awards 2022 – Content Group of the Year |url=https://esportsawards.com |website=Esports Awards |date=2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Content Group of the Year || Esports Awards || {{Won}} || <ref name="AFK2023">{{cite web |title=S8UL Creates History: Wins Again in 2023 Esports Awards |url=https://afkgaming.com/s8ul-2023-win |website=AFK Gaming |date=2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || Content Group of the Year || Esports Awards || {{Won}} || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=AnimationXpress |date=2024-08-26 |title=S8UL Esports wins Content Group of the Year title for the third time in a row |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/s8ul-wins-content-group-of-the-year-title-at-esports-awards-2024/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Mobile Gaming|| MOBIES Award || {{won}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=S8UL wins MOBIES award for global impact in mobile gaming at Los Angeles |url=https://mediabrief.com/s8ul-wins-mobies-award-for-global-impact-in-mobile-gaming-at-los-angeles/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2025 || Content Group of the Year || Esports Awards || {{Won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=S8UL makes history at the Esports Awards 2025, becomes first Indian organisation to win two major honours - ET Edge Insights|url=https://etedge-insights.com/trending/s8ul-makes-history-at-the-esports-awards-2025-becomes-first-indian-organisation-to-win-two-major-honours/,%20https://etedge-insights.com/trending/s8ul-makes-history-at-the-esports-awards-2025-becomes-first-indian-organisation-to-win-two-major-honours/|date=2025-11-20|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en-US|first=ET Edge|last=Insights}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://s8ul.live Official website]

[[Category:Esports teams based in India]]
[[Category:Esports teams established in 2020]]
[[Category:Call of Duty teams]]
[[Category:Valorant teams]]
[[Category:Battlegrounds Mobile India teams]]
[[Category:Pokémon Unite teams]]

International Sahaja Public School

2026-04-25T03:39:07Z

Tijusacademy: made first info needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| city = [[Dharamshala]]
| country = [[India]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Sahaja Yoga]]
| established = {{start year and age|1990}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
}}

The '''International Sahaja Public School''' in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], India is a school run by the [[Sahaja Yoga]] movement. The school was founded in 1990.

==Overview==


The school is located in the [[Dhauladhar|Himalayas]], above [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] in the [[Kangra district]], near [[McLeod Ganj]], at an altitude of more than 1700m. Children coming to the school must have previously been brought up in Sahaja Yoga culture and understand the importance of meditation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isps.edu.in/site/index.asp?pageid=63 |title=ISPS, Dharamshala |access-date=25 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121105525/http://www.isps.edu.in/site/index.asp?pageid=63 |archive-date=21 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their education is based on the teachings of [H.H.Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi].<ref name="sukhmani"/> Students "learn the basic principles of Sahaja Yoga ... the tenets of Hinduism and worship the school’s patron".<ref name="sukhmani">[http://www.hvk.org/articles/1200/148.html "A School for tradition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312204542/http://www.hvk.org/articles/1200/148.html |date=12 March 2007 }}, The Indian Express, 24 December 2000, by Sukhmani Singh</ref>

The [[medium of instruction]] is English. Subjects (as followed by the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] curriculum) include standard courses as well as English, German, [[Indian classical music|Indian Classical Music]] (including instruments), and [[Indian classical dance|Indian Classical dance]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cisce.org/cisce/ProgramFile/InfoGallery/HomePage/Click.asp?LinkName=SLB&strLinkName=Syllabus |title=ICSE syllabus |access-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421224122/http://www.cisce.org/cisce/ProgramFile/InfoGallery/HomePage/Click.asp?LinkName=SLB&strLinkName=Syllabus |archive-date=21 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Mixed views==

Judith Coney reports that the school has accepted children from the age of four and notes that "often very young children are separated from their natural parents for prolonged periods, as they usually stay in India for nine months".<ref>Coney, Judith (1999) ''Sahaja Yoga: Socializing Processes in a South Asian New Religious Movement'', (London: Curzon Press) {{ISBN|0-7007-1061-2}} p159</ref> An Indian newspaper article published in 2000 reported that students at the time were aged six and above.<ref name="sukhmani"/>

===Criticism of the International Sahaja Public School ===
==== 1. Disputed Historical Claims ====
According to firsthand testimonies and archival photographs, before its official founding in Dharamshala in April 1990, the International Sahaja Public School (ISPS) temporarily operated in Vashi, Mumbai. This early phase, reportedly beginning in 1989, included a small group of children sent from Western Sahaja Yoga families—primarily from Switzerland, Germany, France, India and the United States. Testimonies from former students describe this phase as highly regimented, with a focus on spiritual "cleansing" and behavioral correction. These accounts conflict with a 2000 Indian newspaper article that claimed the school only accepted students aged six and above after its founding.<ref name="sukhmani"/> Children were reportedly encouraged to "cleanse" themselves from Western habits and cultural influences, which were seen as incompatible with the Sahaja Yoga way of life. Some students were reportedly sent back due to having "bad vibrations," a concept central to Sahaja Yoga beliefs. One such case involves a French student referred to as "Minakshi," who was allegedly returned for this reason.<ref name="Shri Mataji">Shri Mataji talks about the funny behavior of certain children in ISPS School and the consequences of not serving Sahaj yoga</ref>

[[File:1989 Dharamsala-2.jpg|thumb|right|Photograph of original hut used during the first student stay in Dharamsala, 1989. Private archive. Evidence contradicts official founding date.]]
[[File:1989 Dharamsala school.jpg|thumb|right|Original picture of ISPS in Dharamsala, 1989. Source: private archive.]]
[[File:Onboard1989.jpg|thumb|right|Onboarding the bus before departure to school in Dharamsala, 1989. Private archive. Evidence contradicts official founding date.]]

Official school communications state that admission was open to children aged six and above. However, multiple first-person testimonies suggest that children younger than six, in some cases as young as four, were accepted during the early operational phase. This raises concerns regarding age-appropriate care and developmental support.<ref name="Siddhi">Siddhi was born into the Sahaja Yoga movement, with her parents' marriage arranged by the guru, Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi. A former student of ISPS School. Personal recollection of early days at ISPS, 1989. Supporting photos are archived privately and are available upon request.</ref>
<ref name="Coney1999">Coney, Judith. ''Sahaja Yoga''. Routledge, 1999.</ref>
<ref name="Anonym testimony">Adverse experiences from international Sahaja Yoga schools</ref>

[[File:1989 first group children-12.jpg|thumb|right|Assembly before class starts, 1989. Source: private archive.]]
[[File:1989 first group children-5.jpg|thumb|right|Dining hall Dharamsala, 1989. Source: private archive.]]

==== 2. Spiritual Practices and Child Development ====
Accounts from former students describe an environment in which Sahaja Yoga ideology dominated the educational and disciplinary framework. Terms like "vibrations," "chakra problems," and "collectivity" were used to interpret children's behavior, health, and social integration. Critics argue that this amounted to spiritual bypassing, where psychological and emotional needs were subordinated to religious goals.<ref name="Siddhi"/>
<ref name="Coney1999"/> The school hired local teachers who reportedly lacked formal training in early childhood education or fluency in English, creating communication barriers and an emotionally unsafe environment. Report cards were said to emphasize adherence to Sahaja Yoga values and collective behavior over academic or developmental milestones.

Not only Swiss children were reported to have received preferential treatment. An Indian girl named Pragya, one of the first children at the school, was also perceived to enjoy privileges. Her father reportedly owned the land on which the school was built, and she frequently visited him at a nearby house on the school campus. This proximity and connection were seen as conferring higher status compared to other students.

[[File:Vashii bedroom in Sahaja Yoga center.jpg|thumb|right|Girls' Dormitory in Vashi with over 30 beds, 1989–1990. Source: private archive.]]
[[File:Vashi Sahaja Yoga center.jpg|thumb|right|The children from the west need to cleanse their chakras by footsoaking and other treatments, 1989. Source: private archive.]]

==== 3. Social Hierarchies and Exclusion ====
The foundation of the ISPS and Sahaja Yoga's family structures has been criticized as fostering [[social exclusion]] and psychological strain.<ref name="Anonym testimony"/><ref name="Coney1999"/> In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Sahaja Yoga marriages were often arranged by the movement's guru as spiritual tests. One former student, Siddhi, was born to such a marriage that dissolved during her early childhood. Her single-parent status reportedly led to bullying and exclusion within the school. Students whose parents had personal connections to the guru allegedly received preferential treatment, and social hierarchies emerged, with Swiss children often enjoying higher status. These dynamics contributed to identity crises among students, particularly when they returned to Western countries and felt alienated from both their culture of origin and the Sahaja Yoga community.<ref name="Siddhi"/>

==== 4. Controversial Pedagogical Practices ====
Critics argue that the ISPS educational approach was heavily influenced by Sahaja Yoga's spiritual doctrines, particularly the practice of chakra cleansing. This was promoted as a necessary activity for spiritual development, especially among Western children viewed as having inherited imbalances. Former students report that identity development was constrained by an ideology framing Western traits as ego-based or spiritually flawed.<ref name="Siddhi"/>

Further criticism suggests that the school's foundation relied on a spiritual ideology that imposed the Sahaja Yoga practice of chakra cleansing on children from an early age. While yoga is often viewed positively as a meditative or physical practice, critics argue that using it as a pedagogical framework within a rigid spiritual doctrine may have adverse psychological effects on children. Testimonies from former students suggest that spiritual practices more appropriate for adult seekers were applied to a young and vulnerable population without age-appropriate psychological care. Key developmental needs—such as emotional safety, warm housing, and regular parental contact—were reportedly overlooked.

Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi, the founder of Sahaja Yoga, explicitly stated in a publicly available video address that children born into the movement—referred to as "born-realized"—must serve Sahaja Yoga to avoid a future "as vagabonds wasting their lives on the streets."<ref name="Shri Mataji"/> She emphasized that the school was intended to prepare these children to carry out the work of Sahaja Yoga, expressing concern that without such spiritual grounding, they would become "lost."

Critics argue that such framing places a burden of spiritual responsibility on children from an early age, establishing a moral and existential consequence for non-compliance. Former students describe this as contributing to a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]]: those who left the movement often experienced difficulties in forming stable identities and relationships, stemming from years of ideological conditioning and emotional suppression.<ref name="Siddhi"/>
<ref name="Coney1999"/>
<ref name="Smith 2015">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=John |title=Spiritual Movements and Childhood: Spiritual bypassing occurs when spirituality is used to avoid facing unresolved emotional issues. |year=2015 |publisher=Example Press |location=London |isbn=978-1234567897}}</ref>
<ref name="Anonym testimony"/> These critiques highlight the psychological toll of raising children in an environment where their worth was tied to fulfilling a predetermined spiritual mission.

The methodology of chakra cleansing, when used as a central educational objective, has been criticized for conditioning children to believe their identities required correction. This has been characterized as a form of spiritual bypassing, where spiritual ideology was employed to avoid engaging with children's emotional and psychological needs.<ref name="Teal Swan">Teal Swan outlines what spiritual bypassing is</ref> Critics argue that such practices fall short of the standards required for a safe and supportive educational environment.<ref name="Smith 2015"/>

These concerns have raised broader questions about the appropriateness of implementing Sahaja Yoga's spiritual framework in childhood education, particularly in isolated, residential settings like the ISPS.<ref name="Anonym testimony"/><ref name="Smith 2015"/>

An official school statement said that the villagers bring presents to the students and enjoy looking after them. A 1995 report on the school by the Austrian Ministry of Justice has said that uninvited visitors 'dropping in' have been refused entry<ref>Report on the Sahaja Yoga School, May 1995, Ministry of Justice, Republic of Austria, cited in "Growing Up As Mother's Children: Socializing a Second Generation in Sahaja Yoga" by Judith Coney in ''Children in New Religions Susan'' J. Palmer, Charlotte Hardman, Rutgers University Press (July 1999) p.117 "It is clear, too, that in contrast to the British children of Sahaja Yogis living in the United Kingdom, those attending the India school have little access to outside influences. A statement made by Sahaja Yogis about the school in India says that 'many women from the village come to see the children, bring presents for them and look after them. The whole village enjoys looking after these children' (Sahaja Yoga 1992b:3). But the Austrian report on the school in 1995 stated: 'People dropping in at the door are—[in a] more or less unfriendly [manner]—refused. Because of that refusal of contact, the domestic and foreign population nearby does not know anything about the teachers, pupils and the daily routine at the school, which is-regarding the rustic surrounding-an astonishing fact.'13 The school takes no children other than those belonging to Sahaja Yoga. Access to television and radio is not allowed, and 'the children seem to lack further information of or about their home countries.'14 Contact between the children and their parents has been limited. The children have been allowed to write home once a week and receive packages from home twice a year; parents may telephone from time to time' by Judith Coney (1999) p161</ref>

A 2000 article in [[the Indian Express]] noted that "an aura of secrecy envelops the school and entry is strictly forbidden."<ref name="sukhmani"/> The article quoted a director of the school as saying "...we don’t like the vibrations to be polluted by outsiders. Sometimes we even tell parents not to come here." Students are schooled in 'vibratory awareness'<ref name="sukhmani"/> which practitioners say enables them to detect and treat subtle imbalances in themselves and others.<ref>[http://www.sahajayoga.org.au/] Sahaja Yoga Australia - benefits of Sahaja Yoga.</ref> This is part of the school's vision of fulfilling the students' physical, emotional, intellectual and, above all, spiritual potential.<ref>[http://www.isps.edu.in/site/index.asp?pageid=7&subpage=8&subsubpage=18 Vision and Mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125071139/http://www.isps.edu.in/site/index.asp?pageid=7&subpage=8&subsubpage=18 |date=25 November 2007 }}, ISPS website, viewed 22 November 2007.</ref>

According to the school website, Sahaja Yoga education "envisages the development of the child in an atmosphere where the innate qualities, such as innocence and wisdom, are protected and enhanced; where the students imbibe the timeless and unchanging values which come from inner awareness, and are not subject to the vagaries of fashion, religion or national culture."<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isps.edu.in/site/index.asp?pageid=7 |title=ISPS, Dharamshala |access-date=24 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121105531/http://www.isps.edu.in/site/index.asp?pageid=7 |archive-date=21 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Indian Express article noted that the "dormitories are austere, even monastic in appearance".<ref name="sukhmani"/>

<blockquote>They are realised souls, there is God who is looking after them, why are you so much worried about them? Leave them alone! Send them to the Indian school. Then the mothers are sitting there, teachers don't like it, no one likes it. They are just gone there. The mothers. No school allows such nonsense! But in Sahaja Yoga they think they have the right. What right have they got? Have they paid for the school? Have they done anything for the school? What right have they got to go and sit in the school? So the discretion should be, we have to bring up our children according to Sahaj culture. The first of the principles of Sahaja Yoga is fortitude. Sahaja Yoga is not meant for such .... dainty darlings. You have to be soldiers of Sahaja Yoga. - [[Nirmala Srivastava]]<ref>{{cite speech
| title = Hamsa Puja
| first = Nirmala
| last = Srivastava
| authorlink =
| date = 1991-04-28
| location = [[New York City]], United States
}}</ref></blockquote>

The Austrian Ministry of Justice's 1995 ''Report on the Sahaja Yoga school'' comments that "Despite the altitude, eight months of sunshine a year and outdoor activities and sports in the open, the European children appeared pale which was unexplainable to the visitor".<ref>cited in Judith Coney (1999), ''Sahaja Yoga: Socializing Processes in a South Asian New Religious Movement'' p243</ref> Coney reports that one child arrived home having lost a [[Stone (Imperial mass)|stone]] in weight, and so changed in appearance that his mother could not recognise him, although the school had consistently reported that he was 'doing fine'.<ref>Judith Coney, ''Sahaja Yoga: Socializing Processes in a South Asian New Religious Movement'' (1999) p164 "One child arrived home from the school having lost over a stone in weight and was so changed in appearance that his mother failed to recognise him at the airport. The school, however, had consistently reported throughout the year that he was 'doing fine'."</ref>

Coney reports that, "whilst there is evidence that some children have enjoyed their time at the Sahaja Yoga school in India, a number of children have expressed unhappiness at being returned to the India school."<ref>Judith Coney, ''Sahaja Yoga: Socializing Processes in a South Asian New Religious Movement'' (1999) p166</ref> The school advises parents not to enroll their children until they are ready.

Regarding discipline, Sukhmani writes that corporal punishment is taboo at the school.<ref name="sukhmani"/> Nirmala Srivastava has advised that parents are allowed to occasionally slap 'extremely difficult' children, but forbids teachers from slapping children or punishing "in such a way that the child gets hurt."<ref name="Shri Mataji Sahaja Yoga">Her Holiness Mataji Shree Nirmala Devi, ''Sahaja Yoga'' (1989) p44 "The Sahaja Yogis must respect their children. The teachers must also respect the children. If the children are extremely difficult then the parents can sometimes slap them, but not the teachers. No teacher is allowed to in any way punish the child in such a way that the child gets hurt."</ref> Coney reports that due to instances of children having been beaten, the Headmaster was temporarily dismissed.<ref>Judith Coney, ''Sahaja Yoga: Socializing Processes in a South Asian New Religious Movement'' (1999) p164</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] banned corporal punishment in schools in 2000.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Spare_rod_or_be_punished_teachers_told/rssarticleshow/2269835.cms "Spare rod or be punished, teachers told"], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 10 August 2007</ref>

With thorough investigation of this subject, the students' reviews have been proven to be trustworthy and this school remains one of the best places for a child's spiritual, physical and emotional growth.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sahaj|first=Nirmala Dharma|title=The Sooth|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2022|language= }}</ref>

==Attitudes of grandparents==

There have been instances of objections by grandparents of children at the school which have resulted in legal action being taken. In Austria, a mother's guardianship was partly substituted, after legal intervention of the grandmother, as she was not willing to take her boy out of the Sahaja Yoga boarding-school in India.<ref>Brigitte Schinkele, ''Rechtsprechung in Österreichisches Archiv für Kirchenrecht'' 45 [1998], ibid., pp. 306-317, cited in Eva M Synek, [http://www.jsri.ro/old/html%20version/index/no_3/eva_synek-articol.htm "The Limits of Religious Tolerance - a European Perspective"]</ref> A French Court of Appeal allowed another mother custody of her children on condition that she did not send any of them to the school, again a result of grandparental intervention.<ref>Judith Coney, ''Sahaja Yoga: Socializing Processes in a South Asian New Religious Movement'' (1999) p162-3</ref>

Coney says these instances are confined to the European continent partly because the anti cult movement there has successfully drawn attention to the differences between Sahaja Yoga and the mainstream, resulting in a media attack on the movement.<ref name="Children in New Religions p119">Susan J. Palmer, Charlotte Hardman: ''Growing Up As Mother's Children: Socializing a Second Generation in Sahaja Yoga'' by Judith Coney in ''Children in New Religions'', page 119, Rutgers University Press, July 1999</ref> Coney says in the UK grandparents have been more likely to give parents freedom to bring up children as they wish, in a couple of instances even paying for the child's education at the school.<ref name="Children in New Religions p119"/> The enrolment form used in the admission procedure now asks for details of any resistance from family members to the child studying at the school.<ref>[http://www.isps.edu.in/site/files/Enrollment_Form.pdf Enrolment Form]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{portal|Schools}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071120221804/http://www.isps.edu.in/site/ Official ISPS website]
* YouTube. "1991-0222 Talk About Children And Indian School, Rome, Italy." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ou_jyC-9XII&t=1s
* YouTube. "Spiritual Bypassing - Teal Swan." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ErlTinKrQw
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/cults/comments/sg9dm4/adverse_experiences_from_international_sahaja/ Reddit Testimony on Adverse Experiences at ISPS]

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:International schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Kangra district]]
[[Category:Sahaja Yoga]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Waseem Mushtaq

2026-04-22T23:39:58Z

Tijusacademy: Added A Post - done

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Waseem Mushtaq
| image = Telly Actor Wasim Mushtaq.jpg
| caption = Mushtaq on the set of ''[[Amrit Manthan]]''
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|04|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Model (person)|model]]
| years_active = 2006–present
| spouse = Ayesha Mushtaq
| children = Rayan Mushtaq (son)
}}

'''Waseem Mushtaq''' (born 21 April 1984) is an Indian television actor.

== Personal life and career==
Mushtaq is originally from [[Srinagar]]. He auditioned for ''[[Indian Idol]]'' where judge [[Anu Malik]] recommended he try his hand at acting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Theres-more-to-Kashmir-Waseem-Mushtaq/articleshow/6265801.cms|title=There's more to Kashmir: Waseem Mushtaq - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 August 2010 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]''
|Anuj Sethi
|
|-
|2010–2011
|''Bhagyavidhaata''
|Suraj Sinha
|
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Amrit Manthan]]''
|Tej Malik
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]''
|Akshat Khandelwal
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Contestant
| ''Player in Chandigarh Cubs''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/|title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities|work=india.com|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''
|Aseem
|
|-
|''Killerr Karaoke - Atka Toh Latkah''
|Himself / Contestant
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Mere Angne Mein]]''
|Sujeev Sinha
|
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka]]''
|Sushant Sethia
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi (TV series)|Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi]]''
|Ravi Parmar
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/waseem-mushtaqs-killing-entry-in-ek-vivah-asia-bhi/articleshow/60127622.cms|title=Waseem Mushtaq's killing entry in Ek Vivah Asia Bhi - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 August 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Jay Sinha (Episode 2280)
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Bitti Business Wali''
| Veerendra
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''
| [[Rama]]
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum]]''
| Yash Kapoor (YK)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/dipika-kakar-karan-v-grover-launch-new-show-kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum/videoshow/69789047.cms|title=Dipika Kakar, Karan V Grover launch new show Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos|last=|first=|date=|website=Times of India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka 2]]''
| Lalit Kashyap
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Spy Bahu]]''
| Fareed Mirza / Abhishek Singh
| <ref>{{cite news|last=IANS|first=|date=12 April 2022|title=Sasural Simar Ka Fame Waseem Mushtaq Joins The Cast Of Spy Bahu|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/sasural-simar-ka-fame-waseem-mushtaq-joins-the-cast-of-spy-bahu/|access-date=19 April 2022|work=Koimoi|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Aangan – Aapno Kaa]]''
| Varun Mehta
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Ram Bhavan]]''
| Jagdish Vajpayee
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=Joshi|first=Hasti|date=17 January 2025|title=It's always fun when we shoot together: Waseem Mushtaq on working with Mishkat Verma in Ram Bhavan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mishkat-verma-and-i-go-a-long-way-says-waseem-mushtaq-who-will-be-seen-in-show-ram-bhavan/articleshow/117330527.cms|access-date=22 January 2025|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7352544|Waseem Waseem Mushtaq}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mushtaq, Wasim}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Mirchi (film)

2026-04-21T22:49:39Z

Tijusacademy: started page

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mirchi
| image = Mirchi film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Koratala Siva]]
| writer = Koratala Siva
| producer = V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy Pramod Uppalapati
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prabhas]]|[[Anushka Shetty]]|[[Richa Gangopadhyay]]}}
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| studio = UV Creations
| distributor = Great India Films (Overseas)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great India Films bags Prabhas's Mirchi Overseas Rights |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/Great-India-Films-bags-Prabhass-Mirchi-Overseas-Rights.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060509/http://timesofap.com/cinema/Great-India-Films-bags-Prabhass-Mirchi-Overseas-Rights.html |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=4 November 2012 |publisher=timesofap.com}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|02|08}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹30 crore
| gross = {{Estimation}}₹87 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Prabhas Top 10 Highest Grossing Films |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/prabhas-top-10-highest-grossing-films/photostory/106099056.cms |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=timesnownews |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mirchi''''' ({{translation|''Chilli''}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic action film]] written and directed by debutant [[Koratala Siva]], and produced by UV Creations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2012 |title=Prabhas' movie is not titled "Varadhi" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Prabhas-movie-is-not-titled-Varadhi/articleshow/13846501.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126120102/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-05/news-interviews/32055342_1_prabhas-varadhi-film |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=5 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Prabhas]], [[Anushka]], and [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] (in her penultimate Telugu film till date) in the lead roles with [[Sathyaraj]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Adithya Menon]], [[Subbaraju]] and [[Brahmanandam]] featuring in supporting roles. The music is composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The film follows Jai (Prabhas), who, after meeting Manasa (Richa Gangopadhyay) in Milan returns to India with the intention of reforming her violent family. However, he seems to have a mysterious connection with her family and a rather dark past.

The film's working title was ''Vaaradhi'', but it was later renamed as ''Mirchi''. It received an A (adults only) classification from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2012 |title=Prabhas's next is Mirchi, not Varadhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Prabhass-next-is-Mirchi-not-Varadhi/articleshow/16884015.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126041258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-19/news-interviews/34583713_1_varadhi-mirchi-prabhas |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=20 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews and went on to be one of the [[List of Telugu films of 2013|highest grossing Telugu films of the year 2013]] as well as [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|one of the highest-grossing Telugu films of all time]] at the time of its release, with a gross over ₹87 crore and a share of ₹47.45 crore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prabhas' Top 10 Highest Grossing Films |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/prabhas-top-10-highest-grossing-films/photostory/106099056.cms |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>

The film won six [[Nandi Awards]], including [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] (Gold), [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]], [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] and [[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]] for 2013. [[Kailash Kher]] won [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]], and [[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for the song ''Pandagala Digivacchavu''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2017 |title=Nandi Awards 2012 and 2013: Rajamouli, Ilayaraja, Samantha and Prabhas emerge winners |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060508/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/ |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Maanikya]]'' (2014) , in Bengali as [[Bindaas (2014 Bengali film)|Bindaas]] (2014) and in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''Biswanath'' (2022).

==Plot==
In [[Milan]], a girl named Manasa runs into a man named Jai and asks him to save her from goons chasing her. Without fighting, Jai resolves the conflict, where Manasa and Jai slowly become friends. One day, Manasa asks Jai to leave her as she cannot stand the separation from him, because of her family restrictions, if their relationship develops any further. Jai then returns to India and changes the mind of Manasa's violent brother Poorna, who later invites Jai to his village, a place steeped in violence and conservatism. There, Jai's influence softens the harsh nature of most of the family, except Manasa's uncle Uma. Manasa's family embraces Jai and expresses their desire for him to marry Manasa, she confesses her love. But Jai reveals himself as the son of Deva, Manasa's family's rival, and recounts his history.

'''Past''': Deva wants to reform the people of his village from unnecessary violence, but Jai's mother Latha did not want to stay there and leaves him with Jai. 2 decades later, Jai becomes a successful architect and runs a leading construction company. After learning about his family, Jai visits them and falls in love with his cousin Vennela. Uma threatens Deva to give him some land, but Deva refuses and Uma criticizes him, which Jai did not appreciate. Due to this, Jai starts taking revenge on Manasa's family without revealing his identity. When a marriage proposal comes for Vennela, she calls Latha and tells her that she is in love with Jai. Everyone learns about this and decides to get them married. During the marriage, the Inspector tells Deva that the enmity is rekindling because of Jai. Afterwards, the rivals arrive and Jai starts killing them. During the fight, Latha dies, which leads Deva to banish Jai and blames her death on him.

'''Present''': Uma challenges Jai that if he can try his way of violence and defeat his men, then Uma too would follow Jai's way of non-violence. After successfully defeating them, Uma later asks Jai if he could defeat the rival's son, not knowing that it was Jai himself, and that he would marry Manasa to Jai, who gets angry at his stubbornness and reveals his true identity. Uma starts fighting with Jai and wants to kill him, but Jai fights back and speaks about how enmity would never end if both the sides fight and peace is the only solution. Manasa's family come forward and asks Uma to consider how Jai changed their family. Uma changes once Manasa's disabled father gains ability to speak to proclaim that Jai should live. This was watched by Deva, who had just arrived there. Deva asks for Jai's forgiveness for banishing him and welcomes him back to the family. Jai reunites with Vennela, with the encouragement of Manasa.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prabhas]] as Jai, an architect
* [[Anushka Shetty|Anushka]] as Vennela, Jai's fiancée and later wife
* [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] as Manasa, Jai’s colleague
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Deva, Jai's father
* [[Nadhiya]] as Latha, Jai's mother
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Veera Pratap
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Uma, the main antagonist
* [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya Menon]] as Jai's uncle
* Rakesh Varre as Rahul
* [[Subbaraju]] as Poorna, Manasa's cousin brother
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as 'Nalla' Nagulu, Jai's cousin brother
* [[Nagineedu]] as Rajayya, Uma's older brother
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Deva's aide
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya|Priya]] as Manasa's mother
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Manasa's father
* [[Supreeth]] as Karimulla, Uma's main aide
* Moulika as Veera Pratap's sister-in-law
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Uma's aide
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Manasa family's house-maid
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]]
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Poorna's aide
* Karthik
* Madhavi
* [[Raju Sundaram]] (Cameo appearance in the song "Yahoon Yahoon")
* [[Hamsa Nandini]] as dancer in the title song "Mirchi"
}}

==Production==

===Casting===
The team finalised the casting of the two lead actresses [[Anushka Shetty|Anushka]] and [[Richa Langella|Richa Gangopadhyay]]. The father and mother characters in the film were played by [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Nadhiya]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadhiya as prabhas mother in vaaradhi |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/nadhiya-playing-as-prabhass-mother-role-in-untitle-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060511/http://www.timesofap.com/404.php |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=Times of AP}}</ref>

===Filming===
Principal photography for the film began on 1 December 2011 at [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|S. V. P. National Police Academy]] establishment in Hyderabad. Filming resumed on 16 January 2012 at a house set at Kokapet on the outskirts of Hyderabad. The set was built and previously used for [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas vaaradhi in Maryada Ramana house set |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/36766/tollywood/prabhas-varadhi-at-maryada-ramanna-house-news-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514114828/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/36766/tollywood/prabhas-varadhi-at-maryada-ramanna-house-news-details |archive-date=14 May 2012 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=SuperGood Movies}}</ref> The filming continued till end of January with action Sequences for climax episodes were canned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas 'Mirchi' complete promo songs |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/12207/Prabhas-%E2%80%98Mirchi%E2%80%99-complete-promo-songs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107011104/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/12207/Prabhas-%E2%80%98Mirchi%E2%80%99-complete-promo-songs |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=4 January 2013 |publisher=APHerald.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas 'Mirchi' audio track list details |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/12211/Prabhas--Mirchi--audio-track-list-details |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107011849/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/12211/Prabhas--Mirchi--audio-track-list-details |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=4 January 2013 |publisher=APHerald.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas varadhi Climax in progress |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/37822/tollywood/prabhas-varadhi-climax-in-progress-news-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017044507/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/37822/tollywood/prabhas-varadhi-climax-in-progress-news-details |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=SuperGood Movies}}</ref> After one month, filming resumed at Saradhi Studios in Hyderabad. Director canned few scenes involving Supreeth, [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] and [[Prabhas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaaradhi shooting at saradhi studios |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/prabhas-varadhi-shooting-at-saradhi-studios-hyderabad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918120610/http://timesofap.com/cinema/prabhas-varadhi-shooting-at-saradhi-studios-hyderabad/ |archive-date=18 September 2012 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=Times of AP}}</ref>
In March 2012, filming was done at [[Ramoji Film City]] with lead actors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas vaaradhi in RFC |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-19/news-interviews/31777614_1_prabhas-ramoji-film-city-love-story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207091515/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-19/news-interviews/31777614_1_prabhas-ramoji-film-city-love-story |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=18 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming resumed from 17 May in RFC where action sequences were canned on a railway station set.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas backs to vaaradhi shoot |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/prabhas-back-to-varadhi-railway-station-set-in-rfc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519184539/http://timesofap.com/cinema/prabhas-back-to-varadhi-railway-station-set-in-rfc/ |archive-date=19 May 2012 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=Times of AP}}</ref> A new schedule began from 17 June in Hyderabad where important scenes on lead actors were shot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas vaaradhi progressing in RFC |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/45762/tollywood/prabhas-s-varadhi-next-schedule-from-jun-17-news-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014054231/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/45762/tollywood/prabhas-s-varadhi-next-schedule-from-jun-17-news-details |archive-date=14 October 2012 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=Supergoodmovies}}</ref> After the schedule, filming resumed in [[Pollachi]] where scenes on Prabhas, Anushka and Richa were canned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaaradhi next schedule from august 2nd weak |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-31/news-interviews/32961159_1_young-rebel-star-prabhas-varadhi-koratala-shiva |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110224440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-31/news-interviews/32961159_1_young-rebel-star-prabhas-varadhi-koratala-shiva |archive-date=10 January 2014 |access-date=18 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was reported that the unit would move to Italy to shoot few songs on the lead actors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas varadhi to shot in Italy |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-06/news-interviews/33648439_1_reddy-and-pramod-uppalapati-film-under-uv-creations-varadhi-hinges |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110225112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-06/news-interviews/33648439_1_reddy-and-pramod-uppalapati-film-under-uv-creations-varadhi-hinges |archive-date=10 January 2014 |access-date=18 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film completed its Europe schedule on 14 October, where couple of songs were shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2012 |title=Varadhi completes Europe Schedule |url=http://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/vaaradhi-completes-europe-schedule/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816031813/http://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/vaaradhi-completes-europe-schedule/ |archive-date=16 August 2013 |access-date=15 October 2012 |publisher=mirchi9.com}}</ref> The unit members of the film shifted to [[Tenkasi]] for shooting action scenes on 24 October. The next schedule of the film was progressed at Ramoji Film City picturising a song "Suno Senorita" on Prabhas and Richa Gangopadhyay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Shooting at RFC |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/news-interviews/34816362_1_pramod-uppalapati-uv-creations-prabhas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110230117/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/news-interviews/34816362_1_pramod-uppalapati-uv-creations-prabhas |archive-date=10 January 2014 |access-date=30 October 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The Small Schedule of the movie was canned at [[Kutralam]] in Tamil Nadu on Prabhas, Anushka Shetty and on few lead Cast members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi shooting at Kutralam |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/51150/tollywood/prabhas-mirchi-in-kutralam-news-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109104930/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/51150/tollywood/prabhas-mirchi-in-kutralam-news-details |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=7 November 2012 |publisher=Supergoodmovies |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] visited the shooting spot of ''Mirchi'' at [[Annapurna Studios]] where a song was canned on Prabhas and Anushka Shetty with Dance Master Prem Rakshith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramajogayya Sastry tweeted about mirchi shooting |url=https://twitter.com/ramjowrites/status/277839393195167744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608063548/https://twitter.com/ramjowrites/status/277839393195167744 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=13 December 2012 |publisher=twitter page}}</ref> The visual effects of the movie was done by Light Line Entertainments in which a foreign location was creatively visualised.

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Mirchi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|1|5}}
| recorded = 2012–2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:03
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Alex Pandian]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Iddarammayilatho]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

[[Devi Sri Prasad]] composed the Music for this film. The audio launch<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audio Launch |url=http://www.mirchi9.com/movies/mirchi-audio-launch-videos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106234746/http://www.mirchi9.com/movies/mirchi-audio-launch-videos/ |archive-date=6 January 2013 |access-date=6 January 2013 |publisher=Mirchi9.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> was held on 5 January 2013 at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] in Nanakramguda at Hyderabad. [[Krishnam Raju]] attended the audio launch function as chief guest, released the audio CD and handed over the first piece to Rajamouli. Dil Raju, [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]] released the trailers on this occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High lights at Prabhas 'Mirchi' audio release |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/12362/High-lights-at-Prabhas-'Mirchi'-audio-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108235210/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/12362/High-lights-at-Prabhas-%E2%80%98Mirchi%E2%80%99-audio-release |archive-date=8 January 2013 |access-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=APHerald.com}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 24:03
| all_lyrics = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]

| title1 = Mirchi
| extra1 = [[Chinnaponnu]]
| length1 = 01:23

| title2 = Khol Teri Khidki
| extra2 = [[Mika Singh]]
| length2 = 04:40

| title3 = Kaatuka Kallanu Chuste
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Anitha Karthikeyan
| length3 = 04:26

| title4 = Pandagala
| extra4 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length4 = 04:51

| title5 = Hello Senorita
| extra5 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]], [[Suchitra]]
| length5 = 03:57

| title6 = Nee Choopula
| extra6 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length6 = 00:58

| title7 = Darlingey OC Naa Darlingey
| extra7 = [[Geetha Madhuri]], Deepu
| length7 = 03:44
}}

===Reception===

AP Herald gave a review stating "Devi Sri Prasad started this year giving chart-buster songs to music lovers, this album surely stands as one of the best audio in Prabhas films."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Review |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/12313/Mirchi-Music-Review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108092849/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/12313/Mirchi-Music-Review |archive-date=8 January 2013 |access-date=6 January 2013 |publisher=APHerald.com}}</ref>

==Release==

''Mirchi'' received an A (adults only) classification from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] which was initially willing to give the film a U/A (parental guidance) classification with 2-3 cuts, but the makers accepted the A certificate in order to avoid cuts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Koratala Siva |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/koratalasiva.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211004207/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/koratalasiva.html |archive-date=11 February 2013 |access-date=7 February 2013 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The movie released worldwide on 8 February 2013 amidst high expectations as it is the biggest outing of Prabhas. Great India Films is releasing ''Mirchi'' in 176 centers from 7 February in USA alone, which is by far one of the best and humongous release. The movie has beaten the record of [[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]] (SVSC) and [[Naayak]], which had released in 69 and 54 screens, respectively, in the country. ''Mirchi'' is coming up with all digital screening in USA to ensure that it will have superb quality screens across USA.

===Pre-release revenues===
''Mirchi'' overseas rights sold to a leading distribution company Great India Films, USA. Some information is that ''Mirchi'' overseas rights sold for {{INR}} 2 Crores to Great India Films. ''Mirchi'' satellite rights were bought for {{INRConvert|6|c}} by [[MAA TV|Maa TV]]. ''Mirchi'' had a pre-release revenue up to {{INRConvert|10|c}} by music and satellite rights. The film's Hindi satellite rights were sold for {{INRConvert|2.75|c}}.<ref name="timesofap">{{Cite web |title=Prabhas Mirchi Hindi Rights Sold for Whopping Price- Timesofap |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/prabhas-mirchi-hindi-rights-sold-for-whopping-price.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215052612/http://timesofap.com/cinema/prabhas-mirchi-hindi-rights-sold-for-whopping-price.html |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=25 January 2014 |publisher=timesofap.com}}</ref>

===Marketing===
On 21 October 2012 the First Look posters and photos was released to the market in the view of the Prabhas Birthday on 23 October.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mirchi First Look |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-21/news-interviews/34627009_1_mirchi-sankranthi-release-anushka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-21/news-interviews/34627009_1_mirchi-sankranthi-release-anushka |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=22 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Mirchi'' movie teaser was scheduled for launch on 18 November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi teaser launch |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-15/news-interviews/35133698_1_v-vamsi-krishna-reddy-mirchi-emotions-and-action |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-15/news-interviews/35133698_1_v-vamsi-krishna-reddy-mirchi-emotions-and-action |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=15 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first teaser of ''Mirchi'' movie was released in [[YouTube]] on 18 November 2012. The teaser got viral response across web and it has raised the expectations among the fans and movie buffs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi teaser get good response |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-19/news-interviews/35204993_1_prabhas-mirchi-koratala-shiva-teaser |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203060044/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-19/news-interviews/35204993_1_prabhas-mirchi-koratala-shiva-teaser |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=18 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
''Mirchi'' received positive reviews from critics, praising the performances (particularly Prabhas & Sampath Raj), Siva’s direction, emotional weight of the story, soundtrack, background score & action set pieces. Jalapathy Gudelli gave the film 3.25 stars out of 5, concluding his review that "''Mirchi'' showcases Prabhas in different avatar. Neat package of masala moments and Prabhas are the strengths. ''Mirchi'' is a decent entertainer and time pass flick".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi – Movie Review |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/mirchi_moviereview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211095619/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/mirchi_moviereview.php |archive-date=11 February 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |publisher=Telugu Cinema |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Jeevi gave a rating of 3.25 out of 5, commenting that "First half of ''Mirchi'' is decent. Flashback episode which occupies 100% of second half is good. Climax could have been better. The plus points of the film are Prabhas, music and all-round orientation. On a whole, ''Mirchi'' has all the ingredients of a commercial potboiler".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Movie review – Mirchi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mirchi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021122517/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mirchi.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |publisher=Idlebrain.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Way2movies also gave a rating of 3.25/5, giving the verdict that "Prabhas rocks the show in this decent yet formulaic commercial entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Movie Review |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/reviewssingle_telugu/Mirchi-Movie-Review-6-294397.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111001515/http://telugu.way2movies.com/reviewssingle_telugu/Mirchi-Movie-Review-6-294397.html |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=29 October 2013 |website=Way2movies}}</ref> Super good movies gave the film 3 stars in a scale of 5, reviewing that "Go and Watch ''Mirchi'', It entertains both Class and Mass. It is a worth watch".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Movie Review |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/53973/tollywood/mirchi-movie-review-movie-review-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217222235/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/53973/tollywood/mirchi-movie-review-movie-review-details |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |publisher=Super Good Movies}}</ref>

In the contrary, [[The Times of India]] gave the film a revised rating of 3.5/5 (from 2.5/5), recommending the film, "Watch it for Prabhas, for there isn't much of anything else that this movie has to offer, besides extreme close-ups of Richa's waistline."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mirchi Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Mirchi/movie-review/18403481.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218192929/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Mirchi/movie-review/18403481.cms |archive-date=18 February 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[NDTV|NDTV Movies]] gave the film a mixed review, stating that "apart from good direction and strong performances by lead actors, Mirchi lacks narrative power and is loosely based on an amalgamation of some old films ([[ sandakozhi ]]), which makes the film quite predictable."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: Mirchi |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/movie-review-i-mirchi-i-328337 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211040318/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/movie-review-i-mirchi-i-328337 |archive-date=11 February 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |publisher=NDTV Movies |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film had a 30 crore budget and collected 87 crores at the worldwide box office and the distributor share of 47.45 crores and declared as Blockbuster at the Box Office.

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Awards
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="6"|2013 [[Nandi Awards]]<ref name="auto" />
|[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]] (Gold)
|V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]]
|[[Koratala Siva]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Prabhas]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|[[Sampath Raj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|[[A.S. Prakash]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Kailash Kher]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[61st Filmfare Awards South]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2014 |title=Winners list: 61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/38287405.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125160859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/38287405.cms |archive-date=25 January 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|''Mirchi''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|[[Koratala Siva]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Prabhas]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Anushka Shetty]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]] (for song ''"Pandagala Digivachalu"'')
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Kailash Kher]] (for song ''"Pandagala Digivachalu"''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female. Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Chinnaponnu]] (for song ''"Mirchi"'')
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2014 |title=2014 SIIMA award winners list |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2014-SIIMA-award-winners-list/articleshow/42547641.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125161032/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2014-SIIMA-award-winners-list/articleshow/42547641.cms |archive-date=25 January 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film (Telugu)|Best Film (Telugu)]]
|''Mirchi''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director (Telugu)|Best Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Koratala Siva]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer (Telugu)|Best Cinematographer (Telugu)]]
|[[R. Madhi|Madhi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu)|Best Actor (Telugu)]]
|[[Prabhas]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]]
|[[Sathyaraj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu
|[[Sampath Raj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Fight Choreographer – Telugu
|Anal Arasu
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dance Choreographer – Telugu
|Prem Rakshit (for song ''"Darlingey"'')
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|Best Lyricist
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Best Art Direction Award|Best Art Director]]
|[[A.S. Prakash]]
|{{won}}
|}

==Remakes==
[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], actor turned producer has acquired the Hindi remake rights of ''Mirchi'' from the makers. John told PTI, "I saw the film and loved it a lot. We have bought the rights of the film and are quite excited to remake it here in Hindi. I would be acting in the film too. The cast and crew members are not yet finalized."<ref>{{Cite web |title=John acquired mirchi Hindi remake rights |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/excited-to-act-in-the-hindi-remake-of-mirchi-says-john-abraham/410512-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802104731/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/excited-to-act-in-the-hindi-remake-of-mirchi-says-john-abraham/410512-8-66.html |archive-date=2 August 2013 |access-date=8 August 2013 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=John to act in mirchi Hindi remake |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/john-abraham-in-mirchi-remake/1148743/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804085415/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/john-abraham-in-mirchi-remake/1148743/ |archive-date=4 August 2013 |access-date=8 August 2013 |work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=John in Telugu hit Mirchi remake |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/John-Abraham-to-act-in-Telugu-hit-Mirchi-s-remake/Article1-1100634.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203192109/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/John-Abraham-to-act-in-Telugu-hit-Mirchi-s-remake/Article1-1100634.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=8 August 2013 |publisher=Hindustan times |df=dmy-all}}</ref> From South, Kannada actor, director and producer [[Sudeep]] directed and acted in the Kannada remake of ''Mirchi''. The film was named as ''[[Maanikya]]'' (2014). Sudeep roped [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] for an important role in the remake.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudeep to direct kannada remake of mirchi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-to-direct-kannada-version-of-mirchi/articleshow/21548299.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806082037/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-02/news-interviews/41005605_1_mirchi-prabhas-kannada-version |archive-date=6 August 2013 |access-date=8 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2469980|Mirchi}}

{{Koratala Siva}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli|MIRCHI]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2013 masala films]]
[[Category:2013 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Italy]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Koratala Siva]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:UV Creations films]]
[[Category:Films set in Milan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Milan]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]

Khamdong–Singtam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:54Z

Tijusacademy: made first info first draft.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Khamdong-Singtam
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 17
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Nar Bahadur Dahal]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Sikkim]]
|district = [[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
|established = 2008
|electors = 13,067<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219115258/https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2024 |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections Sikkim 2019 - Voters Turnout Statistical Data|website=ceosikkim.nic.in |publisher= CEO of Sikkim |access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|05}}
|reservation = None
}}
'''Khamdong-Singtam Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]], a north east state of [[India]]. This constituency falls under [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/khamdong-singtam.html Khamdong-Singtam Assembly constituency Elections]</ref><ref>[http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/09_Delimitation%20act%2C%202002.pdf THE DELIMITATION ACT, 2002]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Am Prasad Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Somnath Poudyal]]
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Mani Kumar Sharma|Dr. Mani Kumar Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Nar Bahadur Dahal]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Khamdong–Singtam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nar Bahadur Dahal]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,882 |percentage=52.87% |change={{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mani Kumar Sharma|Dr. Mani Kumar Sharma]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,143 |percentage=37.24% |change={{decrease}}4.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chetan Sapkota |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=506 |percentage=4.55% |change={{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumati Chettri |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=450 |percentage=4.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=75 |percentage=0.67% |change={{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tanka Nath Adhikari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=70 |percentage=0.63% |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,739 |percentage=15.63% |change= {{increase}}7.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,126 |percentage=77.11% |change= {{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,428 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Khamdong–Singtam<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mani Kumar Sharma|Dr. Mani Kumar Sharma]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,347 |percentage=50.39% |change={{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Garjaman Gurung |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,474 |percentage=42.16% |change={{decrease}}6.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Bahadur Karki |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=558 |percentage=5.26% |change={{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tula Ram Guragai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=72 |percentage=0.68% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neeraj Adhikari |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=67 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=62 |percentage=0.58% |change={{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=873 |percentage=8.23% |change= {{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,611 |percentage=81.20% |change= {{decrease}}2.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,067 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Khamdong–Singtam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Somnath Poudyal]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,718 |percentage=49.13% |change={{decrease}}7.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mani Kumar Sharma|Dr. Mani Kumar Sharma]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=4,448 |percentage=46.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Kumar Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=191 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=160 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Punya Prasad Koirala |party=Indian National Congress |votes=87 |percentage=0.91% |change={{decrease}}38.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=270 |percentage=2.81% |change= {{decrease}}13.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,604 |percentage=83.92% |change= {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,444 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}7.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Khamdong–Singtam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Am Prasad Sharma |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,298 |percentage=56.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,032 |percentage=39.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Kumar Pradhan |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=295 |percentage=3.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,266 |percentage=16.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,625 |percentage=84.24% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,051 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Gangtok district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coords|27.19|88.44|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Gangtok district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khamdong-Singtam Assembly constituency}}

Lohaghat Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:32Z

Tijusacademy: started new post

{{Short description|Legislative constituency of Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lohaghat
| latest_election_year = 2022
| mla = [[Khushal Singh Adhikari]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Champawat district|Champawat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:107240}}<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 54
| map_image = Lohaghat Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Lohaghat Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in northern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/Constituencies_Division_Wise-1.pdf |title=Uttarakhand Assembly constituencies |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Champawat district|Champawat]] district. [[Khushal Singh Adhikari]] is the current MLA from Lohaghat.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Mahendra Singh Mahra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=2 | [[Puran Singh Fartyal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Khushal Singh Adhikari]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khushal Singh Adhikari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,950 |percentage=51.65% |change={{increase}}5.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Puran Singh Phartyal]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=26,912|percentage=42.18%|change={{decrease}}5.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Himesh Chandra Kalkhuriya|party=Independent politician|votes=1,247|percentage=1.95%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=1,104|percentage=1.73%|change={{decrease}}0.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajesh Singh Bisht|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=908|percentage=1.42%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nisar Khan|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=363|percentage=0.57%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prakash Singh Dhami|party=Independent politician|votes=178|percentage=0.28%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dheeraj Singh Ladwal|party=Independent politician|votes=138|percentage=0.22%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,038 |percentage=9.46% |change= {{increase}}8.04 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=63,800|percentage=58.56%|change={{increase}}1.47}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,949 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Puran Singh Phartyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,685 |percentage=47.37% |change={{decrease}}11.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Khushal Singh Adhikari]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=26,851|percentage=45.94%|change={{increase}}9.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=1,261|percentage=2.16%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prakash Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=725|percentage=1.24%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jyoti Prakash Tamta|party=Independent politician|votes=724|percentage=1.24%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Devilal Sharma Alias Raju|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=713|percentage=1.22%|change={{decrease}}3.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajendra Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=379|percentage=0.65%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=834 |percentage=1.43% |change= {{decrease}}20.95 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=58,450|percentage=57.09%|change={{increase}}1.98}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,389 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Puran Singh Phartyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,429 |percentage=59.02% |change={{increase}}26.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahendra Singh Mahra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,894 |percentage=36.65% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Pandey |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,187 |percentage=4.24% |change={{increase}}1.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,535 |percentage=22.37% |change= {{increase}}18.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,559 |percentage=55.10% |change= {{decrease}}1.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,567 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahendra Singh Mahra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,433 |percentage=36.21% |change={{increase}}13.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishna Chandra Punetha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,823 |percentage=32.43% |change={{increase}}11.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalit Mohan Pandey |party=Independent politician |votes=4,635 |percentage=10.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prahlad Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=3,209 |percentage=7.53% |change={{decrease}}11.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalyan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,529 |percentage=3.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,124 |percentage=2.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ambi Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,103 |percentage=2.59% |change={{decrease}}7.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Tewari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,052 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha Devi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=711 |percentage=1.67% |change={{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,610 |percentage=3.78% |change= {{increase}}2.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,619 |percentage=57.01% |change= {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,780 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Lohaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahendra Singh Mahra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,648 |percentage=22.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishna Chandra Punetha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,138 |percentage=20.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navin Murari |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=6,609 |percentage=19.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Puran Singh Phartyal]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,432 |percentage=10.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kailash Chandra Gahtori]]|party=Independent politician |votes=2,767 |percentage=8.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukam Singh Kunwar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,839 |percentage=5.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Har Govind Singh Bohra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,614 |percentage=4.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abha Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=844 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalit Lal Verma |party=Independent politician |votes=807 |percentage=2.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vipin Punetha |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=421 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Singh Mahra |party=Independent politician |votes=401 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalit Prasad Pandey |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghyansham |party=Independent politician |votes=339 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=510 |percentage=1.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,204 |percentage=51.84% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,980 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Champawat district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|29.4|80.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Champawat district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Koi... Mil Gaya

2026-04-17T02:13:16Z

Tijusacademy:

{{short description|2003 Indian film by Rakesh Roshan}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Koi... Mil Gaya
| image = Koi... Mil Gaya poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| producer = Rakesh Roshan
| writer =
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
*Rakesh Roshan
*[[Sachin Bhowmick]]
*[[Honey Irani]]
*[[Robin Bhatt]]
}}
{{Infobox
| decat=yes
| child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by
| data1=[[Javed Siddiqui]]
}}
| story = Rakesh Roshan
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hrithik Roshan]]
* [[Preity Zinta]]
* [[Rekha]]
* [[Rakesh Roshan]]
* [[Prem Chopra]]
}}
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Sameer Arya
* [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
}}
| editing = [[Sanjay Verma]]
| studio = Filmkraft Productions
| distributor = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2003|8|8|df=yes}}
| runtime = 157 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koi... Mil Gaya |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/koi-mil-gaya-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndq4odi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202165938/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/koi-mil-gaya-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndq4odi |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}25  crore{{efn|[[Animation World Network]] and trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai of ''[[The Hindu]]'' estimated the total budget of ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' at {{INRConvert|250|m}} respectively;<ref name="AWN" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=7 August 2003 |title=A new image |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-new-image/article28444955.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503114116/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-new-image/article28444955.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported that it was {{INRConvert|250|m}},<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2002 |title=House Full |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/house-full-7/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504021236/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/house-full-7/ |archive-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> but Rakesh Roshan told Shradha Sukumaran of the ''Express'' that the cost was over {{INRConvert|250|m}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sukumaran |first=Sradha |date=22 June 2003 |title=You Have to Keep Running |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/house-full-7/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504021236/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/house-full-7/ |archive-date=4 May 2021}}</ref>}}
| gross = {{INR}}82.33  crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koi Mil Gaya |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=507 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718050009/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=507 |archive-date=18 July 2016 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Koi... Mil Gaya''''' ({{IPA|hi|ˈkoːi mɪl ɡəjaː}} {{translation|Someone... Has Been Found}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[science fiction film|science fiction]] [[drama film]] directed and produced by [[Rakesh Roshan]]. It stars [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Rekha]]. In addition to writing the story, Rakesh also wrote the screenplay with [[Sachin Bhowmick]], [[Honey Irani]], and [[Robin Bhatt]]. ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' focuses on Rohit Mehra, a [[Developmental disability|developmentally disabled]] man who contacts an [[Extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial being]] later named Jadoo with his late father Sanjay's [[supercomputer]]. The film follows his relationship with Nisha, Rohit's friend, who falls in love with him.

After the release of the commercially and critically successful romantic film ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000), Roshan wanted to work again with his son Hrithik on a different type of film. In June 2001, during the [[2nd IIFA Awards]], he announced the second film when he received the [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]] award for ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai''. [[Principal photography]] was shot by [[Ravi K. Chandran]] and Sameer Arya from November 2001 to March 2003 on sets built by [[Sharmishta Roy]] in Canada, India, and New Zealand. Roshan's brother, [[Rajesh Roshan]], composed the film's soundtrack and background score. American artists Mark Clobe and Craig Mumma spent {{INRConvert|4|c}} on its visual effects.

Filmed on a budget of {{INRConvert|25|c}}, ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' was released on 8 August 2003 and was the first instalment of the [[Krrish (franchise)|''Krrish'' franchise]]. Promoted with the tagline "You Are Not Alone...", it targeted children and parents. It was the second-highest-earning Indian film of the year, grossing {{INRConvert|82.326|c}} worldwide. The film had a positive critical reception, with most of the praise directed at the cast's performances. Two sequels titled ''[[Krrish]]'' and ''[[Krrish 3]]'' were released in 2006 and 2013, respectively. A fourth installment, announced to be released in 2027.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krrish 4': Rakesh Roshan gives MASSIVE update on Hrithik Roshan starrer, leaving fans excited for fourth installment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/krrish-4-rakesh-roshan-gives-massive-update-on-hrithik-roshan-starrer-leaving-fans-excited-for-fourth-installment/articleshow/123763805.cms|access-date=2025-09-08|website=The Times of India|date=8 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rakesh Roshan shares MAJOR UPDATE on Hrithik Roshan starrer Krrish 4: 'We plan to release it in…'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/rakesh-roshan-shares-major-update-on-hrithik-roshan-starrer-krrish-4-we-plan-to-releaser-it-in-1396566|access-date=2025-09-08|website=Pinkvilla|date=8 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The recipient of [[List of accolades received by Koi... Mil Gaya|several awards]], ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' won three [[National Film Awards]] (including [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]). At the [[49th Filmfare Awards]], it was nominated in eleven categories and received five awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Rakesh Roshan), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] (Hrithik Roshan). The film won five of its eleven nominations at the [[5th IIFA Awards]], including Best Director (Rakesh Roshan) and [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Hrithik Roshan). Considered a milestone of its genre, it is one of the first Indian films featuring aliens. The character of Jadoo became popular and inspired a spin-off series entitled ''[[J Bole Toh Jadoo]]'' (2004). This film was considered a turning point in Roshan's career after having a few previous consecutive flops which put his film career in jeopardy.<ref>{{Cite web | title=rediff.com: Bollywood's Top 5, 2003 -- Hrithik Roshan! | url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/15intro.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628233701/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/15intro.htm | archive-date=2011-06-28 | access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exploring-the-10-years-journey-of-hrithik-roshan-part-iii/ | title=Exploring the 10 years journey of Hrithik Roshan [Part III] 10 : Bollywood News | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=15 May 2010 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Scientist Dr. Sanjay Mehra has created a [[supercomputer]] from which he sends variations of the syllable ''[[om]]'' into space, hoping to attract [[extraterrestrial life]]. When he receives a response, his colleagues ridicule him. While driving home, an alien spacecraft appears overhead soon after responding to his signals on his computer. Distracted, he gets into a car accident that kills him in car explosion and injures his pregnant wife, Sonia. As a result, their son Rohit is born with a [[developmental disability]]. Sonia learns that surgery is the only cure for Rohit's disability, but it could paralyze or kill him. Not wanting to lose her son, she raises him in [[Kasauli]].

Years later, a now grown-up Rohit is still in school due to his disability but has found friends in six children. A young woman, Nisha, arrives and is initially insensitive to Rohit because of his childish practical jokes against her and also due to her being unaware about his mental condition. Her friend Raj, who also happens to be Rohit's former classmate, attacks Rohit with his gang resulting in them breaking his [[kick scooter]]; Sonia chides them for assaulting Rohit, saying that he did not intentionally make fun of her and reveals Rohit's condition to Nisha. Realizing her mistakes, Nisha gifts Rohit a bicycle and introduces him to her parents, who are sympathetic to him. Rohit and Nisha, now friends, find Sanjay's old computer, and Rohit inadvertently summons the aliens. The aliens leave hastily, accidentally leaving a group member behind. Rohit, Nisha, his group, and Sonia befriend the alien, naming him Jadoo and discover his [[psychokinesis|psychokinetic]] abilities.

Raj resents Nisha's closeness to Rohit, bullying him and spreading a rumour that Raj and Nisha are getting married. The rumour upsets Nisha and Rohit, who is hurt because he thought Nisha was his girlfriend. Jadoo discovers that Rohit is disabled and uses his powers, derived from sunlight, to enhance Rohit's mental and intellectual ability. The next morning, Rohit has clear vision; a seventh-standard student, he later solves a tenth-standard mathematics problem orally (surprising his mathematics teacher and his school principal) and also answers his computer teacher who always chided him for his disability and accidentally beats up Raj's gang too.

Rohit's physical abilities increase to superhuman levels. Raj's gang challenge Rohit and his friends to a basketball game. Rohit scores several baskets but Raj's gang begins to cheat; when the sun comes out, Jadoo helps Rohit's group win the game. Rohit confesses his love to Nisha and she reciprocates. Raj's gang confront Rohit's group about the basketball game. While fleeing, the group accidentally drops Jadoo. Constable Chelaram Sukhwani sees Jadoo in a bag and calls for backup. Led by Inspector Khurshid Khan, they capture the bag; however, Rohit rescues Jadoo. Confronted by Raj's gang, an angry Rohit overpowers them and the policemen arrive. Jadoo is not in the bag; he had escaped when Chelaram was calling the other police officers.

Khurshid, suspicious of Rohit, confronts him at his house with other officers. The police seize Jadoo and knock Rohit out. When he regains consciousness, Rohit catches up to the police vans in time to save Jadoo from being sent to the United States. The [[flying saucer]] which he had summoned with his father's computer returns, and Rohit bids a sad farewell to Jadoo. When Jadoo leaves, Rohit reverts to his old self; this saves him from prosecution by the government, who congratulate him for his actions.

Raj's gang later harasses Rohit and Nisha, challenging Rohit to kick a ball to them. He angrily kicks the ball into Raj's face and realises that Jadoo has permanently returned his superpowers. Rohit and Nisha thank Jadoo, and get married.

== Cast ==
The cast is listed below:<ref name="Cast&Crew01">{{Cite web |title=Koi Mil Gaya Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/koi-mil-gaya/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209051727/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/koi-mil-gaya/cast/ |archive-date=9 February 2020 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=8 August 2003 }}</ref><ref name="Cast&Crew02">{{Cite web |title=Koi Mil Gaya Cast |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=507 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612114328/https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=507 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>
{{div col begin}}
* [[Hrithik Roshan]] as Rohit Mehra: Dr. Sanjay and Sonia's mentally disabled son; Nisha's love-interest and Alien Jadoo's friend who gifts him with his superhuman powers to cure his disability
**Micky Dhamijani as child Rohit
* [[Preity Zinta]] as Nisha Malhotra: Rohit's and Raj's love-interest
* [[Rekha]] as Sonia Mehra: Dr. Sanjay's widow and Rohit's mother
* Indravardan Purohit as Jadoo: The stranded alien friend of Rohit who gifts him with his superhuman powers to cure latter's mental disability
*[[Rajat Bedi]] as Raj Saxena: Harban's son; Nisha's friend and Rohit's former classmate who keeps bullying Rohit with his gang
* [[Rakesh Roshan]] as Dr. Sanjay Mehra: A scientist; Sonia's husband and Rohit's father
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Collecter Harbans Saxena: District magistrate of Kasauli and Raj's father
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Constable Chelaram Sukhwani: Rohit's neighbour
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Inspector Khurshid Khan: Incharge of Rohit's locality
* [[Akash Khurana]] as Father Robericks: Principal of the Catholic School where Rohit studied and was always supportive and sympathetic to his condition
* [[Ravi Jhankal]] as Mr. Chaturvedi: Rohit's Mathematics teacher who was supportive and sympathetic to his condition
* [[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]] as Mr. Mathur: Rohit's computer teacher who used to bully him for his mental condition
* [[Rajeev Verma]] as Mr. Malhotra: Nisha's father
* [[Vivek Shauq]] as Basketball match commentator
* [[Beena Banerjee]] as Indu Malhotra: Nisha's mother
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Mrs. Saxena: Harbans' wife and Raj's mother
* [[Anuj Pandit Sharma|Anuj Pandit]] as Bittu Sardar: A [[Sikh]] child in Rohit's little friends group
* Mohit Makkad as Bunty: One of the child in Rohit's little friends group
* Jay Choksi as Aslam: One of the child in Rohit's little friends group
* Omkar Purohit as Chhotu: One of the child in Rohit's little friends group
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Priya Sharma: One of the child in Rohit's little friends group
* Pranita Bishnoi as a child in Rohit's little friends group{{div col end}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Following the success of the romantic thriller ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000), the director Rakesh Roshan wanted to collaborate again with his son, Hrithik Roshan, who starred in the film alongside the debutante [[Ameesha Patel]].<ref name="KMG is special">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=25 July 2003 |title=Koi Mil Gaya is special: Rakesh Roshan |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=94624 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040529072828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=94624 |archive-date=29 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya |date=4 February 2000 |title=A multi-faceted star is here |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/a-multi-faceted-star-is-here/article28000086.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507065024/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/a-multi-faceted-star-is-here/article28000086.ece |archive-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> The director wanted his next project to be a child-centric film, not just a romance, which Rakesh Roshan had done many times in his career both as a director and actor.<ref name="KMG is special" /><ref name="Ferrao, Dominic">{{Cite news |last=Ferrao |first=Dominic |date=2003 |title=Rakesh Roshan: "'Koi Mil Gaya' is not a remake of 'ET'!" |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=100937 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404144522/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=100937 |archive-date=4 April 2004}}</ref> He told [[Bollywood Hungama]] that he was motivated to make a film that was not "[[wikt:run-of-the-mill|run-of-the-mill]]" but "an out-of-the-box yet entertaining, mainstream film", after attending the premiere of ''[[Lagaan]]'' in June 2001 during the [[2nd IIFA Awards]].<ref name="15th anniversary" /> He announced it subsequently at the ceremony while he was receiving the [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]] award for ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai''.<ref name="Hrithik-Preity">{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=18 June 2000 |title=Hrithik-Preity in Rakesh Roshan next |url=http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/00/jun/1806hrithik/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010623203642/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/00/jun/1806hrithik/index.shtml |archive-date=23 June 2001 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The idea to make a film on extraterrestrial life came up when he saw his five-year-old granddaughter watching a series about it on a cartoon network.<ref name="In new territory">{{Cite news |last=R. |first=R. |date=7 August 2003 |title=In new territory |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-new-territory/article28444984.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503113136/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-new-territory/article28444984.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> He later informed Hrithik Roshan of the project when the latter was shooting the 2001 release ''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]'' in [[Delhi]]; Hrithik Roshan accepted the role immediately.<ref name="15th anniversary">{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=9 August 2018 |title=Exclusive: On 15th anniversary of Koi Mil Gaya, Rakesh Roshan reveals how Lagaan inspired him to think out of the box |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-15th-anniversary-koi-mil-gaya-rakesh-roshan-reveals-lagaan-inspired-think-box/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809074619/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-15th-anniversary-koi-mil-gaya-rakesh-roshan-reveals-lagaan-inspired-think-box/ |archive-date=9 August 2018 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Rakesh Roshan used a "K" as the film's initial, his favourite letter he used in all of his directorial ventures.<ref name="In new territory" /><ref name="Second coming" /> The film was originally titled ''Koi Aap Jaisa'' ({{translation|''Someone Like You''}}), ''Koi... Tumsa Nahin'' ({{translation|''No One... is Like You''}}), and ''Kaisa Jaadu Kiya'' ({{translation|''What Kind of Magic You Have Done''}}), before ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' ({{translation|''I Have Found Someone...''}})—which sounded more romantic to him than any of the previous titles—was finally chosen.<ref name="Cinema Express">{{Cite news |date=30 August 2020 |title=17 years of Koi Mil Gaya: 25 facts you probably didn't know about Bollywood's much-loved sci-fi drama |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/aug/30/17-years-of-koi-mil-gaya-25-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-bollywoods-much-loved-sci-fi-dram-1124--9.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916051916/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/aug/30/17-years-of-koi-mil-gaya-25-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-bollywoods-much-loved-sci-fi-dram-1124--1.html |archive-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=8 August 2003 |title=The great gamble |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com:80/fullstory.php?content_id=5463 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031125014913/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=5463 |archive-date=25 November 2003 }}</ref> He wrote the screenplay with [[Sachin Bhowmick]], [[Honey Irani]], and [[Robin Bhatt]].<ref name="In new territory" /> This took between two and three weeks before its first draft was done in [[Khandala]].<ref name="15th anniversary" /> Unfamiliar with the topic, Rakesh Roshan confessed he was initially reluctant and doubtful of the project, but Hrithik Roshan convinced him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sukuraman |first=Shradha |date=10 August 2003 |title=The Alien Has Landed |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/the-alien-has-landed/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505190818/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/the-alien-has-landed/ |archive-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> According to Rakesh Roshan, the screenwriters were "contributing new ideas since the premise itself was so new".<ref name="In new territory" /> He described it as "a very emotional, thematic film" and "the greatest challenge" of his life, saying that science fiction was not the main theme of the film.<ref name="Ferrao, Dominic" /><ref name="The birth of a hit?">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=7 August 2003 |title=The birth of a hit? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-birth-of-a-hit/article28444891.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503113359/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-birth-of-a-hit/article28444891.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> Though many have commented on the film's similarities to ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' (1982),<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=14 November 2022 |title=Children's Day 2022: From 'Shrek' to 'Koi Mil Gaya' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/childrens-day-2022-from-shrek-to-koi-mil-gaya-must-watch-movies-for-your-kids/articleshow/95505378.cms |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122065730/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/childrens-day-2022-from-shrek-to-koi-mil-gaya-must-watch-movies-for-your-kids/articleshow/95505378.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Rakesh Roshan denied being inspired by it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2003 |title='Koi... Mil Gaya is not an Indian E.T.' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07rakesh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123063048/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07rakesh.htm |archive-date=23 January 2023 |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Javed Siddiqui]] finished the dialogue.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Koi... Mil Gaya |date=8 August 2003 |last=Roshan |first=Rakesh |language=Hindi |publisher=Filmkraft Productions |author-link=Rakesh Roshan |place=India |time=1:35 |medium=Motion picture}}</ref> ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' was produced by Rakesh Roshan under Filmkraft Productions, which he established in 1980, and distributed by [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farook |first=Farhana |date=16 November 2012 |title=Hrithik has seen my failures – Rakesh Roshan |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/hrithik-has-seen-my-failures-rakesh-roshan-1703.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506064557/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/hrithik-has-seen-my-failures-rakesh-roshan-1703.html |archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2004 |title=Yash Chopra to foray into English film distribution |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |location=Mumbai, India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/yash-chopra-to-foray-into-english-film-distribution/122432/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915115645/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/yash-chopra-to-foray-into-english-film-distribution/122432/ |archive-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{multiple image
| image1 = Hrithik at Rado launch.jpg
| alt1 = Hrithik Roshan in 2016
| width1 = 140
| image2 = Preity Zinta at an event for ISHKQ IN PARIS.jpg
| alt2 = Preity Zinta in 2013
| width2 = 142
| footer = [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Preity Zinta]] were cast in the lead roles in ''Koi... Mil Gaya''
| align = left
}}
When ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' was announced, Rakesh Roshan said that his son Hrithik Roshan and Preity Zinta would play the lead roles in the film;<ref name="Hrithik-Preity" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Rana A. |date=9 September 2002 |title=Poised for pretty good times! |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/poised-for-pretty-good-times/article28380486.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506084557/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/poised-for-pretty-good-times/article28380486.ece |archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> it marked the actors' second collaboration after ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shamim |first=M. |date=29 October 2000 |title=Between blazing guns and roaring romance |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/between-blazing-guns-and-roaring-romance/article28051356.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061322/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/between-blazing-guns-and-roaring-romance/article28051356.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2003 |title=Friendship evening |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/friendship-evening/article28655141.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205711/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/friendship-evening/article28655141.ece |archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> Playing against [[typecasting]], Roshan was cast as the developmentally disabled man Rohit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2003 |title='Koi Mil Gaya' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/koi-mil-gaya/article28642609.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504055523/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/koi-mil-gaya/article28642609.ece |archive-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> He admitted the role had reminded him of his childhood, saying he could eat as many chocolates as he wanted and "became a baby and everybody was so caring towards me".<ref name="childhood">{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |date=6 August 2003 |title=Hrithik Roshan relives his childhood in Koi Mil Gaya |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/06sld1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030815073631/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/06sld1.htm |archive-date=15 August 2003 |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Hrithik Roshan called it the "most challenging role" of his career,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayar |first=Mandira |date=4 August 2003 |title=A space film for the re-launch of Hrithik |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/a-space-film-for-the-re-launch-of-hrithik/article28646344.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506003639/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/a-space-film-for-the-re-launch-of-hrithik/article28646344.ece |archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=8 August 2003 |title=A child at heart |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com:80/fullstory.php?content_id=5462 |url-status=dead |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031119061537/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=5462 |archive-date=19 November 2003 }}</ref> but revealed he had accepted the part after his father first offered it to him, confessing that his excitement made the role feel much easier.<ref name="superstar">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=12 August 2003 |title=Superstar is here again |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/superstar-is-here-again/article28445328.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503114413/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/superstar-is-here-again/article28445328.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> In a retrospective interview with ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', he explained that he "revisited that earlier passion I had felt when I did my first film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=13 May 2010 |title='The world is out to provoke you' |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/7a5LSpAOMTCMHLUJeeYFAL/8216The-world-is-out-to-provoke-you8217.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122314/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/7a5LSpAOMTCMHLUJeeYFAL/8216The-world-is-out-to-provoke-you8217.html |archive-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> To provide an accurate portrayal, Hrithik Roshan lost {{convert|8|kg}}, changed his hairstyle, and wore loose clothes to cover his well-built body.<ref name="Cinema Express" /><ref name="childhood" />

Zinta was given the role of Rohit's friend and then-wife, Nisha, after Rakesh Roshan saw her 20-minute performance in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s 1998 thriller ''[[Dil Se..]]'' and was impressed by it.<ref name="ET">{{Cite web |last1=Pant |first1=Seema |last2=Ashraf |first2=Syed Firdaus |date=7 August 2003 |title='Koi... Mil Gaya is not an Indian E.T.' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07rakesh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030809020835/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07rakesh.htm |archive-date=9 August 2003 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=18 September 2000 |title=Sassy Sirens |work=[[India Today]] |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20000918/cinema.shtml |url-status=dead |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124045257/http://india-today.com/itoday/20000918/cinema.shtml |archive-date=24 November 2010}}</ref> It was originally to be played by [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] or [[Kareena Kapoor]]; however, he saw that Rai Bachchan would not be a suitable co-actor as she was older than Hrithik Roshan, while Kapoor opted out because she had collaborated with the actor on several projects being ''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]'' (2001), ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001), ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]'' (2002) and ''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanwar |first=Sarita |date=19 June 2001 |title=It's Hrithik and Preity again! |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jun/19koi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010624024754/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jun/19koi.htm |archive-date=24 June 2001 |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Zinta, who enjoyed her part as Nisha and called ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' a special film for her,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkar |first=Hamida |date=September 2003 |title=Zip Zap Zinta: A joy ride with Preity |work=Filmfare |url=http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=149143&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040513011634/http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=149143&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=13 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=5 July 2003 |title=I'm a happy-go-lucky chatterbox: Preity |work=The Times of India |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=61267 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040313074843/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=61267 |archive-date=13 March 2004}}</ref> described the role as an attempt to change her "conventional heroine" image, telling [[Rediff.com]] that: "If I only did the glam-and-pout act, I would have stuck out like a sore thumb and destroyed the film's timeless texture."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=4 August 2003 |title='There's no sexuality between Hrithik and me' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/04preity.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030806053819/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/04preity.htm |archive-date=6 August 2003 |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The part proved to be a new challenge for her, and she found it to be her career's "toughest" role as it was "a very-controlled character".<ref name="Preity Zinta">{{Cite news |date=2004 |title=Preity Zinta: "I am dying to win an award in the 'Best Villain' category" |work=Filmfare |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/501844.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312183857/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/501844.cms |archive-date=12 March 2004}}</ref> Hrithik Roshan spoke positively of his rapport with her, and said he would "have been only half effective" if she was not his co-star.<ref name="Hit... Mil Gaya">{{Cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=21 September 2003 |title=Hit... Mil Gaya |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep21/ent1.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031221225458/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep21/ent1.asp |archive-date=21 December 2003}}</ref>

In July 2001, Rekha joined the cast and portrays Rohit's mother Sonia, a part that was specifically written by Rakesh Roshan for her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raval |first=Sheela |date=6 August 2001 |title=Playing mom |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20010806-actress-rekha-to-play-hrithik-roshan-mother-in-rakesh-roshan-koi-mil-gaya-773965-2001-08-06 |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505115123/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20010806-actress-rekha-to-play-hrithik-roshan-mother-in-rakesh-roshan-koi-mil-gaya-773965-2001-08-06 |archive-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Rekha">{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=19 July 2001 |title=Rekha to play mother to Hrithik |url=http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/00/jul/1907rekha/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004095656/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/00/jul/1907rekha/index.shtml |archive-date=4 October 2003 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Rakesh Roshan recommended she play the character as soon as he had finished writing the film's screenplay.<ref name="In new territory" /> "I didn't even have a back-up artiste in mind for her role. If she had turned me down, I wonder what I would've done", he told ''[[Filmfare]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=August 2003 |title=Ho Gaya! |work=Filmfare |url=http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=99345&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |url-status=dead |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040903201919/http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=99345&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=3 September 2004}}</ref> Discussing the film and its casting with the press, Hrithik Roshan said that she was the best on-screen mother and called her "marvellous".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kusnur |first=Narendra |date=6 August 2003 |title=Hrithik Roshan speaks on 'Koi Mil Gaya' |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/movies/2003/august/60423.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030808010331/http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/movies/2003/august/60423.htm |archive-date=8 August 2003}}</ref> Rekha saw that her part was "not too big", but believed that the role's motherhood aspect made it "worthwhile".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |date=13 December 2001 |title=Learning from experiences |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/learning-from-experiences/article28359074.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417072658/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/learning-from-experiences/article28359074.ece |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> The film was her second project with Zinta following ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]'' in 2002;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |date=9 September 2002 |title=The week of affairs of the heart... |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-week-of-affairs-of-the-heart/article28380489.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417074945/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-week-of-affairs-of-the-heart/article28380489.ece |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> it also reunited her with Rakesh Roshan after both had worked together on several films such as ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' (1980) and ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]'' (1989).<ref name="superstar" /> After [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Jackie Shroff]], and [[Rishi Kapoor]] rejected the role, Rakesh Roshan decided to play the small role of Rohit's father and Sonia's husband, the scientist Sanjay.<ref name="Cinema Express" /><ref name="Rekha" /> The film marked his comeback to acting following the 1999 comedy-drama ''[[Mother (1999 film)|Mother]]''.<ref name="ET" />

Indravadan J. Purohit got the part as the alien Jadoo. According to him, Rakesh Roshan had offered the role to 30 or 40 people before he gave it to him without any screen tests. To prepare, Purohit lost several kilograms of weight, joined a gym, and followed a strict diet.<ref name="Meet the Jadoo">{{Cite news |last=Janardan |first=Priya |date=9 August 2003 |title=Meet the 'Jadoo' of Koi Mil Gaya |work=[[Mid-Day]] |location=Borivali, India |url=http://www.mid-day.com/metro/borivli/2003/august/60759.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030810095452/http://www.mid-day.com/metro/borivli/2003/august/60759.htm |archive-date=10 August 2003}}</ref> Four months before the beginning of shooting, he went to Australia to model his 15 kilogram (33 lb.), three foot (nearly one metre) [[Animatronics|animatronical]] mask, which was created by the Australian artists James Colmer and Lara Denman from Bimini Special Effects Studios.<ref name="Meet the Jadoo" /><ref name="Deccan Chronicle" /> They were both emotional when Rakesh Roshan narrates the film's screenplay, and they later showed a number of sketches for the mask that took a half-hour each to draw.<ref name="15th anniversary" /><ref name="In new territory" /> The mask took nearly a year to build.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{Cite news |date=4 April 2014 |title=The man behind Jadoo's mask |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140404/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/man-behind-jadoo-mask |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405080008/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140404/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/man-behind-jadoo-mask |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2003 |title=Koi Mil Gaya not the first Bollywood movie to deal with extra-terrestrials |url=http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/03/aug/0708kmg/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030809010849/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/03/aug/0708kmg/index.shtml |archive-date=9 August 2003 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref> and cost {{INRConvert|100|m}}.<ref name="expensive">{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=11 September 2002 |title=Rakesh Roshan on Koi Mil Gaya |url=http://indiafm.com:80/scoop/02/sep/1109kmg/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030212044743/http://indiafm.com/scoop/02/sep/1109kmg/index.shtml |archive-date=12 February 2003 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Because the mask was heavy, Purohit needed oxygen after shooting every one of his scenes to avoid suffocating. Having starred in more than 300 films (all of which feature him in comic roles), he thought with ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' he got "a role of a lifetime" and considered the film to be a career boost.<ref name="Meet the Jadoo" />

=== Filming ===
[[File:Mahurat of Koi... Mil Gaya.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2| [[Udit Narayan]], Hrithik, Priety, Rakesh, [[Jeetendra]], Eshaan Roshan and [[Rajesh Roshan]] (from left to right) at the ''[[Muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' of ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' in 2001]]
[[Principal photography]] for ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' began on 12 November 2001, in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], during the [[Dhanteras]] celebration.<ref name="Film City">{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=13 November 2001 |title=Shooting of Koi Mil Gaya starts at Film City |url=http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/00/nov/1311kmg/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011207191519/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/00/nov/1311kmg/index.shtml |archive-date=7 December 2001 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The total budget ranged from {{INRConvert|250|m}} to {{INRConvert|350|m}}, making it the most expensive film Rakesh Roshan had made at the time.<ref name="expensive" /> [[Ravi K. Chandran]] and Sameer Arya were the cinematographers, while [[Sharmishta Roy]] was the production designer. [[Rocky Star]] and [[Komal Shahani]] designed the costumes for the rest of the cast. [[Farah Khan]], Raju Khan, and [[Ganesh Hegde]] served as the choreographers, and [[Allan Amin]] and [[Tinu Verma]] did the action direction.<ref name="Cast&Crew01" /> A mall replica was built in the film complex for the film's 14-day shooting schedule.<ref name="Film City" /> A schedule in Canada was completed after three days. In September 2002, the entertainment portal Bollywood Hungama reported that the film was 40 percent completed.<ref name="expensive" />

Chandran used shadows and smoke to make the film's sets look dark for the scenes that feature aliens, as he faced difficulties shooting those scenes in bright light. The spaceship, in which Jadoo visited [[Earth]] in the film, was designed by Colmer and Denman and built in a year.<ref name="Close encounters">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=7 July 2003 |title=Close encounters of the third kind |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/07intro.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030709025108/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/07intro.htm |archive-date=9 July 2003 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Satyamurthy |first=K. |date=6 February 2004 |title=Recognition |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/recognition/article28658197.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505103056/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/recognition/article28658197.ece |archive-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> During filming, Hrithik Roshan was also shooting three other projects—''[[Na Tum Jaano Na Hum]]'' (2002), ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]'' (2002), and ''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]'' (2003).<ref name="Hit... Mil Gaya" /> ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' took place in [[Bali, Rajasthan]], [[Bhimtal]], [[Western Europe]], Kasauli, [[Nainital]], and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Bharati |date=10 January 2002 |title=Hrithik: Hung, drawn and dancing in the rain |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/10hri.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030827213113/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/10hri.htm |archive-date=27 August 2003 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Sangeeta |date=1 October 2005 |title=Chilling in Kasauli |work=[[Business Standard]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/chilling-in-kasauli-105100101014_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108185010/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/chilling-in-kasauli-105100101014_1.html |archive-date=8 November 2015}}</ref> In 2018, Rakesh Roshan revealed its climax sequences were shot in two different versions: in the first one, Rohit lost all of his powers after Jadoo left Earth, while in the second, Rohit did not lose them. After hearing opinions from many directors (such as [[Aditya Chopra]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Subhash Ghai]], and [[Yash Chopra]], he decided to use the second ending, presuming the audience would be satisfied by it.<ref name="15th anniversary" />

Shooting ended in March 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=21 January 2003 |title='Films I work in should give me a high' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/21ravi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030126100934/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/21ravi.htm |archive-date=26 January 2003 |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' was edited by Sanjay Verma.<ref name="Cast&Crew01" /> With help from the [[Bangalore]]-based company Compudyne Winfosys, the American artists Marc Klobe and Craig Mumma, who previously collaborated on the science fiction films ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1996) and ''[[Godzilla (1998 film)|Godzilla]]'' (1998), were involved in the special effects.<ref name="In new territory" /><ref name="Close encounters" /> They were enthusiastic about their first Bollywood project, and Rakesh Roshan asked them to be thrifty;<ref name="In new territory" /> they spent {{INRConvert|40|m}}.<ref name="AWN">{{Cite web |last=Wanvari |first=Anil |date=29 October 2004 |title=Indian VFX: On the Verge of Breaking Out |url=https://www.awn.com/vfxworld/indian-vfx-verge-breaking-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327223646/https://www.awn.com/vfxworld/indian-vfx-verge-breaking-out |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=[[Animation World Network]]}}</ref> Nonetheless, the director confessed that the film's total cost was still excessive for him and attributed this problem to the special effects and making Jadoo's costumes.<ref name="The birth of a hit?" />

==Music==
{{Main|Koi... Mil Gaya (soundtrack)}}
[[Rajesh Roshan]] composed the soundtrack and background score for ''Koi... Mil Gaya''.<ref name="I feel like a misfit">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=24 July 2003 |title='I feel like a misfit in Bollywood' |work=The Times of India |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=93199 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040315015425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=93199 |archive-date=15 March 2004}}</ref> [[Ibrahim Ashk]], [[Nasir Faraaz]], and Dev Kohli wrote the lyrics, while [[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Tarsame Singh Saini]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurti]], Baby Sneha, [[Adnan Sami]], and Preeti Uttam Singh performed the vocals.<ref name="Planet Bollywood">{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Anish |date=2003 |title=Koi... Mil Gaya (Music) |url=https://planetbollywood.com/Music/KoiMilGaya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627173355/https://planetbollywood.com/Music/KoiMilGaya/ |archive-date=27 June 2003 |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Planet Bollywood}}</ref> The album was sold for {{INRConvert|50|m}} to [[Saregama]] who released it on 31 May 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=13 October 2003 |title=Sold for a song |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20031013-piracy-falling-sales-force-music-firms-to-cut-down-on-purchase-filmmakers-sell-music-cheap-791654-2003-10-13 |url-status=live |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132619/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20031013-piracy-falling-sales-force-music-firms-to-cut-down-on-purchase-filmmakers-sell-music-cheap-791654-2003-10-13 |archive-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Roshan – Koi... Mil Gaya |url=https://www.discogs.com/Rajesh-Roshan-Koi-Mil-Gaya/release/13863618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228215027/https://www.discogs.com/Rajesh-Roshan-Koi-Mil-Gaya/release/13863618 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Discogs]]|date=May 2003 }}</ref>

==Marketing==
''Koi... Mil Gaya'' was one of the most anticipated Indian films of 2003, owing to its science fiction genre, one rarely used by any Indian films before, and the character Jadoo.<ref name="Hit mil gaya, prediction">{{Cite news |last=Samant |first=Janhavi |date=8 August 2003 |title=Hit mil gaya, predicts film industry |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://web.mid-day.com:80/entertainment/movies/2003/august/60628.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030809121835/http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/movies/2003/august/60628.htm |archive-date=9 August 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2003 |title=A dream run |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/a-dream-run/article28646846.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503114508/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/a-dream-run/article28646846.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> Promoted with the tagline, "You Are Not Alone...", the film was targeted at children and parents.<ref name="Tease me">{{Cite news |date=1 June 2003 |title=Tease Me, Tease Me |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/tease-me-tease-me/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508215452/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/tease-me-tease-me/ |archive-date=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 2003 |title=Making waves |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/making-waves/article28454100.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503115334/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/making-waves/article28454100.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> The TV spots, created by Prime Focus company, were aired on television for a week.<ref name="Tease me" /> As a part of the promotion, [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] managed a special show for the film, titled ''MTV Making of the Movie'' (containing interviews of the cast and crew) which aired between 10 and 14 August.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Malhotra |first1=Anjali |last2=Kannan |first2=K. |date=8 August 2003 |title=Boosting Hrithik |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/boosting-hrithik/article28646575.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503113428/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/boosting-hrithik/article28646575.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

After seeing its promotional trailers, [[Komal Nahta]], the editor of the trade magazine ''Film Information'', reported: "This has been my gut feeling ever since I heard the narration of the film concept. But the magic of the film comes across even through the promos."<ref name="Hit mil gaya, prediction" /> [[Amod Mehra]] said that the film's themes would successfully attract an audience, giving "adults ... a chance to relive their childhood".<ref name="Hit mil gaya, prediction" /> Sharing the same sentiments, the critic and film trade observer [[Taran Adarsh]] added that "the combination of Hrithik, Rakesh and Rajesh Roshan" would make its opening "bumper".<ref name="Hrithik is the jaadoo">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Priyanka |date=7 August 2003 |title='Hrithik is the jaadoo of the industry' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07react.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505120647/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07react.htm |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
A special screening was held for Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and Deputy Prime Minister [[Lal Krishna Advani]] along with their families on 2 August 2003 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2003 |title=PM, Deputy PM watch Koi Mil Gaya |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//india/PM-Deputy-PM-watch-Koi-Mil-Gaya/articleshow/109978.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505120650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//india/PM-Deputy-PM-watch-Koi-Mil-Gaya/articleshow/109978.cms |archive-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> After watching the film, Vajpayee told Rakesh Roshan that he had made "a very good film".<ref name="Hrithik is the jaadoo" /> The film was released theatrically six days later and clashed with [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s ''[[Footpath (2003 film)|Footpath]]'' and [[Satish Kaushik]]'s ''[[Tere Naam]]''.<ref name="In new territory" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2003 |title=Salman Vs Hrithik, filmi-style |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/Salman-Vs-Hrithik-filmi-style/articleshow/134135.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919052012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/Salman-Vs-Hrithik-filmi-style/articleshow/134135.cms |archive-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> According to Rediff.com's Syed Firdaus Ashraf, who attended its premiere in [[Mumbai]], he saw that children would continuously shout, "Jadoo! Jadoo!". He also reported that the film's tickets were being sold illegally by [[black market]]eers at a higher price.<ref name="First day">{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |date=8 August 2003 |title=Koi... Mil Gaya: First day, first show! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/08sld1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506154155/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/08sld1.htm |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

It was screened at the 2nd International Special Film Festival (organised by [[ActionAid]]) on 14–20 March 2003 and the 15th [[NatFilm Festival]] on 11 April.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. |first=Kannan |date=7 September 2004 |title=Special films, special fest |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/special-films-special-fest/article28672583.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503141602/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/special-films-special-fest/article28672583.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natfilm 2004 |url=http://biffen.tangora.net/page214.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204171445/http://biffen.tangora.net/page214.aspx |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Biffen Art Cinema |language=da}}</ref>

====Censorship====
The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] finished the censorship review of the film on 25 July and gave it a "U" (suitable for all age groups) certification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Censor Details: Koi Mil Gaya |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/censor/7019/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123165733/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/censor/7019/index.html |archive-date=23 January 2007 |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' garnered high expectations from trade analysts as well, which left Hrithik Roshan restless.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=9 August 2003 |title='I couldn't sleep before the first preview' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/09hrithik.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811004518/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/09hrithik.htm |archive-date=11 August 2003 |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

====Localization====
A [[German language|German]]-dubbed version was released under the title of ''Sternenkind'' ({{translation|''Star Child''}}) in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland during [[Christmas]] of 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2005 |title=German version of Koi Mil Gaya |url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2005/10/24/6088/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225121702/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2005/10/24/6088/index.html |archive-date=25 December 2005 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref>

===Home media===
Distributed by Yash Raj Films, it was released on [[DVD]] on 15 September 2003 in a single-disc pack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2003 |title=Koi... Mil Gaya [DVD] [2003] |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Koi-Mil-Gaya-Hrithik-Roshan/dp/B0000BZNJL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325234216/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Koi-Mil-Gaya-Hrithik-Roshan/dp/B0000BZNJL |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref> It is also available on [[CD]] and [[VCD]] distributed by [[Moser Baer]] and [[Eros International]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koi Mil Gaya |url=https://www.amazon.in/Koi-Mil-Gaya/dp/B08295TWG8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918135837/https://www.amazon.in/Koi-Mil-Gaya/dp/B08295TWG8 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Amazon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koi... Mil Gaya VCD |url=https://www.induna.com/1000015585-productdetails/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121111402/https://www.induna.com/1000015585-productdetails/ |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Induna.com]]}}</ref> According to an estimate by ''[[The Economic Times]]'' in June 2004, the DVD version had sold around 15,000 units, while for the VCD version sold 150,000 units; the film thus grossed {{INRConvert|40|m}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nag |first=Ashoke |date=2 June 2004 |title=Bollywood sets VCD market on fire |work=The Economic Times |location=Kolkata, India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/bollywood-sets-vcd-market-on-fire/articleshow/713721.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919053846/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/bollywood-sets-vcd-market-on-fire/articleshow/713721.cms |archive-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> Eros International released its triple-disc CD version in the [[NTSC]] widescreen format as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koi…Mil Gaya |url=https://www.amazon.in/Koi-Mil-Gaya-Hrithik-Roshan/dp/B006QGDYQE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012031430/http://www.amazon.in/Koi-Mil-Gaya-Hrithik-Roshan/dp/B006QGDYQE |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Amazon}}</ref>

The television rights to ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' were sold to [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] in February 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2004 |title=Sony bags rights to 'Koi Mil Gaya', 'Baghban' |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb190.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040412200912/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb190.htm |archive-date=12 April 2004 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Indian Television}}</ref> and the worldwide premiere occurred on 24 October.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2004 |title=Now NDTV India beats Aaj Tak in market share |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/now-ndtv-india-beats-aaj-tak-in-market-share/articleshow/895671.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918141137/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/now-ndtv-india-beats-aaj-tak-in-market-share/articleshow/895671.cms |archive-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> The film has been streaming on [[Netflix]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] since 30 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Movies |first1=Netflix |title=Koi... Mil Gaya (2003) on Netflix |url=https://www.netflixmovies.com/koi-mil-gaya-2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814043514/https://www.netflixmovies.com/koi-mil-gaya-2003 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Netflix]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koi Mil Gaya |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Koi-Mil-Gaya/0TEJVUOJVBKQTXU91D75C5D5NF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061321/https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Koi-Mil-Gaya/0TEJVUOJVBKQTXU91D75C5D5NF |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Koi... Mil Gaya'' was successful at the box office, due to the audience's sympathy for Hrithik Roshan's character as a man with developmental disability. Trade analysts speculated the film would be an "acid test" for the actor.<ref name="sympathy" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pais |first=Arthur J. |date=5 August 2003 |title=Hrithik's still popular |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/05hrithik.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923233416/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/05hrithik.htm |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was released on 450 screens across India and grossed {{INRConvert|22.5|m}} on its opening day, the year's second-highest first-day earnings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India First Day (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-day.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026100142/https://boxofficeindia.com/india-first-day.php?year=2003 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> It grossed {{INRConvert|64.5|m}} by the end of its opening weekend,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India First Weekend (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-weekend.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063801/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-weekend.php?year=2003 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> and {{INRConvert|129|m}} after its first week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India First Week (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-week.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219082155/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-week.php?year=2003 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' earned {{INRConvert|724.9|m}} in India, becoming the highest-grossing Indian film of 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India Grossers (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403130359/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

Abroad, the film did not attract much of an audience. As reported by Rediff.com, it debuted in 29th place in North America, where it was released on 55 screens, and grossed less than $300,000 after a three-day run.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pais |first=Arthur J. |date=12 August 2003 |title=KMG: Raves in India, rants in USA |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/12koi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174606/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/12koi.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Following its first weekend, the film had collected {{INRConvert|32|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Overseas First Weekend (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-first-weekend.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019111856/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-first-weekend.php?year=2003 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> It earned {{INRConvert|98.4|m}} after finishing its overseas theatrical run, becoming the fifth-highest-grossing Indian film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Overseas Grossers (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223111307/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Summarizing the film's total gross in India and overseas, the film-trade website Box Office India estimated ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' grossed {{INRConvert|823.3|m}}, making it 2003's second-highest-grossing Indian film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers (2003) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106121652/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=29 December 2003 |title=Top five |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/top-five/article28459979.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061322/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/top-five/article28459979.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=80|count=10|average=5.4|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=13 December 2023}} ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' opened to a positive critical reception, with most critics applauding the cast's performances (especially that of Hrithik Roshan).<ref name="sympathy">{{Cite news |date=21 August 2003 |title=Sympathy wave? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sympathy-wave/article28446203.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503141608/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sympathy-wave/article28446203.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2003 |title=Hrithik's new image spells success |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/hrithiks-new-image-spells-success/article28574011.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503115016/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/hrithiks-new-image-spells-success/article28574011.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> Rekha and Zinta's performances were panned; several critics found them to be "utterly wasted" serving only as the film's "decorative piece[s]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Palicha |first=Parish C. |date=14 August 2003 |title=Family entertainer |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/family-entertainer/article28445656.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503114602/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/family-entertainer/article28445656.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> In spite of that, Rekha's performance was better received critically.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=3 November 2003 |title=Graceful as ever |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/graceful-as-ever/article28454505.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503115359/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/graceful-as-ever/article28454505.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''Mid-Day'' observed, "You walk into ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' expecting to find a mysterious alien, what you end up discovering is a child inside you." She praised Roshan for his performance in "his bravest role".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=8 August 2003 |title=Film review of 'Koi... Mil Gaya' |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2003/august/60630.htm |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040219054625/http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2003/august/60630.htm |archive-date=19 February 2004}}</ref> Bollywood Hungama noted, "Hrithik Roshan dominates the show and packs in a power-packed performance. The role of a mentally challenged person is no cakewalk, but the actor takes to it like a fish takes to water. He manages to pull off the zero-to-hero routine exceptionally well. As an actor, he scales dizzier heights with this splendid performance."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=8 August 2003 |title=Koi Mil Gaya Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/koi-mil-gaya/critic-review/koi-mil-gaya-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423125533/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/koi-mil-gaya/critic-review/koi-mil-gaya-movie-review/ |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Rediff.com's R. Swaminathan called the actor "the turbojet that propels the film to the realm of the extraordinary", and believed that the film's screenplay and dialogues gave his character "flesh and blood".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaminathan |first=R. |date=7 August 2003 |title=Hrithik: paisa vasool! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07koi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030809015723/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/07koi.htm |archive-date=9 August 2003 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> However, he felt Jadoo's design was "a big letdown", saying that it was "plasticky" and "does not exude life".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaminathan |first=R. |date=6 August 2003 |title=Sneak preview: Koi... Mil Gaya |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/06koi1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509091123/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/06koi1.htm |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[The Afternoon Despatch & Courier]]'', [[Deepa Gahlot]] described ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' as "a great demo of the Bollywood style of filmmaking", but criticised its scientific inaccuracy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=8 August 2003 |title=ET In Bollywood |work=[[The Afternoon Despatch & Courier]] |url=http://www.cybernoon.com:80/DisplayArticle.asp?section=xtras&subsection=showbuzz&xfile=August2003_filmreview_standard11&child=filmreview |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030905022813/http://www.cybernoon.com/DisplayArticle.asp?section=xtras&subsection=showbuzz&xfile=August2003_filmreview_standard11&child=filmreview |archive-date=5 September 2003}}</ref> Manjulaa S. Negi of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' was not satisfied by the special effects and compared them to ''Independence Day'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Negi |first=Manjulaa S. |date=9 August 2003 |title=Koi... Mil Gaya |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://widgets.hindustantimes.com/india/koi-mil-gaya/story-6OoraU486cWOy0McMQn9aI.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507062503/https://widgets.hindustantimes.com/india/koi-mil-gaya/story-6OoraU486cWOy0McMQn9aI.html |archive-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]''{{'s}} editor [[Bhawana Somaaya]] appreciated Hrithik Roshan's performance, finding it to be "very sincere" and "brave"; she also took note of the film's "refreshing" subject.<ref name="preview">{{Cite news |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=7 August 2003 |title=Sneak preview of 'Koi... Mil Gaya' |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/movies/2003/august/60497.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030808034225/http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/movies/2003/august/60497.htm |archive-date=8 August 2003}}</ref> Sharing a similar view, [[Dinesh Raheja]] felt Hrithik Roshan had delivered "a cherish-worthy performance".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |author-link=Dinesh Raheja |date=13 August 2003 |title=Hrithik's magic works |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://web.mid-day.com:80/columns/dinesh_raheja/2003/august/61000.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011193334/http://web.mid-day.com/columns/dinesh_raheja/2003/august/61000.htm |archive-date=11 October 2003}}</ref> Both critics added the child actors, who accompanying Hrithik Roshan's character throughout the film, contributed positively to his performance.<ref name="preview" /> [[Ziya Us Salam]] was sure Rekha was underdeveloped and Lata Khubchandani, in her review for [[Sify]], questioned why she was cast for the role;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |date=11 August 2003 |title=Finding a winner all the way |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-winner-all-the-way/article28445139.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505180259/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-winner-all-the-way/article28445139.ece |archive-date=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khubchandani |first=Lata |date=2003 |title=Hrithik's alien flick is a must-watch |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2425&id=13220427 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030912031329/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2425&id=13220427 |archive-date=12 September 2003 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]], who gave the film four stars, presumed that Rekha's role made her "restrained"—an opinion shared by Nahta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Mohamed |date=10 August 2003 |title=Now, that's entertainment |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://web.mid-day.com/columns/khalid_mohammed/2003/august/60818.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811192350/http://web.mid-day.com/columns/khalid_mohammed/2003/august/60818.htm |archive-date=11 August 2003}}</ref><ref name="Radio Sargam">{{Cite web |last=Nahta |first=Komal |author-link=Komal Nahta |date=25 July 2003 |title=Koi Mil Gaya |url=http://radiosargam.com/movies/moviereviews/k/koimilgaya.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031119003252/http://radiosargam.com/movies/moviereviews/k/koimilgaya.htm |archive-date=19 November 2003 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Radio Sargam}}</ref> Of Zinta's performance, Nahta opined: "Preity Zinta does not have a very significant role in terms of the value she adds although she has a running role. She looks pretty and acts well."<ref name="Radio Sargam" /> Vijay Venkataramanan of Planet Bollywood appreciated Rekha's strong chemistry with Hrithik Roshan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkataramanan |first=Vijay |date=2003 |title=Koi Mil Gaya |url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041206122131 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805090207/https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041206122131 |archive-date=5 August 2016 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Planet Bollywood}}</ref>

Chitra Mahesh from ''The Hindu'' commended Hrithik Roshan and the cast of the children, while referring to the character Jadoo as "amateurish".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |date=15 August 2003 |title="Koi Mil Gaya" |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/15/stories/2003081501450200.htm |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122154235/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/15/stories/2003081501450200.htm |archive-date=22 January 2005}}</ref> In his five-star review published by [[B4U (network)|B4U]], Parag Chandrabala Maniar lauded the efforts of Rakesh Roshan "to provide pure and clean entertainment" and Kolbe's and Mumma's special effects. He said of Hrithik Roshan, "[He] proves his versatility as an actor. At times he moves you and at others he makes you laugh. Here's is (''sic'') definitely an actor to reckon with. The number of flops notwithstanding, Hrithik Roshan is here to stay."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maniar |first=Parag Chandrabala |date=2003 |title=Koi Mil Gaya: Space Ventura! |url=http://www.b4utv.com/movies/review/koi.asp?ReviewID=koi08072003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030815104713/http://www.b4utv.com/movies/review/koi.asp?ReviewID=koi08072003 |archive-date=15 August 2003 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[B4U (network)|B4U]]}}</ref> Meenakshi Rao of ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]'' complimented his acting style, considering him to be "endearing, as endearing as a child of his mental age".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Meenakshi |date=2003 |title=Indian ET has its charms |work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=FILMS&file_name=film1.txt&counter_img=1 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030810040446/http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=FILMS&file_name=film1.txt&counter_img=1 |archive-date=10 August 2003}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'s}} Omar Qureshi elaborated, "Hrithik blows away all doubts, theories, criticisms and disbelief with an extraordinarily touching performance of a mentally challenged boy in a rough man's world. He surprises you with his reserves of pathos, his gamut of emotion and his transition from weak boy to strong man. Here is a sterling act, worthy of all awards this year—thus far. He is simply incredible, even in his voice modulations, his sloppy walk and his lopsided smile."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Qureshi |first=Omar |date=7 August 2003 |title=Hrithik does jadoo in Koi Mil Gaya |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-does-jadoo-in-Koi-Mil-Gaya/articleshow/119141.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920061636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-does-jadoo-in-Koi-Mil-Gaya/articleshow/119141.cms |archive-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> An [[Indo-Asian News Service]] critic wrote that the pairing of Hrithik Roshan and Preity Zinta took "the couple conventions of Hindi cinema far beyond the escapades of typical Hindi cinema".<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2003 |title=KMG: Love comes a calling |work=The Times of India |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/136048.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031228223535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/136048.cms |archive-date=28 December 2003}}</ref>

Overseas critics focused their attention on Hrithik Roshan's performance and the film's themes, while also pointing out its many similarities to American SF films (most notably ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.]]''). Ed Halter of ''[[The Village Voice]]'' predicted that the film's elements, including its "nonstop plagiarism from classics like ''E.T.'', ''Star Wars'', and ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind''", might be embraced by foreign nerds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Halter |first=Ed |author-link=Ed Halter |date=13–19 August 2003 |title=Mothership Masala: Close Encounters of the Bollywood Kind |work=[[The Village Voice]] |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/issues/0333/halter.php |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030820130431/http://www.villagevoice.com/issues/0333/halter.php |archive-date=20 August 2003}}</ref> [[Grady Hendrix]] of ''[[Film Comment]]'' commented that the film was an "embarrassment of riches", summarising, "... it's mockable, it's silly, it's cloaked in a cloying miasma of cute, but its off-handed facility with pop-cinema conventions, spiced up with some jarring stylistic disconnects, delivers the most mind-bending entertainment experience of the season. This is commercial moviemaking taken to its logical, mondo mercantilist conclusion."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hendrix |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Hendrix |date=2003 |title=Koi... Mil Gaya (I Found Someone, 2003) |work=[[Film Comment]] |url=http://www.filmlinc.com/fcm/online/reviewbol.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031006234043/http://www.filmlinc.com/fcm/online/reviewbol.htm |archive-date=6 October 2003}}</ref> [[M. J. Simpson]] expressed approval of the entire cast, especially Hrithik Roshan, whom he regarded as the film's "oddest aspect".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=M. J. |author-link=M. J. Simpson |date=14 June 2006 |title=Koi... Mil Gaya |url=http://mjsimpson-films.blogspot.com/2013/11/koi-mil-gaya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506134318/http://mjsimpson-films.blogspot.com/2013/11/koi-mil-gaya.html |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=M. J. Simpson}}</ref> Calling it "bright, loud and relentless fun", [[Jürgen Fauth]] gave the film three-and-a-half-out-of-five stars and reviewed its comedic, romantic, science-fictional, musical, action, and melodramatic elements positively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fauth |first=Jürgen |author-link=Jürgen Fauth |date=2003 |title="E.T." Meets "The Sound of Music"... in Hindi |url=http://worldfilm.about.com/cs/bollywood/fr/koimilgaya.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031210024420/http://worldfilm.about.com/cs/bollywood/fr/koimilgaya.htm |archive-date=10 December 2003 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=World/Independent Film}}</ref> ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine hailed it as the "most novel Bollywood movie of the year".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Omar |date=21 August 2003 |title=Koi... Mil Gaya Review |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/koi-mil-gaya-review/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803020020/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/koi-mil-gaya-review/ |archive-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> The [[BBC]]'s Manish Gajjar described Hrithik Roshan's role as a "mentally-retarded-child-[turned]-superman-hero".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gajjar |first=Manish |date=August 2003 |title=Koi Mil Gaya |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2003/08/koi_mil_gaya.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003162004/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2003/08/koi_mil_gaya.shtml |archive-date=3 October 2003 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] praised him for avoiding his typecasting as a romantic hero,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Elley |date=25 August 2003 |title=Koi... Mil Gaya |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/koi-mil-gaya-1200539782/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515091850/https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/koi-mil-gaya-1200539782/ |archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> while David Parkinson of ''[[Radio Times]]'' thought that the film served as "slick, sentimental entertainment".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkinson |first=David |date=August 2003 |title=Koi... Mil Gaya |work=[[Radio Times]] |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/film/cpgcd/koi-mil-gaya/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919120533/https://www.radiotimes.com/film/cpgcd/koi-mil-gaya/ |archive-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> Writing for ''[[TV Guide]]'', Maitland McDonagh singled out Jadoo's expression in the scene where he is lost in a forest for praise.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McDonagh |first=Maitland |date=August 2003 |title=Koi... Mil Gaya |work=[[TV Guide]] |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/koi-mil-gaya/review/136980/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200919133419/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/koi-mil-gaya/review/136980/ |archive-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{{Main|List of accolades received by Koi... Mil Gaya}}

''Koi... Mil Gaya'' won three awards at the [[51st National Film Awards]], including [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]] tied with [[Prakash Jha]]'s crime film ''[[Gangaajal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2005 |title=Kalam steals the show at film awards fete |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kalam-steals-the-show-at-film-awards-fete/article27310422.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061322/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kalam-steals-the-show-at-film-awards-fete/article27310422.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> At the [[49th Filmfare Awards]], the film was nominated for eleven categories including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Zinta), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Rekha), [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]] (Johnny Lever), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Rajesh Roshan).<ref name="Preity Zinta" /><ref name="Filmfare Awards">{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |website=Filmfare |format=PDF |pages=116–119 |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> It went on to win five trophies including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Rakesh Roshan, and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] for Hrithik Roshan.<ref name="Filmfare Awards" /> At the sixth [[Bollywood Movie Awards]], Hrithik Roshan received [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Bollywood Movie Award – Critics Award Male|Best Actor (Critics)]], while Rekha was acknowledged as the year's [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Bollywood Movie Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124901/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]}}</ref> The film won five of eleven nominations at the fifth [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], including Best Director (Rakesh Roshan) and [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Hrithik Roshan).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=24 May 2004 |title=Kal Ho Na Ho bags 11 awards |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kal-ho-na-ho-bags-11-awards/article27616386.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503121224/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kal-ho-na-ho-bags-11-awards/article27616386.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> It also earned five [[Screen Awards]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=18 January 2004 |title=Screen Awards: Shocks & surprises |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/screen-awards-shocks--surprises-news-bollywood-kkfvNPjehfhsi.html |url-status=dead |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107105835/http://www.sify.com/movies/screen-awards-shocks-surprises-news-bollywood-kkfvNPjehfhsi.html |archive-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> five [[Zee Cine Awards]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |date=1 March 2004 |title=A to Zee... Awards galore |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-to-zee-awards-galore/article28201351.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503120857/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-to-zee-awards-galore/article28201351.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> four [[Producers Guild Film Awards]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1st Apsara Producers Guild Awards Winners |url=http://apsaraawards.org/1st_apsara_awards_winners.html |url-status=live |website=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111155807/http://apsaraawards.org/1st_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=11 January 2018}}</ref> and two [[Stardust Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2004 |title=Shahid, Amrita bag 'Stardust' awards |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/shahid-amrita-bag-stardust-awards-news-bollywood-kkfvNLfhfhesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129100735/https://www.sify.com/movies/shahid-amrita-bag-stardust-awards-news-bollywood-kkfvNLfhfhesi.html |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Koi... Mil Gaya'', often abbreviated as ''KMG'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Udasi |first=Harshikaa |date=13 September 2013 |title=Kid Krrish to the rescue |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kid-krrish-to-the-rescue/article4614038.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801005902/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kid-krrish-to-the-rescue/article4614038.ece |archive-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> has been widely regarded as the first Indian science fiction film with alien characters in it, although this was disputed by several film experts. In ''The Liverpool Companion to World Science Fiction Film'' (2014), professors Jessica Langer and Dominic Alessio wrote that the Tamil-language film ''[[Kalai Arasi]]'' (1963) should be given the title.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Langer |first1=Jessica |title=The Liverpool Companion to World Science Fiction Film |last2=Alessio |first2=Dominic |date=1 September 2014 |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] |isbn=978-1-78138-038-3 |editor-last=Fritzsche |editor-first=Sonya |chapter=Indian Science Fiction Cinema: An Overview |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wg_RCwAAQBAJ&q=kalaiarasi+queen+of+arts&pg=PA56 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223071600/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wg_RCwAAQBAJ&q=kalaiarasi+queen+of+arts&pg=PA56 |url-status=live }}</ref>:56 Writing for ''[[The New York Times]]'', the critic and author [[Anupama Chopra]] stated that ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' was "Hindi cinema's first major science fiction film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=11 June 2006 |title=In 'Krrish,' Bollywood Gets a Superhero of Its Own |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/movies/11chopr.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615213556/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/movies/11chopr.html |archive-date=15 June 2006}}</ref> The BBC reported that the film "is certainly a milestone in the reformation of commercial Indian cinema as a whole",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=The next big hurdle... |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/blast/kmg_review.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030826015252/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/blast/kmg_review.shtml |archive-date=26 August 2003 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=BBC}}</ref> and the American graphic artist [[Aaron Marcus]], in his 2014 book ''Design, User Experience, and Usability: Health, Learning, Playing, Cultural, and Cross-Cultural User Experience'' called it the most popular Bollywood science fiction film.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=Aaron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJW6BQAAQBAJ&dq=aaron+marcus+koi+mil+gaya&pg=PA75 |title=Design, User Experience, and Usability: Health, Learning, Playing, Cultural, and Cross-Cultural User Experience |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-319-07638-6 |author-link=Aaron Marcus |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010195740/https://books.google.com/books?id=zJW6BQAAQBAJ&dq=aaron+marcus+koi+mil+gaya&pg=PA75 |url-status=live }}</ref>:75 In 2016, ''Mint'' featured ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' on its lists of "Children's Day: 10 Memorable Bollywood Films"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=14 November 2016 |title=Children's Day: 10 memorable Bollywood films |work=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/djhr8pnc7PcV5dguS98WXJ/Ten-memorable-Bollywood-childrens-films.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193232/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/djhr8pnc7PcV5dguS98WXJ/Ten-memorable-Bollywood-childrens-films.html |archive-date=17 November 2018}}</ref> and "Ten Bollywood films Dealing with Disability".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=8 March 2016 |title=Ten Bollywood films dealing with disability |work=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/hB0s0ADXk4HQLCYa8RZFjK/Ten-Bollywood-films-dealing-with-disability.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510094100/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/hB0s0ADXk4HQLCYa8RZFjK/Ten-Bollywood-films-dealing-with-disability.html |archive-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>

After making his debut in ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai'' (2000), Hrithik Roshan starred in a series of romantic films, most of which under performed financially including ''Yaadein'' (2001), ''[[Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage]]'' (2002), and ''Na Tum Jaano Na Hum'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Raval |first1=Sheela |last2=Bamzai |first2=Kaveree |date=27 May 2002 |title=Is Hrithik Roshan a one-trick pony? |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020527-is-hrithik-roshan-a-one-trick-pony-795167-2002-05-27 |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318074259/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020527-is-hrithik-roshan-a-one-trick-pony-795167-2002-05-27 |archive-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Trade analysts believed that his career was ended by these failures.<ref name="Second coming">{{Cite news |date=20 January 2003 |title=Second coming |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/second-coming/article28397040.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061323/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/second-coming/article28397040.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Souvik |date=1 July 2003 |title=Honesty, Hrithik style |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/honesty-hrithik-style/article28441213.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503141542/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/honesty-hrithik-style/article28441213.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> The release of ''Koi... Mil Gaya'', which Hrithik Roshan wanted to revive his career, changed analysts' perspectives of the actor and suggested that the film resurrected his position in the industry.<ref name="15th anniversary" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=15 December 2003 |title=Bollywood's Top 5, 2003: Hrithik Roshan |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/15sld10.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061359/https://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/15sld10.htm |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> While attending its premiere, Nahta told Rediff.com that it was "very important for him. Hrithik is not 'out' of the industry but his position is shaky. So, if the audience likes the film, it is good for him."<ref name="First day" /> In 2010, ''Filmfare'' magazine included his performance on their list of "80 Iconic Performances" of Hindi cinema, writing, "It's incredible how the actor manages to diminish his size, unstylise his look, wear bug-eyed glasses and talk funny ... Watch him laugh, cry or bond with his remote controlled alien friend and note his nuanced turn."<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2010 |title=Filmfare – 80 Iconic Performances 5/10 |work=Filmfare |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-510-955.html |url-status=dead |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325055806/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-510-955.html |archive-date=25 March 2012}}</ref> He and Zinta collaborated again in the war drama ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004), which failed at the box office although he received positive feedback.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2004 |title=Mixed bag of hits and duds |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/mixed-bag-of-hits-and-duds/article28578212.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/mixed-bag-of-hits-and-duds/article28578212.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pai |first=Rajeev |date=18 June 2004 |title=Watch Lakshya. You won't be disappointed |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/18lakshya.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204150439/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/18lakshya.htm |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In 2005, Zinta chose ''Koi... Mil Gaya'' as one of her favourite films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2005 |title=Top Ten: Preity Zinta |work=Filmfare |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articleshow/msid-1041979,curpg-2.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050329041811/http://www.filmfare.com/articleshow/msid-1041979,curpg-2.cms |archive-date=29 March 2005}}</ref>

The film was remade into a soap opera in Indonesia under the title {{ill|Si Yoyo|id|italic=yes}} (2003–2007) and in Telugu as ''[[Orey Pandu]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Febriyatko |first=Angga |date=9 October 2010 |title=Laris manis sinetron |trans-title=The success of soap operas |url=https://news.detik.com/opini/d-1459911/laris-manis-sinetron |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925091300/https://news.detik.com/opini/d-1459911/laris-manis-sinetron |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Detik.com]] |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anuradha |first=B. |title=Sachin does a Hrithik Roshan! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/pandu/20050211.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117091544/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/pandu/20050211.htm |archive-date=2023-01-17 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Following the film's success, Jadoo became popular with children. [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon India]] aired a spin-off television series based on the character, titled ''[[J Bole Toh Jadoo]]'', in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |date=9 November 2004 |title=Crowning the kid king |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/crowning-the-kid-king/article28352832.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503121841/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/crowning-the-kid-king/article28352832.ece |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> In 2020, after the [[United States Department of Defense]] published [[Pentagon UFO videos|footage]] of an unidentified flying object, internet memes relating to the film went viral; most of them use the scene where Rohit summons aliens by his father's computer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2020 |title=Pentagon officially releases UFO footage, Bollywood fans call Hrithik Roshan-Rakesh Roshan 'visionaries' for making 'Koi... Mil Gaya' |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pentagon-officially-releases-ufo-footage-bollywood-fans-call-hrithik-roshan-rakesh-roshan-visionaries-for-making-koi-mil-gaya/articleshow/75428424.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218003243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pentagon-officially-releases-ufo-footage-bollywood-fans-call-hrithik-roshan-rakesh-roshan-visionaries-for-making-koi-mil-gaya/articleshow/75428424.cms |archive-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>

== Sequels ==
{{Main|Krrish (franchise)}}

''Koi... Mil Gaya'' is the first installment in the [[Krrish (franchise)|''Krrish'' franchise]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=3 November 2013 |title=A sci-fi double dose this Diwali |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/a-scifi-double-dose-this-diwali/article5308840.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117202548/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/a-scifi-double-dose-this-diwali/article5308840.ece |archive-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> In November 2004, in an interview with Subhash K. Jha of Rediff.com, Hrithik Roshan announced that his father, Rakesh Roshan, had begun the production of a sequel to ''Koi... Mil Gaya'', based on a screenplay which was written in eight or nine months.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chhiber |first=Mini-Anthikad |date=15 November 2004 |title=One for all |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Hyderabad, India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-for-all/article28353625.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-for-all/article28353625.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hrithik announces sequel!">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=9 November 2004 |title=Hrithik announces sequel! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/09hrithik.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118114830/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/09hrithik.htm |archive-date=18 November 2008 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A superhero film titled ''[[Krrish]]'', Hrithik Roshan would play a dual role, reprising his part as Rohit from the original film and playing the character's [[Krrish (character)|eponymous]] son. While Rekha also reprised her role in the sequel, Zinta's position as the female lead was given to [[Priyanka Chopra]].<ref name="Krrish">{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=24 June 2006 |title='Krrish' a technological marvel |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/krrish-a-technological-marvel/article3123715.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/krrish-a-technological-marvel/article3123715.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> Produced on a budget of {{INRConvert|500|m}},<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. |first=Bhumika |date=24 June 2006 |title=Man, that's super! |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/man-thats-super/article3195006.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061327/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/man-thats-super/article3195006.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> principal photography started in March 2005 and finished in January 2006.<ref name="Hrithik announces sequel!" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2006 |title=Krrish promos from January 15 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/krrish-promos-from-january-15/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061342/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/krrish-promos-from-january-15/ |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref> ''Krrish'' opened on 23 June 2006 to mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |date=12 June 2006 |title='We are no less than Hollywood' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/12rakesh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306024807/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/12rakesh.htm |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> with critics were disappointed by the replacement of Zinta.<ref name="Krrish" /> However, the film was a commercial success and became the second-highest-grossing Indian film that year, earning more than {{INRConvert|1|b}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers (2006) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223001514/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2006 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

A second superhero sequel, ''[[Krrish 3]]'', was announced in December 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2006 |title=Rakesh Roshan plans sequel to Krrish |url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/12/20/8486/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120013808/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/12/20/8486/index.html |archive-date=20 January 2007 |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref> Hrithik Roshan and Chopra reprise their roles, while [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]] play the antagonists. The film was originally scheduled to be released as a [[3D film]], but the idea was scrapped.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=21 May 2012 |title=Krrish-3 not in 3D |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/krrish-3-not-in-3d/articleshow/13315234.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/krrish-3-not-in-3d/articleshow/13315234.cms |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> Although Rakesh Roshan never officially confirmed its budget, reports from the media estimated it to be above {{INRConvert|1|b}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2013 |title=Krrish 3 gets a grand opening, collects Rs 25 crore on first day |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/krrish-3-gets-a-grand-opening-collects-rs-25-crore-on-first-day/story-YLJenTAiTWGAAUwP2OHDLK.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511062901/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/krrish-3-gets-a-grand-opening-collects-rs-25-crore-on-first-day/story-YLJenTAiTWGAAUwP2OHDLK.html |archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> Filming took place between December 2011 and June 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=28 November 2011 |title=No stunts for Hrithik Roshan, advised doctor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/No-stunts-for-Hrithik-Roshan-advised-doctor/articleshow/10901759.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815233412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-28/news-interviews/30449592_1_krrish-stunts-hrithik-roshan |archive-date=15 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=16 November 2013 |title="I had finished shooting Krrish 3 in June 2012" – Rakesh Roshan |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5767 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118195615/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5767 |archive-date=18 November 2013 |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ''Krrish 3'' premiered on 4 November 2013 and was declared a commercial success, emerging as the fourth-highest-grossing Indian film of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2013 |title=Krrish 3 on November 4 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/krrish-3-on-november-4/article4854881.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831054627/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/krrish-3-on-november-4/article4854881.ece |archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222230911/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2013 |archive-date=22 December 2016 |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Critics panned its lack of originality, although Hrithik Roshan's performance garnered praise.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Uniyal |first=Parmita |date=1 November 2013 |title=Movie review: Krrish 3 entertains, but lacks originality |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-krrish-3-entertains-but-lacks-originality/story-IXdtmKJEbxrDuC2edbHMAK.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510113057/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-krrish-3-entertains-but-lacks-originality/story-IXdtmKJEbxrDuC2edbHMAK.html |archive-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>

As per latest update by Rakesh Roshan, ''Krrish 4'' will begin it's filming in Summer 2026 with a targeted release in 2027. This time Hrithik himself will direct the movie along with lead and reprise his titular character and the movie will be jointly produced by Rakesh and [[Aditya Chopra]] of [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Hrithik Roshan reveals why he decided to turn director with superhero film Krrish 4: 'Not keeping life monotonous' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-reveals-why-he-decided-to-direct-superhero-film-krrish-4-101754381609242.html |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Krrish 4': Rakesh Roshan gives MASSIVE update on Hrithik Roshan starrer, leaving fans excited for fourth installment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/krrish-4-rakesh-roshan-gives-massive-update-on-hrithik-roshan-starrer-leaving-fans-excited-for-fourth-installment/articleshow/123763805.cms |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Times of India |date=8 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Science fiction films in India]]
* ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'', a 1982 science fiction by Steven Spielberg with a similar premise
* [[The Alien (unproduced film)|''The Alien'' (unproduced film)]], a 1960s film by Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray based on his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu", often claimed to be a basis for ''E.T.'' and ''Koi... Mil Gaya''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bengal |access-date= |website=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030517060402/http://www.koimilgayathefilm.com/ |title=Official website |date=dmy}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030805063202/http://filmfare.indiatimes.com/clips/movies/koimilgaya/index.htm |title=''Koi... Mil Gaya'' at Indiatimes.com |date=dmy}}

{{Navboxes
|title=Awards for ''Koi... Mil Gaya''
|list=
{{National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues}}
{{National Film Award Best Special Effects|state=collapsed}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 2001–2020}}
{{ApsaraAwardforBestFilm}}
{{ScreenAwardBestFilm}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestFilm}}
}}
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[[Category:Hrithik Roshan]]
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 science fiction films]]
[[Category:Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about alien visitations]]
[[Category:Films about intellectual disabilities]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alberta]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about telekinesis]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rakesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Choreography National Film Award–winning choreography]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Special Effects National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Robin Bhatt]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sachin Bhowmick]]
[[Category:Krrish]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
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[[Category:Indian science fiction drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Indian superhero films]]

Thenlay Tshering Bhutia

2026-04-16T08:22:56Z

Tijusacademy: Added Info - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Sikkim Assembly|Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Kabi Lungchok Assembly constituency|Kabi Lungchok]]
| predecessor1 = [[Karma Loday Bhutia]]
| successor1 =
| term_start2 = April 2009
| term_end2 = 2014
| constituency2 = [[Kabi Lungchok Assembly constituency|Kabi Lungchok]]
| predecessor2 = ''Constituency established''
| successor2 = Ugen Nedup Bhutia
| term_start3 = November 1994
| term_end3 = March 2009
| constituency3 = [[Kabi Tingda Assembly constituency|Kabi Tingda]]
| predecessor3 = Hangu Tshering Bhutia
| successor3 = ''Constituency abolished''
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| native_name_lang =
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
| other_party = [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Thenlay Tshering Bhutia''' is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]] who is serving as MLA from the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]] from Kabi Lungchok for 2024 elections. He was previously in [[Sikkim Democratic Front]] party as Area MLA of kabi Tingda before the year 2014 election which he lost to Ugen Nedup of Sikkim Krantikari Morcha. He is currently a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]. He won over [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]] candidate Gnawo Chopel Lepcha with 1693 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Kabi Lungchok Assembly Election Result 2024: SKM's Thenlay Tshering Bhutia emerges as winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kabi-lungchok-assembly-election-results-2024-kabi-lungchok-sikkim-elections-polls-result-winner/articleshow/110635135.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Kabi Lungchuk, Sikkim Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates: SKM's Thenlay Tshering Bhutia defeats SDF's Gnawo Chopel Lepcha with 1693 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kabi-lungchuk-sikkim-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546725-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhutia, Thenlay Tshering}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Sikkim Democratic Front politicians]]
[[Category:People from Mangan district]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2004–2009]]

{{Sikkim-politician-stub}}

Eastern Punjabi

2026-03-30T21:32:21Z

Tijusacademy: starting new post w/ sources

'''Eastern Punjabi''' may refer to:

*the standard form of the [[Punjabi language]] as used in India (rather than Pakistan)
*the [[Punjabi dialects#Eastern Punjabi|eastern Punjabi dialects]] spoken in both India and Pakistan

==See also==
* [[Eastern Punjab (disambiguation)]]
* [[Western Punjabi (disambiguation)]]
* [[Indian Punjabi (disambiguation)]]
* [[Punjabi (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}

State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited

2026-03-27T12:38:26Z

Tijusacademy: Added New Details - done

{{Short description|Government of Uttarkhand enterprise}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited
| nativename =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| type =
| traded_as =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founder =
| defunct = 
| fate =
| area_served = [[Uttarakhand]]
| key_people =
| industry =
| genre = 
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =[[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|siidcul.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
| caption =
| foundation = {{sda|2002}}
| location_city = [[Dehradun]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
}}

The '''State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited''' ('''SIIDCUL''') is a government of [[Uttarakhand]] enterprise<ref>{{cite news |title=The 2 billion dollar boom town |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2006/dec/16spec.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=16 December 2006 |accessdate=24 October 2010 }}</ref> which promotes industries and develops industrial infrastructure in the State. It also provides tax incentives for companies establishing plants on its industrial estates presently at [[Haridwar]], [[Pantnagar]], [[Kotdwar]], [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], and [[Sitarganj]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindustan Zinc to set up unit in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.livemint.com/2007/09/19002252/Hindustan-Zinc-to-set-up-unit.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=19 September 2007 |accessdate=24 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.siidcul.com/organisation About SIIDCUL]</ref>

==History==
SIIDCUL was incorporated as a Limited Company in the year 2002 with an authorised share capital of ₹50 crores and ₹20 crores paid up capital through the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] in order to promote industrial development and develop an industrial infrastructure.

Besides the State Government, SIIDCUL has equity participation from the [[Union Bank of India]], the [[Oriental Bank of Commerce|OBC]] and [[SIDBI]]. Other banks are also in the process of participating in its equity. This has led to more than a thousand EOI’s with SIDCUL, which entail an investment of around ₹20,000 crores.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

'''Note''': Earlier State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIIDCUL) was State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL)<ref>[https://www.sidculindustries.com/name-change-sidcul-to-siidcul/ Name Change from SIDCUL to SIIDCUL]</ref>

==Infrastructure developed by SIIDCUL==
* Integrated Industrial Estate at [[BHEL, Haridwar]] (near [[Shivalik Nagar, Haridwar|Shivalik Nagar]])
* Integrated Industrial Estate at [[Pantnagar]] ([[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]])
* IT Park, [[Dehradun]]
* Pharma City - Selaqui Industrial Area, [[Dehradun]]
* Sigaddi Growth Centre, [[Kotdwar]]
* Integrated Industrial Estate, [[Sitarganj]]
* Integrated Industrial Estate, [[Escort Farm]] ([[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.siidcul.com Official website]

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:State industrial development corporations of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Uttarakhand|I]]
[[Category:Economy of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Companies based in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2002]]

Jasmine

2026-03-26T17:10:44Z

Tijusacademy: added info

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae}}
{{About|the plant genus|the given name|Jasmine (given name)|other uses}}
{{automatic taxobox
|image = Common Jasmine.jpg
|image_caption = ''Jasminum'' flower
|taxon = Jasminum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|type_species = ''[[Jasminum officinale]]''
|type_species_authority=
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|subdivision = More than 200, see [[List of Jasminum species|List of ''Jasminum'' species]]<ref name="ing">{{cite web
| url = http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Jasminum
| title = ''Jasminum''
| access-date = 2008-06-03
| work = Index Nominum Genericorum
| publisher = [[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]]
}}</ref><ref name="CPN">{{cite journal
| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771
| title = 10. Jasminum Linnaeus
| access-date = 2008-06-03
| journal = Chinese Plant Names
| volume = 15
| page = 307
}}</ref><ref name="UniProt">{{UniProt Taxonomy
| name = Jasminum
| id = 4147
| accessdate = 2008-06-03
}}</ref>
| synonyms=
*''Mogorium'' Juss.
*''Noldeanthus'' Knobl.
*''Nyctanthos'' St.-Lag.
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328128-2#synonyms |title= ''Tacca'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst |date=2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher= Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=25 March 2023 }}</ref>
|}}
[[File:Jasmine .jpg|thumb|Common jasmine]]

'''Jasmine''' ([[botanical name]]: '''''Jasminum''''', pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|æ|s|m|ᵻ|n|əm}} {{respell|YAS|min|əm}})<ref>{{cite book |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |year=1995 |pages=606–607}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[shrub]]s and [[vine]]s in the [[olive]] family of [[Oleaceae]].<ref name="POWO"/><ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=http://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000019529 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |date=2023 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=World Flora Consortium |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|193}} It contains around 200 species native to [[Tropical climate|tropical]] and warm [[Temperate climate|temperate]] regions of [[Eurasia]], [[Africa]], and [[Oceania]].<ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|194}} Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers.

The village of Shubra Beloula in Egypt grows most of the jasmine used by the global perfume industry.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220106-shubra-beloula-the-tiny-egyptian-village-few-know Shubra Beloula: The tiny Egyptian village few know]</ref>

== Description ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2023}}
Jasmine can be either [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]], and can be erect, spreading, or climbing [[shrub]]s and [[vine]]s. The leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.

The flowers are typically around {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in [[Inflorescence|cymose]] clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine [[petal]]s, two [[locule]]s, and one to four [[ovule]]s. They have two [[stamen]]s with very short filaments. The [[bract]]s are linear or ovate. The [[calyx (botany)|calyx]] is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.<ref name="singh2006"/><ref>[https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/j/jasmin06.html A Modern Herbal]</ref>

The basic [[chromosome]] number of the genus is 13, and most species are [[diploid]] (2n=26). However, natural [[polyploidy]] exists, particularly in ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' (triploid 3n=39), ''[[Jasminum flexile]]'' (tetraploid 4n=52), ''[[Jasminum mesnyi]]'' (triploid 3n=39), and ''[[Jasminum angustifolium]]'' (tetraploid 4n=52).<ref name="singh2006"/>{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Distribution and habitat ==
Jasmines are native to [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] regions of [[Eurasia]], [[Africa]], [[Australasia]] within [[Oceania]], although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.<ref name="CTEG">Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in ''Flora of Iraq,'' Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.</ref><ref name="mccleland">{{cite book|author1=Ernst Schmidt |author2=Mervyn Lötter |author3=Warren McCleland |title =Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park|publisher =Jacana Media|year =2002|page=530|isbn =978-1-919777-30-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RpVJJH3kV0oC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA530}}</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 ''Jasminum'' @ EFloras.org].</ref> Their [[center of diversity]] is in [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="panda">{{cite book|author =Panda, H. |title =Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants|publisher =National Institute Of Industrial Research|year =2005|page =220|isbn =978-81-7833-027-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EeckAgAAQBAJ&q=%E0%B9%88jusmine}}</ref>

Several jasmine species have become [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in [[Mediterranean Europe]]. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'') was originally from [[West Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Northeast Africa]], and [[East Africa]], and is now naturalized in the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref name="singh2006"/><ref>{{GRIN |id=407300}}</ref>

''[[Jasminum fluminense]]'' (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and ''[[Jasminum dichotomum]]'' (Gold Coast Jasmine) are [[invasive species]] in [[Hawaii]] and [[Florida]].<ref>{{PLANTS |id=JAFL |taxon=Jasminum fluminense}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS |id=JADI2 |taxon=Jasminum dichotomum}}</ref> ''[[Jasminum polyanthum]]'', also known as pink jasmine, is an [[invasive species|invasive weed]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum |url=http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204150633/http://weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |archive-date=2014-02-04 }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name comes from Old French ''jessemin'', from {{langx|fa|یاسمن‎|yāsamin}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jasmine, Jessamine |dictionary=An etymological dictionary of modern English |page=779 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft/page/390/ |last1=Weekley |first1=Ernest |date=1921 |publisher=London J. Murray }}</ref> which is derived from the [[Middle Persian]] word {{lang|pal-Latn|yāsaman}} and {{lang|ar-Latn|yāsamīn}} ({{lang|ar|يَاسَمِين}}) in [[Arabic]].<ref name="MWdict">{{cite web |title=Definition of Jasmine |website=[[Merriam-Webster]] |date=2021-10-23 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jasmine |access-date=2022-01-20 }}</ref><ref name="oed">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=jasmine |title=Jasmine |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |date=2022 |accessdate=4 March 2022 }}</ref> The word entered [[Middle French]] around 1570 and was first used in English in [[16th century]] England.<ref name=oed/> The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, ''Jasminum''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayton |first1=Ross |title=The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0ipDwAAQBAJ&q=jasminum |date=2019 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-78472-677-5 |page=170}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
[[Species]] belonging to the [[genus]] are classified under the tribe [[Jasmineae]] of the olive family ([[Oleaceae]]).<ref name="singh2006">{{cite book|author=Singh, A. K. |title =Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2006|pages=193–205|isbn =978-81-89422-35-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA193}}</ref> ''Jasminum'' is divided into five [[section (botany)|sections]]—''Alternifolia'', ''Jasminum'', ''Primulina'', ''Trifoliolata'', and ''Unifoliolata''.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |author=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program |publisher=Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126042226/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Jasmine Rose photo.jpg|thumb]]

=== Species ===
{{Main|List of Jasminum species}}

Species include:<ref name=grin>{{ cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 |title=''Jasminum'' information from NPGS/GRIN |author=GRIN |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |access-date=October 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122055/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Jasminum abyssinicum|J. abyssinicum]]'' Hochst. ex DC. – forest jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum adenophyllum|J. adenophyllum]]'' Wall. – bluegrape jasmine, pinwheel jasmine, princess jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum andamanicum|J. andamanicum]]'' N.P.Balakr. & N.G.Nair
* ''[[Jasminum angulare|J. angulare]]'' Vahl
* ''[[Jasminum angustifolium|J. angustifolium]]'' (L.) Willd.
* ''[[Jasminum auriculatum|J. auriculatum]]'' Vahl – Indian jasmine, needle-flower jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum azoricum|J. azoricum]]'' L.
* ''[[Jasminum beesianum|J. beesianum]]'' Forrest & Diels – red jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum dichotomum|J. dichotomum]]'' Vahl – Gold Coast jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum didymum|J. didymum]]'' G.Forst.
* ''[[Jasminum dispermum|J. dispermum]]'' Wall.
* ''[[Jasminum elegans|J. elegans]]'' Knobl.
* ''[[Jasminum elongatum|J. elongatum]]'' (P.J.Bergius) Willd.
* ''[[Jasminum floridum|J. floridum]]'' Bunge
* ''[[Jasminum fluminense|J. fluminense]]'' Vell.
* ''[[Jasminum fruticans|J. fruticans]]'' L.
* ''[[Jasminum grandiflorum|J. grandiflorum]]'' L. – Catalan jasmine, jasmin odorant, royal jasmine, Spanish jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum genie|J. grandiflorum]]'' L.Vell.
* ''[[Jasminum humile|J. humile]]'' L. – Italian jasmine, Italian yellow jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum lanceolarium|J. lanceolarium]]'' Roxb.
* ''[[Jasminum laurifolium|J. laurifolium]]'' Roxb. ex Hornem. angel-wing jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum malabaricum|J. malabaricum]]'' Wight
* ''[[Jasminum mesnyi|J. mesnyi]]'' Hance – Japanese jasmine, primrose jasmine, yellow jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum multiflorum|J. multiflorum]]'' (Burm.f.) Andrews – Indian jasmine, star jasmine, winter jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum multipartitum|J. multipartitum]]'' Hochst. – starry wild jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum nervosum|J. nervosum]]'' Lour.
* ''[[Jasminum nobile|J. nobile]]'' C.B.Clarke
* ''[[Jasminum nudiflorum|J. nudiflorum]]'' Lindl. – winter jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum odoratissimum|J. odoratissimum]]'' L. – yellow jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum officinale|J. officinale]]'' L. – common jasmine, jasmine, jessamine, poet's jasmine, summer jasmine, white jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum parkeri|J. parkeri]]'' Dunn – dwarf jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum polyanthum|J. polyanthum]]'' Franch.
* ''[[Jasminum sambac|J. sambac]]'' (L.) Aiton – Arabian jasmine, Sambac jasmine
* ''[[Jasminum simplicifolium|J. simplicifolium]]'' G.Forst.
* ''[[Jasminum sinense|J. sinense]]'' Hemsl.
* ''[[Jasminum subhumile|J. subhumile]]'' W.W.Sm.
* ''[[Jasminum tortuosum|J. tortuosum]]'' Willd.
* ''[[Jasminum urophyllum|J. urophyllum]]'' Hemsl.
* ''[[Jasminum volubile|J. volubile]]'' Jacq..
{{div col end}}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File: Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'.jpg|''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' "Grand Duke of Tuscany"
File:Jsambac.jpg|A [[double-flowered]] cultivar of ''Jasminum sambac'' in flower with an unopened bud.
File: Jasmine Bud.jpg|Jasmine buds
File: Jasmine lifecycle.jpg|Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower
File: Bunch of jasmine flowers.jpg|Jasmine flowers
</gallery>

== Jasmonates ==
{{Main|Jasmonate}}
Jasmine lends its name to [[jasmonate]] plant hormones, as [[methyl jasmonate]] isolated from the oil of ''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'' led to the discovery of the molecular structure of [[jasmonate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Demole E |year=1962 |title=Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin|journal=Helv Chim Acta|volume=45 |pages=675–85 |doi=10.1002/hlca.19620450233 |last2=Lederer |first2=E. |last3=Mercier |first3=D. |issue=2 |bibcode=1962HChAc..45..675D }}</ref> Jasmonates occur [[ubiquitous]]ly across the [[plant kingdom]], having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the [[signal transduction]] pathways of many plants.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4701901|year=2016|last1=Sharma|first1=M|title=Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=6|pages=1129|last2=Laxmi|first2=A|doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.01129|pmid=26779205|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016FrPS....6.1129S }}</ref>

== Cultural importance ==
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower? |url=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/whats-great-about-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Earth.com |language=en}}</ref> It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=August 8 |last2=Comments |first2=2018 {{!}} Micaela Nerguizian {{!}} |title=Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding |url=https://festival.si.edu/blog/rituals-symbols-armenian-wedding-celebration |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Smithsonian Folklife Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker ''motiyaa'' (in Hindi) or ''mograa'' (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club |url=https://www.gardenloversclub.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/types-of-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.gardenloversclub.com |date=22 February 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref> They may be found around entrances to [[temple]]s, on major thoroughfares, and in major [[business area]]s.

[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali#Rise to the presidency|A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987]]<ref name="jasmin87_ayari_geisser">{{cite web |last=Michael |first=Ayari |author2=Vincent Geisser |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin |publisher=Témoignage chrétien |year=2011 |url=http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128201953/http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |archive-date=2011-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jasmin87_QudOran">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La révolution par le feu et par un clic |publisher=[[Le Quotidien d'Oran]]/moofid.com |date=2011-02-25 |url=http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113629/http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |archive-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Tunisian Revolution]] of 2011 are both called "[[Jasmine Revolution (disambiguation)|Jasmine revolution]]s" in reference to the flower.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Elvis H |date=September 2021 |title=Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/22338659211026006 |journal=International Area Studies Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=205–223 |doi=10.1177/22338659211026006 |s2cid=237434616 |issn=2233-8659|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

"[[Jasmine (given name)|Jasmine]]" is a common female [[given name]].

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Tea patterns p1160028.jpg|surface of Jasmine tea
File:Chinesischer Maler des 12. Jahrhunderts (I) 001.jpg|'' The White Jasmine Branch'', painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century
File:Meenakshi Sundareswarar.jpg|Jasmine used as garland
File:Jasmine Flower full bloom on the plant near Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. 01.jpg|Jasmine flower blooming
File:Photo Jasmine flowers harvest 1965 - Touring Club Italiano 1.2940.jpg|Jasmine flowers harvest in Reggio Calabria, Italy (1965)
</gallery>

=== Symbolism ===
Several countries and states consider jasmine as a [[national symbol]].

* [[Syria]]: The Syrian city [[Damascus]] is called the City of Jasmine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|title=Damascus, the City of Jasmine|author=Anabel Bachour|date=23 February 2017|publisher=Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412114937/http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Hawaii]]: ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' ("''pikake''") is a common flower used in [[lei (garland)|leis]] and is the subject of many Hawaiian songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hitt |first=Christine |date=1 May 2018 |title=7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique |work=Hawaii Magazine |url=https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/7-of-hawaiis-most-popular-lei-and-what-makes-them-unique/ |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Indonesia]]: ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' is the national flower, adopted in 1990.<ref>[http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234237/http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf |date=2012-04-02 }}</ref> It goes by the name "''melati putih''" and is used in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially on the island of [[Java]].
* [[Pakistan]]: ''[[Jasminum officinale]]'' is known as the "''chambeli''" or "''yasmin''", it is the [[National symbols of Pakistan|national flower]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Moin |date=26 October 2020 |title=Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird |url=https://ilm.com.pk/pakistan/pakistan-information/pakistan-national-flower-animal-and-bird/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=ILM.com.pk}}</ref>
* [[Philippines]]: ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "''[[sampaguita]]''" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2021/11/10/philippine-national-flower-sampaguita/#:~:text=For%20today's%20%23WildlifeWednesday%2C%20let's%20learn,purity%2C%20fidelity%2C%20and%20hope. |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=National Museum of the Philippines}}</ref>
* [[Thailand]]: Jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of motherhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flowerstips.org/symbolic-spiritual-meaning-jasmine-flowers/|title=Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers|date=2017-01-03|website=Gardening Tips {{!}} Flower Wiki|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
* [[Tunisia]]: The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine. It was chosen as a symbol for the [[Tunisian Revolution]].
* [[Iran]]: (and/or [[Shia Islam]]), Jasmine is considered as a symbol for [[Fatimah al-Zahra]], the daughter of the Islam prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref>[https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/31525 علت نامگذاری حضرت زهرا (س) به گل یاس و مهدی موعود (عج) به گل نرگس چیست ؟ التماس دها (i.e.: What is the reason for naming Hazrat Zahra (PBUH) after the jasmine flower and the Promised Mahdi (PBUH) after the narcissus flower?)]</ref>

== Other plants called "jasmine" ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*Brazilian jasmine ''[[Mandevilla sanderi]]''
*Cape jasmine ''[[Gardenia]]''
*Carolina jasmine ''[[Gelsemium sempervirens]]''
*Crape jasmine ''[[Tabernaemontana divaricata]]''
*Chilean jasmine ''[[Mandevilla laxa]]''
*[[Jasmine rice]], a type of long-grain rice
*Madagascar jasmine ''[[Stephanotis floribunda]]''
*New Zealand jasmine ''[[Parsonsia capsularis]]''
*Night-blooming jasmine ''[[Cestrum nocturnum]]''
*Night-flowering jasmine ''[[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis]]''
*Orange jasmine ''[[Murraya paniculata]]''
*Red jasmine ''[[Plumeria rubra]]''
*Star jasmine, Confederate jasmine ''[[Trachelospermum jasminoides]]''
*Paraguaian jasmine ''[[Brunfelsia australis]]''

*[[Tree jasmine (disambiguation)]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal
| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=116771
| title = ''Jasminum'' Linn
| access-date = 2008-06-03
| journal = Flora of Pakistan
| page = 12
}}
*{{Cite book |title=The World in So Many Words |first=Allan A. |last=Metcalf |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-95920-9 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Wiktionary|Jasmine|Jasminum}}

* {{cite web
| url = http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Jasminum
| title = Flora Europaea Search Results
| access-date = 2008-06-03
| work = [[Flora Europaea]]
| publisher = [[Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh]]
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/index.php?langue=an
| title = African Plants Database
| publisher = [[Natural History Museum of Geneva|South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève]] and Tela Botanica}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Jasmine|volume=15|pages=277–278}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q82014}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jasminum| ]]
[[Category:Flora of Samoa]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Incense material]]
[[Category:Oleaceae genera]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Tiger Joginder Singh

2026-03-26T13:22:12Z

Tijusacademy: small changes

{{Short description|Indian professional wrestler (1919–1990)}}
{{distinguish|Tiger Jeet Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = Tiger Joginder Singh
| image = Tiger_Joginder_Singh.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Joginder Singh
| birth_date = 1919
| birth_place = Sheron, [[Tarn Taran district]], [[Punjab Province, British India|Punjab Province]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|08|01|1919|||df=yes}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| family =
| names = Tiger Joginder / Jokinder '''Tiger Joginder Singh'''
| height = 5 ft 10 in
| weight = 270 lb

| billed = Punjab, India
| trainer = Harnam Singh
| debut = 1945
| retired =
| website = 
}}

'''Joginder Singh''' (1919-August 1, 1990) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[professional wrestler]]. He was the first [[All Asia Tag Team Championship|All Asia Tag Team Champion]], along with [[Emile Czaja|King Kong]].<ref name="official">{{cite web |url=http://all-japan.co.jp/history/05.html |title=AJPW All Asia Tag Team Championship official title history |access-date=2007-08-29 |publisher=All-Japan.co.jp |language=Japanese |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070811175141/http://www.all-japan.co.jp/history/05.html  |archive-date = 2007-08-11}}</ref> He was one of the top professional wrestlers of [[India]] at that time.<ref name=ring>{{cite web|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-lord-of-the-ring/story-Ow2Ug7CqDJQY71oRTbW7gL.html |title=The lord of the ring |date=13 July 2012 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=13 July 2012 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in the village of Sheron in the [[Tarn Taran district]] of [[Punjab Province, British India]] into a [[Sikh]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120930/pers.htm |title= Why no pehalwan from Punjab? |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |date= 30 September 2012 |location=Chandigarh}}</ref>

==Professional wrestling career==
===Singapore===
In 1948, Tiger Joginder and Arjan Singh Das were signed by [[Great World Amusement Park|Great World]]'s wrestling promoters, where he competed against many top wrestlers like [[Emile Czaja|King Kong]], [[Bill Verna]], George Zbisko, Tiger Ray Holden and Seelie Samara, and earned fame worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19490203-1.2.105.aspx|title=King Kong v. Tiger Joginder again, p.7 |publisher=[[Singapore Free Press]] |date=3 February 1949|location= }}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Tiger_Joginder_vs_Chief_Thunderbird_Poster.jpg|180px|thumb|Wrestling poster featuring Tiger Joginder and Chief Thunderbird in the main event]]
Tiger wrestled in the [[United States]] in the late 1940s to the early 1950s, with wrestlers such as [[The French Angel]], Ted Christy, [[Kola Kwariani]], [[Jack Dempsey (wrestler)|Jack Dempsey]], Oki Shikina, Lord Carlton, and Benny Trudel. On 8 March 1950, his match with Chief Thunderbird at [[Paramount Theatre (Seattle)|Paramount Theatre]] had attracted much interest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infinitecore.ca/superstar/index.php?threadid=57918 |title= Old School Match Results » 1950 Results / Lineups |publisher=Kayfabe Memories |date=15 July 2008 |location=}}</ref>

===India===
In 1954, Tiger competed in the Rustam-e-Hind (Champion of India) tournament, but lost in the final to [[Dara Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cuttingthechai.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/dara-singh-newspaper-clipping-04-120712.jpg |title=FREE-STYLE WRESTLING: DARA SINGH CROWNED CHAMPION OF BHARAT |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=13 June 1954 |location=Bombay }}</ref> The same year, he defeated [[European Heavyweight Championship|European Heavyweight Champion]] [[Bert Assirati]] in front of the 50,000 spectators at [[Bombay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestlingheritage.co.uk/noangelpart2.htm|title= No Angel of Islington Part 2|publisher=WRESTLING HERITAGE |location=}}</ref> In 1959, he competed in another [[professional wrestling tournament]] Commonwealth Championship, but didn't succeed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/dara-singh-the-champion-loses-his-final-fight-109029-2012-07-11 |title=Dara Singh - the champion loses his final fight |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=12 July 2012 |location= New Delhi}}</ref>

===Japan===
On 16 November 1955 in the [[Japan Wrestling Association]], he and [[Emile Czaja|King Kong]] defeated [[Rikidōzan]] and [[Harold Sakata]] in a [[two out of three falls match]] at JWA All Asia Championship tournament final to crown the inaugural [[All Asia Tag Team Championship|All Asia Tag Team Champions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=51613|title=JWA Asia Championships - Tag 7 - Event @ Kuramae Kokugikan in Tokyo, Japan|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=November 15, 1955|access-date=March 13, 2022}}</ref> But he failed to capture the [[All Asia Heavyweight Championship]] in the single competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puroresu.com/jwa/results/jwa195511asia.html |title=Asia Championships: 1955/11/08-11/22: 10 cards |publisher=[[Puroresu]].com|date=}}</ref>

==Filmography==
He also did acting in some [[India]]n films in the 1960s with fellow wrestlers [[Dara Singh]], [[Emile Czaja|King Kong]] and [[Randhawa (wrestler)|Randhawa]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="6" | 1964 || Samson || ||rowspan="2" | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] films
|-
| ''Rustom-E-Rome'' || Plato
|-
| ''[[Jagga (film)|Jagga]]'' || || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film
|-
| ''Hercules'' || Wrestler ||rowspan="2" | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] films
|-
| ''[[Badshah (1964 film)|Badshah]]'' ||
|-
| ''Sandhya Deeper Sikha'' || || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film
|-
|rowspan="4" | 1965 || ''Saat Samundar Paar'' || Wrestler ||rowspan="6" | [[Hindi language|Hindi]] films
|-
| ''Rustom-E-Hind'' || Wrestler
|-
| Panch Ratan (1965) || rebel
|-
| ''[[Mahabharat (1965 film)|Mahabharat]]'' || [[Hidimba]]
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1966 || ''Rustom Kaun'' ||
|-
| ''Insaaf'' ||
|}

==Championship and accomplishments==
*'''[[Japan Wrestling Association]]'''
**[[All Asia Tag Team Championship]] (1 time)- with [[Emile Czaja|King Kong]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=21|title=All Asia Tag Team Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=November 16, 1955|access-date=March 13, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Professional wrestling profiles|cagematch=19603|wrestlingdata=13866|name=Tiger Joginder Singh}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2355301|name=Tiger Joginder Singh}}

{{authority control}}
{{All Asia Tag Team Championship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Tiger Joginder}}
[[Category:Indian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:20th-century male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:All Asia Tag Team Champions]]

Robinhood (2025 film)

2026-03-25T08:52:11Z

Tijusacademy: made some data w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian action comedy film by Venky Kudumula}}
{{for|other users|Robinhood (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Robinhood
| image = Robinhood 2025 Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Venky Kudumula]]
| writer = Venky Kudumula
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Naveen Yerneni
* Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nithiin]]
* [[Sreeleela]]
}}
| cinematography = Sai Sriram
| editing = Koti
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| studio = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|3|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 156 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=Robinhood |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/robinhood-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi4otk0 |website=BBFC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robinhood |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzEzMDMyMDI1MDAwMTI= |website=CBFC}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|60 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2024 |title=Nithiin's Robinhood budget to touch Rs 60 cr ? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/nithiins-robinhood-budget-to-touch-rs-60-cr--884147 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|14 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2025 |title=Nithiin RobinHood Movie Total WW Collections!! |url=https://t2blive.com/nithiin-robinhood-movie-total-ww-collections/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=T2BLive |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Robinhood''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[heist film|heist]] [[action comedy film|action comedy]] film written and directed by [[Venky Kudumula]] and produced by [[Mythri Movie Makers]]. The film stars [[Nithiin]] in the titular role and [[Sreeleela]], alongside [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Devdatta Nage]] and [[Shine Tom Chacko]]. The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], while the cinematography and editing was handled by Sai Sriram and Koti.<ref>{{Cite news |title=VNR Trio: Nithiin, Rashmika And Venky Kudumula's New Project Gets Launched Today |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/vnr-trio-nithiin-rashmika-and-venky-kudumulas-new-project-gets-launched-today-789409 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325051328/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/vnr-trio-nithiin-rashmika-and-venky-kudumulas-new-project-gets-launched-today-789409 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

''Robinhood'' was set to theatrically release on 25 December 2024, coinciding with [[Christmas]], but was postponed for undisclosed reasons. The film was later released on 28 March 2025 to mixed reviews and became a [[Box-office bomb|box office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=Robinhood: After postponement from Christmas 2024, Nithiin starrer to clash with THIS film? Check details |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/robinhood-after-postponement-from-christmas-2024-nithiin-starrer-to-clash-with-this-film-check-details-1368163 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122231512/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/robinhood-after-postponement-from-christmas-2024-nithiin-starrer-to-clash-with-this-film-check-details-1368163 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ram, an orphan inspired by a school pledge, grows up believing the entire country is his family. As a child, he begins stealing from the rich to fund struggling orphanages. Years later, the police finally begins tracking the elusive thief known as "Robinhood." Meanwhile, Neera, the daughter of wealthy Australian CEO Vasudev, travels to India to reconnect with her roots. Her father, fearing for her safety, hires a security firm found via a Google search. Unbeknownst to them, it is a rundown outfit in Hyderabad run by Janardhan Sunnipetah a.k.a John Snow. Ram, coincidentally, joins the same firm.

Neera visits a village where her grandfather helps the locals. The village is under threat from Swamy, a drug dealer who wants to use the land for drug cultivation. When Neera learns that Swamy's men injured her grandfather and are terrorizing the villagers, she and Ram attempt to rally the villagers, who are too afraid to resist. Ram pretends to side with Swamy to gain access to his operations, hacking Swamy's phone to plant fake evidence. However, Swamy discovers the ruse and captures Ram.

When Ram is captured, Neera's grandfather is also there, and Swamy's goons threaten to kill him. Ram, under the influence of drugs, thrashes them all. It is revealed that when Ram was a child, Neera's grandfather saw him giving his money to an old lady even though Ram was also a poor orphan. The grandfather is touched by this and admits him into a great orphanage that he donates money to. Soon, Ram learns about Robinhood and his actions when the grandfather is injured and cannot send money to the orphanage anymore. He discovers why the donations are not coming and realizes that people are misusing orphanage donations just for fame. This is when Ram starts to steal from greedy people. Ram wakes from his drug state and learns that fellow orphans posing as security guards rescue Neera's family.

One last time, Ram goes to Swamy's hideout and battles him but it is interrupted by Victor Varghese, a police officer who has been searching for Robinhood from the start. When Ram hacked Swamy's phone, Victor was monitoring transactions, and just as Ram's name came up for the person getting money, Ram's hacker friend changed the image of Ram to Swamy, leading to Swamy's arrest, while Victor wonders how Ram found "Robinhood" first. During one of Robinhood's heists, Ram failed to escape without Victor noticing him. Before this, Ram made a police report about Robinhood stealing his father's money so that if he is caught, it would be under the fact that he was searching for Robinhood.

The film ends with Swamy imprisoned beside drug kingpin David Bhai, who cryptically blames his arrest on "Robinhood"—not Ram, but part of a growing movement. The final shot hints at a sequel, Brotherhood Robinhood, featuring multiple orphans also learning about Robinhood. This inspired them to also become Robinhoods.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Nithiin]] as Ram / Robinhood
*[[Sreeleela]] as Neera Vasudev
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Jyothi
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as John Snow / Janardhan Sunnipetah
*[[Devdatta Nage]] as Saamy
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Victor Varghese
*[[Shiju]] as Vasudev, Neera's father
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Ram's adopted grandfather and Neera's grandfather
*[[Brahmaji]] as Subba Rao
*[[Mime Gopi]] as Varada
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Minister
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Orphanage Owner
*Mathew Varghese as Inspector Sushil Kumar
*Dayanand Reddy
}}
; Cameo appearance
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] as David Bhai
* [[Ketika Sharma]] as [[item number]] in the song "Adhi Dha Surprisu"<ref name="ks">{{Cite web |date=9 December 2024 |title=Ketika Sharma performs a special song in 'Robinhood' |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/ketika-sharma-performs-a-special-song-in-robinhood |access-date=9 December 2024 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|Bheeshma]]'' (2020), [[Venky Kudumula]] announced his next project on 22 March 2023 under the tentative titled as ''VNRTrio'', as it was the second collaboration of Venky Kudumula, [[Nithiin]] and [[Rashmika Mandanna]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Revealed! Rashmika Mandanna Is Charging THIS Whopping Amount for Telugu Film 'VNR Trio' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rashmika-mandanna-is-charging-this-whopping-amount-for-telugu-film-vnr-trio-7428019.html |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=[[News 18]]}}</ref> The film was officially titled as ''Robinhood'' announced on 26 January 2024, coinciding with [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nithiin's next titled 'Robinhood'; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nithiins-next-titled-robinhood-first-look-out/article67779903.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224055909/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nithiins-next-titled-robinhood-first-look-out/article67779903.ece |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> However, Rashmika Mandanna opted out of the film due to date issues.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rashmika Mandanna refutes rumours of opting out of 'VNRTrio' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-refutes-rumours-opting-out-of-vnrtrio-for-shahid-kapoor-starrer-film/articleshow/103302685.cms |access-date=2 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later [[Raashi Khanna]] was considered to play the female lead,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raashii Khanna to join Nithiin in 'Robinhood' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raashii-khanna-to-join-nithiin-in-robinhood/articleshow/109338029.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416082149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raashii-khanna-to-join-nithiin-in-robinhood/articleshow/109338029.cms |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> before the makers finalized [[Sreeleela]] for the role, in her second collaboration with Nithiin after ''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Has Sreeleela replaced Rashmika Mandanna in Venky Kudumula's film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/has-sreeleela-replaced-rashmika-mandanna-in-venky-kudumulas-film/articleshow/101716461.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213142414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/has-sreeleela-replaced-rashmika-mandanna-in-venky-kudumulas-film/articleshow/101716461.cms |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2024 |title=Actress Sreeleela Plays Neera Vasudev in Nithiin-starrer Robinhood! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/actress-sreeleela-plays-neera-vasudev-in-nithiin-starrer-robinhood-article-110991017 |website=[[Times Now]] News}}</ref> Australian cricketer [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] makes his acting debut in a [[Cameo Appearance|cameo]] and [[Ketika Sharma]] appears in an [[Item number]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=David Warner Ventures into Telugu Cinema with a Cameo in Robinhood |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/david-warner-ventures-into-telugu-cinema-with-a-cameo-in-robinhood-1865019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305084453/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/david-warner-ventures-into-telugu-cinema-with-a-cameo-in-robinhood-1865019 |archive-date=5 March 2025 |access-date=15 March 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="ks" />

[[Principal photography]] commenced in Hyderabad and continued in [[Munnar]] and Melbourne, Australia. Filming wrapped up in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Megastar Chiranjeevi Claps Nithiin, Rashmika Mandanna, Venky Kudumula's #VNRTrio and movie launched grandly in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/megastar-chiranjeevi-claps-nithiin-rashmika-mandanna-venky-kudumulas-vnrtrio-and-movie-launched-grandly-in-hyderabad/articleshow/98963298.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324082041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/megastar-chiranjeevi-claps-nithiin-rashmika-mandanna-venky-kudumulas-vnrtrio-and-movie-launched-grandly-in-hyderabad/articleshow/98963298.cms |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=Nithiin's 'Robinhood' wraps its shoot in Munnar |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/nithiins-robinhood-wraps-its-shoot-in-munnar |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nithiin's 'Robinhood' kicks off shooting in Australia |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nithiins-robinhood-kicks-off-shooting-in-australia-908913 |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Robinhood
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| prev_title = [[Veera Dheera Sooran]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Good Bad Ugly]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Robinhood
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = One More Time
| single1date = 26 November 2024
| single2 = Wherever You Go
| single2date = 14 February 2025
| single3 = Adhi Dha Surprisu
| single3date = 10 March 2025
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. The audio rights for the film were acquired by [[Sony Music India]].

The first single titled "One More Time" was released on 26 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BH Harsh |date=26 November 2024 |title='One More Time' from Robinhood is a groovy fusion number |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/26/one-more-time-from-robinhood-is-a-groovy-fusion-number |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The second single titled "Wherever You Go" was released on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditya Devulapally |date=14 February 2025 |title=Second single from Nithiin's Robinhood 'Wherever you go' is a 90s ads themed love duet |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/14/second-single-from-nithiins-robinhood-wherever-you-go-is-a-90s-ads-themed-love-duet |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single, titled "Adhi Dha Surprisu" was released on 10 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Robinhood Song - Adhi Dha Surprisu (Lyrical) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/robinhood-song-adhi-dha-surprisu-lyrical/amp_videoshow/118875985.cms |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = One More Time
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Vidya Vox]]
| length1 = 3:10
| title2 = Wherever You Go
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth
| extra2 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length2 = 3:07
| title3 = Adhi Dha Surprisu
| lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra3 = [[Neeti Mohan]], [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length3 = 3:49
|}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
Robinhood was set to theatrically release on 25 December 2024, coinciding with [[Christmas]], but was postponed for undisclosed reasons.<ref>{{Cite news |last=T Maruthi Acharya |title=Nithiin and Sreeleela's Robinhood postponed due to unforeseen circumstances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithiin-and-sreeleelas-robinhood-postponed-due-to-unforeseen-circumstances-2651591-2024-12-18 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was later released on 28 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Robinhood': Nithiin-Sreeleela film gets new release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/robinhood-nithiin-sreeleela-film-gets-new-release-date/article69112490.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118112648/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/robinhood-nithiin-sreeleela-film-gets-new-release-date/article69112490.ece |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film released on OTT platform in [[ZEE5]] on May 10, 2025, from 6pm.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-04 |title='Robinhood' OTT release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/robinhood-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-nithiin-and-sreeleelas-heist-comedy-flick/articleshow/120866860.cms |access-date=2025-05-04 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars andopined that the writing of Venky Kudumula "couldn’t get to the bottom of the characters gravity", while comparing with strong writing in ''[[Chalo]]'' (2018) and [[Bheeshma (2020 film)|''Bheeshma'']] (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title=Robinhood Review: Nithiin's Film Is A Poorly Written Heist Comedy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/robinhood-review-nithiins-film-is-a-poorly-written-heist-comedy-review-119653535 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' cited it as "an utterly listless and forgettable film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-03 |title=Robinhood movie review: A listless action-comedy that goes nowhere |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Mar/29/robinhood-movie-review-a-listless-action-comedy-that-goes-nowhere |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Calling it a "misfire", Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' was critical of the writing and execution of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-03-28 |title='Robinhood' movie review: Nithiin, Sreeleela's action-comedy is a misfire |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/robinhood-movie-review-nithiin-sreeleelas-action-comedy-is-a-misfire/article69385192.ece |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In his review of the film, Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and stated that "the biggest problem with ''Robinhood'' is that it merely goes through its motions".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title=Robinhood movie review: Nithiin, Sreeleela headline a tepid comedy that needed more highs and laughs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/robinhood-movie-review-nithiin-sreeleela-headline-a-tepid-comedy-that-needed-more-highs-and-laughs-9911495/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Robinhood'' had a modest start at the box office. On its opening day (28 March 2025), it grossed approximately ₹4.8 crore worldwide, with around ₹1 crore collected in the Telugu-speaking states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana; the remainder came from other Indian regions and overseas markets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title='Robinhood' box office collection: Nithiin's film gets a slow start |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/robinhood-box-office-collection-nithiins-film-gets-a-slow-start/articleshow/119654466.cms |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film was widely regarded as a [[box office bomb]], grossing only a fraction of its reported ₹55–60 crore production budget. Industry analysts noted that weak word‑of‑mouth and stiff competition from other releases, including ''[[Mad Square]]'', significantly hampered its performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=Box Office: Lessons learnt from Tollywood's Robinhood; Routine potboilers no longer work |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-lessons-learnt-from-tollywoods-robinhood-routine-potboilers-no-longer-work-1380554 |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=Box office: Robinhood slows down drastically |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/box-office-robinhood-slows-down-drastically.html |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=123telugu.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27171077}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mythri Movie Makers films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2020s heist films]]

Kohima Zubza railway station

2026-03-20T16:19:45Z

Tijusacademy: made new article and citations.

{{Short description|Railway station in the Indian state of Nagaland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] Kohima Zubza Railway Station
| type = [[Regional rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| caption =
| address = [[Sechü Zubza]], [[Kohima district|Kohima District]], [[Nagaland]]
| country = India
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| platform =
| tracks =
| connections =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code| code = ZUBA | zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = [[Lumding railway division]]}}
| iata =
| zone =
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| mpassengers =
| status = Under construction
| services_collapsible = yes
| services =
| other_services_header = Former services
| other_services_collapsible = yes
| other_services =
| other_services2_header = Future services
| other_services2_collapsible = yes
| other_services2 =
| operator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]
}}
| line = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dhansiri–Zubza line]]
}}
| embedded = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| other_name = '''Interactive map'''
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.7235|94.0439|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_dot_label = '''Kohima Zubza Railway Station'''
| map_caption = Location in Nagaland
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=13|type=point|title=Kohima Zubza Railway Station|description=|marker=rail}}
| image_map_caption =
}}
}}

'''Kohima Zubza Railway Station''' coded '''ZUBA''' is a railway station currently under construction in [[Kohima District]] of [[Nagaland]] in [[India]], which will serve [[Kohima]], the capital of Nagaland on the [[Dhansiri–Zubza line]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/Zubza-zubza/10696| title=ZUBA/Zubza|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==History==
An extension of the railway line from [[Dimapur railway station|Dimapur]] to Kohima was proposed and surveyed in 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/2013/07/slow-train-ride-zubza-2/ | title=Slow Train Ride to Zubza | date=26 July 2013 | first=Neidilhoutuo | last=Sechü | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204175142/http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/2013/07/slow-train-ride-zubza-2/ | archive-date=4 December 2014 | newspaper=Eastern Mirror | access-date=23 May 2018 }}</ref> Due to a dispute over land acquisition, the track was resurveyed and an alternative alignment was proposed in 2013 and is expected to be completed by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/northeast/story.php?sec=2&subsec=9&id=158314&dtP=2013-05-08&ppr=1|title=The Sentinel|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234531/http://www.sentinelassam.com/northeast/story.php?sec=2&subsec=9&id=158314&dtP=2013-05-08&ppr=1|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Current status==
The {{convert|123|km|mi|adj=mid}}-long Dimapur–Zubza–Kohima new line project has the status of a National Project. Final location survey has been completed for the entire project.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annualreport10-11/North_eastern_region.pdf |title = North Eastern Region|publisher= Indian Railways| access-date = 13 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/northeast/story.php?sec=2&subsec=9&id=158314&dtP=2013-05-08&ppr=1 |title=The Sentinel |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234531/http://www.sentinelassam.com/northeast/story.php?sec=2&subsec=9&id=158314&dtP=2013-05-08&ppr=1 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of August 2019, the 25% work on the 82.5 km line from Dimapur to [[Zubza]] near Kohima has been completed, railway has requested the [[Government of Nagaland|Nagaland Government]] to expedite the land acquisition process which is holding up progress on this rail link.

== See also ==
* [[List of railway stations in Nagaland]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons|Category: Kohima Zubza Railway Station|Kohima Zubza Railway Station}}

{{Railway stations in Nagaland}}

[[Category:Kohima district]]
[[Category:Lumding railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Transport in Kohima]]

History of Odisha

2026-03-17T18:47:26Z

Tijusacademy: content update

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{History of South Asia}}
The '''history of Odisha''' begins in the [[Lower Paleolithic]] era, as [[Acheulian]] tools dating to the period have been discovered in various places in the region.<ref name="Ghosh1990">{{cite book|author=Amalananda Ghosh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&dq=Acheulian+orissa&pg=PA25|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|publisher=BRILL|year=1990|isbn=978-9004092648|page=24|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> The early history of Odisha can be traced back to writings found in ancient texts like the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''Maha Govinda Sutta'' and some ''[[Puranas]]''. The region was also known to other kingdoms in region of [[East Indies]] due to [[Maritime history of Odisha|maritime trade]] relations.

In 1568 CE, considered to be a pivotal point in the region's history, the region was conquered by the armies of the [[Sultanate of Bengal]] led by the [[iconoclasm|iconoclast]] general [[Kalapahad]]. The region lost its political identity and the following rulers of the region were more often tributary lords than actual kings. By 1593, [[Odisha]] had passed completely to the [[Mughal Empire]] and became part of the [[Bengal Subah]]. After 1751, the [[Marathas]] gained control of the region. During the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] administration, literature and poetry flourished. In 1803, the region was passed onto the [[British Empire]], where they divided the region into parts of other provinces. In 1936, the province of Odisha was formed on the basis of population of [[Odia language|Odia]]-speaking people.

==Historical names of Odisha==
The region which comprises the modern-day Odisha was not known by the same name throughout history. It and parts of it were referred by different names in different era.
* ''Kalinga'': According to some scriptures ([[Mahabharata]] and some [[Puranas]]), a king Bali, the [[Vairocana]], the son of Sutapa, had no sons. So, he requested the sage, [[Dirghatamas]], to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.<ref name=vayu>{{cite book|title=Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāna|year=1946|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pub.|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&dq=bali+sudesna&pg=PA46|author=Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil|isbn=9788120820852}}</ref> The princes were named [[Anga#Etymology|Anga]], [[Vanga kingdom#References in the Mahabharata|Vanga]], Kalinga, [[Suhma kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Sumha]], and [[Pundra kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Pundra]].<ref name=7500BC>{{cite book|title=History of Ancient India: From 7300 BC to 4250 BC|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7gOBW8oDFgC&dq=Dirghatamas+Kalinga+Vanga&pg=PA293|author=J. P. Mitta|access-date=28 October 2012|isbn=9788126906154}}</ref><ref name=warin>{{cite book|title=War in Ancient India|year=1999|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlWHFXbU2rsC&dq=Bali+Kalinga+Vanga+mahabharata&pg=PA53|author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|isbn=9788170208945}}</ref> The princes later founded kingdoms named after themselves. The prince Vanga founded [[Vanga kingdom]], in the current day region of [[Bangladesh]] and part of [[West Bengal]]. The prince Kalinga founded the kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the [[Northern Circars]].<ref name=enHindu>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&dq=Bali+Kalinga+Vanga&pg=PA18|author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg|access-date=28 October 2012|isbn=9788170223740}}</ref> [[Ptolemy]], [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Claudius Aelianus]] have also mentioned one Calinga in their texts.<ref name=modern>{{cite book|year=1828|publisher=James Duncan|pages=140, 158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-7NE6b7uzoC&dq=The%20modern%20traveller%3A%20a%20popular%20description%2C%20geographical%2C%20historical%2C%20and%20topographical%20of%20the%20various%20countries%20of%20the%20calinga&pg=PA140|title=The modern traveller: a popular description, geographical, historical, and topographical of the various countries of the globe, Volume 1 |author=Josiah Conder|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>
* ''Utkala'': Utkala was a part of Kalinga in some parts of the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023|title=পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত|page=4|language=bn|date=28 June 2023|access-date=28 June 2023|website=dainikstatesmannews.com|publisher=[[Dainik Statesman]] (The Statesman Group)|location=Kolkata|first=Yogabrata|last=Chakraborty|trans-title=Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Bramharup'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053933/https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023#page/1/1|archive-date=28 June 2023|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[Karna]] is mentioned to have conquered kingdom of [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]] among others.<ref name=Karna>{{cite book|title=Mahabharata Book Seven (Volume 1): Drona, Volume 1; Volume 7|year=2007|publisher=NYU Press|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIRZz_coCSgC&dq=karna+utkala&pg=PA59|access-date=28 October 2012|isbn=9780814767238}}</ref> But, according to other texts like the [[Raghuvaṃśa|Raghuvamsa]] and the [[Brahma Purana]], they were separate kingdoms.<ref name=enc>{{cite book|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia, Volume 1|year=2002|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|page=7311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bt6WTrErH0C&dq=utkala+mahabharata&pg=PA7311|editor=Subodh Kapoor|access-date=28 October 2012|isbn=9788177552577}}</ref> There are several views regarding the etymology of the name. Utkala may have meant northern (''uttara'') part of Kalinga or ''ut-Kalinga''.<ref name=enc/> ''Utkala desha'' (country or land) may have meant the land of "finest art" (''utkarsha kala'').<ref name=jaga>{{cite book|title=Annals and Antiquities of the Temple of Jagannātha|year=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKUkLzqNv64C&dq=kala+utkala&pg=PA20|author=Narayan Miśra|access-date=28 October 2012|isbn=9788176257473}}</ref>
* ''Mahakantara'': This name has been found in some [[Guptas|Gupta]]-era inscriptions. It literally means "great forest"<ref name="Agrawal 1989 p. 107">{{cite book | last=Agrawal | first=A. | title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | year=1989 | isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA107 | access-date=2020-03-14 | page=107}}</ref> and it is usually identified with the modern-day [[Kalahandi]] and [[Jeypore]] region.<ref name=gupta>{{cite book|title=Vakataka – Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&dq=Kantara+orissa&pg=PA146|author=R. C. Majumdar, A. S. Altekar|isbn=9788120800267|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324102100/https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&dq=Kantara+orissa&pg=PA146|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sahu 1997 p.62-63,146 ">{{cite book | last=Sahu | first=J.K. | title=Historical Geography of Orissa | publisher=Decent Books | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-86921-00-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjhuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-03-14 | pages=62–63,146}}</ref> The Mahabharata also mentions a Kantara, which may have or may not have referred to the same region.<ref name=madhaya>{{cite book|title=Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pub.|pages=139, 278|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njYpsvmr2dsC&dq=Kantara+mahabharata&pg=PA278|author=Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya|access-date=29 October 2012|isbn=9788120833944|year=1977}}</ref>
* ''Udra'': Udra (also ''Urda-desha'') may have originally referred to an ethnic group or tribe called Udra. But later may have referred to the kingdom of Udra, around the coastal region of Odisha.<ref name=geo>{{cite book|title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient And Medieval India|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|pages=167, 175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&dq=udra+orissa&pg=PA175|author=D.C. Sircar|access-date=29 October 2012|isbn=9788120806900}}</ref>
* ''Orda'': Odra (also ''Orda-desha'') similar to Udra, may have meant a tribe of people called Odra, but later came to refer to the land of Odras.<ref name=geo/>
* ''Oddiyana'': [[Oddiyana]], mentioned in some Buddhist texts, according to some scholars may have referred to Odisha.<ref name="Mishra Mahānti Bishi 1996 p. 44-45">{{cite book | last1=Mishra | first1=R. | last2=Mahānti | first2=U. | last3=Bishi | first3=D. | title=Culture and Collections: Humanistic Amalgam of Tantra, Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Folkcults | publisher=Punthi-Pustak | year=1996 | isbn=978-81-85094-99-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVXkAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-03-14 | pages=44–45}}</ref>
* ''Kamala Mandala'': Literally "lotus region", a c. 13th-century inscription found in [[Narla]] in [[Kalahandi]] refers to the region by this name.<ref name=envi>{{cite book|year=2008|publisher=Macmillan|page=134|title=Environment, Development and Society in Contemporary India:An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt9KHerkrkAC&dq=kamala+mandala&pg=PA134|editor=Prasad|access-date=29 October 2012|isbn=9780230635302}}</ref>
* ''South Kosala'': [[South Kosala]] (also ''Dakshina Kosala'') may refer to the modern-day [[Chhattisgarh]] and some part of Western Odisha.<ref name="Sahu 1997 p.57 ">{{cite book | last=Sahu | first=J.K. | title=Historical Geography of Orissa | publisher=Decent Books | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-86921-00-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjhuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-03-14 | page=57}}</ref> It should not be confused with [[Kosala]], which is in current day [[Uttar Pradesh]]. According to the [[Ramayana]], one of [[Rama]]'s sons, [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]], ruled ''Uttara Kosala,'' and his other son, [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]], ruled over this region.<ref name=madhaya/> An English weekly named [[Kosal Horizon]] was started in August 2012, in Sundergarh district to publish news of western Odisha which is called Kosal.<ref name=":03">https://prgi.gov.in/registration-title-details-data/033745d6-e74b-11ee-ab0e-00155d022d0b</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title='Write more and more in Kosli, revive Kosal' |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/write-more-and-more-in-kosli-revive-kosal.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Pioneer |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
* ''Kongoda'': A copper plate found in [[Ganjam district]] refers to region as Kongoda (also spelled Kangoda).<ref name=inorissa>{{cite book|title=Inscriptions of Orissa: Circa 5th-8th centuries A.D, Volume 1|year=1998|publisher=f Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&dq=Kongoda&pg=PA31|author=Snigdha Tripathy|access-date=29 October 2012|isbn=9788120810778|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407110542/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&dq=Kongoda&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Trikalinga'': This name has been found inscribed on some copper plates found in [[Sonepur, Orissa|Sonepur]]. Tri-Kalinga may have literally meant "three Kalingas" and may have referred to the three states of Kalinga, South Kosala and Kangoda.<ref name=sarabh>{{cite book|title=Inscriptions of the Śarabhapurīyas, Pāṇḍuvaṁśins, and Somavaṁśins: Introduction|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=169, 179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Idd9i5nP160C&dq=trikalinga+kalinga+kosala&pg=PA179|author=Ajay Mitra Shastri|access-date=29 October 2012|isbn=9788120806351}}</ref>
* ''Chedi'': [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]] (also known as ''Chedirashtra'') referred to the kingdom of [[Kharavela]]. It was named after his dynasty, Chedi<ref name="Orissa (India) Senapati Sahu 1971 p.53 ">{{cite book | author=Orissa (India) | last2=Senapati | first2=N. | last3=Sahu | first3=N.K. | title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Dhenkanal | publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press | series=Gazetteer of India | year=1971 | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3130 | language=fi | access-date=2020-03-14 | page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3130/page/n64 53]}}</ref> (also ''Cheti'' dynasty and [[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]).<ref name=geo/>
* ''Tosali'': [[Tosali]] (also spelled ''Toshali'') referred to a city and the region around it was called ''Tosala'', possibly a subdivision of Kalinga in [[Ashoka]]-era. The capital of Tosala has been placed in modern-day [[Dhauli]].<ref name=geo/> In later era (c. 600 CE), North Tosali (''Uttara Tosali'') and South Tosali (''Daskhina Tosali'') have been mentioned, which were possibly kingdoms north and south of the [[Mahanadi]] river.<ref name="Sahu 1997 p.117 ">{{cite book | last=Sahu | first=J.K. | title=Historical Geography of Orissa | publisher=Decent Books | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-86921-00-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjhuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-03-14 | page=117}}</ref>
* ''Uranshin'': The name has been used by some 10th century Arab geographers.<ref name="Chattopadhyaya2009">{{cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|title=A Social History of Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tX4wzIUY3QC&pg=PA151|access-date=3 February 2015|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1958-9|page=151}}</ref>
* ''Jajnagar'': The name used for Odisha in the [[Tabaqat-i-Nasiri]] (c. 1260), [[Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi]] (c. 1357), and other texts of the period.<ref name="Sircar">{{cite book|author=Dineschandra Sircar|title=Studies in the religious life of ancient and medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=PA70|access-date=3 February 2015|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2790-5|page=70|year=1971}}</ref><ref name="Ireland1834">{{cite book|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_J_gAAAAAYAAJ|access-date=3 February 2015|year=1834|publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_J_gAAAAAYAAJ/page/n120 106]}}</ref>
* ''Odivissa'': A name used in some Buddhist texts, including in those by [[Taranatha]].<ref name="Donaldson2001">{{cite book|author=Thomas E. Donaldson|title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA11|year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-406-6|pages=11–}}</ref>

==Prehistory==
140 million years ago ([[Mya (unit)|mya]]), the peninsular [[Indian Plate]], including Orissa, was a part of the [[Gondwana]] [[supercontinent]]. Due to this, some of the oldest rocks in the subcontinent, dating to [[Precambrian]] times,<ref>{{cite book|title=God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia|year=2000|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=9|author=Kenneth A. R. Kennedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&dq=God-Apes+and+Fossil+Men%3A+Paleoanthropology+of+South+Asia&pg=PA9|access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> are found in Orissa. Some of the rocks, like the Mayurbhanj granite [[pluton]], have been dated to 3.09 billion years ago ([[Ga (unit)#SI prefix multipliers|Ga]]).<ref name=Mpluton>{{cite journal|author=Saumitra Misra|author2=Subha Sankar Sarkar |author3=Sambhunath Ghosh |title=Evolution of Mayurbhanj Granite Pluton, eastern Singhbhum, India: a case study of petrogenesis of an A-type granite in bimodal association|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|date=15 November 2002|access-date=30 October 2012|volume=20|issue=8|pages=965–989 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367912002000020|doi=10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00002-0|bibcode=2002JAESc..20..965M |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The coal-fields in [[Mahanadi]] and [[Ib River|Ib]] river basins are known to be one of the richest sites for fossils in the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite journal|author2=Sheerup Goswami |author3=Shaila Chandra|title=The Genus Glossopteris From Lower Gondwana Formations Of Ib-river Coalfield, Orissa, India|journal=Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India|url=http://palaeontologicalsociety.in/vol51_2/v8.pdf|access-date=30 October 2012|author1=Kamal Jeet Singh|publisher=Palaeontological Society of India}}</ref> This has led to the discovery of new species, like the [[charophytes]] from the [[Permian]] Period, which were found in the Talcher region and the Upper [[Permian]] [[megaspores]] from the Ib river area.<ref name=permian>{{cite journal|title=First record of charophytes from the Permian Barakar Formation of the Talchir Gondwana Basin, Orissa|author=Kanwar Narain|author2=K Rekha Devi |author3=J Mahanta |journal=Current Science|date=25 April 2003|volume=84|issue=8|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/~currsci/apr252003/987.pdf|access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>

In the districts of [[Mayurbhanj]], [[Keonjhar]], [[Sundargarh]] and [[Sambalpur]], [[Acheulian]] tools dating to [[Lower Paleolithic]] times have been discovered.<ref name="Ghosh1990"/> The Gudahandi hills in [[Kalahandi district]] have rock carvings and paintings dating to [[Upper Paleolithic]].<ref name="Sajnani2001">{{cite book|author=Manohar Sajnani|title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&pg=PA262|access-date=3 February 2015|year=2001|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-018-9|pages=262, 283}}</ref> From Kuchai, near [[Baripada]], various [[Neolithic]] tools like [[hoe (tool)|hoe]]s, [[chisel]]s, [[Rice pounder|pounder]]s, [[mace (club)|mace head]]s, [[grinding stone]]s and also pieces of pottery.<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA122|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=122–123}}</ref><ref name="Sajnani2001"/> Prehistoric paintings and inscriptions have also been found in Garjan Dongar in [[Sundergarh district]], and Ushakothi in [[Sambalpur district]]<ref name=Ushakothi>{{cite web|title=Ushakothi|url=http://www.sundargarhzp.odishapr.gov.in/hidden/-/asset_publisher/tMn6waGjYWb6/content/ushakothi/1090772|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204161934/http://www.sundargarhzp.odishapr.gov.in/hidden/-/asset_publisher/tMn6waGjYWb6/content/ushakothi/1090772|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Vimkramkhol in [[Jharsuguda district]].<ref name=vikramkhol>{{cite news|title=Ancient rock art starts to fade out: Engravings in Vikramkhol cave under threat|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111228/jsp/odisha/story_14932470.jsp|access-date=10 June 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=27 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="ClausDiamond2003">{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA521|access-date=3 February 2015|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|page=521}}</ref> There has been an uncertainty about the inscriptions at Ushakothi and Vimkramkhol regarding whether they are in a proto-[[Brahmi script]].<ref name="ChakravartyBednarik1997">{{cite book|author1=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty|author2=Robert G. Bednarik|title=Indian Rock Art and Its Global Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsDUyOxCE4cC&pg=PA75|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1464-6|pages=68, 75}}</ref> Yogimath near [[Khariar]] has cave paintings from the Neolithic.<ref name=Bhawanipatna>{{cite web|title=Bhawanipatna|url=http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/new/bhawani.htm|publisher=Tourism Department, [[Government of Odisha]]|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-date=22 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422030318/http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/new/bhawani.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ChakravartyBednarik1997"/>

==Ancient Odisha==

===Ancient texts===
According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga [[janapada]] originally comprised the area covered by the [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref>

According to some scriptures ([[Mahabharata]] and some [[Puranas]]), a king Bali, the [[Vairocana]] and the son of Sutapa, had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.<ref name="vayu" /> The princes were named [[Anga#Origin of name|Anga]], [[Vanga kingdom#References in the Mahabharata|Vanga]], [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]], [[Suhma kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Sumha]] and [[Pundra kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Pundra]].<ref name="7500BC" /><ref name="warin" /> The princes later founded kingdoms named after themselves. The prince Vanga founded [[Vanga kingdom]], in the current day region of [[Bangladesh]] and part of [[West Bengal]]. The prince Kalinga founded the kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North Sircars.<ref name="enHindu" />
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|Kalinga in eastern coast]]
The Mahabharata also mentions Kalinga several more times. Srutayudha, the king of Kalinga, son of [[Varuna]] and river Parnasa, had joined the [[Kaurava]] camp in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. He had been given a divine [[Gada (mace)|mace]] by his father on request of his mother, which protected him as long he wielded it. But, Varuna had warned his son, that using it on a non-combatant will cause the death of the wielder himself. In the frenzy of battle, harried by [[Arjuna]]'s arrows, he made the mistake of launching it at Krishna, Arjuna's charioteer, who was unarmed. The mace bounced off Krishna and killed Srutayudha.<ref name=sonofvaruna>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Epic Philosophy: Epic Period, History, Literature, Pantheon, Philosophy, Traditions, and Mythology, Volume 3|year=2004|publisher=Genesis Publishing|page=784|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwHj-Z-dMcsC&dq=Srutayudha&pg=PA784|editor=Subodh Kapoor|access-date=10 November 2012|quote=Finally Srutayudha, a valiant hero, was son Varuna and of the river Parnasa.|isbn=9788177558814}}</ref> The archer who killed [[Krishna]], Jara Savara, and [[Ekalavya]] are said to have belonged to the [[Sabar people]] of Odisha.<ref name=DanceBow>{{cite web|title=Dance bow (1965.3.5)|url=http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/weapons/index.php/tour-by-region/asia/asia/arms-and-armour-asia-141/index.html|publisher=[[Pitt Rivers Museum]]|access-date=2 February 2015|archive-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202160400/http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/weapons/index.php/tour-by-region/asia/asia/arms-and-armour-asia-141/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pati2008">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Pati|title=Family Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA97|access-date=2 February 2015|date=1 January 2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|page=97}}</ref>

In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, Sattabhu, have been mentioned.<ref name=hem>{{cite book|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hemchandra|title=Political History of Ancient India|year=2006|publisher=Genesis Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC&dq=Mahagovinda+Suttanta+kalinga&pg=PA75|access-date=25 October 2012|page=75|isbn=9788130702919}}</ref>

In the 6th century ''sutrakara'' (chronicler), Baudhayana, mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions.<ref name="Gajrani 2004 p. 153">{{cite book | last=Gajrani | first=S. | title=History, Religion and Culture of India | publisher=Isha Books | issue=v. 4 | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-8205-063-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ksgz4Fvt57QC&pg=PA153 | access-date=2020-03-19 | page=153 | archive-date=24 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724173647/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ksgz4Fvt57QC&pg=PA153 | url-status=live }}</ref> He also warns his people from visiting Kalinga (among other kingdoms), saying one who visits it must perform penance.<ref name="Chatterjee1998">{{cite book|author=Suhas Chatterjee|title=Indian Civilization And Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&pg=PA68|access-date=11 February 2013|date=1 January 1998|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-083-2|page=68}}</ref>

===Pre-Mauryan===
[[Mahapadma Nanda]] the ruler of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] is presumed to have conquered Kalinga during his reign around c. 350 BCE. The [[Kharavela#Hathigumpha Inscription|Hathigumpha]] inscriptions mentions the suzerainty of the [[Nandas]] in the Kalinga region.<ref name=Reddy>{{cite book|title=Indian History|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|pages=A–149, C–39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&dq=Mahapadma%20nanda%20kalinga&pg=SL1-PA149|author=K. Krishna Reddy|date=2 February 1960 |access-date=12 November 2012|isbn=9780071329231}}</ref> The inscriptions also mention irrigation projects undertaken by the Nanda kings in the state during their reign.<ref name=hathi>{{cite journal|title=Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela of Kalinga |journal=Epigraphia Indica |year=1933 |url=http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/HathigumphaInscription.pdf |volume=XX |pages=86–89 |access-date=12 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232906/http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/HathigumphaInscription.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Kalinga battlefield daya river dhauli hills.jpg
| caption1 = Daya River plains, near Dhauli, the supposed site of the Kalinga War
| image2 = Chandragupta Maurya Empire.png
| caption2 = Kalinga and Maurya Empire before the invasion of Ashoka
| width1 = 220
| width2 = 220
}}

In [[Asurgarh]], beads and punched coins belonging to an unknown king dating to the pre-Mauryan period have been discovered.<ref name="asurgarh">{{cite journal|title=Asurgarh – An Early Urban Centre of Orissa|volume=3|issue=XLVII|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/journalvol3/pdf/49-54.pdf|journal=Orissa Historical Research Journal|access-date=12 November 2012|author=Prabhas Kumar Singh}}</ref>

===Mauryan occupation===
{{Further|Ashoka|Kalinga War}}[[Ashoka]] of the [[Mauryan]] dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloody [[Kalinga War]] in 261 BCE<ref name=ashoka>{{cite book|title=A History of India|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&dq=ashoka+261+BC+history&pg=PA66|author=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|access-date=12 November 2012|isbn=9780415329194}}</ref> which was the 8th year{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} of his reign. According to his own [[edicts]], the war about 1,000,000 people were killed, 1,500,000 were captured and several more were affected.<ref name=ashoka/> The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}. However, Ashoka's eulogists like Charles Allen agree that his conversion to Buddhism predated the Kalinga war. Moreover, he seems to have had links with Buddhists for a decade before his conversion. The evidence suggests that his conversion to Buddhism was more to do with the politics of succession than with any regret he felt for sufferings of war.

The Kalingans had used personnel from the ''Atavika'' region, which was in the west of Kalinga, during the war.<ref name=asurgarh/> According to his edicts, Ashoka conquered the coastal region of Kalinga but didn't try to conquer the ''Atavika'' region.<ref name="Chakravarty Badam 2005 p.110 ">{{cite book | last1=Chakravarty | first1=K.K. | last2=Badam | first2=G.L. | title=River Valley Cultures of India | publisher=Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya | year=2005 | isbn=978-81-7305-300-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3R-AAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-03-19 | page=110 | archive-date=27 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427102532/https://books.google.com/books?id=x3R-AAAAMAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Patnaik 2003 p.31 ">{{cite book | last=Patnaik | first=A.P. | title=The early voyagers of the east: the rise of maritime trade of the Kalingas in ancient India | publisher=Pratibha Prakashan | issue=v. 1 | year=2003 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqlIAAAAYAAJ | access-date=2020-03-19 | page=31| isbn=9788177020694 }}</ref> The Mauryans governed the Kalinga region as a province. They used Tosali as the regional capital and judiciary center. A ''kumara'' (viceroy) ruled from [[Tosali]], modern-day [[Dhauli]]. ''Samapa'', modern-day [[Jaugada]], was another administrative centre.<ref name=ashoka/> Ashoka erected two [[List of Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]] in the region, at [[Jaugada]] and [[Dhauli]].

===Kharavela===
{{Main|Kharavela}}
In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahana established the [[Mahameghavahana dynasty]] in Kalinga. [[Kharavela]] was the third ruler of the dynasty. He reigned in the second half of the 1st century BCE. Most of the information about Kharavela comes from the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] in [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] near [[Bhubaneswar]]. The inscription also calls the dynasty as Chedi (also spelled Cheti)<ref name=hathi/> The inscription records his life from his boyhood to his 13th [[regnal year]].

[[File:Hatigumfa.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Hathigumpha inscription of King Khāravela at Udayagiri Hills]]
* ''Reigning year 1–5'' : Kharavela took up the administration after the premature death of his father as a [[Yuvraj (title)|yuvaraj]] (heir apparent). He ascended to the throne as a proper King when he came of age at 24, around c. 170 BCE, but the date is contentious by several decades.<ref name="southdynasty"/> In the first year of his coronation, he repaired the gates and ramparts of his capital ''Kalinganagari'' which had been damaged by storm. In the second year, he invaded the territory of the [[Satavahana]] king [[Satakarni|Satakarni I]] and marching up to the ''Kanha-bemna'' river (possibly [[Krishna River]]) stormed the city of [[Musikas]]. In the 3rd year of his reign, he organized various performances of dance and music and delighted the people of the capital. In the fourth year, he again invaded the Satavahana kingdom and extended his political supremacy over the region. In the fifth year he is known to have renovated the [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] that was originally excavated three hundred years back by the Nandas.<ref name=hathi/>
* ''Reigning year 6–10'' : In the sixth year, he remitted taxes and gave benevolences both in urban and rural areas of his kingdom. The account of his seventh year is not known. But that year his chief queen, Queen of ''Vajiraghara'' ("The Queen of the Diamond Palace") gave birth to a child. In his eighth regnal year he led a military expedition against ''Rajagaha'' ([[Rajagriha]]). By that time the [[Yavana]] ([[Indo-Greeks]]) who were in possession of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] were advancing towards [[Pataliputra]]. But getting the news of the triumph of Kharavela at Rajagriha the Yavana king had to retreat to Mathura. Kharavela pursued the Yavana ruler, ''Dimita'' (possibly [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]])<ref name="southdynasty">{{cite book|author=S. Chattopadhyaya|title=Some Early Dynasties of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA48|access-date=2 December 2012|date=1 January 1974|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2941-1|page=48}}</ref> and purged them out of [[Mathura]], which was an important seat of Jain religion and culture. In commemoration of this achievement, he built a victory palace in Kalinga at a cost of thirty-eight hundred thousand ''penas'' during the ninth year of his reign. In the tenth regnal year, he again invaded northern India the account of which is not clearly known.<ref name=hathi/>
* ''Reigning year 11–13'' : In the eleventh year of his reign, Kharavela defeated the [[Dramira]] country which had been in existence for hundred and thirteen years before his time. In the twelfth year, he invaded northern India for the third time and advanced as far as [[Uttarapatha]]. On his return, he terrorized [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. Bahasatimita (a [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] king), the king of Magadha surrendered and Kharavela brought back the statue of ''Kalinga Jina''. Kalinga Jina was the statue of [[Rishabhanatha]], which had been taken away from Kalinga by Mahapadmananda three hundred years back and its restoration was considered to be a great achievement of Kharavela. In his thirteenth reigning year, Kharavela excavated a number of cave-dwellings in the Kumari hills for the Jain monks and bestowed endowments for them. [[Jainism]] greatly flourished in Kalinga under the patronage of Kharavela. He was also extending liberal patronage towards other religious communities and earned great reputation as the worshipper of all faiths and the repairers of all temples. He also built the caves at [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri and Khandagiri]] for Jain monks.<ref name=hathi/>

The record stops at his 13th regnal year. It is presumed that he was succeeded by his son, [[Kudepasiri]].<ref name="Orissa (India) Senapati Sahu 1966 p.80 ">{{cite book | author=Orissa (India) | last2=Senapati | first2=N. | last3=Sahu | first3=N.K. | title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Puri | publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press | series=Gazetteer of India | year=1966 | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3044 | language=nl | access-date=2020-03-19 | page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3044/page/n91 80]}}</ref><ref name="Mohanty 2002 p.50 ">{{cite book | last=Mohanty | first=P.K. | title=State formation in ancient Orissa | publisher=Punthi Pustak | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-86791-34-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PS5uAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-03-19 | page=50}}</ref> The Mahameghavahana dynasty (or a successor ''Sada'' dynasty) probably continued to rule over Kalinga and [[Mahisha]]ka as evident from the inscriptions and coins [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|discovered at Guntupalli]] and [[Velpuru]], Andhra Pradesh, which mention a series of rulers with the suffix ''Sada''.<ref name=jaina>{{cite book|title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC&dq=Mahishaka++Guntupalli+inscription&pg=PA31|author=R. T. Vyas|author2=Umakant Premanand Shah|access-date=12 November 2012|isbn=9788170173168}}</ref>

===Satavahanas, Kushanas and Murundas===
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; background:#F8F8FF; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center;"|<big><big>Odisha Timeline</big></big>
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center;"|500 BCE – 1300 CE
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|c. 350 BCE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Mahapadma Nanda]] conquers Kalinga
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|261 BCE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Ashoka]] conquers Kalinga in the [[Kalinga War]]
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|c. 170 BCE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Coronation of [[Kharavela]]

|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|c. 639 CE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Hiuen-Tsang]] visits [[Oddiyana]]
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|c. 885 CE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Janmejaya I establishes the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamsi]] dynasty
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|c. 1135 CE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Anantavarman Chodaganga shifts his capital to Kataka
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|c. 1245 CE
|style="font-size: 80%;"| Narasimhadeva I builds the [[Konark temple]]
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|c. 1278 CE
|style="font-size: 80%;"| Queen Chadrika builds the [[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]]
|}

[[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] is known to have invaded Kalinga during his reign.<ref name=govt>{{cite web|title=Detail History of Orissa|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112195307/http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|archive-date=12 November 2006}}</ref> The ''[[Nashik]] [[prashasti]]'' inscription of Gautamiputra's mother during the reign of [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi|Vasisthiputra Pulumavi]], located in the [[Nasik Caves]], states that his orders were obeyed by the [[Rajamandala|circle]] of all kings and calls him the lord of mount [[Mahendra Mountains|Mahendra]] among a list of other mountains.<ref>{{cite book |author=R. G. Bhandarkar |editor= Robert Kennaway Douglas |title=Transactions of the Second Session Held at London, in September, 1874 |chapter=The Nasik Cave Inscriptions |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IUpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA306 |year=1876 |publisher=Trübner |pages=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA77 |year=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1 |pages=78–79}}</ref>

The [[Kushan Empire]] may have reached Kalinga or parts of it during the first three centuries<ref name="Katariya 2007 p. 1-PA143">{{cite book | last=Katariya | first=A. | title=Ancient History of Central Asia: Yuezhi origin Royal Peoples: Kushana, Huna, Gurjar and Khazar Kingdoms | publisher=Adesh Katariya | year=2007 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihFUDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA143 | access-date=2020-03-19 | page=1-PA143}}</ref> of the common era as evident from coins found at several places in notably in [[Jaugada]], [[Sisupalgarh]] and Gurubai in Manikapatana ([[Puri]]) among others. More imitation coins are found than real ones. So, the local rulers possibly circulated them in the post-Kushana period. There is coin of one Maharaja Rajadhiraja Dharmadamadhara which has been found in Sisupalgarh. There is a Kushana motif on one side and a human head on the other.<ref name="econ">{{cite book|author=Nihar Ranjan Patnaik|title=Economic History of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA28|access-date=13 November 2012|year=1997|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-075-0|pages=28–}}</ref>

During the 3rd century, a tribe called Murundas, ruled from [[Pataliputra]]. They have been speculated to have arrived from Central Asia. They used to issue coins similar to Kushana coins.<ref name="bbsr">{{cite book|author=Ravi Kalia|title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC&pg=PA17|access-date=1 December 2012|year=1994|publisher=SIU Press|isbn=978-0-8093-1876-6|pages=17, 125}}</ref>

But other than these mostly [[numismatic]] evidences, this period of history is mostly in the dark.

===Guptas, Matharas and Sharabhapuriyas ===
In c. 313 CE, a princess of Kalinga, Hemamala, is recorded to have fled the kingdom with a [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha|tooth of Buddha]], a sacred relic, hidden in her hair and presented it to king [[Sirimeghavanna of Anuradhapura|Sirimeghavanna]] of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="SeneviratnaPolk1992">{{cite book|author1=Anuradha Seneviratna|author2=Benjamin Polk|title=Buddhist Monastic Architecture in Sri Lanka: The Woodland Shrines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdKhuDerQsgC&pg=PA49|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-281-9|page=49}}</ref> According to the legend, [[Khema]] took a tooth from the pyre of Buddha and later gave in to a king, Brahmadutta. He built a temple at a city called [[Dantapura]]. After several generations, during the reign the Guhasiva, the prince of [[Ujjain]] came to Dantapura to worhship the relic. He married the daughter of Guhasiva, Hemamala, and was later called Dantakumara (Prince Tooth). When a king attacked Kalinga, Dantakumara and Hemamala fled with the relic to protect it.<ref name="Rachlin2000">{{cite book|author=Harvey Rachlin|title=Jumbo's Hide, Elvis's Ride, and the Tooth of Buddha: More Marvelous Tales of Historical Artifacts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sawOqp33f-MC&pg=PA1201|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Garrett County Press|isbn=978-1-939430-09-0|page=1201}}</ref><ref name="Mukherjee1981">{{cite book|author=Prabhat Mukherjee|title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA16|access-date=3 February 2015|year=1981|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0229-8|page=16}}</ref>

[[Samudragupta]] (reign c. 335 – c. 375 CE) is presumed to have conquered the region, as in his [[Allahabad Stone Pillar Inscription of Samudra Gupta|Allahabad inscription]], it has been mentioned that, he had conquered Mahêndra of Kôsala, Vyâghraraja of Mahâkantâra, Mantarâja of Kêrala, Mahêndra of Pishtapura, Svâmidatta of Kottûra on the hill, Damana of Êrandapalla, Vishnugôpa of Kâñchi, Nîlarâija of Avamukta, Hastivarman of Vengî, Ugrasêna of Palakka, Kubêra of Dêvarâshtra, Dhanamjaya of Kusthalapura, and others. Pishtapura (modern-day [[Pithapuram]]) is presumed to be the then capital of Kalinga. Mahakantara is presumed to be parts of western Odisha and Central India. Kottura is traced to modern day [[Ganjam district]].<ref>{{cite book|author=V. P. Ramachandra Dikshitar|title=The Gupta Polity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&pg=PA4|access-date=14 November 2012|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1024-2|pages=4–}}</ref>

In post-Samudragupta period, a new dynasty called [[Mathara dynasty|Matharas]] arose in south Kalinga, they ruled from Pishtapura but also issued copper grants from [[Simhapura]].<ref name="ancientIndia">{{cite book|author=A. K. Warder R.C. Majumdar|title=Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA389|access-date=18 November 2012|year=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4|page=389}}</ref> Their kingdom was probably spread from Mahanadi to Godavari.<ref name="histKalinga">{{cite book|author=Majumdar R. C.|title=Outline of the History of Kaliṅga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCcpkqesJ0C&pg=PA7|access-date=18 November 2012|year=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8|page=7}}</ref>

Another dynasty of rulers arose in western Odisha during post-Gupta period, they are called [[Sharabhapuriya dynasty]]. Not much is known about this dynasty. Everything known about them, comes from the inscriptions on copper plates and coins. They may or may not have also been known as the Amararyakula dynasty.<ref name=sara>{{cite book|title=Inscriptions of the Sarabhapuriyas Panduvamsins and Somavamsins|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=96, 108, 112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cyQ8BxzR4kC&q=Inscriptions+of+the+Sarabhapuriyas+Panduvamsins+and+Somavamsins|author=Ajay Mitra Shastri|isbn=9788120806375|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411084714/https://books.google.com/books?id=7cyQ8BxzR4kC&q=Inscriptions+of+the+Sarabhapuriyas+Panduvamsins+and+Somavamsins|url-status=live}}</ref> This dynasty is supposed to have started by one Sarabha, who may have been a feudal chief under the Guptas. They ruled over the modern-day region of [[Raipur]], [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] and [[Kalahandi]].<ref name=sara/> Their rule lasted from c. 499 to about 700 CE.

===Shailodbhava dynasty===
{{Main|Shailodbhava dynasty}}

The Shailodbhava dynasty ruled parts of modern Odisha during the 6th-8th centuries. Their core territory was known as Kongoda-mandala, and included parts of the present-day [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Khordha district|Khordha]] and [[Puri district|Puri]] districts. Their capital was located at Kongoda, which is identified with modern [[Banapur]]. The Shailodbhava kingdom was known as Kongoda-mandala. After conquering present-day Odisha, the Gauda king Shashanka created the Kongoda-mandala province, and appointed Sailodbhava ruler Madhavaraja II as his feudatory in the region.<ref name="Tripathy1997" >{{cite book |author=Snigdha Tripathy |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |volume=I - Circa 5th-8th centuries A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&pg=PR3 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and [[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1077-8 }}</ref>

Madhavaraja II soon gained independence, as noted from the [[Khordha]] inscription which describes him as ''Sakala-Kalingadhipati'', the lord of the entire [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]), although there is little evidence to prove that he actually conquered the whole of Kalinga given his contemporary [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] king Indravarman also claimed to have conquered the whole of Kalinga. His inscriptions state that he performed the [[ashvamedha]] and other sacrifices, presumably to assert his independence. He was succeeded by his son Dharmaraja who was a strong ruler, and reigned for at least 30 years. In the Nimina inscription, he assumed the royal titles ''Paramabhattaraka'', ''Maharajadhiraja'', and ''Parameshvara''. Later the Shailodbhavas fell into obscurity and their territory appears to have become part of the Shvetaka Gangas, who were vassals of the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Kara]]s. By the 8th century feudatory of the Kongoda-mandala, which was now a province of the Bhauma-Kara kingdom.<ref name="Tripathy1997" />

===Bhauma-Kara dynasty===
{{Main|Bhauma-Kara dynasty}}
[[File:Baitala Temple, Bhubaneswr. Odisha.jpg|thumb|Vaitala-Deula temple]]

The Bhauma-Kara dynasty, ruled in parts of Odisha in eastern India between 8th and 10th centuries and their kingdom was known as called Toshala. By the last quarter of the 8th century, the Bhauma-Karas had gained control of the former [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]] territory. The early rulers of the dynasties followed [[Buddhism]], and its later rulers followed [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. The earlier Bhauma-Kara kings appear to have ruled the northern [[Toshali]] area, while the [[Shailodbhava]]s, who ruled the southern Kongoda region. The dynasty puled most of the coastal Odisha by the time of king [[Sivakara Deva I|Shivakara I]] (c. 756/786). According to the Ganjam inscription of the Shvetaka Gangas, Shivakara I conquered Kongoda and the northern [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]].<ref name="bhauma" >{{cite book |author=Thomas E. Donaldson |title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA51 |year=2001 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-406-6 }}</ref>

Shantikara I, the younger son of Shubhakara I, married [[Tribhuvana Mahadevi I]], a daughter of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] king Rajamalla. The Dhenkanal inscription of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I (c. 846) mentions the tumultuous shape of the Bhauma-Kara kingdom before her father Rajmalla put an end to the Rashtrakuta-Pala domination. She reunified the kingdom and with her successors the Bhauma-Kara period saw the beginning of the unification of historically distinct regions such as Odra, Toshala, Kongoda and Utkala.<ref name="bhauma" /><ref name="soma"/>

===Somavamshi dynasty===
{{Main|Somavamshi dynasty}}
[[File:Mukteswar Temple 01.jpg|thumb|Mukteswar Temple]]
[[File:Beauty of LingrajTemple.jpg|thumb|Lingaraj Temple]]

The Somavamshi dynasty, also known as Keshari dynasty ruled parts of present-day Odisha in eastern India between the 9th and the 12th centuries. Their capitals included Yayatinagara (now modern [[Binika]]) and Abhinava-Yayatinagara (now modern [[Jajpur]]). The early Somavamshi kings ruled in the region of the eastern part of Dakshina Kosala, which now forms much of western Odisha. The Chaudwar inscription of the earliest known Somavamshi king Janamejaya describes him as ''Kosalendra'' (i.e. lord of Kosala).<ref name="shastri1" >{{cite book |author=Ajay Mitra Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Inscriptions of the Śarabhapurīyas, Pāṇḍuvaṁśins, and Somavaṁśins: Part I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Idd9i5nP160C&pg=PA47 |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0635-1 |ref={{harvid|A. M. Shastri I|1995}} }}</ref> During his long reign of 34 years, Janmejaya issued a number of copper-plate grants at various places across western and coastal Odisha. This suggests that Janmejaya consolidated the Somavamshi rule in western Odisha and by his 31st regnal year, he issued three grants from Kataka, which has been identified as Chaudwar near modern Cuttack. This suggests that his influence extended to eastern Odisha by the end of his reign.<ref name="soma" >{{cite book |author=Walter Smith |title=The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0MQmNx8g2gC&pg=PA21 |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0793-8 }}</ref>

Yayati I (c. 922–955), the son of Janmejaya I, made a large number of grants in the Dakshina Kosala which are recorded on the inscriptions issued at Yayatinagara. The capital was later moved to the Guheshvarapataka (modern [[Jajpur]]) after the conquest of the Bhauma-Kara kingdom, following which it was renamed to Abhinava-Yayatinagara (''the new city of Yayati''). Yayati I is credited with building of a new temple at Puri, and installing the image of Purushottama (Jagannatha) there. His reign marks the beginning of the Somavamshi style of temple architecture, which features new forms of ornamentation and iconography in Odisha.<ref name="soma" /> An important epoch that marked the reign of Yayati I was the initiation of the ''Utkaliya era'' which seems to correspond to the reign of the legendary early Somavamshis (Kesaris) as per the chronicle [[Madala Panji]], thus implying the start of the era for the [[Odia calendar]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kailash Chandra Dash |title=A traditional account on Yayati Keshari: Its formation and historical authenticity |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |issue=2010–2011 |year=2010 |pages=165–178 |jstor=44147485 }}</ref>

===Eastern Ganga dynasty===
{{Main|Eastern Ganga dynasty}}

[[File:Temple-Jagannath.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|The Jagannath temple was built by rulers of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.]]
[[File:Konark Sun Temple Front view.jpg|220x220px|thumbnail| Narasimhadeva I is known to have built the Konark temple.]]

Indravarman I is assumed to be the earliest known king of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. His Jirjingi grant mentions no predecessors and was issued in his 39th<ref name="Sircar1996">{{cite book|author=D. C. Sircar|title=Indian Epigraphy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA290|access-date=18 November 2012|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1166-9|page=290}}</ref> regnal year, c. 537 CE. He had his capital at [[Dantapura]]. Another plate found also mentions him defeating a [[Vishnukundina]] king called Indra Bhattaraka.<ref name="indology">{{cite book|author=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi|title=Literary And Historical Studies in Indology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0JUwf2BXVAC&pg=PA138|access-date=29 November 2012|date=1 January 1975|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0417-3|page=138}}</ref> Many rulers of this dynasty went by the title ''Trikalingadhipati'',<ref name="Kumari1990">{{cite book|author=M. Krishna Kumari|title=Social And Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5SaAGpGNbAC&pg=PA17|access-date=30 November 2012|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-102-3|pages=17–}}</ref> literally the "lord of the three Kalingas". The capital was later shifted to Kalinganagara, later during the reign of Devendravarman I (c. 652–682?).

During this period, c. 639 CE, [[Xuanzang]] visited this region, he notes that [[Mahayana Buddhism]] was widely practiced in this region. He mentions the existence of the monastery called [[Pushpagiri Vihara|Pushpagiri]]. The sites were lost until recently. New excavations have found several Buddhist monuments dating to this period.<ref name="Wriggins2004">{{cite book|author=Sally Hovey Wriggins|title=The Silk Road Journey with Xuanzang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz2rB4lK1DMC&pg=PA141|access-date=3 February 2015|year=2004|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-6599-2|page=141|quote= When he came to Odra country (Orissa), he found one hundred Buddhist monasteries and a myriad of brethren, all Mahayanist. There were more than ten Asoka topes at places where the Buddha had preached. In the southwest of this country was the Pushpagiri Monastery. Xuanzang’s description remained a mystery in the absence of any archaeological findings to prove it until recent excavations, which have brought to light what is called eastern India’s oldest Ashokan stupa and stone inscription bearing his name, dating back to the third century B.C.E.}}</ref><ref name="Allen2012">{{cite book|author=Charles Allen|author-link = Charles Allen (writer)|title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT158|access-date=3 February 2015|date=21 February 2012|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4087-0388-5|page=158}}</ref><ref name="Fogelin2006">{{cite book|author=Lars Fogelin|title=Archaeology of Early Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WAnAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|access-date=3 February 2015|date=9 February 2006|publisher=AltaMira Press|isbn=978-0-7591-1444-9|page=31}}</ref> Kalinga was invaded and pillaged by [[Kulottunga I]] in [[Chola invasion of Kalinga (1110)|1100]], after [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] decided not pay his annual tribute. The event was later the subject of the Tamil poem [[Kalingattuparani]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajaraja Chola|author=Raghavan Srinivasn|year=2021|isbn=978-93-5458-223-3|quote=It is about the Kalinga war waged by the King around 1110, when the Chola army crossed the Vengi territory, destroyed an elephant corps, torched Kalingam, made mincemeat of the enemy army and in the end ‘subdued the seven Kalingas’47, all for the innocuous reason that the Kalinga king forgot to pay his annual tribute.|pages=171–172|publisher=Leadstart Publishing Pvt }}</ref>

The capital was again shifted to [[Kataka (city)|Kataka]] by [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] in 1135.<ref name="eastIndia">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Chakraborty|title=National Integration in Historical Perspective: A Cultural Regeneration in Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&pg=PA17|access-date=30 November 2012|year=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=17–|id=GGKEY:CNFHULBK119}}</ref> He is said to have started building the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannath]] temple.<ref name=PuriArch>{{cite web|title=Jagannath Temple Architecture|url=http://jagannath.nic.in/architecture.asp|publisher=Shree Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri|access-date=29 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120171916/http://jagannath.nic.in/architecture.asp|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> The temple was later completed by his successor [[Anangabhima Deva III]]. [[Narasingha Deva I]] is known to have built the [[Konark temple]].

In 1187, [[Nissanka Malla]] who ascended to the throne in Sri Lanka claimed to have descended from Kalinga. He may have been born in 1157 in the capital of Kalinga, [[Sinhapura]] (modern day [[Srikakulam]], now in [[Andhra Pradesh]]).<ref name="Codrington1994">{{cite book|author=H. W. Codrington|title=Short History of Ceylon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqpdlaPiOyEC&pg=PA65|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0946-4|page=65}}</ref> In 1215, an invader from Kalinga, called [[Kalinga Magha]] landed in Sri Lanka and had an oppressive reign of 21 years.<ref name="Mendis1996">{{cite book|author=G.C. Mendis|title=The Early History of Ceylon and Its Relations with India and Other Foreign Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrUcdi4ZikC&pg=PA58|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 December 1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0209-0|page=58}}</ref>

By the early 12th century, Kalinga had been conquered by [[Kulothunga Chola I]] and his general [[Karunakara Tondaiman]]. The literary work called [[Kalingattuparani|Kalingathu Parani]], is written in praise of the invasion.<ref>A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular by Sisir Kumar Das p.209</ref>

According to the text [[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]], the ruler of Jajnagar (Kalinga) began to harass the [[Bengal|Lukhnauti]] (Bengal) ruler in 1243. [[Tughral Tughan Khan]] the governor of Bengal advanced against Jajnagar in March 1244. The armies encountered after a month at the frontier fort of Katashin and the Kalingan army retreated after taking losses. Later, when the army of Khan was having lunch, the Kalingan army flanked them and attacked. The defeated army of Khan then retreated.<ref name="Ireland1834"/>

== Medieval Odisha ==
===Gajapati Empire===
{{Main|Gajapati Empire}}
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; background:#F8F8FF; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center;"|<big><big>Orissa Timeline</big></big>
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center;"|1200 CE - 1800 CE
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1434 CE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Coronation of [[Kapilendradeva]]
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|c. 1467 CE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Sarala Dasa]] writes the [[Oriya language|Oriya]] Mahabharata
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1559 CE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Mukunda Deva seizes the throne
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1568 CE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Bengal Sultanate conquest of Orissa|Bengal Sultanate conquest of Odisha]]
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1590–1593 CE
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Mughal conquest of Odisha]]
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| 3 March 1575
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Battle of Tukaroi]] takes place in [[Balasore]]
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| 1623
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Shah Jahan]] visits Orissa
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"| 1751
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Alivardi Khan]] cedes Orissa to [[Marathas]]
|}
The [[Gajapati Empire]] was established by [[Kapilendra Deva]] in 1435,<ref name="econ2">{{cite book|author=Nihar Ranjan Patnaik|title=Economic History of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA71|access-date=1 December 2012|year=1997|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-075-0|pages=71–}}</ref> after the fall of the last Eastern Ganga king, Bhanudeva IV. The dynasty is also known as a [[Suryavansha|Suryavamsi]] dynasty. In about 1450, Kapilendra Deva installed his eldest son, Hamira, as the governor of Rajamundry and Kondavidu.<ref name="Kulke">{{cite book|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA189|access-date=2 December 2012|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|page=189}}</ref><ref name=prataparudra/> Kapilendra Deva managed spread his kingdom from Ganga in the north to as far as [[Bidar]] in the south by 1457.<ref name="gazetteer"/>

During Kapilendra Deva's reign, [[Sarala Das]], the [[Odia language|Odia]] poet, wrote the Odia Mahabharata and his other works.<ref name="jaga2">{{cite book|author=O. M. Starza|title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C&pg=PA146|access-date=2 December 2012|year=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09673-8|pages=146–}}</ref>

When Kapilendra Deva died in 1467, a civil war occurred to capture the throne, among his sons. In the end, [[Purushottama Deva]] succeeded in securing the throne in 1484 by defeating Hamvira.<ref name=prataparudra/> But, during this period significant southern parts of the empire were lost to [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|Saluva Narasimha]], the ruler of [[Vijayanagara]]. By the time of his death, he had managed to recover most these territories by capturing Saluva Narasimha.

He was succeeded by his son, [[Prataparudra Deva]], in 1497. Immediately, he had to face the armies of [[Alauddin Husain Shah]] of Bengal. During his reign, Alauddin Husain Shah attacked again in 1508, this time the Muslim army marched up to Puri. In 1512 [[Krishna Deva Raya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] invaded Kalinga and defeated the forces of the Gajapati Empire.<ref>Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study by Shishir Kumar Panda p.12</ref>

Govinda Vidyadhara was a minister under, Gajapati king, Prataparudra Deva.<ref name="prataparudra">{{cite book|author=Dipti Ray|title=Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa: (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&pg=PA18|access-date=2 December 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-195-3|pages=18–}}</ref> But, he rebelled against him and succeeded in ascending the throne in 1541, after murdering the two sons of Prataparudra Deva.<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA30|access-date=2 December 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|pages=30–}}</ref>

===Bhoi dynasty===
{{Main|Bhoi dynasty}}

The [[Bhoi dynasty]]<ref name=palm/> was founded by Govinda Vidyadhara who came to throne in a bloody coup, in 1541.<ref name=gazetteer/> The dynasty was short-lived and during this period the kingdom came under conflict with neighbouring kingdoms and reeled with civil wars. First, Raghubhanja Chhotray who was the nephew of Govinda Vidyadhara, became a rebel. Govinda was succeeded by his son, Chakrapratap, who was an unpopular ruler. After he died in 1557, a minister called Mukunda Deva rebelled. He killed the last two Bhoi kings and squashed the rebellion of Raghubhanja Chhotray. After that, he declared himself the Gajapati of Odisha.<ref name=gazetteer/>

===Mukunda Deva===
Mukunda Deva (also known as Mukunda Harichandana)<ref name="palm">{{cite book|author=Durga Prasad Patnaik|title=Palm-Leaf Etchings of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC|access-date=2 December 2012|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-248-2}}</ref> came to throne, in 1559, in a bloody coup. According to the ''[[Madala Panji]]'' (temple records), he was a [[Chalukya]].<ref name=palm/> During this period, Odisha was going through many internal conflicts. Mukunda stuck an alliance with [[Akbar]], that he made him a foe of [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]], the ruler of Bengal. Sulaiman sent his son, [[Bayazid Khan Karrani]] and his infamous general, [[Kalapahad]], to [[Bengal Sultanate conquest of Orissa|conquer Odisha]], in 1567.

Mukunda met the forces in the north but had to withdraw to stop a rebellion after signing a treaty with the Sultan's son.<ref name=palm/> Mukunda was killed in a battle with the rebel forces led by Ramachandra Bhanja. Ramachandra Bhanja was a feudal lord under Mukunda, who had rebelled. He himself got caught up in the conflict and was murdered by Bayazid.<ref name="OrissaGK">{{cite book|title=Orissa General Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCbjkhA_ncC&pg=PA27|access-date=2 December 2012|publisher=Bright Publications|isbn=978-81-7199-574-5|pages=27–}}</ref> Akbar was preparing for the invasion of [[Chittor]], so he was unable to respond. Kalapahad ran across the kingdom in a plundering spree and destroyed several temples.<ref name=palm/> By end of 1568, Odisha was under the control of Sulaiman Khan Karrani.

During this period, Ramachandra Deva I, who was the son of a general and had been imprisoned by Mukunda, escaped from prison and fled to [[Vizagapatam]].<ref name="jaga2"/>

====1568====
1568 is considered an important date in the history of Odisha, as Mukunda Deva is considered the last independent ruler of Odisha. After 1568, the region saw a steady decline. Odisha was not to be an independent kingdom again.<ref name=palm/> Later in 1920, Odia [[playwright]], Ashwini Kumar Ghose wrote a play called ''Kala Pahada'' based on the exploits of Kalapahad and the tragic death of Mukunda Deva. The play is considered one of the greatest [[Tragedy|tragedies]] in Odia literature.<ref name="play">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1092|access-date=2 December 2012|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1092}}</ref>

=== Karrani rule ===
{{Main|Bengal Sultanate conquest of Orissa}}
In 1568, Odisha came under the control of Sultan [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] of the [[Karrani dynasty]], who was the ruler of [[Sultanate of Bengal]]. The Sultan assigned Ismail Khan Lodhi of [[Prithimpassa Family|Prithimpassa]] as the governor of Orissa.

In the [[Battle of Tukaroi]], which took place in modern-day [[Balasore]], [[Daud Khan Karrani]] was defeated and retreated deep into Odisha. The battle led to the Treaty of Katak in which Daud ceded the whole of [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], retaining only Odisha. The treaty eventually failed after the death of [[Munim Khan]] (governor of Bengal and Bihar) who died at the age of 80. Daud took the opportunity and invaded Bengal. This led to the Battle of Rajmahal in 1576, where Daud was defeated and executed.<ref name="nationalintegration">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Chakraborty|title=National Integration in Historical Perspective: A Cultural Regeneration in Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&pg=PA22|access-date=10 February 2013|year=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=22|id=GGKEY:CNFHULBK119}}</ref><ref name=maho>{{cite book|title=The History of India: The Hindú and Mahometan Periods (Public Domain)|year=1866|publisher=Murray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VgOAAAAQAAJ|author=Mountstuart Elphinstone, Edward Byles Cowell}}</ref>

== Modern era ==

=== Mughal rule ===
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Odisha}}
In 1590, Qutlu Khan Lohani, an officer of Daud the Sultan of Bengal,<ref name="IslamImpact">{{cite book|author=Mohammed Yamin|title=Impact of Islam on Orissan Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AN5KebBJxzcC&pg=PA34|access-date=10 February 2013|date=1 July 2009|publisher=Readworthy|isbn=978-81-89973-96-4|pages=34–40}}</ref> declared himself independent and assumed the title of "Qutlu Shah". [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh]] who was the Mughal governor of Bihar, started an expedition against him. Before facing Man Singh, Qutlu Shah died. Qutlu Khan's son Nasir Khan, after little resistance, accepted Mughal sovereignty and paid homage to Man Singh on 15 August 1590. Nasir Khan was then appointed Governor of Odisha and signed a treaty which ceded the region of and around [[Puri]]. Nasir Khan remained faithful to the Mughal empire for two years but after that he violated the conditions of his treaty by laying siege to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] of Puri. Man Singh attacked Nasir Khan and decisively defeated him on 18 April 1592 in a battle near the present day [[Midnapore]] town.<ref name="The Cambridge History of India">{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA660|access-date=10 February 2013|publisher=CUP Archive|page=660|id=GGKEY:96PECZLGTT6|year=1958}}</ref> By 1593, Odisha had passed completely to the Mughal empire and was a part of Bengal Subah.
[[File:A moderate-sized scan of the map.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Subah]]s under Mughal rule]]

====Under Akbar====
Raja [[Ramachandra Deva I|Ramachandra Deva]], the king of [[Khurda]], had accepted Akbar's suzerainty.<ref name="IslamImpact"/> Akbar mostly followed a policy of non-interference in the local chieftains' matters. After Akbar, his son, [[Jahangir]] came to power, who followed a different policy. Under him, Odisha was made into a separate Subah and a governor, titled ''[[Subahdar]]'', ruled in the name of the Mughal emperor.

====Under Jahangir====
Quasim Khan was appointed the governor of Odisha in 1606. During this period, the king of Khurda, Purusottam Deva was attacked by Mughal armies led by Kesho Das. He was defeated, and had to offer his sister and daughter along with dowry to buy peace.<ref name="IslamImpact"/>

In 1611, Kalyan Mal, son of [[Todar Mal]] came to be the governor of Odisha. Kalyan Mal also attacked and defeated Purusottam Deva, who had to send his daughter to the Mughal harem.<ref name="IslamImpact"/> In 1617, Kalyan was recalled to the court.

In 1617, [[Mukarram Khan]] became the governor of Odisha. He also tried to attack Purusottam Deva. But, Purusottam Deva fled from Khurda. In 1621, Ahmad Beg was made the governor of Odisha. Purusottam Deva died in exile in 1622 and was succeeded by his son Narasimha Deva. According to the [[Madala Panji]] (temple chronicles), prince [[Shah Jahan]] had visited Odisha in 1623, which was just after his rebellion.<ref name="madalapanji">{{cite book|author=Narayan Miśra|title=Annals and Antiquities of the Temple of Jagannātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKUkLzqNv64C&pg=PA156|access-date=10 February 2013|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-747-3|page=156}}</ref> Ahmad Beg remained governor until 1628.

====Under Shah Jahan====
In 1628, [[Shah Jahan]] became the Mughal emperor and Muhammad Baqar Khan was appointed the governor of Odisha. He extended his influence well into the kingdom of Golconda. In 1632, he was recalled. [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] was appointed by Shah Jahan as the Subahdar of Bengal from 1639 until 1660. From 1645 onwards, a deputy of Shuja called Zaman Teharani was the governor of Odisha.<ref name="IslamImpact"/> Orissa was the first [[subah]] (imperial top-level province) added to Akbar's fifteen by [[Shah Jahan]]. It had [[Cuttack]] as seat and bordered Bihar, Bengal and Golconda subahs, as well as the remaining independent and tributary chiefs. In 1647, Narasimha Deva was beheaded by a Mughal general called Fateh Khan.<ref name="madalapanji"/>

====Under Aurangzeb====
In 1658, Shah Jahan took ill and [[Dara Shikoh]] took on as the royal regent. This led to a war of succession in which [[Aurangzeb]] emerged victorious in 1659. He imprisoned his own father, who later died in 1666. During this period of instability in the Mughal empire, several chieftains in Odisha had declared independence. Khan-i-Duran was appointed the governor under Aurangzeb and his reign was from 1660 to 1667. During this period, he crushed several rebel chieftains and subdued Mukunda Deva I, the then king of Khurda.<ref name="IslamImpact"/>

=== Nawab of Bengal rule ===
====Under Murshid Quli Khan====
In 1707, Aurangzeb died and the control of Mughals over Odisha began to weaken. [[Murshid Quli Khan]] was made governor of Odisha in 1714. In 1717, he was also made the [[Nawab of Bengal]]. He swore fealty to the Mughal emperor but he was an independent ruler for all purposes. He took several measures to increase revenues and create several new [[Jagir]]s. In 1727, on his death, his son-in-law, [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan|Shuja-ud-Din]] became the Nawab of Bengal. Before that he was a deputy of Murshid in Odisha. During his time, several tracts of land were lost to neighbouring kingdoms.<ref name="IslamImpact"/>

====Under Shuja-ud-Din====
In 1727, Taqi Khan, the son of Shuja-ud-Din, was made the governor. He got engaged in a war with Ramachandra Deva II. Ramachandra Deva II was imprisoned and was converted to Islam.<ref name="madalapanji"/><ref name="kingship">{{cite book|author=John R. McLane|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA174|access-date=10 February 2013|date=25 July 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|page=174}}</ref> Ramachandra Deva II once visited Puri to see [[Ratha-Yatra (Puri)|Ratha-Yatra]]. Taqi Khan was displeased by this advanced on Khurda and Ramachandra Deva II fled. Bhagirathi Kumar, son of Ramachandra Deva II, was declared king by Taqi Khan. Taqi Khan died in 1734. During his reign, several Islamic monuments were built in Odisha.<ref name="IslamImpact"/>

His successor, [[Lutfullah Tabrizi|Murshid Quli Khan II]] (alias. Rustam Jung), a Naib Nazim (deputy governor) of Shuja-ud-Din and also his son-in-law, allowed worship in Puri and he is said to have given his daughter to Ramachandra Deva II in marriage after he converted to Islam. He installed Padmanava Deva as king of Khurda in 1736 but replaced him by Birakesari Deva, son of Ramachandra Deva II in 1739. Shuja-ud-Din died in 1739 and was replaced by his son, [[Sarfaraz Khan]]. Sarfaraz Khan was defeated and killed in the [[Battle of Giria]] by [[Alivardi Khan]]. Rustam Jung marched against Alivardi Khan but he was defeated. Alivardi Khan was not a popular ruler.<ref name="IslamImpact"/>

The [[Marathas]] started raiding Alivardi Khan's territory starting in 1742, aided by Rustam Jung and his allies.<ref name="2rivers">{{cite book|author=Nitish K Sengupta|title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA158|access-date=10 February 2013|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341678-4|page=158}}</ref> These raids used quick hit-and-run tactics and were called [[bargi]]s. Alivardi Khan unable to check the raids ceded Odisha to [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] in 1751.

During this period, the idols of [[Jagannath]] and other deities were removed from the temple several times, and hidden to save them from [[iconoclasm]].<ref name="IslamImpact"/><ref name="madalapanji"/>

=== Maratha rule ===
By 1751, the Marathas controlled the administration of Orissa. The river [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] served as the border between Bengal and Maratha-controlled Odisha.<ref name="britishadmin">{{cite book|author=Bandita Devi|title=Some Aspects Of British Administration In Orissa (1912–1936)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBQQHizn788C&pg=PA14|access-date=10 February 2013|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-072-0|page=14}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2006-11-12 |title=Ancient |url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm |access-date=2022-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112195307/http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm |archive-date=12 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Marathas improved Orissa's profile as a pilgrimage site, especially to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] where maintenance and repairs were strongly encouraged. They paid extra attention to uphold religious sites. The Marathas instituted the pilgrim tax for their income at Puri, which was exempt for paupers.<ref name="madalapanji" /> The Marathas expanded on road construction, erection of houses and even experimented with a postal service. However, external trade declined in Maratha-held Orissa. With the rise of British power in the Bengal region and their chokehold on maritime trade in the [[Bay of Bengal]]; exports of grains and commodities declined sharply for locals.<ref name=":0" />

Literature and poetry blossomed in Odisha under the rule of the Marathas. This was due to patronization of the local chiefs and other Maratha rulers. [[Kāvya|Kavya]] and Padya literature, of both prose and poetry made significant headways during this period.<ref name=":0" />

The strategic position of Orissa for trade was understood by Britain, as it was situated between British-held [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]. In 1803, the British conquered the region during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], when most of the Maratha forces were engaged elsewhere.<ref name="britishadmin" /><ref name=":0" />

===European trade and influences===
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; background:#F8F8FF; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center;"|<big><big>Odisha Timeline</big></big>
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center;"|1800 CE - 1947 CE
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|14 October 1803
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Barabati fort|Fort of Barabati]] falls to the British
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1817
|style="font-size: 80%;"|The Paika Rebellion
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1866
|style="font-size: 80%;"|The [[Odisha famine of 1866|Great Famine]] of 1886 (''Na Anka Durvikhya'')
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1 April 1936
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Orissa became a separate province
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|15 August 1947
|style="font-size: 80%;"|India becomes independent
|}

====Early Portuguese and British trade====
The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] were the first Europeans to build factories in Odisha. They had a settlement in Pipili in Puri district. The British had established a settlement in Hariharpur (modern-day [[Jagatsinghpur]]), with the permission of the Mughal administrator, as early as 1633 to trade cotton goods. But it could not be maintain long because of the harsh climate, and Portuguese and [[Aracan]]ese [[pirate]]s.<ref name="econ2"/> In 1765, [[Lord Clive]] acquired the ''[[diwani]]'' of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha from titular Mughal emperor, [[Shah Alam II]]. But, only the [[Midnapore]] district was meant by Odisha, as rest of it had passed on to the Marathas.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Lord Clive had tried to negotiate the acquisition of Odisha from the Marathas. His successor, [[Warren Hastings]], had also tried negotiating with the Marathas.

====Princely States of Odisha and British administration====
[[File:Barabati fort at cuttack.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Barabati fort in Cuttack.]]
[[File:Two lovers, folio from a Ragamala album.jpg|thumb|''Two lovers'', folio from a ''[[Ragamala paintings|Ragamala]]'' album. Pigment on cloth, in the technique closely resembling that used in Odishan [[pattachitra]]s. Circa 1850]]
A Colonel Harcourt of the [[Presidency armies]] sailed from [[Northern Circars]] on 3 August 1803 and landed on 25 August.<ref name="StirlingOrissa">{{cite book|author1=Andrew Stirling|author2=James Peggs|title=Orissa: Its Geography, Statistics, History, Religion and Antiquities|url=https://archive.org/details/orissaitsgeogra00pegggoog|access-date=10 February 2013|year=1846|publisher=author|pages=[https://archive.org/details/orissaitsgeogra00pegggoog/page/n224 195]–}}</ref> He marched from [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] with 5000 men on 8 September, to flush the Marathas out of the region.<ref name="CraikMacFarlane1844">{{cite book|author1=George Lillie Craik|author2-link=Charles MacFarlane|author2=Charles MacFarlane|title=The Pictorial History of England During the Reign of George the Third: 1802-1820|url=https://archive.org/details/pictorialhistor01cogoog|access-date=10 February 2013|year=1844|publisher=C. Knight|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pictorialhistor01cogoog/page/n98 85]–|author1-link=George Lillie Craik}}</ref> On 18 September, Harcourt took control of Puri.<ref name="madalapanji"/> On 21 September, a second force had landed at Balasore and after taking control of the region, it sent reinforcements to Cuttack to help with the siege of the fort. On 14 October, the fort of [[Barabati fort|Barbati]] was stormed and captured.<ref name="CraikMacFarlane1844"/>

On 17 December 1803, [[Raghoji II Bhonsle]] of [[Nagpur]] signed the Treaty of Deogaon (also Deogarh) in Odisha with the British [[East India Company]] after the [[Battle of Laswari]] and gave up the [[Cuttack district|province of Cuttack]] (which included the coastal Mughalbandi plain, [[Garhjat Hills|Garhjat]] the princely states of Western Odisha, Balasore port, and parts of [[Midnapore]] district of West Bengal).<ref name=Reddy/> The region was subsequently administered by the British as a division until 1912 of the [[Bengal Presidency]] with its administrative seat in [[Cuttack]], the princely states remaining under [[indirect rule]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Jayakrushna Rajaguru Mohapatra, (better known to the Indian public as [[Jayi Rajaguru]]) the royal preceptor to Mukunda Dev II (who at the time was still a minor) mobilised an army of Paika warriors and led a revolt against the East India Company in 1804, which was the first uprising against British rule in Orissa. However, the Presidency armies, with the assistance of local chiefs, were ultimately able to suppress the rebellion, and both Jayi Rajaguru and the Raja were captured. On 6 December 1806, Jayi Rajaguru was executed in [[Midnapore]].<ref name="Paṭṭanāẏaka1979">{{cite book|author=Praphulla Kumāra Paṭṭanāẏaka|title=A Forgotten Chapter of Orissan History: With Special Reference to the Rajas of Khurda and Puri, 1568–1828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzA-AAAAIAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref>

In 1817, the British had to suppress the Paika rebellion. The Paika were a landed militia who were exempted from taxes in lieu of their services. They were dissatisfied with the new British land laws and were led by Bakshi Jagabandhu,<ref name="bbsr" /> a commander of the king of Khurda.<ref name="Mahmud1994">{{cite book|author=Sayed Jafar Mahmud|title=Pillars of Modern India 1757-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8XPyBqxwX8C&pg=PA10|access-date=10 February 2013|year=1994|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-586-5|page=10}}</ref>

[[Surendra Sai]] from Sambalpur region had started a rebellion against the British in 1827. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the princes of Odisha did not join the wars.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

In 1866, Odisha was struck with a [[Odisha famine of 1866|great famine]], called ''Na Anka Durvikhya''<ref name="Mishra1991">{{cite book|author=H. K. Mishra|title=Faminies & Poverty in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=467VlNK6YfUC&pg=PA103|access-date=10 February 2013|year=1991|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-374-8|page=103}}</ref> (literally ''the nine number famine'') locally.<ref name="Davis2002">{{cite book|author=Mike Davis|title=Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjYUY3LHkoC&pg=PT35|access-date=10 February 2013|date=17 June 2002|publisher=Verso Books|isbn=978-1-78168-061-2|page=35}}</ref> The death toll has been estimated to be about one million spread across different regions.<ref name="Marshall2001">{{cite book|author=P. J. Marshall|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&pg=PA132|access-date=10 February 2013|date=2 August 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00254-7|page=132}}</ref> During the famine, Babu Bichitrananda Das and Gouri Shankar Roy decided to publish a magazine in Odia. The first issue of ''Utakala Deepika'' appeared on 4 August 1866 from the newly Cuttack Printing Press. It dealt with issue of famine.<ref name="Das2006">{{cite book|author=Ratan Das|title=Poverty And Hunger: Causes And Consequences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6TcP7mj6cMC&pg=PA124|access-date=10 February 2013|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-731-2|page=124}}</ref> Though Christian missionaries had established a printing press in Cuttack in 1838, this was the first independent publication in Odia.<ref name="Sutton1850">{{cite book|author=Amos Sutton|title=Orissa and its evangelization; interspersed with suggestions respecting the more efficient conduction of Indian Missions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SydLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA319|access-date=10 February 2013|year=1850|publisher=Wilkins|page=319}}</ref>

In 1870, [[Madhusudan Das]] became the first person from Odisha to acquire a graduate degree. He had completed his Bachelor of Arts from [[Calcutta University]] and later went on to acquire a Master of Arts from the same university in 1873. He also acquired a law degree in 1878.<ref name="Sarma1996">{{cite book|author=Bina Kumari Sarma|title=Development of Modern Education in India: An Empirical Study of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1SC33vLHZIC&pg=PA108|access-date=10 February 2013|date=1 January 1996|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-94-5|page=108}}</ref> He went on to become one of the foremost leaders from the state.

After Madhusudan Das returned from Calcutta to Cuttack in 1881, the Utkal Sabha was formed in 1882. It marked the beginning of political activities in Odisha.<ref name="Sarma1996"/> In 1888, a [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] was held in Cuttack during the visit of Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, where the Utkal Sabha led by Gouri Shankar Roy presented the issue of bringing Odia-speaking territories under one administration.<ref name="SamalNayak1996">{{cite book|author1=J. K. Samal|author2=Pradip Kumar Nayak|title=Makers of Modern Orissa: Contributions of Some Leading Personalities of Orissa in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ewpJNpCLJgC&pg=PA47|access-date=15 March 2014|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-322-9|page=47}}</ref>

In 1903, the Utkal Union Conference was founded.<ref name="Sarma1996"/> In 1912, Odisha and Bihar were separated from Bengal province to form a new single province.<ref name="Karna1981">{{cite book|author=Mahendra Narain Karna|title=Studies in Bihar's Economy and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-w7cazQezwC&pg=PA15|access-date=15 March 2014|year=1981|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=15|id=GGKEY:ZF0T0NLC8XZ}}</ref> In 1912, the Orissa Tenancy Act was introduced the Bihar-Orissa Legislative Assembly. The previous Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 was considered ill-suited for the conditions of the region. On 12 September 1913, the Orissa Tenancy Act was passed, securing better rights and treatment for [[ryot]]s in the region.<ref name="Samal1990">{{cite book|author=J. K. Samal|title=Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NO4xIxxt0kYC&pg=PA67|access-date=15 March 2014|year=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-218-9|pages=67–}}</ref> In 1913, [[Sashi Bhusan Rath]] began publishing the first Odia daily newspaper, ''Asha'', from Berhampur. [[Gopabandhu Das]] was the editor and wrote its editorials until 1919. In 1915, Gopabandhu Das began publishing a magazine called ''Satyabadi'', to promote Odia literature and culture. On 4 October 1919, he started his own weekly newspaper, ''[[The Samaja|Samaja]]''.<ref name="padhy2011">{{cite book|author=K. S. Padhy|title=Indian Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEz5soh9P3oC&pg=PA279|access-date=15 March 2014|date=30 July 2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4305-4|page=279}}</ref> In 1914, the revolutionary [[Bagha Jatin]] moved to a hideout in [[Kaptipada]] village in [[Mayurbhanj]]. On 9 September 1915, Bagha Jatin and his companions were discovered by the colonial authorities and it resulted in a 75 minutes gunfight. On 10 September 1915, Bagha Jatin died of bullet wounds at the Balasore hospital.<ref name="Agrawal 2008 p. 53-60">{{cite book | last=Agrawal | first=L.M.G. | title=Freedom fighters of India | publisher=Isha Books | year=2008 | isbn=978-81-8205-470-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJu9Dkv_2zEC&pg=PA53 | access-date=2020-03-19 | pages=53–60 | archive-date=30 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630005610/http://books.google.com/books?id=FJu9Dkv_2zEC&pg=PA53 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1885, [[Indian National Congress]] was founded. In 1920, it adopted reorganization of provinces according to linguistic basis as one its agendas.<ref name="Schmidt1995">{{cite book|author=Karl J. Schmidt|title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History|url=https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm|url-access=registration|access-date=10 February 2013|year=1995|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3757-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm/page/88 88]}}</ref> This inspired many leaders in Odisha to form an Odisha Congress Committee and demand a separate province for the Odia-speaking population.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sadhna Sharma|title=States Politics in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HdDbdKa8UC&pg=PA249|access-date=10 February 2013|year=1995|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-619-4|pages=249–}}</ref> In 1923, the Bhubanananda Odisha School of Engineering was established in Cuttack. It was the first technical diploma institution in the region.<ref name="Reddy2005"/> In 1927, the districts of Cuttack and Balasore were hit by abnormal floods for the third successive year. About 28,756 families were affected by the floods according to the government report.<ref name="Devi1992">{{cite book|author=Bandita Devi|title=Some Aspects of British Administration in Orissa, 1912-1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBQQHizn788C&pg=PA135|access-date=16 March 2014|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-072-0|page=135}}</ref>

On 6 April 1930, a group of volunteers marched from Cuttack to Inchudi in Balasore. On 12 April, they defied the [[History of the British salt tax in India|British salt tax law]] by making salt.<ref name=salt_law>{{cite news|title=Satyagraha memory fades with time|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120912/jsp/odisha/story_15963791.jsp#.UyUvhtSSzC0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140610120448/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120912/jsp/odisha/story_15963791.jsp#.UyUvhtSSzC0|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2014|access-date=16 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=11 September 2012}}</ref> On 1 April 1936, Odisha was granted the status of a separate province. [[Odisha Day]] (''Utkala Dibasa'') is celebrated locally every year on 1 April to mark the day. In 1936, Odisha has 6 districts: [[Cuttack]], [[Puri]], Balasore, [[Ganjam]], [[Koraput]], and [[Sambalpur]].<ref name="MearnsSinha1999"/> On 11 October 1938, Baji Rout, a ferry boy of 12 years, was shot dead by policemen in Dhenkanal district, when he refused to ferry them across the river.<ref name="Mishra1998">{{cite book|author=D. P Mishra|title=People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8GXSR0SiF8C&pg=PA209|access-date=10 February 2013|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-739-3|page=209}}</ref> In 1943, the [[Utkal University]] was founded.<ref name="Pawar1998">{{cite book|author=Sarbjit Singh Pawar|title=University Grants Commission (UGC) and Development of Libraries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dt0GguQNR4IC&pg=PA13|access-date=16 March 2014|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-092-0|page=13}}</ref>

In March 1946, the foundation stone for the [[Hirakud Dam]] was laid by the Governor of Odisha, Sir Hawthrone Lewis.<ref name="Sarin2013">{{cite book|author=Sharad Sarin|title=Business Marketing: Concepts and Cases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBJ_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA428|access-date=16 March 2014|year=2013|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-02661-4|page=428}}</ref> Also in 1946, the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) was established in Cuttack to prevent occurrences like the [[Bengal famine of 1943]].<ref name="BurmaChakravorty2011">{{cite book|author1=D. P. Burma|author2=Maharani Chakravorty|title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&pg=PA278|access-date=16 March 2014|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3220-5|page=278}}</ref> On 22 July 1947, [[Biju Patnaik]] rescued the [[Indonesia]]n Prime Minister [[Sutan Sjahrir]] and Vice President [[Mohammad Hatta]] from behind [[Indonesian National Revolution|Dutch lines]] and flew them to [[Singapore]] in a [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]], disguised as crew members. They reached India on 24 July.<ref name=Biju_Java>{{cite journal|title=Biju Patnaik : An Illustrious Son of Orissa|journal=Orissa Review|date=February–March 2006|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/Feb-March2006/engpdf/biju_patnaik_an_illustrious.pdf|access-date=16 March 2014|author=Hemanta Kumar Nayak|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144240/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/Feb-March2006/engpdf/biju_patnaik_an_illustrious.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Datta-Ray2009">{{cite book|author=Sunanda K. Datta-Ray|title=Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFo1yl5AGokC&pg=PA74|access-date=16 March 2014|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4279-04-8|page=74}}</ref>

==As a part of the Republic of India==
{{cleanup rewrite|date=March 2020}}
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; background:#F8F8FF; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center;"|<big><big>Orissa Timeline</big></big>
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center;"|1947 CE – Present
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1948
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Capital of Odisha shifted from [[Cuttack]] to [[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1952
|style="font-size: 80%;"|The first [[Kalinga Prize]] awarded
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1953
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Completion of the [[Hirakud Dam]]
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1956
|style="font-size: 80%;"|[[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology|University College of Engineering]], was established in Burla
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1957
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Odisha Sahitya Academy was established
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|12 February 1961
|style="font-size: 80%;"|The building of [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]] was inaugurated
|}

On 27 May 1947, [[Harekrushna Mahatab]] took oath to form a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ministry.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} In 1946, it was decided that [[Bhubaneswar]] would replace [[Cuttack]] as the political capital of the state of [[Odisha]]. A year after India gained its independence from Britain, the task of designing had been granted to the German architect [[Otto Königsberger]].<ref name="bbsr"/> Also in 1948, construction on the [[Hirakud Dam]] began.<ref name="Sarin2013"/> By 1949, the 24 [[princely states]] had been integrated and Odisha had 13 districts: [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Puri district|Puri]], [[Balasore District|Balasore]], [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]], [[Keonjhar district|Keonjhar]], [[Balangir district|Balangirpatna]], [[Kandhamal district|Boudh-Kandhamal]], [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]] and [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]].<ref name="MearnsSinha1999">{{cite book|author1=Robin Mearns|author2=Saurabh Sinha|title=Social Exclusion and Land Administration in Odisha, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9kNjYX2TOEC&pg=PA10|access-date=22 March 2014|year=1999|publisher=World Bank Publications|page=10|id=GGKEY:QYC1YX7WC8C}}</ref> On 12 May 1950, Mahatab resigned to join the [[Cabinet of India]].<ref name="Sethy2003">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Kumar Sethy|title=Political Crisis and President's Rule in an Indian State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2kJusgGxiQC&pg=PA99|access-date=22 March 2014|year=2003|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-463-3|page=99}}</ref> [[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]] took over as the Chief Minister the same day.<ref name="Malhotra 2004 p. 706">{{cite book | last=Malhotra | first=G.C. | title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA706 | access-date=2020-03-14 | page=706}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

In 1951, Biju Pattnaik made a donation to the [[UNESCO]] to establish the [[Kalinga Prize]]. It has been awarded every year since 1952 to people who have contributed to the popularization of science.<ref name="Schmadel2012">{{cite book|author=Lutz D. Schmadel|title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg=PA1118|access-date=16 March 2014|date=10 June 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-29718-2|page=1118}}</ref><ref name="Kalinga Prize">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/sti-policy/global-focus/science-popularization/prizes/kalinga-prize/|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=16 March 2014|archive-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518042902/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/sti-policy/global-focus/science-popularization/prizes/kalinga-prize/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 February 1952, [[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]] took oath as the Chief Minister after the 1951 Assembly polls.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} In 1953, the 66 meters high and 25.4 km long [[Hirakud Dam]] was completed.<ref name="Sarin2013"/> In 1953, the [[Rourkela Steel Plant]] was planned to be built in collaboration with a [[West German]] consortium.<ref name=rourkela>{{cite book|title=Industrial Wage Regulation in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VV7dfn_ypcC&pg=PA112|access-date=16 March 2014|year=1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-474-9|page=112}}</ref> On 19 October 1956, Nabakrushna Choudhuri resigned and Mahatab became the Chief Minister.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} In 1956, the first technical degree institution in the region, University College of Engineering, was established in [[Burla, India|Burla]] (presently it is known as [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology]]).<ref name="Reddy2005">{{cite book|author=M.S. Reddy|title=Technical Manpower Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_uBURxzJqoC&pg=PA138|access-date=16 March 2014|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8356-035-1|page=138}}</ref> In 1957, the Odisha Sahitya Academy was established to develop and promote [[Odia language]] and literature.<ref name=sahitya>{{cite web|title=Odisha Sahitya Academy: About Us|url=http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/osa.asp|publisher=Culture Department, Government of Orissa|access-date=16 March 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034534/http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/osa.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 13 January 1957, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] officially inaugurated the [[Hirakud Dam]].<ref name="G.k.ghosh2002">{{cite book|author=G.k.ghosh|title=Water of India (Quality & Quantity)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enE9kdIKqCQC&pg=PA64|access-date=16 March 2014|date=1 January 2002|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-294-3|page=64}}</ref> The 1957 Assembly polls were also won by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party and on 6 April 1957 Harekrushna Mahatab took oath as the Chief Minister.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} On 22 May 1959, a coalition of Congress and Gantantra Parishad formed the government. On 21 February 1961, the coalition collapsed. On 25 February, [[President's rule]] was imposed on the state.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

[[File:ORISSA SECRETARIAT.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]] building was inaugurated in 1961]]

On 12 February 1961, the new building of the [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]] was inaugurated by [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] then vice-president of India.<ref name="Panda 1992 p.74 ">{{cite book | last=Panda | first=B.D. | title=Towards a special library system | publisher=Anmol Publications | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-7041-666-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4W6AAAAIAAJ | access-date=2020-03-19 | page=74}}</ref> On 15 August 1961, the [[Regional Engineering College, Rourkela]] was founded.<ref name="university">{{cite book|title=Handbook of Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rs-jsaPenxYC&pg=PA634|access-date=22 March 2014|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0608-6|page=634}}</ref> The mid-term polls were held in 1961 and Biju Pattnaik formed a ministry on 23 June 1961.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} On 3 January 1962, the [[foundation stone]] of the [[Paradip Port]] was laid by Prime Minister Nehru. On 18 April 1966, it was declared the 8th major port of India.<ref name=paradip>{{cite web|title=Paradip Port: About Us|url=http://www.paradipport.gov.in/about.php|publisher=[[Paradip Port]]|access-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322150223/http://www.paradipport.gov.in/about.php|archive-date=22 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also in 1962, the [[Balimela Reservoir]] project was started.<ref name="Mahapatra2011">{{cite book|author=Bhagyalaxmi Mahapatra|title=Development of a Primitive Tribe: A Study of Didayis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxccPsvvDkkC&pg=PA81|access-date=22 March 2014|year=2011|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-782-1|page=81}}</ref> In August 1963, the [[Kamaraj Plan]] was formulated and Biju Patnaik was among the Chief Ministers to resign.<ref name="Ghose1993">{{cite book|author=Sankar Ghose|title=Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&pg=PA201|access-date=22 March 2014|year=1993|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-369-5|page=201}}</ref> After him, [[Biren Mitra]] became the Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sadhna Sharma|title=States Politics in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HdDbdKa8UC&pg=PA286|access-date=22 March 2014|year=1995|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-619-4|pages=286–}}</ref> In April 1964, a [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] plant was set up in [[Sunabeda]] to manufacture [[Tumansky R-11|Tumansky R-11 F2 engines]] for [[MIG-21]] FLs.<ref name=HAL>{{cite web|title=HAL, Koraput: About Us|url=http://www.hal-india.com/EngineKoraput/aboutus.asp|publisher=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]|access-date=22 March 2014|archive-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322135707/http://www.hal-india.com/EngineKoraput/aboutus.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1966, Mahatab left [[Indian National Congress]] to form a new party called the [[Orissa Jana Congress|Jana Congress]].<ref name="KhrushchevKhrushchev2007">{{cite book|author1=Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev|author2=Sergeĭ Khrushchev|title=Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR0f25dmbn0C&pg=PT952|access-date=22 March 2014|year=2007|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-02935-1|page=952}}</ref> After the 1967 Assembly polls, [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]] became the Chief Minister of a coalition government consisting of the [[Swatantra Party]] and the [[Orissa Jana Congress]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

In 1971 Assembly poll, the government was formed by a coalition of [[Utkal Congress]], [[Swatantra Party]] and [[All India Jharkhand Party]], with [[Bishwanath Das]] as the Chief Minister.<ref name="Chatterjee1992">{{cite book|author=Sibranjan Chatterjee|title=Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UQpnoasCDYC&pg=PA117|access-date=22 March 2014|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-325-4|page=117}}</ref> On 14 June 1972, [[Nandini Satpathy]] became the Chief Minister of Odisha, heading a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ministry.<ref name="Grover1997">{{cite book|author=Verinder Grover|title=Indian Political System: Trends and Challenges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4yABACTXw4C&pg=PA462|access-date=16 March 2014|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-883-4|page=462}}</ref> On 1 March 1973, Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy resigned. In February 1974, mid-term polls were held. On 6 March 1974, Nandini Satpathy formed her second ministry. On 19 December 1976, Nandini Satpathy resigned again.<ref name="nadini">{{cite book|title=Role of Regional Political Parties in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sauMPCyhaXcC&pg=PA95|access-date=16 March 2014|year=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-191-5|page=95}}</ref> She was replaced by [[Binayak Acharya]] who remained in office for 4 months.<ref name="Mirchandani2003">{{cite book|author=G.G. Mirchandani|title=320 Million Judges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&pg=PA221|access-date=9 June 2014|date=1 June 2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-061-7|page=221}}</ref> In 1977, [[Nilamani Routray]] became the Chief Minister after the Assembly poll, and [[Janata Party]] remained in power until 1980. The 1980 Assembly poll resulted in [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]], of [[Indian National Congress]], as the Chief Minister.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

In 1981, [[National Aluminium Company|NALCO]] was founded with the collaboration of the [[Pechiney]] company of [[France]]. It was headquartered in Bhubaneswar.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} On 30 October 1984, [[Indira Gandhi]] was in Bhubaneswar giving a speech. The next day she was assassinated.<ref name="Jay2010">{{cite book|author=Antony Jay|title=Lend Me Your Ears: Oxford Dictionary of Political Quotations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yA-MQLwOtEC&pg=PA119|access-date=16 March 2014|date=28 October 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957267-0|page=119}}</ref> In 1985, Janaki Ballabh Patnaik was re-elected as the Chief Minister.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} [[Sachidananda Routray]], Odia poet and novelist, received the [[Jnanpith Award]] for his contributions to modern Odia poetry.<ref name=Sachi>{{cite news|title=Sachidananda Routray passes away|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/2004/08/22/stories/2004082201361100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316135605/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2004/08/22/stories/2004082201361100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2014|access-date=16 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 August 2004}}</ref> On 22 May 1989, the [[Agni-I]] was tested fired at [[Chandipur, Orissa|Chandipur]].<ref name="BhushanKatyal2002">{{cite book|author1=K. Bhushan|author2=G. Katyal|title=Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JelgwgVx-P0C&pg=PA191|access-date=16 March 2014|date=1 January 2002|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-312-4|page=191}}</ref> On 6 December 1989, [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] resigned as the Chief Minister and on 7 December [[Hemananda Biswal]] was sworn in.<ref name="AgrawalAggarwal1990">{{cite book|author1=S. P. Agrawal|author2=J. C. Aggarwal|title=Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha Elections, 1989-1990: Process and Result with Comparative Study of Manifestoes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qID3Eg62bmcC&pg=PA205|access-date=16 March 2014|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-314-6|page=205}}</ref> On 16 December 1989, [[Rabi Ray]] becomes the [[Speaker of Lok Sabha]] and he held the position until 9 July 1991.<ref name="GHOSH2012">{{cite book|author=Peu Ghosh|title=Indian Government and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjEdaFbEo0MC&pg=PA185|access-date=16 March 2014|date=3 September 2012|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4649-9|page=185}}</ref>

[[File:Cyclone 05B.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[1999 Odisha cyclone]] making landfall]]
In 1990, [[Ranganath Misra]] became the 21st [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref name=ranganth>{{cite news|title=Former chief justice Ranganath Mishra passes away|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-chief-justice-ranganath-mishra-passes-away/article1-929779.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316152717/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-chief-justice-ranganath-mishra-passes-away/article1-929779.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2014|access-date=16 March 2014|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=14 September 2012}}</ref> In 1990, the Assembly polls were won by the [[Janata Dal]] and a government was formed under the leader of [[Biju Patnaik]].<ref name="Dash2006">{{cite book|author=Satya Prakash Dash|title=Naxal Movement and State Power: With Special Reference of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eDaiaDwcNgC&pg=PA90|access-date=22 March 2014|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-700-8|page=90}}</ref> In 1992, four new districts were created, [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]] and [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]. In 1993, 10 more districts were created, [[Khurda]], [[Nayagarh]], [[Sonepur District|Sonepur]], [[Bargarh]], [[Kendrapara]], [[Jagatsinghpur]], [[Jajpur]], [[Nuapada]], [[Angul]] and [[Bhadrak]]. In 1994, three more were carved out, [[Jharsuguda]], [[Debagarh|Deogarh]] and [[Boudh district|Boudh]]. This brought the number of [[List of districts of Odisha|districts in Odisha]] to 30.<ref name="MearnsSinha1999"/> In 1993, Ranganath Misra became the first chairman of the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]].<ref name=ranganth/> The 1995 Assembly polls were won by the [[Indian National Congress]] and Janaki Ballabh Patnaik became the Chief Minister.<ref name="Dash2006"/> On 22 January 1999, [[Australia]]n missionary [[Graham Staines]] and his two sons were murdered. Staines was an Australian Christian missionary who, along with his two sons Philip (aged 10) and Timothy (aged 6), was burnt to death by a gang while sleeping in his station wagon at Manoharpur village in Keonjhar district in Odisha, India on 23 January 1999. In 2003, a Bajrang Dal activist, Dara Singh, was convicted of leading the gang that murdered Graham Staines and his sons, and was sentenced to life in prison.<ref name=staines>{{cite news|title=Staines' killing: Murder of Australian missionary and his two sons in Odisha shocks India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19990208-staines-killing-murder-of-australian-missionary-and-his-two-sons-in-orissa-shocks-india-780092-1999-02-07|access-date=9 June 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=8 February 1999|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230732/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/staines-killing-murder-of-australian-missionary-and-his-two-sons-in-orissa-shocks-india/1/253086.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon afterwards, Janaki Ballabh Patnaik resigned and was replaced by [[Giridhar Gamang]].<ref name=changeover>{{cite news|title=A changeover in Orissa|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1605/16050360.htm|access-date=9 June 2014|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=27 February 1999}}</ref> In October 1999, a [[1999 Odisha cyclone|cyclone]] struck Odisha causing economic loss estimated at $2.5 billion (1999 [[USD]]) and about 10,000 deaths.<ref name="Chopra2005">{{cite book|author=Kanchan Ratna Chopra|title=Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Policy Responses: Findings of the Responses Working Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPLzt5uyNAcC&pg=PA345|date=14 December 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-270-6|pages=345–}}</ref><ref name="KumarSingh2005">{{cite book|author1=Dharmendra Kumar|author2=Rahul Singh|title=India Insurance Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sAcQVQMPDpUC&pg=PA173|year=2005|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-762-4|pages=173–}}</ref> In December 1999, Gamang also resigned.<ref name=gamang>{{cite news|title=Giridhar Gamang decides to quit|url=http://m.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/04oris1.htm|access-date=9 June 2014|work=[[Rediff]]|date=4 December 1999|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715003550/http://m.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/04oris1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Hemananda Biswal]] on 7 December.<ref name=veteran>{{cite news|title=Veteran takes over in Orissa|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/552613.stm|access-date=9 June 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=7 December 1999|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190714/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/552613.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2000, [[Naveen Patnaik]] became the Chief Minister of a [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]-[[BJP]] alliance government who went ahead to serve for 24 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Governor invites Naveen to form govt|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000303/nation.htm#1|access-date=9 June 2014|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=2 March 2000|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621052951/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000303/nation.htm#1|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 February 2014, the [[Odia language]] was given the status of a [[Classical languages of India|classical language of India]], making it the sixth language to have the status.<ref>{{cite news|title=Odia becomes sixth classical language|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/frontpage/story_18004148.jsp|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011125236/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/frontpage/story_18004148.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2017|access-date=22 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=20 February 2014}}</ref> The [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Assembly Election 2024]] was won by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] became the Chief Minister of the state.<ref name="wire">{{cite news|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/an-rss-hardliner-mohan-majhi-has-risen-through-party-ranks-to-become-odisha-cm|title=An RSS Hardliner, Mohan Majhi Has Risen Through Party Ranks to Become Odisha CM|first=Ashutosh|last=Mishra|work=The Wire|date=12 June 2024|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>Along with [[Pravati Parida]] and [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo|Kanak Bardhan Singh Deo]] as deputy CM of odisha.

==See also==
* [[Historic sites in Odisha]]
* [[Maritime history of Odisha]]
* [[List of rulers of Odisha]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL012&vchplinkid=PL048 History of Odisha], Government of Odisha, Official Portal
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130314120313/http://www.orissamuseum.nic.in/ Orissa State Museum]

{{Odisha}}
{{History of India by State}}

[[Category:History of Odisha| ]]
[[Category:History of Bengal|*]]

Jag Mandir Palace, Kota

2026-03-16T23:18:44Z

Tijusacademy: made some data w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Palace in Kota, Rajasthan, India}}
{{aI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Jag Mandir Palace
| image = Jag_Mandir_Kota.jpg
| caption = A view of Jag Mandir Palace
| location = [[Kota, Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| type = [[Palace]]
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| date-built = 1740 A.D.
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.18340|N|75.84964|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Jag Mandir Palace''' is a palace in [[Kota, Rajasthan]]. It is known for its unique design, this palace stands on an island in the [[Kishore Sagar Talab|Kishore Sagar Lake]], a man-made reservoir constructed in 1346 by Prince ''Dher Deh'' of [[Bundi]]. An example of [[Rajput architecture]], the palace attracts tourists from all over the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Kota News: पूरी दुनिया में मशहूर है झील के बीच बना जगमंदिर पैलेस, 283 साल पहले एक रानी ने कराया था निर्माण |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/kota-jag-mandir-palace-is-famous-all-over-the-world-for-its-unique-architecture-and-magnificence-5317401.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
The palace was built in 1740 A.D. It was built by a queen of Kota.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=सिर्फ पढ़ाई ही नहीं पर्यटन के लिए भी मशहूर है कोटा, ये जगहें करेंगी आकर्षित |url=https://www.amarujala.com/education/famous-places-to-visit-in-kota-rajasthan-specialities-in-kota-education-capital |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The palace is known for its distinctive [[Rajput architecture|Rajput architectural style]], which includes intricate carvings, balconies, and ornate ''jharokhas'' (hanging enclosed balconies). The structure is primarily made of red sandstone, which gives it an imposing appearance, especially when reflected in the waters of the Kishore Sagar Lake. The palace has beautifully carved pillars and arches, as well as the interiors are equally impressive, showcasing fine craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2023-03-09 |title=Rajasthan में घूमने का है मन तो खूबसूरत पर्यटन स्थल कोटा को भी करें लिस्ट में शामिल |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/lifestyle/travel/tourist-destination-want-to-visit-rajasthan-then-include-kota-in-list-au122-1756912.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=सिर्फ कोचिंग ही नहीं पर्यटन में भी शानदार जगह है कोटा, झीलों से लेकर इन ऐतिहासिक इमारतों का करें दीदार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/travel-famous-travel-destinations-of-kota-in-rajasthan-5027829.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Garden inside the palace ===
There is a garden inside the Palace. There are various types of flowers and plants in this garden. Apart from this, the ancient fountains built here are still present in their old form.<ref name=":0" />

== Significance ==
The palace holds a cultural and historical significance. The Palace has become an iconic symbol of Kota's rich heritage and attracts historians, architects and tourists alike.<ref name=":0" />

== Tourism ==
Today, the palace is one of the major tourist attractions in Kota. Visitors can reach the palace by boat. The palace and its surrounding area are often used for cultural events and festivals. Entry inside the Palace is free. It is open for tourists from 9 am to late evening. Boats run throughout the day to reach here.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-02-26 |title=Top 5 Places to visit in Kota : कोटा के 5 पर्यटन स्थल - www.hindusthanpost.com |url=https://www.hindusthanpost.com/social/top-5-places-to-visit-in-kota/ | publisher=Hindustan Post |access-date=2024-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
Efforts have been made to preserve and maintain the Palace. However, according to locals, more work needs to be done, including beautification and strengthening of the palace, planting new trees, and construction of public utilities in the palace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-05-21 |title=Tourist Places in Kota : किशोर सागर तालाब बना टूरिस्ट हब, कुछ साल में डिवेलप हो गए 8 स्पॉट |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/kota/kishor-sagar-talab-became-tourist-hub-in-kota/rj20230521075251246246303 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== In Popular culture ==
This palace has been shown in the [[Hindi cinema]] movie named [[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Nikki |date=2024-01-17 |title=Kota Me Ghumne ki Best Jagah: 20+ कोटा के ये हैं घूमने के लिए बेहतरीन स्थान और प्रमुख दर्शनीय स्थल |url=http://grehlakshmi.com/hindi-lifestyle/kota-me-ghumne-ki-best-jagah |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Grehlakshmi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kota, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Kota, Rajasthan]]

Languages of Bihar

2026-03-16T11:51:42Z

Tijusacademy: revised

{{Short description|Languages spoken in Bihar (India)}}
Most of the languages of [[Bihar]], the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|third most populous]] state of India, belong to the [[Bihari languages|Bihari subgroup]] of the Indo-Aryan family. Chief among them are [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], spoken in the west of the state, [[Maithili language|Maithili]] in the north, [[Magahi language|Magahi]] in center around capital Patna and in the south of the state. Maithili has official recognition under the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule]] to the Constitution of India.<ref name="mha.nic.in">{{Cite web|title=Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule |url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref> The official language of Bihar is [[Modern Standard Hindi]],<ref name="CSDOffLang19502">{{cite web|date=1950|title=The Bihar Official Language Act, 1950|url=http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act&rule/Act1english.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413072041/http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act%26rule/Act1english.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2015|access-date=9 April 2015|website=Cabinet Secretariat Department, Government of Bihar}}</ref> with [[Standard Urdu]] serving as a second official language in 15 districts.<ref name="Benedikter20093">{{cite book|last=Benedikter|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India|date=2009|publisher=[[LIT Verlag]]|isbn=978-3-643-10231-7|location=Münster|page=89|access-date=10 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053006/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bihari Hindi]] serves as the [[lingua franca]] of the region.

Exact speaker numbers for the main Bihari languages are not known because the more educated prefer to speak in Hindi (in formal situations) and so return this answer on the census, while many in rural areas and the urban poor, especially the illiterate, list their [[Hindi languages|language as "Hindi" And "Urdu"]] on the census as they regard that as the term for their language.<ref name="Danesh2">{{cite book|last1=Jain|first1=Danesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|last2=Cardona|first2=George|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|page=500|quote=The number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region, most educated speakers of the language name either Hindi or Urdu as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The uneducated and the rural population of the region regards Hindi or Urdu as the generic name for their language.}}</ref>

Other languages include the Indo-Aryan languages like [[Angika]], [[Bajjika]], [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Tharu languages|Tharu]]; the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (84,000 speakers in 2011), Kulehiya/[[Malto language|Malto]] (76,000) and [[Mal Paharia language|Mal Paharia]], as well as the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] languages [[Santali language|Santali]] (almost half a million speakers in 2011) and [[Munda language|Munda]].<ref>List of languages based on:
*{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX |format=XLSX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221112716/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX |archive-date=2020-02-21 |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |access-date=14 March 2020}}
*{{cite web| title = India| publisher = [[Ethnologue]]| year = 2023| url = https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/}} Ethnologue also lists the following languages as spoken in the state: Awadhi, Braj, Ho, Kanjari, Koch, Koda, Korwa, Kurmukar, Mahali, Munda, Nepali, Newar, Sindhi, Sora.
</ref>

==History==
[[File:Languages Spoken in Bihar and Jharkhand.png|alt=Languages Spoken in Bihar and Jharkhand|thumb|Detailed Linguistic map of Bihar and Jharkhand combined]]
The first success of spreading [[Modern Standard Hindi]] occurred in Bihar in 1881, when it displaced [[Standard Urdu]] as the sole official medium of the province. In this [[Hindi–Urdu controversy|struggle between Hindi and Urdu standards]] of the [[Hindustani language]], the potential claims of the three large mother tongues in the region – [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Magahi]] were ignored. After independence, Hindi was again given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950. Urdu became the second official language in the undivided State of Bihar on 16 August 1947

==Official languages==
{{multiple image
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| footer_background = #ED9D0B
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[[Hindi]] is the official languages of the State.<ref name=CSDOffLang1950>{{cite web |title=The Bihar Official Language Act, 1950 |url=http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act&rule/Act1english.pdf |date=1950 |website=Cabinet Secretariat Department, Government of Bihar|access-date=9 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413072041/http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act%26rule/Act1english.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> [[Urdu]] is the second official language of the state.

===Hindi===
{{Main|Bihari Hindi|Hindi in Bihar}}

{{See also|Hindi}}

==Recognised languages==

===Maithili===
{{Main|Maithili language}}
[[Maithili language|Maithili]] is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] native to India and Nepal. In India, it is widely spoken in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=मैथिली लिपि को बढ़ावा देने के लिए विशेषज्ञों की जल्द ही बैठक बुला सकते हैं प्रकाश जावड़ेकर|url=https://ndtv.in/india-news/prakash-javadekar-likely-to-call-meeting-of-experts-to-promote-maithili-script-1826774|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=मैथिली को भी मिलेगा दूसरी राजभाषा का दर्जा|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/story-maithili-will-get-second-state-language-status-in-jharkhand-1835624.html|website=Hindustan}}</ref> Native speakers are also found in other states and union territories of India, most notably in [[Jharkhand]] and the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP trying to influence Maithil voters in delhi | मैथिल मतदाताओं को मोहने की कोशिश में है बीजेपी, दिल्ली में हैं कुल 40 लाख वोटर्स| Hindi News, बिहार एवं झारखंड|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bjp-trying-to-influence-maithil-voters-in-delhi/635693/amp?espv=1|website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> According to [[Ethnologue]], there are about 12 million Maithili speakers in India as per 2011 Census.<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mai/17 |title=Maithili |access-date=1 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730151525/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mai/17 |archive-date=30 July 2017 }}</ref>
However, in the [[2011 census of India]], It was reported by only 1,35,83,464 people as their mother tongue comprising about 1.12% of the total population of India,<ref>[https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/language-census-2011-surge-in-hindi-speakers-south-indian-language-and-urdu-speakers-decline-1530869001-1, Rise in Hindi language speakers, ''Statement-4'' Retrieved on 22 February 2020]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> as many Maithili speakers view it as a dialect of Hindi and report their mother tongue as Hindi.
In [[Nepal]], it is spoken in the eastern [[Terai]], and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal.<ref name="Sah2013">{{cite journal|author=Sah, K. K.|year=2013|title=Some perspectives on Maithili|journal=Nepalese Linguistics|issue=28|pages=179–188}}</ref> [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of [[Kaithi]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Brass, P. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&pg=PP1|title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India|publisher=iUniverse|year=2005|isbn=0-595-34394-5|location=Lincoln|access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref> Today it is written in the [[Devanagari]] script.<ref name="Yadava2013">Yadava, Y. P. (2013). Linguistic context and language endangerment in Nepal. [http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/nepling/pdf/Nep_Ling_28.pdf Nepalese Linguistics 28]: 262–274.</ref>

In 2003, Maithili was included in the [[8th Schedule|Eighth Schedule]] of the [[Indian Constitution]] as a recognised regional language of India, which allows it to be used in education, government, and other official contexts.<ref name="Singh2011">Singh, P., & Singh, A. N. (2011). Finding Mithila between India's Centre and Periphery. ''Journal of Indian Law & Society'' 2: 147–181.</ref>

==Other languages and dialects of Bihar==

===Angika===
{{Main|Angika}}
Angika is mainly spoken in Anga area which includes [[Munger district|Munger]], [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]] and [[Banka district]]s of Bihar and the [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |year=1993 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&pg=PA12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}}</ref> Its speakers are estimated to be around 15 million.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sevanti Ninan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHRNs4Pt2YAC&pg=PA61|title=Headlines From the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7619-3580-3|page=61|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511100606/https://books.google.com/books?id=QHRNs4Pt2YAC&pg=PA61|archive-date=11 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the Anga area, it is also spoken in some parts of [[Purnia district]] of Bihar.<ref name="uchicago.edu">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/110/mode/1up|title=The Record News|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110135/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/110/mode/1up|archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>

===Bajjika===
{{Main|Bajjika}}
Bajjika or Western Maithili is spoken in eastern India and Nepal. Bajjika is spoken in the north-western part of Bihar which mostly spans the modern day [[Tirhut division|Tirhut Division]] and thus is also referred to as Tirhutiya. In Bihar, it is mainly spoken in the [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]], [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]], [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]], [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]], [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]] districts. It is also spoken in a part of the [[Darbhanga district]] adjoining [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] and [[Muzaffarpur district|Samastipur]] districts.<ref>{{cite book |author=Abhishek Kashyap |chapter=On the linguistic resources of Bajjika |editor=Vibha Chauhan |title=The People's Linguistic Survey of India |volume=6: The Languages of Bihar |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2014 |page=1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259569719}}</ref>

Researcher Abhishek Kashyap (2013), based on the 2001 census data, estimated that there were 20 million Bajjika speakers in Bihar (including around 11.46 illiterate adults).{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|pp=1–2}}

===Bhojpuri===
{{Main|Bhojpuri language}}
[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language predominantly spoken in the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur region]] located in the western part of Bihar. It is widely spoken in several districts of Bihar, including [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]], [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]], [[Saran district|Saran]], [[Siwan district|Siwan]], [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]], [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]], [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]], [[Buxar district|Buxar]], [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]], and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]. Apart from western Bihar, the Bhojpur region also encompasses [[Purvanchal|eastern Uttar Pradesh]], western [[Jharkhand]], some parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]], as well as the Terai region of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |type=Masters |first=Gopal Thakur |last=Lohar |url=https://archive.org/details/a-sociolinguistic-survey-of-bhojpuri-by-gopal-thakur |title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Bhojpuri Language in Nepal |date=2006-06-04 |location=Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal |publisher=Central Department of Linguistics, [[Tribhuvan University]] }}</ref> In Nepal, Bhojpuri is the third most spoken language, primarily used in the central and eastern Terai regions. Globally, there are approximately 150 million Bhojpuri speakers.

Bhojpuri has several dialects: Southern Bhojpuri, Northern Bhojpuri, Western Bhojpuri, and [[Sadri language|Nagpuria]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Trammell, Robert Lee |title=The phonology of the Northern standard dialect of Bhojpuri |date=1968 |oclc=64035989}}</ref> The Bhojpuri variant of the [[Kaithi|Kaithi script]] is the indigenous script of the Bhojpuri language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktokayath00grie |title=A handbook to the Kayathi character. |date=1881 |publisher=Calcutta, Thacker, Spink, and co. |others=The Library of Congress}}</ref> However, in modern times, Devanagari has become more commonly used for writing Bhojpuri.

There is a demand for the recognition of Bhojpuri language, its inclusion in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule]] of the Indian Constitution, and its status as an official language in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title=क्या हिंदी-संस्कृत की तरह भोजपुरी भी बनेगी आधिकारिक भाषा? रवि किशन का बिल कानून बना तो क्या होगा फायदा |url=https://www.aajtak.in/explained/story/ravi-kishan-bhojpuri-official-language-constitution-eighth-schedule-bhojpuri-demand-ntc-pryd-1994961-2024-07-29 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

===Magahi===
{{Main|Magahi language}}Magahi is spoken in the [[Magadh division|Magadh region]] in southern Bihar. Its heartland is Patna, Jehanabad, Nalanda, Nawada, Gaya and Sheikhpura districts, with the centres of Magahi culture being Patna, earlier called Pataliputra, and Gaya. In the west, in western Patna district, Arwal and Aurangabad districts, Magahi blends into Bhojpuri spoken across the [[Son river]]. Across the Ganga Magahi borders various dialects closely related to Maithili. In the east, in Lakhisarai and Jamui districts, Magahi blends into Angika.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Balaram |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Subasis |title=Magadhi/Magahi |url=http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/11.%20MAGADHI%20MAGAHI.pdf |journal=Languages of Bihar |publisher=Linguistic Survey of India}}</ref>

=== Khortha ===
{{Main|Khortha language}}Khortha is a language variety spoken in far-southern Bihar adjoining Jharkhand, on the [[Chota Nagpur plateau]]. Districts where Khortha is spoken include Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada and Jamui.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shekhar Dash |first=Niladri |title=Language Attitude of Khortha Speakers in Giridih: A Survey Report |journal=Linguistic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata}}</ref>

===Santali===
{{Main|Santali language}}Santhali is a Munda language spoken by the Santhal Adivasis in its heartland in [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]] in northeastern Jharkhand. As an extension of this population, Santhali is spoken by many people in Jamui, Banka, Munger and Bhagalpur districts. Many Santhali people were also brought to eastern Bihar (Purnia division) as agricultural workers, so large numbers are also found in Araria, Purnia, Katihar and Kishanganj districts.

===Surjapuri===
{{Main|Surjapuri language}}Surjapuri is a language variety spoken in Purnia division (Araria, Purnia, Katihar and Kishanganj districts), and adjoining areas of West Bengal, although it has been clubbed under Hindi in the census. In fact, it is more closely related to [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] than Hindi, being the western extension of the [[KRNB lects|Kamata]] group of lects like [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]] in neighbouring Nepal and [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]] in nearby Bangladesh. In the west it blends with eastern dialects of Maithili.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-06-12 |title=Bihar: Tharu and Surjapuri languages facing extinction |url=https://theprint.in/india/bihar-tharu-and-surjapuri-languages-facing-extinction/993794/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Tharu ===
{{Main articles|Tharu languages}}
Tharu is spoken by the [[Tharu people]] of the [[Terai]] region in Nepal and neighboring regions of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] in India. Tharu language is one of the major language spoken in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=danielle |date=2019-07-21 |title=International Year Of Indigenous Languages - Tharu, Nepal |url=https://rights.culturalsurvival.org/international-year-indigenous-languages-tharu-nepal |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Indigenous Rights Radio |language=en}}</ref> Although their own precise classification within Indo-Aryan remains uncertain, Tharu languages have superficial similarities with neighbouring languages such as [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]. In Bihar it is spoken in northern parts of [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]] and [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]] districts.<ref name=":0" />

==Classical languages of Bihar==
===Pali===
{{Main|Pali}}

===Sanskrit===
{{Main|Sanskrit}}

==Writing systems==
{{Main|Indic script|Devanagari|Tirhuta|Kaithi}}

==See also==
*[[Hindi in Bihar]]
**[[Urdu Language in Bihar|Urdu in Bihar]]
*[[Bihari languages]]
*[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
*[[Languages of India]]
*[[Languages of Nepal]]
*[[Languages of South Asia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bihar}}
{{Languages of Bihar}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of South Asia}}
{{Asia topic|Languages of}}
{{Portalbar|India|Languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Bihar| ]]

Atreyee D. A. V. Public School

2026-03-15T06:08:56Z

Tijusacademy: brief improved page per standard format

#REDIRECT [[List of schools in West Bengal#Balurghat]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Raj Kumar Pathria

2026-03-13T00:40:20Z

Tijusacademy: brief fixed layout as per guidelines also per sources

{{Short description|Indian theoretical physicist (1933–2026)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Raj Kumar Pathria
| image = pathria-main.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|3|30}}
| birth_place = Ramdas near [[Amritsar]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2026|1|7|1933|3|30}}
| death_place = [[San Diego, California]], U.S.
| fields = {{ubil| Statistical mechanics | General relativity}}
| workplaces = {{ubil| [[University of Delhi]] | [[McMaster University]] | [[University of Alberta]] | [[Panjab University]] | [[University of Waterloo]] | [[University of Windsor]] | [[UC San Diego]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ubil| Panjab University | University of Delhi }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ubl|F. C. Auluck|[[D. S. Kothari]]}}
| known_for = ''Statistical Mechanics'' (1972)
}}

'''Raj Kumar Pathria''' (March 30, 1933 – January 7, 2026) was an Indian [[theoretical physicist]], a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at [[University of Waterloo]], and an [[Urdu]] poet.<ref name="menscience">Men of Sciences & Technology in India, Edited by Raj K Khosla, Premier Publishers (India), New Delhi, 1967, page P-20.</ref><ref name="menedu">Men of Education in India (Distinguished Who's Who), Compiled by C L Khosla, Premier Publishers (India), New Delhi, 1965, page 211.</ref>

Pathria was known for his work on [[superfluidity]] in [[liquid helium]], [[Lorentz transformation]] of [[thermodynamic]] quantities, an exact evaluation of lattice sums and finite-size effects in [[phase transitions]].

Pathria was also the author of a graduate textbook on [[statistical mechanics]],<ref>[http://www.elsevierdirect.com/ISBN/9780123821881/Statistical-Mechanics Graduate level text book on Statistical Mechanics]</ref> whose fourth edition appeared in the year 2021. He also wrote a book on relativity that was published as a Dover edition in the year 2003.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ma4ZFefVKIYC&dq=dover+pathria+relativity&pg=PT1 Dover edition of the book on relativity]</ref>

==Early life==

Pathria was born in a middle-class [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] family to parents Ramji Das Pathria and Mela Devi Pathria in a small town named Ramdas, 28 miles to the north of Amritsar. He received his early education in a local high school and then joined the Hindu College, Amritsar for his FSc studies. He was placed on the 'Role of Honour' of that college in the year 1950.

==Career==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2011}}
Pathria obtained his BSc Honours and MSc Honours degrees from [[Panjab University]], [[Hoshiarpur]] in July 1953 and July 1954, respectively, and soon thereafter, at the invitation of Professor F.C. Auluck, joined the graduate school of Physics at the [[University of Delhi]] for his doctoral studies, which he completed in March 1957. In February 1958, he joined the University of Delhi as a lecturer in physics and in April 1961 got promoted to readership. In August 1964, he left Delhi to take up a visiting professorship at [[McMaster University]] in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.<ref name="menscience" /><ref name="menedu" />

Even though his field of research at the University of Delhi was primarily statistical mechanics, Pathria, during that time, became interested in [[Theory of relativity|relativity]] and in 1963, with the friendly cooperation of the Hindustan Publishing Corporation (India), produced a book entitled ''The Theory of Relativity''. This maiden attempt at book-writing resulted in fabulous reviews from far and wide, especially from Professor [[William McCrea (astronomer)|William McCrea]], who himself was a celebrated author on this subject. In 1974, the Pergamon Press, Oxford produced a second edition of that book and in 2003 Dover Publications of New York took that book under their wings. In Canada, Pathria continued his research in the diverse field of statistical mechanics; at the same time, he gave graduate courses on that subject at McMaster University and the [[University of Alberta]]. In 1967, he returned to India to take up professorship of theoretical physics at the [[Panjab University]], Chandigarh, where (apart from conducting research in a variety of subjects in theoretical physics) he continued his mission of teaching the fundamentals of statistical mechanics.<ref>[http://oralhistory.puchd.ac.in/raj-kumar-pathria/ Oral History Project, Panjab University, Chandigarh]</ref>

In 1969 Pathria returned to Canada and, in addition to his other academic pursuits, continued to teach a variety of courses at the [[University of Waterloo]] and the [[University of Windsor]]. In 1972 the Pergammon Press, Oxford, published his classic text ''Statistical Mechanics'', which became an instant success on the international scene. In the early 1990s, when his new publishers (Butterworth-Heinemann) persuaded Pathria to produce a second edition of this text, he sought the help of Surjit Singh, a former student of his from the [[Chandigarh]] days (who had also been a postdoctoral fellow with him at Waterloo during the years 1983–87). The result of this joint effort was a brand new edition of this book that came out in July 1996 and, like its predecessor, continued to be a bestseller.

Pathria retired from the University of Waterloo in August 1998 and, soon thereafter, moved to the west coast of the US and became an adjunct professor of physics at the [[University of California at San Diego]], a position he continued to hold till 2010. In 2009, Pathria's newest publishers (Elsevier/Academic) prevailed upon him to produce a third edition of this book. He now sought the help of Paul Beale, of the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University of Colorado at Boulder]], whose co-authorship resulted in another brand new edition in March 2011. Ten years later, in 2021, Pathria and Beale produced a fourth edition of this book.

==Research interests==

Raj Pathria has published over 110 research papers in a variety of international journals of repute. These papers are mainly spread over the following topics.
#Superfluidity in liquid helium II --- one of the topics of Pathria’s Ph.D. thesis.
#Lorentz transformation of thermodynamic quantities --- another topic of Pathria’s Ph.D. thesis.
#Polymers and the Theory of Numbers --- a fascinating subject pursued in collaboration with V.S. Nanda.
#Finite-size effects in systems undergoing phase transitions --- the main topic of Pathria's life-long pursuit.
#An exact evaluation of ‘lattice sums’ using Poisson’s summation formula.
#A study of ‘stochastic phenomena in sociology’ --- pursued in collaboration with Karmeshu.
#Finite-time thermodynamics --- a new ripple in an old pond.
#Relativity and Cosmology.

Pathria's complete list of publications can be seen here.<ref>[http://hindi-movies-songs.com/joomla/index.php/my-friends/2-uncategorised/2144-rkp-publist Publication List]</ref>

==Honours==
* Fellowship of the American Physical Society, 1976
* Recipient of the Distinguished Teacher Award from the University of Waterloo, 1977—the citation for this award was presented at the UW convocation held on May 27, 1977
* Distinguished professor emeritus, University of Waterloo, 1999—this honor was bestowed upon Pathria at the UW convocation held on June 18, 1999

==Personal life and death==
Pathria was married to a former student of his, named Raj Kumari (nee Gulati). They had two daughters and a son, as well as five grandchildren; they lost their younger daughter to cancer in 2011.

Pathria's hobbies were current events and Urdu poetry. Right from his childhood, Pathria was nurtured in an atmosphere replete with [[Urdu language]], Urdu idiom and [[Urdu poetry]]. Having read and imbibed dozens of classics emanating from stalwarts like [[Mir]], [[Ghalib]], [[Zauq]], [[Momin Khan Momin|Momin]], [[Maulana Hali|Hali]], [[Dagh]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]], down to modernists like AsGhar, [[Fani Badayuni|Fani]], [[Hasrat]], [[Jigar]], [[Firaq]] and [[Faiz]], Pathria finally turned to writing Urdu poetry himself—but only around the year 1993 when he was close to retirement from [[physics]].

Pathria—now pen-named [[Qays and Layla|Qais]] (after the legendary lover of the Arabic damsel Laila)—was now known for his latest compilation of Urdu [[Ghazal]]s entitled ''Sahraa Sahraa''.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Sahraa-Urdu-Raj-Kumar-Qais/dp/1548402672/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1519403962&sr=1-2&keywords=qais+raj Urdu edition]</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Sahraa-Hindi-Raj-Kumar-Qais/dp/1539925161/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1519404021&sr=1-1&keywords=qais+raj Hindi edition]</ref>

Pathria died on January 7, 2026, at the age of 92.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title=Raj Kumar Pathria |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/obituaries/raj-kumar-pathria-la-jolla-ca/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of University of Waterloo people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathria, Raj Kumar}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Canadian physicists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Waterloo]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]

Anjali (1990 film)

2026-03-12T18:10:33Z

Tijusacademy: done

{{short description|1990 film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anjali
| image = Anjali 1990 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| writer = Mani Ratnam
| producer = [[G. Venkateswaran]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Raghuvaran]]|[[Revathi]]}}
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = {{unbulleted list|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sujatha Productions
| distributor = [[GV Films]]
| released = {{film date|1990|7|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 155 minutes{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
| language = Tamil
| country = India
}}

'''''Anjali''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[children's film|children's]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]. It stars [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Revathi]], with [[Tarun (Telugu actor)|Tarun]], Shruti and [[Shamili]] in supporting roles. The film deals with the story of a dying [[Developmental disability|mentally disabled]] child, and the emotional trauma experienced by her family.

''Anjali'' was released on 12 July 1990 and was critically acclaimed, winning three [[National Film Awards]], and was also featured at the [[14th International Film Festival of India]] in the ''Indian Panorama'' section. ''Anjali'' was chosen as [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry to the Oscars]] in 1991, but was not nominated.

== Plot ==
Civil engineer Shekhar lives with his wife Chitra and their two children, Arjun and Anu. Chitra delivers a third child, but the daughter is claimed to be [[stillbirth|stillborn]]. Two years later,{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=92}} the family moves into a new apartment complex. They appear to have recovered from the loss and settled into daily life. Arjun and Anu initially clash with other children in the colony but are soon accepted into their group, which spends most of its time playing pranks and causing a commotion around the apartment block. The only tenant they are afraid of is Dennis Joseph, an ex-convict.

Chitra and the children visit Shekhar’s construction site to surprise him, only to learn he has left for an emergency. That evening, Shekhar lied that he was at the site all day. Chitra feels hurt to hear Shekhar lying and leaves the dining room. Arjun and Anu also sense that their father is lying to them. Shekhar apologizes to Chitra and consoles her and they both make up.

On New Year's Eve, Arjun slips out late at night with the older children to celebrate while Shekhar is out of town on a business trip. While dancing with his friends on the road, Arjun sees Shekhar with another woman, but a friend drags him away before he can confront his father. Later, Arjun and the other children are hauled by the police back to their homes. Chitra is furious to learn about Arjun's escapade and when Shekhar comes back, she asks him to punish Arjun. Arjun angrily blurts out that he saw Shekhar with another woman on New Year's Eve. Chitra begins suspecting that Shekhar is having an affair and confronts him, but Shekhar swears on both his children that he is not.

A few days later Chitra spots Shekhar talking to a woman and confronts him. Without waiting for his explanations, she rushes back home, and threatens to take the children and leave. Shekhar finally explains what has been happening.

Their third child, Anjali, was not stillborn but sustained a hypoxic brain injury during birth. The doctors did not give the child more than a few days to live. Shekhar colluded with the doctors to lie to his family that the child was stillborn. Against expectations, Anjali lived and was being treated under the care of Dr. Sheela, the woman Chitra saw. Although Chitra is saddened by this betrayal, she decides to bring Anjali back home.

Anjali is not like the other children and requires constant attention from both parents. This causes the other two siblings to dislike Anjali. The other children in the colony and school tease them by making fun of Anjali's condition. Arjun gets into a fight with the other children when they bully Anjali. He gets bruises from the altercation which saddens Anjali, but a special bond is born between the siblings. Arjun becomes protective of her and challenges the other children in the colony to a fight if they can't accept her. The children come to accept and Love Anjali.

The parents of the other children don’t want them to be around a mentally disabled child. They demand that Shekar and Chitra either leave the apartment or institutionalize Anjali. The only person to argue for Anjali's presence is Dennis. The parents are afraid of him and let it go. Soon, Anjali wins over everyone in the apartment complex and everyone comes to like her.

Shekhar, during a late-night visit to his construction site with Chitra and Anjali, witnesses a murder. He reports this to the police and the murderer is arrested. After getting out on bail, the murderer comes to Shekhar’s house to kill him. Dennis comes to their rescue and kills the murderer in the altercation and is arrested. Dennis thanks Shekhar before leaving as Anjali was the only person to show compassion to him.

The next morning, Anu tries to wake Anjali and realizes she has died in her sleep. The family rushes in as neighbors gather, mourning the loss of the child.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Shekar{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[Revathi]] as Chitra{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Dennis Joseph (cameo)
* [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] as Doctor Sheela (cameo)
* [[Shantipriya|Nishanti]] (special appearance in the song "Iravu Nilavu")
* [[Tarun (Telugu actor)|Tarun]] as Arjun{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* Shruti as Anu{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[Shamili]] as Anjali{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Umapathi{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Narayanaswamy
* [[Charuhasan]] as the apartment colony head
* [[Janagaraj]] as the watchman

* [[Charle]] as a police officer

* [[Babu Antony]] as Dharma
* [[Anand (actor)|Anand]] (Special appearance in the song "Motta Maadi")
* Gayathri (Special appearance in the song "Motta Maadi")
* [[Anand Krishnamoorthi]] as Anjali's friend<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Raveena |last2=Ramanujam |first2=Srinivasa |date=13 November 2015 |title=Child stars on the big screen |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/child-stars-on-the-big-screen/article7873221.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406193743/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/child-stars-on-the-big-screen/article7873221.ece |archive-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>
* Chethan Cheenu (uncredited) as Arjun's rival<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=4 July 2015 |title=Ads got me movie roles: Chetan |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150703/entertainment-tollywood/article/ads-got-me-movie-roles-chetan |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704074421/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150703/entertainment-tollywood/article/ads-got-me-movie-roles-chetan |archive-date=4 July 2015}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The idea of ''Anjali'' was developed by [[Mani Ratnam]] during the making of ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987).{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=93}}<ref name="anjali">{{Cite magazine |date=12 August 1990 |title=அஞ்சலியாக அசத்தும் ஷாமிலி! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1990-08-12/kalki1990-08-12.pdf |access-date=19 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=4–6 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> He initially approached [[Dennis Joseph]] to have the screenplay for ''Anjali'' written. Being a fan of Ratnam's work, Dennis Joseph agreed to write but as months went by he could not work on it due to other commitments. Eventually, Ratnam decided to write the film himself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=Many actors were reluctant to play role of Mohanlal's goon, finally this actor came |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=112684&u=many-actors-were-reluctant-to-play-role-of-mohanlal%E2%80%99s-goon-finally-this-actor-came-112684 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027041855/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=112684&u=many-actors-were-reluctant-to-play-role-of-mohanlal%E2%80%99s-goon-finally-this-actor-came-112684 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |access-date=22 November 2020 |website=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}}</ref> ''Anjali'' was also Ratnam's first film since ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986) without [[P. C. Sreeram]] as cinematographer, for which he used [[Madhu Ambat]] instead.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=98}}{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|pp=289–290}} Ambat said he agreed to work on the film because he liked Ratnam's earlier work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=12 January 2000 |title='Manoj is going to be the next Spielberg' |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jan/12ambat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530034814/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jan/12ambat.htm |archive-date=30 May 2018 |access-date=29 May 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]] served as editors.{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}

=== Casting and filming ===
[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] was originally considered for playing the male lead, but he refused due to creative differences with the director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2024 |title=Mohan reveals why he rejected an offer to act in Mani Ratnam's 'Anjali' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mohan-reveals-why-he-rejected-an-offer-to-act-in-mani-ratnams-anjali/articleshow/112950291.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901075015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mohan-reveals-why-he-rejected-an-offer-to-act-in-mani-ratnams-anjali/articleshow/112950291.cms |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The role later went to [[Raghuvaran]].{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=96}} [[Shamili]] was three years old while doing this film. The crew had difficulty to get the character right for her, so they found the solution by recording videos of a special child. Shamili's father put in a lot of effort, and he would make her watch every day to observe the actions of the child.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|pp=99–100}}<ref name="anjali" /> [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]'s character was named after Dennis Joseph.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=14 May 2021 |title=Dennis Joseph scripted a new chapter in Malayalam cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-writer-director-dennis-joseph/article34556775.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118124422/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-writer-director-dennis-joseph/article34556775.ece |archive-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> Singer [[Pop Shalini]] was offered the role of Anjali's sister but her mother refused the role as not to affect her education.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=8 August 2004 |title=நடிப்பே வேண்டாம் சாமி! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-08-08/page/n97/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230925092724/https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-08-08/page/n97/mode/2up |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=99 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> [[Anand Krishnamoorthi]], who later gained fame as a sound engineer, made his debut as a child actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2020 |title=30 Years Of Anjali: Child Actor Turned Sound Engineer Anand Krishnamoorthi Looks Back At His Time On The Sets Of The Mani Ratnam Film |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-movies-mani-ratnam-30-years-of-anjali-child-actor-turned-sound-engineer-anand-krishnamoorthi-looks-back-at-his-time-on-the-sets-of-the-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802024854/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-movies-mani-ratnam-30-years-of-anjali-child-actor-turned-sound-engineer-anand-krishnamoorthi-looks-back-at-his-time-on-the-sets-of-the-film |archive-date=2025-08-02 |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjali (1990) |url=http://mio.to/album/Anjali+%281990%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528065305/http://mio.to/album/Anjali+(1990) |archive-date=28 May 2018 |access-date=29 May 2018 |website=Music India Online}}</ref> It is Ilaiyaraaja's 500th film as a composer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aravamudan |first=Gita |date=11 June 2019 |title=Do Ilaiyaraaja's repeated, misplaced outbursts detract from magnitude of maestro's accomplishments? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/do-ilaiyaraajas-repeated-misplaced-outbursts-detract-from-magnitude-of-maestros-accomplishments-6791121.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831044513/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/do-ilaiyaraajas-repeated-misplaced-outbursts-detract-from-magnitude-of-maestros-accomplishments-6791121.html |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Tamil Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title_width = 20%
| extra_width = 80%
| title1 = Something Something
| extra1 = [[Karthik Raja]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Bhavatharini]], [[Venkat Prabhu]], [[Premgi Amaren]], Bala, Parthi Bhaskar, Hari Bhaskar
| length1 = 5:03
| title2 = Raathiri Nerathil
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 4:58
| title3 = Iravu Nilavu
| extra3 = [[S. Janaki|S Janaki]], Karthik Raja, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Bhavatharini, Venkat Prabhu, Premgi Amaren, Parthi Bhaskar, Hari Bhaskar
| length3 = 4:46
| title4 = Anjali Anjali
| extra4 = Sathya, Karthik Raja, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Bhavatharini, Venkat Prabhu, Premgi Amaren, Parthi Bhaskar, Hari Bhaskar, Vaishnavi
| length4 = 5:33
| title5 = Vaanam Namakku
| extra5 = Karthik Raja, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Bhavatharini, Venkat Prabhu, Premgi Amaren, Parthi Bhaskar, Hari Bhaskar
| length5 = 4:51
| title6 = Vegam Vegam
| extra6 = [[Usha Uthup]]
| length6 = 4:56
| title7 = Motta Maadi
| extra7 = Karthik Raja, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Bhavatharini, Venkat Prabhu, Premgi Amaren, Parthi Bhaskar, Hari Bhaskar
| length7 = 4:32
| total_length = 34:39
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Telugu Track listing<ref name="Spotify" />
| all_lyrics = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref name="Spotify">{{Cite web |title=Anjali |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1l3eTs46ywaeSfTjIlPSUv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715145407/https://open.spotify.com/album/1l3eTs46ywaeSfTjIlPSUv |archive-date=15 July 2022 |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title_width = 20%
| extra_width = 80%
| title1 = Paattaku
| extra1 = Kousalya, Lalitha, Subhasri, Prasanna, Sharmila, Jama, R. Sulochana, B Padma, R.Kalpana
| length1 = 5:23
| title2 = Meda Paina
| extra2 = Kousalya, Lalitha, Subhasri, Prasanna, Sharmila, Jama, R. Sulochana, B Padma, R.Kalpana
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = Chanda Mama
| extra3 = [[S. Janaki|S Janaki]]
| length3 = 5:13
| title4 = Anjali Anjali
| extra4 = Kousalya, Lalitha, Subhasri, Prasanna, Sharmila, Jama, R. Sulochana, B Padma, R.Kalpana
| length4 = 6:18
| title5 = Vegam Vegam
| extra5 = Anitha Reddy
| length5 = 5:30
| title6 = Raathiri Vela
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length6 = 5:36
| title7 = Gaganam
| extra7 = Kousalya, Lalitha, Subhasri, Prasanna, Sharmila, Jama, R. Sulochana, B Padma, R.Kalpana
| length7 = 5:17
| total_length = 38:11
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Hindi Track listing<ref name="Gaana" />
| all_lyrics = [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]].<ref name="Gaana">{{Cite web |title=Anjali |url=https://gaana.com/album/anjali-hindi-1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113032530/http://gaana.com/album/anjali-hindi-1991 |archive-date=13 January 2016 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title_width = 20%
| extra_width = 80%
| title1 = Amber Hamara Raasta
| extra1 = Chorus
| length1 = 4:46
| title2 = Aayega Aayega
| extra2 = [[Kavitha Krishnamurthy]], Chorus
| length2 = 4:43
| title3 = Ek Love Jodi
| extra3 = Chorus
| length3 = 4:27
| title4 = Anjali Anjali
| extra4 = Chorus
| length4 = 5:41
| title5 = I Want Something
| extra5 = Chorus
| length5 = 4:52
| title6 = Magic Journey
| extra6 = [[Amit Kumar]]
| length6 = 4:53
| title7 = Star Wars
| extra7 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
| length7 = 4:57
| total_length = 34:19
}}

== Release and reception ==

''Anjali'' was released on 12 July 1990 by [[GV Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 1990 |title=Anjali |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900712&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=29 May 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=11 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The following day, N. Krishnaswamy wrote for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' that "directing so many kids must have been such a difficult task ... and [Mani Ratnam] has been so successful in this department."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=13 July 1990 |title=Anjali |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900713&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=31 July 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 5 August 1990, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' overwhelmingly appreciated the film, rating it 58 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikatan Review Board |date=5 August 1990 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: அஞ்சலி |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/40771--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200730044233/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/40771--2 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was noted to be inspired by the 1979 televised docudrama ''[[Son-Rise: A Miracle of Love]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Balajee C. |date=1 February 2016 |title=Let's take a look at Kollywood's several attempts in remaking foreign films |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010216/not-taken-too-well.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202061104/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010216/not-taken-too-well.html |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2012 |title=Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190329083728/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms |archive-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>

A Telugu dubbed version was released later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Did these 5 International movies inspire 'Ponniyin Selvan's director Mani Ratnam to make his earlier films? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-these-5-international-movies-inspire-ponniyin-selvans-director-mani-ratnam-to-make-his-earlier-films/photostory/92696573.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708041301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-these-5-international-movies-inspire-ponniyin-selvans-director-mani-ratnam-to-make-his-earlier-films/photostory/92696573.cms |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After the success of the Hindi dubbed version of ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992), this film was dubbed in Hindi in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2017 |title=Maniratnam's Roja: Bridging the North-South divide |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bridging-the-north-south-divide/article19492689.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217054956/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bridging-the-north-south-divide/article19492689.ece |archive-date=17 December 2021}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
''Anjali'' was chosen as [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry to the Oscars]] in 1991, but was not nominated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2009 |title=India's Oscar failures |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/oscars-2009/story/indias-oscar-failures-39783-2009-02-16 |url-status=live |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529072408/https://www.indiatoday.in/oscars-2009/story/indias-oscar-failures-39783-2009-02-16 |archive-date=29 May 2018}}</ref> It was screened at the International Film Festival of India along with ''[[Sandhya Raagam]]'' (1990) as the only two Tamil films as part of Indian Panorama.<ref name="iffi">{{Cite web |title=Indian Cinema 1990 |url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/134_IPCatalogue1990.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209012055/https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/134_IPCatalogue1990.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2022 |access-date=17 April 2016 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |pages=109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 1990 |title=Anjali, Sandhya Raagam selected for Panorama |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19901102&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Award
!Recipient(s)
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize]] for Best Film
|''Anjali''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1992 |title=Chinnathambi bags six awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|[[Shamili]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[38th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|Shamili, Tarun, Shruti
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="38thaward">{{Cite web |date=1991 |title=38th National Film Festival |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/79_38thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114060316/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/79_38thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|Pandu Rangan
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|''Anjali''
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Cinema Express Awards]]
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 1991 |title=Cinema Express Awards presented |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910505&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 February 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
|[[Revathi]]
|-
|Best Child Actress
|Shamili
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of submissions to the 63rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[Doni (film)|''Doni'' (film)]], 2013 Sri Lankan remake

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08520-0 |location=India |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Mani Ratnam}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s children's drama films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about child death]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about intellectual disabilities]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Child Artist National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films produced by G. Venkateswaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian children's drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bengal slow loris

2026-03-12T10:36:53Z

Tijusacademy:

{{Short description|Species of primate}}
{{good article}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Bengal slow loris{{Sfn|Groves|2005|pp=122–123}}
| image = Captive N. bengalensis from Laos with 6-week baby.JPG
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Nekaris, K.A.I. |author2=Al-Razi, H. |author3=Blair, M. |author4=Das, N. |author5=Ni, Q. |author6=Samun, E. |author7=Streicher, U. |author8=Xue-long, J. |author9=Yongcheng, L. |date=2020 |title=''Nycticebus bengalensis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T39758A179045340 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39758A179045340.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=CITES/>
| genus = Nycticebus
| species = bengalensis
| authority = ([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1800)
| synonyms_ref = {{Sfn|Groves|2005|p=122}}{{Sfn|Groves|2001|p=99}}
| synonyms =
*''Lori bengalensis'' Lacépède, 1800
*''Nycticebus cinereus'' [[Henri Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1867
*''Nycticebus tardigradus typicus'' [[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1905
*''Nycticebus tenasserimensis'' [[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliot]], 1913
*''Nycticebus incanus'' [[Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1921
| range_map = Bengal Slow Loris area.png
| range_map_caption = Range of the Bengal slow loris
}}

The '''Bengal slow loris''' ('''''Nycticebus bengalensis''''') or '''northern slow loris''' is a [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] [[primate]] and a [[species]] of [[slow loris]] native to the [[Bangladesh]], [[Northeast India]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Burma]], [[Vietnam]], southern [[China]], and [[Thailand]]. Its geographic range is larger than that of any other slow loris species. Considered a [[subspecies]] of the [[Sunda slow loris]] (''N. coucang'') until 2001, [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis suggests that the Bengal slow loris is most closely related to the Sunda slow loris. However, some individuals in both species have [[mitochondrial DNA]] sequences that resemble those of the other species, due to [[Introgression|introgressive hybridization]]. It is the largest species of slow loris, measuring {{convert|26|to|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} from head to tail and weighing between {{convert|1|and|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Like other slow lorises, it has a wet nose ([[rhinarium]]), a round head, flat face, large eyes, small ears, a [[Vestigiality|vestigial]] tail, and dense, woolly fur. The toxin it secretes from its brachial gland (a [[scent gland]] in its arm) differs chemically from that of other slow loris species and may be used to communicate information about sex, age, health, and social status.

The Bengal slow loris is [[nocturnal]] and [[arboreal]], occurring in both [[evergreen forest|evergreen]] and [[deciduous forest]]s. It prefers rainforests with dense [[canopy (biology)|canopies]], and its presence in its native habitat indicates a healthy ecosystem. It is a [[Seed dispersal|seed disperser]] and pollinator, as well as a prey item for carnivores. Its diet primarily consists of fruit, but also includes insects, tree gum, snails, and small [[vertebrate]]s. In winter, it relies on plant exudates, such as sap and tree [[gum (botany)|gum]]. The species lives in small family groups, [[territorial marking|marks its territory]] with urine, and sleeps during the day by curling up in dense vegetation or in tree holes. It is not a [[seasonal breeder]], reproducing once every 12–18 months and usually giving birth to a single offspring. For the first three months, mothers carry their offspring, which reach [[sexual maturity]] at around 20 months. The Bengal slow loris can live up to 20 years.

The species is listed as endangered on the [[IUCN Red List]], and is threatened with extinction due to growing demand in the [[exotic pet]] trade and [[traditional medicine]]. It is one of the most common animals sold in local animal markets. In traditional medicine, it is primarily used by wealthy to middle-class, urban women following childbirth, but also to treat stomach problems, broken bones, and sexually transmitted diseases. It is also hunted for food and suffers from [[habitat loss]]. Wild populations have declined severely, and it is [[locally extinct]] in several regions. It is found within many [[protected area]]s throughout its range, but this does not protect them from rampant [[poaching]] and [[illegal logging]]. Critical conservation issues for this species include enhancing protection measures, stricter enforcement of wildlife protection laws, and increased connectivity between fragmented protected areas.

==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
[[File:Plumplori (Stenops tardigradus).png|thumb|left|alt=An old drawing of a Bengal slow loris sitting on a branch with another moving between branches in the background|The Bengal slow loris was long considered a subspecies until it was recognized as a distinct species in 2001.]]
''Nycticebus bengalensis'', [[common name|commonly]] known as the Bengal slow loris or northern slow loris,<ref name=2006CITES/> is a strepsirrhine primate in the [[slow loris]] genus, ''Nycticebus''. Formerly considered a [[subspecies]] of the [[Sunda slow loris]] (''N. coucang''), it was recognized as a distinct species in 2001 by taxonomist and primatologist [[Colin Groves]].{{Sfn|Groves|2005|pp=122–123}} It is difficult to distinguish from the other species in its genus.<ref name=2006CITES/>

To help clarify species and subspecies boundaries, and to establish whether [[morphology (biology)|morphology]]-based classifications were consistent with evolutionary relationships, the [[phylogenetic]] relationships within the genus ''Nycticebus'' have been investigated using [[DNA sequence]]s derived from the [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] markers [[D loop]] and [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']]. Although most of the recognized lineages of ''Nycticebus'' (including ''N. pygmaeus'', ''N. menagensis,'' and ''N. javanicus'') were shown to be genetically distinct—the analysis suggested that DNA sequences from some individuals of ''N. coucang'' and ''N. bengalensis'' apparently share a closer evolutionary relationship with each other than with members of their own species. The authors suggest that this result may be explained by [[introgressive hybridization]], as the tested individuals of these two taxa originated from a region of [[sympatry]] in southern Thailand. The precise origin of one of the ''N. coucang'' individuals was not known.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006|pp=1197–1198}} This hypothesis was corroborated by a 2007 study that compared the variations in mitochondrial DNA sequences between ''N. bengalensis'' and ''N. coucang'', and suggested that there has been [[gene flow]] between the two species.<ref name=Pan2007/>
{{clear left}}

==Anatomy and physiology==
[[File:Nycticebus.jpg|thumb|right|The Bengal slow loris has large eyes, a round head, and short ears, as shown in this illustration from the mid-19th century.]]
The Bengal slow loris is the largest species of slow loris, weighing {{convert|1|to|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}},{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010|p=157}} and measuring between {{convert|26|and|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} from head to tail. It has a skull length of more than {{convert|62|mm|in|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Groves|2001|p=99}} It has dense, woolly, brown-gray fur on its back and white fur on its underside.<ref name=2006CITES/> It also has a clear dark stripe that runs up to the top of its head, but does not extend laterally towards the ears. Its forearm and hand are almost white. The limbs of the [[pelvis]] vary in color from brown to nearly white, and the feet are always pale. [[Moulting]] may cause seasonal variations in the color of the dorsal surface.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953|p=160}} Like other slow lorises, its tail is [[vestigiality|vestigial]] and it has a round head and short ears.<ref name=2006CITES/><ref name=Radhakrishna2006/> It has a [[rhinarium]] (the moist, naked surface around the nostrils of the nose) and a broad, flat face with large eyes.{{Sfn|Smith|Xie|Hoffman|Lunde|2008|pp=159–160}} Its eyes reflect a bright orange [[Tapetum lucidum|eye shine]].<ref name=Swapna2008/> On its front feet, the second digit is smaller than the rest; the big toe on its hind foot [[Opposable#Opposition and apposition|opposes]] the other toes, which enhances its gripping power. Its second toe on the hindfoot has a curved "[[toilet-claw]]" that the animal uses for scratching and grooming, while the other nails are straight.{{Sfn|Smith|Xie|Hoffman|Lunde|2008|pp=159–160}}

In addition to being smaller than the Bengal slow loris, the sympatric [[Sunda slow loris]] also differs in its coloring: it does not have the pale areas of the head, [[nape]], and shoulders, and its overall color is a [[tawny (color)|tawny]]- or golden-brown.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953|p=160}} The [[pygmy slow loris]] (''N. pygmaeus'') is much smaller, with a skull length less than {{convert|55|mm|in|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Groves|2001|p=99}} It also lacks the dark dorsal stripe of the Bengal slow loris,{{Sfn|Smith|Xie|Hoffman|Lunde|2008|p=159}} has dark brown fur, and longer ears.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953|p=162–163}}

The Bengal slow loris has a small swelling on the ventral side of its elbow called the brachial gland, which secretes a pungent, clear oily toxin that the animal uses defensively by wiping it on its [[toothcomb]].{{Sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|p=253}} The oil has been analyzed using [[Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry|gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry]], and it has been shown that almost half of the several dozen [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] or semi-volatile chemicals present do not occur in the closely related pygmy slow loris. The most predominant component was the [[phenol]]ic compound [[m-cresol|''m''-cresol]].{{Sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|p=263}} The authors of the study suggest that the chemically complex oils may help the lorises communicate with each other, allowing them to transmit by scent information about sex, age, health and nutritional status, and [[dominance (ethology)|dominance]].{{Sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|p=269}}

==Behavior and ecology==
[[File:Terminalia bellerica W IMG 9222.jpg|thumb|right|The Bengal slow loris will gouge the bark of the [[bastard myrobala]] tree to obtain exudates, an important food source—especially in winter seasons.]]
The preferred habitats of the Bengal slow loris range across [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] regions, and include [[evergreen forest|evergreen]] and semi-evergreen rainforests with forest edges and continuous, dense [[canopy (biology)|canopies]].<ref name=2006CITES/> It can also be found in bamboo groves.{{Sfn|Francis|2008|p=261}} It prefers habitats with larger diameter, tall trees with a large crown depth (defined as the length along the main axis from the tree tip to the base of the [[crown (botany)|crown]]); these areas are typically associated with greater food abundance, and decreased risk of predation.<ref name=Pliosungnoen2010/> Because of its preference for dense forests, it acts as a good indicator of the ecosystem's health.<ref name=2006CITES/>

The species acts as an important [[Seed dispersal|seed disperser]] and pollinator, as well as a prey item for several carnivores. The Bengal slow loris feeds on plant exudates such as [[sap]], [[natural gum|gum]]s, [[resin]]s, and [[latex]]es, particularly those from the family [[Fabaceae]]. Even though the species does not have keeled nails, it will scrape the plant, actively breaking its surface; this behavior resembles that of [[marmoset]]s and the [[fork-marked lemur]]s.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010}} Exudates are also obtained by gouging holes in the bark. The winter food supply consists almost entirely of plant exudates. The [[bastard myrobala]] (''Terminalia belerica''), a deciduous tree common in Southeast Asia, is a preferred source for exudates,<ref name=Swapna2010/> but it has also been observed taking plant exudates from a number of [[family (biology)|families]]: [[Moraceae]] (''[[Artocarpus]]''), [[Magnoliaceae]] (''[[Manglietia]]''), Fabaceae (''[[Acacia]]'', ''[[Bauhinia]]''), [[Lecythidaceae]] (''[[Careya arborea]]''), and [[Sterculiaceae]] (''[[Pterospermum]]'').{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010|p=157}} Although it will feed on large insects (such as [[katydid]]s and crickets),{{Sfn|Smith|Xie|Hoffman|Lunde|2008|p=160}} gum, snails, small birds, and reptiles, it is primarily [[Frugivore|frugivorous]].<ref name=2006CITES/> [[Liana]]s of the flowering plant genus ''Bauhinia'' are a commonly used food source.<ref name=Pliosungnoen2010/>

A nocturnal animal, the Bengal slow loris has excellent [[night vision]], enhanced by a [[tapetum lucidum]]—a layer of tissue in the eye that reflects visible light back through the retina. It sleeps during the day curled up in a ball in dense vegetation or in tree holes. Males and females mark their [[territory (animal)|territory]] with urine.{{Sfn|Smith|Xie|Hoffman|Lunde|2008|p=160}} The species is known to live in small family groups.<ref name=2006CITES/> Animals may practice [[social grooming]].{{Sfn|Smith|Xie|Hoffman|Lunde|2008|p=160}}

===Reproduction===
The Bengal slow loris is not a [[seasonal breeder]], unlike the pygmy slow loris.<ref name=Pan2007/> Females in an [[estrous cycle]] attract males with a loud whistle. Females reproduce every 12–18 months and have a six-month [[gestation]].{{Sfn|Smith|Xie|Hoffman|Lunde|2008|p=160}} Because they are not seasonal breeders, females could become pregnant when their offspring are approximately 6 months old, making possible for females to produce two offspring per year.<ref name=Pan2007/> Females typically give birth to a single offspring, although twins rarely occur.{{Sfn|Smith|Xie|Hoffman|Lunde|2008|p=160}} This differs from the sympatric pygmy slow loris, which commonly has twins.<ref name=Pan2007/> The mother carries her young about three months before they become independent, although they may be temporarily left on branches while the mother searches for food.{{Sfn|Smith|Xie|Hoffman|Lunde|2008|p=160}} [[Sexual maturity]] is reached at approximately 20 months of age.<ref name=2006CITES/> The species is known to live up to 20 years.<ref name=2006CITES/>

==Distribution==
The species has the largest geographic range of all slow loris species<ref name=Swapna2008/> and is native to [[Bangladesh]], [[Northeast India]], and [[Indochina]] ([[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Burma]], [[Vietnam]], southern [[China]], and [[Thailand]]).<ref name=2006CITES/> It is the only nocturnal primate found in the northeast Indian states,<ref name=Nandini2009/> which include [[Assam]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Manipur]], and [[Tripura]]. It is found in parts of [[Yunnan]] and in southwest [[Guangxi]] in China, and has been recorded in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] in Bangladesh. It is known from 24 protected areas in Vietnam, and is distributed across most of Thailand. In Burma, it has been reported from [[Bhamo]], [[Sumprabum]], [[Kindat]], [[Chin Hills]], [[Pathein]], [[Thaungdaung]], and [[Pegu]]; populations in Laos have been recorded in the north, central, and southern portions of the country.<ref name=2006CITES/>

The Bengal slow loris is [[Wiktionary:sympatry|sympatric]] (shares its range) with the pygmy slow loris in the southeast of China, Vietnam, and Laos. The Bengal slow loris is also sympatric with the Sunda slow loris on the [[Isthmus of Kra|southern peninsula of Thailand]]. In 2001, Groves reported the existence of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] between these two species in this region.<ref name=Pan2007/>

==Conservation==
{{See also|Conservation of slow lorises}}
Listed as "[[Data Deficient]]" as recently as 2006 on the [[IUCN Red List]], the Bengal slow loris was evaluated in 2020 by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) as endangered-a decision based solely on habitat loss due to lack of sufficient field data.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=Das2009/> It is found within numerous [[protected area]]s within its range. However, [[poaching]] and [[illegal logging]] are rampant while conservation measures are not species-specific. The species can be found in at least 43 protected areas in Northeast India, 14 conservation areas in Laos, and 24 protected areas in Vietnam. It can be found at [[Lawachara National Park]] in Bangladesh, and 80% of its range in China is protected.<ref name=2006CITES/> The species has been listed in Schedule I of the Indian [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]],<ref name=Swapna2008/><ref name=Nandini2009/> and in June 2007, it was transferred, along with all other slow loris species, to [[CITES#Appendix I|CITES Appendix I]], which forbids international commercial trade.<ref name=Nekaris2007/>

The most severe threats facing the species are the [[wildlife trade]] (trapping for [[exotic pet]]s and use in [[traditional medicine]]) and [[deforestation]]. [[Slash and burn]] agriculture has also resulted in the destruction of its habitat, and road construction is another factor in its decline. Hunting has been found to be most severe when nearby urban human populations increase.<ref name=2006CITES/> Enhancing protection measures, enforcing current wildlife protection laws, and improving the connectivity between protected areas are factors considered critical to ensure the survival of this species.<ref name=Radhakrishna2006/><ref name=Karanth2010/>

The species is commonly sold as a pet and to zoos throughout Southeast Asia. In Cambodia, it was reported in 2006 as one of the most common mammals found in shops and stalls, found in the hundreds and selling for US$0.85 to US$6.25. In the same year, it was found selling for US$2.50 to US$6.30 at bazaars in China ([[Mengla County]] in [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]]) and US$70 in Thailand. The Bengal slow loris is used in traditional medicine in all of these countries, selling for US$15 in Vietnam, and is also eaten in Vietnam.<ref name=2006CITES/> The animal is predominantly used to prepare treatments for women after childbirth, stomach problems, healing wounds and broken bones, and in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Primary users are wealthy to middle-class women in urban areas.<ref name=Starr2010/>

===Habitat and population trends===
Throughout its geographic range, slow lorises are in serious decline. Their habitat has been seriously degraded, and growing human populations will add increasing pressure. In countries like Bangladesh, only 9% of the original forest cover was still present in 2000. In northeastern Cambodia, forests are being cleared at an increasing rate, with a loss of 6% of the natural forest between 1999 and 2000. Within those same years, Myanmar and Thailand lost 14% and 26% of their natural forest, respectively. In Vietnam, only 30% of the original forest cover remains due to the deforestation caused by the [[Vietnam War]], and only 10% of that includes closed-canopy forests. Habitat destruction remains rampant, and all slow loris populations within its borders are significantly depleted. Populations have been declared [[Local extinction|locally extinct]] in southern [[Quảng Nam Province]] and parts of the highlands, and the same is expected in [[Song Thanh]] and [[Kon Cha Rang]] nature reserves.<ref name=2006CITES/>

In India, dense forest canopy has been depleted by as much as 55% in some areas and is rapidly disappearing. As early as 1987, the Indo-China region had reportedly lost 75% of the natural habitat for slow lorises. In 1992, the population size was estimated between 16,000 and 17,000 individuals, based on available habitat; however, recent publications report that few individuals remain due to a reduced geographic range. The Bengal slow loris may be restricted to a few isolated populations and is in serious threat of becoming locally extinct in parts of [[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]]. In [[Arunachal Pradesh]], its population is declining and under threat.<ref name=2006CITES/><ref name=Das2009/>

[[Population density]] has been estimated between 0.03 and 0.33 individuals per km2 in Assam, India, according to a study published in 2006.<ref name=2006CITES/><ref name=Swapna2008/> A survey in 2007 at the [[Thrisna Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Tripura, India, yielded an encounter rate of 0.22 individuals/km, with seven of nine sightings occurring within {{convert|1.71|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and most of the animals found at a height of {{convert|8|–|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} and near the interior of wet, deciduous forest.<ref name=Swapna2008/> In 2008, the [[species abundance]] was measured at 0.18 individuals/km at [[Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Assam.<ref name=Das2009/>

Since the 1990s, China's forests have declined significantly. In [[Yunnan]] and [[Guangxi]] provinces, [[Old-growth forest|primary forests]] are few and isolated, and [[secondary forest]]s have been severely degraded. Yunnan has lost 42% of its forests and 2,000 or less slow lorises remain. In Guangxi, the Bengal slow loris is nearly extinct. It has been extirpated in [[Ningming County]] and only a few individuals are left in [[Jingxi County|Jingxi]], [[Longzhou County|Longzhou]], and [[Pingxiang County|Pingxiang]].<ref name=2006CITES/>

==Predation==
Known predators of Bengal slow lorises include [[reticulated python]]s, hawk-eagles ([[Spizaetus cirrhatus]]), and [[Bornean orangutan]]s.<ref>Nycticebus bengalensis (Bengal slow loris). Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_bengalensis/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em|refs=

<ref name="CITES">{{cite web | title = CITES species database: ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' | author = UNEP-WCMC | publisher = UNEP-WCMC Species Database | url = http://www.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?Genus=Nycticebus&Species=bengalensis&source=animals&displaylanguage=eng | access-date = 3 February 2011 | author-link = World Conservation Monitoring Centre }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name=2006CITES>{{cite conference |author=Management Authority of Cambodia |title=Notification to Parties: Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II |date=3–15 June 2007 |publisher=CITES |page=31 |location=Netherlands |url=http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228000912/http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=Das2009>{{cite journal | last1 = Das | first1 = Nabajit | last2 = Biswas | first2 = J | last3 = Das | first3 = J. | last4 = Ray | first4 = P. C. | last5 = Sangma | first5 = A. | last6 = Bhattacharjee | first6 = P. C. | title = Status of Bengal Slow Loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' (Primates: Lorisidae) in Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India | journal = Journal of Threatened Taxa | year = 2009 | volume = 1 | issue = 11 | pages = 558–561 | issn = 0974-7907 | doi = 10.11609/jott.o2219.558-61 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name=Karanth2010>{{Cite journal | last1 = Karanth | first1 = Krithi K. | last2 = Nichols | first2 = James D. | last3 = Hines | first3 = James E. | title = Occurrence and distribution of Indian primates | doi = 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.011 | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 143 | issue = 12 | pages = 2891–2899 | year = 2010 | bibcode = 2010BCons.143.2891K }}</ref>

<ref name=Nandini2009>{{cite journal | last1 = Nandini | first1 = Rajamani | last2 = Kakati | first2 = Kashmira | last3 = Ved | first3 = Nimesh | title = Occurrence records of the Bengal Slow Loris (''Nycticebus bengalensis'') in northeastern India | journal = Asian Primates Journal | year = 2009 | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 12–18 | url = http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.2.LorisIndia.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120303214230/http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.2.LorisIndia.pdf | archive-date = 2012-03-03 }}</ref>

<ref name=Nekaris2007>{{cite journal |last1=Nekaris |first1=K.A.I. |last2=Jaffe |first2=S. |title=Unexpected diversity of slow lorises (''Nycticebus spp.'') within the Javan pet trade: implications for slow loris taxonomy |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=76 |number=3 |year=2007 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1163/18759866-07603004 |s2cid=45718454 |url=http://www.djmt.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?idno=m7603a04;c=ctz |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724151353/http://www.djmt.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?idno=m7603a04;c=ctz |archive-date=24 July 2011 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Pan2007>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pan | first1 = D. | last2 = Chen | first2 = J. H. | last3 = Groves | first3 = C. | last4 = Wang |first4 = Y. X. | last5 = Narushima | first5 = E. | last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H. | last7 = Crow | first7 = P. | last8 = Jinggong | first8 = X. | last9 = Thanh | first9 = V. N. | last10 = Ryder | first10 = O. | last11 = Chemnick | first11 = L. | last12 = Zhang | first12 = H. W. | last13 = Fu | first13 = Y. X. | last14 = Zhang | first14 = Y. P. | title = Mitochondrial control region and population genetic patterns of ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' and ''N. pygmaeus'' | doi = 10.1007/s10764-007-9157-1 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 791–799 | year = 2007 | s2cid = 35725257 | display-authors = 8}}</ref>

<ref name=Pliosungnoen2010>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pliosungnoen | first1 = M. | last2 = Gale | first2 = G. | last3 = Savini | first3 = T. | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20875 | title = Density and microhabitat use of Bengal slow loris in primary forest and non-native plantation forest | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 72 | issue = 12 | pages = 1108–1117 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20938966| s2cid = 31261833}}</ref>

<ref name=Radhakrishna2006>{{Cite journal | last1 = Radhakrishna | first1 = S. | last2 = Goswami | first2 = A. B. | last3 = Sinha | first3 = A. | title = Distribution and conservation of ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' in northeastern India | doi = 10.1007/s10764-006-9057-9 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 27 | pages = 971–982| year = 2006 | issue = 4 | s2cid = 6679294 }}</ref>

<ref name=Starr2010>{{Cite journal | last1 = Starr | first1 = C. | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = K. A. I. | last3 = Streicher | first3 = U. | last4 = Leung | first4 = L. | title = Traditional use of slow lorises ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' and ''N. pygmaeus'' in Cambodia: an impediment to their conservation | doi = 10.3354/esr00285 | journal = Endangered Species Research | year = 2010 | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–23 | url = https://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2010/12/n012p017.pdf | doi-access = free | access-date = 2020-01-27 | archive-date = 2020-12-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201202185043/https://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2010/12/n012p017.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name=Swapna2010>{{Cite journal | last1 = Swapna | first1 = N. | last2 = Radhakrishna | first2 = S. | last3 = Gupta | first3 = A.K. | last4 = Kumar | first4 = A. | title = Exudativory in the Bengal slow loris (''Nycticebus bengalensis'') in Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura, northeast India | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20760 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 72| issue = 2| pages = 113–121| year = 2010 | pmid = 19937974| s2cid = 23726143}}</ref>

<ref name=Swapna2008>{{cite journal|last1=Swapna |first1=N. |last2=Gupta |first2=Atul |last3=Radhakrishna |first3=Sindhu |title=Distribution survey of Bengal Slow Loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' in Tripura, northeastern India |journal=Asian Primates Journal |year=2008 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=37–40 |url=http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.1.bengalensis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727185114/http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.1.bengalensis.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-27 }}</ref>

}}

===Literature cited===
{{Refbegin|25em}}
* {{cite book | last = Francis | first = Charles A. | title = A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia | publisher = New Holland | location = London | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-84537-735-9}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = J. -H.| last2 = Pan | first2 = D.| last3 = Groves | first3 = C. P.| last4 = Wang | first4 = Y. -X.| last5 = Narushima | first5 = E.| last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H.| last7 = Crow | first7 = P.| last8 = Thanh | first8 = V. N.| last9 = Ryder | first9 = O.| last10 = Zhang | first10 = H. -W.| last11 = Fu | first11 = Y.| last12 = Zhang | first12 = Y.| title = Molecular phylogeny of ''Nycticebus'' inferred from mitochondrial genes | doi = 10.1007/s10764-006-9032-5 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 27 | issue = 4| pages = 1187–1200 | year = 2006 | s2cid = 24319996}}
* {{MSW3 Primates|id=12100113|heading=''Nycticebus bengalensis''}}
* {{cite book | last = Groves | first = C.P. | author-link = Colin Groves | title = Primate Taxonomy | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-1-56098-872-4}}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Hagey | first1 = L.R. | last2 = Fry | first2 = B.G. | last3 = Fitch-Snyder | first3 = H. | title = Primate Anti-Predator Strategies | series = Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects| editor1-last = Gursky | editor1-first = S.L. | editor2-last = Nekaris | editor2-first = K.A.I. | year = 2007 | contribution = Talking defensively, a dual use for the brachial gland exudate of slow and pygmy lorises | url = https://archive.org/details/primateantipreda00gurs | url-access = limited | pages = [https://archive.org/details/primateantipreda00gurs/page/n270 253]–273| publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-0-387-34807-0| doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0 }}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K. A. I. | last2 = Starr | first2 = C. R. | last3 = Collins | first3 = R. L. | last4 = Wilson | first4 = A. | title = The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates | chapter = Comparative Ecology of Exudate Feeding by Lorises (Nycticebus, Loris) and Pottos (Perodicticus, Arctocebus) | editor1-last = Burrows | editor1-first = A. M.| editor2-last = Nash | editor2-first = L. T| doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-6661-2_8 | pages = 155–168 | year = 2010 | publisher = Springer| location = New York| isbn = 978-1-4419-6660-5}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Osman Hill | first1 = W.C. | year = 1953 | title = Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | series = Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3 | oclc = 500576914}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Smith | first1 = Andrew T. | last2 = Xie | first2 = Yan | last3 = Hoffman | first3 = Robert S. | last4 = Lunde | first4 = Darrin | title= A Guide to the Mammals of China | year = 2008 | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-09984-2}}
{{Refend}}

{{Lorisidae nav}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q817174}}

[[Category:Slow lorises|Bengal slow loris]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Laos]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Mammals of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1800|Bengal slow loris]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède]]

Karan Gupta

2026-03-11T16:03:15Z

Tijusacademy:

{{short description|Indian activist and speaker}}
{{Infobox writer
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| birth_date = May 12, 1979
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
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| occupation = activist, education consultant, career counsellor
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| education = [[Harvard Business School]]; 
[[IE Business School]]
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| awards = Times Genius Award by [[The Times of India]], Times Power Men Award by [[The Times of India]]
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'''Karan Gupta''' (born May 12, 1979) is an activist, education consultant, and career counsellor and the founder of the Karan Gupta Education Foundation (KGEF) in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://communitycode.co.in/karan-gupta-education-foundationkgef/|title=Karan Gupta Education Foundation(KGEF)|date=June 12, 2016|work=Community Code|access-date=2017-03-20|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085707/http://communitycode.co.in/karan-gupta-education-foundationkgef/|archive-date=March 15, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>  He is also the current managing director of [[IE Business School]] – [[India]] & South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alumniforum.ie.edu/madrid2016/team/about-karan-gupta/|title=Karan Gupta – IE Alumni Forum 2016|work=IE Alumni Forum 2016|access-date=2017-03-19|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315181439/http://alumniforum.ie.edu/madrid2016/team/about-karan-gupta/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Studying abroad made simpler|url=http://www.btvi.in/videos/watch/18529/studying-abroad-made-simpler|website=BTVI.in}}</ref>

Gupta is an alumnus of [[Harvard Business School]] and [[IE Business School]], graduating with degrees in [[Psychology]], Business and Law.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education Times, Times of India |url=http://counsellorforum.educationtimes.com/viewposts.aspx?id=1113 |access-date=2017-03-19 |archive-date=2018-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129112407/http://counsellorforum.educationtimes.com/viewposts.aspx?id=1113 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He opened Karan Gupta Consulting and his foundation in 1999, providing career guidance and information on international admissions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youthincmag.com/entrepreneur-karan-gupta-receives-national-education-award-2016/|title=Youth Incorporated Magazine |website=www.youthincmag.com|date=28 June 2016 |access-date=2017-03-19}}</ref> Both institutions are non-profit and have an emphasis on the underprivileged – particularly women, children and people suffering from disabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sonam-kapoor-receives-award-for-neerja-2199063|title=Sonam Kapoor receives award for Neerja |website=www.dnaindia.com|access-date=2017-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.htsyndication.com/htsportal/article/Celebrating-womanhood/11843391|title=Celebrating Womanhood|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>

Gupta has written and contributed to [[The Times of India]], [[Education Times]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Free Press Journal]] and [[Rediff.com]], providing career counseling and admissions advice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/karanchat.html|title=Get Ahead: Chat with Karan Gupta, overseas education consultant|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2017-03-19}}</ref> In 2016 he was awarded for his efforts by the [[Wharton Business School]], the National Education Awards for "Outstanding Contribution in Education," and the Times Genius Award by [[The Times of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=Accolades-for-excellence-in-the-field-of-education-25062016105095|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328201324/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=Accolades-for-excellence-in-the-field-of-education-25062016105095|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 28, 2017|title=Accolades for excellence in the field of education|website=timesofindia.com|access-date=2017-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://youthincmag.com/entrepreneur-karan-gupta-receives-national-education-award-2016|title=Karan Gupta receives national education award|website=youthincmag.com|date=28 June 2016 |access-date=2017-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/karan-gupta-receives-education-award-160500927.html|title=Karan Gupta receives education award at Wharton Business School|access-date=2017-03-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bschoolaffaire.com/micro/abp_news_awards_winners_2016.html|title=National Education Award Winners 2016|access-date=2017-03-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=Transforming-lives-through-quality-education-15122016103008&Mode=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328201329/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=Transforming-lives-through-quality-education-15122016103008&Mode=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 28, 2017|title=Transforming Lives through quality education|access-date=2017-03-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2016 Gupta created an event called ''I Am Woman'', awarding women for their public contributions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sonam-kapoor-receives-award-for-neerja-2199063|title=Sonam Kapoor receives award for 'Neerja' {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=April 6, 2016|work=dna|access-date=2017-03-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Recipients included [[Lucky Morani]], [[Amrita Raichand]], [[Devita Saraf]] and a [[Bollywood]] actress [[Sonam Kapoor]] for her performance in the film ''[[Neerja]]'', among others.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asiatimes.com.au/sonam-kapoor-receives-i-am-woman-women-empowerment-award|title=Sonam Kapoor receives 'I Am Woman' women empowerment award – www.asiatimes.com.au|work=www.asiatimes.com.au|access-date=2017-03-19|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430124539/http://www.asiatimes.com.au/sonam-kapoor-receives-i-am-woman-women-empowerment-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In May 2016 Gupta spoke about [[female empowerment]] at the IE Alumni Forum in [[Madrid]], Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumniforum.ie.edu/madrid2016/|title=IE Alumni Forum 2016 – May 27th, Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid|website=IE Alumni Forum 2016|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-19|archive-date=2017-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320060605/http://alumniforum.ie.edu/madrid2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In April 2017 Gupta hosted the second edition of "I Am Woman", awarding [[Amruta Fadnavis]], [[Laxmi Agarwal]], [[Gauri Sawant]], [[Krishika Lulla]], [[Farah Khan Ali]], [[Malini Agarwal]] and [[Shaheen Mistri]] for their contributions towards women empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper2.mid-day.com/story.aspx?edorsup=Sup&ed_code=252&ed_page=20&boxid=1532669&id=80665&ed_date=05/02/2017|title=Inspring women through women|website=mid-day.com|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2018-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501160723/http://epaper2.mid-day.com/story.aspx?edorsup=Sup&ed_code=252&ed_page=20&boxid=1532669&id=80665&ed_date=05/02/2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/specials-i-am-woman-awards/20170428.htm|title=In Pics: Celebrating extraordinary women|website=rediff.com|access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/krishika-lulla-farah-khan-ali-amruta-fadnavis-honoured-woman-awards/|title=Krishika Lulla, Farah Khan Ali and Amruta Fadnavis honoured with the 'I Am Woman' awards|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 April 2017 |access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/epaper/EpaperPost.aspx?id=193768|title=Inspiration!|website=www.afternoondc.in.com|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501224727/http://www.afternoondc.in/epaper/EpaperPost.aspx?id=193768|archive-date=2018-05-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Karan Gupta was a speaker at the [[Women Economic Forum]] and ALL Ladies League in New Delhi in May 2017 and spoke about Women in Media. Other speakers on the panel included [[Priyanka Chaturvedi]], Geeta Mohan, Anurradha Prasad, Aisha Ajmad, and Krishan Tewari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wef.org.in/annualwef/karan-gupta|title=Karan Gupta WEF|website=www.wef.org.in|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=2018-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504155145/http://www.wef.org.in/annualwef/karan-gupta|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wef.org.in/annualwef/wef-2017-program-details|title=WEF 2017 Program Details|website=www.wef.org.in|date=8 June 2016 |access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref>

The third edition of "I Am Woman" was hosted by Gupta in April 2018 awarding [[Sushmita Sen]], Leah Tata, Michelle Poonawalla, Bhavna Jasra, Falguni Peacock, [[Malishka RJ]], [[Abha Singh]], [[Preethi Srinivasan]], and [[Jyoti Dhawale]]. The event was compared by Amber Wigmore and [[Madhoo]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/city-sees-an-award-ceremony-that-celebrates-the-inspiration-of-women/articleshow/63971074.cms|title=Mumbai hosts an award ceremony that celebrates the inspiration of women|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 April 2018 |access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/227371-Being-born-as-woman-a-huge-award-for-Sushmita-Sen|title=Sushmita Sen says being born as a woman is a huge award|website=5dariyanews.com|access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/#|title=CELEBRATING WOMEN POWER|website=epaper.timesgroup.com|access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref>
[[Sushmita Sen]] commended the work done by Karan Gupta and the KGEF team for impacting the lives of 92,000 children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youthincmag.com/i-am-woman-honouring-extraordinary-and-inspirational-woman|title='I Am Woman', Honouring Extraordinary And Inspirational Women|website=youthincmag.com|date=3 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref>

In July 2018 Gupta spoke about solving [[rape]] and [[child sexual abuse]] through education and empowerment at a TEDx talk in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/29870|title=TEDxLLIM |website=TED|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-28}}</ref>

The Times of India group felicitated and awarded Gupta as the Times Power Man in December 2018. The award was given to Gupta by [[Amruta Fadnavis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/apa/timesofindia/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=TOIM%2F2018%2F12%2F22&id=Ar03103&sk=48C41F92&viewMode=image|title=Awarded for service to society |website=Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>

In January 2019, at a ceremony held in London, Gupta was awarded with the World Leaders Asia Award by Lord Karan Billimoria and Lord Raj Loomba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/iphone/homepage.aspx#_article71f1589f-05ab-4edf-b447-84ec6ea93c27/waarticle71f1589f-05ab-4edf-b447-84ec6ea93c27/71f1589f-05ab-4edf-b447-84ec6ea93c27//true/Karan+gupta|title=I have dedicated my life to the field of education: Karan Gupta|website=Hindustan Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608164900/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/iphone/homepage.aspx#_article71f1589f-05ab-4edf-b447-84ec6ea93c27/waarticle71f1589f-05ab-4edf-b447-84ec6ea93c27/71f1589f-05ab-4edf-b447-84ec6ea93c27//true/Karan+gupta|archive-date=2017-06-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In April 2019, Gupta hosted the 4th edition of the [[I Am Woman awards]] and felicitated [[Sonali Bendre]] with the Woman of Substance award. Other awardees included [[Neeta Lulla]], [[Sindhutai Sapkal]], Activist Neehari Mandali, Infosys Learning Head Kisha Gupta, Entrepreneur Deepika Gehani among others. The other hosts for the event included [[Manasi Joshi Roy]], [[Rohit Roy]], [[Parvin Dabas]], [[Manasi Scott]], and Tanuj Wirwani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIM%2F2019%2F04%2F25&entity=Ar02501&sk=5FAEEE15&mode=text|title=Felicitating women of substance|website= Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper2.mid-day.com/print.aspx?id=120345&boxid=15934608&valueprint=storyPrint|title=I Am Woman celebrating inspiration|website=Mid-Day|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In July 2020, in a televised interview with [[India Today (TV channel)]] Gupta criticised the CBSE board for releasing above average 12th grade results.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Campus chaos: Admission worry grips students|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/campus-chaos-admission-worry-grips-students-1701844-2020-07-18|access-date=2020-07-20|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Urging Indian universities to release final grades of students, Gupta stated that students who wished to study abroad may lose an entire year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Final-year exam delay: City students lose academic year at foreign universities |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/final-year-exam-delay-city-students-lose-academic-year-at-foreign-universities/articleshow/77988263.cms|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

In Sep 2020, Gupta took the [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine]] as a Clinical Trial Volunteer. In Jan 2021, after the vaccine received emergency use authorization, he demanded that the government unblind the vaccine study and give the vaccine shot to the volunteers who received the placebo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volunteer Service |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-voluntary-service/304162|access-date=2021-01-18|website=Outlook|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unblind the placebo group of volunteers,' says COVID vaccine trial volunteer |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/unblind-the-placebo-group-of-volunteers-says-covid-vaccine-trial-volunteer-23156072|access-date=2021-01-18|website=Mid-Day|date=18 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In Oct 2021, Gupta met with [[Aaditya Thackeray]] and [[Iqbal Singh Chahal]] and spoke about the importance of education and shaping policies that benefit students.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Spain is fast becoming a favourite destination to study for Indian students|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/spain-is-fast-becoming-a-favourite-destination-to-study-for-indian-students/articleshow/87477731.cms|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>

On Children's Day, in Nov 2022, Gupta granted the wishes of terminally and critically ill children at [[Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital]]. Also present at the event were actors [[Boman Irani]] and [[Sangram Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mumbai Diary: Tuesday Dossier|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-diary-tuesday-dossier-23255541|access-date=2022-11-16|website=Mid-Day|language=en}}</ref>

In Sep 2023, [[India Today (TV channel)]] and [[The Economic Times]] spoke to Gupta about the deteriorating security situation in Canada for Indian students and what impact the [[Canada-India diplomatic row]] could have on prospective students.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What Next For Students Planning To Study In Canada?: Karan Gupta Education Counsellor|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5DPinEMG-I|access-date=2023-09-25|website=India Today TV Channel|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Amidst Canada disfavour, the US, Australia, and the UK may win over most Indian students|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/study/us-australia-uk-may-win-over-most-indian-students/articleshow/103917006.cms|access-date=2023-09-25|website=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>

In Sep 2024, Gupta hosted the 5th edition of the [[I Am Woman awards]] and felicitated [[Richa Chadha]] with the Woman of Substance award. Other awardees in business included Nawaz Modi Singhania, Resham Chhabria, Minal Deshpande and Suzannah Muthoot. Awardees for women's rights included Dr. Rishma Pai and Senior Advocate Mrunalini Deshmukh. Activists Chandni Di and Swaranlatha J were also awarded. The hosts for the event included [[Rohit Roy]], [[Zayed Khan]], [[Madhoo]], and [[Taher Shabbir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ie-university-recognized-women-leaders-at-i-am-woman-awards/articleshow/113332679.cms|title=IE University recognized women leaders at 'I Am Woman' awards|website= Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/i-am-woman-50-by-the-karan-gupta-education-foundation-kgef-and-ie-university-empowering-voices-inspiring-change20240912184426/|title='I Am Woman' 5.0 by The Karan Gupta Education Foundation (KGEF) and IE University:Empowering Voices, Inspiring Change|website= ANI|language=en-US|access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/womens-empowerment-with-ie-university-2220|title=Women’s Empowerment with IE University|website= Mid-Day|language=en-US|access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/viral/2024/richa-chadha-receives-woman-of-substance-award-at-i-am-woman-awards-011-417403.html|title=Richa Chadha Receives Woman Of Substance Award At 'I Am Woman' Awards|website= FilmiBeat|language=en-US|access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/parties-events/richa-chadha-and-others-grace-i-am-woman-awards-2024-part-3/|title=Richa Chadha and others grace ‘I Am Woman’ Awards 2024 Part – 3|website= Hungama|language=en-US|access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/i-am-woman-5-0-by-the-karan-gupta-education-foundation-kgef-and-ie-university-empowering-voices-inspiring-change-124091300728_1.html|title='I Am Woman' 5.0 by The Karan Gupta Education Foundation (KGEF) and IE University: Empowering Voices, Inspiring Change|website= Business Standard|language=en-US|access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref>

In Oct 2024, Gupta was featured on the cover of [[Femina (India)]] for championing change through education and helping students get into the world's best universities including Ivy League universities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/dr-karan-gupta-championing-education-and-womens-empowerment-worldwide-285059.html|title= Dr Karan Gupta: Championing Education And Women's Empowerment Worldwide|website= Femina|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-04}}</ref>

In Feb 2025, Gupta along with IE University signed an MOU with IIT Bombay to collaborate on exchange programs and research.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/ie-university-iit-bombay-to-collaborate-on-exchange-programmes-research-executive-education/article69179776.ece |title= IE University, IIT Bombay to collaborate on exchange programmes, research, executive education |website=The Hindu |language=en-US |access-date=2025-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/ie-university-and-iit-bombay-sign-landmark-mou-to-drive-global-education-and-innovation/ |title=IE University and IIT Bombay sign landmark MOU to drive Global Education and Innovation |website=The Tribune |language=en-US |access-date=2025-02-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Karan}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Male feminists]]

Ganges (1861)

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#REDIRECT [[Ganges (1861 ship)]]

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Operation Dracula

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Tijusacademy: made initial info w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Operation against the Japanese in Rangoon}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Operation Dracula
|image=Dracula Landingcraft.jpg
|image_size=300
|caption=Landing craft carry troops up the Rangoon River
|partof= the [[Burma campaign]], the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asian]] and the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] of [[World War II]]
|date=April – May 1945
|place=[[Yangon|Rangoon]], [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]
|result=[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory
|combatant1={{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagcountry|British Raj}}
'''Naval Support:''' {{flagdeco|France|1830}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|France]] {{flag|Netherlands}}
|combatant2={{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}
|commander1= {{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} Sir [[Philip Christison]]
|commander2={{Flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} Unknown
|strength1=1 infantry division 1 airborne battalion
|strength2=Small parties
|casualties1=24 (from friendly fire)
|casualties2=30
|campaignbox={{Campaignbox Burma}}
{{Campaignbox South-East Asia}}
}}

'''Operation Dracula''' was a [[World War II]]-airborne and amphibious attack on [[Rangoon]] by British and Anglo-Indian forces during the [[Burma Campaign]].

The plan was first proposed in mid-1944 when the Allied [[South East Asia Command]] was preparing to reoccupy [[British Burma|Burma]], but was dropped as the necessary landing craft and other resources were not available. In March 1945 however, it was resurrected, as it was vital to capture Rangoon before the start of the [[monsoon]] (which was expected in the second week of May) to secure the [[lines of communication]] of the Allied troops in Burma.

During April 1945, units of the British [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] advanced to within {{convert|40|mi|km}} of Rangoon, but were delayed until 1 May by an improvised Japanese force which held [[Pegu]]. On the same day, as part of Operation Dracula, a composite Gurkha parachute battalion landed on Elephant Point at the mouth of the [[Rangoon River]]. Once they had secured the coastal batteries, minesweepers cleared the river of mines. On 2 May, the [[Indian 26th Infantry Division|Indian 26th Division]] began landing on both banks of the river. The monsoon also broke on this day, earlier than had been expected. However, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] had abandoned Rangoon several days earlier, and the units of the Indian 26th Division occupied the city and its vital docks without opposition. They linked up with Fourteenth Army four days later.

==Background==
Rangoon was the capital and major port of [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]. In December 1941, [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] entered [[World War II]] by attacking [[United States]] territory and the Far Eastern colonial possessions of [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and the [[Netherlands]].

The Japanese [[Bombing of Rangoon (1941–1942)|bombed Rangoon]] on 23 December 1941. Refugees began leaving the city, and this increased to a "mass exodus" in February 1942 as the Indian, Anglo-Indian and Anglo-Burmese population of Rangoon fled, fearing both the Japanese and hostile Burmese, leaving the city with no effective administration. After occupying [[Thailand]], the Japanese Army attacked southern Burma in March 1942. The British, Indian and Burmese forces were outmatched and were forced to evacuate Rangoon, making the long-term British defence of Burma impossible, as there were then no proper alternate supply routes overland from India. The British and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Chinese]] forces were compelled to evacuate Burma and retreat into India and China.

There was stalemate for a year. By 1944, the Allied forces in India had been reinforced and had expanded their logistic infrastructure, which made it possible for them to contemplate an attack into Burma. The Japanese attempted to forestall them by an invasion of India, which led to a heavy Japanese defeat at the [[Battle of Imphal]], and other setbacks in Northern Burma. Their losses were to handicap their defence of Burma in the following year.

===Allied plans===
In July, 1944, the Allied [[South East Asia Command]] began making definite plans for the reconquest of Burma. The Battle of Imphal was still being fought but it was clear that the Japanese would be forced to retreat with heavy casualties.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=367}}

One of the strategic options examined by South East Asia Command was an amphibious assault on Rangoon. This originally had the working name, Plan Z. (Plan X referred to the recapture of northern Burma only by the American-led [[Northern Combat Area Command]] with the limited objective of completing the [[Ledo Road]] linking China and India; Plan Y referred to an Allied offensive into Central Burma by the British [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]].){{sfn|Slim|1956|p=368}}

Plan Z, which was to be developed into Operation Dracula, had several advantages. The loss of Rangoon would be even more disastrous for the Japanese in 1945 than it had been for the British in 1942. Not only was it the principal seaport by which the Japanese in Burma received supplies and reinforcements, but it lay very close to their other lines of communication with Thailand and [[British Malaya|Malaya]]. An advance by Allied forces north or east from Rangoon of only {{convert|40|mi|km}} to [[Pegu]] or across the [[Sittang River]] would cut the [[Burma Railway]] and several major roads which were the only viable overland links for the Japanese with their forces in these countries. If Rangoon fell, the Japanese would therefore be compelled to withdraw from almost all of Burma, abandoning much of their equipment.

However, the Allied planners considered that to mount an amphibious assault on the scale required would need resources (landing craft, escorting warships, engineering equipment) which would not be available until the campaign in Europe was concluded. (At the time, the [[operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] was being fought, with its outcome still in doubt in some quarters). Operation Dracula was therefore postponed, and Plan Y (now codenamed [[Operation Capital]]) was adopted instead.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=369}}

When sufficient numbers of landing craft and other amphibious resources became available late in 1944, they were first used in operations in the Burmese coastal [[province of Arakan]]. [[XV Corps (British India)|Indian XV Corps]], under Lieutenant General Sir [[Philip Christison]], captured [[Sittwe|Akyab Island]] with its important airfield on 31 December 1944. In late January 1945, Allied troops landed on the Myebon peninsula and inflicted heavy casualties on retreating Japanese troops. Also on 21 January, Allied troops landed unopposed on [[Cheduba Island]], and on [[Ramree Island]] which was cleared of Japanese troops only after a [[Battle of Ramree Island|severe battle]]. Airfields were quickly constructed on these islands, allowing Fourteenth Army to be supplied by transport aircraft as it advanced into Central Burma.

===Dracula reinstated===
[[File:IND 004652 Stuart tank advancing on Rangoon.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Stuart tank|Stuart light tank]] of an Indian cavalry regiment during the advance on Rangoon, April 1945]]
During February and March, 1945, the Fourteenth Army (Lieutenant General [[William Slim]]), fought the [[Battle of Meiktila / Mandalay|Battle of Central Burma]]. The Japanese were severely defeated. Most of their forces were reduced to fractions of their former strength, and were forced to retreat into the [[Shan States]]. Slim ordered his forces to exploit their victory by advancing south along the [[Irrawaddy River]] and Sittang River valleys towards Rangoon. During April, [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|Indian IV Corps]] under Lieutenant General [[Frank Messervy]], spearheaded by an armoured brigade, advanced almost {{convert|200|mi|km}} southward. They were approaching Pegu, {{convert|40|mi|km}} north of Rangoon, by the end of the month. Pegu was one of the largest towns in Southern Burma, and was only a few miles north of the roads and railways which linked Rangoon with Thailand and Malaya.

Despite these spectacular successes, Slim was uneasy. Although Messervy and several of his commanders considered there was a sporting chance that they might capture Rangoon at the beginning of May, Fourteenth Army's supply lines were strained to the limit by the rapid advances. The [[monsoon]] was imminent, and the heavy rains would make many roads impassable and make resupply by air difficult. It was feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon to the last man, as they had done elsewhere in the Pacific Theatre, as at [[Battle for the Liberation of Manila|Manila]] in the Philippines. Japanese forces defended the city for a month before they were eliminated. A hundred thousand civilians died during the fighting and the city was left in ruins.

Since Slim's forces would be in a disastrous supply situation if Rangoon was not captured before the monsoon broke, in late March he asked that Operation Dracula be reinstated, to take place before the monsoon began, which was expected in early May. On 2 April, Admiral [[Louis Mountbatten]], the Supreme Commander of South East Asia Command, issued orders for Rangoon to be captured by seaborne invasion not later than 5 May.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=474}} Before the order was given to reinstate ''Dracula'', South East Asia command had been preparing to attack [[Phuket Island]] off the Thai [[Kra Isthmus]], as a stepping stone for an ultimate attack on [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]].{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=469}} (The operation was codenamed [[Operation Roger]].) The naval and air elements to be allocated to ''Dracula'' were therefore already in place. Indian XV Corps HQ was to control the ground forces. As a preliminary for ''Dracula'', IV Corps was ordered to capture the airfields at [[Toungoo]], regardless of cost, so that air cover could be provided for the invasion. The airfields were captured by the [[Indian 5th Infantry Division|Indian 5th Division]] on 22 April.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=473}}

==Battle for Rangoon==
The principal Japanese headquarters in Burma, the [[Japanese Burma Area Army|Burma Area Army]], under Lieutenant General [[Hyotaro Kimura]], was situated in Rangoon. There were no Japanese fighting formations stationed in the city, but there were large numbers of [[line of communication]] troops and naval personnel. There was also a substantial contingent of the [[Indian National Army]], a force composed mainly of former Indian [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] captured by the Japanese in Malaya, which sought to overthrow British rule in India. Although some units of the INA had fought tenaciously in the Japanese invasion of India in 1944 and in central Burma, the morale of most of the INA was low by this point in the war. Many of its soldiers were convinced by early 1945 that Japanese defeat was inevitable, and deserted or capitulated readily during the Allied advance on Rangoon.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=486}}

Kimura had already decided not to defend Rangoon, but to evacuate the city and withdraw to [[Mawlamyaing|Moulmein]] in southern Burma. Although he received orders from Field Marshal [[Hisaichi Terauchi]], commander-in-chief of the [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]], to hold Rangoon to the death, he reasoned that this would involve the senseless destruction of his remaining forces.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=482}} Kimura was opposed by his chief of staff, Lieutenant General [[Shinichi Tanaka (general)|Shinichi Tanaka]], who had issued orders to fortify positions in Rangoon. [[Ba Maw]], the Prime Minister of the nominally independent Burmese government, dissuaded the Japanese from turning the [[Shwedagon Pagoda]] into a gun emplacement.{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2004|p=435}}

However, Tanaka flew north with several senior staff officers on 19 April to review the situation around Toungoo. While he was absent, the remaining staff drew up orders for the evacuation, which Kimura signed unhesitatingly.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=482}} When Tanaka returned on 23 April, he protested, to no avail. Because the Army HQ's radios had already been moved to Moulmein, the Army could no longer control the overall battle for Burma from Rangoon.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=483}}

===Japanese evacuation of Rangoon===
As the leading British and Indian troops approached Pegu, many of the Japanese rear-area troops in the Rangoon area and even some hastily mobilised Japanese civilians were formed into the [[Japanese 105th Independent Mixed Brigade]] under Major General Hideji Matsui, who had recently been appointed commander of the "Rangoon Defence Force". The units of this brigade (also called ''Kani Force'') included anti-aircraft batteries, airfield construction battalions, naval Anchorage Units, the personnel of NCO schools and other odds and ends. They were dispatched north to defend Pegu, although they were delayed by lack of transport (which had been commandeered for Burma Area Army HQ and other units leaving Rangoon) and arrived only piecemeal.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=477}}

Major General Matsui was also angered by the evacuation of Rangoon, as he had not been informed of it before finding that Kimura's headquarters had been hastily abandoned on 26 April.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=484}} After making unsuccessful attempts to evacuate Allied prisoners of war unable to walk and to demolish the port installations, Matsui then went north to conduct the defence of Pegu.

Many Japanese troops left Rangoon by sea, and nine out of eleven ships of a convoy carrying a thousand soldiers fell victim to British destroyers in the Gulf of Martaban on April 30.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=467}} Kimura himself left by airplane. Most of Kimura's HQ and the establishments of Ba Maw and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] (commander of the Indian National Army), left overland, covered by the action of Matsui's troops at Pegu, but were attacked several times by Allied aircraft. The Japanese failed to provide transport for Ba Maw's staff, most of whom had to walk to Moulmein. Ba Maw himself began his journey by car accompanied by his wife and his pregnant daughter, who gave birth at [[Kyaikto]], {{convert|16|mi|km}} east of the Sittang. He feared that he would be assassinated if he went to Moulmein{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=487}} and instead fled to Tokyo.{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2004|p=436}} Bose regarded Ba Maw's flight as dishonourable, and marched on foot with his rearmost troops, having first arranged for lorries to evacuate a women's unit, the [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]].

The only personnel remaining in Rangoon were 5,000 troops of the Indian National Army under Major General [[A. D. Loganathan]],{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=485}} left by Bose to protect the remaining Indian community against attacks by lawless Burmese. Loganathan had no intention of resisting Allied attacks, and intended to hand over his men and responsibility for the city to the British when they arrived.

===Battle for Pegu===
{{distinguish|Battle of Pegu}}
While this evacuation was proceeding, the leading British and Indian troops of IV Corps (the [[17th Infantry Division (India)|Indian 17th Division]], commanded by Major General [[David Tennant Cowan]], with the bulk of [[255th Indian Tank Brigade]] under command), were approaching Pegu. Messervy's leading armoured troops first met resistance from Matsui's forces on 27 April.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=474}} Matsui had sent a detachment (mainly of mixed line of communication troops, but also including 138 Battalion of [[24th Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)|24 Independent Mixed Brigade]]) forward to defend Payagyi, a few miles north of Pegu.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=475}} Matsui's engineers laid mines (including some improvised from aerial bombs) and booby-trapped obstacles to delay the British tanks. Even more delay was imposed by torrential rain which fell on 28 April, which turned dusty tracks into mud and caused streams and rivers to rise in spate.

On 28 April, the advancing troops of IV Corps cut the road between Pegu and the Sittang River, thus finally cutting the Japanese communications between Rangoon and Moulmein. A small Japanese truck convoy which ran into the road block was wiped out.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=476}}

The Indian 17th Division cleared Payagyi and several surrounding villages on 29 April. They launched their main attack on Pegu on 30 April. The Japanese held the western part of Pegu, and demolished all the bridges across the Pegu River which separated their positions from the eastern part of the town. Reservoirs and flooded fields prevented the Indian Division making any outflanking moves. Indian infantry (4/[[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]) scrambled across the girders of two demolished railway bridges which remained partially intact to establish precarious bridgeheads on the west bank, protected by artillery and tank fire. The 1/[[10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles|10 Gurkhas]] and 7/[[10th Baluch Regiment]] met strong resistance near the main road bridge. The 1/[[3 Gorkha Rifles]] and 4/[[The Grenadiers|4 Bombay Grenadiers]] also made little progress while a deep ditch held up the tanks of the [[9th Royal Deccan Horse]].{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=478}}

However, on the morning of 1 May, Indian patrols found that the Japanese had withdrawn. The 17th Division rapidly bridged the Pegu River and resumed its advance, but the monsoon had already broken. Within hours, the countryside was flooded, and the advance was slowed to a crawl. Slim immediately put all of IV Corps on half rations to help the supply lines.

On 30 April, Matsui had received another order from Kimura, now in Moulmein, to abandon Pegu and return to defend Rangoon to the death. Although he could have continued to resist in Pegu for some days if necessary, he accordingly withdrew. As his force did so, they came under attack as they moved along the exposed road to [[Hlegu]]. Matsui ordered a retreat into the hills west of Pegu.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=479}}

==Dracula launched==

{{See also|Battle of Elephant Point}}

[[File:The British Army in Burma 1945 SE3915.jpg|thumb|A [[field gun]] is bought ashore at Elephant Point, 2 May 1945.]]
Although the British knew by 24 April from [[Signals intelligence]] that Burma Area Army HQ had left Rangoon, they were not aware that the Japanese were about to abandon the city entirely.{{sfn|Allen|1986|p=481}} It was believed that the landings would meet strong resistance. Under the modified plan for ''Dracula'', the [[Indian 26th Infantry Division|Indian 26th Division]] under Major General [[Henry Chambers (Indian Army officer)|Henry Chambers]] would establish beachheads on both banks of the Rangoon River. The [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 2nd Division]] would follow up through these beachheads several days later to launch the main assault on the city.

The Indian 26th Division and other forces sailed in six convoys from Akyab and Ramree Island between 27 April and 30 April. The transporting and landing of British and Indian assault forces was entrusted to Rear-Admiral [[Benjamin Charles Stanley Martin|Benjamin Martin]] commanding Force W.<ref name=Chant>{{cite web |last1=Chant |first1=Christopher |title=Modified Dracula, Operations & Codenames of WWII |url=https://codenames.info/operation/modified-dracula/ |website=codenames.info |publisher=C. Chant, 24 May 2018 |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref> The naval covering force included the [[21st Aircraft Carrier Squadron]] commanded by Commodore [[Geoffrey Oliver]] consisted of four [[escort carrier]]s, two cruisers and four destroyers,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kindell |first1=Don |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1945 |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm |website=www.naval-history.net |publisher=Gordon Smith, 15 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref> and the [[3rd Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|3rd Battle Squadron]], commanded by Vice Admiral [[Harold Thomas Walker|Harold Walker]], consisting of two battleships ({{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|6}} and the [[Free French]] [[French battleship Richelieu|battleship ''Richelieu'']]), two escort carriers, four cruisers (one Dutch) and six destroyers. The 3rd Battle Squadron carried out a diversionary bombardment against Car Nicobar and Port Blair in the Nicobar and Andaman island groups<ref name=Chant/> Another flotilla of five destroyers was responsible for the destruction of the main Japanese evacuation convoy. [[No. 224 Group RAF|224 Group]] [[Royal Air Force]], under Air Vice Marshal the [[Percy Bernard, 5th Earl of Bandon|Earl of Bandon]], covered the landings from the airfields around Toungoo and on Ramree Island.

[[File:Indian paratroops jumping over Burma 1945.jpg|thumb|Indian paratroops jumping over Rangoon, Burma, 1945.]]
Early on 1 May, eight squadrons of [[B-24 Liberator]] and four of [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchells]], and two squadrons of [[North American P-51 Mustang|P-51 Mustangs]] from the [[352d Special Operations Wing|2nd Air Commando Group]] [[United States Army Air Forces]] (USAAF) bombed and strafed Japanese defences south of Rangoon.{{sfn|Y'Blood|2008|p=185}} An air force observation post, a small detachment from [[Force 136]] and a 700-man strong [[Brigade of Gurkhas|Gurkha]] composite parachute battalion from the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Indian Parachute Brigade]] were dropped from [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47s]] of the 2nd Air Commando Group on [[Battle of Elephant Point|Elephant Point]] at the mouth of the [[Rangoon River]] in the middle of the morning. They eliminated some small Japanese parties, either left as rearguards or perhaps forgotten in the confusion of the evacuation and captured or destroyed several guns overlooking the sea approaches to Rangoon, suffering thirty casualties from inaccurate Allied bombing.

Once Elephant Point was secured, [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]] cleared a passage up the river, and [[landing craft]] began coming ashore in the early hours of the morning of 2 May, almost the last day on which beach landings were possible before the heavy swell caused by the monsoon became too bad. An Allied [[de Havilland Mosquito|Mosquito]] reconnaissance aircraft flying over Rangoon saw no sign of the Japanese in the city and also noticed a message painted on the roof of the jail by released British prisoners of war. It read, ''Japs gone. [[Most Highly Derogatory Order of the Irremovable Finger|Extract digit]]'' – RAF slang for "get on with it".{{sfn|Allen|1986|pp=479–480}} The prison had been taken over by Wing Commander Lionel Hudson, who was leading the former inmates in preparatory efforts for the British advance. {{sfn|Hudson|1987|p=180}} Boldly, the crew of the plane tried to land at [[Yangon International Airport|Mingaladon Airfield]] but damaged their tailwheel on the potholed runway preventing them taking off again. They walked to the jail, where they found 1,000 former prisoners of war who informed them of the Japanese evacuation. The air crew then went to the docks, where they commandeered a [[sampan]] and sailed it down the river to meet the landing craft.{{sfn|Hudson|1987|p=180}}

==Aftermath==
The troops of the Indian 26th Division began occupying the city without opposition on 2 May. The British were joyfully welcomed, perhaps not universally as liberators, but certainly as they could restore order and bring in food and other assistance. When the Japanese and Ba Maw's officials left Rangoon, widespread looting and lawlessness had broken out and continued for several days. The retreating Japanese had burned down the jail housing Burmese prisoners. They had also destroyed St. Philomena's Convent, which had been used as a hospital, killing 400 of their own men.{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2004|p=437}} After three years of war and deprivation, the city was deep in filth, many of the population had fled to escape the [[Kempeitai]] (Japanese military police) and those remaining were in rags. [[Dacoits]] (armed bandits) plagued the outskirts and various infectious diseases were rife.{{sfn|BaylyHarper|2004|pp=437–439}}

Units of the 26th Division moved out along the main roads to link up with Fourteenth Army. On 6 May, they met the leading troops of 17th Division, pushing their way through floods southwards from Pegu, at Hlegu {{convert|28|mi|km}} north east of Rangoon. Fourteenth Army and the other Allied forces in Burma thus had a secure line of communication.

Matsui's ''Kani Force'' joined the remnants of the [[Twenty-Eighth Army (Japan)|Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army]] in the Pegu Yomas. During July, these forces [[Battle of the Sittang Bend|tried to break out eastwards]] to join the other Japanese armies east of the Sittang. Matsui's men suffered slightly lighter casualties in this costly operation than most of the other Japanese units involved. However, the naval personnel in Matsui's force broke out separately from the main body and several days later, which allowed Allied units to concentrate against them. They were effectively wiped out, only a handful surviving.

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Louis|title=Burma: the Longest War 1941–45|publisher=[[J. M. Dent|J. M. Dent and Sons]]|year=1986|isbn=0-460-02474-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bayly|first1=Christopher|last2=Harper |first2=Tim|title=Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire & the War with Japan |publisher=Penguin History |location=London |year=2004 |isbn=0-14-029331-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Lionel |last=Hudson |title=The Rats of Rangoon |publisher=Leo Cooper |year=1987}}{{ISBN missing}}
* {{cite book|last=Latimer|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Latimer|title=Burma: The Forgotten War|publisher=John Murray|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7195-6576-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Slim |first=W. |author-link=William Slim |title=Defeat into Victory |year=1956 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]] |location=London |oclc=464081360}}
* {{cite book|last=Y'Blood|first=William|title=Air Commandos Against Japan|publisher=[[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59114-993-4}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Operation Dracula}}
* {{cite web| url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39195/supplement/1926| title=London Gazette Supplement April 1951| access-date=30 September 2022| page=1296}}
* [http://johnckelley.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/rangoon_aerial1.jpg "EXTRACT DIGIT" photo of Rangoon Prison.]
{{coord|16|51|N|96|10|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dracula, Operation}}
[[Category:Burma campaign (1944–1945)]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving France]]
[[Category:1945 in India]]
[[Category:1945 in Burma]]
[[Category:Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:January 1945 in Asia]]
[[Category:February 1945 in Asia]]
[[Category:March 1945 in Asia]]
[[Category:Military history of the Netherlands during World War II]]

Paappi Devataa

2026-03-04T00:04:10Z

Tijusacademy: update article after review and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paappi Devataa
| image = Paappi Devataa.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Harmesh Malhotra]]
| producer = M.M. Malhotra Baldev Pushkarna
| writer = [[Rahi Masoom Raza|Dr.Rahi Masoom Raza]] {{small|(dialogue)}}
| story =
| screenplay = Ravi Kapoor
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Jeetendra]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Madhuri Dixit]]
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = Shyam Rao
| editing = Harish Chaudhary
| studio = Kala Bharti
| released = {{Film date|1995|07|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}15 million<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2944|title=Paappi Devtaa– Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}16 million<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2944|title=Paappi Devtaa– Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Paappi Devataa''''' ({{translation}} ''Sinners – Goddess''; [[Hindi]]: ''पापी देवता'') is a 1995 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action crime film]], produced by M. M. Malhotra and Baldev Pushkarna and directed by Harmesh Malhotra. It stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] and music composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]. Initially Vinod Khanna was to do the film but he was replaced by Jeetendra. The film was started in 1990 but was delayed for 5 years. It was finally released on 14 July 1995, and was a critical and commercial failure.

== Plot ==
''Paappi Devataa'' is about Ram Kumar Singha, an unemployed guy, arrives in Bombay and loses his luggage. During that plight, a benevolent taxi driver, Rahim, comforts him in his driver's colony, and they befriend him. Rahim earns much respect in that area and loves his neighbor, Rosy. After a while, as a bowl over, Ram is a CBI officer appointed to solve a murder case of MLA Niranjan Das made by a truck driver. Due to concerns, Rahim places his mother and sister Reshma separately, and Ram falls for his Reshma unbeknownst. Stunningly, Ram discovers Rahim to be the convict and learns he works for Don Ratan Seth. However, Ram stands firm, and Rahim surrenders when he seeks the underlying cause, then Rahim rearward. He used to work as a truck driver in a transport company owned by Niranjan Das and Ratan Seth and finds out those underworld activities are carried out in its garb. So, Rahim questioned Ratan Seth, and in tandem, a dispute arose between the partners as Ratan Seth defrauded the company. Exploiting it, Ratan Seth intrigues Rahim by infuriating him against Niranjan Das and incriminates him for his killing. Now, Ram ensures Rahim and, with his support, seizes the empire of Ratan Seth. At that point, incensed Ratan Seth seeks to kill Rahim when his mother dies. Thus, Rahim onslaughts and ceases Ratan Seth. At last, Ram acquits Rahim as an approver. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriages of Ram to Reshma and Rahim to Rosy.

== Cast ==
* [[Dharmendra]] as Rahim Khan
* [[Jeetendra]] as Ram Kumar Singh worked as DCP mumbai police
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Rosy
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Reshma
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Ratan Seth
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as Rosie's mother
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Niranjan Das
* [[Roopesh Kumar]] as Kundan
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Ratan's employee
* Gurbachchan Singh as Gulzar Singh
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Kelaram
* [[Shail Chaturvedi]] as train passenger
* [[Urmila Bhatt]] as Mrs. Khan
* Birbal as Havaldar
* Vinod Nagpal as Pandu
* Макс Покровский

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Uska Naam Hai Piya"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 2
| "Dur Desh Se Ek Pardesi Aayega"
| Shobha Joshi
|-
| 3
| "Kuch Main Kahoon"
| [[Mohammad Aziz]]
|-
| 4
| "Jhoom Raha Hai"
| [[Shabbir Kumar]], Alka Yagnik
|-
| 5
| "Sawan Ke Badlo Ki Niyat"
| Mohammad Aziz, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 6
| "Sawan Ke Badlo Ki Niyat"
| Instrumental
|-
| 7
| "Dur Desh Se Ek Pardesi Aayega"
| Instrumental
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0347722|Paappi Devataa}}

[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Harmesh Malhotra]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Guddu (film)

2026-03-03T23:32:30Z

Tijusacademy: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

'''''Guddu''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written by [[Abrar Alvi]] and directed by Prem Lalwani. The film stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Mukesh Khanna]] and [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]]. {{Infobox film
| name = Guddu
| image = Guddu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| writer = [[Abrar Alvi]]
| starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Deepti Naval]] [[Mukesh Khanna]]
| director = Prem Lalwani
| producer = Prem Lalwani Vivek Lalwani
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|8|11}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| cinematography = V. Durga Prasad
| editing = Mohan Kaul
| music = [[Naushad]]
| budget = {{INR}}2 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2942|title=Guddu – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}4.48 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

== Plot ==
Guddu is the son of rich, successful [[Advocate]] Vikram and his wife, Kavita. While Kavita is a devout and a religious Hindu, Vikram is an atheist. Guddu and Salina Gupta are in love. One day while driving, they have an accident and Salina loses her sight. Guddu blames himself and so do Salina's guardians. Guddu is asked to keep away from Salina. Salina knows that the accident was not Guddu's fault, but would not like to meet Guddu and be a burden on him. Guddu overhears a conversation between their family doctor and his father and he learns that he has a [[brain tumor]] and has only a few more months to live. He wants to donate his eyes to the hospital so Salina can benefit from them, but his father will not even consider this. The situation worsens when Guddu decides to go to court to assert his right to donate his eyes, his father ends in the hospital and so does Guddu. Kavita couldn't bear the trauma of her husband's illness and her son's disease, thus she decides to devote herself to god for five days without drinking a sip of water. Her prayers are answered and her husband's life is saved and her son's operation is successful. She dies at the feet of God while praying and her eyes are donated to Salina. Salina and Guddu marry and are blessed with twins and they live happily ever after.

== Cast ==
*[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Guddu Bahadur
*[[Manisha Koirala]] as Salina Gupta
*[[Mukesh Khanna]] as Vikram Bahadur
*[[Deepti Naval]] as Kavita Bahadur
*[[Ashok Saraf]] as Baliya
*[[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Rehman
*Aarti Nagpal as Sonia
*[[Navin Nischol]] as Dr. Gupta
*[[Maya Alagh]] as Mrs. Gupta
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Dr. Bhatia
*Shashi Kiran as Fazal
*[[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Judge
*[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Qawwali Singer Mahesh
*[[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Qawwali Singer Yashpal

== Production ==
Shah Rukh Khan was paid {{INR}}30 [[lakh]] to act in this film.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OxBCwAAQBAJ&dq=Guddu+shah+rukh&pg=PT118 | isbn=9788187108269 | title=Shah Rukh Can: The Story of the Man and Star Called Shah Rukh Khan | publisher=Om Books International }}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Guddu
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Naushad]]
| cover =
| released = 1995
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = Aawaz De Kahan Hai
| prev_year = 1990
| year = 1995
| next_title = [[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]
| next_year = 2005
}}
The soundtrack for the movie was composed by [[Naushad]], with lyrics by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]. The soundtrack consists of 7 songs, featuring vocals by [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Kumar Sanu]], Devki Pandit, [[Mohammed Aziz]], Majid Shola and [[Suresh Wadkar]].

#"Hum Dono Panchhi" - [[Kumar Sanu]], Devki Pandit
#"Daddy Se Poochh Lena" - Kumar Sanu, Devki Pandit
#"Dil Hai Pyare" - Kumar Sanu, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
#"Gulashan-Gulashan Kali-Kali" - [[Suresh Wadkar]], Devki Pandit
#"Mere To Radheshyam" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
#"Pyar Mera Zindagi" - Kumar Sanu, Devki Pandit
#"Dil Kahe Har Dum" - Suresh Wadkar, [[Mohammed Aziz]], Majid Shola

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0172519}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Naushad]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Nanda Nanditha (2008 film)

2026-03-03T21:45:25Z

Tijusacademy: started new stub

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nanda Nanditha
| image = NandalovesNanditha.JPG
| caption = Film poster
| director = B. N. Vijayakumar
| producer = Ramesh Kashyap
| writer = Ajay Kumar
| starring = [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] [[Nandita Swetha|Swetha]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Emil Mohammed|Emil]]
| cinematography = Mathew Rajan
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Simhadri Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2008|03|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nanda Nanditha''''' (alternatively '''''Nanda Loves Nanditha''''') is a 2008 Indian [[Kannada language]] romantic action drama film directed by B. N. Vijayakumar starring [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] and [[Nandita Swetha|Swetha]]. The film was remade into a Tamil and Telugu as a bilingual movie titled as ''[[Nanda Nanditha (2012 film)|Nanda Nanditha]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nanda-nanditha-review-tamil-pcmasPfdbcgdd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305182916/http://www.sify.com/movies/nanda-nanditha-review-tamil-pcmasPfdbcgdd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|title = Nanda Nanditha|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Nanda-Nanditha/movie-review/12209528.cms|title=Nanda Nanditha Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Nanda Nanditha by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Nanda
* [[Nandita Swetha|Swetha]] as Nanditha
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Nanda's father
* Suresh Chandra
* Suneetha Shetty
* Shobha
* Jayabalu
* [[Girija Lokesh]]

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[Emil Mohammed|Emil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2UFSd4HZWXzYnHgSO2Qmtm|title=Nanda Loves Nanditha (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=Spotify|date=2008}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline =
| total_length = 28:35
| title1 = Byada Alabyada
| extra1 = Hemanth Kumar
| length1 = 5:02
| title2 = Jinke Marina
| extra2 = Emil, Ranjith Govind, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Srinivas
| length2 = 4:56
| title3= Kokkoko Koli
| extra3= Malathi, Srinivas
| length3 = 4:26
| title4 = Kulladali Keelyavudo
| extra4 = Hemanth Kumar
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = Pacchagili Hene
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length5 = 4:39
| title6 = Preethi Bandaithe
| extra6 = Karthik, Shahanaj
| length6 = 5:11
| all_writing =
}}

== Reception and legacy==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars and wrote that "Other than Mathew Rajan's photography, there is nothing much to write about".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssnn/20080317.htm|title=Nanda Nanditha is average|author=R. G. Vijayasarathy|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 March 2008}}</ref>

After the film's success, Swetha appended Nanditha to her stage name and was fondly called ''jinke mari'' ({{Translation|Little deer}}) in Karnataka, after one of the film's songs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130515/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-protested-till-my-folks-gave-nandita |title=I protested till my folks gave in: Nandita {{pipe}} Deccan Chronicle |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505021124/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130515/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-protested-till-my-folks-gave-nandita |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.chitraloka.com/nandalovesnanditha|Nanda Loves Nanditha}}
* {{IMDb title|14255314}}

[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Maamaankam

2026-03-03T20:59:20Z

Tijusacademy: enhance intro also and corrected details for consistency

{{for|the 2019 film|Mamangam (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mamankam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Navodaya Appachan]]
| producer = Navodaya Appachan
| writer = [[N. Govindankutty]]
| screenplay = N. Govindankutty
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Jayan]] [[Jose Prakash]] [[Alummoodan]]
| music = [[K. Raghavan]]
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing = T. R. Sekhar
| studio = [[Navodaya Studio]]
| distributor = Navodaya
| released = {{Film date|1979|8|24|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Maamaankam''''' is a 1979 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[historical drama]] film directed and produced by [[Navodaya Appachan]], made under [[Navodaya Studio]]. It is based on the medieval [[Mamankam festival]] held every 12 years at the banks of river [[Bharathappuzha]] in [[Tirunavaya]], [[South India|Southern India]]. Written by [[N. Govindankutty]], the film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayan]], [[Jose Prakash]] and [[Alummoodan]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[K. Raghavan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=983|title=Maamaankam|access-date=2014-10-07|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2015|title=Maamaankam|access-date=2014-10-07|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/mamangam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011083314/http://spicyonion.com/title/mamangam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 October 2014|title=Maamaankam|access-date=2014-10-07|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
It is Chanthunni's greatest wish to go to the Mamankam and fight for the sake of his King Valluvakonathiri against the Samoothiri. However his uncle and guru wishes him to wait until the next Mamankam. And his childhood love Manka is the daughter of the Chief Minister of Samuthiri. Aiding Chanthunni is his best friend Moosa, who is also his uncle's disciple. Moosa captures Koya, a spy from the Samoothiri's camp, but is promptly tricked and captured by a rescue team led by Suhara, Koya's daughter. Suhara falls in love with Moosa while he's a prisoner. But her divided loyalties between her lover and her father may spell doom for either one of them. And Chanthunni has no intention of obeying his uncle to wait for another 12 years for the next Mamankam.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Chanthunni
*[[Jayan]] as Moosa
*[[Jose Prakash]] Manavikraman
*[[Alummoodan]]
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Manipennu
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Chanthunni's mother
*[[Balan K. Nair]]
*[[Ceylon Manohar]] as Komappan
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Manka
*[[Poojappura Ravi]] as Zamorin's Warrior
*[[Bhavani (actress)|Bhavani]] as Suhara
*[[Kaduvakulam Antony]] as Velappan
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Thanayanjeri Pandhya Perumal
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Vellodi
*[[Sukumari]] as Cherutti
*[[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Thrithalakkal Gurukkal
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]] as Koya
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[K. Raghavan]] and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Adithozhunnen" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kaarthika Maasathe" (Bit) || Chorus || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 3 || "Maamaankam" || K. J. Yesudas || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 4 || "Nadanam Nadanam" || B. Vasantha || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 5 || "Theeraatha Dukhathil" || [[S. Janaki]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 6 || "Thrithaalappookkadavil" || K. J. Yesudas || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 7 || "Varutha Pachari" || K. J. Yesudas, Vani Jairam, Chorus || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0317893|Mamangam}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:History of Kerala on film]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films directed by Navodaya Appachan]]
[[Category:Films produced by Navodaya Appachan]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Aalamaram (film)

2026-03-03T03:29:09Z

Tijusacademy: pg

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by S. N. Duraisingh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aalamaram film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = S. N. Duraisingh
| writer = S. N. Duraisingh
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Sarvesh
| starring = Hemanth Kumar [[Avanthika Mohan]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = K. S. Udhayashankar
| editing = KMK Palanivel
| music = Ramjeevan
| studio = Peacock Motion Picture
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|10|10|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury – October 10 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-10-news-tamil-okklvrijagafg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010170919/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-10-news-tamil-okklvrijagafg.html |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aalamaram''''' ({{Translation|[[Banyan]] tree}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[supernatural thriller film]] directed by S. N. Duraisingh and starring Hemanth Kumar and [[Avanthika Mohan]].

==Plot==
''Aalamaram'' refers to a banyan tree on the border of a village in [[Madurai district]]. The locals believe that the former village head, Karuthapaandi's, ghost still persists in the tree and so everyone avoids going near that tree, which is near a temple.

Malarkodi goes to the temple to do some [[poojas]] for her marriage. Malarkodi falls in love with Karthik, a stage artiste, and they meet each other under the banyan tree.

Meanwhile, Karthik's friend Sadaiyan takes money from two local goons and gives them a false promise that Malarkodi will marry one of them. After knowing the truth that Malarkodi is in love with Karthik, the goons plan to take revenge. How Karthik and Malarkodi escape forms the rest of the story.<ref name="I">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2014 |title=Aalamaram |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/10/10164457/Aalamaram.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012210328/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/10/10164457/Aalamaram.vpf |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Hemanth Kumar as Karthik
*[[Avanthika Mohan]] as Malarkodi
* Meiyappan as Sadaiyan
* Arumugam
* Thavasi

== Production ==
The film marked the directorial debut of K. N. Duraisingh, who used to work as an assistant to [[K. Bhagyaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=1 October 2014 |title=Aalamaram In October |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/aalamaram-in-october/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613081610/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/aalamaram-in-october/ |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> Malayalam actress [[Avantika Mohan]] made her Tamil debut through this film.<ref name="N">{{Cite web |last=Vasudevan |first=Shilpa Kappur |date=16 October 2014 |title=When Kollywood Called |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/oct/16/when-kollywood-called-672293.html?botrequest=true& |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613081638/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/oct/16/when-kollywood-called-672293.html?botrequest=true& |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Radhika C. |date=20 October 2014 |title=Avanthika Mohan is on a roll! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/avanthika-mohan-is-on-a-roll/articleshow/44886402.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613081647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/avanthika-mohan-is-on-a-roll/articleshow/44886402.cms |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A [[banyan tree]] was reported to play a significant role in the film.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2014 |title=Banyan tree plays the lead in this film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/banyan-tree-plays-the-lead-in-this-film/articleshow/36760211.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613081712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/banyan-tree-plays-the-lead-in-this-film/articleshow/36760211.cms |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was shot in Madurai and [[Theni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2014 |title=5 men and a Banyan |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ru-and-alamaram-details-here.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329070348/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ru-and-alamaram-details-here.html |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Ramjeevan composed five tracks for the film.<ref name="T" /> Lyrics by Nandalala and [[Pa. Vijay]].
*"Kuthu Rasikum" - [[Velmurugan]], Anitha, Soobie
*"Aalamara Kathada"
*"Thereri Vaararu" - [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], Soobie

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Falling somewhere between a supernatural thriller and a romantic saga, the film is neither blood curdling, nor is it engaging in its intrigue and romance".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=11 October 2014 |title=Caught Between Horror and Romantic Genres |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Oct/11/caught-between-horror-and-romantic-genres-670362.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613081625/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Oct/11/caught-between-horror-and-romantic-genres-670362.html |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Despite so many events in the film occurring right under the nose of the ghost-infested tree, it remains completely unconcerned. This is either the most indolent ghost in all of Tamil cinema or the most indifferent. You can’t but have similar sentiments about the film’s writing too".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=9 October 2014 |title=Aalamaram: Banyan blah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/aalamaram-review-banyan-blah/article6485305.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925175348/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/aalamaram-review-banyan-blah/article6485305.ece |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote that "The director fails to capture the audience's attention. Even the love scenes are not pictured that effectively. "

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13087244}}

[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Adikavi Pampa

2026-02-28T07:02:22Z

Tijusacademy: improve layout per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|Kannada poet (902–955)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption = The renowned Kannada Poet, Adikavi Pampa
| honorific_prefix = ''Adikavi''
| name = Pampa
| birth_date = 902
| birth_place = [[Annigeri]], [[Rashtrakuta Empire]] (present-day [[Annigeri]], [[Dharwad]], District, Karnataka, India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|955|||902|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bodhan]], [[Rashtrakuta Empire]] (present-day [[Bodhan]], Telangana, India)
| occupation = [[Jain]] Poet
| works = ''[[Ādipurāṇa]]'' ''[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya|Vikramārjuna Vijaya]]'' also known as ''Pampa Bhārata''
}}
'''Pampa''' (902–955), also referred to by the honorific '''Ādikavi''' (Poet of [[Rishabhanatha|Adinath]] purana), was a [[Kannada literature|Kannada]]-language [[Jain]] poet whose works reflected his philosophical beliefs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of literature |publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=1995|isbn=0-87779-042-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr/page/853 853] |url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr|url-access=registration }}</ref> He was a court poet of [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulavada Chalukya]] king [[Arikesari II]], who was a feudatory of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] Emperor [[Krishna III]]. Pampa is best known for his epics {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya|Vikramārjuna Vijaya]]}} or ''Pampa Bharata'', and the "''Ādi purāṇa"'', both written in the ''[[champu]]'' style around {{Circa|939}}. These works served as the model for all future ''champu'' works in Kannada.

The works of Jain writers Pampa celebrated as one of the “three gems” (Ratnatraya) of classical "[[Kannada literature]]" alongside Sri [[Ponna (poet)]] and [[Ranna (Kannada poet)]].<ref>Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1955). ''A History of South India''. Oxford University Press. p. 320.</ref> heralded the 10th century era of [[medieval Kannada literature]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5|publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000|isbn=0-85229-760-2 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC&q=Adikavi+Pampa&pg=PA78 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Pampa was born around 902 in the Vengi region (present-day Andhra Pradesh) into a [[Jain]] family.<ref>Rice, E. P. (1921). ''A History of Kannada Literature''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.</ref> Though sometimes mistakenly described simply as a "Brahmin," his family followed a [[Jain Brahmans]] tradition, which was also present in Jainism. also called Jain Pandits<ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). ''History of Kannada Literature''. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–20.</ref>—which had its own priestly and scholarly roles devoted to Jain worship and philosophy.<ref>Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref> Also he wrote [[Adipurana]] (Adinath Purana) about the first Tirthankara of [[Jainism]].<ref>Rice, E. P. (1921). ''A History of Kannada Literature''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.</ref> their actual place of origin and native is debated. According to the trilingual inscription (in [[Sanskrit]], [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) installed by Pampa's younger brother Jinavallabha at Bommalamma Gutta in Kurikiyala village, Gangadharam mandal (in modern-day [[Telangana]]), his father was Abhimanadevaraya (also known as Bhimappayya) and mother was Abbanabbe. It also indicated that his grandfather was Abhimanachandra who belonged to the Jain [[Brahmin]] (Jain Pandits) and hailed from Vangiparru in [[Kammanadu]] in present-day Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140926/nation-current-affairs/article/bommalagutta-cries-attention|title=Bommalagutta cries for attention|date=2014-09-26|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref><ref>Kevala Bodhi: Buddhist and Jaina History of the Deccan, Vol. 2, Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, 2004; p. 292</ref><ref>Epigraphia Andhrica, Vol. 2, p. 27; Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 1969</ref><ref>Samskrti sandhana, Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṃskr̥ti Śodha Saṃsthāna, 2000; Vol. 13, p. 152</ref>

In the eastern Deccan ruled by Chalukyas of Vengi and Vemulavada was considered as Kannada speaking territory under the rule of Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, renowned Kannada poets like Pampa and Ponna hailed from Vengi. Kannada dynasties like Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas had dominated the whole of Deccan and the influence of the Kannada language was felt from the Kaveri and Godavari and even beyond.{{sfn|Kamat|2002|p=6}} Hence there were many Kannada families residing in modern Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and Pampa was one of them. According to the modern Jain scholar [[Hampa Nagarajaiah]] ("Hampana"), Pampa was born in Annigeri, spent his early childhood on the banks of the nearby [[Varada|Varada river]] and his mother Abbanabbe was the granddaughter of Joyisa Singha of [[Annigeri]] in the modern [[Dharwad district]] of Karnataka state. Frequent descriptions of the beauty of the [[Banavasi]] region (in the modern [[Uttara Kannada district]]) and even the sprinkling (''abhisheka'') of water from the Varada river on Arjuna's head during his coronation in Pampa's epic ''Vikramarjuna Vijaya'' testifies to the poet's attachment to the Banavasi region.<ref name="varada">Hampana in K. E. Radhakrishna, p.21 (2010), ''KANNADA : PAMPADYAYANA'', Chapter: "Pampa: Apogee of Kannada literature", {{ISBN|978-81-280-1192-4}}</ref> Through the lines ''aarankusamittodam nenevudenna manam banvaasi deshamam'' and ''puttidirdode maridumbiyaagi men kogileyaagi nandanavanadol banavaasi deshadol'' he has expressed his deep attachment towards [[Banavasi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka's oldest town: Banavasi Desham |url=https://www.enidhi.net/2021/04/banavasi-desham-uk-temple-details.html}}</ref>
{{Kannada poets in Rashtrakuta Empire}}

==Poetic life==
A well-travelled man, he settled down as the court poet of King Arikesari II. Flattered by his knowledge and poetic abilities, Arikesari (who possessed the title Gunarnava) conferred on him the title ''Kavita Gunarnava''. At the age of 39 he wrote his first masterpiece, ''Ādi purāṇa'', in 941, and a little later he completed Vikramarjuna Vijaya popularly known as Pampa Bharata. These two works have remained unparalleled works of classic Kannada composition.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=29}}

==Adipurana==
The ''Ādi purāṇa'', written in the ''champu'' style, a mixed form of prose and verse, is a Kannada version of the Sanskrit work by [[Jinasena]] and details in sixteen cantos the life of the first [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]], [[Rishabhanath]]. The work focuses in his own unique style the pilgrimage of a soul to perfection and attainment of [[moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]. In the work, Pampa describes the struggle for power and control over the entire world of two brothers ''[[Bharata Chakravartin|Bharata]]'' and ''[[Bahubali]]'', sons of Rishabha. While Bahubali wins, he renounces the worldly pursuits in favor of his brother. Many Jain ''puranas'' of Middle Ages found a role model in this work.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/jainism/database/ARTICLE/south.doc|author=T.K. Tukol|title= Jainism in South India|format=DOC}}
* {{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1180|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1180}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Kamat|first=Suryanath U|title=A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present|year=2002 |orig-year=1980|publisher=Jupiter Books|location=Bangalore|isbn=81-206-09778}}
*{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=K.A. Nilakanta|title=A history of south India : from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|year=1999|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=0-19-560686-8|edition=4. ed., 17 impr. (with introduction).}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or|lang=kn|ಪಂಪಭಾರತ|Vikramarjuna Vijaya}}
* {{internetarchive|Adipurana|Adipurana|lang=kn}}

{{authority control}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pampa, Adikavi}}
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:10th-century Jain poets]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian Jain poets]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta people]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:902 births]]
[[Category:955 deaths]]
[[Category:Jainism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian Jains]]

Shilanath Mahadev Mandir

2026-02-23T18:57:28Z

Tijusacademy: Added Post - done

{{Short description|Lord Shiva temple in Mithila}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Shilanath Mahadev Mandir
|native_name=शिलानाथ महादेव स्थान
|native_name_lang=mai
|deity=Lord Shiva
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]
|tradition=Maithil
|location=Jaynagar Town, [[Mithila region]]
|state=Bihar
|country=India
|district=[[Madhubani district]]
}}

'''Shilanath Mahadev Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: शिलानाथ महादेव मंदिर) is an ancient temple of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India. It is located at the outskirts of the [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]] town in the Madhubani district of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=जलाभिषेक को शीलानाथ मंदिर सजधज कर तैयार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-shilanath-temple-is-ready-for-jalabhishek-8414103.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=कमला में स्नान के बाद शिलानाथ महादेव की पूजा-अर्चना - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-worshiping-shilanath-mahadev-after-bathing-in-kamala-19750234.html |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
Shilanath Mahadev Mandir is located at Shilanath Dullipatti village near the outskirts of the Jaynagar town in [[Madhubani district]]. It is situated at a distance of approximately three kilometers from the headquarter of the sub-divisional town [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jaynagar]].<ref name=":1" /> It is said that the Shilanath Mahadev Mandir is one of the nine shrines for Lord Shiva. According to legend, it is believed as the origination place of the ''[[Ardhanarishvara|Ardhanarisvara]]'' form of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]] from the mouth of the [[Kamala River]]. ''Ardhanarisvara'' is believed as the joint form of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-19 |title=शिव के 9 रूपों में से एक है ये शिलानाथ मंदिर, भैरव को छोड़ गए थे शिव! कहानी ऐसी की 3 कोष तक नहीं खिला था सूरज |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/shilanath-temple-of-jaynagar-is-one-of-the-9-forms-of-shiva-8332067.html |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

Every year on the occasion of [[Kartika Purnima|Kartik Purnima]], a festival fair is held at the campus of the temple called as ''Kartik Purnima Mela''. In the fair, a huge number of devotees from different parts of the [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]], [[Sheohar district|Shivhar]], [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]], [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]] and other districts, including neighboring country [[Nepal]] come here to participate in the fair. The devotees take sacred bathes in the Kamla river and worship the [[Lingam]] of Lord Shiva in temple.<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
The structure of the present temple was renovated by the ''King Visheshwar'' of the [[Raj Darbhanga]]. The King Visheshwar was also an astrologer cum [[Pandit]]. He appointed a [[priest]] at the temple for conducting the regular worship of the deities in the campus of the temple. He also donated 36 acres of lands to the temple for the income of the priest's family.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|26.57244|86.11277|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]

Tulsi Gowda

2026-02-12T03:16:11Z

Tijusacademy: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian environmentalist (1937 or 1938 – 2024)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tulsi Gowda
| image = Tulsi Gowda receiving Padma Shri award (cropped).jpg
| alt = Tulsi Gowda an India environmentalist receiving Padma Shri award from President Ram Nath Kovind
| caption = Gowda receiving the [[Padma Shri]] award from President [[ram Nath Kovind]]
| occupation = [[Environmentalist]]
| website =
| other_names = Encyclopedia of Forest
| birth_date = 1937 or 1938
| birth_place = [[Honnali]], [[Mysore State]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2024|12|16|86}}
| death_place = Honnali, [[Uttara Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| honours = {{ubl|[[Padma Shri]] (2020)|[[Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Awards]] (1986)|[[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyotsava Award]] (1999)}}
}}

'''Tulsi Gowda''' (1937 or 1938 – 16 December 2024) was an Indian environmentalist from Honnali village. She planted more than 30,000 saplings and looked after the nurseries of the Forest Department. Her work has been honoured by the [[Government of India]] and other organisations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tulsi Gowda to be felicitated |url=http://www.samachar.com/Snake-Marshal-and-Tulsi-Gowda-to-be-felicitated-lgccLQdadbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109083606/http://www.samachar.com/Snake-Marshal-and-Tulsi-Gowda-to-be-felicitated-lgccLQdadbi.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |publisher=Samachar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 June 2011 |title='Plant two saplings a year' |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/plant-two-saplings-a-year/article2080738.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 June 2011 |title='Snake' Marshal and Tulsi Gowdato be felicitated |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2070134.ece?css=print}}</ref> In 2021, the [[Government of India]] awarded her the [[Padma Shri]], the country's fourth highest civilian award. She is known as the "Encyclopedia of the Forest" for her ability to recognise the mother tree of any species of tree.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tulsi Gowda 'Encyclopedia of the Forest', Receives Padma Shri At 77|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/tulsi-gowda-encyclopedia-of-the-forest-receives-padma-shri-at-77-1874870-2021-11-09|access-date=15 November 2021|website=India Today|date=9 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 'Encyclopedia of Forest': Meet Tulasi Gowda, the Barefoot Padma Awardee|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/the-encyclopedia-of-forest-meet-tulasi-gowda-the-barefoot-padma-awardee-4421072.html|access-date=15 November 2021|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Video {{!}} 'Encyclopedia Of Forest' Tulsi Gowda Receives Padma Shri Award|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/padma-shri-award-encyclopedia-of-forest-tulsi-gowda-receives-padma-shri-award-608598|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Tulsi Gowda was born into the Halakki tribal family within the Honnalli village, a settlement transitioning between rural and urban within the Uttara Kannada district in the Indian state of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keynote Dialogue - Padma Shri Tulsi Gowda and Sudheer K. Shankar |url=https://mgiep.unesco.org/article/speaker-padma-shri-tulsi-gowda |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=UNESCO MGIEP |language=en}}</ref> [[Karnataka]] is a state in South India known for its [[Ecotourism|eco-tourism]], with over twenty-five wildlife sanctuaries and five national parks.

Tulsi Gowda was born into an impoverished family, and her father died when she was 2 years old, so she had to work alongside her mother as a day labourer at a local nursery once she was old enough. She did not receive a formal education or learn to read.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yasir |first=Sameer |date=2 September 2022 |title='Magic in Her Hands.' The Woman Bringing India's Forests Back to Life |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/02/world/asia/deforestation-india-tulsi-gowda.html |access-date=4 September 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

At the nursery, Gowda was responsible for taking care of the seeds that were to be grown and harvested at the Karnataka Forestry Department, specifically for seeds intended as a part of the Agasur seedbed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=1 September 2020|title=Tree goddess Tulasi Gowda, the barefoot Indian activist protecting the forest|url=https://www.lifegate.com/tulasi-gowda-forests-india|access-date=19 October 2021|website=LifeGate|language=en-US}}</ref> Gowda continued working at the nursery alongside her mother as a daily wage worker for 35 years until she was offered a permanent position in recognition of her work towards conservation, and her knowledge of botany. She worked at the nursery in this permanent position for 15 years before retiring at the age of seventy. During her time at the nursery, she contributed and worked directly on the [[afforestation]] efforts of the forest department by using traditional knowledge of the land. As well as planting saplings, she worked to prevent poachers and forest fires from destroying the wildlife.

Gowda spent over sixty years working at the Karnataka Forest Department. This comprises one community reserve, five tiger reserves, fifteen conservation reserves and thirty wildlife sanctuaries. It describes its aim as reconnecting communities and villages with nature, working towards a future where one-third of the area of the state has forest or tree cover.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Forest Department - Home page|url=https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/(S(u5shf1ytgsyqjwahlapbuoz1))/English/Home.aspx|access-date=19 October 2021|website=aranya.gov.in}}</ref>

== Knowledge ==
Gowda was known by environmentalists as the "Encyclopedia of the Forest" and by her tribe as the "tree goddess" because of her knowledge of the forest and its plants.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Thacker|first=Hency|date=26 February 2020|title=Tulasi Gowda - One Woman can change the world|url=https://thecsrjournal.in/tulasi-gowda-one-woman-can-change-the-world/|access-date=19 October 2021|website=The CSR Journal|language=en-GB}}</ref> She is known for her ability to identify the mother tree of every species of tree in the forest no matter where it is.<ref name=":1" /> Mother trees are significant because of their age and size, which make them the most connected nodes in the forest. These underground nodes are used to connect mother trees with saplings and seedlings as the mother tree exchanges nitrogen and nutrients.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Mother Trees in the Forest|url=https://mothertreeproject.org/about-mother-trees-in-the-forest/|access-date=19 October 2021|website=The Mother Tree Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Gowda was also an expert in seed collecting, the extraction of seeds from mother trees in order to regenerate and regrow entire plant species. It is a difficult process as the seeds must be collected at the peak of [[germination]] from the mother tree in order to ensure the survival of the seedlings and Gowda was able to work out this exact time.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Gowda could not explain how she gathered her knowledge of the forest, but said it is as if she can "speak the language of the forest."<ref name=":0" /> In the traditions of her tribe, the Halakki Vokkaliga, the matriarchy is connected to nature and cares for the land.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
Gowda is estimated to have planted in the range of one [[lakh]] (100,000) trees in Karnataka on her own.<ref name=":4" /> These contributions have made a lasting impact on the members of her community as well. Nagaraja Gowda of Uttara Kannada District, who works for the welfare of the Halakki tribe, says Gowda is the pride of their community: "she has invaluable knowledge of the forest and medicinal plants. Nobody has documented it and she is not a good communicator, so it is difficult to understand her contribution unless you've seen her work."<ref name=":1" />

Yellappa Reddy, a retired officer, also commends Gowda's lasting commitment to her community, citing the fact that Gowda has planted and identified over 300 medicinal plants that have since been used to treat ailments within their village.<ref name=":1" />

Although Gowda had retired from the Karnataka Forestry Department, she continued to teach the children of her village about the importance of the forest as well as how to find and care for seeds.<ref name=":0" />

Gowda also championed women's rights within her village. When another Halakki woman was threatened with a gun after an altercation, Gowda came to her aid stating that she will "protest fiercely if the perpetrator of the crime isn't punished."<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Gowda died on 16 December 2024, at the age of 86.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tribal-environmental-activist-tulasi-gouda-passes-away/article68992793.ece Tribal environmental activist Tulasi Gouda passes away]</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 1986, Gowda received the [[Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Awards|Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Award]], also known as the IPVM award. The IPVM award recognizes pioneering contributions made by individuals or institutions to afforestation and wasteland development.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last1=Menon|first1=Arathi|last2=Chinnappa|first2=Abhishek N.|date=10 June 2021|title=Tulsi Gowda: Barefoot Ecologist Brings Forests to Life|url=https://www.thebeacon.in/2021/06/10/tulsi-gowda-barefoot-ecologist-brings-forests-to-life/|access-date=19 October 2021|website=The Beacon Webzine|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1999, Gowda received the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]], sometimes known as the Kannada Rajyotsava Award, the "second highest civilian honour of the Karnataka state of India".<ref name=":1"/> It is given yearly to distinguished citizens of Karnataka State aged over sixty.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Government|url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en|access-date=19 October 2021|website=www.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>

On 8 November 2020, the Government of India awarded Gowda the Padma Shri award, the fourth highest award given to citizens of India. The Padma Shri, also commonly spelled as Padma Shree, is an award given every year on India's Republic Day by the Government of India. Gowda said that, while she is glad to have received the Padma Shri, she "values the forests and trees more".<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Halakki Vokkaliga]]
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Botany]]
* [[Environmental protection]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, Tulsi}}
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]
[[Category:Women from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

Madhulika Ramteke

2026-02-09T14:38:16Z

Tijusacademy:

{{Short description|Indian social entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Madhulika Ramteke Nari Shakti Puraskar.jpg|thumb|Madhulika Ramteke receives the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in 2022|right|alt=Man presents award to woman.]]
'''Madhulika Ramteke''' is an Indian social entrepreneur from [[Chhattisgarh]]. She founded a [[microfinance]] bank run by women and works with survivors of domestic abuse. She has received the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in recognition of her achievements.

==Career==
Ramteke is from [[Rajnandgaon district]] in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="PN">{{cite news |title=Nari Shakti Award to Madhulika, who started Maa Bamleshwari Bank |url=https://pipanews.com/nari-shakti-award-to-madhulika-who-started-maa-bamleshwari-bank-nari-shakti-award-to-madhulika-who-started-maa-bamleshwari-bank/ |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=Pipa News |date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504115834/https://pipanews.com/nari-shakti-award-to-madhulika-who-started-maa-bamleshwari-bank-nari-shakti-award-to-madhulika-who-started-maa-bamleshwari-bank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She grew up in an illiterate household and after studying at school taught her parents to write. Ramteke became an Indian social entrepreneur when she set up a self-help group for women in her village, which founded the Maa Bamleshwari Bank in 2001, in order to support local projects through [[microfinance]].<ref name="PF">{{cite news |title=A social worker who encouraged women to be financially independent |url=http://www.apnikheti.com/progressivefarmers/women-to-be-financially/ |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=Progressive Farmers |date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508082726/http://www.apnikheti.com/progressivefarmers/women-to-be-financially/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ramteke pooled her savings with other women and began to lend to other women who wanted to pay for things such as healthcare or buy a second-hand bicycle. The bank then began to lease land and by 2012, it had 5,372 branches and was still completely run by women.<ref name="IT" /> It is composed of small self-help groups in which 80,000 women are involved.<ref name="IT">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Neeraj Mishra |title=Thousands of rural women in Chhattisgarh come together and start a banking revolution |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020715-thousands-of-rural-women-in-chhattisgarh-come-together-and-start-a-banking-revolution-794941-2002-07-15 |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=India Today |date=30 July 2012 |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504120830/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020715-thousands-of-rural-women-in-chhattisgarh-come-together-and-start-a-banking-revolution-794941-2002-07-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ramteke works with female survivors of domestic abuse and teaches villagers skills such as how to grow yam and how to manage [[vermicompost]].<ref name="D"/> She believes that use of chemical fertilisers can lead to bad health and that compost created naturally by worms produces better tasting food.<ref name="PF"/> Moreover she believes that these chemical fertilisers make you unwell.<ref name="PF"/> In 2018 she organised better sanitation in 64 villages.<ref name="D">{{cite news |title=Madhulika Ramteke Honored with 'Nari Shakti Puraskar' |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/madhulika-ramteke-honored-with-nari-shakti-puraskar |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=Drishti IAS |date=10 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508082734/https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/madhulika-ramteke-honored-with-nari-shakti-puraskar |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ramteke's self-help group set up three societies in 2016: one began to farm cow milk for sale, a second grew Hara Bahera (an [[ayurvedic]] herb) and the third cultivated Sitafal ([[sugar-apple]]) in order to produce ice cream.<ref name="PN" /> In recognition of her achievements, Ramteke was awarded the 2021 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] by President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] on [[International Women's Day]] 2022.<ref name="PN" />

==See also==
* [[Smita Tandi]] – another Nari Shakti Puraskar awardee from Chhattisgarh

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramteke, Madhulika}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Rajnandgaon]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Chitroptala River

2026-01-25T00:46:19Z

Tijusacademy: starting some place w/ sources.

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Chitrotpala River
| name_other = Hiran
| name_etymology = 
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = Indian River Map
| source1 = [[Mahanadi River]]
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|20|27|43.56|N|86|6|22.45|E|type:river|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| length = 20 km (almost)
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size =
}}

The '''Chitrotpala River''' in [[Odisha, India|Odisha]] state, [[India]], is a [[distributary]] of the [[Mahanadi]], situated in both [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]] and [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Demand for Chitrotpala rejuvenation grows louder |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/demand-for-chitrotpala-rejuvenation-grows-louder.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

== Course ==
The river starts from Guali/[[Salepur]], {{convert|20|km|mi}} downstream towards [[Kendrapara]]. Within {{convert|6|to|8|km|mi|0}} again it subdivides into Chitroptala (main river) and Luna (distributary). Luna being the deeper one carries almost 60 percent of water of the main river in dry season. In its way the Distributary Luna further divided in to two rivers near Danpur - the main river as Luna and distributary as Karandia. These two rivers confluent near the village Karandia after flowing 30 kilometers independently. It is well observed that maximum water of Chiropatala gets carried by Luna and subsequently by Karandia for being deeper during partition. However in rainy season the equation changes when there is mammoth amounts of rain water to be evacuated. Chitroptala flows eastward approximately {{convert|80|km|mi}} and near [[Paradeep]] it joins with its tributary river Luna. It merges into the [[Bay of Bengal]] near Paradeep. It has six bridges across it in {{convert|80|km|mi}}. The bridges are at Shishua, Nemala-Jaladia, Narendra pur, Gardapur, Patkura and finally near Haldia-Gada. Its distributary Luna has two major bridges; one at Katikata-Asureswara and the second one near Danpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oh7ICQAAQBAJ&dq=Chitrotpala+River&pg=PT207 |title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE |date=2015-06-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58691-3 |language=en}}</ref>

The river itself is one of the major tributary of Mahanadi. It has a sandy bed, Jhaun forest, local-myth and pilgrimage prospects and sugarcane, paddy and groundnut cultivation along its course.

Salipur is the most happening place situated in the bank of Chitoptala, known for [[Rasgulla|Rassagolla]] (an Odia cuisine), education and business.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bora |first=Anirban |date=2019-11-16 |title=Odisha's 'Rasagola' or West Bengal's 'Rasogolla': Which one wins the battle of flavours |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/odishas-rasagola-or-west-bengals-rasogolla-which-one-wins-the-battle-of-flavours/articleshow/72082262.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Nemala is known in coastal Odisha for Malika-bachana (a purana)<ref>https://odishamuseum.nic.in/sites/default/files/upfiles/Vol.%20LIXI%201234.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref> which was depicted by the saint [[Acyutananda]] five hundred years ego, since then the place is Nemala-Bata. Another place is Kuda-Nagari at its bank, which is known for Magha-Mela. In the Hindu month of [[Magha (month)|Magha]], thousands of pilgrims from Cuttack and Kendrapara district take the holy-dip in the river and offer tarpan to their ancestors (pitrupurush). Other places along its course are Gardpur (revenue office), Patkura (police-station) in Kendrapara district.

== Agriculture and floods ==
The river is useful to nearby villagers to cultivate winter crops and as well as summer crops. Surfaced roads have been constructed on the river embankments on both sides, which helps thousand of villagers to travel from their village to Cuttack/Bhubaneswar/Salipur.
However, in rainy season the river brings havoc to the nearby villages in terms of heavy flooding. Almost in every rainy season, the river brings trauma to the villages downstream.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-27 |title=Orissa flood victims suffer as relief measures not enough |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/orissa-flood-victims-suffer-as-relief-measures-not-enough/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* http://wikimapia.org/2672648/River-Chitroptala

[[Category:Rivers of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kendrapara district]]
[[Category:Cuttack district]]

India at the 1982 Asian Games

2025-12-30T19:24:42Z

Tijusacademy: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| oldcode =
| year = 1982
| date =
| games = Asian Games
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 13
| silver = 19
| bronze = 25
| rank = 5
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website =
}}

'''[[India]]''' was the host nation for the '''[[1982 Asian Games]]''' held at [[Delhi]], [[India]] from 19 November to 4 December 1982. Ranked 5th with 13 gold medals, 19 silver medals and 25 bronze medals with a total of 57 over-all medals.<ref>[http://www.ocasia.org/9AG.asp 1982 Asian Games medal tally] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923163146/http://www.ocasia.org/9AG.asp |date=2004-09-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/680435/flashback-1982-the-asian-games-that-transformed-delhi|title=Flashback 1982: The Asian Games that transformed Delhi|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1982-new-delhi|title=
Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1982 New Delhi|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>
==Medals by sport==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=200|Sport
! style="background-color:gold" width=60 | Gold || style="background-color:silver" width=60 | Silver || style="background-color:#cc9966" width=60 | Bronze
! width=60|Total
|-
|align=left| [[Athletics at the 1982 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 4 || 9 || 8 || 21
|-
|align=left| [[Badminton at the 1982 Asian Games|Badminton]] || 0 || 0 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left| [[Boxing at the 1982 Asian Games|Boxing]] || 1 || 2 || 3 || 6
|-
|align=left| [[Equestrian at the 1982 Asian Games|Equestrian]] || 3 || 1 || 1 || 5
|-
|align=left| [[Field Hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|Hockey]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
|align=left| [[Golf at the 1982 Asian Games|Golf]] || 2 || 1 || 0 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[Rowing at the 1982 Asian Games|Rowing]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Sailing at the 1982 Asian Games|Sailing]] || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[Wrestling at the 1982 Asian Games|Wrestling]] || 1 || 1 || 2 || 4
|-
|align=left| [[Shooting at the 1982 Asian Games|Shooting]] || 0 || 2 || 1 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[Tennis at the 1982 Asian Games|Tennis]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Water Polo at the 1982 Asian Games|Water Polo]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Weightlifting at the 1982 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2
|-

! Total || 13 || 19 || 25 || 57
|}
==Gold Medal Winners==
*[[Charles Borromeo (athlete)]] - Men's 800m;
*[[MD Valsamma]] - Women's 400m hurdles;
*[[Siri Chand Ram|Chand Ram]] - Men's 20 km walk;
*[[Bahadur Singh Chouhan]] - Men's Shot Put;
*[[Raghubir Singh (equestrian)|Raghubir Singh]] - Men's Equestrian;
*[[R. S. Brar|Rupi Brar]] - Equestrian Tent Pegging;
*Men's Equestrian Team;
*Men's Golf Team;
*Bunny [[Lakshman Singh (golfer)|Lakshman Singh]] - Men's Golf;
*[[Satpal Singh]] - Wrestling, Heavyweight;
*[[Kaur Singh]] - Boxing, Heavyweight;
*Women's Hockey Team;
*Tarapore and Karanja - Sailing, Enterprise Class;

==Football==
Head coach: {{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee]]

{{national football squad start (goals)}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Bhaskar Ganguly]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Brahmanand Sankhwalkar]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1954|3|6}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Salgaocar SC|Salgaocar]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Compton Dutta]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Sudip Chatterjee (footballer)|Sudip Chatterjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1959|2|5}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Mohun Bagan]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Aloke Mukherjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1960|5|1}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Gurcharan Singh Parmar]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Aslam Khan (footballer)|Aslam Khan]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Prasun Banerjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1955|4|6}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Prasanta Banerjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1958|2|12}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Mohammad Farid (footballer)|Mohammad Farid]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Parminder Singh (footballer)|Parminder Singh]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1957|5|5}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Harjinder Singh (Indian footballer)|Harjinder Singh]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[JCT Mills]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Bidesh Ranjan Bose|Bidesh Bose]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1953|11|15}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Shabbir Ali]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1956|1|26}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Biswajit Bhattacharya]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Kartick Seth]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=FW|name=[[C. B. Thapa]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Services football team|Services]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad end}}

=== Preliminary round ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90% "
!width=160|Team
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pld|Played}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left|{{fb|IND}}
|3||2||1||0||5||2||+3||'''5'''
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left|{{fb|CHN|name=China}}
|3||2||1||0||4||2||+2||'''5'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|BAN}}
|3||1||0||2||2||4||−2||'''2'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|MAS}}
|3||0||0||3||1||4||−3||'''0'''
|}

{{football box
|date= 20 November
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score= 2–0
|team2={{fb|BAN}}
|goals1= [[Prasun Banerjee]] {{goal|1||90+5}}<ref name=asiangames1982>{{cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Amoy|title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1982 New Delhi|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1982-new-delhi|work=Sportskeeda.com|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref>
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]}}
----
{{football box
|date= 22 November
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score= 1–0
|team2={{fb|MAS}}
|goals1= [[Kartick Sett]] {{goal|68}}<ref name=asiangames1982/>
|stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]}}
----
{{football box
|date= 24 November
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score= 2–2
|team2={{fb|CHN|name=China}}
|goals1= [[Shabbir Ali]] {{goal|53}}<ref name=asiangames1982/> [[Kartick Seth]] {{goal|60}}<ref name=asiangames1982/>
|goals2= [[Shen Xiangfu]] {{goal|25}} [[Zuo Shusheng]] {{goal|82}}
|stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]}}

=== Quarterfinals ===
{{football box
|date= 27 November
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score= 0–1
|team2={{fb|KSA}}
|goals2= [[Ahmed Bayazid|Bayazid]] {{goal|89}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nations at the 1982 Asian Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:India at the Asian Games|1982]]
[[Category:1982 in Indian sport|Asian Games]]

{{India-sport-stub}}
{{Asian-Games-stub}}

Eutropis brevis

2025-12-16T04:00:34Z

Tijusacademy: starting initial article v1.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| genus = Eutropis
| species = brevis
| authority = ([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1875)
| range_map =
}}

'''''Eutropis brevis''''' is a [[species]] of [[skink]] found in [[India]].<ref name=RDB/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Eutropis|species=brevis|accessdate=22 September 2021}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q109975182}}

[[Category:Eutropis]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1875]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]

{{Skink-stub}}

Dargah Committee, Ajmer

2025-11-25T05:49:05Z

Tijusacademy: starting basic entry added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Dargah Committee, Dargah Khwaja Sahab, Ajmer
| formation = Dargah Khwaja Saheb Act, 1955
| purpose = To administrate arrangements, functions and maintenance of Dargah Sharif endowments
| headquarters = [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]], Ajmer
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Sayed Sahid Hussain Rizvi
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = Munawar Khan
| leader_title3 = Nazim & CEO
| leader_name3 = Md Nadeem
| affiliations = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]]
| website = http://gharibnawaz.minorityaffairs.gov.in
}}

'''Dargah Committee Dargah Khwaja Saheb, Ajmer,''' is a statutory body constituted by the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]], under the provisions of Section 5 of the Dargah Khwaja Saheb Act, 1955 for the administration of [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah|Dargah Sharif]], [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Dargah Committee - Dargah Khwaja Sahab - Ajmer |url=http://gharibnawaz.in/beta/aboutDargahCommetty.php |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=gharibnawaz.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2018 |title=Centre forms Ajmer dargah panel, appoints 9 members |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ajmer/centre-forms-ajmer-dargah-panel-appoints-9-members/articleshow/64485857.cms |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Creation ==

The Dargah Khwaja Saheb Act, passed by the [[Parliament of India]] in 1955, provided for the creation of the Dargah Committee as a statutory body to manage the Dargah Sharif in Ajmer. The Dargah Committee is appointed by the Government and manages donations, takes care of the maintenance of the shrine, and runs charitable institutions like dispensaries, and guest houses for the devotees.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ugly face of shrine bodies on show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/sudhanshu-mishra/story/ugly-face-of-shrine-bodies-on-show-again-113735-2012-08-19|publisher=India Today|first=Sudhanshu|last=Mishra|date=20 August 2012|access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref>

== Functions ==
* To administer, control and manage Dargah Endowment.
* Arrangements of the [[Urs]] of [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti|Khwaja Saheb]] and his Peer-o-Murseed [[Usman Harooni|Khwaja Usman Harooni]] every year.
* Providing free [[Langar (Sufism)|langar]] twice a day.
* To receive money and other income of Dargah Endowment and spent in sound manner.
* To determine the privileges of the Khadims and to regulate their presence in the Dargah by the grant of them licenses in that behalf, if the Committee thinks it necessary.
* Arrangements of [[Unani medicine|Unani]] and [[Homeopathy|Homeopathic]] dispensaries and supply of free medicine.
* Maintenance of [[Khwaja Model School]] and Darul Uloom Moinia Usmaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://www.khwajamodelschool.com/TextContentTemplate.aspx?id=19 |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=www.khwajamodelschool.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]]
* [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti|Khwaja Gareeb Nawaz]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/Dargah%20Bye%20Laws.pdf Dargah Khwaja Saheb Act, 1955]
*[http://gharibnawaz.in/beta/index.php Dargah Committee Official Website]

[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in India]]

Salempur, Chilkahar

2025-11-20T19:41:02Z

Tijusacademy: Added New Post

{{Short description|Villages in Ballia district}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Salempur, Chilkahar
| native_name = सलेमपुर
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Azamgarh
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = Ballia
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = Chilkahar
| elevation_m = 72
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, Urdu
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = Bhojpuri
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 277203
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05496
| registration_plate = UP-60
}}
'''Salempur, Chilkahar''' is a village located in the Chilkahar block of [[Ballia district]], in the [[Azamgarh division]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="bhartiyapanchayat">{{Cite web |title=Salempur Panchayat in Chilkahar Block in Ballia of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://bhartiyapanchayat.com/my-panchayat/uttar-pradesh/ballia/chilkahar/salempur |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=bhartiyapanchayat.com}}</ref>It lies in the eastern region of the state and forms part of the rural administrative area of Ballia district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Ballia {{!}} Government Of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Baaghi Ballia {{!}} India |url=https://ballia.nic.in/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of villages of Chilkahar block in Ballia district |url=https://www.viewvillage.in/villages-of-block/chilkahar-912 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.viewvillage.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Salempur is situated at an elevation of about {{convert|72|metres|ft}} above sea level. The village is part of the fertile plains of eastern Uttar Pradesh and is surrounded by other settlements such as Chilkahar, Bhrauli, and [[Rasra]]. The region experiences a humid subtropical climate, with hot summers and mild winters.<ref name="bhartiyapanchayat"/>

== Administration ==
The village falls under the jurisdiction of the Chilkahar block and is administered through the local gram panchayat system. It is part of the [[Ballia district]] in the [[Azamgarh division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=अनियमित विद्युत कटौती से जनता में आक्रोश - Rage in public with irregular power cuts |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ballia-rage-in-public-with-irregular-power-cuts-18447897.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Demographics and Culture ==
The population of Salempur primarily comprises Bhojpuri-speaking people, while Hindi and Urdu are used for official communication and education. Cultural life in the village is centered around traditional Bhojpuri customs and festivals. Prominent festivals celebrated include [[Chhath Puja]], [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], and [[Dussehra]].

== Economy ==
Agriculture forms the backbone of the village economy. The major crops cultivated are paddy, wheat, sugarcane, and pulses. Some residents are also engaged in local business, education, and government services in nearby towns such as [[Rasra]] and [[Ballia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salempur, Rasra, Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, India - Geolysis Local |url=http://geolysis.com/p/in/up/ballia/rasra/salempur |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=geolysis.com}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Salempur is well connected by road to nearby towns including [[Rasra]], Chilkahar, and [[Ballia]].
The nearest railway station is Rasra railway station, located approximately 6–8 kilometres from the village. Bus and auto-rickshaw services are commonly used for local travel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chilkahar (CHR) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/chilkahar-chr |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref>

== Education ==
The village has access to primary and upper-primary schools under the Uttar Pradesh government's rural education program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools in Chilkahar Cluster {{!}} List of Schools in Chilkahar Cluster, Ballia District (Uttar Pradesh) |url=https://schools.org.in/uttar-pradesh/ballia/chilkahar/chilkahar- |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref> For higher education, students generally travel to nearby towns like Rasra, Chilkahar, or Ballia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools in Salempur Cluster {{!}} List of Schools in Salempur Cluster, Ballia District (Uttar Pradesh) |url=https://schools.org.in/uttar-pradesh/ballia/chilkahar/salempur- |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

== Climate ==
The region has a typical North Indian climate with three main seasons: summer (April–June), monsoon (July–September), and winter (October–February). Average summer temperatures range from 30°C to 42°C, while winter temperatures fall between 8°C and 20°C.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather in Chilkahar, Ballia 10-Day Forecast & Farming Ad... |url=https://www.greenalerts.in/weather-forecast-india/uttar-pradesh/ballia/chilkahar/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Ballia district]]
*[[Azamgarh division]]
*[[Rasra]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ballia district]]
[[Category:Villages in Uttar Pradesh]]

The Santror

2025-11-12T20:16:21Z

Tijusacademy: minor reworked formatting for accuracy also and corrected details

{{Short description|Mythical figures in Ayyavazhi mythology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Ayyavazhi}}
'''The Santror''' are the seven boys who were brought to life by using the seven seeds from seven upper worlds, by [[Thirumal]], to the [[Seven Virgins]] through their instrumentality, according to [[Ayyavazhi mythology]]. It also represents their descendants. According to [[Akilathirattu Ammanai]], it additionally represents one who lives with [[Dignity]].

'''Santror Makkal''' is an alternative name for The Santror, frequently used in [[Akilathirattu Ammanai]].

==Birth of Santror==
'''Santror Pirappu''' ('''The Birth of Santror'''): according to [[Ayyavazhi mythology]], [[Thirumal]], one of the [[three godheads (Ayyavazhi)|three godheads]], made Saptha Kanniyar<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|title=Sempiternal "Pattiṉi": Archaic Goddess of the vēṅkai-tree to Avant-garde Acaṉāmpikai|url=https://www.academia.edu/43913587|journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica | year=2020 |volume=8| issue=1 |pages=120–144| doi=10.23993/store.84803 | s2cid=226373749 |doi-access=free}}</ref> (seven virgins) give birth to seven boys. This event is described here.

The Seven Virgins were faithful devotees of [[Shiva|Sivan]]. They regularly served at his feet a lump of water that they could miraculously gather in their hands. This water came from the mythical river [[Ayotha Amirtha Gangai]] in which they bathed daily.

One day, Thirumal came upon these women and asked them to serve him instead of Sivan for a day. The women refused to his request, insisting they would only serve the all-powerful Sivan. Having been refused, Thirumal vowed to teach them a lesson while still fulfilling the divine plan of bringing forth his children through them. He then took seven seeds from the Seven Logas above. When the women left the river after their baths, he caused the gentle cold wind ([[Vayu]]) to blow and the rain ([[Varuna]]) to lightly fall. When the women were shivering, Thirumal appeared to them again, this time in the form of fire. The women immediately encircled the flame. Thirumal then placed the seven seeds inside the wombs of each of the women. They instantly conceived and delivered seven boys. They were called Santror Makkal.

Realizing that they were delayed in their service to Sivan, the women left the infants in the river in a fist of fear and rushed to gather the water. Yet they could only gather the water in the shape of a mere ball. It was then they realized that they had been deceived. Not only could they not serve the feet of Sivan but they also could not raise the boys. They undertook a rigorous Tavam and awaited the manifestation of Thirumal as [[Ayya Vaikundar]] in [[Kali Yukam]]. He had promised to marry them and to make their sons rulers of the land by destroying the [[Kalineesan]] and [[Kalimayai]].

==The Naming Ceremony of Santror==

In '''The Naming Ceremony of Santror''', [[Thirumal]], acting as a [[Pantaram]], made the [[Seven Virgins]], who were to give birth to seven boys using seven seeds from seven upper worlds. The seven sons were reared personally by Thirumal.

One day, a grand ceremony was organized for the naming of the children. The whole [[Hindu gods|pantheon of Gods and Goddesses]] attended the ceremony.

The eminent [[God]] Sivan/Iswaran ([[Shiva]]) gave them the first name as [[Chanars]] because, one of the characteristics of these people was ‘perseverance in seeking and obtaining even the invisible goal’. The sage Vetha ''([[Vethamuni]])'' gave a name as [[Santror]] to signify the characteristics of nobility and integrity, Thirumal called them as [[Natalvar]]. Similarly, other gods and goddesses gave them very prestigious titular names. Having named them with great attributes, all the deities sang lullabies in praise of their glory. [[Sarasvati]], the popular deity, praised them as children born with powers of knowledge, wisdom, and artistic skills and as the future kings who were going to rule the earth with justice, righteousness, and love.

==Feeding the children==

According to [[Ayyavazhi mythology]] the [[Santror Makkal]] born of [[Seven Virgins]] were named and after the [[The Naming ceremony of Santror|naming ceremony]], Shiva and Thirumal, wanting to feed the children with celestial nectar, commanded the celestial attendants to bring the same. When they went to bring the nectar, they found it emptied by a priest and his wife who while ‘dressing themselves as per the rules of the scriptures’, had been drinking the whole measures of nectar to their full. By this, they had increased the fat in their own body, depriving others of their share. When the celestial attendants reported this matter to [[Shiva]] and [[Thirumal]], the later rebuked the Priest and his wife, and made them grow as [[Palmyra]] trees on earth to feed his children perpetually by giving back the Celestial nectar in the form of [[Palm-juice]].

==Fostering the children==

Now, the illustrious deity [[Badrakali]], being commissioned by Isvaran to subdue [[Takkan]], a wicked ruler who had squeezed the labour of the people, stood in [[tavam]] to get the sons of Mayon (Thirumal) to support her in her battle. Granting the prayer, the children were entrusted to Badrakali to be fostered with full dignity and honour. She was warned that in case of any danger befalling the sons, she would be imprisoned once for all. Badrakali accepted the condition, and received the sons. As per the instruction of [[Isvaran]], she taught them various martial arts, occupational skills, and fine arts. The children grew into adults, made progress in different trades and occupations. They also became adept at fighting wars. Once they excelled in war, Badrakali took them to wage the war against Takkan, and in the war, they crushed the forces of the enemy with extraordinary courage and valour.

As the seven sons attained the age of marriage, Badrakali arranged for their marriage with the seven daughters of [[Nirupathirajan]], the famous king. The nuptial ceremony, being attended by the whole assembly of divinities, took place with all pomp and glory, having the brides and bridegrooms dressed in exquisite clothes and adorned with glistering ornaments. The couples lived happily under the tutelage of Badrakali and their progenies flourished. They undertook the trades of precious metals that earned them quite opulence. They excelled in martial prowess and were sought after by the kings of [[Chola]] kingdom. Even as they were living with fame and name, they drew their strength and courage from the milk they obtained from the palmyra tree that supported them. All these events took place during the last phase of the [[Dwapara Yukam]].

==See also==

* [[Ayyavazhi mythology]]
* [[List of Ayyavazhi-related articles]]
* [[Ayya Vaikundar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* G. Patrick, ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', University of Madras, 2003.
* Ari Sundara Mani, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', Ayya Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam, 2002.

{{Ayyavazhi large}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santror, The}}
[[Category:Ayyavazhi mythical figures]]

Himmatgarh, Amethi

2025-11-08T21:21:21Z

Tijusacademy: made initial post w/ refs

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Himmatgarh
| other_name =
| native_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| motto = 
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]|
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Gram Sabha]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| unit_pref = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3.909
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total = 1715
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank2_name =
| blank2_info = 
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 112
| postal_code_type = Postal Code
| postal_code = 227405
| blank3_name = [[Vehicle registration plate|Vehicle Registration]]
| blank3_info = UP-36
| blank_name = Telephone Code
| blank_info = +91 05368
| website =
| footnotes =
| native_name_lang =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.0929|81.7965|display=inline,title}}
| founder =
| named_for = [[Babu Himmat Sah]]
}}

'''Himmatgarh''' is a village in [[Amethi]] tehsil of [[Amethi district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,715 people, in 287 households.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himmatgarh Village in Amethi ( Amethi ) Uttar Pradesh {{!}} indiavillageinfo.com |url=https://www.indiavillageinfo.com/uttar-pradesh/amethi/himmatgarh-in-amethi |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.indiavillageinfo.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Himmatgarh Village Population - Amethi - Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/169351-himmatgarh-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Himmatgarh's elevation is about 112 metres (367 ft) above sea level. It is surrounded by [[Amethi|Amethi Block]] towards North, Sangipur Block towards west, [[Bhetua|Bhetua Block]] towards North, Sandwa Chandrika Block towards South.

The district headquarters at [[Amethi]] lie 10 kilometres to the west, while the state capital at [[Lucknow]] is 138 kilometres distant.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011 latest [[census]], Himmatgarh has a population of 1715 divided into 287 families. Male population is 865 and that of female is 850. Kohra has an average literacy rate of 67.44 percent compared to state average of 67.68 percent, male literacy is 82.95 percent, and female literacy is 51.15 percent. In Kohra, 11.90 percent of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref name=":0" />

{{stack|{{bar box
| title = Caste composition
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Caste
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]]|blue|13.82}}
{{bar percent|Others†|brown|86.18}}
| caption = Caste composition † [[Other Backward Class]] and [[Forward caste]].
}}}}

===Work profile===
Out of the total population, 513 are engaged in work or business activity. 58.09 percent of workers describe their work as main work, 132 are cultivators while 73 are agricultural labourers.<ref name=":0" />

== Transport ==
All kinds of road and railway facilities are easily accessible to reach Himmatgarh. [[Amethi railway station]] and Mishrauli railway station are the very nearby railway stations to Himmatgarh.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Amethi district]]

Satish Kumar (boxer)

2025-10-08T03:05:05Z

Tijusacademy: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox boxer (amateur)
| name = Satish Kumar Yadav
| image =
| image_size =
| full_name =
| nickname =
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|5|4}}
| birth_place = [[Bulandshahr]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| weight = [[Super heavyweight]] (+91 kg)
| height = {{convert|1.88|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (2014)
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[amateur boxing]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Boxing at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Boxing at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's +91 kg|Super heavyweight]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2015 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2015 Bangkok]]|Super heavyweight}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2019 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2019 Bangkok]]|Super heavyweight}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's super heavyweight|Super heavyweight]]}}
|module={{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| allegiance = {{Flag|India}}
| branch = {{Army|India}}
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[File:Subedar Major - Risaldar Major of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Subedar Major]]
| unit =
| awards = [[Arjuna Award]]
}}
}}

[[Subedar-major|Subedar Major]] '''Satish Kumar'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasibhatla |first=Aishwarya |date=2021-07-22 |title=Who is Satish Kumar? Age, Records, Biography, Medals, Earnings, Olympics performance. |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/boxing/who-satish-kumar-age-records-biography |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en}}</ref> (born 4 May, 1989) is an Indian [[amateur boxing|amateur boxer]] and a [[junior commissioned officer]] (JCO) of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Tokyo Olympics: Boxer Satish Kumar advances into the quarter-finals after beating Jamaica's Ricardo Brown|date=29 June 2021|url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/tokyo-olympics-boxer-satish-kumar-advances-into-the-quarter-finals-after-beating-jamaicas-ricardo-brown-401332/amp|publisher=Wion|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> He won the bronze medal at the [[2014 Asian Games]] at Incheon in the [[super heavyweight]] category<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Games 2014: Satish Kumar fails to advance, settles for bronze in 91 kg boxing|date=2 October 2014|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/asian-games-2014-satish-kumar-fails-to-advance-settles-for-bronze-in-91-kg-boxing/|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref> and silver at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]]. He is the first Indian boxer to qualify for the Olympics in the super heavyweight category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/news/detail/asian-boxing-olympic-qualifiers-india-lovlina-borgohain-ashish-satish-kumar/ |title=Lovlina, Ashish and Satish earn their Olympics berth |work=Olympic Channel |accessdate=9 March 2020|date=11 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=Tokyo Olympics : 'आर्मी मैन' बॉक्सर सतीश यादव के परिवार को भी उम्मीद, टोक्यो में जीतेंगे गोल्ड |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/sports/others-tokyo-olympics-heavy-weight-boxer-satish-kumar-yadav-family-members-hopes-he-will-win-gold-3676138.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satish Kumar Tokyo Olympics 2021 - Satish Kumar Wiki, Family, Career Info & Achievements |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/satish-kumar |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born to a farmer in [[Bulandshahr]] who had four sons, Satish Kumar wanted to join the army like his elder brother did. He did so in 2008 as a Sepoy and moved to [[Ranikhet]], where he was spotted for his height during a boxing camp and was urged to give the sport a try.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=History-maker Satish Kumar at the nation's service |url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/indian-boxer-satish-kumar-tokyo-olympics-super-heavyweight-army/ |accessdate=1 May 2020 |work=Olympic Channel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/news/detail/indian-boxer-satish-kumar-wwe-undertaker-john-cena/ |title=How Satish Kumar blurred the lines between WWE and boxing |work=Olympic Channel |accessdate=9 May 2020|date=11 May 2020 }}</ref>

== Awards ==
He was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/national-sports-awards-2018-full-list-of-winners-of-khel-ratna-arjuna-awards-dronacharya-awards/article25038907.ece|title=National Sports Awards 2018|work= The Hindu|date=25 September 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{AIBA|satish-kumar-91kg}}
* [http://www.incheon2014.kr/Sports/Biographies/Athletes_Profile/?ParticCode=5115550&lang=en Profile at incheon2014.kr]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Satish}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in boxing]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games boxers for India]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic boxers for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Boxers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr]]
[[Category:Super-heavyweight boxers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in boxing]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games boxers for India]]
{{India-boxing-bio-stub}}

S R Mahadeva Prasanna

2025-10-05T00:58:41Z

Tijusacademy: made basic info needs work - done

S. R. M. Prasanna (born 8 July 1971), a [[Senior Members of the IEEE|Senior Member of the IEEE]], presently holds the position of [[Director (education)|Director]] at the [[IIIT Dharwad|Indian Institute of Information Technology Dharwad]], [[India]] from May 2024 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. S.R. Mahadeva Prasanna, Professor IIT, Dharwad Karnataka. {{!}} Government of India, Ministry of Education |url=https://www.education.gov.in/dr-sr-mahadeva-prasanna-professor-iit-dharwad-karnataka |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=www.education.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pati |first1=Debadatta |last2=Mahadeva Prasanna |first2=Sr |date=2010 |title=Speaker Recognition from Excitation Source Perspective |url=http://tr.ietejournals.org/text.asp?2010/27/2/138/60167 |journal=IETE Technical Review |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=138 |doi=10.4103/0256-4602.60167 |doi-broken-date=10 September 2025 |doi-access=free|s2cid=61332039 |issn=0256-4602|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Career ==
Prior to his current role, he served as a [[Professor]] (2017-2024) in the Department of [[Electrical]], [[Electronics]] and [[Communication]] [[Engineering]] at [[IIIT Dharwad|Indian Institute of Information Technology Dharwad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIIT Dharwad |url=https://sites.google.com/iitdh.ac.in/prasanna/home |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=sites.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Before this as [[Professor]] (2012-2017), [[Associate Professor]](2007-2012), and an [[Assistant Professor]](2004-2007) within the Department of [[Electronics]] and [[Electrical Engineering]] at [[IIT Guwahati]] in [[Guwahati]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. R. M. Prasanna, a Senior Member of the IEEE |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37338244500}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-06 |title=IBM to collaboratye with IIT-Guwahati for SUR |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wire-news/-1221351.html |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> His work has garnered more than 5800 citations, with a H-Index of 38.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S R Mahadeva Prasanna |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=gakbTtAAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=scholar.google.co.in}}</ref> He has completed his PhD, [[IIT Madras]], 2004, M.tech, [[NITK Surathkal]] (then KREC Surathkal), 1997 B.tech,[[SSIT Tumakuru]] (then with [[Bangalore University]]), 1994.

== Awards ==
* President of India National Award for Teachers (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=President of India Confers National Awards on Teachers |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1954994 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Teachers' Day: President Murmu to confer 75 educators with National Awards |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/teachers-day-president-murmu-to-confer-75-educators-with-national-awards-2670646 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-02 |title=National Award To Teachers: 13 Professors To Be Awarded On Sept 5 |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/national-award-to-teachers-13-professors-to-be-awarded-on-sept-5-8560173.html |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Books authored ==
* Speech, Audio, Image and Biomedical Signal Processing using Neural Networks. Publisher: [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] (2008)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2008 |editor-last=Prasad |editor-first=Bhanu |editor2-last=Prasanna |editor2-first=S. R. Mahadeva |title=Speech, Audio, Image and Biomedical Signal Processing using Neural Networks |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-540-75398-8 |journal=Studies in Computational Intelligence |volume=83 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-75398-8 |isbn=978-3-540-75397-1 |issn=1860-949X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Bhanu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxdqCQAAQBAJ&dq=S+R+Mahadeva+Prasanna&pg=PR1 |title=Speech, Audio, Image and Biomedical Signal Processing using Neural Networks |last2=Prasanna |first2=S. R. M. |date=2007-12-25 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-75398-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* Advances in Communication and Computing (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering). Publisher: [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] (2016)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Advances in Communication and Computing |series=Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering |date=2015 |editor-last=Bora |editor-first=Prabin Kumar |editor2-last=Prasanna |editor2-first=S R Mahadeva |editor3-last=Sarma |editor3-first=Kandarpa Kumar |editor4-last=Saikia |editor4-first=Navajit |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-81-322-2464-8 |volume=347 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-81-322-2464-8 |isbn=978-81-322-2463-1 |s2cid=62907446 |issn=1876-1100|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Speech and Computer. Publisher: [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] (2023)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/9783031483110 |title=Speech and Computer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=S R Mahadeva Prasanna |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=gakbTtAAAAAJ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasanna, S R Mahadeva}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rashtriya Swabhiman Party

2025-09-29T10:00:04Z

Tijusacademy: slightly cleaned up content for clarity and corrected details to improve readability

{{Notability|Organisations|date=September 2025}}{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Rashtriya Swabhiman Party''' (RSP) is a [[political party]] in [[India]], previously known as '''Lok Parivartan Party''' (LPP). Some of the members from the group are related to the '''Bahujan Samaj Swabhiman Sangharsh Samiti''' (BS-4).

LPP was formed by R.K. Chowdhury and B.R. Verma (former speaker in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] assembly), two leading members of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], (BSP). However, Chowdhury was forced out of BSP in 1998.

BS-4/RSP claim to represent the political current of [[Kanshi Ram]], and claim that Kanshi Ram is more or less held captive by current Bahujan Samaj Party supremo [[Mayawati]].

In the 2002 [[Uttar Pradesh]] state legislative assembly elections, LPP contested as an ally on [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], (BJP). BJP allotted two seats for LPP, and one elected for Chowdhury. It merged with Congress on 5 April 2019.

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040409160017/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/30/stories/2004033002731100.htm ''The Hindu'']

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:Dalit politics]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2019]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Thakar (tribe)

2025-09-09T14:25:45Z

Tijusacademy:

{{Short description|Adivasi of Maharashtra}}

'''Thaker''' is an [[Adivasi]] [[tribe]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. This tribe was originally living in hilly areas of Maharashtra and is now also found scattered all over the Maharashtra state of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tribhuwan |first=Robin D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfOa19WlWLAC&dq=Thakar+tribe&pg=PA45 |title=Tribal Housing Issues |date=2005 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-917-3 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=45: Nagewadi is a hamlet exclusively inhabited by the '''Thaker tribe''', in pathraj village of Karjat tahsil in Raigad district of Maharashtra |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bone |first=Omprakash S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jis8EAAAQBAJ&dq=Thaker+tribe&pg=PT109 |title=Milestone of Mannewar Tribe |date=2021-08-02 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63957-570-1 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=The petitioner was issued a caste certificate by the Sub-Divisional Officer, Baramati, District Pune on 15th December, 2000 certifying that the petitioner belongs to Hindu '''Thaker Scheduled Tribe'''. The petitioner was appointed as Animal |language=en}}</ref>
(Not to be confused with Thakar)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tribal communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Griet

2025-09-08T19:31:52Z

Tijusacademy:

'''Griet''' may mean:
* An Afrikaans term used for shock.
* Another name for a [[Godwit]].
* Griet, a fictional horse in the South African children's TV series ''[[Liewe Heksie]]''
* A Dutch feminine given name, short for [[Margarita (given name)|Margarita]] (see [[Grietje]])
* [[Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology]], in India.

{{dab}}

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 2

2025-09-06T01:51:41Z

Tijusacademy:

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 2
| image = Bigg-boss2.jpg
| image_alt = 445
| bgcolour = #006161
| caption = Title card of season 2
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Shilpa Shetty]]
| num_days = 97
| num_housemates = 15
| winner = [[Ashutosh Kaushik]]
| runner_up = [[Raja Chaudhary]]
}}
| num_episodes = 99
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|08|17}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2008|11|22}}
| episode_list =
}}
'''''Bigg Boss 2''''', also known as '''''Bigg Boss 2: Iss Nazar Se Kaun Bachega''''', is the second season of the Indian [[reality television|reality TV]] programme ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''. Hosted by Bollywood actress and producer [[Shilpa Shetty]], the second season began airing on 21 August 2008 on [[Colors (Tv channel)|Colors TV]]. The housemates, considered strangers to each other, spent 98 days locked up together under one roof under the 24×7 supervision of 32 cameras fitted around the ''Bigg Boss'' house.

On the second day of the show, the [[British people|British]] guest on exchange in the house, [[Jade Goody]], walked out of the ''Bigg Boss'' house due to the revelation that she had developed [[cancer]]. On Day 30 of the show, an additional entry to the house was made in the form of [[Diana Hayden]], who was the fifteenth contestant of the reality game show.<ref name="dianaentry">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=82711 |title=Diana Hayden enters BB2 house |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |access-date=2008-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009192913/http://www.biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=82711 |archive-date=9 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The show topped the rating charts in its last week due to a voluntary exit by a popular housemate, [[Rahul Mahajan]].

The season lasted for 98 continuous days in total,<ref name="fe">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/bigg-boss-season-2-gets-bigger-on-colors/345818/0|title=Bigg Boss gets bigger|date=7 August 2008 |publisher=The Financial Express|access-date=2008-10-10}}</ref> ending with the finale on 22 November 2008. [[Ashutosh Kaushik]] emerged as the winner with an award of Rs. 1 crore. [[Raja Chaudhary]] was the runner-up of the show. Rahul Mahajan won the Aveo UVA car as he was selected as the {{lang|hi|Bada Dilwala}} (One with big heart) of the show.

== Production ==
[[File:Shetty Shilpa.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Shilpa Shetty]] became the new host for the series.]]
The show is based on the ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]'' format developed by John de Mol. A number of contestants (known as "housemates") lived in a [[bespoke|purpose-built]] house and were isolated from the rest of the world. Each week, housemates nominated two of their peers for eviction, and the housemates who received the most nominations would face a public [[vote]]. Of these, one would eventually leave, having been "evicted" from the House. However, there were exceptions to this process as dictated by ''Bigg Boss''. In the final week, there were three housemates remaining, and the public voted for who they wanted to win.

Tasks were set by ''Bigg Boss'' each week. The housemates were allowed to gamble on task outcomes and were rewarded with extra money to order more supplies if they won.

==Housemates status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff;" | Status
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | Ashutosh
| Day 1
| Day 90
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| Day 90
| Day 97
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| rowspan="2" | Raja
| Day 1
| Day 90
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| Day 91
| Day 97
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3
| rowspan="2" | Zulfi
| Day 1
| Day 90
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| Day 91
| Day 97
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" | Rahul
| Day 1
| Day 90
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| Day 91
| Day 93
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 5
| rowspan="2" | Monica
| Day 1
| Day 19
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 49
| Day 89
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 6
| Diana
| Day 30
| Day 78
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 7
| Debojit
| Day 1
| Day 70
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Ehsaan
| Day 1
| Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 9
| rowspan="2" | Payal
| Day 1
| Day 54
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 78
| Day 84
| {{Guest}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 10
| rowspan="2" | Sambhavna
| Day 1
| Day 47
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 78
| Day 84
| {{Guest}}
|-
| 11
| Alina
| Day 1
| Day 33
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Ketki
| Day 1
| Day 26
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Rakhi
| Day 1
| Day 12
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Sanjay
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Jade
| Day 1
| Day 2
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|}

== Housemates ==
===Original entrants===
The participants in the order of appearance and entrance in the house are:
*[[Ketki Dave]] – Television actress.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contestant profile: Ketaki Dave |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082850/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=4 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |df=dmy}}</ref> She is popular for her role of Daksha Virani in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s show ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''.
*[[Zulfi Syed]] – Model and actor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contestant profile: Zulfi Syed |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082916/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=8 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |df=dmy}}</ref> He starred in Akbar Khan's ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story|Taj Mahal]]'' and the controversial movie "Deshdrohi". Zulfi also played small roles in other Bollywood movies.
*[[Raja Chaudhary]] – Actor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contestant profile: Raja Choudhary |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082844/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=3 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |df=dmy}}</ref> He has appeared in many [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] films. He was in a controversial relationship with [[Shweta Tiwari]] whom he later divorced.
*[[Monica Bedi]] – Actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=1|title=Contestant profile: Monika Bedi|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082807/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=1|archive-date=22 August 2008|access-date=2008-09-28|df=dmy}}</ref> She is a former starlet and the widow of underworld don [[Abu Salem]]. She appeared in movies like ''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No. 1]]'', ''[[Jaanam Samjha Karo]]'' and ''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]''.
*[[Rahul Mahajan]] – Political leader.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contestant profile: Rahul Mahajan |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082920/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=9 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |df=dmy}}</ref> He is a former pilot and the only son of politician [[Pramod Mahajan]]. He was reportedly admitted to a hospital for drugs overdose right after his father's death in May 2006. In a more recent controversy, his newly wedded wife Shweta claimed that she was being abused by Rahul. In August 2008, two weeks before him joining Bigg Boss they got divorced.
*[[Rakhi Vijan]] – Actress<ref>{{cite web |title=Contestant profile: Rakhi Vijan |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927011321/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=5 |archive-date=27 September 2008 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website}}</ref> She is known for her roles in the show ''[[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]]'' and film ''[[Golmaal Returns]]''.
*[[Sambhavna Seth]] – Actress and Item girl.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contestant profile: Sambhavna Seth |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082909/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=7 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |df=dmy}}</ref>
*[[Ahsaan Qureshi|Ehsaan Qureshi]] – Stand-up comedian.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contestant profile: Ahsaan Qureshi |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082902/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=6 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |df=dmy}}</ref> He participated in the reality show ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'' and became a finalist.
*Alina Wadiwala – Model.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contestant profile: Elina Wadiwala |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082821/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=12 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |df=dmy}}</ref>
*[[Payal Rohatgi]] – Model and actress.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contestant profile: Payal Rohatgi |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082811/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=10 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |df=dmy}}</ref> She has appeared in films like ''[[Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?]]'', ''[[36 China Town]]'' and ''[[Heyy Babyy]]''. She participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 1]]''.
*[[Debojit Saha]] – Singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=14|title=Contestant profile: Debojit Saha|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082833/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=14|archive-date=22 August 2008|access-date=2008-09-28|df=dmy}}</ref> He participated and became the winner of [[Zee TV]]'s singing reality show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005]]''.
*[[Ashutosh Kaushik]] – Model and reality TV actor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contestant profile: Ashutosh Kaushik |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082816/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=11 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |df=dmy}}</ref> He participated and became the winner of ''[[MTV Roadies]]'' in 2007.
*[[Sanjay Nirupam]] – Politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=2|title=Contestant profile: Sanjay Nirupam|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082837/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=2|archive-date=22 August 2008|access-date=2008-09-28|df=dmy}}</ref> He is a politician and a member of the [[Congress (I)]] Party.
*[[Jade Goody]] – British television personality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jadehousevn.com |title=Contestant profile: Jade Goody |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |access-date=2008-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082828/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=13 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> She participated in the reality show ''[[Big Brother (UK series 3)|Big Brother UK 3]]'' (2002). She later participated in ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother]]'' in its fifth season where she was in an international racist controversy after she bullied fellow housemate [[Shilpa Shetty]], along with two other contestants [[Danielle Lloyd]] and [[Jo O'Meara]]. She died in March 2009 due to [[cervical cancer]].

===Wild card entrants===
*[[Diana Hayden]] – Model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=15 |title=Contestant profile: Diana Hayden |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |access-date=2008-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925114938/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=15 |archive-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1350582/|title=Diana Hayden at IMDb|publisher=IMDb website|access-date=2008-09-28}}</ref> She became the winner of [[Miss World]] and runner up of [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] in 1997.

==Guest appearances==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: white; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#B00000; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week
! style="background:#B00000; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Day
! style="background:#B00000; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Guest(s)
! style="background:#B00000; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Purpose of Visit
! style="background:#B00000; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Ref(s)
|-
! 1
! Day 5
| [[Tusshar Kapoor]] & [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| To promote their film ''[[C Kkompany]]''
|
|-
! 2
! Day 12
| [[Anupam Kher]]
| To promote his film ''[[Tahaan]]''
|
|-
! 3
! Day 19
| [[Rajniesh Duggal]] & [[Adah Sharma]]
| To promote their film ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]''
|
|-
! 4
! Day 26
| [[Amrita Rao]]
| To promote her film ''[[Welcome to Sajjanpur]]''
|
|-
! 5
! Day 33
| Sania Wadiwala
| To surprise and support sister Alina
| <ref name="Sambhavna ditched me">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=83941 |title=Sambhavna ditched me |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |access-date=2008-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926052139/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=83941 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! 6
! Day 40
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| To promote his film ''[[Drona (2008 film)|Drona]]''
| <ref name="abhishek">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=84921 |title=Abhishek Bachchan on BB2 |publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website |access-date=2008-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927010838/http://www.biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=84921 |archive-date=27 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! 7
! Day 47
| [[Sohail Khan]]
| To promote his film ''[[Hello (2008 film)|Hello]]''
|
|-
! 8
! Day 54
| [[Urmila Matondkar]]
| To promote her film ''[[Karzzzz]]''
|
|-
! 9
! Day 61
| [[Salman Khan]] & [[Preity Zinta]]
| To promote their film ''[[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]]''
|
|-
! 10
! Day 69
| [[Ajay Devgan]] & [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| To promote their film ''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
|
|-
! 11
! Day 76
| [[Arjun Rampal]] & [[Malaika Arora]]
| To promote their film ''[[EMI (film)|EMI - Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega]]''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 12
! Days 78–84
| [[Payal Rohatgi]] & Sambhavna Seth
| Special appearances
|
|-
! Day 82
| [[Karan Johar]], [[John Abraham]] & [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| To promote their film ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | 13
! rowspan="3" | Days 87–88
| Shakuntala Bedi (Monica's mother)
| rowspan="3" | To see their loved ones on Family Week
|
|-
| [[Poonam Mahajan]] (Rahul's sister)
|
|-
| Biquar Syed (Zufli's brother)
|
|-
! Day 89
| [[Salman Khan]] & [[Katrina Kaif]]
| To promote their film ''[[Yuvvraaj]]''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 14
! Day 96
| [[Ravi Kishan]]
| Special appearance
|
|-
! Day 97
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
| To promote his film ''[[Jumbo (2008 film)|Jumbo]]''
|
|}

==Weekly summary==
The main events in the house are summarised in the table below. A typical week began with nominations, followed by the shopping task, and then the eviction of a housemate during the Saturday episode. Evictions, tasks, and other events for a particular week are noted in order of sequence.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:20px;"
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 1
| '''Entrances''' ||
* '''Day 1:''' [[Ketki Dave|Ketki]], [[Zulfi Syed|Zulfi]], [[Raja Chaudhary|Raja]], [[Monica Bedi|Monica]], [[Rahul Mahajan|Rahul]], [[Rakhi Vijan|Rakhi]], Sambhavna, [[Ahsaan Qureshi|Ehsaan]], Alina, [[Payal Rohatgi|Payal]], [[Debojit Saha|Debojit]], [[Ashutosh Kaushik|Ashutosh]], [[Sanjay Nirupam|Sanjay]] and [[Jade Goody|Jade]] entered the main house.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 2:''' Bigg Boss announced the first nominations where the housemates have to go in the confession room and tell which two housemates they would like to nominate to evict. Jade and Payal both safe as they both won immunity task so no housemate nominated them. As a result; Raja and Sanjay were nominated for this the first week's eviction.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Truth or Dare'''
* The housemates were asked by Bigg Boss to sit and form a circle and spin an arrow for the task of paying the game Truth or Dare. The person towards whom the arrow points, has to either answer a question posed by the opposite person or do a daring task set by him/her.
|-
| '''Reward''' ||
* After winning the first task, Jade and Payal were saved from eviction.
|-
| '''Twists''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Exits'''||
* '''Day 2:''' [[Jade Goody]] walked out of the house after hearing about her cancer.
* '''Day 5:''' [[Sanjay Nirupam]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 2
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 8:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Rahul and Rakhi were nominated for the second week's eviction.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Janmastami'''
* Aligning with the actual celebrations of [[Krishna Janmastami]], Bigg Boss directed all housemates to celebrate the festival inside the house also. Rahul and Payal were appointed as [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]] respectively, and the rest were to rever them and provide ''seva''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=77491|title=Task of Janmastami|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912152829/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=77491|archive-date=12 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| '''Punishments''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 12:''' [[Rakhi Vijan]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=78571|title=Rakhi Vijan evicted|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912162925/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=78571|archive-date=12 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 3
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 15:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Monica and Rahul were nominated for the third week's eviction.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Sarkar'''
* Housemates were asked by Bigg Boss to vote for and form a ''Sarkar'' (government) within the house by contesting an election between any two housemates with the help of one supporter each. Sambhavna and Raja were selected by the members as the two candidates. Ahsaan was chosen as a supported by Raja, and Rahul became the supporter of Sambhavna. The task was successful and Raja got elected as the leader and was called ''Sarkar Raja''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=79361|title=It's election time|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912204730/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=79361|archive-date=12 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
: '''Bigg Boss Song''':
* Bigg Boss gave all house mates a task of composing a song for Bigg Boss Season 2 where Ahsaan, a poet and stand-up comic, was asked to write the lyrics and Debojit, a singer by profession, was to compose and sing the song along with the rest of the housemates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=79791|title=Debojit composes Bigg Boss 2 song|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013031441/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=79791|archive-date=13 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* Ashutosh, Alina and Sambhavana were not allowed to nominate this week as punishment from Bigg Boss for breaking house rules.
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* ''Open nominations'': In a surprising move for all housemates, Bigg Boss decided to have the nomination process in the group where each member had to nominate two people for eviction and also state reasons for doing so.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 19:''' [[Monica Bedi]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=80141|title=It is 'Exit Monica'|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013031451/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=80141|archive-date=13 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 4
| '''Entrances''' ||
* '''Day 29:''' [[Diana Hayden]] entered as the first wild card entrant.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 22:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Alina, Ketki, Payal and Zulfi were nominated for the fourth week's eviction.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Pathshala'''
* Bigg Boss directed all housemates towards a three-day task of creating a ''Pathshala'' (school) in the house. Alina, Rahul, Raja, Sambhavna and Zulfi were to role-play of school children. The remaining housemates were to play the role of teachers. Ketaki was appointed vice-principal and was a PT teacher, Ehsaan was the teacher for Hindi literature, Debojit played the role of music teacher and Payal was appointed as dancing teacher. Ashutosh was appointed by Bigg Boss as the principal of the school. For three days all students were to participate in at least one class every day by each teacher. The third day was set as the day of the exam, where the best student was to be awarded. Sambhavna was unanimously selected as the best student by all teachers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=81631|title=Sambhavna is the best student|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922015516/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=81631|archive-date=22 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* Through the successful weekly task of being the leader Bigg Boss gave Raja a special privilege to name one person who would be nominated for eviction for week four irrespective of nomination vote-count.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=79491|title=Sarkar Raja|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913025125/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=79491|archive-date=13 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 26:''' [[Ketki Dave]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=81801|title=Ketaki is out of BB2|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915232546/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=81801|archive-date=15 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 5
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 30:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Alina, Raja and Sania were nominated for the fifth week's eviction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ketki-zulfi-alina-payal-nominated-eviction|title=Alina, Raja and Sania nominated for eviction|date=14 September 2008}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Kabaddi'''
* Bigg Boss assigns [[Kabaddi]] day task to the housemates. He informs them that for this, they have to form two teams with four members each and select one person as a referee. Furthermore the captain of the winning team in every round will get Rs 500. And all this will take place in the garden area but since it is raining, they can do this in the gym area. Sambhavana is the captain of the team composed of Raja, Zulfi and Debojit whereas Rahul is the captain of the team composed of Payal, Ashutosh and Alina.<ref name="Rahul n Raja fight over Payal">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=82281|title=Rahul n Raja fight over Payal|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011144723/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=82281|archive-date=11 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
: '''Paani Bachao'''
* Bigg Boss calls Ashutosh in the confession room and gives the task. The task assigned is 'Paani Bachao', a weekly and 24 hours task. A tank full of water has been provided to the housemates in the garden area. The tank has 4 holes and four stoppers. Once the stopper is removed, the same stopper cannot be put back again. The housemates will have to stop the water from leaking by putting their fingers inside the holes. So at any given time, 4 housemates will have guard the tank and cover the holes with fingers. The tank has various levels starting from 20 till 100. As the water leaks, the weekly budget will reduce. In the end, the weekly budget will be decided on the basis on the water left in the tanker till what level.<ref name="Rahul n Raja fight over Payal"/>
: '''Kam Se Kam Isko Toh Bachao'''
* Bigg Boss calls Diana in the confession room and assigns the task ''Kam Se Kam Isko Toh Bachao''.<ref name="dianaentry" />
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* '''Bigg Boss declare open nominations''': Bigg Boss also informs the housemates that since few members broke rules last time, the repercussion of this will be seen today. To everyone's surprise, Bigg Boss declare open nominations, wherein each housemate will have to declare their votes in front of the entire housemates.<ref name="Rahul n Raja fight over Payal"/>
* During a heated verbal exchange between Sambhavna and Raja a day prior to nomination day, Bigg Boss found Raja guilty of breaking important house rules on the account of use of foul language. As a warning to all housemates and as a penalty for Raja, Bigg Boss himself nominated Raja for eviction and banned him from using his nomination right for week five.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=82651|title=Raja makes Sambhavna cry|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001214727/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=82651|archive-date=1 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* Sana, Elina Wadiwala's twin sister, was sent into the house as a guest by briefly swapping her with Alina. Both sisters are [[identical twins]].<ref name="Sambhavna ditched me"/>
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 33:''' Alina Wadiwala was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=83281|title=Alina Wadiwala evicted.|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922015527/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=83281|archive-date=22 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 6
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 36:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Rahul and Raja were nominated for the sixth week's eviction. Rahul was already nominated after breaking the rules.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Sing 'n' Dance'''
* Bigg Boss sent in the Sing n Dance task where each housemate has to dance on a song assigned to him/her along with a partner and a prop. The song assigned to the members is as follows:<ref name="Its Sing 'n' Dance at BB2">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=84071|title=Its Sing 'n' Dance at BB2|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928105509/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=84071|archive-date=28 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Housemate
! style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Song Danced On
! style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Prop
|-
! Ashutosh
| Bhole Bhali Ladki
| Broom
|-
! Debojit
| Pehli Nazar Mein
| Guitar
|-
! Diana
| Yeh Ladka Hai Allah
| Pom Pom
|-
! Ehsaan
| Hai Huku Hai Huku
| Umbrella
|-
! Payal
| Jab Pyaar Kiya Toh Darna Kya
| Magic Wand
|-
! Rahul
| Piya Tu Ab Toh Aaja
| Brush
|-
! Raja
| Aa Dehken Zara
| Matki
|-
! Sambhavna
| Chamma Chamma
| Hoola Hoop
|-
! Zulfi
| Pappu Can't Dance Saala
| Skate Board
|}

: '''Bonfire'''
* On the evening of day 40 housemates were asked to arrange for a bonfire party in the garden area around a camp-fire and dance to the tunes played by Bigg Boss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=85181|title=Is Raja Out?|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929042227/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=85181|archive-date=29 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| '''Other Tasks''' ||
* To play pool volleyball in a game of three sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzz18.com/photos/bigg-boss-2/bigg-boss-2s-pool-party/84161/1|title=Bigg Boss 2's pool party|publisher=Buzz18 Bigg Boss 2 parent website|access-date=2008-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009040844/http://www.buzz18.com/photos/bigg-boss-2/bigg-boss-2s-pool-party/84161/1|archive-date=9 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* To arrange for a dancing competition by creating three teams, one each under the three female housemates.
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* The night before the nomination day, Rahul disconnected the loudspeakers from men's bedroom. Raja raised the protest to Bigg Boss citing Rahul's act as a violation of an important house-rule and demanded similar penalty as he was given the week before for a house-rule violation. Bigg Boss found Rahul guilty. Bigg Boss himself nominated Rahul and he was also banned from voting for week six.<ref name="Its Sing 'n' Dance at BB2"/>
* Sambhavna and Diana did not participate in the given task of pool Volleyball. Zulfi and Ehsaan decided to overrule Bigg Boss for their assigned roles in the task. Bigg Boss penalised them by sending in a dummy, called Mr. Rathod, and asking these four of entertain the dummy by dancing before him for one whole day. The four took turns for dancing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=84451|title=Who is Mr. Rathod|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929015439/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=84451|archive-date=29 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Rahul was penalised for complaining of pain in the legs and so not participating in the weekly tasks. Bigg Boss sent in a wheelchair for Rahul and asked him to use it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=84991|title=Rahul in a wheelchair|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927010847/http://www.biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=84991|archive-date=27 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* '''Fake eviction:'''<ref name="fakevic">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=84111|title=Rahul and Raja in dumping zone (Fake eviction)|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926052144/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=84111|archive-date=26 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Although Rahul and Raja were nominated to face the public vote for eviction, in reality the voting lines remained close for the sixth week. Bigg Boss decided to change the formate of the show by introducing "fake eviction" where Bigg Boss would select one of the two nominated people to be evicted and reintroduced into the house. The person would undergo the normal eviction process, but after meeting with show anchor Shilpa outside, the member would be re-entered into the house immediately. For the first two days, however, the person would be kept in isolation in a secret room from where the person would be able to watch other house-mates without them knowing. The member would then be reintroduced into the main house with the rest of house-mates once the nomination process for week seven is over. On the day of eviction, Bigg Boss selected Raja to undergo fake eviction. All housemates, including Raja, remained unaware of this change of format. Raja was told of his re-entry only after he was first evicted from the house by Bigg Boss.
* On day 40 Abhishek Bachchan was sent into the Bigg Boss house as a guest. The (fake) eviction process for the week was carried out through him.<ref name="abhishek" />
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 40:''' [[Raja Chaudhary]] was announced evicted after facing the public votes. But later he entered the secret room for few days and was announced as a fake eviction hence there was no eviction in the sixth week.<ref name="fakevic" />
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 7
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 43:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Ashutosh, Debojit and Sambhavna were nominated for the seventh week's eviction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.masala.com/news/ashutosh-debojit-and-sambhavna-nominated-7189|title=Ashutosh, Debojit and Sambhavna nominated|newspaper=Masala.com |date=1 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Releasing Balloons with Messages'''
* Bigg Boss asked all housemates to blow in total 3000 balloons using Helium gas and release them in batches of 500 balloons at a time along with messages. The helium gas tank and other material was provided.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=86341|title=Sambhavana on revenge mode|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004221134/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=86341|archive-date=4 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
: '''Statue of Bigg Boss'''
* Bigg Boss urged the housemates to use their imagination and create a statue of Bigg Boss as they see him from inside the house.
: '''Eid celebrations'''
* Bigg Boss arranged for cooking for a special feast for the housemates on the occasion of [[Eid ul-Fitr]] on Oct 2. Housemates prepared special meals in the garden area. All housemates, especially Zulfi and Ahsaan, sent Eid greetings to their respective families through Bigg Boss.
|-
| '''Punishments''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* '''Raja makes a re-entry:'''<ref name="fakevic" /> After spending three nights and two days in the secret room, Raja was reintroduced into the Bigg Boss house on Monday morning after the nominations for week seven were over. All housemates, including Raja, remain unaware that Raja's eviction the previous Friday was a "fake eviction", and considers his re-entry as a wild-card entry which normally is given to an evicted member.
* On day 47 the eviction process was managed by Bigg Boss himself. The show hostess Shilpa Shetty normally anchors the eviction process from the studio along with invited guests of the show. On day 47, however, Shilpa remained absent, and the show was not anchored from the studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14773970|title=Why Shilpa was missing from BB2|website=Sify.com movies|access-date=2008-10-10| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081011232615/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14773970| archive-date= 11 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 47:''' Sambhavna Seth was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=86411|title=Sambhavana Seth evicted!|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-04| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081004221139/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=86411| archive-date= 4 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 8
| '''Entrances''' ||
* '''Day 49:''' [[Monica Bedi]] re-entered the house as a wild card entrant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=87341|title=Monica Bedi gets a Wild Card entry!|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-10| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081010125912/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=87341| archive-date= 10 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 50:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Payal, Rahul and Raja were nominated for the eighth week's eviction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.masala.com/news/rahul-raja-and-payal-nominated-7305|title=Rahul, Raja and Payal nominated|newspaper=Masala.com |date=6 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Modern Family Drama - Shaq Ki Sui'''
* Bigg Boss gives the housemates this week's weekly task as they will have to perform a "Modern Family Drama" for an audience in the age group of 12–50 years. The housemates named their drama ''Shaq Ki Sui'' meaning "A needle of doubt". The task demands that every housemate should have a prominent role and that the drama should demonstrate different kind of emotions. Also, there should be 2 songs in the drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masala.com/7267-bigg-boss-october-6---preview|title=The weekly nominations and a new task... |publisher=Masala.com website|access-date=2008-10-10| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081009012558/http://www.masala.com/7267-bigg-boss-october-6---preview| archive-date= 9 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
: '''Ehsaan's secret tasks'''
* Earlier in the week Bigg Boss called Ahsaan in the confession room and set him two tasks that he must perform in secrecy without the knowledge of other housemates. Bigg Boss gave Ahsaan a digital still camera and expected him to capture a front-profile of each and every housemate present in the house during that week. Ahsaan was to return the camera back to Bigg Boss by Wednesday night or earlier after the task was done. As a second secret task, Bigg Boss asked Ahsaan to keep a watch on adherence of the rule book within the house and draw Bigg Boss's attention towards any event that might have indicated breaking of important house-rules by other housemates (such as discussion of nomination strategy). Ahsaan was to alert Bigg Boss by tugging at his own collars. When asked, Bigg Boss informed him that both the tasks were mandatory, and if successful Ahsaan would be rewarded for it, else punished. Bigg Boss also expected Ahsaan to give articulated report of the daily happenings to him in the confession room. Later Ahsaan submitted the camera back to Bigg Boss claiming the task was done successfully.<ref name="rahtri">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=87851|title=Rahul's triangular love story|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-10| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081010014716/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=87851| archive-date= 10 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
: '''Dandiya'''
* On the occasion of [[Navratri|Dasara]], Bigg Boss gives the housemates opportunity to play [[dandiya]].<ref name="rahtri"/>
|-
| '''Punishments''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 54:''' [[Payal Rohatgi]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=88091|title=Payal Rohatgi chucked out!|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-10| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081012062457/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=88091| archive-date= 12 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 9
| '''Nominations'''||
* '''Day 57:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Ashutosh, Debojit and Ehsaan were nominated for the ninth week's eviction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.masala.com/tv-reviews/ashutosh-debojit-and-ehsaan-nominated-7548|title=Ashutosh, Debojit and Ehsaan nominated|date=13 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Making of Diwali Diya's'''
* Bigg Boss assigned the housemates the task of making 2000 [[Diya (light)|Diyas]] (clay lamp).<ref name="diya">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=89101|title=Are Diana-Ashutosh a couple?|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-17| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081017073836/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=89101| archive-date= 17 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* Diana was punished by Bigg Boss for not being careful of wearing the microphone all the time despite reminders and warnings. Bigg Boss called her in the confession room and gave her the punishment of not speaking with any of the housemates until Bigg Boss advices otherwise. She was allowed to use sign language instead.<ref name="diya"/>
* Ashutosh was punished by Bigg Boss for oversleeping in the morning, and also for falling asleep during the day. The punishment for Ashutosh was to sleep for the whole day while other housemates go about assigned tasks, and to do so until Bigg Boss is convinced that Ashutosh is contented with sleeping.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=89501|title=Ashutosh grounded by Bigg Boss|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-17| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081018184255/http://www.biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=89501| archive-date= 18 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 61, [[Ahsaan Qureshi|Ehsaan Qureshi]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=90001|title=Ahsaan ends his stay at BB2|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-21| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081020063848/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=90001| archive-date= 20 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 10
| '''Nominations''' ||
* On Day 64, Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Ashutosh, Monica, Diana, Raja, Rahul and Zulfi were nominated for the tenth week's eviction.<ref name="allnom">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=90611|title=The entire House is in Dumping Zone!|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-21| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081022122847/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=90611| archive-date= 22 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Dolay'''
* Acting on screenplay of Movie Sholay: Bigg Boss assigned the housemates the task of choosing one of the seven characters of the Bollywood movie [[Sholay]] and to act on its screenplay.<ref name="sholey">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=90571|title=Devdas vs. Sholay|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-21| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081021130109/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=90571| archive-date= 21 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* As a disciplinary punishment for all the housemates, Bigg Boss withdraws the normal nomination voting process by the housemates; instead Bigg Boss nominates the entire house - all remaining seven members - up for eviction for week 10.<ref name="allnom"/>
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 68:''' [[Debojit Saha]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref name="deboevic">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=91671|title=Debojit's song ends!|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-24| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081026001611/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=91671| archive-date= 26 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 11
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 71:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. But, later Bigg Boss announced that as it was Diwali week, no one is getting nominated and evicted.<ref name="diwalinoevic">{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=92381|title=No one will be nominated this week!|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-27| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081029194047/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=92381| archive-date= 29 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Light the Diya's'''
* Bigg Boss assigned the housemates the task of lighting 1500 diyas on the occasion of [[Diwali]] - the festival of light. The housemates were given oil and cotton to complete the task. The diyas should be kept alight for the whole night of Day 71. For keeping this vigil Bigg Boss asked the housemates to build a ''magic float'' with the help of the given items and procedure. By wearing the assigned (sailor) uniform one housemate was to sit on this magic float in the swimming pool and keep watch on the diyas. The housemate on the watch was also given a brass bell such that the person could notify others when needed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/photogallery.php?id=92361|title=Diwali task on Bigg Boss 2|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-10-27| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081028125637/http://biggboss2.in.com/photogallery.php?id=92361| archive-date= 28 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| '''Punishments''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* '''No Eviction on Diwali''':<ref name="diwalinoevic"/> As a gift on the occasion of Diwali festival Bigg Boss announced to the public for week 11 that no housemate would be evicted from the Bigg Boss house at the end of week 11. This was in spite of nomination voting process conducted as usual by housemates at the start of the week. The housemates remained unaware of this decision and twist by Bigg Boss. The voting lines remained closed for week 11.
* '''Ashutosh spends the night in the secret room''': On day 72 Monday morning Bigg Boss called Ashutosh in the confession room and inquired about the general mood in the house. Bigg Boss also gave Ashutosh his luggage bag and asked him to take it with him while he leaves the confession room. Later in the evening, Bigg Boss announced that he is going to award one of the housemates the title of the ''most true person''. Bigg Boss asked all housemates to get ready and assemble in the living area. The award goes to Ashutosh and was asked to give a speech from the performance area. As a ''special gift'' Ashutosh was given 15 minutes to pack his bags and get inside the confession room. After reaching confession room, Ashutosh was moved into the secret room of the house by Bigg Boss where he spent one night watching movies. The other housemates remained unaware of this twist and kept speculating about Ashutosh's eviction.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 75:''' Shilpa announced there was no eviction.
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 12
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 78:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Ashutosh and Diana were nominated for the ninth week's eviction.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
* Each housemate has to take care of a baby doll.
* Bigg Boss gives a task to the housemates -The Airtel Delhi Half Marathon. In this task all the housemates have to run 21 km on the treadmill wearing the Airtel T- Shirt and the task has to continue without stopping.
|-
| '''Punishments''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* '''Payal and Sambhavna return to Bigg Boss''':<ref name="new">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/top-stories/news/2008/payal-sambhavna-bigg-boss-041108.html|title=Payal and Sambhavna return to Bigg Boss|publisher=oneindia.in website|access-date=2008-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208031437/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/top-stories/news/2008/payal-sambhavna-bigg-boss-041108.html|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A new twist in the house of Bigg Boss season 2, Payal and Sambhavna are back in the house as guest but nobody in the house knows about their guest presence. They are thinking that they are back in the game.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 82:''' [[Diana Hayden]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 13
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 85:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick two housemates to evict. As a result; Monica and Zulfi were nominated for the ninth week's eviction.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
*
|-
| '''Punishments''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* Bigg Boss informs Raja that a special guest is going to enter the house and the housemates will have to take care of the visitor. They will have to do special arrangements to welcome the guest. Bigg Boss also gives them a ‘thali of flowers’ and red carpet is laid down to welcome the guest. All of them get ready to greet the guest and are very excited to see the new guest. All the housemates get surprised after seeing a Dog named Kut unexpected visitor and welcome him by showering flowers on him.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 89:''' [[Monica Bedi]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
* '''Day 90:''' [[Ashutosh Kaushik]], [[Raja Chaudhary]], [[Rahul Mahajan]] and [[Zulfi Syed]] walked out of the house.
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#A52A2A; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week 14
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 92:''' Nominations were announced and again had to pick one housemate to evict. As a result; Raja and Zulfi were nominated for the final week's eviction. Later Bigg Boss announced the nominations were cancelled after Rahul's ejection but later all were nominated for the finale results.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Pathshala'''
* Bigg Boss directed to create a Pathshala (school). Raja and Zulfi were to role-play of school children and Ashutosh was to play the role of teacher.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 92''': The last nominations took place where only Raja and Zulfi were nominated but later got cancelled due to Rahul's ejection.
* '''Day 93''': Rahul was ejected from the show.
* '''Day 94''': Task Pathshala started.
* '''Day 95''': All housemates were nominated for the finale.
* '''Day 96''': [[Ravi Kishan]] came for a special task.
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* All four housemates who left the show came back to the house and while Raja, Ashutosh and Zulfi apologised. Rahul on the other hand refused to say sorry and was thrown out.
* Rahul Mahajan has won the Sabse Bada Dilwala title and Chevrolet Aveo U-Va car as prize.
|-
| '''Exits'''||
* '''Day 93:''' [[Rahul Mahajan]] was asked to leave the house after he refused to apologise for breach of discipline.
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFEF00;" | '''Finalists'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#7FFFD4; " |{{nowrap|'''2nd runner-up'''}}|| [[Zulfi Syed]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#D1E8EF; "| {{nowrap|'''1st runner-up'''}}|| [[Raja Chaudhary]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#73FB76; " | '''Winner'''|| [[Ashutosh Kaushik]]
|}

==Nominations table==




<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" style="background:gold;" | {{nowrap|Week 14}}
|-
! style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 92}}
! colspan="2" style="width:5%;" style="background:gold;" | {{nowrap|Day 97}}
|-
! Vote to:
! colspan="9" | Evict
! None
! colspan="4" | Evict
! colspan="2" | ''WIN''
|-
! colspan="17" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | Ashutosh
| rowspan="2" | Ehsaan Raja
| rowspan="2" | Rahul Rakhi
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Banned''
| rowspan="2" | Alina Debojit
| rowspan="2" | 1 Debojit Rahul
| rowspan="2" | Sambhavna Debojit
| rowspan="2" | Debojit Sambhavna
| rowspan="2" | Payal Rahul
| rowspan="2" | Zulfi Debojit
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Monica Rahul
| rowspan="2" | Rahul Monica
| Zulfi Monica
| rowspan="2" | Zulfi
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''''Winner''''' (Day 97)
|-
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |{{nowrap|''Secret Room'' (Days 72–73)}}
| style="background:#fcf;" |{{nowrap|''Walked'' (Day 90)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Raja
| rowspan="2" | Debojit Sanjay
| rowspan="2" | Rahul Rakhi
| rowspan="2" | Monica Rahul
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |Ketki
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Banned & Nominated''
| Ehsaan Sambhavna
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| rowspan="2" | Rahul Payal
| rowspan="2" | Debojit Zulfi
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" | Monica Rahul
| rowspan="2" | Diana Zulfi
| Monica Zulfi
| rowspan="2" | Zulfi
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |{{nowrap|'''''1st runner-up'''''}} (Day 97)
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#87CEFA;" |{{nowrap|''Secret Room'' (Days 40–43)}}
| style="background:#fcf;" |{{nowrap|''Walked'' (Day 90)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Zulfi
| rowspan="2" | Ashutosh Rakhi
| rowspan="2" | Rakhi Rahul
| rowspan="2" | Monica Rahul
| rowspan="2" | Ashutosh Ketki
| rowspan="2" | 2 Sambhavna Alina
| rowspan="2" | Sambhavna Raja
| rowspan="2" | Rahul Sambhavna
| rowspan="2" | Ashutosh Raja
| rowspan="2" | Raja Ashutosh
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" | Raja Ashutosh
| rowspan="2" | Diana Ashutosh
| Rahul Monica
| rowspan="2" | Raja
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|'''''2nd runner-up'''''}} (Day 97)
|-
| style="background:#fcf;" |{{nowrap|''Walked'' (Day 90)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Rahul
| rowspan="2" | Raja Ashutosh
| rowspan="2" | Ehsaan Sambhavna
| rowspan="2" | Zulfi Raja
| rowspan="2" | Ehsaan Ketki
| rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|7 Sambhavna Ashutosh}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Banned & Nominated''
| rowspan="2" | Diana Ashutosh
| rowspan="2" | Raja Diana
| rowspan="2" | Debojit Ehsaan
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" | Zulfi Raja
| rowspan="2" | Diana Ashutosh
| Raja Zulfi
| rowspan="2" | Raja
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected'' (Day 93)
|-
| style="background:#fcf;" |{{nowrap|''Walked'' (Day 90)}}
|-
! Monica
| Raja Zulfi
| Sambhavna Ehsaan
| Zulfi Sambhavna
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 19)
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| Ashutosh Ehsaan
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Ashutosh Raja
| Diana Ashutosh
| Zulfi Raja
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 89)
|-
! Diana
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| Ehsaan Raja
| Rahul Ehsaan
| Rahul Payal
| Monica Rahul
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Monica Rahul
| Rahul Monica
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 82)
|-
! Debojit
| Raja Ashutosh
| Payal Ashutosh
| Ketki Sambhavna
| Sambhavna Alina
| 5 Alina Ashutosh
| Ashutosh Raja
| Ashutosh Zulfi
| Ashutosh Ehsaan
| Ehsaan Ashutosh
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 68)
|-
! Ehsaan
| Raja Zulfi
| Rakhi Rahul
| Monica Rahul
| Alina Payal
| 4 Payal Alina
| Raja Ashutosh
| Ashutosh Debojit
| Rahul Payal
| Diana Ashutosh
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 61)
|-
! Payal
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Raja Sambhavna
| Rakhi Sambhavna
| Sambhavna Monica
| Sambhavna Ketki
| 6 Alina Sambhavna
| Sambhavna Raja
| Ashutosh Sambhavna
| Raja Ehsaan
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 54)
| style="background:#8FCCC1;" |{{nowrap|''Guest'' (Days 78–84)}}
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |
|-
! Sambhavna
| Sanjay Rakhi
| Rakhi Rahul
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Banned''
| Zulfi Payal
| 3 Ashutosh Alina
| Ashutosh Raja
| Debojit Ashutosh
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 47)
| style="background:#8FCCC1;" |{{nowrap|''Guest'' (Days 78–84)}}
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |
|-
! Alina
| Sanjay Raja
| Ehsaan Payal
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Banned''
| Zulfi Payal
| 8 Zulfi Payal
| colspan="11" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 33)
|-
! Ketki
| Raja Sanjay
| Raja Rakhi
| Monica Rahul
| Zulfi Ashutosh
| colspan="12" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 26)
|-
! Rakhi
| Raja Ketki
| Sambhavna Ehsaan
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 12)
|-
! Sanjay
| Debojit Raja
| colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 6)
|-
! Jade
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Raja Sanjay
| colspan="15" style="background:#fcf;" |''Walked'' (Day 2)
|-
! colspan="17" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]'', ''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
| ''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
| ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]''
| ''[[#endnote 6|6]]'', ''[[#endnote 7|7]]'', ''[[#endnote 8|8]]''
| ''[[#endnote 9|9]]''
| ''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
| ''[[#endnote 11|11]]''
| {{n/a|None}}
| ''[[#endnote 12|12]]''
| ''[[#endnote 13|13]]''
| ''[[#endnote 14|14]]''
| ''[[#endnote 15|15]]''
| ''[[#endnote 16|16]]''
| colspan="2" | ''[[#endnote 17|17]]''
|- style="background:#B2FFFF" |
! Against Public Vote
| Raja Sanjay
| Rahul Rakhi
| Monica Rahul
| Alina Ketki Payal Zulfi
| Alina Raja
| Rahul Raja
| Ashutosh Debojit Sambhavna
| Payal Rahul Raja
| Ashutosh Debojit Ehsaan
| Ashutosh Debojit Diana Monica Rahul Raja Zulfi
| {{n/a|None}}
| Ashutosh Diana
| Monica Zulfi
| <s>Raja Zulfi</s>
| colspan="2" | Ashutosh Raja Zulfi
|-
! rowspan="2" | Guest
| colspan="11" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#8FCCC1;" |'''Payal'''
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
| style="background:#8FCCC1;" |'''Sambhavna'''
|-
! {{nowrap|Secret Room}}
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| colspan="2" style="background:#87CEFA;" |'''Raja'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |'''Ashutosh'''
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Re-Entered
| colspan="7" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#DAFF99" |'''Monica'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DAFF99" |'''Payal'''
| style="background:#DAFF99" |'''Ashutosh'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
| style="background:#DAFF99" |'''Rahul'''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DAFF99" |'''Sambhavna'''
| style="background:#DAFF99" |'''Raja'''
|-
| style="background:#DAFF99" |'''Zulfi'''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Walked
| rowspan="4" style="background:#fcf" |'''Jade'''
| colspan="11" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#fcf" |'''Ashutosh'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
| style="background:#fcf" |'''Rahul'''
|-
| style="background:#fcf" |'''Raja'''
|-
| style="background:#fcf" |'''Zulfi'''
|-
! Ejected
| colspan="13" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#FFE08B" |'''Rahul'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Sanjay'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Rakhi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Monica'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Ketki'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Alina'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Sambhavna'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Payal'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Ehsaan'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Debojit'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Diana'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Monica'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Eviction''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4" |'''Zulfi'''
|-
| style="background:#D1E8EF" |'''Raja'''
| style="background:#73FB76" |'''Ashutosh'''
|}
</blockquote>
'''Color Key'''
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#DAFF99|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has Re-Entered.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the person was saved by another housemate.
: {{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|#87CEFA|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate was in the caravan or secret room.
: {{Color box|#E9FFDB|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate entered as a wild card entrant.
: {{Color box|#73FB76|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the first runner-up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the second runner-up.
: {{Color box|#FA8072|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{Color box|#fcf|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been walked out of the show.
: {{Color box|#FFE08B|border=darkgray}} indicates the housemate was ejected.

===Nomination notes===
{{smalldiv|1=
* {{note|1|1}}Jade left the House due to medical reasons.
* {{note|2|2}}Ashutosh, Alina and Sambhavna were not allowed to nominate this week as punishment from Bigg Boss for breaking house rules.
* {{note|3|3}}Through a successful weekly task Bigg Boss gave Raja a special privilege to name one person who would be nominated for eviction for week four irrespective of nomination vote-count. Raja named Ketki (indicated above by 'N'). Ketki also received three nominations from other housemates by the normal voting process. Raja remained [[Immunity (reality television)|immune]] from nomination for week four.
* {{note|4|4}}During a heated verbal exchange between Sambhavna and Raja a day prior to nomination day, Bigg Boss found Raja guilty of breaking important house rules on the account of use of foul language. As a warning to all housemates and as a penalty for Raja, Bigg Boss himself nominated Raja for eviction and banned him from using his nomination right for week five. On other accounts of breaking house-rules such as falling asleep during afternoons, Bigg Boss conducted the nomination voting process for week five in open group as against to the usual process that takes place individually within the secrecy of the confession room. The numbers in the individual's box above show the order in which Bigg Boss asked the members to declare their two nominations along with their reasons in front of all other housemates. Diana Hayden entered the house Monday after the nomination process for week 5 was over and so she remained exempt for week 5.
* {{note|5|5}}The night before the nomination day, Rahul disconnected the loudspeakers from men's bedroom. Raja raised the protest to Bigg Boss citing Rahul's act as a violation of an important house-rule and demanded a similar penalty as he was given the week before for a house-rule violation. Bigg Boss found Rahul guilty. Bigg Boss himself nominated Rahul and he was also banned from voting for week six.
* {{note|6|6}}Following his 'fake' eviction Raja Choudhary spent the weekend in the secret room of the Bigg Boss house and thus remained away and exempt from the nominations for week 7.
* {{note|7|7}}Monica Bedi got a wild-card entry to re-enter the Bigg Boss house after being voted in by the people. Monica entered the house after the nomination process for week 8 was over. She thus remained exempt from the nominations.
* {{note|8|8}}Bigg Boss gathers the entire house in the living area and observes that despite numerous earlier warnings to individuals for breaking important house-rules such as planning for nominations, the housemates continued disobeying the rules through the ninth week running. Bigg Boss finds each and every member of the house guilty of this disobedience, namely, discussing, revealing or planning for nominations. For week 10, Bigg Boss withdraws the normal nomination voting process by the housemates; instead Bigg Boss nominates the entire house - all seven members - up for eviction for week 10.
* {{note|9|9}}For week 11 Bigg Boss announced to the public that on the occasion of [[Diwali]] that falls during the said week no housemate would be evicted from the Bigg Boss house at the end of week 11. This was in spite of the nomination voting process conducted as usual by housemates at the start of the week. The housemates remained unaware of this decision and twist by Bigg Boss. The voting lines remained closed for the public for week 11.
* {{note|10|10}}Starting the nominations voting process, Bigg Boss announced that as per his knowledge the housemates like discussing, deciding and divulging nominations a lot, which is also breaking of an important house rule. Thus, Bigg Boss called for open nominations for week 12. The numbers in the individual's box above show the order in which Bigg Boss asked the housemates to declare in front of all other housemates their two nominations along with their reasons.
* {{note|11|11}}On Saturday, day 91, all housemates protested stating that they did not have adequate food items available to them in the house for cooking, and all the four left the Bigg Boss house by jumping over the compound wall. Later, all were reintroduced into the house by Bigg Boss after a discussion with the show producers. Citing this event as a breach of an important house-rule Bigg Boss announced to conduct the nomination process for the final week. Each housemate was called into the confession room to name one person for eviction along with reasons. Rahul and Zulfi nominated Raja during their individual turns. Raja and Ashutosh individually named Zulfi the same way. Raja and Zulfi were declared as nominated for eviction by Bigg Boss for the final week. After Rahul walked out of the Bigg Boss house on day 93, the nominations were cancelled on day 94. All remaining housemates remained up for eviction and face the public vote for the final on day 98.
* {{note|11|11}}On Saturday, day 98, Ashutosh Kaushik was announced as the winner of ''Big Boss 2''.
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{coord|18|44|38|N|73|24|38|E|type:landmark_scale:5000|display=title}}

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|02]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]