Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sivaganga

2026-05-08T13:39:13Z

Tiger44444f4: creating post

{{short description|Co-aid education school in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = Fails [[WP:GNG]] and [[WP:NSCHOOL]]
|timestamp = 20260508133913
|nom = Filmssssssssssss
|help = off
}}
{{ multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=July 2020}}
{{Notability|Org|date=February 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]][http://www.sivaganga.kvs.ac.in] [[Sivagangai]] [[Tamil Nadu]] [[India]]
| image =
| established = 12 December 2009
| type = Co-Aid [[Education]]
| location = [[Sivagangai]]
| district = [[Sivagangai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| classes = Class I to class XII
| chairperson =
| principal = C.Muthiah<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kvsivaganga.tn.nic.in/staff.html|title=Principal of School|publisher=KV|accessdate=2017-06-06|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510191741/http://www.kvsivaganga.tn.nic.in/staff.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| staff = 43<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kvsivaganga.tn.nic.in/staff.html|title=Staff list|publisher=KV|accessdate=2017-06-06|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510191741/http://www.kvsivaganga.tn.nic.in/staff.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| enrollment = 842<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kvsivaganga.tn.nic.in/enrolment_classwise.html|title=Student list|publisher=KV|accessdate=2017-06-06|archive-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711033239/http://www.kvsivaganga.tn.nic.in/enrolment_classwise.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website = [https://sivaganga.kvs.ac.in]
}}

'''Kendriya Vidyalaya, Sivagangai''', is a system of central government schools under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)]]. It's located in [[Sivaganga]]. The system came into being in 2009 under the name "Central Schools", and has been affiliated with [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kvsivaganga.tn.nic.in/|title=About the School|publisher=KV|accessdate=2015-10-24|archive-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026130138/http://www.kvsivaganga.tn.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
*Kendriya Vidyala, Sivaganga was founded on 12 December 2009.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Kendriya Vidyalayas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Central Board of Secondary Education]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas| ]]
[[Category:Education in Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-school-stub}}

Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:41:25Z

Tiger44444f4: Starting First Stub W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|the constituency in Jammu and Kashmir|Vijaypur, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vijaypur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 2
| map_image = 2-Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sheopur district|Sheopur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Morena Lok Sabha constituency|Morena]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Mukesh Malhotra]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| preceded_by = [[Ramnivas Rawat]]
}}
'''Vijaypur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=12 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as Vijaypur, one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=6|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

Vijaypur (constituency number 2) is one of the two Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Sheopur district]]. This constituency covers the entire Vijaypur and Karahal sub-divisions of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=226, 250}}</ref>

Vijaypur is part of [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Madhya Bharat]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Balmukund
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Naval Kishore
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Jagmohan Singh
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ajit Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Jagmohan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Baboolal Mewra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramnivas Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Baboolal Mewra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramnivas Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Sitaram Aadivashi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Ramnivas Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2024^
|[[Mukesh Malhotra]]
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==
===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 elections in India#Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Vijaypur<ref name="Vijaypur Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Vijaypur Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S122.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125151302/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S122.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Mukesh Malhotra]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,00,469|percentage=50.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ramnivas Rawat]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=93,105|percentage=46.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,087|percentage=0.55|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,364|percentage=3.71|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,98,318|percentage=77.76|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijaypur<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramnivas Rawat|Ramniwas Rawat]]
|votes = {{formatnum:69646}}
|percentage = 33.63
|change = -1.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Baboolal Mewra|Baboo Lal Mewra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:51587}}
|percentage = 24.91
|change = -11.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Mukesh Malhotra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:44128}}
|percentage = 21.31
|change = +19.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dhara Singh Kushwah
|votes = {{formatnum:34346}}
|percentage = 16.58
|change = -3.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1895}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18059}}
|percentage = 8.72
|change = +7.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207102}}
|percentage = 81.77
|change = +3.23
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijaypur<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2018 Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sitaram Aadivashi|Seetaram Adivasi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:63331}}
|percentage = 36.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramnivas Rawat|Ramniwas Rawat]]
|votes = {{formatnum:60491}}
|percentage = 34.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Baboolal Mewra|Baboo Lal Mewra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:35628}}
|percentage = 20.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pannalal Solanki
|votes = {{formatnum:2615}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Mukesh Malhotra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2423}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1793}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2840}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173505}}
|percentage = 78.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijaypur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramnivas Rawat]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 67,358
|percentage = 44.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sitaram Aadivashi|Sitaram Adiwashi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 65,209
|percentage = 42.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Satish
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7,192
|percentage = 4.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Udaya Bhan Singh
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 4,376
|percentage = 2.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,019
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 84,805
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 152,653
|percentage = 80.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.06|77.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Sheopur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Tuensang Sadar II Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:42Z

Tiger44444f4: Starting A Pg W/ Refs!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tuensang Sadar II
| map_image = Tuensang Sadar II Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| district = [[Tuensang district|Tuensang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 54
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| mla = [[Imtichoba]]
| party = {{Party index link|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:16671}}<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Tuensang Sadar II''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Tuensang district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || M. Yanchu Chang || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Tochi Hanso || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || A. Lakimong Yimchunger
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || rowspan=2 | Lakiumong
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || K. Imlong Chang
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || [[Kejong Chang]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || A. Lakiumong Yimchunger || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=3 | Kejong Chang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Imtichoba]]|| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Imtichoba]] |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=5,514 |percentage=36.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Odibendang Chang|party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|votes=5,114|percentage=33.56%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. Zungkum Chang|party=Naga People's Front|votes=4,487|percentage=29.45%|change=-16.70%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Z. Throngso|party=Indian National Congress|votes=87|percentage=0.57%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=35|percentage=0.23%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=400 |percentage=2.63% |change=-10.76% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=15,237|percentage=91.40%|change=2.38%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,671 |change =10.39% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -9.96% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kejong Chang]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,204 |percentage=46.15% |change=16.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H Zungkum Chang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,405 |percentage=32.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rhakila |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,749 |percentage=20.45% |change=-3.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Wongto Chang |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=48 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=38 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,799 |percentage=13.38% |change=10.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,444 |percentage=89.02% |change= -2.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,102 |change =-22.57% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 16.66% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kejong Chang]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,268 |percentage=29.49% |change=18.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. N. Mongba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,699 |percentage=26.30% |change=-17.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rhakila |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,193 |percentage=23.47% |change=23.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kaimang Chang |party=Independent politician |votes=3,689 |percentage=20.65% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=569 |percentage=3.19% |change=1.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,864 |percentage=91.59% |change= -2.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,505 |change =4.76% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -14.21% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kejong Chang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,628 |percentage=43.70% |change=11.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rhakila |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,275 |percentage=41.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Imlong Chang |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,855 |percentage=10.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kaimang Chang |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=705 |percentage=4.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wongto |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42 |percentage=0.24% |change=-35.71% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=353 |percentage=2.02% |change=-1.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,455 |percentage=94.02% |change= -5.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,619 |change =43.49% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 7.75% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Lakiumong Yimchunger |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,595 |percentage=35.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wongto |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=4,104 |percentage=32.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kejong Chang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,083 |percentage=31.94% |change=-20.24% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=491 |percentage=3.84% |change=-0.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,782 |percentage=98.79% |change= 21.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,976 |change =16.49% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -27.76% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kejong Chang]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,479 |percentage=52.18% |change=15.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Imlong Chang |party=Independent politician |votes=4,104 |percentage=47.82% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=375 |percentage=4.37% |change=-23.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,583 |percentage=77.42% |change= -15.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,139 |change =2.37% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -11.52% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Imlong Chang |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,411 |percentage=63.71% |change=7.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Lakiumong Yimchunger |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,652 |percentage=36.29% |change=-7.80% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,759 |percentage=27.42% |change=15.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,063 |percentage=92.54% |change= -6.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,881 |change =74.94% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 7.80% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakiumong |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,419 |percentage=55.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. B. Yimkong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,696 |percentage=44.09% |change=0.40% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=723 |percentage=11.82% |change=-3.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,115 |percentage=98.89% |change= 0.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,220 |change =0.03% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.22% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakiumong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,659 |percentage=43.69% |change=15.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. B. Yimkong |party=Independent politician |votes=1,754 |percentage=28.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Imlong Chang |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,673 |percentage=27.49% |change=13.61% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=905 |percentage=14.87% |change=9.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,086 |percentage=98.23% |change= 24.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,218 |change =-32.89% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 15.76% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Lakimong Yimchunger |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,866 |percentage=27.93% |change=-8.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yanchu Chang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,483 |percentage=22.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Imlong Chang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,267 |percentage=18.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kechingba Yimchunger |party=Independent politician |votes=1,138 |percentage=17.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tochi Hanso |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=927 |percentage=13.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=383 |percentage=5.73% |change=5.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,681 |percentage=73.54% |change= -15.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,266 |change =63.02% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.03% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tochi Hanso |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,773 |percentage=35.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Yanchu Chang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,743 |percentage=35.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Lakiumong Yimchunger |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,414 |percentage=28.68% |change=4.28% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30 |percentage=0.61% |change=-16.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,930 |percentage=89.06% |change= 8.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,684 |change =-7.47% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -10.20% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuensang Sadar II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Yanchu Chang |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,177 |percentage=46.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zutchu Loyem |party=Independent politician |votes=1,388 |percentage=29.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Lakimong Yimchunger |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,151 |percentage=24.41% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=789 |percentage=16.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,716 |percentage=80.43% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,143 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tuensang district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.27|94.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Tuensang district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

Aksheeswaraswamy Temple, Acharapakkam

2026-04-14T10:12:26Z

Tiger44444f4: started initial place needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Atcheesva swamy Temple, Acharapakkam
| image = Aksheeswaraswamy Temple, Acharapakkam 02.jpg
| alt = The gateway tower of the temple
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|24|3.24|N|79|49|3.36|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| location = [[Acharapakkam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Aksheeswarar ([[Shiva]])
Ilamkili Nayaki ([[Parvathi]])
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = {{url|1=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=1755}}
}}

'''Atcheesvara Swamy Temple, Acharapakkam''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] located in [[Acharapakkam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Shiva is worshiped as Aksheeswaraswamy or Atchikontantar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' and his consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Sundaranayagi. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th-century-CE Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. The temples has several inscriptions dated to the period of [[Kulottunga I|Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070-1120 CE).

The most important festival of the temple is the Chittirai Brahmotsavam that lasts ten days during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Chittirai, between April and May. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Acharapakkam15.jpg|Lake view of the temple|200px|thumb|left]]
The all-powerful Asuras, Tarakan, Kamalatchan and Vithvan Mali built palaces in gold, silver and iron respectively and were troubling the Devas more frequently. The Devas along with [[Vishnu]] and [[Brahma]] worshipped [[Shiva]]. Shiva personified sky as the roof, ground as base, Surya & Chandra as Wheels, [[Four Vedas]] as horses, Merumalai as the Bow, Vasuki as the string and Thirumal himself as the arrow. Brahma was steering the Chariot. Vinaya grew angry as he was not a part of the war and broke the caster bolt of the chariot. [[Shiva]] gave good deeds to Vinayagar and went ahead winning the Asuras at Thirvathikai. Since the ''Achu'' (caster bolt) was broken into pieces (Pakkam), this place is called Achirupakkam.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=104–5}}</ref> During Tripurasamharam, the killing of Tripurantaka, Shiva forgot to worship Ganesha before setting out for the battle. He realized it and came back to worship [[Ganesha]] and went ahead to win the demon. The same legend is associated with [[Thiruvathigai Veerattaneswarar Temple]] and [[Tiruvirkolam|Thiruvirkolam Sri Tripuranthaka Swami temple]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&dq=acharapakkam+temple&pg=PA4467|page=4467|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|first=Subodh |last=Kapoor|isbn=9788177552713|year=2002}}</ref>

As per another legend, sages Gautama and Kanva worshiped Shiva at this place.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&dq=acharapakkam+temple&pg=PA258|page=258|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|publisher=Asian Educational Service|year=1992|isbn=9788120601512}}</ref> There is another legend which indicates that a [[Pandya]] king found a golden iguana which disappeared under a tree. While digging under the tree, he found a [[linga]]. He requested sage Trinedhrathari to build a temple who built two sanctums, one for Uamiyatchivarar and other for Aatcheesvarar.<ref name=R/>

==History==
Imitated amphorae have been found in the temple in many excavations in the same context of the imported variety. They are found to be used continuously in [[Tamil Nadu]] in 6-7th century mainly in [[Tondai Nadu|Thondai mandalam]], which flourished as a prominent political centre under the [[Pallavas]] after the [[Sangam period]].<ref>''Kalpavṛkṣa: essays on art, architecture and archaeology''.D. Dayalan</ref> The inscriptions are dated to the period of [[Kulottunga I|Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070-1120 CE) where Shiva is referred as Accukkontu Aruliya Tevar. The inscriptions talk of generous contributions of land, gold and sheep to the temple.<ref name=R/>

==Architecture ==
[[File:Aksheeswaraswamy Temple, Acharapakkam 05.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Temple campus]]
[[Acharapakkam]] is located on the 79th km of [[Trichy]]-[[Chennai]] National Highway (NH45) and 10 km from [[Maduranthakam]]. [[Acharapakkam]] has its own railhead on the Trichy-Chennai railway line. The temple covers an area of around {{convert|1.21|acre|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name=census>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|year=2003|last=C.|first=Chandramouli}}</ref> The temple has a five tiered raja gopuram and a tank in front of it. All the shrines of the temple are enshrined in concentric rectangular walls, with the shrine of Aksheeswaraswamy being the most prominent. The sanctum is set axial to the flagstaff and gopuram. The image of the consort, Sundaranayaki is enshrined in a west facing shrine. There are images of [[Saraswati]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Saptamatrika]] and [[Ayyappa]] in the first precinct around the sanctum.<ref name=R/> It is believed that there was a well in front of the sanctum, which can be seen during the times of monsoon even during modern times. The sculptural representation of [[Karaikkal Ammaiyar]] walking with her hands and the hunter Kannapa Nayanar sculpted under the image of Somaskanda are noteworthy.<ref name=R/>

==Worship and festivals==
[[File:Aksheeswaraswamy Temple, Acharapakkam 10.jpg|Festive image of the deity|200x200px|thumb]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Ucchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhishekam'' (sacred bath), ''alankaram'' (decoration), ''naivedyam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradhanai'' (waving of lamps) for the pedestal of Ekambareswarar. Since it is a Lingam made of sand mound, all the ablution is done only to the pedestal. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''somavaram'' and ''shukravaram'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'' or on krittika nakshatram, ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''chaturthi''.<ref name=R/><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Aatcheeswarar temple|url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=66|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109200211/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=66|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2011|publisher=Dinamalar|accessdate=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

The temple celebrates many festivals throughout the year. The most important of these is the Chittirai Brahmotsavam that lasts ten days during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Chittirai, between April and May. There are various processions during the ten days with the festive images of presiding deities of the temple carried in various mounts around the streets of the temple.<ref name=R/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}
{{commonscat|Aksheeswaraswamy Temple, Acharapakkam}}
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram district]]

Vigyan Bhawan

2026-04-12T21:35:03Z

Tiger44444f4: Starting Basic Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Vigyan Bhawan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo_image =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image = Vigyan Bhawan Delhi P 20170403 093253.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Main entrance to the Vigyan Bhawan
| coordinates = {{Location|28|36|37.49|N|77|13|14.93|E}}

| address = Maulana Azad Road, [[New Delhi]]-110003, India
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| built = 1956
}}
'''Vigyan Bhawan''' ("science building") is a premier [[convention centre|conference centre]] of the [[Government of India]] in [[New Delhi]]. Built in 1956, over the years it has been the venue of conferences of national and international stature, seminars and award ceremonies attended by distinguished world leaders and dignitaries, including [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] ([[CHOGM]]) in 1983, 7th Summit of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] ([[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]]), 7–12 March 1983, and [[SAARC]] Summit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commerce.gov.in/kpregistration/Venue.pdf|title=Vigyan Bhavan|publisher=Ministry of Commerce (Government of India)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155524/http://www.commerce.gov.in/kpregistration/Venue.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> It is managed by the Directorate of Estates, under the [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Ministry of Urban Development]], [[Government of India]], and maintained by CPWD.<ref>{{cite web | title = Vigyan Bhawan
| url = http://www.theashokgroup.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170608170726/http://www.theashokgroup.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5| access-date = 2021-11-15 |archive-date = 8 June 2017}}
</ref>

It only holds National-level functions and conferences, and functions by the Government of India, State Governments,
PSUs and Autonomous Bodies order by priority given.<ref name="Allotment Criteria">{{cite web|url=http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlvigyanbhawanbooking/Guidelines.pdf|title=Guidelines for Allotment|page=2|publisher=Directorate of Estates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215080148/http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlvigyanbhawanbooking/Guidelines.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> It is allotted to NGOs/Private Enterprises where either the President, Vice President or the [[Prime Minister of India]] are present.<ref name="Allotment Criteria" /> It also holds various award ceremonies, including the annual [[National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200808282035.htm|title=President to present 54th National Film Awards on Sept 2|date=August 28, 2008|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100133/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200808282035.htm|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The main building was designed in 1955 by R.P.Gehlote of [[Central Public Works Department]] ([[CPWD]]) belonging to Jaipur, incorporating elements of [[British Raj]] architecture, evident in the nearby buildings of the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] and of [[Lutyens' Delhi]] along with [[Hindu architecture|Hindu]] and [[Mughal architecture]], as well as ancient [[Buddhist architecture]], especially the ''[[chaitya]]'' arches of [[Ajanta Caves]]. The overall style of the building remains modernistic with [[Revivalism (architecture)|revivalist]] elements.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lang |first=Jon T. |title=A concise history of modern architecture in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxyGbhlKQXQC&q=Vigyan+Bhavan&pg=PA34|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=81-7824-017-3|page=36}}</ref>

==Overview==
The main feature of the complex is the Plenary hall, with a seating capacity of over 1200(922+326+37)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlvigyanbhawanbooking/details.pdf | title=dlvigyanbhawanbooking|page=2 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031140454/http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlvigyanbhawanbooking/details.pdf| access-date=6 April 2017| archive-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> delegates, besides it has six smaller halls with capacities ranging from over 65 delegates to over 375 delegates. The building also has a VIP Lounge, the Office block for on-site offices, secretariat and a documentation centre, a Studio, a Business centre and an [[Exhibition hall]]. The adjacent building is called the Vigyan Bhavan Annexe added later on with four Committee Rooms and a separate Media centre.<ref name="dos">{{cite web|url=http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlvigyanbhawanbooking/details.pdf|title=Details of Facilities|publisher=Directorate of Estates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031140454/http://estates.nic.in/WriteReadData/dlvigyanbhawanbooking/details.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> The annexe also houses the [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (India)|Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]] (MDoNER) of [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mdoner.gov.in/index1.asp?linkid=111|title=About us|publisher=[[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (India)|Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162058/http://mdoner.gov.in/index1.asp?linkid=111|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> and [[INVEST INDIA]], the National Investment Promotion and Facilitation Agency. The Vigyan Bhawan Annexe stands adjacent to the [[Vice President House]].

[[F&B]] services at 'The Atrium' at the centre are managed by the [[Ashok Group]] of the [[India Tourism Development Corporation]] ([[ITDC]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191030185755/http://www.itdccop8.org/vigyan_bhawan_-_the_venue.htm] ITDC website.</ref>

As a part of [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project]], Vigyan Bhavan Annexe will be demolished but main building will be restored as it is due to its historic legacy.<ref name="The Print">{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Moushumi Das|date=2020-12-01|title=Doughnut-shaped buildings, underground shuttle — how new Central Secretariat will look like|url=https://theprint.in/india/doughnut-shaped-buildings-underground-shuttle-how-new-central-secretariat-will-look-like/555044/|newspaper=The Print|access-date=2021-01-08}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bharat Mandapam]]
*[[Yashobhoomi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://estates.nic.in/estates.aspx Vigyan Bhavan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306234904/http://estates.nic.in/estates.aspx |date=6 March 2014 }} at ''Directorate of Estates''
* [http://wikimapia.org/1217612/Vigyan-Bhawan Vigyan Bhawan] at ''[[wikimapia]]''

[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 1956]]
[[Category:Convention centres in India]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]

Lynching of Dipu Chandra Das

2026-04-09T20:13:11Z

Tiger44444f4: put up a post from scratch...

{{Short description|2025 crime in Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Lynching of Dipu Chandra Das
| partof = the [[2025 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence]] and [[December 2025 Bangladesh violence|December 2025 political violence]]
| image =
| caption =
| location = Square Masterbari area, [[Bhaluka Upazila|Bhaluka]], Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| coordinates =
| date = 18 December 2025
| time = Around 9:00 pm
| timezone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]] ([[UTC+06:00]])
| type = [[Mob violence]], [[lynching]]
| fatalities = 1
| victim = Dipu Chandra Das (aged 27)
| perpetrators = Mob of 140–150 people (per police report)
| motive = Allegations of [[blasphemy]]
}}
On 18 December 2025, Dipu Chandra Das, a [[Hindus|Hindu]] garment worker in [[Bhaluka Upazila|Bhaluka]], Bangladesh, was beaten, hanged from a tree, and [[Death by burning|set on fire]], in a [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|Hinduphobic]] hate crime by [[Islamism|Islamists]], after being accused of making derogatory remarks about [[Islam]] at a factory event. Investigators later reported that no evidence was found to support the allegation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2025 |title=Lynching of Hindu man in Mymensingh: No direct evidence of derogatory remarks found, says RAB |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/lynching-hindu-man-mymensingh-no-direct-evidence-derogatory-remarks-found-says-rab |access-date=30 December 2025 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2025 |title=No evidence found of derogatory remarks by lynched garment worker: Rab |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/no-evidence-found-derogatory-remarks-lynched-garment-worker-rab-4062731 |access-date=30 December 2025 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2025 |title=Dipu Das forced to resign and handed over to enraged mob: RAB |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ctr8y8t4z3 |access-date=30 December 2025 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
{{see also|December 2025 Bangladesh violence}}
The lynching took place against a backdrop of escalating violence in Bangladesh following an attack on [[Sharif Osman Hadi]], a prominent youth leader who died on 18 December 2025 from gunshot wounds sustained during an assassination attempt. Hadi had been a key figure in the [[2024 Bangladesh protests]] that led to the ousting of Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] in August 2024. His death sparked violent protests across the country, with attacks on media offices, cultural institutions, and Indian diplomatic missions.<ref name="nyt2">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/19/world/asia/bangladesh-riots-student-killing.html |title=Riots Erupt in Bangladesh After the Killing of a Student Leader |last1=Hasnat |first1=Saif |last2=Travelli |first2=Alex |date=19 December 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 December 2025 |quote=On Friday, while protesters took to the streets in anger over Mr. Hadi’s death, the police reported that a mob had lynched a Hindu laborer in Mymensingh. The victim, Dipu Chandra Das, 27, was accused of blasphemy, the police said, and then tied to a tree and burned alive.}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Sharif Osman Hadi death: Bangladesh urges citizens to 'resist mob violence', condemns lynching of Hindu man |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/sharif-osman-hadi-death-bangladesh-urges-citizens-to-resist-mob-violence-condemns-lynching-of-hindu-man-1503528007.html |website=The Statesman |date=19 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

Following the removal of Sheikh Hasina's government, [[2025 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|Bangladesh witnessed increased violence]] against the Hindu minority community.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |title=Hindu man lynched to death in Bangladesh over alleged blasphemy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/hindu-man-lynched-to-death-in-bangladesh-over-alleged-blasphemy/article70416929.ece |website=The Hindu |date=20 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> According to the 2022 Bangladesh national census, there were approximately 13.1 million Hindus in Bangladesh, constituting about 7.95% of the country's population.<ref name="sundayguardian">{{cite web |title=Bangladesh violence live updates, Sharif Osman Hadi's death |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/bangladesh-violence-live-updates-sharif-osman-hadis-death-mujibur-rehmans-house-torched-who-is-dipu-chandra-das-what-is-happening-in-bangladesh-what-is-the-reason-for-unrest-in-bangladesh-162286/ |website=Sunday Guardian Live |date=20 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

Dipu Chandra Das was a garment factory worker employed at Pioneer Knit Composite Factory in the Square Masterbari area of [[Bhaluka Upazila]].<ref name="dailystar">{{cite web |title=Mob kills man over 'hurting religious sentiments' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/mob-kills-man-over-hurting-religious-sentiments-4062241 |website=The Daily Star |date=20 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="tbsnews">{{cite web |title=Hindu man lynched, body set ablaze over blasphemy allegation in Mymensingh: BBC Bangla |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/crime/hindu-man-lynched-body-set-ablaze-over-blasphemy-allegation-mymensingh-bbc-bangla |website=The Business Standard |date=19 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> He was a 27-year-old resident of Mukamiakanda village in [[Tarakanda Upazila]] of [[Mymensingh District]]. He was married and the father of a three-year-old daughter.<ref name="dailystar"/> Das had been living as a tenant in the Dubalia Para area of Bhaluka.<ref name="indiatv">{{cite web |title=Hindu man lynched in Bangladesh over blasphemy charges amid unrest over youth leader's death |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/hindu-man-lynched-in-bangladesh-over-blasphemy-charges-amid-unrest-over-youth-leader-sharif-osman-hadi-s-death-2025-12-19-1022413 |website=India TV News |date=19 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

==Lynching==
On the evening of 18 December 2025, Dipu Chandra Das was accused of [[Islam and blasphemy|insulting the Islamic prophet Muhammad]] during a casual conversation among co-workers near closing time at the Pioneer Knitwear factory. The allegation spread rapidly through the factory and the surrounding neighbourhood. CCTV footage showed Das clocking out roughly 30 minutes after the conversation, before returning to the factory floor approximately two hours later. By around 6pm, unrest had spread both inside the factory and to the street outside. A crowd that began at several hundred at the factory gates, demanding Das be handed over, swelled to more than a thousand, drawing in bystanders from nearby areas. The factory management had alerted police at least 45 minutes before Das was taken, but even as industrial police and plain-clothes officers arrived at the scene, they were unable to extract him from the mob. Factory management and police gave differing accounts of how Das came to be surrendered: the senior factory manager stated that the crowd used shovels to prise open a smaller side gate at around 20:42 local time and "carried Dipu away like a wave", while police said factory workers opened the gate themselves after the mob threatened to break it down.<ref name="BBC 16 February"/>

Das was beaten outside the factory before his body was dragged more than a kilometre through crowded streets to a busy highway, tied by the neck to a tree, and set on fire before hundreds of onlookers. Police estimated that around 150 people were directly involved in the attack, with many more present as onlookers.<ref name="BBC 16 February">{{cite web |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=16 February 2026 |title='Dragged out and set on fire' – the Bangladesh mob killing that shocked the world |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj3vve6v17xo |publisher=BBC |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> Videos widely shared on social media showed mobs chanting "[[Takbir|Nara-e-Takbeer, Allahu Akbar]]" while kicking and beating Das's unconscious body outside the factory. Another video showed his naked and hanging body surrounded by a cheering, dancing mob.<ref name="ABC 4 January">{{cite web |last=Choahan |first=Neelima |last2=Hossain |first2=S M Faiyaz |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladeshi Hindus on edge as Islamic extremists target minority community |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-04/bangladeshi-hindu-minority-fearful-after-lynching-of-worker/106192790 |publisher=ABC News |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref>

==Investigation==
Police were dispatched to the scene after receiving information about the incident and brought the situation under control.<ref name="tbsnews"/> They recovered Das's body and sent it to [[Mymensingh Medical College|Mymensingh Medical College Hospital]] for a [[autopsy|post-mortem examination]].<ref name="dailystar"/> Initially, no case was registered, with police stating that legal proceedings would begin once a formal complaint was filed.<ref name="tbsnews"/> Das's brother, Apu Chandra Das, subsequently filed a case with Bhaluka Police Station accusing 140–150 unnamed persons.<ref name="dailystar"/> Das's body was returned to his family home in Mukamiakanda village, [[Tarakanda Upazila|Tarakanda]], on 20 December 2025.<ref name="dailystar"/>

On 20 December 2025, [[Muhammad Yunus]] announced that seven individuals had been arrested by the RAB in connection with the lynching.<ref name="zee">{{cite web |title=Seven Arrested In Bangladesh Over Killing Of Hindu Youth, Says Yunus |url=https://zeenews.india.com/world/seven-arrested-in-bangladesh-over-killing-of-hindu-youth-says-yunus-2998103.html |website=Zee News |date=20 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> The [[Rapid Action Battalion]] (RAB) stated that there was no direct evidence of "religious defamation" in the murder case. RAB also found no one who personally heard or witnessed anything related to religious defamation. Mymensingh RAB Company Commander Md. Samsuzzaman confirmed this information to [[BBC Bangla]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |date=20 December 2025 |title=ময়মনসিংহের ভালুকায় হিন্দু ধর্মাবলম্বী যুবককে পিটিয়ে পুড়িয়ে হত্যা, কী ঘটেছিলো সেখানে |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c98n2en1ppmo |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=BBC News বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=No evidence of religious slurs in Mymensingh killing, 10 held: RAB | website=jagonews24.com | date=20 December 2025 | url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/88208 | access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref> The RAB-14 Director said the floor manager handed Das over to an enraged crowd after forcing him to resign from his job. Investigators are trying to find answers to why he was handed over to the crowd and police were not called. Previous enmity could be a motive here or the pressure from the crowd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAB says factory floor manager 'handed Dipu Das over' to enraged crowd |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/rab-says-factory-floor-manager-handed-dipu-das-over-to-enraged-crowd |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2025 |title=No evidence of religious slurs in Mymensingh killing, 10 held: RAB |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/national/news/88208 |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=jagonews24}}</ref>

By 22 December, authorities in Bangladesh had arrested a total of 12 people, including two of Das's co-workers. In connection with the case, a Mymensingh court granted a three-day remand for the arrested individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12 accused put on three-day remand over Dipu Chandra Das murder |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/bangladesh/847527/12-accused-put-on-three-day-remand-over-dipu-chandra-das-murder |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref> Md. Sohel Rana was arrested by the detective police on 14 March 2026 for allegedly inciting workers with provocative slogans and playing an active role in the abuse of a dead body.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bdnews24.com |title=দিপু হত্যা: ‘লাশের উপর নির্যাতন’ চালানো সোহেল গ্রেপ্তার |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/52d958df07c8 |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=দিপু হত্যা: ‘লাশের উপর নির্যাতন’ চালানো সোহেল গ্রেপ্তার |language=en}}</ref>

==Reactions==
===Domestic===
The [[interim government of Muhammad Yunus|interim government of Bangladesh]] condemned the killing and promised accountability,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2025 |title=ময়মনসিংহের ভালুকায় হিন্দু ধর্মাবলম্বী যুবককে পিটিয়ে পুড়িয়ে হত্যা, কী ঘটেছিলো সেখানে |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c98n2en1ppmo |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=BBC News বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> with Education Adviser [[C. R. Abrar]] meeting Das's family to express sympathy and give assurance of government support.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education adviser visits family of Dipu Chandra Das |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/399404/education-adviser-visits-dipu-chandra-das%E2%80%99s-family |access-date=25 December 2025 |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council]] demanded the immediate arrest of the perpetrators, stating that the murder undermined communal harmony.<ref name="thenewsmill">{{cite web |title=Congress MP Shashi Tharoor questions Bangladesh over the mob lynching of Hindu man Dipu Chandra Das |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2025/12/congess-mp-shashi-tharoor-questions-bangladesh-over-the-mob-lynching-of-hindu-man-dipu-chandra-das/ |website=The News Mill |date=20 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: Seven arrested over lynching of Hindu youth in Mymensingh |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/bangladesh-seven-arrested-over-lynching-of-hindu-youth-in-mymensingh/ |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist) (Barua)|Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist)]] condemned the "barbaric crime" as a sign of social and psychological breakdown, noting the disturbing silence of hundreds of onlookers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protest Statement (Bangladesh): On the killing of working-class laborer Dipu Chandra Das |url=https://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article77366 |access-date=28 December 2025 |website=www.europe-solidaire.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদকঢাকা |first=নিজস্ব |title=দীপু দাসের হত্যাকাণ্ড প্রমাণ করে দেশে আইনের শাসন নেই: সিপিবি |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/62oko0130h |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> Condemnations were also issued by [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] Secretary General [[Mia Golam Parwar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ময়মনসিংহের ভালুকায় এক হিন্দু যুবককে পিটিয়ে হত্যা ও মৃত লাশে আগুন দেওয়ার ঘটনায় তীব্র নিন্দা |url=http://jamaat-e-islami.org/news-details.php?category=3&news=27115 |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=Bangladesh Jamaat-e-islami |language=bn}}</ref> and [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]] leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=দিপু চন্দ্র ও শিশু আয়েশাকে পুড়িয়ে হত্যার নিন্দা ও প্রতিবাদ হেফাজতের |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/politics/news/844570 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=দৈনিক ইনকিলাব |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=দিপু চন্দ্র ও শিশু আয়েশাকে পুড়িয়ে হত্যার তীব্র নিন্দা হেফাজতের |url=https://www.jugantor.com/politics/1043492 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref> The lynching was celebrated by many people in Bangladesh, including a prospective parliamentary candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/22/world/asia/bangladesh-hindu-muslim-lynching.html |title=Lynching of a Hindu in Bangladesh Fans Fears of Rising Intolerance |last1=Hasnat |first1=Saif |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |date=22 December 2025 |website=New York Times |access-date=22 December 2025 |quote=But the religiously motivated murder of Mr. Das was openly celebrated by many. "You have brought joy to the hearts of the people," Jubayer Ahmad Tasrif, who is planning to run in parliamentary elections, said in a video he posted on Facebook.}}</ref>

===International===
The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs of India]] expressed deep concern over the "barbaric killing" and ongoing attacks on minorities, urging the Bangladesh government to ensure justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2025 |title=India urges justice for Dipu killing, voices concern over attacks on minorities in Bangladesh |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/india-urges-justice-dipu-chandra-das-killing-voices-concern-over-minority-attacks |access-date=25 December 2025 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> Indian politicians strongly condemned the violence. Andhra Pradesh Deputy CM [[Pawan Kalyan]] stated the "pattern of targeting Hindus is cruel and clear".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan, Priyanka Gandhi Condemn Lynching of Hindu Worker in Bangladesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/bangladesh-violence-pawan-kalyan-priyanka-gandhi-condemn-lynching-of-hindu-man-deepu-das-ytvd-2838920-2025-12-20 |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Congress MP [[Priyanka Gandhi]] urged the Indian government to raise the safety of minorities with Bangladesh, while MP [[Shashi Tharoor]] termed the incident "unbearably tragic".<ref name="thenewsmill" /> [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader Tarunjyoti Tewari described the killing as "a direct assault on civilization itself".<ref name="neherald2">{{cite web |date=19 December 2025 |title=Horror in Bangladesh: Hindu man lynched and set on fire amid violent protests |url=https://neherald.com/world/horror-in-bangladesh-hindu-man-lynched-and-set-on-fire-amid-violent-protests |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=Northeast Herald}}</ref> Muslim leaders, including those from [[Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind]], also condemned the lynching as shameful and anti-Islamic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarion |first=Team |date=22 December 2025 |title=Lynching of Hindu Youth in Bangladesh 'Shameful, Against Islam': Jamiat Chief |url=https://clarionindia.net/lynching-of-hindu-youth-in-bangladesh-shameful-against-islam-jamiat-chief/ |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=Clarion India |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] called for immediate action against those responsible for the violence, which followed allegations of [[blasphemy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2025 |title=Those responsible for violence and killings must be brought to justice without delay: Amnesty |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/njlgpdiu40 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Banerjee | first=Aveek | title=Amnesty International Condemns Bangladesh Violence, Lynching Of Hindu Man; Calls For Probe | website=News18 | date=20 December 2025 | url=https://www.news18.com/world/amnesty-international-condemns-bangladesh-violence-lynching-of-hindu-man-calls-for-probe-ws-l-9782160.html | access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> Several celebrities protested the killing. Singer [[Tony Kakkar]] released a track titled "Why violence in the name of religion?".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Hindu Muslim Na Koi...': Tony Kakkar Mentions Bangladesh Lynching Incident In New Track Chaar Log, Gives Befitting Reply To Lollipop Song Trolls - Watch |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/hindu-muslim-na-koi-tony-kakkar-mentions-bangladesh-lynching-incident-in-new-track-chaar-log-gives-befitting-reply-to-lollipop-song-trolls-watch |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘ধর্মের নামে রক্তারক্তি, ঈশ্বর দেখছেন’, গানেই বাংলাদেশের সংখ্যালঘু নির্যাতনের প্রতিবাদ নেহা-টনি কক্করের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/neha-tony-kakkars-protrst-song-on-bangladesh-goes-viral/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref> Condemnations were voiced on [[social media]] by [[Janhvi Kapoor]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2025 |title=Janhvi Kapoor condemns ‘barbaric’ lynching of Dipu Chandra Das in Bangladesh, internet praises her courage |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-condemns-barbaric-lynching-of-dipu-chandra-das-in-bangladesh-internet-praises-her-courage-101766649293821.html |access-date=25 December 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Barbaric!’: Janhvi Kapoor condemns death of Dipu Chandra Das in Bangladesh, netizens praise her stand |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/-barbaric-janhvi-kapoor-condemns-death-of-dipu-chandra-das-in-bangladesh-netizens-praise-her-stand-1766656185885 |access-date=25 December 2025 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> [[Idhika Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=বাংলাদেশের অস্থিরতায় মন ভারী ইধিকার |url=https://www.alokitobangladesh.com/entertainment/311653/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=alokitobangladesh}}</ref> [[Riddhi Sen]], Mekhla Dasgupta,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saregamapa fame singer Mekhla Dasgupta writes a cryptic post amid Bangladesh Unrest |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/,%20https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/saregamapa-fame-singer-mekhla-dasgupta-writes-a-cryptic-post-amid-bangladesh-unrest-182186 |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=www.aajkaal.in |language=bn-IN}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and [[Vikram Chatterjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=20 December 2025 |title=মানুষের বিরুদ্ধে মানুষের ঘৃণা... বাংলাদেশ নিয়ে প্রতিবাদী গর্জন এপার বাংলার তারকাদের |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/mekhla-dasgupta-riddhi-sen-vikram-chatterjee-and-others-reacts-on-bangladesh-unrest-west-bengal-news-wbs25122001077 |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>

On 28 December, the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] condemned the lynching, terming the killing as "horrific" and further urged Bangladesh for the protection of minorities in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Condemns Lynching Of Hindu Worker Dipu Chandra Das In Bangladesh, Urges Protection Of Minorities |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/us-condemns-lynching-of-hindu-worker-dipu-chandra-das-in-bangladesh-urges-protection-of-minorities |access-date=28 December 2025 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US condemns 'horrific' religious violence in Bangladesh, urges protection of minorities |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2025/12/28/us-condemns-horrific-religious-violence-in-bangladesh-urges-protection-of-minorities.html |access-date=28 December 2025 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> Congressman Thomas R. Suozzi wrote to Secretary of State Marco Rubio on 22 December 2025, expressing concerns over attacks on Hindu minorities in Bangladesh, including the killing of Dipu Chandra Das, and the misuse of [[Blasphemy law in Bangladesh|blasphemy laws]], requesting a briefing on the safety and security situation of religious minorities to address concerns from his Bangladeshi-American constituents.<ref>{{cite web | title=US lawmaker seeks briefing from Marco Rubio on killings of Hindu minorities in Bangladesh | website=Firstpost | date=24 December 2025 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/us-lawmaker-seeks-briefing-from-marco-rubio-on-killings-of-hindu-minorities-in-bangladesh-13962530.html | access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref> US Congressman [[Ro Khanna]] stated that "the killing of Dipu Chandra Das, a 27-year-old Hindu garment worker in Bangladesh, is horrific, and my thoughts and prayers are with his friends and family. We must unequivocally condemn and speak out against these vile acts of hatred and bigotry."<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=28 December 2025 |title=U.S. lawmaker condemns killing of Hindu garment factory worker in Bangladesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-lawmaker-condemns-killing-of-hindu-garment-factory-worker-in-bangladesh/article70445609.ece |access-date=28 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Protests===
Protests demanding justice for Dipu Chandra Das erupted across Bangladeshi universities. At the [[University of Dhaka]], students and [[Dhaka University Central Students' Union|DUCSU]] leaders held rallies condemning the "arson terrorism" and demanding the resignation of the Law and Home Advisers for failing to maintain order.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2025 |title=দিপু চন্দ্র ও শিশু আয়েশা হত্যার বিচারের দাবিতে ঢাবিতে বিক্ষোভ ও মানববন্ধন |url=https://thedailycampus.com/universities/232864?fbclid=Iwb21leAOz3btjbGNrA7PcxmV4dG4DYWVtAjExAHNydGMGYXBwX2lkDDM1MDY4NTUzMTcyOAABHvRwV8Y4dEp_ixbdGTm93V25BRDOD2O19fikXX_QD4d6mIHSvmToIqIfntyb_aem_3c6Z0g8oBXGgu9FR0N_pjQ |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=thedailycampus |language=bn |trans-quote=Protest and human chain at DU demanding justice for the murder of Dipu Chandra and child Ayesha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2025 |title=দিপু চন্দ্র ও শিশু আয়েশা হত্যার প্রতিবাদে ঢাবিতে বিক্ষোভ |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/campus/news/1077593 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=jagonews24.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2025 |title=ময়মনসিংহে হিন্দু যুবক হত্যার প্রতিবাদে ঢাবি শিক্ষার্থীদের মানববন্ধন ও বিক্ষোভ |url=https://ekhon.tv/national-news/6947658f5224e58b80b0ea0c |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=এখন টিভি |language=bn}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Chatra Dal]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Dipu Das, Ayesha killings: Chhatra Dal protests at DU demanding justice | website=Dhaka Tribune | date=21 December 2025 | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/399244/chhatra-dal-protests-at-dhaka-university-demanding | access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Chhatra Dal protests killings of Dipu, Ayesha at Dhaka University | website=[[bdnews24.com]] | date=21 December 2025 | url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/a56e3b21713a | access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> and students of [[Jagannath Hall]] also organized demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web | title=Silent march at DU Jagannath Hall protests killings of Ayesha, Dipu | website=Dhaka Tribune | date=21 December 2025 | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/399253/silent-march-at-du-jagannath-hall-protesting | access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Students of Jagannath Hall Protest, Demand Justice for Dipu Das and Ayesha | website=Khaborwala | date=24 December 2025 | url=https://khaborwala.com/public/students-of-jagannath-hall-protest-demand-justice-for-dipu-das-and-ayesha | access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> Similar protests and vigils were held at [[Government Brojomohun College]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিনিধি |first=বরিশাল |title=শিশু আয়েশা ও দীপু হত্যার প্রতিবাদে আলোক প্রজ্বলন {{!}} কালবেলা |url=https://www.kalbela.com/country-news/250787 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Kalbela |language=bn-BD}}</ref> and [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]] by Hindu students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dailyapandesh.com |title=ওসমান হাদী-দীপু দাস হত্যার প্রতিবাদ ইবির সনাতনী শিক্ষার্থীদের |url=https://www.dailyapandesh.com/education/news/44100 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Apan Desh {{!}} আপন দেশ |language=bn}}</ref>

Protests occurred in multiple Indian cities. In New Delhi, groups including the [[Bajrang Dal]] demonstrated outside the [[Bangladesh High Commission, Delhi|Bangladesh High Commission]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Saurabh | title=Hundreds protest in New Delhi over killing of Hindu man in Bangladesh | website=Reuters | date=23 December 2025 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hundreds-protest-new-delhi-over-killing-hindu-man-bangladesh-2025-12-23/ | access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=23 December 2025 |title=Hindu man killed in Bangladesh: Major showdown in Delhi; protesters break barricades, clash with cops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindu-man-killed-in-bangladesh-major-showdown-in-delhi-protesters-break-barricades-clash-with-cops/articleshow/126134970.cms |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Tensions escalated with reports of threats to the [[M. Riaz Hamidullah|High Commissioner]], which the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian MEA]] denied as disinformation, though the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Bangladeshi Foreign Ministry]] disputed this account.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2025 |title=Bangladesh High Commission in Delhi temporarily suspends visa services |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/26gzwjowg7 |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2025 |title=Bangladesh missions in Delhi, Agartala suspend issuing visas |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/foreign-affairs/285903/bangladesh-missions-in-delhi-agartala-suspend-issuing-visas |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Dhaka rejects Indian press note on New Delhi protest: Foreign adviser | website=The Business Standard | date=21 December 2025 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/foreign-policy/dhaka-rejects-indian-press-note-new-delhi-protest-foreign-adviser-1315396 | access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> Marches were also held near the mission in [[Agartala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=20 December 2025 |title=Protests erupt in Agartala over alleged lynching of Hindu man in Bangladesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/protests-erupt-in-agartala-over-alleged-lynching-of-hindu-man-in-bangladesh/articleshow/126095409.cms? |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Protests outside Bangladesh missions in several Indian cities over killing of Dipu Chandra Das |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/protests-outside-bangladesh-missions-several-indian-cities-over-killing-dipu-chandra-das-4064601 |website=The Daily Star |access-date=23 December 2025 |language=en |date=23 December 2025}}</ref> There were similar protests held outside the Bangladeshi mission in the city of [[Kolkata]], and across the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web| last=Singh | first=Shiv Sahay |title=Protest continues in Bengal against lynching in Bangladesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/protests-held-at-land-ports-along-bangladesh-border-in-west-bengal/article70434550.ece |access-date=23 December 2025|language=en |date=26 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Others ===
On 27 December, the Bengali Hindu Adarsha Sangha (BHAS) UK led a "Justice for Hindus" rally outside the Bangladesh High Commission in London to condemn the persecution of Bangladeshi minorities, specifically the killing of Dipu Chandra Das. Participants chanted the Hanuman Chalisa and "Hindu Lives Matter" to urge the Yunus administration and the British government to ensure minority safety. The demonstration was disrupted by Khalistani counter-protesters supporting the Bangladeshi interim government and the killing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Watch: Khalistanis in UK disrupt protest by Hindus over killings in Bangladesh | website=The Times of India | date=27 December 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/watch-khalistanis-in-uk-disrupt-protest-by-hindus-over-killings-in-bangladesh/articleshow/126206732.cms | access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title='Hindu lives matter': Protesters gather outside Bangladesh high commission in London, chant Hanuman Chalisa | website=Hindustan Times | date=28 December 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/hindu-lives-matter-protesters-gather-outside-bangladesh-high-commission-in-london-chant-hanuman-chalisa-101766899316983.html | access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Nandini | first=Navashree | title='Hindu lives matter' slogans and Hanuman Chalisa: Massive protest in London against violence on minorities in Bangladesh | website=Wion | date=28 December 2025 | url=https://www.wionews.com/world/-hindu-lives-matter-slogans-and-hanuman-chalisa-massive-protest-in-london-against-violence-on-minorities-in-bangladesh-1766909875656 | access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref> A protest march in [[Janakpurdham]], Nepal occurred on 25 December demanding justice for Dipu Chandra Das.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=25 December 2025 |title=Nepal Protests Erupt Over Hindu Youth's Murder in Bangladesh |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/world/bangladesh-violence-nepal-protests-erupt-over-hindu-youth-s-murder-in-bangladesh-1818743 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bangladesh post-resignation violence (2024–2026)]]
* [[December 2025 Bangladesh violence]]
* [[Hinduism in Bangladesh]]
* [[Human rights in Bangladesh]]
* [[Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:2025 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bhaluka Upazila]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]
[[Category:Attack over accusations of blasphemy]]
[[Category:December 2025 in Asia]]
[[Category:Aftermath of the July Uprising]]
[[Category:Violence against men in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Lynchings in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in Bangladesh]]

Bakkani Narasimhulu

2026-04-07T09:24:10Z

Tiger44444f4: started a entry more to come - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Bakkani Narsimhulu.png
| caption = Narasimhulu in 2022 at Mahanaadu
| office = 2nd President of [[Telugu Desam Party]] {{small|[[Telangana]] unit}}
| 1blankname = National President
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start = 19 July 2021
| term_end = 10 November 2022
| predecessor = [[L. Ramana]]
| successor = [[Kasani Gnaneshwar Mudiraj]]
| assembly2 = Andhra Pradesh Legislative
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start2 = 1994
| term_end2 = 1999
| predecessor2 = [[P. Shankar Rao]]
| successor2 = [[P. Shankar Rao]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] {{small|[[United Andhra Pradesh]]}}
| constituency2 = [[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Bakkani Narasimhulu''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Telangana]]. He was the president of the Telangana unit of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (abbreviated TDP) from 2021 to 2022 and a senior TDP leader from [[Mahabubnagar district]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jul 20 |first1=Sribala Vadlapatla / TNN / Updated |title=Telangana: Ex-MLA Bakkani Narasimhulu is new TTDP chief {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ex-mla-bakkani-is-new-ttdp-chief/articleshow/84567976.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Bakkani Narasimhulu started his political career in 1983 as an ordinary political activist in the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He worked in various capacities in the joint [[Mahabubnagar district]]-TDP unit. Narasimhulu contested the 1994 Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections as a Telugu Desam Party candidate from Shadnagar constituency and won against his nearest rival Congress Party candidate [[P. Shankar Rao]] with a majority of 45822 votes and entered the assembly for the first time as an MLA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.partyanalyst.com/constituencyPageAction.action?constituencyId=71 |title=Shadnagar Assembly Constituency Details |accessdate=19 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903230905/http://partyanalyst.com/constituencyPageAction.action?constituencyId=71 |archivedate=3 September 2013 }}</ref>

In 1999 he refrained from contesting in the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|legislative assembly election of Andhra Pradesh]] as this seat was allotted to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]](abbreviated BJP) as a part of TDP-BJP alliance in the respective elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=A triumph of alliance arithmetic |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30159332.ece |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en |date=5 November 1999}}</ref> Later in 2004 he contested in the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|legislative assembly election of Andhra Pradesh]] from [[Shadnagar Assembly constituency]] as a TDP candidate and lost to his nearest rival Congress Party candidate P. Shankara Rao by a margin of 10632 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naidu likely to appoint Bakkani Narasimhulu as next TTDP chief! |url=https://www.telugu360.com/naidu-likely-to-appoint-bakkani-narasimhulu-as-next-ttdp-chief/ |website=Telugu360.com |date=17 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Shadnagar 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/andhra-pradesh/shadnagar/27/26632/176 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

Later, he was in-charge of Shadnagar Constituency of Telugu Desam Party, TDP State Secretary, Executive Secretary, SC Cell State President, TTD Governing Body Member, TDP Election Committee Member, Disciplinary Committee Member{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} and Joint Mahabubnagar District TDP President until it got divided into [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]], [[Wanaparthy district]], [[Nagarkurnool district]], and itself as [[Mahabubnagar district]]. He worked as a member of the national executive committee and as the national general secretary of TDP. Bakkani Narasimhu contested the 2014 parliamentary elections as a TDP candidate from the [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency]] and was defeated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lok Sabha election results 2014: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/lok-sabha-election-results-2014-andhra-pradesh/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=17 May 2014}}</ref>

Narsimhulu was appointed as Telangana Telugu Desam Party State President on 19 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chronicle |first1=Deccan |title=Bakkani Narasimhulu appointed president of Telangana TDP |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190721/bakkani-narasimhulu-appointed-president-of-telangana-tdp.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bakkani Narasimhulu was born in Lingareddy Guda village, Farooqnagar Mandal, Rangareddy District, Telangana state. He completed his tenth standard in 1970 from Zilla Parishad High School, Farooqnagar {{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimhulu, Bakkani}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{TDP-politician-stub}}
{{Telangana-politician-stub}}

Gandhāra (kingdom)

2026-03-31T02:41:13Z

Tiger44444f4: new a article

{{short description|Ancient kingdom in north-western South Asia}}
{{About|the mythological kingdom in the Ramayana and Mahabharatam, and the Iron Age kingdom proper|the historical region|Gandhara}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Gandhāra
| common_name = Gandhāra
| native_name =
| image_map = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| capital = [[Taxila|Takṣaśila]] [[Pushkalavati|Puṣkalāvatī]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]] [[Jainism]] [[Buddhism]]
| demonym = Gāndhārī
| government_type = [[semi-constitutional monarchy]]
| currency =
| status =
| status_text =
| empire =
| year_end = {{c.|
500 BCE}}
| year_start = {{c.|
2000 BCE}}
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = Gandhāra among the [[Mahajanapadas|Mahājanapada]]s in the Post Vedic period
| common_languages = [[Prakrit]]s
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| year_leader1 = {{circa|2000 BCE}}
| leader1 = [[Nagnajit]]
| year_leader2 = {{circa|1950 BCE}}
| leader2 = Subala
| year_leader3 = {{circa|1900 BCE}}
| leader3 = Achala
| event_start = Established
| date_start =
| event_end = Conquered by the [[Achaemenid Empire]]
| date_end =
| p1 =
| s1 = Gandāra{{!}}{{center|{{Transliteration|peo|Gaⁿdāra}} (Achaemenid Empire)}}
| flag_s1 = Standard of Cyrus the Great (Blue).svg
| today = [[Pakistan]] and eastern [[Afghanistan]]
| era = Bronze Age
}}
'''Gandhāra''' ({{langx|sa|गन्धारः|Gandhāra}}) [[Pali]]: {{Transliteration|pi|Gandhāra}}) was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[Monarchy|kingdom]] of northwestern Indian Subcontinent whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]. The inhabitants of Gandhāra were called the '''Gāndhārīs'''.

== Location ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png
| caption1 = Location of the Gāndhārīs the Vedic tribes
| image2 = Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
| caption2 = Location of Gandhāra during the late Vedic period
| image3 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| caption3 = Location of Gandhāra during the post-Vedic period
| footer =
}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The Gandhāra kingdom of the late Vedic period was located on both sides of the [[Indus River|Indus]] river, and it corresponded to the modern [[Rawalpindi District]] of modern-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Peshawar District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |url= |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date= |publisher=[[Longman|Pearson Education India]] |isbn= |location= |page=264 |author-link=Upinder Singh}}</ref>{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=59-62}} By the 6th century BCE, Gandhāra had expanded to include the [[Kashmir Valley|valley of Kaśmīra]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=146-147}}

The capitals of Gandhāra were [[Taxila|Takṣaśila]] ([[Pali|Pāli]]: {{Transliteration|pi|Takkasilā}}; [[Ancient Greek]]: {{langx|grc|Ταξιλα|Taxila}}), and [[Pushkalavati|Puṣkalāvatī]] ({{langx|pra|Pukkalāoti}}; {{langx|grc|Πευκελαωτις|Peukelaōtis}}) or Puṣkarāvatī ([[Pali]]: {{Transliteration|pi|Pokkharavatī}}).

== History ==
=== Religious Mythology of the Kingdom ===
The first mention of the Gandhārīs is attested once in the religious text [[Rigveda|{{Transliteration|sa|Ṛgveda}}]] as a tribe that has sheep with good wool. In the [[Atharvaveda|{{Transliteration|sa|Atharvaveda}}]], the Gandhārīs are mentioned alongside the Mūjavants, the [[Anga|Āṅgeyas]] and the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Māgadhīs]] in a hymn asking fever to leave the body of the sick man and instead go those aforementioned tribes. The tribes listed were the furthermost border tribes known to those in [[Madhyadesha|{{Transliteration|sa|Madhyadeśa}}]], the Āṅgeyas and Māgadhīs in the east, and the Mūjavants and Gandhārīs in the north.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Macdonell |first1=Arthur Anthony |title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects |last2=Keith |first2=Arthur Berriedale |publisher=John Murray |year=1912 |pages=218–219}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |title=Reflections on the Tantras |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=1978 |pages=4}}</ref>

The Gāndhārī king Nagnajit and his son Svarajit are mentioned in another religious text, the [[Brahmana|{{Transliteration|sa|Brāhmaṇa}}s]], according to which they received Brahmanic consecration, but their family's attitude towards ritual is mentioned negatively,{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=59-62}} with the royal family of Gandhāra during this period following non-Brahmanical religious traditions. According to the [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Uttaradhyayana|{{Transliteration|sa|Uttarādhyayana-sūtra}}]], Nagnajit, or Naggaji, was a prominent king who had adopted Jainism and was comparable to Dvimukha of [[Pancala|Pāñcāla]], Nimi of [[Videha]], Karakaṇḍu of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kaliṅga]], and Bhīma of [[Vidarbha]]; [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] sources instead claim that he had achieved [[Pratyekabuddhayāna|{{Transliteration|pi|paccekabuddhayāna}}]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=146-147}}<ref name="Prakash">{{cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Buddha |date=1951 |title=Poros |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784590 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=198–233 |doi= |jstor=41784590 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>{{Sfn|Macdonell|Keith|1912|p=218-219, 432}}

By the later Vedic period, the situation had changed, and the Gāndhārī capital of [[Taxila|Takṣaśila]] had become an important centre of knowledge where the men of {{Transliteration|sa|Madhya-deśa}} went to learn the three Vedas and the eighteen branches of knowledge, with the {{Transliteration|sa|Kauśītaki Brāhmaṇa}} recording that [[Brahmin|{{Transliteration|sa|brāhmaṇa}}s]] went north to study. According to the [[Shatapatha Brahmana|{{Transliteration|sa|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa}}]] and the {{Transliteration|pi|Uddālaka Jātaka}}, the famous Vedic philosopher [[Uddālaka Āruṇi]] was among the famous students of Takṣaśila, and the {{Transliteration|pi|Setaketu Jātaka}} claims that his son [[Śvetaketu]] also studied there. In the [[Chandogya Upanishad|{{Transliteration|sa|Chāndogya Upaniṣad}}]], Uddālaka Āruṇi himself favourably referred to Gāndhārī education to the [[Videha|Vaideha]] king [[Janaka]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=59-62}}

===History of the Kingdom ===
During the 6th century BCE, Gandhāra was an important imperial power in north-west Iron Age South Asia, with the [[Kashmir Valley|valley of Kaśmīra]] being part of the kingdom,{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=146-147}} while the other states of the Punjab region, such as the [[Kekaya]]s, [[Madra]]kas, [[Uśīnara]]s, and [[Shivi]]s being under Gāndhārī suzerainty. According to Buddhist narratives written a few centuries later, the Gāndhārī king [[Pushkarasarin|Pukkusāti]], engaged in expansionist ventures which brought him into conflict with the king [[Pradyota]] of the rising power of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]]. Pukkusāti was successful in this struggle with Pradyota, but war broke out between him and the [[Arjunayanas|Pāṇḍava]] tribe located in the [[Punjab]] region, and who were threatened by his expansionist policy.<ref name="Prakash" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |url= |title=Malwa Through the Ages |date=1972 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-8-120-80824-9 |location=[[Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=98–104 |author-link=}}</ref> Pukkusāti also engaged in friendly relations with the king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref name="Prakash" />

Due to this important position, Buddhist texts listed the Gandhāra kingdom as one of the sixteen [[Mahajanapadas|{{Transliteration|sa|Mahājanapada}}s]] ("great realms") of Iron Age Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Higham2014">{{citation |last=Higham |first=Charles |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA209 |pages=209– |year=2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1 |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331110711/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA209 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Devi2007">{{cite book |author=Khoinaijam Rita Devi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0UwAQAAIAAJ |title=History of ancient India: on the basis of Buddhist literature |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-086-3 |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624210747/https://books.google.com/books?id=R0UwAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Conquest by Persia ==
{{main|Gedrosian campaign|Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|Gandāra}}

By the later 6th century BCE, the founder of the [[Persians|Persian]] [[Achaemenid Empire]], [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]], soon after his conquests of [[Medes|Media]], [[Lydia]], and [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonia]], marched into Gandhara and annexed it into his empire.<ref name="CAH">{{cite book |author-last=Young |author-first=T. Cuyler |url= |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |date=1988 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-22804-6 |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian) |volume=4 |location=[[Cambridge]] |pages=1–52 |chapter=The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses |author-link= |editor2-last=Hammond |editor2-first=N. G. L. |editor2-link=N. G. L. Hammond |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=D. M. |editor3-link=David Malcolm Lewis |editor4-last=Ostwald |editor4-first=M. |editor4-link=Martin Ostwald}}</ref> The scholar [[K. D. Sethna|Kaikhosru Danjibuoy Sethna]] advanced that Cyrus had conquered only the trans-Indus borderlands around Peshawar which had belonged to Gandhāra while Pukkusāti remained a powerful king who maintained his rule over the rest of Gandhāra and the western Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sethna |first=Kaikhosru Danjibuoy |url= |title=Problems of Ancient India |date=2000 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |isbn=978-8-177-42026-5 |location= |pages=121–172 |chapter=To Pāṇini's Time from Pāṇini's Place |author-link=K. D. Sethna}}</ref>

However, according to the scholar [[Buddha Prakash]], Pukkusāti might have acted as a bulwark against the expansion of the [[Persians|Persian]] [[Achaemenid Empire]] into the north-west Indian Subcontinent. This hypothesis posits that the army which [[Nearchus]] claimed [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] had lost in [[Gedrosia]] had in fact been defeated by Pukkusāti's Gāndhārī kingdom. Therefore, following Prakash's position, the Achaemenids would have been able to conquer Gandhāra only after a period of decline of Gandhāra after the reign of Pukkusāti combined the growth of Achaemenid power under the kings [[Cambyses II]] and [[Darius the Great|Darius I]].<ref name="Prakash" /> However, the presence of Gandhāra, referred to as {{Transliteration|peo|Gaⁿdāra}} in [[Old Persian]], among the list of Achaemenid provinces in Darius's [[Behistun Inscription]] confirms that his empire had inherited this region from conquests carried out earlier by Cyrus.<ref name="CAH" />

Assuming that Pukkusāti lived during the 6th century BCE, is unknown whether he remained in power after the Achaemenid conquest as a Persian vassal or if he was replaced by a Persian [[satrap]] (governor),<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Bivar |author-first=A. D. H. |url= |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |date=1988 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-22804-6 |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian) |volume=4 |location=[[Cambridge]] |pages=194–210 |chapter=The Indus Lands |author-link=David Bivar |editor2-last=Hammond |editor2-first=N. G. L. |editor2-link=N. G. L. Hammond |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=D. M. |editor3-link=David Malcolm Lewis |editor4-last=Ostwald |editor4-first=M. |editor4-link=Martin Ostwald}}</ref> although [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] sources claim that he renounced his throne and became a monk after becoming a disciple of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pukkusāti |url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/pu/pukkusati.htm |publisher=www.palikanon.com |accessdate=26 July 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624210754/https://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/pu/pukkusati.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The annexation under Cyrus was limited to Gandhāra proper, after which the peoples of the Punjab region previously under Gāndhārī authority took advantage of the new power vacuum to form their own states.<ref name="Prakash" />

However, there are no historical facts known for certain about [[Pushkarasarin|Pukkusāti]], and all theories about his reign are speculative. It is debated whether he ruled before or after the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]], and is unknown what kind of relationship he historically had with the Persian Achaemenid rulers.<ref name="Karttunen">{{cite book | last=Karttunen | first=Klaus | title=India in Early Greek Literature | publisher=Finnish Oriental Society | date=1989 | isbn=978-951-9380-10-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TxZAAAAMAAJ | pages=61–62}}</ref> With [[The Buddha#Dating|alternative chronologies]] which date the Buddha's lifetime (and his contemporary kings) as much as a century later, it is alternatively possible that Pukkusāti in fact lived as much as a century after the Achaemenid conquest. Among scholars who favour the latter chronology, it remains an open question for debate, what kind of relationship Pukkusāti historically had with the Persian Achaemenid rulers. Possible theories are: he "may belong to a period when the Achaemenids had already lost their hold over Indian provinces," or he may have been holding power in eastern parts of Gandhara such as [[Taxila]] (speculatively considered by some scholars to be outside the Achaemenid dominions), or may have been serving as a vassal of the Achaemenids but with autonomy to conduct warfare and diplomacy with independent Indian states, similar to the "active and often independent role the western satraps had [[Greco-Persian Wars|in Greek politics]]".<ref name="Karttunen"/> Thus it is considered that he may have been an important intermediary for [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley#Influence of Achaemenid culture in the Indian subcontinent|cultural influence between Ancient Persia and India]].<ref name="Karttunen"/>

== Rulers ==

Known Gandhara rulers include:

* [[Nagnajit]]
* [[List of characters in the Mahabharata|Subala]]
* [[Shakuni]]
* Achala
* Kalikeya
* Suvala
* Vrishaka
* Vrihadvala
* Gaya
* Gavaksha
* Vrishava
* Charmavat
* Arjava
* Suka
* Kulinda
* [[Pushkarasarin]] (or Pukkusati) ({{Circa|535}}–518 BCE), last ruler of Gandhara kingdom probably at time of [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]]
* Kandik, (late ruler)

== See also ==
* [[Sindhu-Sauvīra]]
* [[Gandhara]]
* [[Gandhara (Mahabharata)]]
* [[Janapada]]
* [[Mahajanapada]]
* [[Gandhara grave culture]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385 |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |date=1974 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-8-120-80805-8 |location=[[Delhi]], [[India]] |page=66 |author-link=}}
*{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |url= |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |date=1953 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn= |location= |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri}}
*{{cite book |last=Sikdar |first=Jogendra Chandra |url= |title=Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra |date=1964 |publisher=Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa |isbn= |location=[[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]] |pages=388–464 |author-link=}}
{{refend}}

{{Mahajanapada |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Iron Age Asia]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of the Vedic period]]

Karnataka

2026-03-25T21:19:06Z

Tiger44444f4: small changes

{{Short description|State in southwestern India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Karnataka
| official_name = State of Karnataka
| type = State
| border =
| size = 275
| perrow =1|2|2|2|1
| caption_align = centre
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Hampi virupaksha temple.jpg
| photo2a = 7th - 9th century Hindu and Jain temples, Pattadakal monuments Karnataka 2.jpg
| photo2b = Shravanabelagola Bahubali wideframe.jpg
| photo4a = Hoysaleshwara temple, Halebidu 831.jpg
| photo3b = DGTF2318.jpg
| photo3a = GolGumbaz2 altered.jpg
| photo4b = Gopura at Murdeshwar.jpg
| photo5a = UB City at night .jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 275
| foot_montage = ''From top, left to right:'' [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Gommateshwara statue]], [[Gol Gumbaz]], [[Shivanasamudra Falls]], [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] at [[Halebidu]], [[Gopura]] at [[Murdeshwar]], and [[UB City]], [[Bengaluru]]
}}
| image_seal = Seal of Karnataka.svg
| nickname =
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth alone triumphs)
| anthem = [[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate|Jaya Bhārata Jananiya Tanujāte, Jaya Hē Karnāṭaka Māte]]<ref name="anthem" /> (Victory to You Mother Karnataka, Daughter of Mother India)<ref>{{cite news |title=Poem declared 'State song' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 January 2004 |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101052709/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
| image_map = IN-KA.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|12.97|77.50|region:IN-KA_type:adm1st_dim:500000|display=inline,title}}
| region = South India
| before_was = [[Mysore State]]
| formation_date4 = 1 November 1956
| capital = Bengaluru
| largestcity = capital
| metro = Bengaluru
| districts = [[List of districts of Karnataka|31 (4 divisions)]]
| government_footnotes =<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka CM swearing in ceremony live updates: 'In larger interest of party,' says DK Shivakumar on becoming deputy CM and Siddaramaiah as new CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karnataka-cm-news-live-siddaramaiah-dk-shivakumar-new-chief-minister-announcement/liveblog/100303122.cms |url-status=live |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518061941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karnataka-cm-news-live-siddaramaiah-dk-shivakumar-new-chief-minister-announcement/liveblog/100303122.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
| Governor = [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Deputy_CM = [[D. K. Shivakumar]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| judiciary = [[Karnataka High Court]]
| Chief_secretary = Rajneesh Goel (IAS)<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajneesh Goel Appointed As Karnataka's New Chief Secretary |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajneesh-goel-appointed-as-karnatakas-new-chief-secretary-4593918 |publisher=NDTV |agency=Press Trust of India |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203105657/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajneesh-goel-appointed-as-karnatakas-new-chief-secretary-4593918 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| legislature_type = Bicameral
| council = [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| council_seats = 75 seats
| assembly = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 224 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 12 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 28 seats
| area_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/stat/Protected%20Areas%20of%20India.pdf |work=Wildlife Institute of India |publisher=Government of India |title=Protected Areas of India: State-wise break up of Wildlife Sanctuaries |access-date=24 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024130725/http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/stat/Protected%20Areas%20of%20India.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 191791
| area_rank = 6th
| length_km = 489
| width_km = 767
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 1,925
| elevation_max_point = [[Mullayyanagiri]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2014 |title=Udupi-Chikmagalur: A constituency that's beset by problems |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/udupichikmagalur-a-constituency-thats-beset-by-problems/article5801739.ece |access-date=24 March 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324205945/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/udupichikmagalur-a-constituency-thats-beset-by-problems/article5801739.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Laccadive Sea]]
| population_footnotes =<ref name="popu">{{cite web |title=Figures at a glance |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/karnataka/3-figure-7.pdf |work=2011 Provisional census data |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=17 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024231951/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/karnataka/3-figure-7.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2011}}</ref>
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 61,130,704
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 8th
| population_urban = 38.67%
| population_rural = 61.33%
| population_density = 320
| population_demonym = Kannadiga (gender neutral) 
Kannadati (feminine)
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite book |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commission for Linguistic Minorities in India |publisher=National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities |page=123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/7524/1/26_of_1963_%28e%29.pdf |title=THE KARNATAKA OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ACT, 1963 |access-date=28 September 2022 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115104719/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/7524/1/26_of_1963_%28e%29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| official_script = [[Kannada script]]
<ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls|title=MOSPI State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India|date=15 March 2021|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} $361.19 billion (nominal) {{Increase}} $1.522 trillion (PPP)
| GDP_year = 2025–26
| GDP_rank = 3rd
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|380906|lk=r}} (nominal) {{Increase}} $22,153 (PPP)
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 6th
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.713 {{color|green|high}}
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_rank = 20th
| literacy = 82.7%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 24th
| sex_ratio = 938[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2025
| sexratio_rank = 6th
| iso_code = IN-KA
| registration_plate = KA
| website = karnataka.gov.in
| foundation_day = Karnataka Formation Day
| mammal = [[Indian elephant]]<ref name="handbook2015">{{cite book |editor1-last=Huq |editor1-first=Iteshamul |title=A Handbook of Karnataka |date=2015 |publisher=Karnataka Gazetteer Department |page=48 |edition=Fifth |chapter-url=http://www.karnataka.gov.in/Gazetteer/Publications/Special%20Publications/A%20Hand%20Book%20of%20Karnataka%202015/Chapter%2001%20Introduction.pdf |chapter=Introduction |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-date=23 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095304/http://www.karnataka.gov.in/Gazetteer/Publications/Special%20Publications/A%20Hand%20Book%20of%20Karnataka%202015/Chapter%2001%20Introduction.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| bird = [[Indian roller]]
| flower = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]]
| tree = [[Santalum album|Sandalwood]]
| image_highway = SH IN-KA.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Karnataka|KA SH1 - KA SH188]]
}}
'''Karnataka'''{{efn|{{Indic Transl|kn|Karnāṭaka|kəɾᵊˈnaːʈəkɐː|Karnataka-pronounciation.ogg}} {{respell|kər|NAH|tə|kə}}}} is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in the southwestern region of [[India]]. It was [[Unification of Karnataka|formed]] as [[Mysore State]] on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]], and renamed ''Karnataka'' in 1973. The state is bordered by the [[Lakshadweep Sea]] to the west, [[Goa]] to the northwest, [[Maharashtra]] to the north, [[Telangana]] to the northeast, [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the east, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the southeast, and [[Kerala]] to the southwest. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|eighth-largest state by population]], comprising 31 [[List of districts in India|districts]]. With 15,257,000 residents, the state capital [[Bengaluru]] is the largest city of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf}}</ref>

The economy of Karnataka is among the most productive in the country with a [[gross state domestic product]] (GSDP) of {{INRconvert|25.01|t}} and a per capita GSDP of {{INRconvert|332926}} for the financial year 2023–24.<ref name="GSDP">{{cite report|url=https://esankhyiki.mospi.gov.in/datacatalogue/NASdata/SDP/SDP-as%20on%2001.08.2024/State_wise_SDP-01082024_GSDP_Current.xlsx|title=Gross State Domestic Product (Current Prices)|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=26 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126172329/https://esankhyiki.mospi.gov.in/datacatalogue/NASdata/SDP/SDP-as%20on%2001.08.2024/State_wise_SDP-01082024_GSDP_Current.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NSDP">{{cite report|url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_as_on_15032024.xls|title=Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (Current Prices)|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref> The state experienced a GSDP growth of 10.2% for the same fiscal year.<ref name="GSDP"/> After [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Hubli–Dharwad]], and [[Belgaum district|Belagavi]] districts contribute the highest revenue to the state respectively. The capital of the state, Bengaluru, is known as the [[Silicon Valley of India]], for its immense contributions to the country's information technology sector. A total of 1,973 companies in the state were found to have been involved in the IT sector as of 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2024 |title=Business News: Business News India, Business News Today, Latest Finance News, Business News Live |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/ |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

Karnataka is the only southern state to have land borders with all of the other four southern Indian sister states. The state covers an area of {{cvt|191791|km2|mi2}}, or 5.83 per cent of the total geographical area of India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Census Reference Tables, B-Series - Area |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/area.htm |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614190614/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/area.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|sixth-largest Indian state by area]].<ref name=":3" /> [[Kannada]], one of the [[Languages of India#Classical languages of India|classical languages of India]], is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. Other minority languages spoken include [[Urdu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kodava language|Kodava]] and [[Beary]]. Karnataka also contains some of the only [[Sanskrit revival#Sanskrit villages|villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://detechter.com/seven-sanskrit-speaking-villages-in-india/ |title=Seven Indian villages where people speak in Sanskrit |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407102822/https://detechter.com/seven-sanskrit-speaking-villages-in-india/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live |date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-4-indian-villages-where-sanskrit-is-a-primary-language-4848406-PHO.html |title=Know about these 4 Indian villages where Sanskrit is still their first language |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055308/https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-4-indian-villages-where-sanskrit-is-a-primary-language-4848406-PHO.html |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cteindia.org/five-indian-villages-where-sanskrit-is-spoken/ |title=Five Indian villages where Sanskrit is spoken |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407145917/https://www.cteindia.org/five-indian-villages-where-sanskrit-is-spoken/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Though [[Etymology of Karnataka|several etymologies]] have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that ''Karnataka'' is derived from the Kannada words ''karu'' and ''nādu'', meaning "elevated land". ''Karu Nadu'' may also be read as ''karu'', meaning "black" and ''nadu'', meaning "region", as a reference to the [[Vertisol|black cotton soil]] found in the [[Bayalu Seeme]] region of the state. The [[British Raj|British]] used the word [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], sometimes ''Karnatak'', to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of [[Krishna River|the Krishna]].<ref>See [[Lord Macaulay]]'s life of Clive and James Talboys Wheeler: ''Early History of British India'', London (1878) p.98. The principal meaning is the western half of this area, but the rulers there controlled the [[Coromandel Coast]] as well.</ref> With an antiquity that dates to the [[Paleolithic]], Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful [[Political history of medieval Karnataka|empires of ancient and medieval India]]. The philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] traditions.

==Etymology==
{{Further|Etymology of Karnataka}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Karnataka|Political history of medieval Karnataka}}

{{For timeline}}
[[File:Mallikarjuna and Kasivisvanatha temples at Pattadakal.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Photo of brown cone-topped temple ruins|Mallikarjuna temple and Kashi Vishwanatha temple at [[Pattadakal]], built successively by the kings of the [[Chalukya Empire]] and [[Rashtrakuta Empire]], is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]]
Karnataka's pre-history goes back to a [[Paleolithic]] hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, [[hand axe]]s and [[Cleaver (tool)|cleavers]] in the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paddayya |first1=K. |last2=Blackwell |first2=B. A. B. |last3=Jhaldiyal |first3=R. |last4=Petraglia |first4=M. D. |last5=Fevrier |first5=S. |last6=Chaderton |first6=D. A. |last7=Blickstein |first7=J. I. B. |last8=Skinner |first8=A. R. |title=Recent findings on the Acheulian of the Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys, Karnataka, with special reference to the Isampur excavation and its dating |journal=Current Science |date=2002 |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=641–647 |jstor=24107141 }}</ref> Evidence of [[Neolithic]] and [[megalithic]] cultures have also been found in the state. Gold discovered in [[Harappa]] was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prompting scholars to hypothesise about contacts between ancient Karnataka and the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] {{Circa|3300 BCE}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121024542/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm |archive-date=21 January 2007 |title=THE Golden Heritage of Karnataka |author=S. Ranganathan |work=Department of Metallurgy |publisher=Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore |access-date=7 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html |title=Trade |access-date=6 May 2007 |publisher=[[The British Museum]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526202851/http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html |archive-date=26 May 2007}}</ref>

Prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the [[Mauryan Empire]] of [[Emperor Ashoka]]. Four centuries of [[Satavahana Dynasty|Satavahana]] rule followed, allowing them to control large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the [[Kadambas]] and the [[Western Gangas]], marking the region's emergence as an independent political entity. The [[Kadamba Dynasty]], founded by [[Mayurasharma]], had its capital at [[Banavasi]];<ref name="origin">From the [[Talagunda]] inscription (B. L. Rice in Kamath (2001), p. 30.)</ref><ref name="origin1">Moares (1931), p. 10.</ref> the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] was formed with [[Talakad]] as its capital.<ref name="gan">Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga (2006), p. 89.</ref><ref name="gan1">Ramesh (1984), pp. 1–2.</ref>

These were also the first kingdoms to use [[Kannada]] in administration, as evidenced by the [[Halmidi inscription]] and a fifth-century copper coin discovered at Banavasi.<ref name="first">From the Halmidi inscription (Ramesh 1984, pp. 10–11.)</ref><ref name="hal">Kamath (2001), p. 10.</ref> These dynasties were followed by imperial Kannada empires such as the [[Badami Chalukyas]],<ref name="cha">The Chalukyas hailed from present-day Karnataka (Keay (2000), p. 168.)</ref><ref name="cha1">The Chalukyas were native ''[[Kannadigas]]'' (N. Laxminarayana Rao and S. C. Nandinath in Kamath (2001), p. 57.)</ref> the [[Rashtrakuta Empire]]<ref name="rash">Altekar (1934), pp. 21–24.</ref><ref name="rash1">Masica (1991), pp. 45–46.</ref> and the [[Western Chalukya Empire]],<ref name="west">Balagamve in Mysore territory was an early power centre (Cousens (1926), pp. 10, 105.)</ref><ref name="west1">Tailapa II, the founder king was the governor of Tardavadi in modern Bijapur district, under the Rashtrakutas (Kamath (2001), p. 101.).</ref> which ruled over large parts of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and had their capitals in what is now Karnataka. The Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of [[Western Chalukya Architecture|architecture]] and Kannada [[Western Chalukya literature|literature]] which became a precursor to the [[Hoysala]] art of the 12th century.<ref name="unique">Kamath (2001), p. 115.</ref><ref name="flow">Foekema (2003), p. 9.</ref> Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka (Gangavadi) were occupied by the [[Chola Empire]] at the turn of the 11th century.<ref name="A History of South India">Sastri (1955), p.164</ref> The Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala]] rule.<ref name="A History of South India" />

At the turn of the first millennium, the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] gained power in the region. [[Hoysala literature|Literature]] flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada [[Meter (music)|literary metres]], and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the [[Vesara]] style of architecture.<ref name="sang1">Kamath (2001), pp. 132–134.</ref><ref name="sang">Sastri (1955), pp. 358–359, 361.</ref><ref name="chenna">Foekema (1996), p. 14.</ref><ref name="chenna1">Kamath (2001), pp. 122–124.</ref> The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] under its rule. In the early 14th century, [[Harihara I|Harihara]] and [[Bukka Raya]] established the [[Vijayanagara empire]] with its capital, ''Hosapattana'' (later named [[Vijayanagara]]), on the banks of the [[Tungabhadra River]] in the modern Bellary district. Under the rule of [[Krishnadevaraya]], a distinct form of [[Vijayanagara literature|literature]] and [[Vijayanagara architecture|architecture]] evolved.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Kāmat, Sūryanātha |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |oclc=993095629}}</ref><ref>Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pp 355–366</ref> The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, which it completely controlled for over two centuries.<ref name="vij">Kamath (2001), pp. 157–160.</ref><ref name="vij1">Kulke and Rothermund (2004), p. 188.</ref> In 1537, [[Kempe Gowda I]], a chieftain of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], widely held as the founder of modern Bengaluru, built a [[Bangalore Fort|fort]] and established the area around it as [[Bengaluru Pete]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2003 |title=The Hindu: A grand dream |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800480200.htm |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701030020/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800480200.htm |archive-date=1 July 2003}}</ref>

In 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a [[Deccan sultanates|confederation of Islamic sultanates]] in the [[Battle of Talikota]].<ref name="bin">Kamath (2001), pp. 190–191.</ref> The [[Bijapur Sultanate]], which had risen after the demise of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of Bidar, soon took control of much of the Deccan; it was defeated by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the late 17th century.<ref name="conf">Kamath (2001), p. 201.</ref><ref name="erst">Kamath (2001), p. 202.</ref> The Bahmani and Bijapur rulers encouraged Urdu and Persian literature and [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture, the [[Gol Gumbaz]] being one of the high points of this style.<ref name="gol">Kamath (2001), p. 207.</ref> During the sixteenth century, [[Konkani people|Konkani]] Hindus migrated to Karnataka, mostly from [[Salcette]], [[Goa]],<ref name="konk">{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Dhanesh |author2=Cardona, George |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |editor=Jain, Dhanesh |editor2=Cardona, George |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |series=Routledge language family series |volume=2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA757 757] |isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PP1}}</ref> while during the seventeenth and eighteenth century, [[Goan Catholics]] migrated to [[North Canara]] and [[South Canara]], especially from [[Bardez|Bardes]], Goa, as a result of food shortages, epidemics and heavy taxation imposed by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pinto |first=Pius Fidelis |author-link=Pius Fidelis Pinto |publisher=Samanvaya Prakashan |location=Mangalore |year=1999 |title=History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D. |page=124}}</ref>

In the period that followed, parts of northern Karnataka were ruled by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]], the [[British Raj|British]], and other powers.<ref>A History of India by [[Burton Stein]] p.190</ref> In the south, the [[Mysore Kingdom]], a former [[vassal]] of the Vijayanagara Empire, was briefly independent.<ref name="ind">Kamath (2001), p. 171.</ref> With the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]], [[Haidar Ali]], the commander-in-chief of the Mysore army, gained control of the region. After his death, the kingdom was inherited by his son [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref name="tip">Kamath (2001), pp. 171, 173, 174, 204.</ref> To contain European expansion in South India, [[Hyder Ali]] and later Tipu Sultan fought four significant [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], the last of which resulted in Tippu Sultan's death and the incorporation of Mysore into [[Company rule in India|British India]] in 1799.<ref name="tip1">Kamath (2001), pp. 231–234.</ref> Mysore was restored to the Wodeyars, and the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] became a [[princely state]] outside but in a [[subsidiary alliance]] with [[British India]].<ref name="tip" />

[[File:karnataka declaration.jpg|thumb|left|Chief Minister [[D. Devaraj Urs|Devaraj Urs]] announcing the new name of the Mysore state as 'Karnataka']]
As the "[[doctrine of lapse]]" gave way to dissent and resistance from princely states across the country, [[Kittur Chennamma]], Queen of [[Kittur]], her military leader [[Sangolli Rayanna]], and others, spearheaded rebellions in part of what is now Karnataka in 1830, nearly three decades before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. However, Kitturu was taken over by the British [[East India Company]] even before the doctrine was officially articulated by Lord Dalhousie in 1848.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148944 |title=Rani Chennamma of Kittur |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418163405/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148944 |archive-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> Other uprisings followed, such as the ones at [[Joida|Supa]], [[Bagalkot]], [[Shorapur]], [[Nargund]] and [[Dandeli]]. These rebellions—which coincided with the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]—were led by Mundargi Bhimarao, [[Bhaskar Rao Bhave]], the Halagali Bedas, [[Raja Venkatappa Nayaka]] and others. By the late 19th century, the independence movement had gained momentum; Karnad Sadashiva Rao, [[Aluru Venkata Raya]], [[S. Nijalingappa]], [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]] and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/May202007/sundayherald200705192574.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602004353/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/May202007/sundayherald200705192574.asp |archive-date=2 June 2008 |title=The rising in the south |publisher=The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited |date=20 May 2007 |access-date=20 July 2007 |first=Suryanath |last=Kamath}}</ref>

After the [[Indian independence movement|independence of British India]], the Maharaja, [[Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]], signed an [[instrument of accession]] to accede his state to the new India. In 1950, Mysore became an Indian state of the same name; the former Maharaja served as its ''Rajpramukh'' (head of state) until 1975. Following the long-standing demand of the [[Unification of Karnataka|Ekikarana Movement]], Kodagu- and Kannada-speaking regions from the adjoining states of Madras, Hyderabad and Bombay were incorporated into the Mysore state, under the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956. The thus expanded state was renamed Karnataka, seventeen years later, on 1 November 1973.<ref name="Unification">{{cite news |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/images/Rajyotsava12352120051031.asp |title=History in the making |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=1 November 2005 |first=Prem Paul |last=Ninan |access-date=24 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111458/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/images/Rajyotsava12352120051031.asp |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> In the early 1900s through the post-independence era, industrial visionaries such as Sir [[Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya]], played an important role in the development of Karnataka's strong manufacturing and industrial base.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gowda |first=Chandan |date=15 September 2010 |title=Visvesvaraya, an engineer of modernity |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Visvesvaraya-an-engineer-of-modernity/article15926009.ece |access-date=17 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217021541/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Visvesvaraya-an-engineer-of-modernity/article15926009.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das, ed. (2007). ''Science, Technology, Imperialism and War''. History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. XV(1). Pearson Longman. p. 247.</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Karnataka|Rainfall in Karnataka|List of beaches in Karnataka}}

The state has three principal geographical zones:[[File:Jog Falls 05092016.jpg|thumb|alt=Wide photo of large waterfall in mist |[[Jog Falls]], formed by Sharavathi River, are the second-highest plunge waterfalls in India.|right]]

# The coastal region of [[Karavali]] and [[Tulu Nadu]]
# The hilly [[Malenadu]] region comprising the [[Western Ghats]]
# The [[Bayaluseeme]] region comprising the plains of the [[Deccan Plateau]]

The bulk of the state is in the [[Bayalu Seeme|Bayaluseeme]] region, the northern part of which is the second-largest [[arid]] region in India.<ref name="arid">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1817/18170420.htm |first=Parvathi |last=Menon |title=Karnataka's agony |work=The Frontline, Volume 18 – Issue 17, 18–31 August 2001 |access-date=4 May 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101052709/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1817/18170420.htm |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The highest point in Karnataka is the [[Mullayanagiri]] hills in [[Chikmagalur district]] which has an altitude of {{cvt|1925|m|ft|0}}. The two main river systems of the state are the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and its tributaries, the [[Bhima River|Bhima]], [[Ghataprabha River|Ghataprabha]], [[Vedavathi River|Vedavathi]], [[Malaprabha River|Malaprabha]] and [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] in North Karnataka, and the [[Kaveri]] and its tributaries, the [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], [[Shimsha]], [[Arkavati]], [[Lakshmana Tirtha|Lakshmana Thirtha]] and [[Kabini River|Kabini]], in South Karnataka. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward, reaching the sea at the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Other prominent rivers such as the [[Sharavati]] in [[Shimoga]] and [[Netravati River|Netravati]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]] flow westward to the [[Lakshadweep Sea]]. A large number of [[List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka|dams and reservoirs]] are constructed across these rivers which richly add to the [[irrigation]] and [[hydroelectricity]] power generation capacities of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydropower generation doubled in 5 yrs but poor monsoon brings bad news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/hydropower-generation-doubled-in-5-yrs-but-poor-monsoon-brings-bad-news-1233623.html |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/591861468257957047|title=India - Karnataka Irrigation Project|publisher=World Bank}}</ref>

Karnataka consists of four main types of geological formations<ref name="geology">{{cite web |url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/TR109/TR109_TVR.pdf |author1=Ramachandra T.V. |author2=Kamakshi G.|name-list-style=amp |title=Bioresource Potential of Karnataka |work=Technical Report No. 109, November 2005 |publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore |access-date=5 May 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001648/http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/TR109/TR109_TVR.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref> – the ''[[Archean]] complex'' made up of [[Dharwad]] [[schist]]s and granitic [[gneiss]]es,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naha |first1=K. |last2=Srinivasan |first2=R. |last3=Jayaram |first3=S. |title=Structural evolution of the Peninsular Gneiss — an early Precambrian migmatitic complex from South India |journal=Geologische Rundschau |date=February 1990 |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=99–109 |doi=10.1007/BF01830449 |bibcode=1990GeoRu..79...99N }}</ref> the ''[[Proterozoic]]'' non-fossiliferous sedimentary formations of the Kaladgi and Bhima series,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dey |first1=Sukanta |title=Chapter 19 Geological history of the Kaladgi–Badami and Bhima basins, south India: sedimentation in a Proterozoic intracratonic setup |journal=Geological Society, London, Memoirs |date=30 March 2015 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=283–296 |doi=10.1144/M43.19 |bibcode=2015GSLMm..43..283D }}</ref> the ''Deccan trappean and intertrappean deposits'' and the tertiary and recent [[laterite]]s and alluvial deposits.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Radhakrishna |first=B. P. |title=Geology of Karnataka |date=1997 |publisher=Geological Society of India |others=R. Vaidyanadhan |isbn=81-85867-08-9 |edition=2nd |location=Bangalore [India] |oclc=39707803}}</ref> Laterite cappings that are found in many districts over the [[Deccan Traps]] were formed after the cessation of volcanic activity in the early tertiary period. Eleven groups of soil orders are found in Karnataka, viz. [[Entisol]]s, [[Inceptisol]]s, [[Mollisol]]s, [[Spodosol]]s, [[Alfisol]]s, [[Ultisol]]s, [[Oxisol]]s, [[Aridisol]]s, [[Vertisol]]s, [[Andisol]]s and [[Histosol]]s.<ref name="geology" /><ref name=":1">National Informatics Centre. "Traditional Soil Groups of Karnataka and their Geographic Distribution". ''Official Website of the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Karnataka''. Govt. of Karnataka. Retrieved 25 March 2007.</ref> Depending on the agricultural capability of the soil, the soil types are divided into six types, ''[[viz.]]'' red, [[Lateritic soil|lateritic]], [[Vertisol|black]], alluvio-colluvial, forest and coastal soils.<ref name=":1"/>

About {{cvt|38284|km2|sqmi|0}} of Karnataka (i.e. 16% of the state's geographic area) is covered by forests.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |title=Forest Survey of India- Karnataka |url=http://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-karnataka.pdf |journal=Forest Survey of India |volume=2 |access-date=25 December 2021 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222042807/https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-karnataka.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India. Directorate of Economics and Statistics |title=Agricultural statistics at a glance 2014 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-945965-0 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |oclc=905588033}}</ref> The forests are classified as reserved, protected, unclosed, village and private forests.<ref name=":2"/> The percentage of forested area is slightly less than the all-India average of about 23%,<ref name=":2"/> and significantly less than the 33% prescribed in the National Forest Policy.<ref name="forest_area">{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/karnataka.htm |title=Karnataka – An Introduction |work=Official website of the Karnataka legislature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807055904/http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/karnataka.htm |archive-date=7 August 2007 |access-date=4 October 2007}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Karnataka experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May, the [[monsoon]] season between June and September and the post-monsoon season from October till December. [[Meteorology|Meteorologically]], Karnataka is divided into three zones – coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about {{cvt|3638.5|mm|in|0}} per annum, far in excess of the state average of {{cvt|1139|mm|in|0}}. [[Amagaon]] in [[Khanapur|Khanapura taluka]] of [[Belgaum district]] received {{cvt|10068|mm|in|0}} of rainfall in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/RAINFALL%202010.pdf |title=Rainfall Statistics of Karnataka 2010 |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Karnataka |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030241/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/RAINFALL%202010.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014 Kokalli in [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi taluka]] of [[Uttara Kannada district]] received {{cvt|8746|mm|in|0}} of rainfall.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf |title=Rainfall Statistics of Karnataka 2014 |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Karnataka |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130816/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Agumbe]] in [[Thirthahalli|Thirthahalli taluka]] and [[Hulikal]] of [[Hosanagara taluk]]a in [[Shimoga district]] were the rainiest cities in Karnataka, situated in one of the wettest regions in the world.<ref name="second">Agumbe's receiving the second highest rainfall in India is mentioned by {{cite web |url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070328/2803302.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013130243/http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070328/2803302.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 |title=Link Godavari, Krishna & Cauvery |first=Arabinda |last=Ghose |work=The Central Chronicle, dated 2007-03-28 |publisher=2007, Central Chronicle |access-date=16 May 2007}}</ref>

The state is projected to warm about {{cvt|2.0|°C-change|°F-change|lk=on|0}} by 2030. The monsoon is set to provide less rainfall. Agriculture in Karnataka is mostly rainfed as opposed to irrigated, making it highly vulnerable to expected changes in the monsoon.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Suresh |last2=Raizada |first2=A. |last3=Biswas |first3=H. |last4=Srinivas |first4=S. |last5=Mondal |first5=Biswajit |title=Application of indicators for identifying climate change vulnerable areas in semi-arid regions of India |journal=Ecological Indicators |date=November 2016 |volume=70 |pages=507–517 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.041 |bibcode=2016EcInd..70..507K }}</ref> The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|45.6|°C|°F|lk=on|0}} in [[Raichur|Raichuru district]]. The lowest recorded temperature was {{cvt|2.8|°C|°F|0}} at [[Bidar|Bidar district]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 2016 |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (up to 2012) |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |journal=India Meteorological Department, Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |page=40 |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Karnataka}}

[[File:Coraciasbenghalensis.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Photo of olive-winged bird with sky-blue head/vest.|The state bird, [[Indian roller]]]]
[[File:Tigers at the water hole.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bengal tiger]]s at [[Bannerghatta National Park]] near Bengaluru]]

Karnataka is home to a variety of wildlife. It has a recorded forest area of {{cvt|38720|km2|sqmi|0}} which constitutes 12.3% of the total geographical area of the state.<ref name="forestdept">Statistics related to forests in Karnataka is provided by {{cite web |title=Statistics |url=http://karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/forest_glance/forest_at_glance.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093340/http://karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/forest_glance/forest_at_glance.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=6 May 2007 |work=Online Webpage of the Forest Department |publisher=Government of Karnataka}}</ref> These forests support 25% of the [[Indian elephant]] and 10% of the [[tiger]] population of India. Many regions of Karnataka are as yet unexplored, so new species of flora and fauna are found periodically. The [[Western Ghats]], a [[biodiversity hotspot]], includes the western region of Karnataka. Bandipur and [[Nagarhole National Park]]s were included in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986, a UNESCO designation.<ref name="unesco1">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org.uy/mab/documentospdf/sevilla5.pdf |title=Seville 5, Internal Meeting of Expects, Proceedings, Pamplona, Spain, 23–27 October 2000 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=1 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609231736/http://www.unesco.org.uy/mab/documentospdf/sevilla5.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2007}}</ref> The Indian roller and the Indian elephant are recognised as the state bird and animal while [[sandalwood]] and the [[Lotus (genus)|lotus]] are recognised as the state tree and flower respectively. Karnataka has five national parks: [[Anshi National Park|Anshi]], [[Bandipur National Park|Bandipur]], [[Bannerghatta National Park|Bannerghatta]], [[Kudremukh National Park|Kudremukh]] and Nagarhole.<ref name="book">A Walk on the Wild Side, An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka, Compiled and Edited by Nima Manjrekar, Karnataka Forest Department, Wildlife Wing, October 2000</ref> It also has 27 wildlife sanctuaries of which seven are bird sanctuaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx |title=Wildlife Sanctuaries |website=ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223175631/http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx |archive-date=23 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="forestdept" />

Wild animals in Karnataka include the Indian elephant, tiger, [[leopard]], [[gaur]], [[sambar deer]], [[chital]], [[Indian muntjac]], [[bonnet macaque]], [[slender loris]], [[Asian palm civet]], [[small Indian civet]], [[sloth bear]], [[dhole]], [[striped hyena]], [[Bengal fox]] and [[golden jackal]]. Some of the birds present include the [[great hornbill]], [[Malabar pied hornbill]], [[Ceylon frogmouth]], herons, ducks, kites, eagles, [[falcon]]s, [[Old World quail|quails]], [[partridge]]s, [[lapwing]]s, [[sandpiper]]s, pigeons, doves, [[parakeet]]s, cuckoos, owls, [[nightjar]]s, [[Swift (bird)|swift]]s, [[kingfisher]]s, bee-eaters and [[munia]]s.<ref name="book" /><ref>[https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/(S(iplgz1hkulaidh3dcg0smd5x))/English/Wildlife.aspx Threatened Fauna of Karnataka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227032232/https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/(S(iplgz1hkulaidh3dcg0smd5x))/English/Wildlife.aspx |date=27 December 2021 }} By the Karnataka Forest Department</ref><ref>[https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/(S(iplgz1hkulaidh3dcg0smd5x))/English/EndemicFauna.aspx Endemic fauna of Karnataka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227032233/https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/(S(iplgz1hkulaidh3dcg0smd5x))/English/EndemicFauna.aspx |date=27 December 2021}} By the Karnataka Forest Department</ref> Some species of trees are ''[[Calophyllum tomentosum]]'', ''[[Calophyllum apetalum]]'', ''[[Garcinia cambogia]]'', ''[[Garcinia morella]]'', ''[[Alstonia scholaris]]'', ''[[Flacourtia montana]]'', ''[[Artocarpus hirsutus]]'', ''[[Artocarpus lacucha]]'', ''[[Cinnamomum zeylanicum]]'', ''[[Grewia tiliifolia]]'', ''[[Santalum album]]'', ''Shorea talura'', ''[[Emblica officinalis]]'', ''[[Vitex altissima]]'' and ''[[Wrightia tinctoria]]''. Wildlife in Karnataka is threatened by [[poaching]], [[habitat destruction]], [[Human–wildlife conflict|human-wildlife conflict]] and [[pollution]].<ref name="book" />

== Sub-divisions ==
[[File:Political map of Indian state of Karnataka.png|thumb|Political map of Indian state of Karnataka with the official names of its 31 districts.]]
{{Main|List of districts of Karnataka}}

There are 31 districts in Karnataka. Each district (zila) is administered by a [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]] (also known as the ''District Collector''), who is typically an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS). The districts are further divided into revenue sub-divisions, which are administered by assistant commissioners. These sub-divisions are further divided into [[Tehsil|taluks]] (or talukas), which are administered by [[Tehsildar|Tahsildars]]. Taluks comprise [[hobli]]s (clusters of adjoining villages), which include revenue villages.

Karnataka has around 6,022 Gram Panchayats, 226 Taluk Panchayats, and 31 Zilla Panchayats in rural areas.
In urban areas, there are 318 urban local bodies, including 1 [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]], 13 Municipal Corporations, 60 City Municipal Councils, 126 Town Municipal Councils, 114 Town Panchayats and 4 notified area committees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of City Corporations/Municipal Corporations in Karnataka- Directorate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.municipaladmn.gov.in/en/cc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City Municipal Council's {{!}} Directorate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.municipaladmn.gov.in/en/cmc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716223522/http://www.municipaladmn.gov.in/en/cmc |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=www.municipaladmn.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Town Municipal Council's {{!}} Directorate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.municipaladmn.gov.in/en/tmc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714043550/http://www.municipaladmn.gov.in/en/tmc |archive-date=14 July 2020 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=www.municipaladmn.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Town Panchayats in Karnataka - Directorate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.municipaladmn.gov.in/en/tp}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Sl. no.
! Divisions
! Capital
! Sl. no.
! Districts
! Capital
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center" | 1
| rowspan="7" | [[Kitturu Karnataka Division|Kitturu Karnataka]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Belgaum]]
| style="text-align: center" | 1
| [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| [[Bagalkot]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 2
| [[Belagavi district|Belgaum]]
| [[Belgaum]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 3
| [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| [[Dharwad]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 4
| [[Gadag district|Gadag]]
| [[Gadag-Betageri]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 5
| [[Haveri district|Haveri]]
| [[Haveri]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 6
| [[Uttara Kannada]]
| [[Karwar]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 7
| [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| [[Bijapur]]
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align: center" | 2
| rowspan="9" | [[Bangalore division|Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Bengaluru]]
| style="text-align: center" | 8
| [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 9
| [[Bangalore Rural district|Bengaluru Rural]]
| [[Doddaballapura]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 10
| [[Ramanagara district|Bengaluru South]]
| [[Ramanagara]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 11
| [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]
| [[Chikkaballapur]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 12
| [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| [[Chitradurga]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 13
| [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
| [[Davanagere]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 14
| [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 15
| [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]
| [[Shimoga]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 16
| [[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]
| [[Tumkur]]
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center" | 3
| rowspan="7" | [[Kalaburagi division|Kalyana Karnataka]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Kalaburagi|Kalabuargi]]
| style="text-align: center" | 17
| [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| [[Ballari]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 18
| [[Bidar district|Bidar]]
| [[Bidar]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 19
| [[Gulbarga district|Kalabuargi]]
| [[Kalaburagi|Kalabuargi]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 20
| [[Koppal district|Koppal]]
| [[Koppal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 21
| [[Raichur district|Raichur]]
| [[Raichur]]
|-

| style="text-align: center" | 22
| [[Yadgir district|Yadagiri]]
| [[Yadgir|Yadagiri]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 23
| [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
| [[Hospet]]
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align: center" | 4
| rowspan="8" | [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Mysore]]
| style="text-align: center" | 24
| [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagara]]
| [[Chamarajanagar]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 25
| [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]
| [[Chikmagalur]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 26
| [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| [[Mangaluru]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 27
| [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 28
| [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
| [[Madikeri]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 29
| [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
| [[Mandya]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 30
| [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| [[Mysore]]
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 31
| [[Udupi district|Udupi]]
| [[Udupi]]
|}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Karnataka|Karnataka ethnic groups}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="right"
|-
! Rank
! City
! District
! Population (2011)
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 1
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Bangalore Urban|Bengaluru Urban]]
| 10,456,000
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 2
| [[Hubli–Dharwad]]
| [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| 943,857
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 3
| [[Mysore]]
| [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| 920,550
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 4
| [[Belgaum]]
| [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| 610,350
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 5
| [[Kalaburagi]]
| [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| 543,147
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 6
| [[Mangaluru]]
| [[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada]]
| 484,785
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 7
| [[Davanagere]]
| [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
| 435,128
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 8
| [[Ballari]]
| [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| 409,444
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 9
| [[Bijapur]]
| [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| 330,143
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 10
| [[Shimoga]]
| [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]
| 322,650
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 11
| [[Tumkur]]
| [[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]
| 305,821
|}
According to the 2011 census of India,<ref name="LiteracyandSexCensus">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/karnataka.html |title=Karnataka Population Sex Ratio in Karnataka Literacy rate data |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807185033/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/karnataka.html |archive-date=7 August 2013}}</ref> the total population of Karnataka was 61,095,297 of which 30,966,657 (50.7%) were male and 30,128,640 (49.3%) were female, or 1000 males for every 973 females. This represents a 15.60% increase over the population in 2001. The population density was 319 per km2 and 38.67% of the people lived in urban areas. The literacy rate was 75.36% with 82.47% of males and 68.08% of females being literate.<ref name="LiteracyandSexCensus" />

In 2007 the state had a birth rate of 2.2%, a death rate of 0.7%, an infant mortality rate of 5.5% and a maternal mortality rate of 0.2%. The [[total fertility rate]] was 2.2.<ref name="health">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2118/stories/20040910002909100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008002526/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2118/stories/20040910002909100.htm |archive-date=8 October 2010 |title=Envisaging a healthy growth |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 June 2007 }}</ref>

Karnataka's private sector speciality health care competes with the best in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanathanda |first=ManuAiyappa |date=18 October 2017 |title=Karnataka to standardize costs of medical tourism services |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-to-standardize-costs-of-medical-tourism-services/articleshow/61127801.cms |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227031221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-to-standardize-costs-of-medical-tourism-services/articleshow/61127801.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="healthcare">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112402271700.htm |title=Karnataka bets big on healthcare tourism |work=The Hindu Business Line, dated 2004-11-23 |publisher=2004, The Hindu |access-date=21 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929184911/http://www.blonnet.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112402271700.htm |archive-date=29 September 2008}}</ref> Karnataka has also established a modicum of public health services having a better record of health care and child care than most other states of India. In spite of these advances, some parts of the state still suffer from the lack of primary health care.<ref name="childcare">{{cite web |url=http://www.educationworldonline.net/eduworld/article.php?choice=prev_art&article_id=336&issueid=28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317085248/http://www.educationworldonline.net/eduworld/article.php?choice=prev_art&article_id=336&issueid=28 |archive-date=17 March 2008 |title=Ticking child healthcare time bomb |work=The Education World |publisher=Education World |access-date=21 June 2007}}</ref>

Karnataka ranked tenth in the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) 2025, with a score of 40.8.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Cherry |date=28 January 2025 |title=India's top 10 best-performing states in the Fiscal Health Index 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/indias-top-10-best-performing-states-in-the-fiscal-health-index-2025-9801341/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 February 2025}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Karnataka}}

{{pie chart
|caption=Religion in Karnataka (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1=[[Hinduism]]|color1=darkorange|value1=84.00
|label2=[[Islam]]|color2=green|value2=12.92
|label3=[[Christianity]]|color3=dodgerblue|value3=1.87
|label4=[[Jainism]]|color4=brown|value4=0.72
|label5=[[Buddhism]]|color5=gold|value5=0.16
|label6=[[Sikhism]]|color6=DarkKhaki|value6=0.05
|label7=Other|color7=pink|value7=0.02
|label8=Not religious|color8=black|value8=0.27
}}
[[File:Vishnu image inside cave number 3 in Badami.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Vishnu]] image inside the [[Badami cave temples|Badami Cave Temple Complex]] number 3. The complex is an example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]].]]
[[File:Gomateswara.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Giant grey stone statue of nude man with vines climbing legs to his arms |[[Bahubali|Gomateswara]] (982–983) at [[Shravanabelagola]] is an important centre of [[Jain]] pilgrimage.]]

[[Adi Shankaracharya|Adi Shankara]] (788–820 CE) chose [[Sringeri]] in Karnataka to establish the first of his four ''[[matha]]s'' (monastery). [[Madhvacharya]] (1238–1317) was the chief proponent of [[Dvaita Vedanta|Tattvavada]] (philosophy of reality), popularly known as [[Dvaita]] or Dualistic school of Hindu philosophy – one of the three most influential [[Vedanta]] philosophies. [[Madhvacharya]] was one of the important philosophers during the [[Bhakti movement]]. He was a pioneer in many ways, going against standard conventions and norms. According to tradition, Madhvacharya is believed to be the third incarnation of [[Vayu]] (Mukhyaprana), after [[Hanuman]] and [[Bhima]]. The [[Haridasa]] devotional movement is considered one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. Over a span of nearly six centuries, several saints and mystics helped shape the culture, philosophy, and art of South India and Karnataka in particular by exerting considerable spiritual influence over the masses and kingdoms that ruled South India.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

This movement was ushered in by the Haridasas (literally "servants of Hari") and took shape in the 13th century – 14th century CE, period, prior to and during the early rule of the Vijayanagara empire. The main objective of this movement was to propagate the Dvaita philosophy of Madhvacharya (Madhva Siddhanta) to the masses through a literary medium known as [[Dasa Sahitya]]. [[Purandara Dasa]] is widely recognised as the ''"Pithamaha"'' of [[Carnatic Music]] for his immense contribution. [[Ramanujacharya|Ramanuja]], the leading expounder of ''[[Vishishtadvaita]]'', spent many years in [[Melkote]]. He came to Karnataka in 1098 CE and lived here until 1122 CE. He first lived in Tondanur and then moved to Melkote where the [[Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple]] and a well-organised ''matha'' were built. He was patronised by the Hoysala king, [[Vishnuvardhana]].<ref name="Kamath">Kamath (2001), pp. 150–152</ref>

In the twelfth century, [[Lingayatism]] emerged in northern Karnataka as a protest against the rigidity of the prevailing social and caste system. Leading figures of this movement were [[Basava]], [[Akka Mahadevi]] and [[Allama Prabhu]], who established the [[Anubhava Mantapa]] which was the centre of all religious and philosophical thoughts and discussions pertaining to Lingayats. These three social reformers did so by the literary means of ''"Vachana Sahitya"'' which is very famous for its simple, straight forward and easily understandable Kannada language. Lingayatism preached women equality by letting women wear ''Ishtalinga'' i.e. Symbol of god around their neck. [[Basava]] shunned the sharp hierarchical divisions that existed and sought to remove all distinctions between the hierarchically superior master class and the subordinate, servile class. He also supported inter-caste marriages and Kaay Ta tTatva of Basavanna. This was the basis of the [[Lingayat]] faith which today counts millions among its followers.<ref name="basava">Kamath (2001), pp. 152–154.</ref>

The [[Jain]] philosophy and literature have contributed immensely to the religious and cultural landscape of Karnataka.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

[[Islam]], which had an early presence on the west coast of India as early as the tenth century, gained a foothold in Karnataka with the rise of the Bahamani and Bijapur sultanates that ruled parts of Karnataka.<ref name="bam">Sastri (1955), p. 396.</ref> [[Christianity]] reached Karnataka in the sixteenth century with the arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and [[St. Francis Xavier]] in 1545.<ref name="chris">Sastri (1955), p. 398.</ref>

[[Buddhism]] was popular in Karnataka during the first millennium in places such as [[Gulbarga]] and [[Banavasi]]. A chance discovery of edicts and several [[Maurya]]n relics at [[Sannati]] in [[Kalaburagi district]] in 1986 has proven that the [[Krishna River]] basin was once home to both [[Mahayana]] and [[Hinayana]] Buddhism. There are [[Refugees in India|Tibetan refugee]] camps in Karnataka.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==== Festivals ====
[[Mysore Dasara]] is celebrated as the ''Nada habba'' (state festival) and this is marked by major festivities at Mysore. [[Bangalore Karaga|Bengaluru Karaga]], celebrated in the heart of Bengaluru, is the second most important festival celebrated in Karnataka.<ref name="nada-habba">{{cite news |title=Dasara fest panel meets Thursday |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/88517.cms |work=The Times of India, dated 2003-07-22 |publisher=Times Internet Limited. |access-date=17 July 2007 |date=22 July 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012174112/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/88517.cms |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> ''[[Ugadi]]'' (Kannada New Year), [[Makara Sankranti]] (the harvest festival), [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Gowri Habba]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Nagaradhane|Nagapanchami]], [[Basava Jayanthi]], [[Diwali|Deepavali]], and [[Balipadyami]] are the other major festivals of Karnataka.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

=== Language ===

[[File:Language Map of Karnataka (2011 Census).svg|left|200px|thumb|Languages spoken by district '''Kannada'''
{{legend|#fbf5d0|30–40%}}
{{legend|#f5e8a3|40–50%}}
{{legend|#f0db75|50–60%}}
{{legend|#e9cb35|60–70%}}
{{legend|#d3b418|70–80%}}
{{legend|#b89d14|80–90%}}
{{legend|#9c8411|90–100%}}

'''Tulu'''
{{legend|#e5b8b3ff|40–50%}}
]]

{{Main|Kannada|Kannada literature|Tulu language|Konkani language|Urdu|Kodava language|Beary language}}

[[File:Halmidi oldKannada inscription mounted.JPG|thumb|upright|left|alt=Monument with black plaque of inscribed writing |[[Halmidi inscription]] (450 CE) is the earliest attested inscription in the [[Kannada language]].]]
{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Karnataka ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]])<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=12–14, 49 |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Kannada]]
| value1 = 66.46
| color1 = darkslateblue
| label2 = [[Deccani language|Urdu]]
| value2 = 10.83
| color2 = green
| label3 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| value3 = 5.84
| color3 = steelblue
| label4 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| value4 = 3.45
| color4 = royalblue
| label5 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| value5 = 3.29
| color5 = red
| label6 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| value6 = 2.61
| color6 = lightskyblue
| label7 = [[Lambadi]]
| value7 = 1.59
| color7 = darkgoldenrod
| label8 = [[Hindi]]
| value8 = 1.43
| color8 = orange
| label9 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| value9 = 1.29
| color9 = firebrick
| label10 = [[Malayalam]]
| value10 = 1.22
| color10 = cornflowerblue
| label11 = Others
| value11 = 1.99
| color11 = grey
}}
[[Kannada]] is the official language of the state of Karnataka, as the native language of 66.46% of its population as of 2011 and is one of the [[classical languages of India]]. [[Urdu]] is the second largest language, spoken by 10.83% of the population, and is the language of Muslims outside the coastal region. [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (5.84%) is a major language in areas bordering Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka as well as Bengaluru, while [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (3.45%) is a major language of Bengaluru and in the Kolar district. [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (3.29%) is concentrated in areas of Uttara Kannada, Belgaum and Bidar districts bordering Maharashtra. [[Lambadi]] is spoken by the [[Banjara|Lambadis]] scattered throughout North Karnataka, while [[Hindi]] is spoken in Bengaluru. [[Tulu language|Tulu]] (2.61%), [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (1.29%), and [[Malayalam]] (1.27%) are all found in linguistically diverse Coastal Karnataka, where a number of mixed and distinct dialects such as [[Arebhashe dialect|Are Bhashe]], [[Beary language|Beary Bhashe]], and [[Nawayathi dialect|Nawayathi]] are found. [[Kodava language|Kodava Takk]] is the language of Kodagu.<ref name="census2011-langreport" /><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/30%20of%201981%20(E).pdf |title=The Karnataka Local Authorities (Official Language) Act, 1981 |work=Official website of Government of Karnataka |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=26 July 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810094855/http://dpal.kar.nic.in/30%20of%201981%20(E).pdf |archive-date=10 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="antiquity">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |title=Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India |access-date=31 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124306/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref>

[[Kannada]] played a crucial role in the creation of Karnataka: linguistic demographics played a major role in defining the new state in 1956. [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Kodava language|Kodava]] are other minor native languages that share a long history in the state. [[Urdu]] is spoken widely by the [[Muslim]] population. Less widely spoken languages include [[Beary bashe]] and certain languages such as [[Sankethi language|Sankethi]]. Some of the regional languages in Karnataka are [[Tulu Language|Tulu]], [[Kodava language|Kodava]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Beary dialect|Beary]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka Tulu Sahithya Academy |url=http://www.tuluacademy.org/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125032615/http://www.tuluacademy.org/en/ |archive-date=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka Beary Sahithya Academy |url=http://www.karnatakabearysahithyaacademy.org/about_academy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212001322/http://www.karnatakabearysahithyaacademy.org/about_academy.html |archive-date=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka Konkani Sahithya Academy |url=http://www.konkaniacademy.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153408/http://www.konkaniacademy.org/ |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

Kannada features a rich and ancient body of [[Kannada literature|literature]] including religious and secular genre, covering topics as diverse as [[Jainism]] (such as ''[[Purana]]s''), [[Lingayatism]] (such as [[Vachana]]s), [[Vaishnavism]] (such as [[Haridasa|''Haridasa Sahitya'']]) and [[Modern Kannada literature|modern literature]]. Evidence from edicts during the time of [[Ashoka]] (reigned 274–232 BCE) suggest that Buddhist literature influenced the [[Kannada alphabet|Kannada script]] and its literature. The [[Halmidi inscription]], the earliest attested full-length inscription in the Kannada language and script, dates from 450 CE, while the earliest available literary work, the ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'', has been dated to 850 CE. References made in the ''Kavirajamarga'', however, prove that Kannada literature flourished in the native composition metres such as ''Chattana'', ''Beddande'' and ''Melvadu'' during earlier centuries. The classic refers to several earlier greats (''purvacharyar'') of Kannada poetry and prose.<ref name="kavi5">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 12, 17.</ref> [[Kuvempu]], the renowned Kannada poet and writer who wrote [[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]], the state anthem of Karnataka<ref name="anthem">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm |title=Poem declared 'State song' |work=The Hindu |access-date=15 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012200650/http://hinduonnet.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> was the first recipient of the [[Karnataka Ratna]], the highest civilian award bestowed by the [[Government of Karnataka]]. Contemporary [[Kannada literature]] has received considerable acknowledgement in the arena of Indian literature, with eight Kannada writers winning India's highest literary honour, the [[Jnanpith award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jnanapeeta Award Recipients |url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Honours/Jnanapeeta+Awards/en |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=karnataka.gov.in |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306153612/https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Honours/Jnanapeeta+Awards/en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2018 |title=The anatomy of Indian literary prizes: Who writes the award-winning books in India? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-anatomy-of-indian-literary-prizes-who-writes-the-award-winning-books-in-india-5306241.html |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306153559/https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-anatomy-of-indian-literary-prizes-who-writes-the-award-winning-books-in-india-5306241.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Tulu language|Tulu]] is the majority language in the [[Kanara|coastal district]] of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and is the second most spoken in the [[Udupi district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122232045/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref> This region is also known as [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref>
{{Cite book |author=Anthropological Survey of India (Department of Anthropology) |title=Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 25 |date=1980 |publisher=Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C3hDAAAAYAAJ&q=Tuluva 41]}}</ref> ''Tulu Mahabharato'', written by Arunabja in the [[Tigalari alphabet|Tigalari]] script, is the oldest surviving Tulu text.<ref name="tuluold">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/13/stories/2004111302140500.htm |author=Raviprasad Kamila |title=Tulu Academy yet to realise its goal |access-date=5 May 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=13 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153132/http://hindu.com/2004/11/13/stories/2004111302140500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> Tigalari script was used by Brahmins to write [[Sanskrit]] language. The use of the [[Kannada script]] for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in Tigalari script contributed to the marginalisation of Tigalari script.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} In Karnataka [[Konkani language|Konkani]] is mostly spoken in the [[Uttara Kannada]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] districts and in parts of [[Udupi district|Udupi]], Konkani use the Devanagari Script (which is official) [[Kannada script]] (Optional) for writing as identified by government of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=35720 |title=News headlines |website=daijiworld.com |date=14 July 2007 |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311074935/http://daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=35720&n_tit=mangalore:+konkani+textbooks+in+devanagari+released |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Konkani-script-row-may-now-reach-Supreme-Court/articleshow/50888646.cms |title=Konkani script row may now reach Supreme Court |date=2 February 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208031341/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Konkani-script-row-may-now-reach-Supreme-Court/articleshow/50888646.cms |archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref>

The [[Kodava people|Kodavas]] who mainly reside in the [[Kodagu district]], speak Kodava Takk. Kodagu was a [[Coorg State|separate State]] with its own [[C. M. Poonacha|Chief Minister]] and Council of Ministers till 1956. Two regional variations of the language exist, the northern ''Mendale Takka'' and the southern ''Kiggaati Takka''.<ref name="takk">{{cite web |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2001/kodavarajyashree.html |author=K.S. Rajyashree |title=Kodava Speech Community: An Ethnolinguistic Study |work=Online webpage of languageindia.com |publisher=M. S. Thirumalai |access-date=6 May 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625093611/http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2001/kodavarajyashree.html |archive-date=25 June 2007}}</ref> [[Kodava language|Kodava Takk]] has its own script, ''Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy'' has accepted [[I. M. Muthanna]]'s script which was developed in 1970 as the official script of Kodava Thakk. English is the medium of education in many schools and widely used for business communication in most private companies.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} All of the state's languages are patronised and promoted by governmental and quasi-governmental bodies. The ''[[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]]'' and the ''Kannada Sahitya Akademi'' are responsible for the promotion of Kannada while the ''Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademi'',<ref name="konkani">{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/sep162005/district1814202005915.asp |title=Konkan Prabha released |work=Online webpage of The Deccan Herald, dated 2005-09-16 |publisher=2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. |access-date=6 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302094115/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/sep162005/district1814202005915.asp |archive-date=2 March 2016}}</ref> the ''[[Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy|Tulu Sahitya Academy]]'' and the ''[[Kodava Sahitya Academy]]'' promote their respective languages.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy to launch campaign to promote Tulu literature |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-tulu-sahitya-academy-to-launch-campaign-to-promote-tulu-literature-3244660 |work=Deccan Herald |date=23 October 2024 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kodava Sahitya Academy Silver Jubilee in June |url=https://starofmysore.com/kodava-sahitya-academy-silver-jubilee-in-june/ |work=Star of Mysore |date=5 May 2019 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>

== Government and administration ==
{{Main|Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Legislature|Unification of Karnataka|List of taluks of Karnataka}}

Karnataka has a [[parliamentary]] system of government with two democratically elected houses, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members who are elected for five-year terms.<ref name="legi">{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/legislature.htm |title=Origin and Growth of Karnataka Legislature |work=The Government of Karnataka |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=5 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526152743/http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/legislature.htm |archive-date=26 May 2007}}</ref> The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 75 members with one-third (25 members) retiring every two years.<ref name="legi" />

The [[government of Karnataka]] is headed by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] who is chosen by the ruling party [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] of the [[Legislative Assembly]]. The Chief Minister, along with the council of ministers, executes the legislative agenda and exercises most of the executive powers.<ref>Pylee, M. V. 2003. Constitutional government in India. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co, p. 365.</ref> However, the constitutional and formal head of the state is the [[Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India|Governor]] who is appointed for a five-year term by the [[President of India]] on the advice of the Union government.<ref>"The Head of the State is called the Governor who is the constitutional head of the state as the President is for the whole of India", Pylee, M. V. 2003. Constitutional government in India. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co, p. 357.</ref> The people of Karnataka also elect 28 members to the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the Indian Parliament.<ref name="loksabha">{{cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm |title=Lok Sabha-Introduction |work=The Indian Parliament |publisher=Govt. of India |access-date=4 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201063345/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref> The members of the state Legislative Assembly elect 12 members to the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]'', the upper house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}[[File:Vidhana Soudha 2012.jpg|thumb|400px|The [[Vidhana Soudha]] in [[Bengaluru]] is the seat of the [[Legislative Assembly]] of Karnataka.|left]]For administrative purposes, Karnataka has been divided into four revenue divisions, 49 sub-divisions, 31 districts, 175 ''[[taluk]]s'' and 745 ''hoblies'' / revenue circles.<ref name="split">{{cite web |url=http://karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/forest_glance/forest_at_glance.htm |title=Statistics – Karnataka state |work=The Forest Department |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=4 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093340/http://karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/forest_glance/forest_at_glance.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> The administration in each district is headed by a [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] who belongs to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka state services. The [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]], an officer belonging to the [[Indian Police Service]] and assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the [[Indian Forest Service]], is entrusted with the responsibility of managing forests, environment and wildlife of the district, he will be assisted by the officers belonging to Karnataka Forest Service and officers belonging to Karnataka Forest Subordinate Service. Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department such as Public Works Department, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, etc. The judiciary in the state consists of the [[Karnataka High Court]] (''Attara Kacheri'') in Bengaluru, Hubli–Dharwad, and Kalaburagi, [[District Courts of India|district and session courts]] in each district and lower courts and judges at the ''taluk'' level.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Politics in Karnataka has been dominated by three political parties, the [[Indian National Congress]], the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="politics">{{cite web |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/karnatakapolitics1.htm |title=Karnataka Politics – Suspense till 27 January |work=OurKarnataka.com |publisher=OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. |access-date=4 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003409/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/karnatakapolitics1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Politicians from Karnataka have played prominent roles in [[Government of India|federal government of India]] with some of them having held the high positions of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and Vice-President. Border disputes involving Karnataka's claim on the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]<ref name="kasaragod-dispute">{{cite news |title=Government not keen on solving Kasaragod dispute |date=24 October 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/24/stories/2005102417830300.htm |access-date=25 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116160641/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/24/stories/2005102417830300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 January 2008}}</ref> and [[Solapur]]<ref name="solapur-dispute">{{cite news |title=Border row: Government told to find permanent solution |date=29 September 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/29/stories/2006092902300300.htm |access-date=25 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001031711/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/29/stories/2006092902300300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 October 2007}}</ref> districts and [[Maharashtra]]'s [[Belagavi border dispute|claim on Belagavi]] are ongoing since the states reorganisation.<ref name="belgaummajority1">{{cite news |title=Border dispute saves NCP the blushes |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2030188.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 September 2006 |access-date=1 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112132644/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2030188.cms |archive-date=12 January 2009}}</ref> The official [[:File:Karnataka emblem.png|emblem of Karnataka]] has a [[Gandaberunda|''Ganda Berunda'']] in the centre. Surmounting this are four lions facing the four directions, taken from the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] at [[Sarnath]]. The emblem also carries two ''[[Sharabha]]s'' with the head of an [[elephant]] and the body of a [[lion]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

In 2025, the Karnataka Assembly passed the Hate Speech and Hate Crimes Bill, which threatens offenders with up to ten years of imprisonment and offending organisations with collective liability. Additionally, the bill also allows the state to remove or block content which it perceives to be hateful.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Karnataka clears hate speech bill: What counts as offence, punishment, exemptions — explained |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/126057783.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=18 December 2025 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhalla |first=Vineet |date=8 December 2025 |title=All about Karnataka's new Hate Speech Bill, how the issue is regulated across India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/karnataka-new-hate-speech-bill-provisions-10404437/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Karnataka|Software industry in Karnataka|Banking in Karnataka|Economy of Bengaluru|Economy of Mangaluru}}

[[File:Infosys (4911287704).jpg|thumb|[[Infosys]], a [[Bengaluru]]-headquartered [[Information technology|information-technology]] company]]
Karnataka had an estimated GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) of about US$115.86 billion in the 2014–15 fiscal year.<ref name="IBEF">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibef.org/states/karnataka-presentation |title=Industrial Development & Economic Growth in Karnataka |publisher=Indian Brand Equity Foundation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220064750/http://www.ibef.org/states/karnataka-presentation |archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> The state registered a GSDP growth rate of 7% for the year 2014–2015.<ref name="DES">{{cite web |title=State and district domestic product of Karnataka |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/docs/sip/State%20and%20District%20Domestic%20Product%20of%20Kar%2014-15.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707073813/http://des.kar.nic.in/docs/sip/State%20and%20District%20Domestic%20Product%20of%20Kar%2014-15.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Karnataka's contribution to India's GDP in the year 2014–15 was 7.54%.<ref name="IBEF" /> With GDP growth of 17.59% and per capita GDP growth of 16.04%, Karnataka is on the 6th position among all states and union territories.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian states by GDP Growth |url=http://statisticstimes.com/economy/gdp-growth-of-indian-states.php |website=Statistics Times |access-date=19 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808054036/http://statisticstimes.com/economy/gdp-growth-of-indian-states.php |archive-date=8 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian states by GDP per capita Growth |url=http://statisticstimes.com/economy/gdp-capita-growth-of-indian-states.php |website=Statistics Times |access-date=19 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821040412/http://statisticstimes.com/economy/gdp-capita-growth-of-indian-states.php |archive-date=21 August 2015}}</ref> In an employment survey conducted for the year 2013–2014, the unemployment rate in Karnataka was 1.8% compared to the national rate of 4.9%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on employment-unemployment survey |url=http://labourbureau.nic.in/Report%20%20Vol%201%20final.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Labour and Employment |access-date=30 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305112141/http://labourbureau.nic.in/Report%20%20Vol%201%20final.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> In 2011–2012, Karnataka had an estimated poverty ratio of 20.91% compared to the national ratio of 21.92%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |title=Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line |publisher=Reserve Bank of India, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102043/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |archive-date= 7 April 2014}}</ref> In 2024, Karnataka had a multi-dimensional poverty rate of 5.67%, compared to the all India average of 11.28%.<ref>[[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate#:~:text=Mobile view-,"MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY IN INDIA SINCE 2005-06",-(PDF).]]</ref>

Nearly 56% of the workforce in Karnataka is engaged in agriculture and related activities.<ref name="excel">{{cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_kar05.pdf |title=Karnataka Human Development Report 2005 |work=The Planning Commission |publisher=Government of India |access-date=4 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001643/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_kar05.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref> A total of 12.31 million hectares of land, or 64.6% of the state's total area, is cultivated.<ref name="stats">{{cite web |url=http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/Agri%20Policy%20Eng.pdf |title=Karnataka Agricultural Policy 2006 |work=Department of Agriculture |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=4 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001645/http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/Agri%20Policy%20Eng.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref> Much of the agricultural output is dependent on the [[southwest monsoon]] as only 26.5% of the sown area is irrigated.<ref name="stats" />

According to most recent data, Karnataka is considered the third richest state in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=GUpta |first=Cherry |date=21 February 2025 |title=Top 10 richest states in India by GDSP and GDP per capita, as of 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-richest-states-in-india-by-gdsp-and-gdp-per-capita-as-of-2024-9601172/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref>

Karnataka is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest [[public sector]] industries in India, including [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], [[National Aerospace Laboratories]], [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]], [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]] and [[HMT (India)|HMT]] (formerly Hindustan Machine Tools), which are based in Bengaluru. Many of India's premier science and technology research centres, such as [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], [[Central Power Research Institute]], [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] and the [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]], are also headquartered in Karnataka. [[MRPL|Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited]] is an [[oil refinery]], located in Mangalore.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

The state has also begun to invest heavily in [[solar power]] centered on the [[Pavagada Solar Park]]. As of December 2017, the state has installed an estimated 2.2 gigawatts of block solar panelling and in January 2018 announced a tender to generate a further 1.2 gigawatts in the coming years: Karnataka Renewable Energy Development suggests that this will be based on 24 separate systems (or 'blocks') generating 50 megawatts each.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2018/02/01/karnataka-kredl-tenders-1-2-gw-of-solar-pv/ |title=Karnataka: KREDL tenders 1.2 GW of solar PV |date=February 2018 |access-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012405/https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2018/02/01/karnataka-kredl-tenders-1-2-gw-of-solar-pv/ |archive-date=2 February 2018}}, KREDL tenders 1.2GW of solar PV</ref><ref>"[https://www.juwi.de/fileadmin/user_upload/01_Downloads/Energie-Allee/DE_Magazine_Energie-Allee-2017-09.pdf Juwi baut 40-Megawatt-Park in Indien] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121205117/https://www.juwi.de/fileadmin/user_upload/01_Downloads/Energie-Allee/DE_Magazine_Energie-Allee-2017-09.pdf |date=21 January 2022 }}". Energie-Allee, issue of 2017, september. Retrieved 4 February 2019. (german) (pdf)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kotak Mahindra, EIB to Invest in India's SolarArise |last=Pearson |first=Natalie Obiko |date=9 October 2014 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-09/kotak-mahindra-eib-to-invest-in-india-s-solararise |publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg L.P.]] |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227032230/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-09/kotak-mahindra-eib-to-invest-in-india-s-solararise |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since the 1980s, Karnataka has emerged as the pan-Indian leader in the field of IT ([[information technology]]). In 2007, there were nearly 2,000 firms operating in Karnataka. Many of them, including two of India's biggest software firms, [[Infosys]] and [[Wipro]], are also headquartered in the state.<ref name="it" /> Exports from these firms exceeded {{INRConvert|500|b|year=2006}} in 2006–07, accounting for nearly 38% of all IT exports from India.<ref name="it">{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=164868 |work=The Financial Express, dated 2007-05-22 |title=IT exports from Karnataka cross Rs 50k cr |publisher=2007: Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212034256/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=164868 |archive-date=12 February 2008}}</ref> The [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]] area in the outskirts of [[Devanahalli]] is the site of the upcoming $22 billion, 50 km2 [[BIAL IT Investment Region]], one of the largest infrastructure projects in the history of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/29/stories/2010012953620400.htm |title=Karnataka / Bangalore News: State Cabinet approves IT park near Devanahalli airport |date=29 January 2010 |access-date=16 July 2010 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405143940/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/29/stories/2010012953620400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> All this has earned the state capital, Bengaluru, the sobriquet ''[[Silicon Valley of India]]''.<ref name="business">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/know-india/states/karnataka.htm |work=Ministry of External affairs |title=India in Business |publisher=Government of India |access-date=11 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805124658/http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/know-india/states/karnataka.htm |archive-date=5 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India's silicon valley 'living the dream' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/technology-23943861 |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227032230/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/technology-23943861 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Majumdar Kar |first1=Suparna |title=Locating Bengaluru as India's Silicon Valley |journal=Artha Journal of Social Sciences |date=April 2016 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=49–68 |doi=10.12724/ajss.37.3 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Karnataka also leads the nation in [[biotechnology]]. It is home to India's largest biocluster, with 60% of the country's biotechnology firms being based here.<ref name="biotech">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2006/06/08/stories/2006060804710300.htm |work=The Hindu Business Line, dated 2006-06-08 |title=Bangalore tops biocluster list with Rs 1,400-cr revenue |publisher=2006, The Hindu Business Line |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121144/http://www.blonnet.com/2006/06/08/stories/2006060804710300.htm |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Karnataka aims to become $50 billion bioeconomy by 2025 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/karnataka-aims-to-become-50-billion-bioeconomy-by-2025/articleshow/79317913.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227032230/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/karnataka-aims-to-become-50-billion-bioeconomy-by-2025/articleshow/79317913.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2020 |title=Karnataka aims at $50 billion bio-economy by 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-aims-at-50-billion-bio-economy-by-2025-7059173/ |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227032230/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-aims-at-50-billion-bio-economy-by-2025-7059173/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The state has 18,000 hectares of land under [[Floriculture|flower cultivation]], an upcoming industry which supplies flowers and ornamental plants worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |author=Raggi Mudde |url=http://www.karnataka.com/industry/floriculture/about-floriculture/ |date=17 July 2007 |title=Floriculture |work=Karnataka.com |access-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317035610/http://www.karnataka.com/industry/floriculture/about-floriculture/ |archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tejaswi |first1=Mini |last2=Tejaswibengaluru |first2=Mini |date=23 February 2021 |title=Karnataka set to add value to its flower power |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-set-to-add-value-to-its-flower-power/article33908566.ece |access-date=27 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227032230/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-set-to-add-value-to-its-flower-power/article33908566.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Seven of India's banks, [[Canara Bank]], [[Syndicate Bank]], [[Corporation Bank]], [[Vijaya Bank]], [[Karnataka Bank]], [[ING Vysya Bank]] and the [[State Bank of Mysore]] originated in this state.<ref name="cradle">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2221/stories/20051021002509200.htm |work=The Frontline |volume=22 |issue=21 |date=21 October 2005 |title=Building on a strong base |author=Ravi Sharma |access-date=21 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101052709/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2221/stories/20051021002509200.htm |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The coastal districts of [[Udupi]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] have a branch for every 500 persons—the best distribution of banks in India.<ref name="fl">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2015/stories/20030801002810400.htm |work=The Frontline volume 20 issue 15 |date=1 August 2003 |title=A pioneer's progress |author=Ravi Sharma |access-date=21 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101052709/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2015/stories/20030801002810400.htm |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> In March 2002, Karnataka had 4767 branches of different banks with each branch serving 11,000 persons, which is lower than the national average of 16,000.<ref name="rbi">{{cite web |url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/35585.pdf |title=State/Union Territory-Wise Number of Branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks and Average Population Per Bank Branch – March 2002 |work=Online webpage of the Reserve Bank of India |access-date=21 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810094850/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/35585.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2007}}</ref>

A majority of the [[Silk in the Indian subcontinent|silk industry in India]] is headquartered in Karnataka, much of it in [[Doddaballapura]] in Bengaluru Rural district and the state government intends to invest {{INRConvert|700|m|year=2011}} in a "Silk City" at [[Muddenahalli]] in Chikkaballapura district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html |title=Silk city to come up near B'lore |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 October 2009 |access-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715103600/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html |archive-date=15 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jg1rkmebjfi&title=Karnataka_silk_weavers_fret_over_falling_profits_due_to_globalisation&tag=Karnataka |title=Karnataka silk weavers fret over falling profits due to globalisation |work=Sify.com |date=27 June 2009 |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418235819/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jg1rkmebjfi&title=Karnataka_silk_weavers_fret_over_falling_profits_due_to_globalisation&tag=Karnataka |archive-date=18 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=K. Bhagya |date=6 October 2019 |title=Odds galore, but Karnataka's silk city Ramanagara survives |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/odds-galore-but-karnatakas-silk-city-ramanagara-survives/article29604119.ece/photo/1/ |access-date=18 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201103/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/odds-galore-but-karnatakas-silk-city-ramanagara-survives/article29604119.ece/photo/1/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Karnataka also produces silver. The silver production of the state in 2018–19 was 214 kg whereas in 2019–20 it was 187 kg and in 2020–21 the silver production was 120 kg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Production of silver |url=https://ibm.gov.in/writereaddata/files/02132023162941Silver_2021.pdf}}</ref>

Karnataka has the only village in the country which produces authentic [[Flag of India|Indian national flags]] according to manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] at [[Hubli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khadifederation.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031160457/http://www.khadifederation.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=31 October 2007 |title=Karnataka Khadi Gramodyog Samyukta Sangh (Federation), Hubli |publisher=Khadifederation.com |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Karnataka|List of National Highways in Karnataka|List of state highways in Karnataka}}

Air transport in Karnataka, as in the rest of the country, is still a fledgling but fast expanding sector. Karnataka has airports at Bengaluru, [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore]], [[Belgaum Airport|Belgaum]], [[Hubli Airport|Hubli]], [[Hampi]], [[Bellary Airport|Bellary]], [[Kalaburagi Airport|Gulbarga]], and [[Mysore Airport|Mysore]] with international operations from Bengaluru and Mangalore airports.<ref name="5airports">{{cite web |url=http://deccanherald.com/Content/Jun52007/district200706045625.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193016/http://deccanherald.com/Content/Jun52007/district200706045625.asp |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 June 2007 |title=5 airports to be functional soon |work=Online Webpage of The Deccan Herald, dated 2007-06-05 |publisher=2007, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Moudgal |first=Sandeep |date=4 October 2021 |title=Raichur: Four greenfield airports may be ready in 3-4 years in Karnataka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/four-greenfield-airports-may-be-ready-in-3-4-yrs/articleshow/86738524.cms |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227032516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/four-greenfield-airports-may-be-ready-in-3-4-yrs/articleshow/86738524.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shimoga Airport|Shimoga]] and [[Bijapur Airport|Bijapur]] airports are being built under the [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/karnataka-s-shivamogga-airport-to-be-completed-in-a-year-11592207289778.html |title=Karnataka's Shivamogga airport to be completed in a year |website=Livemint |date=15 June 2020 |last=Poovanna |first=Sharan |access-date=16 December 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418075543/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/karnataka-s-shivamogga-airport-to-be-completed-in-a-year-11592207289778.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TNIE1">{{cite news |title=Vijayapura airport gets Karnataka cabinet nod, 18-month deadline to start operations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/jul/10/vijayapura-airport-gets-karnataka-cabinet-nod-18-month-deadline-to-start-operations-2167937.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=10 July 2020 |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728152100/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/jul/10/vijayapura-airport-gets-karnataka-cabinet-nod-18-month-deadline-to-start-operations-2167937.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Karnataka to get brand-new airport at Vijayapura |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-to-get-brand-new-airport-at-vijayapura/articleshow/80944514.cms |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818170404/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-to-get-brand-new-airport-at-vijayapura/articleshow/80944514.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" />
[[File:Mysore Airport.jpg|thumb|left|Mysore airport]]

Karnataka has a railway network with a total length of approximately {{cvt|3089|km|mi|0}}. Until the creation of the [[South Western Railway zone|South-Western Railway Zone]] headquartered at [[Hubli]] in 2003, the railway network in the state was in the [[Southern Railway zone]], [[South Central Railway zone|South-Central Railway Zone]] and [[Western Railway zone]]. Several parts of the state now come under the South Western Railway zone with 3 Railway Divisions at [[Bengaluru]], [[Mysore]], Hubli, with the remainder under the Southern Railway zone and [[Konkan Railway|Konkan Railway Zone]], which is considered one of India's biggest railway projects of the century due to the difficult terrain.<ref name="konkan">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr98/l0498/PIBR220498.html |title=Prime Minister to Dedicate Konkan Railway Line to Nation on 1 May |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |access-date=18 July 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012205128/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr98/l0498/PIBR220498.html |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> Bengaluru and other cities in the state are well-connected with intrastate and inter-state destinations.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Mumbai-banglore highway eagleeye view.JPG|thumb|241x241px|Bengaluru-Mumbai Highway]]
Karnataka has 11 [[Ports of Karnataka|ports]], including the [[New Mangalore Port]], a major port and ten minor ports, of which three were operational in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iddkarnataka.gov.in/docs/58.CaptivePort.pdf |title=Prefeasibility Report on Development of Captive Port at Padubidri |author=Feedback Infrastructure Services |date=May 2012 |publisher=Government of Karnataka, Infrastructure Development Department |access-date=3 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054956/http://www.iddkarnataka.gov.in/docs/58.CaptivePort.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> The New Mangalore port was incorporated as the ninth major port in India on 4 May 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief history |url=http://newmangaloreport.gov.in:8080/#!/history |website=New Mangalore Port Trust |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051838/http://newmangaloreport.gov.in:8080/#!/history |archive-date=28 November 2016}}</ref> This port handled 32.04 million tonnes of traffic in the fiscal year 2006–07 with 17.92 million tonnes of imports and 14.12 million tonnes of exports. The port also handled 1015 vessels including 18 cruise vessels during the year 2006–07. Foreigners can enter Mangalore through the New Mangalore Port with the help of [[Travel visa#Electronic visas|Electronic visa (e-visa)]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Foreigners-can-enter-India-through-five-ports-on-e-visa/article16738695.ece |title=Foreigners can enter India through five ports on e-visa |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205152812/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Foreigners-can-enter-India-through-five-ports-on-e-visa/article16738695.ece |archive-date = 5 December 2016}}</ref> [[Cruise ship]]s from Europe, North America and [[UAE]] arrive at New Mangalore Port to visit the tourist places across [[Coastal Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/584097/nautica-norwegian-star-cruise-through.html |title=Nautica and Norwegian Star cruise through M'luru coast |access-date=3 December 2016 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303214137/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/584097/nautica-norwegian-star-cruise-through.html |archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151210/nation-current-affairs/article/aida-aura-arrives-mangaluru |title=Aida Aura arrives in Mangaluru |access-date=3 December 2016 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220065046/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151210/nation-current-affairs/article/aida-aura-arrives-mangaluru |archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> The port of Mangalore is among the 4 major ports of India that receive over 25 international cruise ships every year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/nmp-draws-up-big-plans-to-ramp-up-cruise-tourism/articleshow/71071006.cms |title=NMP draws up big plans to ramp up cruise tourism |date=11 September 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106112626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/nmp-draws-up-big-plans-to-ramp-up-cruise-tourism/articleshow/71071006.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The total lengths of [[List of National Highways in Karnataka|National Highways]] and [[List of state highways in Karnataka|State Highways]] in Karnataka are {{cvt|3973|and|9829|km|mi|0}}, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitin Gadkari inaugurates 33 highway projects worth Rs 11,000 crore in Karnataka |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/nitin-gadkari-inaugurates-33-highway-projects-worth-rs-11000-crore-in-karnataka/story/425440.html |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=businesstoday.in |date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200713/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/nitin-gadkari-inaugurates-33-highway-projects-worth-rs-11000-crore-in-karnataka/story/425440.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2021 |title=NHAI developing four national highways in Karnataka: Karjol |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nhai-developing-four-national-highways-in-karnataka-karjol/article34737497.ece |access-date=18 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202207/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nhai-developing-four-national-highways-in-karnataka-karjol/article34737497.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The state transport corporations, transports an average of 2.2 million passengers daily and employs about 25,000 people.<ref name="ksrtc">{{cite web |url=http://ksrtc.in/about_ksrtc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822211002/http://ksrtc.in/about_ksrtc.htm |archive-date=22 August 2008 |title=About KSRTC |work=Online webpage of KSRTC |publisher=KSRTC |access-date=6 May 2007}}</ref> The [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) and The [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC) headquartered in Bengaluru, The [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (KKRTC) headquartered in Gulbarga, and The [[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (NWKRTC) headquartered in Hubli are the 4 state-owned transport corporations.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

== Culture ==
{{Main|Art and culture of Karnataka|Carnatic music|Karnataka cuisine|Kannadigas}}

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| caption1 = Official Portrait of Kannadamma<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=TV9 |date=22 November 2022 |title=ಕನ್ನಡಾಂಬೆ ಭುವನೇಶ್ವರಿ ದೇವಿಯ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಚಿತ್ರ ಜಾರಿಗೆ ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/karnataka/bengaluru/karnataka-govt-approved-new-kannadambe-bhuvaneshwari-devi-official-photo-ayb-au7-473831.html |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>}}
The diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities that are native to Karnataka, combined with their long histories, have contributed immensely to the varied cultural heritage of the state. Apart from Kannadigas, Karnataka is home to [[Tuluva]]s, [[Kodava people|Kodavas]] and [[Konkanis]]. Minor populations of [[Tibetan Buddhist]]s and tribes like the [[Soliga tribe|Soligas]], Yeravas, [[Toda people|Todas]] and [[Siddhis of Karnataka|Siddhis]] also live in Karnataka. The [[Folk arts of Karnataka|traditional folk arts]] cover the entire gamut of music, dance, drama, storytelling by itinerant troupes, etc. ''Yakshagana'' of [[Tulu Nadu]], [[Uttara Kannada]], and Malnad regions Karnataka, a classical dance drama, is one of the major theatrical forms of Karnataka. Contemporary theatre culture in Karnataka remains vibrant with organisations like ''[[Ninasam]]'', ''[[Ranga Shankara]]'', ''[[Rangayana]]'' and ''[[Prabhat Kalavidaru]]'' continuing to build on the foundations laid by [[Gubbi Veeranna]], [[T. P. Kailasam]], [[B. V. Karanth]], [[K V Subbanna]], Prasanna and [[List of people from Karnataka#Theatre|others]].<ref>Chief Editor:H Chittaranjan. 2005. Handbook of Karnataka, Gazetteer Department of the Government of Karnataka, Chapter XIII, pp. 332–337.</ref> ''[[Veeragase]]'', ''[[Kamsale]]'', ''[[Kolata]]'' and ''[[Dollu Kunitha]]'' are popular dance forms. The [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] style of ''[[Bharatanatyam|Bharatanatya]]'', nurtured and popularised by the likes of the legendary Jatti Tayamma, continues to hold sway in Karnataka, and Bengaluru also enjoys an eminent place as one of the foremost centres of ''Bharatanatya''.<ref>H Chittaranjan (chief editor). 2005. Handbook of Karnataka, Gazetteer Department of the Government of Karnataka, Chapter XIII, pp. 350–352.</ref>

[[File:Kondadakuli.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Person with painted eyes in ''yakshagana'' costume, as gold-spangled robe with red sheer scarf and spiked headress on gold crown |A ''[[yakshagana]]'' artist]]
Karnataka also has a special place in the world of [[Indian classical music]], with both Karnataka<ref>''Karnataka Music as Aesthetic Form/R. Sathyanarayana''. New Delhi, Centre for Studies in Civilizations, 2004, xiii, 185 p., {{ISBN|81-87586-16-8}}.</ref> ([[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]) and [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] styles finding place in the state, and Karnataka has produced a number of [[List of people from Karnataka#Music|stalwarts in both styles]]. The [[Haridasa]] movement of the sixteenth century contributed significantly to the development of Karnataka (Carnatic) music as a performing art form. [[Purandara Dasa]], one of the most revered [[Haridasa]]s, is known as the ''Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha'' ('Father of Karnataka a.k.a. Carnatic music').<ref name="father">{{cite web |title=Purandara Dasa |url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/purandara.htm |author=Jytosna Kamat |publisher=Kamats Potpourri |access-date=31 December 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208155920/http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/purandara.htm |archive-date=8 December 2006}}</ref> Celebrated Hindustani musicians like [[Gangubai Hangal]], [[Mallikarjun Mansur]], [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Basavaraja Rajaguru]], [[Sawai Gandharva]] and [[List of people from Karnataka#Classical Music – Hindustani|several others]] hail from Karnataka, and some of them have been recipients of the [[Kalidas Samman]], [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Vibhushan]] awards. Noted Carnatic musicians include Violin T. Chowdiah, Veena Sheshanna, Mysore Vasudevachar, Doreswamy Iyengar and Thitte Krishna Iyengar.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

''[[Gamaka (music)|Gamaka]]'' is another [[Indian classical music|classical music]] [[music genre|genre]] based on Carnatic music that is practised in Karnataka. ''[[Bhavageete#Kannada Bhavageete|Kannada Bhavageete]]'' is a genre of popular music that draws inspiration from the expressionist poetry of modern poets. The Mysore school of painting has produced painters like Sundarayya, Tanjavur Kondayya, B. Venkatappa and Keshavayya.<ref name="play2">Kamath (2001), p. 283.</ref> ''[[Chitrakala Parishat]]'' is an organisation in Karnataka dedicated to promoting painting, mainly in the [[Mysore painting]] style.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

''[[Saree]]'' is the traditional dress of women in Karnataka. Women in Kodagu have a distinct style of wearing the ''saree'', different from the rest of Karnataka. ''[[Dhoti]]'', known as ''Panche'' in Karnataka, is the traditional attire of men. [[Shirt]], [[Trousers]] and ''[[Salwar kameez]]'' are widely worn in Urban areas. ''[[Mysore Peta]]'' is the traditional headgear of southern Karnataka, while the ''pagadi'' or ''pataga'' (similar to the [[Pagri (turban)#Rajastani Pagari|Rajasthani turban]]) is preferred in the northern areas of the state.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

[[Rice]] and ''[[Finger millet|Ragi]]'' form the staple food in South Karnataka, whereas ''[[Jolada rotti]]'', [[Sorghum]] is staple to North Karnataka. ''[[Bisi bele bath]]'', ''[[Jolada rotti]]'', ''[[Ragi mudde]]'', ''[[Upma|Uppittu]]'', ''[[Benne Dose]]'', ''[[Masala dosa|Masala Dose]]'' and ''[[Maddur vada|Maddur Vade]]'' are some of the popular food items in Karnataka. Among sweets, ''[[Mysore Pak]]'', ''[[Karadantu]]'' of [[Gokak]] and ''[[Hunagunda|Amingad]]'', ''Belgaavi Kunda'' and ''[[Dharwad pedha]]'' are popular. Apart from this, [[coastal Karnataka]] and Kodagu have distinctive cuisines of their own. [[Udupi cuisine]] of coastal Karnataka is popular all over India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brien |first=Charmaine O' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&dq=udupi+cuisine&pg=PT438 |title=The Penguin Food Guide to India |date=15 December 2013 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Karnataka}}

{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Karnataka}}
[[File:Sheeju iisc.jpg|thumb|right|alt=3-storey stone building with taller ivory tower |[[Indian Institute of Science]] is one of the premier institutes of India.]]
As per the 2011 census, Karnataka had a [[literacy rate]] of 75.60%, with 82.85% of males and 68.13% of females in the state being literate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/karnataka/PPT_Paper_1_2011_Karnataka_literacy_85_98.pdf |title=State of Literacy |website=Census of India - 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113233443/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/karnataka/PPT_Paper_1_2011_Karnataka_literacy_85_98.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2012 }}</ref>

The [[Indian Institute of Science]] and [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] were ranked within the top 10 universities of India by NIRF 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/UniversityRanking.html |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=nirfindia.org |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054704/https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/UniversityRanking.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The state is home to some of the premier educational and research institutions of India such as the [[Indian Institute of Management|Indian Institute of Management – Bengaluru]], the [[Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad|Indian Institute of Technology – Dharwad]] the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences|National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences – Bengaluru]], the [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka|National Institute of Technology Karnataka – Surathkal]] and the [[National Law School of India University|National Law School of India University – Bengaluru]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Education in Karnataka |url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Education/en |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=karnataka.gov.in |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306153609/https://www.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Education/en |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2006, Karnataka had 54,529 primary schools with 252,875 teachers and 8.495 million students,<ref name="school">{{cite web |url=http://www.schooleducation.kar.nic.in/pdffiles/SomeImportantStatistics.pdf |title=Number of schools in Karnataka on 31-03-2006 |work=Department of Public Instruction |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=6 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001645/http://www.schooleducation.kar.nic.in/pdffiles/SomeImportantStatistics.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref> and 9498 secondary schools with 92,287 teachers and 1.384 million students.<ref name="school" /> There are three kinds of schools in the state, viz., government-run, private aided (financial aid is provided by the government) and private unaided (no financial aid is provided). The primary languages of instruction in most schools are [[Kannada]] and [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Puran |date=17 June 2024 |title=Karnataka: 1,419 government schools to start bilingual education |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jun/17/karnataka-1419-government-schools-to-start-bilingual-education |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Karnataka stats.jpg|thumb|left|Literacy rates of Karnataka districts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/karnataka.html |title=List of districts of Karnataka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825071854/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/karnataka.html |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>]]
The syllabus taught in the schools is either of [[Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board|KSEEB (SSLC)]] and [[Pre-university course|Pre-University Course (PUC)]] of the State Syllabus, the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] of the Central Syllabus, [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]], [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], [[International Baccalaureate|IB]], [[National Institute of Open Schooling|NIOS]], etc., are all defined by the Department of Public Instruction of the [[Government of Karnataka]]. The state has two Sainik Schools – [[Sainik School Kodagu|Kodagu Sainik School in Kodagu]] and [[Sainik School Bijapur|Bijapur Sainik School in Bijapur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Sainik Schools in India- Complete Details of 33 Schools and Sainik School Admission 2024-25 |url=https://nationaldefenceinstitute.in/blog/complete-list-of-sainik-schools-in-india |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=National Defence Institute |language=en}}</ref>

To maximise attendance in schools, the Karnataka Government has launched a mid-day meal scheme in government and aided schools in which free lunch is provided to the students.<ref name="lunch">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Bangalore/Mid-day_meal_scheme_extended/articleshow/2050892.cms |title=Mid-day meal scheme extended |work=The Times of India, dated 2007-05-16 |publisher=Times Internet Limited |access-date=6 June 2007 |date=16 May 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526220312/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Bangalore/Mid-day_meal_scheme_extended/articleshow/2050892.cms |archive-date=26 May 2007}}</ref>

[[SSLC|Statewide board examinations]] are conducted at the end of secondary education. Students who qualify are allowed to pursue a two-year [[Pre University Course|pre-university course]], after which they become eligible to pursue [[bachelor's degree|under-graduate]] degrees.<ref name=":5" />

There are 481-degree colleges affiliated with one of the [[universities]] in the state, viz. [[Bangalore University|Bengaluru University]], [[Rani Channamma University, Belagavi]], [[Gulbarga University]], [[Karnatak University]], [[Kuvempu University]], [[Mangalore University]] and [[Mysore University]].<ref name="degree">{{cite web |url=http://www.dce.kar.nic.in/statistics/districtwise%20&%20universitywise.pdf |title=Districtwise and Universitywise degree college statistics for 2006–07 |work=The Department of Collegiate Education |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=6 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615001645/http://www.dce.kar.nic.in/statistics/districtwise%20%26%20universitywise.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007}}</ref> In 1998, the engineering colleges in the state were brought under the newly formed [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] headquartered in [[Belgaum]], whereas the medical colleges are run under the jurisdiction of the [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] headquartered in [[Bengaluru]]. Some of these baccalaureate colleges are accredited with the status of a [[deemed university]]. There are 186 engineering, 39 medical and 41 dental colleges in the state.<ref>{{cite book |title=Karnataka CET 2011 Brochure |year=2010 |publisher=Karnataka Examinations Authority |location=Sampige Road, Malleshwaram, Bangalore |url=http://cet.kar.nic.in/cet2011/Brochure_files/CET_Manual_Book_69-83.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021151457/http://cet.kar.nic.in/cet2011/Brochure_files/CET_Manual_Book_69-83.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> [[Udupi]], [[Sringeri]], [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] and [[Melkote]] are well-known places of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Veda|Vedic]] learning. In 2015 the Central Government decided to establish the first [[Indian Institute of Technology]] in Karnataka at [[Dharwad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/first-iit-karnataka-come-dharwad-645972 |title=First IIT in Karnataka to Come up in Dharwad |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=9 September 2015 |access-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927150407/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/first-iit-karnataka-come-dharwad-645972 |archive-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Tulu and Konkani<ref>{{cite web |title=Konkani as a third optional language in Schools |url=http://www.konkaniacademy.org/news-events/news-events1/205-konkani-as-a-third-optional-language-in-schools |year=2011 |access-date= 3 August 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161005181816/http://www.konkaniacademy.org/news-events/news-events1/205-konkani-as-a-third-optional-language-in-schools |archive-date= 5 October 2016}}</ref> languages are taught as an optional subject in the twin districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=74609 |title=Mangalore: Tulu Enters Schools as a Language of Study |date=27 March 2010 |work=daijiworld.com |publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore |access-date= 18 January 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111103220825/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=74609 |archive-date= 3 November 2011}}</ref>

[[Christ University]], [[Jain University]], [[CMR University]], [[Dayananda Sagar University]], [[PES University]] and [[REVA University]] are notable private universities in Karnataka.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

On 9 February 2022, Karnataka shut its schools for three days after the regional administration-backed schools imposed a [[2022 Karnataka hijab row|hijab ban]], leading to widespread protests and violence. Other universities in the state began enforcing prohibitions after Hindu students, supported by right-wing Hindu groups, argued that if hijabs were allowed in classrooms, they should wear saffron shawls. On 5 February 2022, the Karnataka state government advised colleges to guarantee that "clothes which disturb equality, integrity, and public law and order should not be worn" in apparent support of schools' ability to enforce a ban.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Petersen |first=Hannah Ellis |date=9 February 2022 |title=Violent clashes over hijab ban in southern India force schools to close |page=1 |work=The Guardian News |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/09/violent-clashes-over-hijab-ban-in-southern-india-force-schools-to-close |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210124930/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/09/violent-clashes-over-hijab-ban-in-southern-india-force-schools-to-close |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Media ==
{{Main|Media in Karnataka}}

The era of Kannada newspapers started in the year 1843 when [[Hermann Mögling]], a [[missionary]] from [[Basel Mission]], published the first Kannada newspaper called ''[[Mangaluru Samachara]]'' in [[Mangalore]]. The first Kannada periodical, ''Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini'' was started by Bhashyam Bhashyacharya in Mysore. Shortly after Indian independence in 1948, [[K. N. Guruswamy]] founded ''The Printers (Mysuru) Private Limited'' and began publishing two newspapers, ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' and ''[[Prajavani]]''. Presently ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061119/asp/look/story_7016875.asp |title=Battleground Bangalore |author=Shuma Raha |date=19 November 2006 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=8 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011172555/http://telegraphindia.com/1061119/asp/look/story_7016875.asp |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="vk">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1651347.cms |title=Times Group acquires Vijayanand Printers |work=Online Edition of The Times of India dated 2006-06-15 |publisher=Times Internet Limited |access-date=8 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701070350/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1651347.cms |archive-date=1 July 2007}}</ref> A vast number of weekly, biweekly and monthly magazines are under publication in both Kannada and English. ''Vijay Karnataka, Vijayvani, Prajavani, Udaywani, Kannada Prabha'' are some popular dailies published from Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India: most read Kannada publications |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/885754/india-most-read-kannada-publications/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>

[[Doordarshan]] is the broadcaster of the [[Government of India]] and its channel [[DD Chandana]] is dedicated to Kannada. Prominent [[List of Kannada language television channels|Kannada channels]] include [[Colors Kannada]], [[Zee Kannada]], [[Star Suvarna]] and [[Udaya TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Insights - BARC India |url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=barcindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

Karnataka occupies a special place in the history of Indian radio. In 1935, ''Aakashvani'', the first private radio station in India, was started by Prof. M.V. Gopalaswamy in [[Mysore]].<ref name="gs">Named by Na. Kasturi, a popular Kannada writer {{cite news |author=Deepa Ganesh |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/03/09/stories/2006030901660100.htm |title=Still a hot favourite at 50 |access-date=8 June 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=9 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153231/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/03/09/stories/2006030901660100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> The popular radio station was taken over by the local municipality and later by [[All India Radio]] (AIR) and moved to Bengaluru in 1955. Later in 1957, AIR adopted the original name of the radio station, ''Aakashavani'' as its own. Some of the popular programs aired by AIR Bengaluru included ''Nisarga Sampada'' and ''Sasya Sanjeevini'' which were programs that taught science through songs, plays, and stories. These two programs became so popular that they were translated and broadcast in 18 different languages and the entire series was recorded on cassettes by the Government of Karnataka and distributed to thousands of schools across the state.<ref name="gs" /> Karnataka has witnessed a growth in FM radio channels, mainly in the cities of Bengaluru, Mangalore and Mysore, which has become hugely popular.<ref name="fm">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/karnataka-radio.htm |title=Radio Stations in Karnataka, India |work=Online webpage of asiawaves.net |publisher=Alan G. Davies |access-date=18 July 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603101601/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/karnataka-radio.htm |archive-date=3 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="popfm">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/12/stories/2006011218120200.htm |title=Radio has become popular again |access-date=18 July 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=12 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153147/http://hindu.com/2006/01/12/stories/2006011218120200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Karnataka}}

Karnataka's smallest district, [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]], is a major contributor to [[Field hockey in India|Indian field hockey]], producing numerous players who have represented India at the international level.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300490800.htm |title=A field day in coorg |access-date=10 June 2007 |quote=Since Coorg (Kodagu) was the cradle of Indian hockey, with over 50 players from the region going on to represent the nation so far, seven of whom were Olympians... |location=Chennai, India |date=13 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622070003/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300490800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=22 June 2007}}</ref> The annual [[Kodava Hockey Festival]] is the largest hockey tournament in the world.<ref>{{cite news |author=Krishnakumar |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300490800.htm |title=A field day in coorg |access-date=10 June 2007 |date=13 June 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |quote=... the festival assumed such monstrous proportions (one year, 350 families took part in the festival) that it found place in the Limca Book of Records. It was recognised as the largest hockey tournament in the world. This has been referred to the Guinness Book of World Records too. |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622070003/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300490800.htm |archive-date=22 June 2007}}</ref> [[Bengaluru]] has hosted a [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] [[tennis]] event and, in 1997, it hosted the fourth National Games of India.<ref name="natlgam">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970612/16350393.html |title=Curtains down on Fourth National Games |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=12 June 1997 |last=Rao |first=Roopa |access-date=5 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124058/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970612/16350393.html |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> The Sports Authority of India, the premier sports institute in the country, and the [[Nike, Inc|Nike]] Tennis Academy are also situated in Bengaluru. Karnataka has been referred to as the cradle of Indian swimming because of its high standards in comparison to other states.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Karnataka re-asserts its overall supremacy |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/karnataka-re-asserts-its-overall-supremacy/article29640706.ece |magazine=Sportstar |date=10 October 2003 |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309025556/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/karnataka-re-asserts-its-overall-supremacy/article29640706.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Test Match Cricket India Vs. Pakistan.jpg|thumb|left|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] in [[Bengaluru]]]]
One of the most popular sports in Karnataka is [[cricket]]. [[Karnataka cricket team|The state cricket team]] has won the [[Ranji Trophy]] seven times, second only to [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in terms of success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/story/715131.html |title=Karnataka seal seventh Ranji Trophy title |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206075028/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/story/715131.html |archive-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> [[Chinnaswamy Stadium]] in Bengaluru regularly hosts [[International cricket|international Cricket matches]] and is also the home of the [[National Cricket Academy]], which was opened in 2000 to nurture potential international players. Many [[Karnataka cricket team#Famous players|cricketers]] have represented [[India national cricket team|India]] and in one international match held in the 1990s; players from Karnataka composed the majority of the national team.<ref name="odi">[[Sujith Somasunder]], [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Javagal Srinath]], [[Sunil Joshi]], [[Anil Kumble]] and [[Venkatesh Prasad]], all from Karnataka played in this match: {{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63848.html |title=ODI no. 1127, Titan Cup – 1st Match India v South Africa 1996/97 season |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014000236/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63848.html |archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="test">[[Vijay Bharadwaj]], [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Javagal Srinath]], [[Sunil Joshi]], [[Anil Kumble]] and [[Venkatesh Prasad]], all from Karnataka played in this match: {{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66059.html |title=Test no. 1462 New Zealand in India Test Series – 1st Test India v New Zealand 1999/00 season |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017145728/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66059.html |archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref> The [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]], an [[Indian Premier League]] franchise, the [[Bengaluru Football Club]], an [[Indian Super League]] franchise, the Bengaluru Yodhas, a [[Pro Wrestling League]] franchise, the [[Bengaluru Blasters]], a [[Premier Badminton League]] franchise and the [[Bengaluru Bulls]], a [[Pro Kabaddi League]] franchise are based in Bengaluru. The [[Karnataka Premier League]] is an inter-regional [[Twenty20]] cricket tournament played in the state for eight seasons till 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite magazine |last=Sudarshan |first=N. |date=16 July 2022 |title=KSCA to organise Maharaja Trophy T20 cricket tournament |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/ksca-new-t20-tournament-maharaja-trophy-karnataka/article65647609.ece |magazine=Sportstar |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309025556/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/ksca-new-t20-tournament-maharaja-trophy-karnataka/article65647609.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> After 2019, it was replaced by Maharaja Trophy KSCA T20 tournament.<ref name=":6" />

Notable sportsmen from Karnataka include [[B.S. Chandrasekhar]], [[Roger Binny]], [[E. A. S. Prasanna]], [[Anil Kumble]], [[Javagal Srinath]], [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Venkatesh Prasad]], [[Robin Uthappa]], [[Vinay Kumar]], [[Gundappa Vishwanath]], [[Syed Kirmani]], [[Stuart Binny]], [[K. L. Rahul]], [[Mayank Agarwal]], [[Manish Pandey]], [[Karun Nair]], [[Ashwini Ponnappa]], [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], [[Rohan Bopanna]], [[Prakash Padukone]] who won the [[All England Badminton Championships]] in 1980 and [[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]] who has won three world titles in [[cue sport]]s by the age of 20 including the amateur [[World Snooker Championship]] in 2003 and the World Billiards Championship in 2005.<ref name="prak">{{cite web |url=http://www.tatapadukoneacademy.com/faculty.asp |title=Faculty |work=Online Webpage of the Tata Prakash Padukone Badminton Academy |publisher=2007 TATA Padukone Badminton Academy |access-date=5 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521084204/http://tatapadukoneacademy.com/faculty.asp |archive-date=21 May 2007}}</ref><ref name="cue">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/12/stories/2005071204242000.htm |title=Pankaj Advani is a phenomenon: Savur |date=12 July 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 June 2007 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001064601/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/12/stories/2005071204242000.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007}}</ref>

[[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]] has produced some of the best-known road cyclists in the national circuit. Premalata Sureban was part of the Indian contingent at the Perlis Open '99 in [[Malaysia]]. In recognition of the talent of cyclists in the district, the state government laid down a cycling track at the B.R. Ambedkar Stadium at a cost of {{INRConvert|4|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052651250300.htm |title=Front Page News: Friday, 16 July 2010 |date=26 May 2009 |access-date=16 July 2010 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510085455/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052651250300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Karnataka}}

{{See also|Architecture of Karnataka}}
[[File:The Chennakeshava temple at Somanathapura.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Brown temple on 5-step platform with 2 cone-topped side chambers |[[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura|Chennakesava Temple]] is a model example of the [[Hoysala architecture]], later repaired in the 16th century with financial support and grants by the Vijayanagara Emperors.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}]]
[[File:GolGumbaz2.jpg|thumb|alt=7-storey domed building with 4 domed corner towers |[[Gol Gumbaz]] at [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine [[Hagia Sophia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gol Gumbaz (Section) |url=https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/58200/58280/58280_gol_gumbaz.htm |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=etc.usf.edu |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305183044/https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/58200/58280/58280_gol_gumbaz.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gouder |first=Mahesh M |date=6 June 2019 |title=Vijayapura: Rs 1 crore sought to carry out work on Gol Gumbaz |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/jun/06/vijayapura-rs-1-crore-sought-to-carry-out-work-on-gol-gumbaz-1986574.html |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305202716/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/jun/06/vijayapura-rs-1-crore-sought-to-carry-out-work-on-gol-gumbaz-1986574.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

By virtue of its varied geography and long history, Karnataka hosts numerous spots of interest for tourists. There is an array of ancient sculptured temples, modern cities, scenic hill ranges, forests and beaches. Karnataka has been ranked as the fourth most popular destination for tourism among the states of India.<ref name="toptour">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021500501200.htm |date=15 February 2002 |title=Karnataka to turn on tourism charms |work=Business Line |access-date=29 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120855/http://www.blonnet.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021500501200.htm |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> Karnataka has the second highest number of nationally protected monuments in India, second only to [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref name="protect">{{cite web |title=Alphabetical list of Monuments |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp |work=Protected Monuments |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=13 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808023916/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp |archive-date=8 August 2013}}</ref> in addition to 752 monuments protected by the State Directorate of Archaeology and Museums. Another 25,000 monuments are yet to receive protection.<ref name="protected_monuments">{{cite news |title=Plan to conserve heritage monuments, museums |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/06/stories/2007010606360500.htm |access-date=13 June 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=6 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724023146/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/06/stories/2007010606360500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="mp">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081755371000.htm |title=Mysore Palace beats Taj Mahal in popularity |author=R. Krishna Kumar |access-date=31 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=17 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017032724/http://hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081755371000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref>

The districts of the [[Western Ghats]] and the southern districts of the state have popular eco-tourism locations including [[Kudremukh]], [[Madikeri]] and [[Agumbe]]. Karnataka has 25 wildlife sanctuaries and five national parks. Popular among them are [[Bandipur National Park|Bandipura National Park]], [[Bannerghatta National Park]] and [[Nagarhole National Park]]. The ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire at [[Hampi]] and the monuments of [[Pattadakal]] are on the list of [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage Site]]s. The cave temples at [[Badami]] and the rock-cut temples at [[Aihole]] representing the Badami Chalukyan style of architecture are also popular tourist destinations. The [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]] temples at [[Belur, Karnataka|Beluru]] and [[Halebidu]], which were built with Chloritic schist ([[soapstone]]) are proposed UNESCO World Heritage sites.<ref name="heritage">{{cite news |title=Belur for World Heritage Status |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/25/stories/2004072501490300.htm |access-date=17 November 2006 |location=Chennai, India |date=25 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312061918/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/25/stories/2004072501490300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 March 2007}}</ref> The [[Gol Gumbaz]] and [[Ibrahim Rauza]] are famous examples of the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanate]] style of architecture. The monolith of Gomateshwara [[Bahubali]] at [[Shravanabelagola]] is the tallest sculpted monolith in the world, attracting tens of thousands of pilgrims during the [[Mahamastakabhisheka]] festival.<ref name="mono">Keay (2000), p. 324.</ref>

[[File:Mysore palace illuminated.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Golden 5-storey Mysore Palace building with 21 domed towers and central spire |[[Mysore Palace]] in the evening, the official residence and seat of the [[Wodeyar dynasty]], the [[Maharaja of Mysore|rulers of Mysore]] of the [[Mysore Kingdom]], the royal family of [[Mysore]].]]

The waterfalls of Karnataka and [[Kudremukh]] are considered by some to be among the "1001 Natural Wonders of the World".<ref name=":0">Michael Bright, ''1001 Natural Wonders of the World'' by Barrons Educational Series Inc., published by Quinted Inc., 2005.</ref> [[Jog Falls]] is [[List of waterfalls in India|India's tallest single-tiered waterfall]] with [[Gokak Falls]], [[Unchalli Falls]], [[Magod Falls]], [[Abbey Falls]] and [[Shivanasamudra Falls]] among other popular waterfalls.<ref name=":0" />

Several popular beaches dot the coastline, including [[Murudeshwara]], [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]], [[Malpe]] and [[Karwar]]. In addition, Karnataka is home to several places of religious importance. Several Hindu temples including the famous [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha]], the [[Marikamba Temple, Sirsi|Marikamba Temple]] at [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], the [[Mookambika|Kollur Mookambika Temple]], the Sri Manjunatha Temple at [[Dharmasthala]], [[Kukke Subramanya Temple]], Janardhana and Mahakali Temple at [[Ambalpadi]], Sharadamba Temple at [[Shringeri]] attract pilgrims from all over India. Most of the holy sites of [[Lingayatism]], like [[Kudalasangama]] and [[Basavana Bagewadi]], are found in northern parts of the state. [[Shravanabelagola]], [[Mudabidri]] and [[Karkala]] are famous for Jain history and monuments. Jainism had a stronghold in Karnataka in the early medieval period with Shravanabelagola as its most important centre. The [[Shettihalli Rosary Church]] near [[Shettihalli]], an example of French colonial [[Gothic architecture]], is a rare example of a Christian ruin, is a popular tourist site.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Drowning Church |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/the-drowning-church-123938 |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195757/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/the-drowning-church-123938 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2006 |title=Karnataka's hotbed of Jain religion – Deccan Herald – Internet Edition |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr92005/arts11423200548.asp |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618070508/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr92005/arts11423200548.asp |archive-date=18 June 2006}}</ref>

Karnataka has become a center of [[health care tourism]] and has the highest number of approved health systems and alternative therapies in India. Along with some [[ISO 9000|ISO certified]] government-owned hospitals, private institutions which provide international-quality services, Hospitals in Karnataka treat around 8,000 health tourists every year.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112402271700.htm |title=Karnataka bets big on healthcare tourism |work=Online webpage of the Hindu Business Line, dated 2004-11-23 |publisher=2004, The Hindu |access-date=21 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929184911/http://www.blonnet.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112402271700.htm |archive-date=29 September 2008}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India|Bengaluru
}}
*[[Outline of Karnataka]]
*[[LGBTQ rights in Karnataka]]
*[[Media in Karnataka]]
*[[List of governors of Karnataka]]
*[[List of districts of Karnataka]]
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[List of butterflies of Karnataka]]
*[[List of airports in Karnataka]]
*[[2025 Bengaluru cash van robbery]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== General sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*John Keay, ''India: A History'', 2000, Grove publications, New York, {{ISBN|0-8021-3797-0}}
*Suryanath U. Kamath, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002) {{OCLC|7796041}}
*Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar'', OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}.
*R. Narasimhacharya, ''History of Kannada Literature'', 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988, {{ISBN|81-206-0303-6}}.
*K.V. Ramesh, ''Chalukyas of Vātāpi'', 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi. {{OCLC|13869730}}. {{OL|3007052M}}. {{LCCN|84900575}}. . {{OCLC|13869730}}.
*Malini Adiga (2006), ''The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the Early Medieval Period, AD 400–1030'', Orient Longman, Chennai, {{ISBN|81-250-2912-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Altekar |first=Anant Sadashiv |title=The Rashtrakutas and Their Times; Being a Political, Administrative, Religious, Social, Economic and Literary History of the Deccan During C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D.|year=1934 |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |location=Poona |oclc=3793499}}
*{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |orig-date=1991 |year=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}}
*{{cite book |author=Cousens, Henry |title=The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese District|orig-date= 1926 |year=1996 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |oclc=37526233}}
*Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, ''A History of India'', fourth edition, Routledge, 2004, {{ISBN|0-415-32919-1}}
*Foekema, Gerard [2003] (2003). ''Architecture Decorated with Architecture: Later Medieval Temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD''. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. {{ISBN|81-215-1089-9}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
; Government
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.karnatakatourism.org/ Official tourism site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125061904/https://www.karnatakatourism.org/ |date=25 January 2022 }}
; General information
* {{GovPubs|Karnataka}}
* {{Britannica|312566|Karnataka}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Karnataka}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|2019939}}

{{sister bar|auto=1|iw=Kn}}
{{Languages of Karnataka}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karnataka| ]]
[[Category:Southwest India|.]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1956]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Kingdom of Cochin

2026-03-25T12:50:35Z

Tiger44444f4: brief corrected section per sources for accuracy

{{Short description|Monarchy in India before 1949}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the kingdom of [[Cochinchina]], also known as [[Đàng Trong]].}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Cochin
| common_name = Cochin
| status = [[Protectorate]]
| empire =
| status_text = * Independent Kingdom (12th Century CE–1370)
* Under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1370–1565)
* Independent Kingdom (1565–1766)
* Under the [[kingdom of Mysore]] (1766–1799)
* Semi-Independent citations; Subordinately alliance with the [[British East India Company]] (1799–1815)
* [[Princely State]] of [[British Indian Empire|India]] (1815–1947)
| capital = [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] ([[Ponnani]]) [[Kodungallur]] [[Thripunithura]] [[Thrissur]] [[Mattancherry]]
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]] [[Princely state]]
| leader_title1 = [[Raja]]
| year_start = 12th century CE<ref name="askh"/>
| year_end = 1 July 1949
| p1 = Chera Dynasty
| s1 = Travancore-Cochin
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Cochin flag.svg
| flag_alt = Kingdom of Cochin
| image_coat =
| image_map = Map of the Kingdom of Cochin.jpg
| image_map_alt = Cochin
| common_languages =
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| year_leader1 = 12th century CE (first)
| leader1 = Veera Kerala Varma
| year_leader2 = 1948–1949 (last)
| leader2 = [[Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran|Rama Varma XVIII]]
| title_deputy = [[Divan|Diwan]]
| year_deputy1 = 1812–1818 (first)
| deputy1 = John Munro
| year_deputy2 = 1944–1947 (last)
| deputy2 = [[C. P. Karunakara Menon]]
| official_languages = [[Malayalam]]
| religion = '''Majority''': [[Hinduism]] (official) '''Minority''': [[Christianity]] [[Judaism]] [[Islam]]
| currency = [[Rupee]]
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP = 600.03 crores USD
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}

The '''Kingdom of Cochin''' or the '''Cochin State''', named after its capital in the city of [[Kochi (Cochin)]], was a kingdom in the central part of present-day [[Kerala state]]. It originated in the early part of the 12th century and continued to rule until its accession to the [[Dominion of India]] in 1949.

The kingdom of Cochin, originally known as Perumpadappu Swaroopam, was under the rule of the [[Kulasekhara dynasty (Second Cheras)|Later Chera]]s in the [[Medieval India|Middle Ages]]. After the fall of the [[Kulasekhara dynasty (Second Cheras)|Mahodayapuram Cheras]] in the 12th century, along with numerous other provinces Perumpadappu Swaroopam became a free political entity. However, it was only after the arrival of Portuguese on the Malabar Coast that the Perumpadappu Swaroopam acquires any political importance. Perumpadappu rulers had family relationships with the Nambudiri rulers of [[Edappally]]. After the transfer of [[Kochi]] and [[Vypin]] from the Edappally rulers to the Perumpadappu rulers, the latter came to be known as kings of Kochi.

Historically, the capital of Cochin was in [[Kodungallur (Cranganore)]], but in 1341, the capital was moved to Cochin to remedy a disastrous flood. By the early 15th century, Cochin lost its ability to fully defend itself. By the late 15th century, the kingdom had shrunk to its minimal extent as a result of invasions by the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].

When [[Portuguese armadas]] arrived in India, the kingdom of Cochin had lost its [[vassal]]s to the [[Zamorins]], including [[Edapalli]] and Cranganore, the later of which had even been at the centre of the kingdom historically. Cochin was looking for an opportunity to preserve its independence, which was at risk. King Unni Goda Varma warmly welcomed [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] on 24 December 1500 and negotiated a treaty of alliance between Portugal and the Cochin kingdom, directed against the Zamorin of Calicut. A number of forts were built in the area and controlled by the [[Portuguese East Indies]], the most important of which was [[Fort Manuel of Cochin|Fort Manuel]]. Cochin became a long-term [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] protectorate (1503–1663) providing assistance against native and foreign powers in India. After the [[Luso-Dutch War]], the [[Dutch East India Company]] (1663–1795) was an ally of Cochin. That was followed by the [[British East India Company]] (1795–1858, confirmed on 6 May 1809) after the [[Anglo-Dutch War]], with [[British paramountcy]] over the Cochin state.
[[File:Madras map 1913.jpg|thumb|Madras State Map 1913]]

The [[kingdom of Travancore]] merged with the kingdom of Cochin to form the state of [[Travancore-Cochin]] in 1950. The five [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-majority [[Tehsil|taluk]]s of [[Vilavancode]], [[Kalkulam]], [[Thovalai]], [[Agastheeswaram]], and [[Sengottai]] were transferred from [[Travancore-Cochin]] to [[Madras State]] in 1956.<ref name="Kerala">{{Cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1956-37.pdf|title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956|website=legislative.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117014954/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1956-37.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Malayalam]]-speaking regions of Travancore-Cochin merged with the [[Malabar District]] (excluding [[Laccadive Islands|Laccadive]] and [[Minicoy]] Islands) and the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] taluk of [[South Canara]] district in [[Madras State]] to form the modern [[Malayalam]]-state of [[Kerala]] on 1 November 1956, according to the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Kerala"/>

==Territories==

[[File:Kochi 1960 street.jpg|thumb|left|Cochin in the 1960s, just a few years after joining the union]]

During 1800 to 1947, the kingdom of Cochin included much of modern-day [[Thrissur district]] excluding Chavakkad taluk, a few areas of [[Alathur]] taluk and the whole of [[Chittur]] taluk of the [[Palakkad district]] and Kochi taluk (excluding [[Fort Kochi]]), most of [[Kanayannur]] taluk (excluding [[Edappally]]), parts of [[Aluva]] taluk ([[Karukutty]], [[Angamaly]], [[Kalady]], [[Chowwara]], [[Kanjoor]], [[Sreemoolanagaram]], [[Malayattoor]], [[Manjapra]]), parts of [[Kunnathunad]] taluk and parts of [[Paravur Taluk]] ([[Chendamangalam]]) of the [[Ernakulam district]] which are now the part of [[Kerala]].

==History==

=== Origin ===

There is no extant written evidence about the emergence of the kingdom of Cochin or of the Cochin royal family, also known as Perumpadapu Swaroopam.<ref name="Kerala.com-2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.com/ke_historyancient.htm|title=Kerala History|author=Kerala.com|year=2007|access-date=7 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110143725/http://www.kerala.com/ke_historyancient.htm|archive-date=10 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> All that is recorded are folk tales and stories, and a somewhat blurred historical picture about the origins of the ruling dynasty.

The surviving manuscripts, such as ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', ''Keralamahatmyam'', and ''Perumpadapu Grandavari'', are collections of myths and legends that are less than reliable as conventional historical sources.

The ''Perumpadapu Grandavari'' contains an additional account of the dynastic origins: <blockquote>The last ''Thavazhi'' of ''Perumpadapu Swaroopam'' came into existence on the ''[[Kali Yuga|Kaliyuga]]'' day ''shodashangamsurajyam''. [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]] divided the land in half, 17 "amsa" north of [[Nileshwaram]] and 17 amsa south, totaling 34 amsa, and gave his powers to his nephews and sons. Thirty-four kingdoms between [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] and [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] (now in [[Karnataka]]) were given to the "thampuran" who was the daughter of the last niece of Cheraman Perumal.</blockquote>

[[Keralolpathi]] recorded the division of his kingdom in 345 [[Common Era]], Perumpadapu Grandavari in 385 [[Common Era]], [[William Logan (Malabar Manual)|William Logan]] in 825 [[Common Era]]. There are no written records on these earlier divisions of [[Kerala]], but according to some historians the division might have occurred during the Second [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] kingdom at the beginning of the 12th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pillai, Elamkulam Kunjan| title=Studies in Kerala History|year=1970}}</ref>
{{Keralahistory}}

===Early history===

The original headquarters of the kingdom was at [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] near [[Ponnani]] in present-day [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="askh"/> The ruler of [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] (near [[Ponnani]]) fled to [[Kodungallur]] in the early medieval period, when the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] annexed [[Ponnani]] region, after [[Tirunavaya]] war.<ref name="askh">A Survey of Kerala History, A. Sreedhara Menon, DC Books, Kottayam (2007)</ref>

[[Kozhikode|Calicut]] ([[Porlathiri]] kingdom) was conquered by [[Zamorin]] of [[Eranad]], who then conquered parts of Perumpadappu kingdom, and tried to assert his suzerainty over it.

Although losing their northern homeland and original capital, the Perumpadappu dynasty maintained a kingdom over a vast area in central Kerala (still formally referred to as "Perumpadappu Swaroopam"). Their state stretched from Pukkaitha in the north, [[Anaimalai Hills|Aanamala]] in the east, to [[Purakkad]] in the south.<ref name="Ayyar, p.128">Ayyar, p.128</ref>

=== Royal dynasty and succession ===

The Perumpadappu dynasty eventually produced five branches (Mutts, Elaya, Pallurutti, Madattumkil and Chaliyur), each with its own family seat, retainers and military of [[Nair]]s. But the five branches (''tavali'') came together under a common ruling king (''raja''), which was the oldest male member of all five branches together.<ref name="Ayyar, p.128"/>

The Perumpadappu (and future Cochin) royal dynasty followed matriarchal rules of succession common in [[Kerala]] (similar to [[Travancore royal family|Travancore]]).<ref>Mennon, p.480</ref> Succession went via the female line – that is, not to the king's sons, but to his uterine brothers and then to his sisters' sons (i.e. nephews). In theory, the successor should be the next oldest in age among potential candidates. This was later relaxed, and in practice kingship became elective, to ensure the successor was not too old or incompetent. The overlooked true elder was compensated with symbolic or ceremonial dignities (notably the religiously significant title ''Muppustanam'').<ref name="Mennon, p.481">Mennon, p.481</ref>

Retirement was also forced – it was customary and expected for a king to retire upon reaching a certain old age or military inability, withdrawing to take up a religious life. Power was passed over to his successor, or to a regent until the successor came of age.

Succession often led to quarrels among the five branches. The Zamorin of Calicut exploited these family quarrels, sometimes in the role of arbitrator, allowing him to increase his influence in the southern kingdom.

=== Transition to Cochin ===

The future city of Cochin was originally just a small village along a long embankment. Violent floods and overflows of the [[Periyar River]] in 1341 forced the opening of the outlet between the [[Vembanad lagoon]] and the [[Arabian Sea]] at the juncture where Cochin now sits, separating the long Cochinese peninsula (''karapuram'') from what is now [[Vypin]] island.<ref>Hunter's ''Imperial Gazetteer'' (1908, p.360).</ref>

As the waterways connecting Cranganore to the sea were silting up, commercial traffic began re-directing away from Cranganore to the new break at Cochin, and merchant families began to relocate and set up warehouses and eventually homes there. The once-great old port city of [[Kodungallur]] (Cranganore) declined as the new port-city of [[Kochi]] (Cochin) rose in wealth and importance. The urban center of the early city developed on relatively high ground in the village of [[Mattancherry]] (now a district in Kochi city, once called "''Cochim de Cima''").

The original owners of the territory of what later became Cochin city was the Ellangallur royal family of the Rajas of [[Edapalli]] (''Repelim'') (on the east side of the lagoon).<ref>Ayyar, p.129</ref> Drawn from the Brahmin class, the Edapalli royal family followed different rules of succession. In the early 1400s, the king of Edapalli had married a sister of the Elaya branch of Perumpadappu, and so their son was doubly royal heir to two houses – via father to Edapalli, via mother to Perumpadappu . But he was apparently not first in the line of succession to Perumpadappu.

In the early 1400s, the King of Edapalli granted part of his lands, specifically southern Vypin island and northern part of Karapuram peninsula around the new break, as an appanage fief for his prince son. It was originally not supposed to be a permanent cession, but rather to serve as a training ground, to allow the heir to cultivate his governing skills. Upon succession to his father, he was expected to move across the lagoon to Edapalli, and cede Cochin as a seat to the next heir. As the ruler was always a prince in training, he was addressed as "''Kocchu Thampuran''" (meaning 'junior lord' or 'junior king'), thus the fief became known as "Kochi/Cochin" after him. So the original "kingdom of Cochin" (''Kochi rajyam'') started off as a small Edapalli offshoot, distinct and separate from the much larger Perumpadappu state.<ref>M.L. Dames (1921) ''Book of Duarte Barbosa'', p.94-95</ref>

The growing wealth of Cochin gave the junior prince in Cochin power and ascendancy, eventually enabling him to assert himself as king over senior relatives from other branches of the Perumpadappu dynasty, as well as allowing him to detach Cochin from Edapalli, and chart his own separate course.

As a result of this transition, the large "kingdom of Perumpadappu" ([[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|''Perumpadappu Swaroopam'']]) came to be referred to as the "kingdom of Cochin",<ref name="askh"/> and the capital of the kingdom shifted from Kodungallur to Vypin in present-day Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/projects/Kingdom-of-Cochin-The-Cochin-Royal-Family/1940|title=Kingdom of Cochin & the Cochin Royal Family. Genealogy project|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109055229/https://www.geni.com/projects/Kingdom-of-Cochin-The-Cochin-Royal-Family/1940|url-status=live}}</ref> During the new kingdom, rules were changed to confine succession within the Elaya branch of Cochin, rather across all branches of Perumpadappu (much to the chagrin of the branches).<ref name="Mennon, p.481"/>

=== Ming dynasty alliance (1411–1433) ===

The port at [[Kozhikode]], also known as Calicut, held superior economic and political position on the medieval Kerala coast, while [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref>''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> On the Malabar coast during the early 15th century, Calicut and Cochin were in an intense rivalry, so the [[Ming dynasty]] of China decided to intervene by granting special status to Cochin and its ruler, known as ''Keyili'' (可亦里) to the Chinese.<ref name=sen16-616-7>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=The Impact of Zheng He's Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2016 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=609–636 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X16001038}}.</ref> Calicut had been the dominant port-city in the region, but Cochin was emerging as its main rival.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> For the fifth [[Ming treasure voyage]], Admiral [[Zheng He]] was instructed to confer a seal upon ''Keyili'' of Cochin and designate a mountain in his kingdom as the ''Zhenguo Zhi Shan'' (鎮國之山, Mountain Which Protects the Country).<ref name=sen16-616-7/> Zheng He delivered a stone tablet, inscribed with a proclamation composed by the [[Yongle Emperor]] himself, to Cochin.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> As long as Cochin remained under the protection of Ming China, the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] was unable to invade Cochin and a military conflict was averted.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> The cessation of the [[Ming treasure voyages]] consequently had negative results for Cochin, as the Zamorin of Calicut later launched an invasion against Cochin.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> In the late 15th century, the Zamorin occupied Cochin and installed his representative as the king.<ref name=sen16-616-7/>

=== Vassal of Calicut===

The conflict between the upstart king of Cochin and his relatives of Perumpadappu branches (eager to recover their role) and Edapalli (eager to recover its land), drew in the interference of the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]], who attacked Cochin in the name of justice for the relatives. The Zamorin's armies were eventually successful and imposed a settlement, which confined the king of Cochin to his domains, and extracted an oath of vassalage to Calicut. The kingdom of Cochin was required to obtain the Zamorin's consent during succession, and obliged to provide annual tribute and troops to the Zamorin's campaigns.<ref>Ayyar, p.131</ref>

This was roughly the situation when the Portuguese arrived in 1500. The kingdom of Cochin was half-in-vassalage, half-at-war with the Zamorin of Calicut. The king of Cochin, Unni Goda Varda (referred to as "Trimumpara Raja" in Portuguese chronicles) was grating at the settlement.<ref>Mennon, p.482; Ayyar, p.131-32</ref><ref>''Book of Duarte Barbosa'', v.2, p.94-95.</ref> He perceived an alliance with Portuguese arms as way to overthrow the Zamorin's power, recover Cochin's independence and impose his ascendancy over his relatives.

=== Portuguese alliance (1500–1663) ===

[[File:Mattancherry palace bhagvathy kshetram.JPG|thumb|left|[[Mattancherry Palace]]-temple, built by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] as a gift to Raja Veera Kerala Varma I ]]

The Portuguese arrived at [[Kappad]], [[Kozhikode]] in 1498 during the [[Age of Discovery]], thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to India.<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> Cochin was the scene of the first European settlement in India. In the year 1500, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] Admiral [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] landed at Cochin after being repelled from [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. The Raja of Cochin welcomed the Portuguese and a treaty of friendship was signed. The raja allowed them to build a [[factory (trading post)|factory]] at Cochin (and upon Cabral's departure Cochin allowed thirty Portuguese and four [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] friars to stay in the kingdom). Assured by the offer of support, the raja declared war on his enemy, the [[Zamorin]]s of Calicut.

In 1502, a new expedition under the command of [[Vasco da Gama]] arrived at Cochin, and the friendship was renewed. Vasco da Gama later bombarded Calicut{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} and destroyed the Arab factories there. This enraged the Zamorin, the ruler of Calicut, and he attacked Cochin after the departure of Vasco da Gama and destroyed the Portuguese factory. The raja of Cochin and his Portuguese allies were forced to withdraw to [[Vypin]] Island. However, the arrival of a small reinforcement Portuguese fleet and, some days later of [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] and the oncoming monsoons alarmed the Zamorin. Calicut recalled the army and abandoned the siege.

[[File:Thomasreliquiar Kondungallur.jpg|thumb|[[Relic]] of [[Thomas the Apostle]], kept in the sanatorium of a [[Syro-Malabar|Syrian Church]]]]

After securing the throne for the Raja of Cochin, the Portuguese got permission to build a fort – [[Fort Emmanuel]] (at [[Fort Kochi]], named after the king of Portugal) – surrounding the Portuguese factory, in order to protect it from any further attacks from Calicut and on 27 September 1503 the foundations of a timber fort, the first fort erected by the Portuguese in India, were laid. The entire work of construction was commissioned by the local raja, who supplied workers and material. In 1505, the stone fortress replaced the wooden fort. Later, for a better defence of the town, a fort called [[Pallipuram Fort|"Castelo de Cima"]] was built on Vypeen Island. At the departure of the Portuguese fleet, only [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] and a small fleet were left in Cochin. Meanwhile, the Zamorin of Calicut formed a massive force and attacked them. For five months, Cochin kingdom was able to drive back [[Battle of Cochin (1504)|Calicut's assaults]], with the help of Pacheco Pereira and his men.

The ruler of the [[kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese against his overlord at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="askh"/> As a result, the [[kingdom of Tanur]] (''[[Tirur Taluk|Vettathunadu]]'') became one of the earliest Portuguese colonies in India. The ruler of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] also sided with Cochin.<ref name="askh"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="askh"/> However, the [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> However, the allegiance of the [[Muslim Mappila]] merchants in [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] region stayed with the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref>{{cite book
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
}}</ref>

The raja of Cochin continued to rule with the help of the Portuguese. Meanwhile, the Portuguese secretly tried to enter into an alliance with the Zamorin. A few later attempts by the Zamorin to conquer the Cochin port were thwarted by the raja of Cochin with the help of the Portuguese. Slowly, the Portuguese armoury at Cochin was increased, presumably to help the king protect Cochin. And for a long a time, right after Goa, Cochin situated in the center of East Indies, was the best place Portugal had in India. From there the Portuguese exported large volumes of spices, particularly pepper.

In 1530, [[Saint Francis Xavier]] arrived and founded a Latin [[Christian mission]]. Cochin hosted the grave of [[Vasco da Gama]], the Portuguese viceroy, who was buried at [[St. Francis Church, Kochi|St. Francis Church]] until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539.<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
|publisher=Microsoft
|encyclopedia=MSN Encarta Encyclopedia
|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567498/Vasco_Da_Gama.html
|title=Death of Vasco Da Gama in Kochi
|access-date=23 May 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028171509/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567498/Vasco_Da_Gama.html
|archive-date= 28 October 2009
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>
Soon after the time of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], Portuguese influence in Kerala declined.<ref name="Kerala.com-2007" />

=== Dutch alliance (1663–1766) ===

[[File:ബോൾഗാട്ടി.jpg|thumb|The [[Bolgatty Palace]], built in 1744 by Dutch traders, is one of the oldest existing Dutch palaces outside the Netherlands]]

Portuguese alliance was followed by that of the [[Dutch Malabar|Dutch]], who had by then conquered [[Quilon]] after various encounters with the Portuguese and their allies. Discontented members of the [[Cochin Royal family]] called on the assistance of the Dutch for help in overthrowing the Cochin Raja. The Dutch successfully landed at Njarakal and went on to capture the fort at Pallippuram, which they handed over to the Zamorin.

=== Mysorean invasion (1766–1799) ===
Mysorian ruler [[Hyder Ali]] conquered Cochin. After his conquest of [[Nagara, Karnataka|Bednur]] reached Ali Rajah of [[Kannur|Cannanore]] in 1763, he promptly asked Ali to invade Kerala and help him deal with the Zamorin of Calicut. The Muslim chieftain of Cannanore, an old rival of the neighbouring powerful [[Kolathiri]], was an active ally of Mysore under the occupation.

Ali Raja seized and set fire to the palace of Kolathiri Raja. The latter escaped with his followers to the then-British settlement at Tellicherry. After the victory, Hyder Ali entered the [[kingdom of Kottayam]] in present-day [[North Malabar]] and occupied it, with assistance from native Muslims, after some resistance by the Kottayam army.

After taking Calicut in a bloody battle, Hyder Ali, with a large amount of money, marched south-east towards [[Coimbatore]] through [[Palghat]]. Mysore appointed Ali Raja as military governor and Madonna (a former revenue officer) as civil governor of the newly acquired province of Malabar.

===British alliance (1814–1947)===

[[File:59Cochin Canal.jpg|thumb|Cochin in 1913]]

In 1814, according to the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Anglo-Dutch Treaty]], the islands of Kochi, including [[Fort Kochi]] and its territory, were ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of [[Bangka Island|Banca]]. Even prior to the signing of the treaty, there is evidence of English residents in Kochi.<ref name="kochirajyam">Kochi Rajyacharithram by KP Padmanabha Menon. P(1914)</ref> During the [[British Raj]], the Princely State of Cochin was surrounded by British [[Malabar District]] to three sides (i.e., To north, west, and east), and by [[Travancore]] to the south.<ref name="kochirajyam"/> By signing the alliance with Britain, Cochin avoided being conquered.

Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially and the king wanted to develop the port even further. The king brought a harbour engineer [[Robert Bristow (engineer)|Robert Bristow]] to Cochin in 1920, with the help of [[Lord Willingdon]], then Governor of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]. Over a span of 21 years he helped the king of Cochin to transform Cochin into the safest harbour in south Asia, where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour, which was equipped with a long array of steam cranes.<ref>
{{cite web
|publisher = Corporation of Kochi
|work = Robert Charles Bristow employed to develop Kochi port
|url = http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=7
|title = The Cochin Saga
|access-date = 23 May 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060503202739/http://www.corporationofcochin.org/Pages/Maintemp.asp?id=7
|archive-date = 3 May 2006
|url-status = dead
}}
</ref>

Meanwhile, [[Fort Cochin]], which was a part of [[Malabar District]] until 1956, was made a municipality on 1 November 1866, along with [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Palakkad]], according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |title=Chronological List of Central Acts (Updated to 17-10-2014) |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107091128/http://lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis McIver |first1=G. Stokes |title=Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras |date=1883 |publisher=E. Keys at the Government Press |location=Madras |page=444 |edition=(Vol II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras (India |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |date=1915 |publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press |location=Madras |page=20 |edition=Vol.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Henry |last=Frowde |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908–1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=New |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> of the [[British Indian Empire]], and its first Municipal Council election with a board of 18 members was conducted in 1883. The Maharajah of Cochin initiated local administration in 1896 by forming town councils in [[Mattancherry]] and [[Ernakulam]]. In 1925, a Kochi legislative assembly was also constituted to help the public participate in the administration. The assembly consisted of 45 members, 10 were officially nominated. [[Thottakkattu Madhaviamma]] was the first woman to be a member of any legislature in India.<ref>
{{cite web
|publisher = Corporation of Kochi
|title = History and culture of Kochi
|url = http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=4
|access-date = 23 May 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060503202745/http://www.corporationofcochin.org/Pages/Maintemp.asp?id=4
|archive-date = 3 May 2006
|url-status = dead
}}
</ref>

Cochin was the first princely state to willingly join the new [[Dominion of India]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2762944 |title=Cochin State- Instrument of Accession and Standstill Agreement signed between Kerala Varma, Ruler of Cochin State and the Dominion of India |publisher=Ministry of States, Government of India |year=1947 |location=New Delhi |pages=2 |chapter=Instrument of Accession of the State of Cochin |access-date=31 August 2022 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]]}}</ref> India became a republic on 26 January 1950. [[Travancore]] merged with Cochin to create [[Travancore-Cochin]], which was in turn unified with the [[Malabar district]] of [[Madras Presidency]]. [[Kasaragod]] was merged into it and [[Kanyakumari]] was removed from it. On 1 November 1956, the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] was formed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/hiddenindia/history/index.htm|title=Hidden India:The Kerala Spicelands|publisher=[[PBS]]|year=2007|access-date=7 January 2008|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108213214/https://www.pbs.org/hiddenindia/history/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Administration ==

For administrative purposes, Cochin was divided into seven taluks.(from 1860 to 1905 AD) Chittur, Cochin, Cranganore, Kanayannur, Mukundapuram, Trichur and Talapilly.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
! Taluk
! Area (in square miles)
! Headquarters
|-
| Chittur
| 285
| [[Chittur]]
|-
| Cochin
| 63
| [[Mattancherry]]
|-
| Cranganore
| 19
| [[Cranganore]] (Now [[Kodungallur]])
|-
| Kanayannur
| 81
| [[Ernakulam]]
|-
| Mukundapuram
| 418
| [[Irinjalakuda]]
|-
| Talapalli
| 271
| [[Wadakkanchery]]
|-
| Trichur
| 225
| [[Trichur]] (Now [[Thrissur]])
|-
! Total
! 1,362
!
|}

=== Capitals ===

The capital of Perumpadapu Swaroopam was located at Chitrakooda in the [[Perumpadappu (Malappuram district)|Perumpadapu village]] of Vanneri from the beginning of the 12th century to the end of the 13th century. Even though the capital of Perumpadapu Swaroopam was in Vanneri, the Perumpadapu king had a palace in Mahodayapuram.

When the [[Zamorins]] attacked Vanneri in the later part of the 13th century, Perumpadapu Swaroopam shifted their capital from Vanneri to Mahodayapuram. In 1405, Perumpadapu Swaroopam changed their capital from Mahodayapuram to [[Cochin]]. By the end of the 14th century the [[Zamorin]] conquered Thrikkanamathilakam and it became a threat for Mahodayapuram ([[Thiruvanchikulam]]), which may be the reason that Perumpadapu Swaroopam changed their capital to Cochin from Mahodayapuram. Moreover, in the year 1341 a flood created an island, Puthuvippu ([[Vypin]]), and Cochin became a noted [[natural harbor|natural harbour]] for the Indian Ocean trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowindia.net/kerala/kochi/kochi.html|title=History of Cochin – Ernakulam|year=2007|access-date=6 January 2008|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108225244/http://knowindia.net/kerala/kochi/kochi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The old [[Kodungallore]] ([[Cranganore]]) port lost its importance, which may also be a cause for the shift of the capital. From there on Perumpadapu Swaroopam used the name [[Cochin Royal Family]].

Finally, the arrival of the Portuguese on the Indian subcontinent in the sixteenth century likely influenced Cochin politics. The kingdom of Cochin was among the first Indian nations to sign a formal treaty with a European power, negotiating trade terms with [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] in 1500.

The palace at Kalvathhi was originally the residence of the kings. In 1555, though, the royal palace moved to [[Mattancherry]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cochin-ernakulam.com/history.htm|title=Kochi – Queen of the Arabian Sea|publisher=KnowIndia.netdate=2007|access-date=6 January 2008|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214125023/http://www.cochin-ernakulam.com/history.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and later relocated to [[Thrissur]]. At that time Penvazithampuran (Female Thampuran) and the other Kochuthampurans (other Thampurans except the Valliathampuran (King)) stayed at a palace in Vellarapilly.

In the beginning of the 18th century [[Thripunithura]] started gaining prominence. The kingdom was ruled from [[Thrissur]], [[Cochin]] and [[Thripunithura]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/familyhistory1.php?caption_id=3&flg=0 |title=Cochin Royal Family History – Post-1715 |year=2007 |access-date=6 January 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111834/http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/familyhistory1.php?caption_id=3&flg=0 |archive-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> Around 1755 Penvazithampuran (Female Thampuran) and the other Kochuthampurans (other Thampurans) left Vellarapalli and started to live in Thripunithura. Thus Thripunithura became the capital of the Cochin Royal Family.

== List of Maharajas of Cochin ==

Veerakerala Varma, nephew of [[Cheraman Perumal]], is the person traditionally believed to be the first Maharaja of Cochin. The written records of the dynasty, however, date from 1503 [[Common Era|CE]]. The Maharaja of Cochin was also called Gangadhara Kovil Adhikaarikal, meaning head of all temples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gosree.org/history.html|title=Emergence of Kingdom of Cochin and Cochin Royal Family|author=Thampuran, Rameshan|year=2007|access-date=6 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113184028/http://www.gosree.org/history.html|archive-date=13 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The kings followed [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] system of inheritance.

[[File:Hill Palace Museum Tripunithura DSC 1243 11.jpg|thumb|200px|Hill Palace, the main palace]]

[[File:Rajah of Cochin 1868 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Rama Varma XIV]], The Rajah of Cochin in 1868]]

[[File:H H Raja of Cochin.jpg|thumb|[[Rama Varma XV]] better known as His Abdicated Highness]]

[[File:Keralavarma king.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Aikya Keralam Thampuran|Maharaja Kerala Varma Thampuran a.k.a. Aikya Keralam Thampuran]]]]

=== As a Portuguese ally ===

# Unniraman Koyikal II (1503-1537)
# Veera Kerala Varma I (1537–1565)
# [[Keshava Rama Varma]] (1565–1601)
# Veera Kerala Varma II (1601–1615)
# Ravi Varma I (1615–1624)
# Veera Kerala Varma III (1624–1637)
# Goda Varma I (1637–1645)
# Veerarayira Varma (1645–1646)
# Veera Kerala Varma IV (1646–1650)
# Rama Varma I (1650–1656)
# Rani Gangadharalakshmi (1656–1658, regency<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Education |first1=Kerala (India) Department of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rani+Gangadhara+lakshmi+1656 |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Ernakulam |last2=Menon |first2=A. Sreedhara |date=1965 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Presses |pages=128}}</ref>)
# Rama Varma II (1658–1662)
# Goda Varma II (1662–1663)

=== As a Dutch ally ===

# Veera Kerala Varma V (1663–1687)
# Rama Varma III (1687–1693)
# Ravi Varma II (1693–1697)
# Rama Varma IV (1697–1701)
# Rama Varma V (1701–1721)
# Ravi Varma III (1721–1731)
# Rama Varma VI (1731–1746)
# Kerala Varma I (1746–1749)
# Rama Varma VII (1749–1760)
# Kerala Varma II (1760–1775)
# [[Rama Varma VIII]] (1775–1790)
# [[Rama Varma IX]] (Shaktan Thampuran) (1790–1805)

===As a British princely state===

# [[Rama Varma X]] (1805–1809) – Vellarapalli-yil Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Kerala Varma III]] (Veera Kerala Varma) (1809–1828) – Karkidaka Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Rama Varma XI]] (1828–1837) – Thulam-Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Rama Varma XII]] (1837–1844) – Edava-Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Rama Varma XIII]] (1844–1851) – Thrishur-il Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Kerala Varma IV]] (Veera Kerala Varma) (1851–1853) – Kashi-yil Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Ravi Varma IV]] (1853–1864) – Makara Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Rama Varma XIV]] (1864–1888) – Mithuna Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Kerala Varma V]] (1888–1895) – Chingam Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Rama Varma XV]] (Sir Sri Rama Varma) (1895–1914) – aka Rajarshi, Abdicated Highness
# [[Rama Varma XVI]] (1914–1932) – Madrasil Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Rama Varma XVII]] (1932–1941) – Dhaarmika Chakravarthi, Chowara-yil Theepetta Thampuran
# [[Kerala Varma VI]] (1941–1943) – Midukkan Thampuran
# [[Ravi Varma V]] (1943–1946) – Kunjappan Thampuran
# [[Aikya Keralam Thampuran|Kerala Varma VII]] (1946–1948) – Aikya Keralam Thampuran
# [[Parikshith Thampuran|Rama Varma XVIII]] (1948–1964) was known by the name of [[Parikshith Thampuran]]. He was the last official ruler of the princely state of Cochin. He had signed, in 1949, the accession agreement to Indian Union. The integration was completed in another year.

===Post-independence (Titular only)===

# [[Parikshith Thampuran|Rama Varma XVIII]] (1948–1964) was known by the name of [[Parikshith Thampuran]].
# [[Rama Varma XIX]] (1964–1975) – [[Lalan Thampuran]] – stripped of official recognition in 1971 under the [[Privy Purse in India#Abolition|26th Amendment]] by [[Indira Gandhi]]'s Government.
# [[Rama Varma XX]] (1975–2004) – [[Anyian Kochunni Thampuran]]
# [[Kerala Varma VIII]] (2004–2011) – [[Kochunni Thampuran]]
# [[Rama Varma Kochaniyan Thampuran|Rama Varma XXI]] (2011–2014) – [[Rama Varma Kochaniyan Thampuran|Kochaniyan Thampuran]]
# [[Ravi Varma VI]] (2014–2020) – [[Kochaniyan Thampuran]]
# Ravi Varma VII (2020–present) – Mrinalini Thampuran

==Prime ministers of Cochin (1947–49)==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan=2|{{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|name="no1"|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan=2| Name
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! colspan=3| Term of office<ref>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_2_3.htm Responsible Governments (1947–56)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123033912/http://niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_2_3.htm |date=23 January 2021 }}. Kerala Legislature. Retrieved on 22 April 2014.</ref>
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|Party
! rowspan=2| Assembly
! rowspan=2| Appointed by (Monarch)
|-
! From
! To
! Days in office
|-
| 1
| [[Panampilly Govinda Menon]]
| [[File:Panampilly statue.jpg|100x100px]]
| 14 August 1947
| 22 October 1947
| {{age in years and days|1947|9|1|1947|10|22}}
| rowspan="3" | Independent
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: grey" |
| rowspan="2" |Sixth Council (1945–48)
| rowspan="3" |[[Aikya Keralam Thampuran|Kerala Varma VII]], [[Maharaja of Cochin]]
|-
| 2
| [[T. K. Nair]]
|
| 27 October 1947
| 20 September 1948
| {{age in years and days|1947|10|22|1948|9|20}}
|-
| 3
| [[E. Ikkanda Warrier]]
| [[File:Ikkanda variar.jpg|100x100px]]
| 20 September 1948
| 30 June 1949
| {{age in years and days|1948|9|20|1949|6|30}}
| Legislative Assembly (1948–49)
|-
|}

== Chiefs of Cochin ==

The [[Paliath Achan]] of the Paliam family of [[Chendamangalam]], played an important part in the politics of Cochin State since the early seventeenth century, and held hereditary rights to the ministership of [[Cochin]]. The Paliath Achan was the most powerful person after the king, and he sometimes exerted more power than the king. The ''Paliyam swaroopam'', was second to the ''Perumpadappu swaroopam in terms of power but much larger in terms of wealth and land owned.''

Other powerful lords around these areas were Cheranellore Karthavu who was the head of the Anchi Kaimals, Muriyanatt (Mukundapuram-Nadavarambu) Nambiar who was the head of Arunattil Prabhus, Kodassery Kartha Mappranam Prabhu-Vellose Nair, Changaramponnath Kartha, Chengazhi Nambiar (Chengazhinad Naduvazhi), and Edappali Nampiyathiri.

KP Padmanabha Menon in his ''History of Kerala, Vol 2'' mentions the Anji Kaimals whose Chief was the Cheranellur Kartha as owning all of Eranakulam. In fact, Eranakulam is known as Anji Kaimal in the early maps of Kerala. See Dutch in Malabar (Dutch Records No 13), 1910 shows a map from [[Common Era]]1740 that shows the area of AnjiKaimal as almost twice as large as the Cochin State. The other chiefs he mentions quoting Gollennesse (Dutch East India Company) is the 1) Moorianatt Nambiar 2) Paliath Achan (mentioned above), 3)Codacherry (Kotasseri) Kaimal, 4) Caimalieone (female Kaimal) of Corretty, 5) Changera Codda Kaimal, and 6) Panamoocattu Kaimal (Panambakadu Kaimal). The last four Kaimals are known as the Kaimals of Nandietter Nadu. The Kaimals of Nandietter Nadu had Nayar troops of 43,000 according to Heer Van Reede of the Dutch East India Company from 1694.<ref>Page 241 and 242</ref>

==Matrilineal inheritance==

The Cochin royal family followed the system of matrilineal succession known as [[Marumakkatayam]].
Traditionally the female members of the family marry with [[Namboodiri]] Brahmins while male members marry women of the [[Nair]]/[[Menon (title)|Menon]] class. These wives of the male members are not Ranis or Queens as per the matrilineal system but instead get the title of [[Panapillai Amma|Nethyar Amma]].<ref>{{cite news|date=3 March 2003|title=Seeking royal roots|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/03/stories/2003030300550200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022024430/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/03/stories/2003030300550200.htm|access-date=5 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2010}}</ref>

==Traditional rituals==

The term "Shodasakriyakal" refers to sixteen rites to be performed by all members, as structured through "Smruthi".

# Sekom (Garbhaadhaanam): A rite to be performed just before the first sexual intercourse after marriage.
# [[Pumsavanam|Pumsavanom]]: To be performed just after conception.
# Seemantham: Performed after [[Pumsavanam|Pumsavanom]].
# Jathakarmam: Performed just after birth.
# Naamakaranam: Naming ceremony of the child.
# (Upa)nishkramanam (Vaathilpurappadu): Involves taking the child out of the house for the first time.
# Choroonu: The first ceremonial intake of rice by the child.
# [[Chudakarana|Choulam]]: The first haircut ceremony of the boy/ girl.
# [[Upanayanam]]: The wearing of [[sacred thread]], known as poonool in Malayalam (only for boys).
# Mahaanamneevrutham (Aanduvrutham):
# Mahaavrutham
# Upanishadvrutham
# Godaanam: Rites as part of thanks-giving to the Aacharyan (priest or teacher), which includes giving cows.
# Samaavarthanam: A long ritual for the completion of the above said Vedic education.
# Marriage
# Agniadhaanam: A rite performed as an extension of Oupaasanam and introduction to Sroutha rites, after the death.

===Deities===

[[File:SreePoornathrayeesa.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple]]

*Paradevatha (goddess): Vannery Chitrakoodam, [[Pazhayannur]] Bhagavathy, [[Chazhur]] [[Pazhayannur]] Bhagavathy
*Paradevan (god): [[Vishnu]] ([[Sree Poornathrayesa temple|Sree Poornathrayeesa]]), Tiruvanchikulathappan (Lord Shiva of [[Thiruvanchikulam]] between [[North Paravur]] and [[Kodungallore]])
*Other deities: [[Chottanikkara Temple|Chottanikkara Bhagavathy]], Pulpalli Thevar and many more

===Naming practice of male Thampuran===

In the Cochin royal family all the male Thampurans were named according to the following convention.
*Eldest son – Rama Varma
*Second son – Kerala Varma .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prince Chris Kerala Varma|url=https://kingdomofcochin.org/chris|website=kingdomofcochin.org|access-date=22 November 2024|archive-date=22 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122005245/https://kingdomofcochin.org/chris|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Third son – Ravi Varma
*Fourth son - Rama Varma
.<ref name="History of Cochin Royal Family">{{Cite web|title=History of Cochin Royal Family|url=http://cochinroyalhistory.org/pages.php?menu_id=3|access-date=2020-09-11|website=cochinroyalhistory.org|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110074335/http://cochinroyalhistory.org/pages.php?menu_id=3|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Naming practice of female Thampuran ===

In the Cochin royal family the female Thampurans were named according to the following convention.
*First daughter – ''Amba''
*Second daughter – ''Subhadra''

This naming convention is followed again to the third daughter and fourth etc.

Both the female and male members are called by the name "Thampuran" and have same last name (Thampuran).<ref name="History of Cochin Royal Family" />

== Parukutty Nethyar Amma ==

{{main|Parukutty Nethyar Amma}}

[[Maharaja]] Rama Varma (popularly known as Madrassil Theepetta Thampuran), who reigned from 1914 to 1932, was assisted by a particularly able [[Queen consort|consort]] named [[Parukutty Nethyar Amma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/familyhistory1.php?caption_id=4&flg=0 |title=Cochin Royal Family History – Post-1715 |year=2007 |access-date=6 January 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111206/http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/familyhistory1.php?caption_id=4&flg=0 |archive-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> She was a member of the famous [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] Vadakke Kurupath family which was an aristocratic [[Nair]]/[[Menon (title)|Menon]] family. Her father Kuroor Narayanan Namboothirippad, belonged to a family that traditionally had the honour of anointing the Kings of [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kuruppathheritage.com/history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415190958/http://kuruppathheritage.com/history|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-15|title=Kuruppath {{!}} History|date=2020-04-15|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> She married the [[Maharaja]], then fourth in line to the succession when she was fourteen years old in 1888. Her husband ascended the throne as a result of the abdication of his predecessor. Since the Maharaja was a scholar and had other interests, she took over the finances of the state. Under her guidance salaries were quadrupled and the increased revenue earned her a 17-gun salute. Parukutty Nethyar Amma was awarded the [[Kaiser-i-Hind Medal]] by King [[George V]] in 1919 for public work and came to be known as Lady Rama Varma of Cochin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/results.aspx?tab=2&Page=1&ContainAllWords=Naithyarammah&ExactPhrase=British+Library%2c+Asia%2c+Pacific+and+Africa+Collections&Places=British+Library%2c+Asia%2c+Pacific+and+Africa+Collections |title=The National Archives {{!}} A2A {{!}} Results |access-date=8 July 2008 |archive-date=8 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508112936/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/results.aspx?tab=2&Page=1&ContainAllWords=Naithyarammah&ExactPhrase=British+Library%2C+Asia%2C+Pacific+and+Africa+Collections&Places=British+Library%2C+Asia%2C+Pacific+and+Africa+Collections |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cochin royal family today ==

Members of the dynasty are spread all over the world. The family is one of the world's largest royal families, numbering more than 1000 people, and many members of the family still live in and around [[Thripunithura]], [[Thrissur]] ([[Chazhoor|Chazhur]]), and other parts of Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/03/stories/2003030300550200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208162309/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/03/stories/2003030300550200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 December 2003|work=The Hindu |location=India| title=Seeking royal roots | year=2003|access-date=6 January 2008}}</ref> The current head of the Royal Family of Cochin is Smt. Mrinalini Thampuran (b. 1925) who is 100 years old and resides in Tripunithura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Cochin Royal Family|url=https://www.cochinroyalhistory.org/profile.php|access-date=2021-10-14|website=cochinroyalhistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kingdom of Cochin History course|url=https://www.kingdomofcochin.org/history|access-date=2024-12-02|website=kingdomofcochin.org}}</ref>
Other known family members include Dr Kocha Varma,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profile of the Author|url=https://www.cochinroyalhistory.org/profile.php|access-date=2024-12-19|website=cochinroyalhistory.org}}</ref>
Dr Chris Kerala Varma<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prince Chris Kerala Varma|url=https://www.kingdomofcochin.org/chris|access-date=2024-12-19|website=kingdomofcochin.org}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Chazhur Kovilakam.jpg|Chazhoor village holds the ancient palace of Chazhoor (Chazur) kovilakom. This is the root (moola thavazhi) of the Cochin royal family, in Thrissur district (Perumpadappu swaroopam).
File:Chazhur Kovilakam Vadakke kettu.jpg|Vadakke kettu (nalukettu in the north side of the Palace)
File:Chazhur Kovilakam Nalukettu.JPG|The Naalukettu (Kerala style of joint family house) of Chazhoor royal family is in this village.
File:Chazhur Kovilakam Nalukettu.jpg|Nalukettu
File:APPUKKUTTAN THAMPURAN.JPG|Late Shri KeralaVarma Appukuttan Thampuran (1943–2012), a member of Chazhur Kovilakam
File:Malika.JPG|Chazhur Kovilakam Vadakkekettu – Maalika
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Zamorin of Calicut]]
* [[Political integration of India]]
* [[History of Kochi]]
* [[British India]]
* [[Thrippunithura]]
* [[Paliath Achan]]
* [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]]
* [[Ponnani]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* ''Genealogy of Cochin Royal Family'' – By [[Rameshan Thampuran]]

== Bibliography ==

* Katz, Nathan and Goldberg, Helen S. ''Kashrut, Caste and Kabbalah: The Religious Life of the Jews of Cochin''. Mahonar Books, 2005.
* Kulke, Herman. ''A History of India''. New York: Routledge, 2004.
* Menon, P. Shungoonny. ''History of Travancore from the Earliest Times''. 1878.[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog]
* Pillai, Elamkulam Kunjan. ''Studies in Kerala History''. Kottayam, 1970.
* Ramachandran, Rathi. ''History of Medieval Kerala''. Pragati Publications, 2005.
* Thampuran, Rameshan. ''Genealogy of Cochin Royal Family''.
* History of Kerala, KP Padmanabha Menon, Vol. 2.
* Chazhoor Copperplate, S. Rajendu, Kottayam, 2015.

== External links ==

{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.kingdomofcochin.org Kingdom Of Cochin Diplomatic Website]
* [http://cochinroyalhistory.org Cochin Royal Family Historical Society]
* [http://www.namboothiri.com Namboothiri Websites Trust]

{{Kochi (India) topics}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Madras States Agency}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cochin, Kingdom of}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin| ]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:History of Kochi]]
[[Category:History of Thrissur]]
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]

Jharkhand Lokayukta

2026-03-22T14:32:39Z

Tiger44444f4: creating a data...

{{Short description|Parliamentary Ombudsman for the state of Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
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| chief1name = Hon’ble Justice Dhruv Narayan Upadhyay.<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref1">{{cite web |title=List of Jharkhand Lokayukta |url=http://lokayuktajharkhand.nic.in/list_lokayukta.html |website=lokayuktajharkhand.nic.in |access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref>
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'''Jharkhand Lokayukta''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Jharkhand]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Jharkhand Lokayukta Act-2001, and approved by the [[president of India]]. With [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] coming into force on 16 January 2014, each Indian state was required to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> A bench of Lokayukta should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to Lokayukta<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=No provision of advertising vacancies of Lokayukta: MP Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-provision-of-advertising-vacancies-of-lokayukta-mp-govt/articleshow/50742053.cms |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2016}}</ref> and assists with her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta in case the position falls vacant before time.

A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]],<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /> or leader of largest opposition party in State Legislature, Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==

Jharkhand Lokayukta Act-2001 was passed in the Jharkhand Assembly and was effective from the year 2001.<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref7">{{cite news |title=Dhrub Narayan to be new Lokayukta of Jharkhand |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/dhrub-narayan-to-be-new-lokayukta-of-jharkhand/story-5lWgTT2Ou0dNQSPO4jWl9M.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=30 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> The Act was created from Bihar after Jharkhand got separated as a state and it got operational in latter from 4 December 2004. In 2011, Jharkhand Lokayukta Rules were amended to make them serious and to help remove corruption by including officials from top to bottom in the State Government offices and bringing Chief Minister's office under its purview.<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref6">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand Lokayukta Act to be made stringent: CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/regional/jharkhand-lokayukta-act-to-be-made-stringent-cm/ |access-date=18 September 2021 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 August 2011 |language=en}}</ref> Once a complaint is received against any Government official it is forwarded to a competent authority to conduct a preliminary investigation within a prescribed time frame and once the complaint is proved a regular case is filed.<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref2" /> In 2015, Jharkhand Lokayukta had got a new office near Jharkhand Mukti Morcha(JMM) leader and party president Sibu Soren's official residence.<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=JMM sees red over Lokayukta new office near Soren house |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/jmm-sees-red-over-lokayukta-new-office-near-soren-house/story-jdOiSEr0QwdVC3xoMkIoKK.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=1 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

Lokayukta in Jharkhand does not have power of search and seizure.<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref9">{{cite news |title='New Lokayukta Act needed in Jharkhand' {{!}} Ranchi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/new-lokayukta-act-needed-in-jharkhand/articleshow/18280313.cms |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=1 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

== Oath or affirmation ==

{{Quotation|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayukta (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, JHARKHAND LOKAYUKTA Act-2001}}

== Powers ==

Jharkhand Lokayukta has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the State Chief Minister, State Deputy Chief Minister, Ministers of the state Government, Mayors of cities, Leader of Opposition and Government officials.
The institution has powers to investigate and prosecute any government official or public servants who are covered by the act and abuses his authority for his self interest or causes hurt to anyone or any action done intentionally or following corrupt practices negatively impacting the state or individual.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Appointment and tenure ==

Jharkhand Lokayukta is Justice Dhruv Narayan Upadhyay,<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref7" /> will head a two member team with a term of five years or reaching of the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. He retired as a judge of Jharkhand High Court.<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref8">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand's Lokayukta Justice DN Prasad passes due to Corona in AIIMS Delhi |url=https://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-s-lokayukta-justice-dn-prasad-passes-due-to-corona-in-aiims-new-delhi/east/news/2434544.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=uniindia.com |date=29 June 2021}}</ref>
Jharkhand Lokayukta Chairperson will be appointed by Governor along with other members who are recommended by a committee headed by Chief Minister and other members being
Speaker of Assembly and Opposition Leader in Assembly, or elected leader of the largest opposition party in the Assembly.

Following is the list and tenure of various Lokayuktas of the state:<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref7" /><ref name="Jhark Lok Ref1" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Index !!Name !! Holding charge from !! Holding charge to
|-
| 1
| Hon'ble Mr. Justice Laxman Oraon
| 4 December 2004
| 4 December 2009
|-
| 2
| Hon'ble Mr. Justice, Amareshwar Sahay
| 3 January 2011
| 2 January 2016
|-
| 3
| Hon'ble Mr. Justice, D.N. Upadhyay
| 13 January 2017
|
|-
|}

== Notable cases ==

# In 2019, Jharkhand Lokayukta Justice Dhruv Narayan Upadhyay on a complaint of corruption received against Ranchi deputy mayor Sanjeev Vijayvargiya, had forwarded the same to state's Anti-corruption department with a direction to investigate.<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Graft glare on Ranchi deputy mayor |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/graft-glare-on-ranchi-deputy-mayor/cid/1680758 |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=telegraphindia.com |date=3 January 2019}}</ref>
# In 2019, Jharkhand Lokayukta on a complaint received formed a three member team to enquire into allegations of corruption and misuse of office by officials of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and Jharkhand State Cooperative Milk Producers’ Federation (JMF) and were found to be correct.<ref name="Jhark Lok Ref3">{{cite news |title=NDDB Managed Jharkhand Milk Federation Emerges Hotbed of Corruption in Lokayukta Enquiry |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/nddb-managed-jharkhand-milk-federation-emerges-hotbed-of-corruption-in-lokayukta-enquiry/57772.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |date=25 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jhark Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Mother Dairy's MD Sangram Choudhary Replaced? |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/mother-dairys-md-sangram-choudhary-replaced/61750.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |date=7 October 2020 |ref=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Goa Lokayukta]]
*[[Karnataka Lokayukta]]
*[[Chhattisgarh Lokayog]]
*[[Haryana Lokayukta]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://lokayuktajharkhand.nic.in/Act.html official website]

{{Lokayukta}}


[[Category:Lokayuktas]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]

Nandini Nursing Home

2026-03-06T06:20:26Z

Tiger44444f4: put up the entry and citations...

{{short description|Indian comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nandini Nursing Home
| image = Nandini Nursing Home.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = P. V. Giri
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Naveen Vijaya Krishna
*Nitya Naresh
*[[Shravya]]
*[[Shakalaka Shankar]]
*[[Vennela Kishore]]
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| music = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| studio = SVC Entertainment Pvt. Ltd
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|10|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nandini Nursing Home''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film|comedy]] [[drama film]] directed by P. V. Giri and starring Naveen Vijaya Krishna, Nitya Naresh, and [[Shravya]] with [[Shakalaka Shankar]], [[Vennela Kishore]], and [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Actor-Naveen-watches-his-movie-in-Sangareddy/article16439818.ece|title=Actor Naveen watches his movie in Sangareddy|date=2 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The film was released to mixed reviews.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Naveen Vijaya Krishna as Chandoo
*Nitya Naresh as Nandini
*[[Shravya]] as Amulya
*[[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Compounder
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Ganesh
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Inpatient
*[[Jayaprakash Reddy]] as Dr. Venkateshwarlu
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Dr. Murthy
*[[Ajay Ghosh]] as Ratna Babu
*Sanjay Swaroop as Dr. Jairam
*Bhadram as Seenu
*Kotesh Manava as K. Praveen Goud
}}

== Production ==
The launch of the film was attended by several of Nawin Vijaya Krishna's family members and friends such as [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]], [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Sudheer Babu]] and [[Sai Dharam Tej]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-09-29/A-star-studded-launch/256252|title=A star-studded launch|date=29 September 2016|work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nandini Nursing Home
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:21
| language = Telugu
| label = Mango Music
| producer =
| chronology = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| prev_title = [[Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Luckunnodu]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc =
}}

The film has soundtrack composed by [[Achu Rajamani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nandini Nursing Home (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2HpwKqaRYh2e7YoaTeUCDg |website=[[Spotify]] |access-date=12 October 2024 |language=en |date=3 August 2017}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kalthi
| length1 = 3:17
| all_lyrics = Rahman.
| extra1 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| title2 = Ninney
| length2 = 4:21
| extra2 = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| title3 = Nanney Nanney
| length3 = 3:48
| extra3 = Mansi Mahadevan, [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
| title4 = Party Party
| length4 = 4:14
| extra4 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]], Rohan Prakash, Achu Rajamani
| title5 = Ninney - Reprise Version
| length5 = 1:38
| extra5 = Achu Rajamani
| total_length = 17:21
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Despite the story being set in a hospital throughout the film, you don’t feel claustrophobic. The freshness and compactness of the story, without any diversions, make it enjoyable and a time pass watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Nandini-Nursing-Home-Comedians-run-riot/article16077794.ece|title=Nandini Nursing Home: Comedians run riot|date=2 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "‘''Nandini Nursing Home''’ is no surprise. It not only treads the beaten track but so strongly suffers unjustified self-belief that it keeps you seated for over two and half hours of running time. The dosage is not only unpalatable but strong".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-10-23/Nandini-Nursing-Home--full-movie-review-Neither-substance-nor-style/260508|title=
Nandini Nursing Home - full movie review: Neither substance, nor style|first=L.|last=Ravichander|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=23 October 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6173378}}

[[Category:2016 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Nawab Abdul Latif

2026-03-04T11:08:07Z

Tiger44444f4:

{{Short description|Bengali aristocrat, educator and social worker (1828–1893)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nawab Bahadur Abdul Latif
| native_name = নবাব বাহাদুর আব্দুল লতীফ
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Twelve men of Bengal - Nawab Abdul Latif Khan Bahadur.jpg
| caption = An image of Latif from the 1910 book ''"Twelve Men of Bengal in the Nineteenth Century"'' By [[Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt]]
| birth_date = 1828
| birth_place = Rajapur, [[Faridpur District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1893|07|10|1828|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| alma_mater = Calcutta Madrassah (now [[Aliah University]])
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Nassakh|Abdul Ghafur Nassakh]] (brother)|[[Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah]] (great-granddaughter)}}
}}
[[Nawab|Nawab Bahadur]] '''Qazi''' '''Abdul Latif''' (1828 – 10 July 1893)<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin|article=Luteef, Nawab Abdool}}</ref> was a [[Bengali Muslim]] aristocrat, educator, and social worker. His title, ''Nawab'' was awarded by the British in 1880. He was one of the first Muslims in 19th-century India to embrace the idea of modernisation.

== Early life ==
Qazi Abdul Latif was born into an aristocratic [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] [[Bengali Kazi|Qazi]] family in Rajapur, [[Faridpur District]], [[Bengal Presidency]] in the then [[British India]] (now in Bangladesh). The ancestors of the [[Bengali Kazi|Qazis]] of Rajapur are purported to had come and settled in [[Bengal]] from [[Hejaz|Hijaz]] in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], via [[Delhi]], Qazi Abdur Rasul son of Shah Azimuddin whom the family claims was a descendant of [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khalid ibn Walid]] had setltled in Faridpur during the Mughal era after being appointed as [[Qadi|Qazi]]. This claim opposes the consensus of Arab genealogists that Khalid ibn al-Walid's lineage in the paternal line had died out during the [[Plague of Amwas]].<ref>Hinds, M. (1991). "Makhzūm". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 137–140. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.</ref> Nonethelesss, Qazi Abdul Latif is said to have been a seventh generation descendant of this Shah Azimuddin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Islam |first=K. Z. |date=2012-07-11 |title=Nawab Bahadur Abdul Latif |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-241583 |access-date=2023-07-16 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Mojlum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pp7ikgEACAAJ |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal |date=2013 |publisher=Kube Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-84774-052-6 |language=en}}</ref> His father Qazi Faqir Mahmud (1774–1844) was a lawyer in the civil court of [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sobhan |first=Rehman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qeMCwAAQBAJ&dq=khondkar+fazle+rabbi+family&pg=PT19 |title=Untranquil Recollections: The Years of Fulfilment |date=2015-09-30 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-320-0 |language=en}}</ref> Latif had a brother, [[Nassakh|Khan Bahadur Abdul Ghafur Nassakh]] (1833–1889), a civil servant and a poet.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Nassakh, Khan Bahadur Abdul Ghafur}}</ref> He obtained the highest degree in Arabic, French and English language from Calcutta Madrassah (now the [[Aliah University]]).<ref name=bpedia/>

== Career ==
Latif started his career as a teacher of [[Dhaka Collegiate School]] in 1846. By 1847, while still in his teens, he was appointed by the government as assistant to one of the {{who|date=February 2014}} Ameers of Sindh. He worked in this capacity for about a year. In 1847, an Anglo-Arabic class in the Calcutta Madrassa was opened for imparting instruction in English. In 1848, he was appointed Anglo-Arabic professor in-charge of this class.<ref name=star />

Latif joined government service in 1849 as a deputy magistrate and was promoted to the post of presidency magistrate in 1877. While serving as the deputy magistrate of [[Satkhira]], he witnessed the economic exploitation of peasant farmers by European indigo planters and merchants. He encouraged the farmers there to become united and inform the government about their grievances. He himself took some initiative in this [[Indigo revolt]]. Finally, the British colonial government formed the Indigo Commission in 1860 due to his initiative with the goal of putting an end to the repressions of indigo planters.

Latif was nominated a member of the Bengal Management Council when it was constituted in 1862 during the rule of Lord Canning. In 1863, he was appointed a member of the examination board for civil and military services and a fellow of the [[University of Calcutta]]. He was appointed as ''Justice of the Peace'' following the formation of [[Calcutta Corporation]] (Municipal Authority) during 1865–1875. When there was intense anger among the Muslim community following the adoption of a proposal by the Indian Management Council in 1865, he put forward arguments in favour of amending the bill through a memorandum submitted to the British government.<ref name=bpedia />

=== Mohammedan Literary Society ===
In 1863, Latif founded the [[Mohammedan Literary Society]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Syed Nesar |year=1991 |title=Origins of Muslim Consciousness in India: A World-System Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzm36rEol3sC&pg=PA79 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=79 |isbn=978-0-313-27331-5}}</ref>

The Society gave a remarkable impetus to the cause of Muslim advancement throughout India. It attracted the notice of successive administrations, the wants and grievances of the [[Indian Muslim]] community in regard to education, legislation and other cognate matters affecting the well-being of society. The Society was the precursor of similar institutions in other parts of India.<ref name=star /> He was also an active member of the [[Scientific Society of Aligarh]] founded by [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Azmi|first=Arshad Ali|title=The Aligarh Scientific Society 1864-1867|date=1969|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138412|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=31|pages=414–420|jstor=44138412|issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The British government, in recognition of his meritorious services, honoured him with titles and decorations from time to time. In 1877, at the Imperial Assemblage, at Delhi, Viceroy [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]] conferred upon him the title of "[[Khan Bahadur]]" and presented him with an "Empress Medal." In April 1880, Lord Lytton conferred upon him the high title of "[[Nawab]]." In 1883, Viceroy [[Lord Ripon]] honoured him with a "Companionship of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire." In 1887, on the occasion of [[Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]], Viceroy [[Lord Dufferin]] conferred upon him the highest Muslim title of "[[Nawab Bahadur]]."<ref name=star>{{cite news |last=Islam |first=K. Z. |date=11 July 2012 |title=Nawab Bahadur Abdul Latif |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-241583|work=The Daily Star |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref>

He received the title of 'Order of the Majedi of Third Class' from the Turkish government.<ref name=bpedia />

== Death and legacy ==
Latif died on 10 July 1893.<ref name=bpedia /> ''[[The London Times]]'', on 4 September 1893, published a short memoir of his life which ran "The skill, the firmness of resolve, and the unwearied tact and moderation with which he carried out his self-appointed task during 40 chequered years would form a noble theme for a biographer. Here we can only lament the loss which many who are trying to do good work for India have sustained by his death".<ref name=12men>{{Cite book|last=Bradley-Birt|first=Francis Bradley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nE7AQAAMAAJ |title=Twelve Men of Bengal in the Nineteenth Century |date=1910 |publisher=S. K. Lahiri & Company |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|136}}

Latif's achievements include working to turn Hindu College into [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] and thus open it for non-Hindus as well. He also established numerous educational institutes, including Haji Muhammad Mohsin Govt. High School, Rajshahi. As a prominent personality of mid 19th century Bengal, he was the pioneer of Muslim modernization and the architect of the Muslim Renaissance, was one of those great men who appeared as saviors of their frustrated, humiliated, demoralized and disorganized fellow countrymen under colonial rule His chief contribution was in the field of education. He was among the first to understand that young [[Bengali Muslims]] should receive modern education. He understood that the Muslims of Bengal had fallen behind in everything because of their prejudices against modern education. He devoted his whole life to removing this self-destructive prejudice from their minds.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} However, Bangladeshi educationist [[Ahmed Sharif]] criticized him for promoting [[Urdu]] over [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as the language of [[Bengali Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486 |title=An interview with prof. Ahmed sharif |website=News from Bangladesh |publisher=Daily News Monitoring Service |last1=Mukhopadhay |first1=Keshob |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204080757/http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486 |archive-date=4 February 2015 }}</ref> Latif had made a representation to the 1882 Education Commission (Hunter Commission) that the instructional language of the aristocratic Muslims should be Urdu and that of the ordinary Muslims should be Bengali with a profusion of Arabic and Persian words.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Pabitra |date=2023-02-27 |title=Language Controversies in 19th Century Bengal |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/focus/news/language-controversies-19th-century-bengal-3258266 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Hunter Commission|author=Zaheda Ahmad}}</ref>

Poet Nawab Syed Muhammad Azad was Latif's son-in-law.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Azad, Nawab Syed Muhammad|author=Kaniz-e-Butool}}</ref> [[Syud Hossain]] and Sahibzadi Shahbanu Begum were some of his grandchildren.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Enam Ahmed |date=2021-10-04 |title=Syud Hossain and his times |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/syud-hossain-and-his-times-2189931 |access-date=2022-06-24 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> [[Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah]] was his great-granddaughter.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bonnie G. Smith|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=PA528|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|pages=528–}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Latif, Nawab}}
[[Category:1828 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]

[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Educators from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:Government Madrasah-e-Alia alumni]]
[[Category:Aliah University alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:Fellows of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Kazi family]]
[[Category:Titular Nawabs of Bengal]]

Aap Ki Khatir (1977 film)

2026-03-03T23:29:12Z

Tiger44444f4: updated details

{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aap Ki Khatir
| image = Aap Ki Khatir 1977 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sudhendu Roy]]
| producer = Harsh Kohli
| writer = Sunder Dar
| story = Indu Kohli Uma Thakur Pushpa Ghai
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Rekha]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = Dilip Ranjan Mukhopadhyay
| editing = Ravi Patnaik
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1977|06|07}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Aap Ki Khatir''''' ({{Translation|For your sake}}) is a 1977 [[Bollywood]] film, produced by Harsh Kohli and directed by [[Sudhendu Roy]]. The stars are [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Rekha]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] and [[Om Shivpuri]]. The film's music is by [[Bappi Lahiri]]. The last song in the film "Bombay se Aaya Mera Dost" became a memorable hit. The film is a remake of the American film ''[[For Pete's Sake (film)|For Pete's Sake]]'' (1974).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Remembering Disco King Bappi Lahiri through his Bollywood hits |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/remembering-disco-king-bappi-lahiri-through-his-bollywood-hits-1.85760438 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==

Sagar ([[Vinod Khanna]]) defies his wealthy family by marrying a poor girl named Sarita ([[Rekha]]) and therefore is cut out of his family's inheritance. He then decides to make a living by driving a cab. Sarita feels guilty that he left his wealth behind to marry her. She raises Rs.10,000 from a loan shark but lies to her husband saying she got it from her uncle. She then asks her husband to give the money to a stockbroker friend to invest. When the investment doesn't result in healthy dividends, Sarita becomes desperate to raise the money to repay the loan shark. She inadvertently gets hooked up with a madam ([[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]) who sends clients to her apartment. Sarita gets into humorous incidents as she avoids contact with her male clients.

==Cast==
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Sagar
* [[Rekha]] as Sarita
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Shola
* [[Om Shivpuri]] as Suraj
* [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] as Shanti
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Mac
* [[Tun Tun]] as Dancer / Singer
* [[Asrani]] as Bhola
* [[Tarun Ghosh]] as Hazarimal
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Sagar's Father
* [[Sonia Sahni]] as Suraj's Wife

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Seedhi Saadi Shehzadi"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Raja Mere Tere Liye"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Aap Ke Khatir"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Pyara Ek Bangla Ho, Bangle Mein Gaadi Ho"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
| "O Shola, O Shola, O Shola Shola Re, O Bhola, O Bhola, O Bhola Bhola Re"
| [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
| "Bambai Se Aaya Mera Dost"
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0178196|Aap Ki Khatir}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sudhendu Roy]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-romantic-comedy-film-stub}}

Vellarikka Pattanam

2026-03-03T21:14:56Z

Tiger44444f4: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vellarikka Pattanam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Thomas Berly]]
| producer = Thomas Berly Abraham Tharakan
| writer = Thomas Berly [[Nelson (scriptwriter)|Nelson]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Thomas Berly
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sukumari]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Manavalan Joseph]]
| music = Thomas Berly
| cinematography = [[Ramachandra Babu]]
| editing = K. K. Balan
| studio = Amaravathi Creations
| distributor = Amaravathi Creations
| released = {{Film date|1985|1|4|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Vellarikka Pattanam''''' is a 1985 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed and produced by [[Thomas Berly]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sukumari]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[Manavalan Joseph]] in the lead roles. It is the last film where Prem Nazir appears as a hero. The film has musical score by [[Thomas Berly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1676|title=Vellarikkaappattanam|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?314|title=Vellarikkaappattanam|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317153839/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?314|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/vellarikka-pattanam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016214014/http://spicyonion.com/title/vellarikka-pattanam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Vellarikkaappattanam|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The night of the funeral of their father, Kuriakose, brothers Alex and Stephen are attacked by goons at their home. They escape via different routes – Alex impersonates a drunk political leader while Stephen hides out in a nunnery. The mystery deepens when Stephen finds another man, Thomas Kuruvilla, who bears a striking resemblance to their father and died under similar circumstances only a day earlier.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Alex
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Porinju
*[[Manavalan Joseph]] as Sub Inspector Hitlar Jose
*[[Ratheesh]] as Stephen
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Sathyabhama
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Kuriakose / Thomas Kuruvilla
*C. P. Antony
*[[Kundara Johnny]] as Muthu
*[[Lalithasree]] as Mariyamma
*[[Mala Aravindan]]
*[[Philomina]]
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Shobha
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Sophie
*[[Thodupuzha Vasanthi]]
*Thrissur Elsy
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Thomas Berly]] and the lyrics were written by Nelson.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Hemantha Kalam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Nelson ||
|-
| 2 || "Mangalangal" || [[Unni Menon]], Chorus, [[C. O. Anto]], [[Lathika]] || Nelson ||
|-
| 3 || "Romaancham Poothirangum" || K. J. Yesudas || Nelson ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0275037|Vellarikka Pattanam}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Girls Will Be Girls (2024 film)

2026-02-24T10:05:10Z

Tiger44444f4: new a entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Girls Will Be Girls
| image = Girls_Will_Be_Girls_(2024_film)_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shuchi Talati]]
| writer = Shuchi Talati
| producer = {{ubl|[[Richa Chadha]]|Claire Chassagne|Shuchi Talati}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Preeti Panigrahi]]|Kesav Binoy Kiron|[[Kani Kusruti]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Jih-E Peng
| editing = Amrita David
| music = {{ubl|Pierre Oberkampf|Sneha Khanwalkar}}
| production_companies = Pushing Buttons Studios Blink Digital Cinema Inutile Crawling Angel Films Dolce Vita Films
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|01||Sundance|2024|12|18|Prime Video}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India France
| language = English Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Girls Will Be Girls''''' is a 2024 [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film, written and directed by [[Shuchi Talati]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ganesan |first=Ranjita |date=2024-01-26 |title=Why Indo-French movie 'Girls Will Be Girls' was shot by a mostly female crew |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sundance-film-festival-premiere-shuchi-talati-movie-girls-will-be-girls-female-crew-mother-daughter-teenager-sexuality/article67775315.ece |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206221000/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sundance-film-festival-premiere-shuchi-talati-movie-girls-will-be-girls-female-crew-mother-daughter-teenager-sexuality/article67775315.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nalini |first=Snigdha |date=19 January 2024 |title='Girls Will Be Girls' Trailer Review: Richa Chadha-Ali Fazal Maiden Production Is Not Your Average Coming-Of-Age Story |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/girls-will-be-girls-trailer-review-richa-chadha-ali-fazal-maiden-production-is-not-your-average-coming-of-age-story |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=Outlook India |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201224801/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/girls-will-be-girls-trailer-review-richa-chadha-ali-fazal-maiden-production-is-not-your-average-coming-of-age-story |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Girls Will Be Girls |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/film/454174/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=[[Cineuropa]]}}</ref> It stars [[Preeti Panigrahi]], [[Kani Kusruti]], and Kesav Binoy Kiron.<ref>{{Citation |last=Talati |first=Shuchi |title=Girls Will Be Girls |date=2024-01-20 |type=Drama, Romance |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt18277182/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |others=Preeti Panigrahi, Kani Kusruti, Kesav Binoy Kiron |publisher=Blink Digital, Cinema Inutile, Crawling Angel Films |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207033556/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt18277182/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An Indian and French co-production, the film is Talati's [[feature directorial debut]], as well as the acting debut of both Panigrahi and Kiron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-11-04 |title=Ali Fazal, Richa Chadha's Indo-French Coproduction 'Girls Will Be Girls' Starts Shoot (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/ali-fazal-richa-chadha-girls-will-be-girls-shoot-1235422177/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Variety |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201224801/https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/ali-fazal-richa-chadha-girls-will-be-girls-shoot-1235422177/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is set in a [[boarding school]] in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan foothills]], and centers around teenager Mira's romance with a charming new student, her subsequent sexual awakening, and at times strained relationship with her protective mother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=Girls Will Be Girls review: Richa Chadha, Ali Fazal's maiden production portraits a complex mother-daughter relationship |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/girls-will-be-girls-review-mother-daughter-relationship-richa-chadha-ali-fazal-101706249965941.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201224800/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/girls-will-be-girls-review-mother-daughter-relationship-richa-chadha-ali-fazal-101706249965941.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film premiered at the [[2024 Sundance Film Festival]], where it participated in the competition section.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Richa Chadha, Ali Fazal's debut production 'Girls Will Be Girls' to premiere at Sundance Film Festival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/richa-chadha-ali-fazals-debut-production-girls-will-be-girls-to-premiere-at-sundance-film-festival-9058114/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201224801/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/richa-chadha-ali-fazals-debut-production-girls-will-be-girls-to-premiere-at-sundance-film-festival-9058114/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released on 18 December 2024, on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. Among the film's accolades, it won the [[Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award]].

==Plot==
Mira Kishore, a high school teenager, becomes the first girl in her boarding school’s history to be appointed Head Perfect while also being the academic topper. Amid the congratulatory cheers, Mira feels annoyed to see her mother, Anila, distributing sweets on the school premises. Mira scolds her, reminding her that parents are not allowed on campus. However, Anila, an alumna of the same school, points out that the rule does not apply to ex-students. She takes pride in Mira’s achievement and discusses its rarity with a senior teacher, Miss Bansal.

Meanwhile, Mira befriends Srinivas (Sri), a new student with a keen passion for astronomy. Their connection blossoms during a stargazing session, and they grow closer, sharing secrets and exchanging phone numbers. However, late-night calls with Sri raise Anila’s concerns, as she fears Mira might lose focus during this crucial academic year. Anila decides to meet Sri and invites him home. Despite her initial reservations, she finds him quite mature for his age and allows the two to study together at their house. Over time, the trio share lively conversations, with Anila often reminiscing about her school days.

As Mira and Sri grow closer, Mira experiences the early stirrings of romance and sexual experiences but feels hurt when he hides parts of his past. Despite this, their bond deepens, though Mira becomes envious of Sri's warm rapport with her mother. Tensions escalate during Sri's birthday celebration at Mira’s home, where she feels overshadowed by her mother’s presence in their friendship. Sri insists to Mira that earning Anila’s trust is vital for their relationship to thrive.

At school, Mira faces challenges as Head Prefect, particularly during Teacher’s Day when she struggles to command respect from her peers. She heads to the terrace to be alone, where Sri follows her. Upon realizing that they don't have the key to the terrace gate, Sri promises to obtain the key from Miss Bansal, saying "people have keys too". Shortly after, a confrontation with a group of boys she had previously reported leaves her shaken. Mira locks herself in the girls’ hostel after being chased by the boys and calls Anila to take her home. The incident sparks a clash between Anila and Miss Bansal, with the latter criticizing Mira’s declining academic performance and her mother’s permissive attitude towards her relationship with Sri, while Anila strongly defends Mira.

Back at home, Sri joins Mira and Anila and shares his perspective about getting what he wants from people. He speaks about how keys can unlock personalities, revealing to them that his key to Mira is "no bullshit". Sri privately reiterates to Mira the importance of being there for her mother, who has quietly endured a lonely life, and says that Anila's key is receiving attention. Mira finally understands Sri's manipulative nature and that she has underestimated her mother’s feelings and sacrifices. When Sri asks if he can return the following Saturday, Mira says no. In a tender moment, the story concludes with Mira lovingly oiling her mother’s hair, as they finally reconcile.

==Cast==
[[File:Preeti Panigrahi.jpg|thumb|upright|Panigrahi played the lead role of Mira]]
* [[Preeti Panigrahi]] as Mira
* Kesav Binoy Kiron as Srinivas
* [[Kani Kusruti]] as Anila, Mira's mother
* Kajol Chugh as Priya, Mira's classmate
* Aman Desai as Vikrant, Mira's classmate
* Akash Pramanik as Hardik, Mira's classmate
* Jatin Gulati as Harish, Mira's father
* Devika Shahani as Ms. Bansal, Mira's teacher

==Production==
Talati conceived the story of the film in 2018, drawing from her own experiences as a young girl, her school in [[Vadodara]], and [[Enid Blyton|Enid Blyton's]] book series ''[[Malory Towers]]'' and [[St. Clare's (series)|''St. Clare's'']]. At the direction of Talati, the film was produced by a majority female crew in order to create a [[safe space]] where "girls could be girls." The female crew include producers Claire Chassagne and [[Richa Chadha]], [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] [[cinematographer]] Jih-E Peng, [[production designer]] Avyakta Kapur, and [[Editing|editor]] Amrita David.<ref name=":0" /> The film was produced by Pushing Buttons Studios, and received a production grant from the French ''Aide aux Cinemas du Monde'' in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-12-21 |title=Ali Fazal, Richa Chadha's Pushing Buttons Studios Gets French Grant for 'Girls Will Be Girls' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/french-grant-for-girls-will-be-girls-1235139454/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Variety |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201224800/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/french-grant-for-girls-will-be-girls-1235139454/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was shot in over 45 days in the northern Indian region of [[Uttarakhand]], and in the capital [[Dehradun]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-01-18 |title=It's a wrap for Girls Will be Girls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Jan/18/its-a-wrap-for-girls-will-be-girls-2538731.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202005543/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Jan/18/its-a-wrap-for-girls-will-be-girls-2538731.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Richa Chadha and Ali Fazal shoot a teaser in Dehradun for their production debut 'Girls Will Be Girls' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/2021/jul/19/richa-chadha-and-ali-fazal-shoot-a-teaser-in-dehradun-for-their-production-debut-girls-will-be-girl-34809.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202005544/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/2021/jul/19/richa-chadha-and-ali-fazal-shoot-a-teaser-in-dehradun-for-their-production-debut-girls-will-be-girl-34809.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
The film had its premiere at the [[2024 Sundance Film Festival]], participating in the competition section of the festival in January 2024.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

The film also entered for the 47th iteration of the [[Gothenburg Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girls Will Be Girls |url=https://program.goteborgfilmfestival.se/en/program/girls-will-be-girls |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Göteborg Film Festival |language=sv |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112174557/https://program.goteborgfilmfestival.se/en/program/girls-will-be-girls |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was screened in 'Horizons' at the [[58th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] on 28 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kviff.com/en/programme/catalogue-of-films/sekce/904-horizons|title=Catalogue of Films – Horizons|website=The Karlovy Vary International Film Festival|date=28 June 2024|access-date=1 September 2024|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901035346/https://www.kviff.com/en/programme/catalogue-of-films/sekce/904-horizons|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was screened in 'Narrative New Waves' at the [[2024 Atlantic International Film Festival]] on 12 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2024aiff.eventive.org/films/66b266717b43140047b624cd|title=Girls Will Be Girls|website=Atlantic International Film Festival|date=1 September 2024|access-date=1 September 2024|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901052706/https://2024aiff.eventive.org/films/66b266717b43140047b624cd|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also invited at the [[29th Busan International Film Festival]] in 'Special program in focus' Teenage Minds, Teenage Movies section and it will be screened in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biff.kr/eng/artyboard/mboard.asp?Action=view&strBoardID=9611_05&intPage=1&intCategory=0&strSearchCategory=%7Cs_name%7Cs_subject%7C&strSearchWord=&intSeq=94209|title=The 29th BIFF announces Special Program in Focus 'Teen Spirit, Teen Movie'|website=Busan International Film Festival|date=19 August 2024|access-date=1 September 2024|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901033258/https://www.biff.kr/eng/artyboard/mboard.asp?Action=view&strBoardID=9611_05&intPage=1&intCategory=0&strSearchCategory=%7Cs_name%7Cs_subject%7C&strSearchWord=&intSeq=94209|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was selected for the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]], where it competed in the South Asia Competition section in October 2024. It received a special mention from the jury, as well as the [[NETPAC]] award, the Young Critics Choice Award, and the Film Critics Guild Gender Sensitivity Award.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=Rhythm of a Flower by Amit Dutta won the Golden Gateway Award and Nocturnes by Anirban Dutta, Anupama Srinivasan won Silver award at the closing ceremony of MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rhythm-of-a-flower-by-amit-dutta-won-the-golden-gateway-award-and-nocturnes-by-anirban-dutta-anupama-srinivasan-won-silver-award-at-the-closing-ceremony-of-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2024-13828814.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111102137/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rhythm-of-a-flower-by-amit-dutta-won-the-golden-gateway-award-and-nocturnes-by-anirban-dutta-anupama-srinivasan-won-silver-award-at-the-closing-ceremony-of-mami-mumbai-film-festival-2024-13828814.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]], on 18 December 2024.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|100|7.7|61|consensus=A deeply felt coming of age tale that gleans insightful societal commentary from its intimate details, Girls Will Be Girls announces writer-director Shuchi Talati as a talent to watch.|ref=yes|access-date=24 December 2024}} {{Metacritic film prose|79|13|ref=yes|access-date=4 September 2024}}

Wendy Ide of ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote, "Talati’s work with her young cast is first-rate; this sensitively handled coming-of-age picture deservedly won an audience prize at Sundance".<ref>{{cite news|last=Ide|first=Wendy|title=Girls Will Be Girls review – simmering emotions in Himalayan boarding school coming-of-age drama|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/sep/22/girls-will-be-girls-review-simmering-emotions-in-himalayan-boarding-school-coming-of-age-drama-shuchi-talati|work=The Guardian|date=22 September 2024|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', Indian critic [[Anupama Chopra]] termed it "quietly heartbreaking" and added that "female teenage sexuality has rarely been captured with this sensitivity and nuance in an Indian film".<ref>{{cite news|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|title=‘Girls Will Be Girls’ Movie Review: A Quietly Breathtaking Coming-of-Age Drama|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/girls-will-be-girls-movie-review-a-quietly-breathtaking-coming-of-age-drama|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=18 December 2024|access-date=24 December 2024|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225160012/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/girls-will-be-girls-movie-review-a-quietly-breathtaking-coming-of-age-drama|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* World Cinema Dramatic (Audience) at [[2024 Sundance Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2024-01-29 |title=Sundance 2024: 'Girls Will Be Girls' is a Sublime Story of Discovery and Reckoning |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/film-festivals/reviews/sundance-2024-girls-will-be-girls-is-a-sublime-story-of-discovery-and-reckoning |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314070646/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/film-festivals/reviews/sundance-2024-girls-will-be-girls-is-a-sublime-story-of-discovery-and-reckoning |url-status=live }}</ref>
* World Cinema Dramatic Special Jury Award for Acting - Preeti Panigrahi (Mira) at [[2024 Sundance Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=2024 Sundance Film Festival Announces Award Winners|url=https://www.sundance.org/blogs/2024-sundance-film-festival-announces-award-winners/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=www.sundance.org}}</ref>
* [[NETPAC]] award at [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]]
* Young Critics Choice Award at [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]]
* Film Critics Guild Gender Sensitivity Award at [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Gotham Independent Film Award for Breakthrough Director|Breakthrough Director]] nomination at [[Gotham Independent Film Awards 2024]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=The Gotham |date=2024-10-29 |title=The Gothams Announce Award Nominees for 34th Edition {{!}} The Gotham |url=https://thegotham.org/press/the-gothams-announce-award-nominees-for-34th-edition/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |archive-date=7 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107133944/https://thegotham.org/press/the-gothams-announce-award-nominees-for-34th-edition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/independent-spirit-awards-2025-winners-list/best-first-feature-12/|title=Spirit Awards Winners List: ‘Anora’ Nabs Three Wins, Including Best Feature|accessdate=23 February 2025|date=22 February 2025|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award}}
{{Sundance Audience Award World Cinema Dramatic}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2024 independent films]]
[[Category:French coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:French feminist films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s feminist films]]
[[Category:2020s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in boarding schools]]
[[Category:Films about mother–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:John Cassavetes Award winners]]
[[Category:Sundance Film Festival award–winning films]]

Lists of Indian actors

2026-02-22T03:20:43Z

Tiger44444f4:

{{Short description|none}}
'''Lists of Indian actors''' cover [[actor]]s from India, who portray characters in the theater, film, radio, or television.
The lists are organized by medium, language and type of actor.
[[File:India film clapperboard.svg|center|180px]]

==By medium==
* [[List of Indian male film actors]]
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actors]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==By language==
* [[List of Bengali actors]]
* [[List of Bengali actresses (disambiguation)|List of Bengali actresses]]
* [[List of Bhojpuri actors]]
* [[List of Bhojpuri actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi film actors]]
* [[List of Hindi film actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Kannada film actresses]]
* [[List of Malayalam film actors]]
* [[:Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema|List of Malayalam actresses]]
* [[List of Marathi film actors]]
* [[List of Marathi film actresses]]
* [[List of actors of Tamil origin]]
* [[List of Tamil film actors]]
* [[List of Tamil film actresses]]
* [[:Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema|List of Telugu film actors]]
* [[:Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema|List of Telugu film actresses]]
* List of Telugu film actors

==Type of actor==

* [[List of Indian child actors]]
* [[List of Indian comedians]]
* [[List of singing actors in Indian cinema]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian actors}}
{{list of lists|actors by nationality}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian actors| ]]

Priyank Kharge

2026-02-15T03:02:52Z

Tiger44444f4: further adjust details per sources and improved wording

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1978)}}
{{Lead too short|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|11|22|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/priyank-kharge-5685.html|title = Priyank Kharge: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Gulbarga]], [[Karnataka]], India
| office = [[Second Siddaramaiah ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Karnataka]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[Thawarchand Gehlot]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Second Siddaramaiah ministry|Siddaramaiah II]]
| 2blankname = Ministry
| 2namedata = * Rural Development
* Panchayati Raj
* IT & BT
| term_start = 20 May 2023
| predecessor1 = [[H. Anjaneya]]
| successor1 = [[Govind Karjol]]
| governor1 = [[Vajubhai Vala]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice1 = [[Second Kumaraswamy ministry|Kumaraswamy II]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry
| 2namedata1 = Social Welfare
| term_start1 = 8 June 2018
| term_end1 = 23 July 2019
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor2 = [[Valmiki Nayak]]
| successor2 =
| term_start2 = 2013
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = [[Chittapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chittapur]]
| office3 = Minister of State of IT & BT and Science & Technology [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start3 = 2016
| term_end3 = 2018
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| nationality = Indian
| children =
| education =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| parents = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] (father) 
Radhabai Kharge (mother)
| image =
}}
'''Priyank Mallikarjun Kharge''' (born 22 November 1978) is an Indian politician from [[Indian National Congress]] and serving as the Cabinet Minister in the [[Government of Karnataka]]. He is a three-time [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the [[Chittapur Assembly constituency|Chittapur constituency]] in Kalaburagi District of [[Karnataka]].

== Early life and background ==
Priyank Kharge was born to [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] and Radhabai Kharge on 22 November 1978. His father is the current [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/rs |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Escaping Blaze at 7 to Congress Chief at 80, Mallikarjun Kharge's Firefighting Continues |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/escaping-blaze-at-7-to-cong-chief-at-80-mallikarjun-kharges-firefighting-continues-son-recounts-journey-6192775.html}}</ref> According to [https://www.myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate%20id=6143 MyNeta] he has completed his schooling from MES College, Malleswaram from 1996 to 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyank Kharge-Indian national Congress |url=https://www.myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6143}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kharge is married to Shruti Kharge. He is an [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkarite]] and a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/todays-india-is-not-what-any-of-our-founding-fathers-had-dreamt-of-says-priyank-kharge/articleshow/59720164.cms|title=Priyank Kharge: Today's India is not what any of our founding fathers had dreamt of, says Priyank Kharge | Bengaluru News - Times of India}}</ref>

== Political career ==

Kharge entered into the politics as an activist of the [[National Students' Union of India]] in 1998. In 1999, he became the NSUI College General Secretary. Later in 2001, he started serving as NSUI State General Secretary till 2005. He was also the Secretary of the Karnataka Pradesh Youth Congress from 2005 to 2007. He served as a Karnataka Pradesh Youth Congress General Secretary from 2007 to 2011.

Kharge entered electoral politics by contesting [[Chittapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chittapur]] in the 2009 Karnataka Assembly by-election but was defeated by [[Valmiki Nayak]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

In 2011, he was elected as Vice President of Karnataka Pradesh Youth Congress, till 2014.

He was then elected to the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in 2013.

In 2016, at the age of 38, he became the youngest minister to be sworn into the then Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]]’s cabinet as the Minister of IT, BT & Tourism. He has also served as a Cabinet Minister of Social Welfare in the coalition Government headed by [[H D Kumaraswamy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=minister with Independent Charge |url=http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/ministry.htm |publisher=kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref>

In 2018, he again won from Chittapur and was made the Social Welfare Minister under H.D. Kumaraswamy led Congress – JD(S) Coalition Government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2016 |title=Priyank began his political career in NSUI |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/priyank-began-his-political-career-in-nsui/article8750417.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Chittapur Assembly Constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/chittapur.html |publisher=elections.in}}</ref>

In 2023, he won from Chittapur once again, this time pitted against BJP's Manikanta Rathod, and is currently serving the Department of Information Technology and Biotechnology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyank Kharge: Karnataka election results 2023: Priyank Kharge of Congress wins from Chittapur |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/karnataka-election-results-2023-who-is-winning-chittapur-seat-priyank-kharge-vs-manikanta-rathod/articleshow/100200741.cms |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

==Positions held==
Priyank Kharge entered politics as an activist of the [[National Students' Union of India]] in 1998.

* 1999: NSUI College General Secretary
* 2001–2005: State NSUI General Secretary
* 2005–2007: Karnataka Pradesh Youth Congress Secretary.
* 2007–2011: Karnataka Pradesh Youth Congress General Secretary
* 2011–2014: Elected as Vice President of Karnataka Pradesh Youth Congress

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!#
!From
!To
!Position
|-
|1.
|2013
|2018
|MLA (1st term) from [[Chittapur Assembly constituency|Chittapur]]
* Minister for IT&BT, Govt. of Karnataka (2016 and 2018)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-20 |title=Priyank Kharge sworn in as Minister for second time |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/priyank-kharge-sworn-in-as-minister-for-second-time/article66874527.ece |access-date=2023-05-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2.
|2018
|2023
|MLA (2nd term) from [[Chittapur Assembly constituency|Chittapur]]
* Minister for Social Welfare(from 2018 to 2019), Govt. of Karnataka<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announce 5-Day Work Week: Karnataka Minister's Request To HD Kumaraswamy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/announce-5-day-work-week-karnataka-ministers-request-to-hd-kumaraswamy-1925384 |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|3.
|2023
|Present
|MLA (3rd term) from [[Chittapur Assembly constituency|Chittapur]]
* Cabinet Minister - Govt of Karnataka<ref name=":0" />
|}

Currently, Priyank Kharge is the Chairman of IT and Data for the [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]].

<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/why-it-industry-is-pinning-high-hopes-on-karnatakas-it-minister-priyank-kharge/articleshow/53277462.cms |title=Information Technology and Bio-Technology Minister |work=The Economic Times|last1=Balasubramanyam |first1=K. R. }}</ref> As the Information Technology Minister, Kharge has introduced a Startup Booster Kit which has facilities like access to mentors, cloud credits and incubators. In 2017 he started Bengaluru Tech Summit to boost the tech industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Karnataka-has-launched-a-Startup-Booster-Kit-Heres-what-is-in-it/articleshow/53431047.cms |title=Karnataka now has launched a Startup Booster Kit – Here's what is in it |publisher=businessinsider.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/556381/karnataka-plans-startup-booster-kit.html |title=Karnataka plans startup booster kit |work=Deccan Herald|date=6 July 2016 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/members.htm Karnataka Legislative Assembly]

{{Indian National Congress}}
{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharge, Priyank M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]

Shahganj

2026-02-05T04:48:01Z

Tiger44444f4: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahganj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.056|N|82.682|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Shah baba
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Shri Ramesh Singh]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 303
| population_total = 26556
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 223101
| registration_plate = UP62
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shahganj''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Jaunpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Shahganj had a total population of 26,556, of which 13,812 were males and 12,744 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 3,534. The total number of literates in Shahganj was 19,686 , which constituted 74.1% of the population with male literacy of 78.1% and female literacy of 69.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Shahganj was 85.5%, of which male literacy rate was 90.0% and female literacy rate was 80.6%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 9,584 and 2 respectively. Shahganj had 3936 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Shahganj |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=227955 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Shahganj had a population of 24,595. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Shahganj has an average literacy rate of 59%, Lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 61%, and female literacy is 57%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

Shahganj is famous for its ''Sita Sringar Mela'' which is a [[Bangle]] [[fair]]. Traders from different regions of the [[Purvanchal]] come for business in this fair.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur-muslim-women-comes-in-historical-sita-mela-in-jaunpur-upns-1572876.html|title=यूपी के इस जिले में लगता है 'सीता श्रृंगार' मेला, मुस्लिम महिलाएं भी होती है शामिल– News18 हिंदी|date=4 November 2018|work=News18|access-date=30 April 2019 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Economy==
Ratna Sugar Mill, the first sugar mill of the Purvanchal region was located in Shahganj, which is closed now (due to recurring losses).<ref>{{cite news |title=इतिहास बनी चीनी मिल को नजर-ए-इनायत की दरकार |url=https://www.jagran.com:443/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur-historymade-sugar-mill-needs-eyesighting-17924418.html |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=Dainik Jagran |date=7 May 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pattinarendrapur]]
*[[Shahganj Junction Railway Station]]
*[[Manikala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jaunpur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jaunpur district]]

Banu Nadir

2026-02-03T10:52:12Z

Tiger44444f4: edit

{{Short description|Jewish Arabian tribe that lived in Medina}}
{{Infobox tribe
| ethnicity = Jewish
| nisba = al-Nadiri
| descended = al-Nadir
| location = [[Khaybar]], [[Arabia]]
| religion = [[Judaism]]
| type = Arabized [[Israelites]]
| name = Banu Nadir
| local name = بني النضير
}}
[[File:Pre_Islamic_Arabian_Tribes_(Harold_Dixon).svg|thumb|260x260px|Map of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in 600 AD, showing the various Arab tribes and their areas of settlement. The [[Lakhmid kingdom|Lakhmids]] (yellow) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Sasanian Empire]], while the [[Ghassanids]] (red) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Roman Empire]] A map published by the British academic Harold Dixon during [[World War I]], showing the presence of the Arab tribes in [[West Asia]], 1914]]
The '''Banu Nadir''' ({{langx|ar|بَنُو ٱلنَّضِير}}, {{langx|he|בני נדיר}}) were a [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish Arabian tribe]] that lived in northern Arabia at the oasis of [[Medina]] until the 7th century. They were probably a part of the [[Constitution of Medina]], which was formed after [[Muhammad]]'s [[Hijrah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buhl |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/ei2-complete/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_vol_7_Mif-Naz/page/366/mode/2up |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |last2=Welch |first2=Alfred |edition=2nd |volume=7 |pages=366}}</ref> Tensions rose between the Muslims and the Banu Nadir after the [[Battle of Uhud]], which prompted a clash between the two, resulting in the expulsion of the latter. The tribe then planned the [[Battle of the Trench]] together with the [[Quraysh]] and later participated in the [[battle of Khaybar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |title=Muhammad at Medina |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp |publisher=Oxford At The Clarendon Press |year=1956 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp/page/n231 211]-212; 217-219}}</ref>

==Lineage==
According to the Arab historian [[Ibn al-Samʿānī|al-Sam'ani]], the members of the Banu Nadir tribe are the descendants of al-Nadir, a Jewish man who migrated from [[Judea]] to [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].<ref>Abdulkarim al-Sam'ani. Al-Ansab.Jinan Publish house. Beirut. 1988. v4 p475 & v5 p503</ref> probably the name al-Nadir is derived from the Hebraic name Ha-Nazir.
According to the Arab historian (Ibn Hazm), they are the direct patrilineal descendants of the biblical [[Aaron]].<ref>Ibn Hazm. Jawame Al-Syira Al-Nabawyia. Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah. Beirut. 2009. p26</ref>

==Early history==
In early Medina, in addition to the Banu Nadir, there were two other major Arab tribes: the [[Banu Aws]] and the [[Khazraj]]. They were previously joined by two Jewish Arab tribes, the [[Banu Qurayza]] and the [[Banu Qaynuqa]].

Like other Jews of Medina, the Banu Nadir bore Arabic names, but they spoke a distinctly Jewish dialect of Arabic. They earned their living through [[agriculture]], [[moneylending]], and trade in weapons and jewels, maintaining commercial relations with Arab merchants of [[Mecca]]. Their fortresses were located half a day's march to the south of Medina.<ref name="BanuNadir">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Vacca, V. |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online|title=Nadir, Banu 'l|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}</ref> Banu Nadir were wealthy and lived in some of the best lands in Medina.<ref>{{cite book |first=Norman |last=Stillman | author-link=Norman Stillman |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil |url-access=registration |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |location=Philadelphia |year=1979 |isbn=0-8276-0198-0}}, p. 13–14.</ref>

==Tribal warfare==

When the two Arabian tribes of [[Banu Aus|Aws]] and [[Khazraj]] went to war against each other in the [[Battle of Bu'ath]] in 617, the three Jewish tribes backed both sides and sold weapons to both of them for profit. The Banu Nadir, led by [[Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf]] and [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]],<ref name="BanuNadir"/> and the Banu Qurayza fought with the Aws, while the Banu Qaynuqa were allied itself with the tribe of [[Khazraj]]. The latter were defeated after a long and arduous battle.<ref name="jewishencyclopedia 1">[[jewishencyclopedia.com]] [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=326&letter=M]</ref>

==Arrival of Muhammad==
[[Muhammad]] emigrated to [[Yathrib]] in September 622, he arrived with a group of his [[muhajirun|followers]], who were given shelter by the members of the indigenous community who were known as the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]. Amongst his first actions were the construction of the first [[mosque]] in Medina and the acquisition of a residence with [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]].<ref>Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaayah wa al-Nihaayah, Vol II, p. 279</ref> Then he made a pact, known as the [[Constitution of Medina]], between the Muslims, the Ansar, and the various Jewish tribes of Medina <ref>Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p. 501.</ref> to regulate the matters of governance of the city, as well as the extent and nature of inter-community relations. The conditions of the pact included boycotting Quraysh, abstinence from "extending any support to them", assistance of one another if attacked by a third party, as well as "''defending Medina, in case of a foreign attack''".<ref name="sealednectar">Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarakfuri, ar-Raheeq al-Makhtoom - "The Sealed Nectar"</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham, as-Seerat an-Nabaweeyat, Vol. II, p. 147-150.</ref><ref>Ibn Ishaq, p. 231-235.</ref>

==Reaction to the expulsion of the Banu Qaynuqa==

After the incidence between Muhammad and the Bani Qaynuqa, the tribe was besieged by Muhammad and expelled from Medina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ibn Ishaq|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n205/mode/2up|title=The Life Of Muhammad|pages=362–364}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=al-Tabari|url=https://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_07.pdf|title=The History of Al-Tabari Volume 7: The Foundation of the Community|pages=85–87}}</ref> The Banu Nadir did not get involved, viewing the conflict as another example of Jewish tribal struggle.<ref name="stillman13">{{cite book |first=Norman |last=Stillman | author-link=Norman Stillman |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil |url-access=registration |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |location=Philadelphia |year=1979 |isbn=0-8276-0198-0|page=13}}</ref>

==Assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf==

After the [[Battle of Badr]], one of the Banu Nadir's chiefs [[Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf]], went to the Quraish in order to lament the loss at Badr and to incite them to take up arms to regain lost honor, noting the statement of Muhammad: "''He (Ka'b) has openly assumed enmity to us and speaks evil of us and he has gone over to the polytheists (who were at war with Muslims) and has made them gather against us for fighting''".<ref>al-Zurqaani, Sharh al-Muwaahib, Vol II p. 10-12</ref> This was in contravention of the [[Constitution of Medina]], of which the tribe led by Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf was a signatory, which prohibited them from "extending any support" to the tribes of Mecca, namely Quraish. Some sources suggest that during his visit to Mecca, Ka'b concluded a treaty with Abu Sufyan, stipulating cooperation between the Quraysh and Jews against Muhammad.<ref name = "Rubin">Rubin, Uri. ''The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf.'' Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.</ref>

Other historians cite that [[Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf]], who was also a gifted poet, wrote a poetic eulogy commemorating the slain Quraish notables; later, he also wrote erotic poetry about Muslim women, which the Muslims found offensive.<ref name="Ashraf">{{cite encyclopedia |author=William Montgomery Watt |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |editor=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online|title=Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}</ref> This poetry influenced so many <ref>Philip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition (Macmillan Press, 1970), p. 90.</ref> that this too was considered directly against the [[Constitution of Medina]] which states, ''loyalty gives protection against treachery'' and ''this document will not (be employed to) protect one who is unjust or commits a crime'' Muhammad called upon his followers to kill Ka'b. Muhammad ibn Maslama offered his services, collecting four others. By pretending to have turned against [[Prophet Muhammad|Muhammad]], [[Muhammad ibn Maslama]] and the others enticed Ka'b out of his fortress on a moonlit night,<ref name="Ashraf"/> and killed him in spite of his vigorous resistance.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ibn Hisham|author-link=Ibn Hisham|title=Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya | volume=2 |location=Cairo |year=1955 |pages=51–57}} English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 125–126.</ref> Some attribute this action to norms of the Arab society that demand retaliation for a slight to a group's honor.<ref>Stillman (1979) p. 13</ref> The Jews were terrified at his assassination, and as the historian ibn Ishaq put it, "there was not a Jew who did not fear for his life".<ref>Ibn Hisham (1955). English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 127.</ref>

==Expulsion from Medina==
{{Main|Invasion of Banu Nadir}}
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}
[[File:Mohammed receiving the submission of the Banu Nadir.jpg|thumb|300px|Submission of Banu Nadir to the Muslim troops (14th-century painting)]]
After defeat by the Quraish at the [[Battle of Uhud|Mount Uhud]] in March, 625, the Banu Nadir challenged Muhammad as the leader of Medina.<ref name="stillman14">Stillman (1979), p. 14.</ref>

In July of the same year, two men were killed by a Muslim named ʿAmr ibn Umayya al-Ḍamrī. Because he and the Banū al-Naḍīr were both obliged by virtue of an agreement with the Banū ʿĀmir to pay the blood money, he visited the Naḍīr in order to negotiate their relative contributions to the blood money. Initially most of the Nadir, except [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]], were inclined to accept Muhammad's request. However, [[Ibn Ubayy]] communicated to ibn Akhtab of his intent, along with allied nomads, to attack Muhammad. The Nadir, then postponed the contribution until later that day.<ref name="Watt 1956 p. 211-2">Watt (1956), p. 211-2.{{Clarify|date=March 2008}}</ref>

Muhammad left the locality immediately accusing the Banu Nadir of plotting to assassinate him, saying to have learned this either through revelation<ref name="stillman14" /> or [[Muhammad ibn Maslama]].<ref name = "Halabi">{{cite book|last=al-Halabi|first=Nur al-Din|title=Sirat-i-Halbiyyah |publisher=Idarah Qasmiyyah Deoband | volume = 2, part 10 |location= Uttar Pradesh |page= 34 }} Translated by Muhammad Aslam Qasmi.</ref>

According to other sources, the Banu Nadir invited Muhammad to their habitations for a religious debate, to which Muhammad accepted. Muhammad also accepted the condition that he bring no more than three men with him. On his way he was notified by a Banu Nadir convert to Islam of an assassination attempt at the debate.<ref name = "Halabi" />

Muhammad besieged the Banu Nadir. He ordered them to surrender their property and leave Medina within ten days. The tribe at first decided to comply, but "certain people of Medina who were not Believers of Muhammad sent a message to the Banu al-Nadir, saying, 'Hold out, and defend yourselves; we shall not surrender you to Muhammad. If you are attacked we shall fight with you and if you are sent away we shall go with you.'" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html#The+earliest+biography+of+Muhammad,+by+ibn+Ishaq|title='Biography of Muhammad' by Ibn Ishaq|date=June 25, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040625103910/http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html#The+earliest+biography+of+Muhammad,+by+ibn+Ishaq |archive-date=2004-06-25 }}</ref> [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]] decided to put up resistance, hoping also for help from the [[Banu Qurayza]], despite opposition within the tribe.<ref name="BanuNadir"/> The Nadir were forced to surrender after the siege had lasted for 14 days, when the promised help failed to materialize and when Muhammad ordered the burning and felling of their palm-trees. Under the conditions of surrender, the Banu Nadir could only take with them what they could carry on camels with the exception of weapons.<ref name="BanuNadir"/>

The Banu Nadir left on 600 camels, parading through Medina to the music of pipes and tambourines.<ref name="stillman14"/> Al-Waqidi described their impressive farewell: "Their women were decked out in litters wearing silk, brocade, velvet, and fine red and green silk. People lined up to gape at them."<ref>{{cite book |author=Al-Waqidi |author-link=Al-Waqidi |title=Kitab al-Maghazi |editor=Marsden Jones |editor-link=Marsden Jones |location=London |year=1966 |pages= 363–375}} English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 136.</ref> Most of Banu Nadir found refuge among the Jews of Khaybar, while others emigrated to [[Syria]].<ref name="BanuNadir"/> According to Ibn Ishaq, the chiefs of Nadir who went to Khaybar were Sallam b. Abu'l-Huqayq, [[Kenana ibn al-Rabi]] and Huyayy b. Akhtab. When these chiefs arrived in Khaybar, the Jewish inhabitants of Khaybar became subject to them.<ref>A. Guillaume, ''The life of Muhammad'', Oxford University Press, p.438</ref>

Muhammad divided their land between his companions who had emigrated with him from Mecca. Until then, the emigrants had to rely upon the Medinese sympathizers for financial assistance. Muhammad reserved a share of the seized land for himself, which also made him financially independent.<ref name="stillman14"/>

Upon expulsion of the Banu Nadir, Muhammad is said to have received a revelation of the Surah [[al-Hashr]].<ref name="BanuNadir"/>

==Battle of Trench: 627==
{{main|Battle of the Trench}}
A number of Jews who had formed a party against Muhammad, including Sallam b. Abu'l-Huqayq, [[Kenana ibn al-Rabi]] and Huyayy b. Akhtab, the chiefs of Nadir who had gone to Khaybar, together with two chiefs from the tribe of B. Wa'ili went to Quraysh and invited them to form a coalition against Muhammad so that they might get rid of him altogether. Then they persuaded the tribe of Ghaftan to join the battle against Muhammad.<ref>A. Guillaume, ''The life of Muhammad'', Oxford University Press, p.450</ref> Banu Nadir promised half the date harvest of Khaybar to nomadic tribes if they would join the battle against Muslims.<ref>
*Cyril Glasse, [[Huston Smith]], ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', p.81
*J.A.M. Caldwell, ''Hizb'', [[Encyclopedia of Islam]]</ref><ref>''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''. New Edition. Vol.4, p.1137 et sqq.</ref> Abu Sufyan, the military leader of Quraysh, with the financial help of Banu Nadir had mustered a force of size 10,000 men. Muhammad was able to prepare a force of about 3000 men. He had however adopted a new form of defense, unknown in Arabia at that time: Muslims had dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam, [[Salman the Persian]]. The siege of Medina began on March 31, 627 and lasted for two weeks.<ref>Watt (1956), p. 36, 37</ref> Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications they were confronted with, and after an ineffectual siege lasting several weeks, the coalition decided to go home.<ref>See:
*Rodinson (2002), pp. 209–211;
*Watt (1964) p. 169</ref> The Qur'an discusses this battle in verses Qur'an [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/033.qmt.html#033.09 33:9-33:27].<ref name="Rubin 2">Uri Rubin, Quraysh, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an</ref>

==Battle of Khaybar: 628==
{{main|Battle of Khaybar}}

In 628, Muhammad attacked Khaybar. Later, Muhammad sent a delegation under Abdullah bin Rawaha to ask another chief of the Banu Nadir, [[Usayr ibn Zarim|Usayr (Yusayr) ibn Zarim]], to come to Medina along with other Nadir leaders to discuss the two groups' political relations. Among whom were Abdullah bin Unays, an ally of Banu Salima, a clan hostile to the Jews. When they came to him they spoke to him and treated him saying that if he would come to Muhammad he would give him an appointment and honour him. They kept on at him until he went with them with a number of Jews. Abdullah bin Unays mounted him on his beast until when he was in al-Qarqara, about six miles from Khaybar, al-Yusayr changed his mind about going with them. Abdullah perceived his intention as he was preparing to draw his sword so he rushed at him and struck him with his sword cutting off his leg. Al-Yusayr hit him with a stick of shauhat wood which he had in his hand and wounded his head. All Muhammad's emissaries fell upon the thirty Jewish companions and killed them except one man who escaped on his feet.<ref>Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume, p. 665-666</ref> [[Abdullah bin Unays]] is the assassin who volunteered and got permission to kill Banu Nadir's [[Sallam ibn Abu al-Huqayq]] at a previous night mission in Khaybar.

Muhammad and his followers attacked Khaybar in May/June 628 after the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]]. Although the Jews put up fierce resistance, the lack of central command and preparation for an extended siege sealed the outcome of the battle in favor of the Muslims. When all but two fortresses were captured, the Jews negotiated their surrender. The terms required them to hand over one-half of the annual produce to the Muslims, while the land itself became the collective property of the Muslim state.<ref name="Khaybar">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Veccia Vaglieri, L. |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online|title=Khaybar |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}</ref>

==As an inheritance==
The remaining lands of "Banu Nadir" were inherited by his daughter [[Fatima]] following the death of the Prophet [[Muhammad]]. However, the [[Caliphate]] faced a challenge regarding this matter.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = https://paydarymelli.ir/fa/news/7651/%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B5-%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF
|title = نگاهی به سرگذشت حضرت فاطمه (س) به قلم آیت الله جاودان / وصیت آخر دختر پیامبر (ص) چه بود؟
|trans-title = A look at the life of Hazrat Fatima (PBUH) by Ayatollah Javedan / What was the last will of the daughter of the Prophet (PBUH)?
|language = fa
|access-date = 18 April 2025
}}
</ref>
{{Financial dispute between Fatima and the Islamic Caliphate}}

==See also==
*[[Banu Qaynuqa]]
*[[Banu Judham]]
*[[Safiyya bint Huyayy]]
*[[Constitution of Medina]]
*[[Jihad]]
*[[Itmam al-hujjah]]
*[[Gerim]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |date=1993 |title=Muḥammad |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=7 |pages=370 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://www.pbs.org/muhammad/ma_jews.shtml Muhammad and the Jews of Medina]

{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Arabian Peninsula Jewish tribes}}
{{Jews and Judaism}}

[[Category:Banu Nadir| ]]
[[Category:Jewish tribes of Arabia]]
[[Category:Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad]]

Kreeda Bharati

2026-02-02T18:17:46Z

Tiger44444f4: creating data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian sports organisation}}
'''Kreeda Bharati''' ({{Literal translation|Sports India or Indian Sports}}; {{Small|abbr.}}:{{Abbreviation|KB|Kreeda Bharati}}) is an Indian sports organisation established in 1992 in [[Pune]]. It was founded by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] organisation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Kreeda Bharati unit to be inaugurated on Sunday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/kreeda-bharati-unit-to-be-inaugurated-on-sunday/article6672867.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |via=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=24 June 2015 |title=RSS off-shoot finds way to expand base: 'Mini rural Olympics' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/rss-off-shoot-finds-way-to-expand-base-mini-rural-olympics/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Kreeda Bharati promotes physical and mental sports among the youth.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Andersen |first1=Walter |last2=Damle |first2=Shridhar D. |title=Messengers of Hindu Nationalism: How the RSS Reshaped India |date=15 June 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-78738-289-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDqdDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Kreeda%20Bharati%22%20-wikipedia&pg=PA259 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title=RSS' Bengal Affiliate Kreeda Bharati Expresses Dismay After Kolkata Police Decline Venue Permission For International Yoga Day Celebration |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/rss-bengal-affiliate-kreeda-bharati-expresses-dismay-after-kolkata-police-decline-venue-permission-for-international-yoga-day-celebration-2191645.html |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref>

==History==
According to the organisation's official website, the name ''Kreeda Bharati'' was formalised during a workers' meeting in 1990, prior to the organisation's official establishment in 1992 in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://kreedabharati.org/about-us/ |website=Kreeda Bharati}}</ref>{{Primary inline|date=February 2026}} The organisation was formed by the RSS and operates under its authority. It is a part of the [[Sangh Parivar]], a collection of Hindutva organisations led by the RSS.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Objective ==
The main objective of Kreeda Bharati is to promote [[Traditional games of India|indigenous sports]], traditional rural games, as well as "lost and ancient games", alongside other established sports in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2020 |title=RSS' Sports Wing 'Kreeda Bharati' to Bring Back 'Lost & Ancient' Physical Activities for Gadget Addicted Youth |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/rss-sports-wing-kreeda-bharati-to-bring-back-lost-ancient-physical-activities-for-gadget-addicted-youth-3061163.html |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2017 |title=RSS set to woo West Bengal youth, looks to lure with love of the GAME and much more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rss-set-to-woo-west-bengal-youth-looks-to-lure-with-love-of-the-game-and-much-more/818805/ |website=Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title='Mukna Kangjei' tournament held to keep sport alive |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/culture-and-society/050419/mukna-kangjei-tournament-held-to-keep-sport-alive.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-sport-stub}}

[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1992]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Pune]]
[[Category:Sports organisations of India]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of India]]

South Indian Bank

2026-01-31T14:50:09Z

Tiger44444f4: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|Indian private sector banking company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The South Indian Bank Ltd.
| logo = South Indian Bank Logo.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt = South Indian Bank Logo
| image = File:SIB from entrance gate.JPG
| image_size =
| image_alt = South Indian Bank head office
| image_caption = South Indian Bank Head Office
| type = [[Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532218}} {{NSE|SOUTHBANK}}
| industry = [[Banking]] [[Financial service]]s
| founded = {{Start date and age|1929|df=yes}}
| key_people = {{ubl|V J Kurian {{small|(Chairman)}}|P R Seshadri {{small|(MD & CEO)}}}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Directors - South Indian Bank|url=https://www.southindianbank.com/content/board-of-directors/855|access-date=2020-10-08|website=southindianbank.com}}</ref><ref name="BalSheet">[https://www.southindianbank.com/userfiles/file/annual_report_sib_2023-24.pdf"] southindianbank.com (31 March 2024).</ref>
| products = [[Credit card]]s, [[Mutual Funds|Mutual Fund Trading]], [[Demat account]], [[Retail banking|Consumer banking]], [[Commercial bank|Corporate banking]], [[Financial services|Finance and Insurance]], [[Mortgage loan]]s, [[Private banking]], [[Wealth management]], [[Investment banking]]
| revenue = ₹11,226.74 Crores (FY2024-25) <ref name="https://www.southindianbank.bank.in/userfiles/file/south_indian_bank_annual_report_2024-25_interactive.pdf"/>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1756.89|c}} (2025) <ref name="https://www.southindianbank.bank.in/userfiles/file/south_indian_bank_annual_report_2024-25_interactive.pdf"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1302.88|c}} (2025) <ref name="https://www.southindianbank.bank.in/userfiles/file/south_indian_bank_annual_report_2024-25_interactive.pdf"/>
| assets = ₹1,24,655.12 Crores (FY 2024-25) <ref name="https://www.southindianbank.bank.in/userfiles/file/south_indian_bank_annual_report_2024-25_interactive.pdf"/>
| equity = ₹9622Crore (As of 31 October 2025) <ref name="https://ticker.finology.in/company/SOUTHBANK"/>
| num_employees = 9,369 (As of 31 March 2025) <ref name="https://www.southindianbank.bank.in/userfiles/file/south_indian_bank_annual_report_2024-25_interactive.pdf"/>
| subsid = SIB Operations and Services Limited <ref>{{Cite web |title=SIBOSL (Wholly Owned Subsidiary) |url=https://www.southindianbank.bank.in/investors-desk/shareholder-sub/sibosl-wholly-owned-subsidiary}}</ref>
| ratio = 19.31% <ref name="https://www.southindianbank.bank.in/userfiles/file/south_indian_bank_annual_report_2024-25_interactive.pdf"/>
| location = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| rating = CRISIL A1+ <ref name="https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/TheSouthIndianBankLimited_October%2003_%202024_RR_353348.html"/>
| homepage = {{url|https://www.southindianbank.bank.in}}
}}
'''The South Indian Bank Limited (SIB)''' is a major private-sector bank headquartered at [[Thrissur]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. As of 31 December 2024, the bank had a network of 955 banking outlets (954 branches and 1 service branch) and 1290 ATMs/CRMs (1159 ATMs and 131 CRMs) spanning 26 states and 4 union territories).<ref>[https://www.southindianbank.bank.in southindianbank.bank.in]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.southindianbank.bank.in/about-us/about-sib |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=The South Indian Bank Ltd |publisher=South Indian Bank Ltd}}</ref>

==History of SIB==
[[File:Southindianbank logo.gif|thumb|left|190px|'''Old logo''']]
South Indian Bank was registered in 1929 under the [[Companies Act]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SOUTH INDIAN BANK LIMITED |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/SOUTH-INDIAN-BANK-LIMITED/U65191KL1928PLC001011 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> It commenced business on 29 January 1929 at Round South, [[Thrissur]].

It was included in the second schedule of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and became a scheduled bank on 7 August 1946. SIB was the first scheduled bank in the private sector in [[Kerala]] to get the license under Section 22 of the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]] from the RBI on 17 June 1957.

The bank has won the 'UiPath Automation Excellence Awards 2021' for Best Automation under crisis for business continuity.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022|reason=references required for said statements}}

==Board of directors==
* [[V. J. Kurian|V J Kurian]] IAS (Retd.) - Chairman
* P R Seshadri - Managing Director and CEO
* M George Korah - Director
* Pradeep M. Godbole - Director
*[[Paul Antony (civil servant)|Paul Antony]] IAS (Retd.) - Director
*R A Sankaranarayanan - Director
*Benny P Thomas - Director
*Lakshmi Ramakrishna Srinivas - Director
*Jose Joseph Kattoor - Director
*Dolphy Jose - Executive Director

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[List of largest banks]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[Make in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.southindianbank.bank.in/ Official web site]
* [http://www.indiainfoline.com/Research/LeaderSpeak/Dr.-V.A-Joseph-Managing-Director-and-CEO-South-Indian-Bank/22607739 Interview of Dr. V.A Joseph, Former Managing Director & CEO, South Indian Bank]

{{Thrissur topics}}
{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:South Indian Bank| ]]
[[Category:Banks based in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1929]]
[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1928]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1929]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Indian diaspora in the Middle East

2026-01-29T18:01:24Z

Tiger44444f4: creating page

{{Related|[[Indian Diaspora]]}}{{Ethnic group
| group = Indian Diaspora in the Middle East
| native_name = {{collapsible list
|titlestyle = text-align:center; font-size:85%;
|title = {{nobold|Other official languages:}}
|{{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle= font-size:80%;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow| label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]: | data1 = {{lang|as|মধ্য প্ৰাচ্যত ভাৰতীয় প্ৰবাসী}}

| rowclass2 = mergedrow| label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: | data2 = {{lang|bn|মধ্যপ্রাচ্যে ভারতীয় প্রবাসী}}

| rowclass3 = mergedrow| label3 = [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]]: | data3 = {{lang|brx|गेजेर सानजायाव भारतारि थागिबिफोर}}

| rowclass4 = mergedrow| label4 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]]: | data4 = {{lang|doi|मध्य पूर्व च भारती प्रवासी}}

| rowclass5 = mergedrow| label5 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: | data5 = {{lang|gu|મધ્ય પૂર્વમાં વસતાં ભારતીય સમુદાય}}

| rowclass6 = mergedrow| label6 = [[Hindi]]: | data6 = {{lang|hi|मध्य पूर्व में भारतीय प्रवासी}}

| rowclass7 = mergedrow| label7 = [[Kannada]]: | data7 = {{lang|kn|ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರಾಚ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತೀಯ ವಲಸಿಗರು}}

| rowclass8 = mergedrow| label8 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]: | data8 = {{lang|ks|مشرق وسطیٰ منٛز ہندوستٲنۍ تارکین وطن}}

| rowclass9 = mergedrow| label9 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]: | data9 = {{lang|kok|मध्य पूर्वेंतलो भारतीय प्रवासी लोक}}

| rowclass10 = mergedrow| label10 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]: | data10 = {{lang|mai|मध्य पूर्व मे भारतीय प्रवासी}}

| rowclass11 = mergedrow| label11 = [[Malayalam]]: | data11 = {{lang|ml|മിഡിൽ ഈസ്റ്റിലെ ഇന്ത്യൻ പ്രവാസികൾ}}

| rowclass12 = mergedrow| label12 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: | data12 = {{lang|mr|मध्य पूर्वेतील भारतीय डायस्पोरा}}

| rowclass13 = mergedrow| label13 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]: | data13 = {{lang|mni|মিধৰাঞ্চলত ভাৰতীয় প্রবাসী}}

| rowclass14 = mergedrow| label14 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: | data14 = {{lang|ne|मध्यपूर्वमा भारतीय प्रवासी}}

| rowclass15 = mergedrow| label15 = [[Odia language|Odia]]: | data15 = {{lang|or|ମଧ୍ୟପ୍ରାଚ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରବାସୀ ଭାରତୀୟ}}

| rowclass16 = mergedrow| label16 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: | data16 = {{lang|pa|ਮੱਧ ਪੂਰਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਵਾਸੀ}}

| rowclass17 = mergedrow| label17 = [[Sanskrit]]: | data17 = {{lang|sa|मध्यम् पूर्वे भारतीयाः प्रवासिनः}}

| rowclass18 = mergedrow| label18 = [[Santali language|Santali]]: | data18 = {{lang|sat|ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱞ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱟᱭᱥᱯᱳᱨᱟ}}

| rowclass19 = mergedrow| label19 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: | data19 = {{lang|sd|وچ اوڀر ۾ هندستاني ڊاسپورا}}

| rowclass20 = mergedrow| label20 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: | data20 = {{lang|ta|மத்திய கிழக்கில் இந்திய புலம்பெயர்ந்தோர்}}

| rowclass21 = mergedrow| label21 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: | data21 = {{lang|te|మధ్యప్రాచ్యంలోని భారతీయ డయాస్పోరా}}

| rowclass22 = mergedrow| label22 = [[Urdu]]: | data22 = {{lang|ur|مشرق وسطیٰ میں مقیم ہندوستانی تارکین وطن}}

}}
}}
| flag = [[File:Flag of India.svg|border|250px]]
| flag_caption = [[Flag of India]]
| population = 7,828,771
| total_ref =
| region1 = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop1 = 3,425,144<ref name="POI"/><ref name="Pew research">{{Cite news |date=3 March 2017 |title=India is a top source and destination for world's migrants |work=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/03/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053252/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/03/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants/ |archive-date=25 December 2018}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| pop2 = 1,884,476-2,594,947<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia 2023 Census |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008153753/https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm |archive-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indians Overseas Census |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008153753/https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm |archive-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Oman}}
| pop3 = 680,000-1,375,667<ref name="Intl Migrant Stock">{{cite web| title =International Migrant Stock 2020| url =https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock| date =2020| website =un.org| publisher =United Nations, Population Division| access-date =7 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =International Migrant Stock 2020| url =https://www.indemb-oman.gov.in/eoi.php?id=omanfs}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|Kuwait}}
| pop4 = 1,152,175<ref name="External Affairs Report">{{cite web |url=https://www.indembkwt.gov.in/Indian-community.php |title=Brief on Indian Community in Kuwait |access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flag|Bahrain}}
| pop5 = 326,658<ref name="POI">{{cite web |title=Population of Overseas Indians |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm |date=15 February 2023 |website=mea.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008153753/https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref>
| languages = [[Languages of India]]
| religions = [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]], [[Islam in India|Islam]], [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Christianity in India|Christianity]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Indian Jews|Judaism]]
}}
The Indian diaspora in the [[Middle East]] represents one of the largest and most significant [[expatriate]] communities globally. With historical ties dating back centuries, the contemporary presence of Indians in this region has profound economic, cultural, and social implications. Today, millions of Indians reside across the [[Middle East]], particularly in the [[Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)]] countries, contributing to various sectors, including construction, healthcare, finance, and information technology. Their influence is also evident in local culture, cuisine, and bilateral relations between India and Middle Eastern nations.

== Background ==
India's connections with the Middle East trace back to ancient times, facilitated by trade routes over land and sea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title=Relation Between India and Middle East |url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/relation-between-india-and-middle-east/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=GeeksforGeeks |language=en-US}}</ref> Merchants from the Indian subcontinent engaged in commerce with Arab traders, exchanging goods such as [[Indian spices|spices]], [[Textile|textiles]], and [[precious stones]]. The historical maritime routes of the [[Indian Ocean]] fostered deep economic and cultural exchanges between Indian kingdoms and Middle Eastern kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How trade brought India and Arabia closer culturally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-trade-blossomed-an-exchange-of-ideas-between-india-and-arabia/articleshow/89844093.cms |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Ancient records suggest that Indian traders had settlements in ports such as [[Muscat]], [[Basra]], and [[Aden]] as early as the 1st century CE. The influence of Indian goods, including [[indigo]], [[Piperaceae|pepper]], and [[cotton]], played a crucial role in shaping Middle Eastern economies.

During the medieval period, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empires]] maintained ties, facilitating the movement of scholars, traders, and craftsmen between India and the Middle East. [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages had a strong impact on Indian linguistic and literary traditions, while [[Indian mathematics|Indian mathematicians]] and astronomers contributed to Middle Eastern scientific advancements. The cultural fusion extended to architecture, with Indian artisans playing a role in constructing [[Islamic architecture|Islamic structures]] across the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hameed |first=Umer |last2=Hameed |first2=Usman |last3=Umer |first3=Saima |date=2020-12-31 |title=A Study of Relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire 1556-1748 |url=https://jhss-uok.com/index.php/JHSS/article/view/107 |journal=Journal of History and Social Sciences |volume=11 |issue=2 |doi=10.46422/jhss.v11i2.107|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Administrative Service - IAS Exam |url=https://prepp.in/news/e-492-foreign-trade-and-european-traders-under-mughals-medieval-india-history-notes |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Prepp |language=en}}</ref>

The 20th century witnessed a significant shift with the discovery of oil in the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] region. The ensuing economic boom created a massive demand for labor, attracting a substantial number of Indian workers. This migration intensified in the 1970s and 1980s, marking the beginning of large-scale labor migration from India to the GCC countries. This influx was fueled by India's economic policies, which encouraged overseas employment as a means to bolster foreign exchange reserves through remittances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Educare |first=Scientia |date=2025-01-19 |title=Oil in History: How Oil Shaped Politics and Global Power |url=https://scientiaeducare.com/study-notes-on-oil-in-history-a-century-of-power-and-politics/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Knowledge and Educational Portal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of recent estimates, the Indian population in various Middle Eastern countries is as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!World region / Country
!Articles
! data-sort-type="number" |Overseas Indian population
! data-sort-type="number" |Percentage
!Ref
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|[[Indians in the United Arab Emirates]]
|3,425,144
|36.04%
|<ref name="POI23">{{cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=Population of Overseas Indians |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008153753/https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|[[Non-Resident Indians in Saudi Arabia]]
|2,594,947
|7.58%
|<ref name="POI23" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2017 |title=How Saudi Arabia's 'Family Tax' Is Forcing Indians To Return Home |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/06/21/how-saudi-arabias-family-tax-is-forcing-indians-to-return-hom_a_22494498/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053253/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/06/21/how-saudi-arabias-family-tax-is-forcing-indians-to-return-hom_a_22494498/?ec_carp=2819915949931742186 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=21 June 2017 |work=The Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2017 |title=Indians brace for Saudi 'family tax' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/middle-east-news/indians-brace-for-saudi-family-tax/articleshow/59243550.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/middle-east-news/indians-brace-for-saudi-family-tax/articleshow/59243550.cms |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=21 June 2017 |newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Oman}}
|[[Indians in Oman]]
|1,375,667
|30.77%
|
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|[[Indians in Kuwait]]
|1,152,175
|25.81%
|<ref name="gulfnews23">{{Cite news |date=30 January 2014 |title=Kuwait MP seeks five-year cap on expat workers' stay |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-mp-seeks-five-year-cap-on-expat-workers-stay-1.1284513 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203246/https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-mp-seeks-five-year-cap-on-expat-workers-stay-1.1284513 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2017 |work=Gulf News}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|[[Indians in Qatar]]
|702,013
|24.67%
|
|-
|{{flag|Bahrain}}
|[[Indians in Bahrain]]
|326,658
|22.19%
|
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|[[Indians in Israel]]
[[Indian Jews in Israel]]
|97,467
|0.7%
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2021 |title=JEWS, BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN(1) AND AGE |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2021/2.shnatonpopulation/st02_08.pdf |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |publisher= |quote=הודו ופקיסטן [India and Pakistan]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|
|20,760
|0.19%
|
|-
|{{flag|Yemen}}
|[[Indians in Yemen]]
|10,500
|0.04%
|
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|[[Indians in Cyprus]]
|7,499
|0.84%
|
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
|[[Indians in Iran]]
|4,337
|0.01%
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]
|[[Indians in Turkey]]
[[Turkic peoples in India]]
|3,092
|0.004%
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |title=Vatandaşlık ülkesine göre yabancı nüfus |trans-title=Foreign population by country of citizenship |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2021-45500 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=tuik.gov.tr |publisher=Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (Turkish Statistical Institute) |language=tr}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}}
|[[Indians in Lebanon]]
|1,311
|0.02%
|
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|[[Indians in Egypt]]
|1,249
|0.001%
|
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|
|234
|0.001%
|
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}
|
|94
|0.0004%
|
|}
Indians form the largest expatriate community in the [[UAE]], comprising over a third of the total population. In [[Saudi Arabia]], Indian workers dominate industries such as construction, retail, and healthcare. [[Oman]] and [[Kuwait]] have long-standing Indian communities, with many families having lived there for multiple generations. In [[Qatar]] and [[Bahrain]], Indian professionals hold key positions in engineering, banking, and academia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anjana |date=2019-11-25 |title=How Indians living in the UAE worked closely with leaders to shape the country |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/how-indians-living-in-the-uae-worked-closely-with-leaders-to-shape-the-country-1.1574662760750 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref>

== Economic contributions ==
Indian expatriates have been instrumental in the development of Middle Eastern economies. They are predominantly employed in sectors such as [[Construction]], [[Health care|Healthcare]], [[Education]], [[Finance]], and [[Information technology]]. Their contributions have been pivotal in transforming the infrastructural and service landscapes of these nations.

* Construction and Infrastructure: Indian laborers form the backbone of the construction industry in the Gulf. Mega projects like Dubai’s Burj Khalifa and Qatar’s FIFA World Cup stadiums have been built with significant contributions from Indian workers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constructing Power: The Exploitation of Migrant Construction Workers in the UAE |url=https://the-argonaut.com/comment-4/2023/1/2/constructing-power-the-exploitation-of-migrant-construction-workers-in-the-uae |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=The Argonaut |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Abdul-Aziz |first1=Abdul-Rashid |title=South Asian Migrants and the Construction Sector of the Gulf |date=2018 |work=South Asian Migration in the Gulf: Causes and Consequences |pages=165–189 |editor-last=Chowdhury |editor-first=Mehdi |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-71821-7_9 |access-date=2025-03-15 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-71821-7_9 |isbn=978-3-319-71821-7 |last2=Olanrewaju |first2=Abdul Lateef |last3=Ahmed |first3=Abdullahi Umar |editor2-last=Irudaya Rajan |editor2-first=S.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Finance and Business: Many Indian entrepreneurs have established successful businesses in retail, hospitality, and information technology in the Middle East. Indian-owned companies like the [[LuLu Group International]] and the [[Aster DM Healthcare]] network have become household names in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Indian Entrepreneurs in the UAE |url=https://www.indiaspora.org/feature_story/the-rise-of-indian-entrepreneurs-in-the-uae/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Indiaspora |language=en}}</ref>
* Healthcare: Indian doctors, nurses, and medical professionals play a crucial role in the healthcare systems of Middle Eastern countries. Many hospitals and clinics employ Indian medical staff due to their expertise and training.
* Remittances: According to the Reserve Bank of India, Indian workers in the Middle East sent over $50 billion in remittances in 2022 alone, making the region a vital source of foreign exchange for India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-11 |title=Remittances to India: Where does the money come from and What does it mean? |url=https://factly.in/remittances-to-india-where-does-the-money-come-from-and-what-does-it-mean/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=FACTLY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarun Manjhi |date= |title=TRENDS AND PATTERN OF REMITTANCES FROM ABROAD TO INDIA |url=https://www.srcc.edu/system/files/TRENDS-PATTERN.pdf |journal=Business Analyst |volume=38 |pages=45–57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remittance and its impact – Sociology of the Indian Diaspora |url=https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/socp11/chapter/remittance-and-its-impact/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref>

== Cultural influence ==
The Indian diaspora has enriched the cultural fabric of the Middle East. [[Indian cuisine]], [[Indian festivals|festivals]], [[Indian music|music]], and [[Cinema of India|cinema]] have found resonance among local populations. [[Bollywood]] movies enjoy immense popularity, and festivals like [[Diwali]] and [[Holi]] are celebrated with enthusiasm across the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anshu |first=Aditya |url=https://ujonlinepress.uj.ac.za/index.php/ujp/catalog/book/188 |title=Diaspora in MENA Region and Beyond |date=2024-07-15 |publisher=UJ Press |isbn=978-1-7764893-1-2 |edition=1 |doi=10.36615/9781776489312}}</ref>

== Labor rights and working conditions ==
The treatment of Indian migrant workers in the Middle East has been a subject of international concern. Many Indian workers, particularly in the construction and domestic labor sectors, face harsh working conditions, long hours, and limited legal protections. Many Middle Eastern countries operate under the [[Kafala system|kafala sponsorship system]], which ties workers to their employers and restricts their ability to change jobs or leave the country without permission. This has led to cases of forced labor and human rights abuses.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-01 |title=Understanding the Kafala Migrant Labor System in Qatar and the Middle East at Large, with ILO Senior Migration Specialist Ryszard Cholewinski |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2023/02/01/the-kafala-system-a-conversation-with-ryszard-cholewinski/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian diaspora|Middle East]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Asia| ]]

Kalmashapada

2026-01-28T20:37:28Z

Tiger44444f4: creating info...

{{Short description|King in Hindu mythology}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Information
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| family = Sudasa (father)
| race = [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]
| spouse = Madayanti
| children = Asmaka (acknowledged son, born by [[Vashistha]])
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}{{good article}}

'''Kalmashapada''' ({{Langx|sa|कल्माषपाद|translit=Kalmāṣapāda}}), also known as '''Saudasa''' ({{Langx|sa|सौदास|translit=Saudāsa}}), '''Mitrasaha''' ({{Langx|sa|मित्रसह|translit=Mitrasaha}}), and '''Amitrasaha''' ({{Langx|sa|अमित्रसह|translit=Amitrasaha}}) is a king of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]] (the Solar dynasty) In [[Hindu mythology|Hindu scriptures]], who was cursed to be a ''[[rakshasa]]'' (demon) by the sage [[Shakti]].<ref name="Mani377"/> He is described as an ancestor of [[Rama]], the [[avatar]] of the god [[Vishnu]] and the hero of the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]''.

Many texts narrate how Kalmashapada was cursed to die if he had intercourse with his queen, so he obtained a son from Vashishtha by ''[[niyoga]]'', an ancient tradition whereby a husband can nominate another man to impregnate his wife.<ref name="Mani377" /> Kalmashapada's story is narrated in various works, including the classic epic poems ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]'', and the ''[[Purana]]''s.<ref name="Mani377">Mani, p. 377</ref>

==Description==
The ''Mahabharata'' and the ''Purana''s agree that Kalmashapada was the son of the king Sudasa (Sudhasana); however, the ''Ramayana'' names his father was [[Raghu]], a king whom the other texts identify as a descendant of Kalmashapada.<ref name=Wilson315>Wilson p. 315</ref> All texts agree that his ancestors include [[Sagara (Vedic king)|Sagara]] and [[Bhagiratha]], though the generations between Bhagiratha and Kalmashapada may vary among the texts.<ref name="bhagavata">[http://vedabase.net/sb/9/9/en2 Bhagavata Purana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103122416/http://vedabase.net/sb/9/9/en2 |date=3 November 2013 }} by [[Prabhupada]]</ref><ref name=Wilson315/> The ''[[Padma Purana]]'' states that he was the son of [[Rituparna]], the contemporary [[Ancestors of Rama|Solar king]] of [[Nala]]-[[Damayanti]] (even a character in their story).<ref>Padma Purana Srishti Khanda (First Canto) Chapter 8. Verse 151-152, English translation by Motilal Bansaridas Publications Book 1 Page 69-70, Link:
https://archive.org/details/PadmaPuranaVol05BhumiAndPatalaKhandaPages15651937ENGMotilalBanarsidass1990_201901</ref><ref>Mahabharata Nalapokhyana Parva, Vana Parva</ref>

Some texts state that Kalmashapada's birth name was Mitrasaha, but he was known by his patronymic Saudasa.<ref>Mani, p. 376</ref> A commentator on the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' says that Mitra-saha (literally, "one who forbears a friend") is an epithet the king acquires from the curse of the sage [[Vashishtha]]. The king restrains (''saha'') himself from retaliation against his friend (''mitra'') Vashishtha's curse, though he possesses the power to do so.<ref name=Wilson305>Wilson p. 305</ref> The ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', the ''[[Agni Purana]]'', the ''[[Brahma Purana]]'', and the ''[[Harivamsa]]'' call him ''Amitrasaha'', "one who forbears (''saha'') a foe (''amitra'')"; here, Vashishtha is taken to be an enemy.<ref name=Wilson305/>

Kalmashapada was the king of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] ([[Kosala]]) and was married to Queen Madayanti.<ref name="Mani377"/> The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' notes that she was also known as Damayanti.<ref name="bhagavata"/>

==Legend==

=== Shakti's curse ===
The ''Mahabharata'' narrates that once, Kalmashapada was roaming the forest for hunting. He encounters the sage Vashishtha's eldest son, [[Śakti Maharṣi|Shakti]], on a narrow path. As a [[kshatriya]] (a member of the military class), Kalmashapada does not make way for Shakti, a [[Brahmin]] (a member of the priesthood class). Nevertheless, Shakti refuses to budge. Finally, an enraged Kalmashapada hits Shakti with his whip. In turn, the sage curses the king to wander the forest for 16 years. The sage [[Vishwamitra|Vishvamitra]], the arch-enemy of Vashishtha who desires to have Kalmashapada as his disciple, sends a ''rakshasa'' (named ''Kinkara'') to possess the king's body. Vishvamitra plots to destroy his enemy's family with the help of the king. Under the influence of the ''rakshasa'', the king serves human flesh to a Brahmin, who sets Shakti's curse into effect. The king turns into a cannibalistic ''rakshasa''.<ref name="Mani377"/><ref name="dowson">[http://www.mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/kalmashapada.htm Dowson's Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology]</ref><ref>Wilson p. 306</ref>

=== Vashishtha's curse ===
The ''Uttara Kanda'' of the ''Ramayana'' and the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' narrate about Vashishtha cursing Kalmashapada with slight variation. The ''Uttara Ramayana'' tells that once, while hunting in the forest, Kalmashapada mistakenly kills a ''rakshasa'' disguised as a tiger cub. His fellow ''rakshasa'' – who was also disguised as a cub – assumes his true form and warns the king that he will take his revenge against the wrongful death at the proper time. The ''Shiva Purana'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana'' identify the other ''rakshasa'' as the brother of the slain one, and does not mention the tiger cub disguise.<ref name="bhagavata"/><ref name="Mani377"/> The ''Vishnu Purana'' also notes that the demons appeared in the form of tigers.<ref name="Mani377"/>

The king returns to his capital and invites his guru Vashishtha to the [[Ashwamedha|ashvamedha]] sacrifice. The sage accepts. The vengeful ''rakshasa'' assumes the form of the sage and informs the king that he secretly desires to eat meat (a taboo for sages), and that the king should come to his [[ashram]]a and offer him meat. Deceived by the ''rakshasa's'' disguise, Kalmashapada with his queen goes to Vashishtha's ashram and presents him with meat. The sage feels insulted seeing the taboo offering, and curses the king to be a rakshasa.<ref name="Mani377"/>

In the ''Shiva Purana'', the ''Bhagavata Purana'', and the ''Vishnu Purana'', the ''rakshasa'' disguises himself as a Brahmin cook and gains entry to the king's kitchen. When Vashishtha arrives in Ayodhya on the king's invitation for a [[Śrāddha|Shraddha]] ceremony, or simply dinner, the rakshasa cooks human flesh and offers that to the sage on behalf of the king. The enraged sage curses him to be transformed into a human-eating ''rakshasa'' and wander the forests. The pious king is outraged by the unjust curse and quarrels with the sage. Vashishtha reduces the curse to 12 years when he hears of the ''rakshasa's'' deception. But the king is not satisfied. He takes water in his hand to cast a curse on Vashishtha, but the queen dissuades him. However, the curse-ridden water was not to be wasted; If thrown on the ground, it would destroy the crop. If thrown in the air, it would spoil the rains. Throwing in any direction would harm some living beings. Ultimately, the king throws the water on his own feet. Since the king's feet become black and white in colour, he gains the epithets Kalmashapada and Kalmasanghri (literally, "pied feet").<ref name="Mani377"/><ref name="dowson"/><ref name="bhagavata"/><ref>Wilson pp. 306-8</ref>

=== Life as a rakshasa ===

The ''Mahabharata'' narrates that Kalmashapada cultivates an intense hatred for Vashishtha and his sons. He eats Shakti and his 99 brothers to seek his vengeance. The grief-stricken Vashishtha leaves his ashram and starts roaming the forest. He even tries to kill himself, but fails every time.<ref name="Mani377"/> Texts such as the ''Mahabharata'', the ''[[Linga Purana]]'', and the ''Kanchipuranam'' blame Vishvamitra for provoking Kalmashapada to slay Vashishtha's sons.<ref>Mitchiner p. 204</ref> An older scripture, ''[[Brihaddevata]]'', also mentions that multiple Saudasas (sons of Sudasa) slay the hundred sons of Vashishtha.<ref>Meyer p. 233</ref>

Various texts relate that in the forest, Kalmashapada encounters a young Brahmin couple engaged in coitus. Kalmashapada disturbs the act before climax and captures the Brahmin youth. His wife pleads that her husband has not impregnated her yet, and that it was improper to kill a Brahmin. However, Kalmashapada devours the youth. The chaste Brahmin widow wails and curses Kalmashapada that he would die if he touched any woman with amorous intent. The wife cremates her husband and performs [[sati (practice)|sati]] by jumping into his funeral pyre.<ref name="Mani377"/><ref name="bhagavata"/>

The ''Shiva Purana'' adds a continuation: The sin of killing a Brahmin transforms into a monster called [[Brāhmanahatya|Brahmahatya]], who starts following Kalmashapada. The latter tries to escape the monster, and finally reaches King [[Janaka]]'s court. There, the sage [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] teaches Kalmashapada divine knowledge and directs him to the [[Shiva]] temple of [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] to free him of his sins. At Gokarna, Kalmashapada performs intense austerities and is liberated from Brahmahatya.<ref name="Mani377"/>

The ''Mahabharata'' also records an encounter between the sage Uttanka and Kalmashapada. After serving his guru Gautama for a hundred years, Uttanka is allowed to go, but must provide Gautama with [[Dakshina#Gurudakshina|gurudakshina]], a traditional repayment for his teacher's services. Gautama's wife [[Ahalya]] suggests that he bring her the divine earrings of Madayanti, Kalmashapada's wife, as repayment. Uttanka meets the cannibalistic Kalmashapada, who approaches Uttanka to eat him, but Uttanka stops him and explains that he is duty-bound to get Madayanti's earrings as a gurudakshina and that he, Uttanka, would return to Kalmashapada after fulfilling his obligation. Kalmashapada agrees and directs him to his wife, who refuses to part with her earrings until Uttanka brings some token from Kalmashapada as proof of his consent. Upon returning from Kalmashapada with a token, Madayanti gives him the earrings.<ref>Mani, p. 816</ref>

=== Liberation from the curse and children ===
[[File:The Great Human ShriRam.jpg|thumb|274x274px|Rama is a descendant of Kalmashapada.]]
The ''Mahabharata'' narrates that Vashishtha meets Kalmashapada at the end of the 12-year period and frees the king of the curse. The king returns to his original form and accepts the sage as his guru and ''[[purohita]]'' (priest). Both of them return to Ayodhya. However, Kalmashapada is still heirless and cannot unite with his wife in coitus due to the Brahmin widow's curse. The king requests Vashishtha to inseminate Madayanti, following the practice of ''[[niyoga]]''. The queen becomes pregnant by the sage, but does not deliver for 12 years. Finally, the frustrated queen breaks her womb with a stone and her son is born. Since the son is born with the aid of a stone (''ashman''), he is named Ashmaka ("the child born of a stone").<ref>Mani, pp. 377-8</ref> The ''Mahabharata'' adds that this act of "giving" his wife to a Brahmin helps Kalmashapada attain [[Svarga|heaven]].<ref>Mitchiner p. 240</ref>

A central character of the epic, King [[Pandu]], who is cursed to die upon having sex with his wife, convinces his wife [[Kunti]] to have ''niyoga'' with the gods and mother children for him, citing the example of Kalmashapada.<ref name="Tripāṭhī2005">{{cite book|author=Candrabalī Tripāṭhī|title=The Evolution of Ideals of Womenhood in Indian Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lptUQEU1GWcC&pg=PA140|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Gyan Books|isbn=978-81-7835-425-5|page=140}}</ref> The scholar Meyer suggests that the tale of Pandu may be inspired by the much older narrative of Kalmashapada.<ref>Meyer, p. 234</ref>

Other texts agree that Vashishtha ends Kalmashapada's curse; however, there is some variation. In the ''Bhagavata Purana'', Vashishtha himself strikes the queen's belly with a stone after seven years to free the child.<ref name="bhagavata"/> The ''Vishnu Purana'' credits the queen for opening her own womb, but the period is seven years.<ref>Wilson p. 307</ref>

All texts agree that Kalmashapada is an ancestor of [[Dasharatha]] and his divine son [[Rama]], the hero of the ''Ramayana''. The names of Kalmashapada's children and the number of generations between Kalmashapada and Dasharatha varies. The ''Vishnu Purana'', the ''Vayu Purana'', the ''Bhagavata Purana'', the ''[[Kurma Purana]]'', and the ''[[Linga Purana]]'' contain a few variations of the names. According to them, Ashmaka was the son of Kalmashapada, and nine generations lie between Kalmashapada and Dasharatha. The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', the ''Agni Purana'', the ''Brahma Purana'', and the ''Harivamsa'' call Kalmashapada's son Sarvakarma (who is said to be the grandfather of Kalmashapada in the ''Vishnu Purana'', et al.), but agree as to the number of generations with the ''Vishnu Purana'', et al. The ''Ramayana'' identifies the son as Shankhana and states that ten generations lie between Kalmashapada and Dasharatha.<ref>Wilson pp. 313-4</ref>

==Buddhist Version==
In [https://suttacentral.net/ja537/en/francis?lang=en&reference=none&highlight=false Sutasoma Jataka], he is known as Porisāda ("the cannibal"). Before becoming man-eater he was the king of [[Benares]]. He is given the name "Kammāsapāda（"Spot-foot"） because of a wound he once received，which healed，leaving a scar like a piece of well-grained timber. This refers to the flight of Porisāda from his pursuers，when he trod on an acacia stake which pierced his foot. Porisāda is later weaned from his evil habit by the Bodhisatta Sutasoma. He is identified as an pre-incarnation of [[Angulimala|Angulimāla]]. This story was later immortalised into [[Kakawin Sutasoma]].
Kammāsapāda also appeared in Jayaddisa Jātaka.<ref>Watanabe p.253</ref>

==See also==

* [[Asmaka|Asmaka Mahajanapada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|author=Mani, Vettam|authorlink=Vettam Mani|title=Purāṇic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Purāṇic literature|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|year=1975|isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Johann|title=Sexual life in ancient India : a study in the comparative history of Indian culture|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd|location=Delhi|year=1971|isbn=978-81-208-0638-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Mitchiner|first=John|title=Traditions of the seven Risis|publisher=Motilal Banarisdass|location=Delhi|year=2000|isbn=978-81-208-1324-3}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Horace Hayman Wilson|last=Wilson|first= H. H. |title=The Vishńu Puráńa|year=1866|publisher=Trübner & CompanyBooks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ud43AQAAMAAJ|access-date=2014-07-15}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watanabe |first=K |url=https://palitextsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/JPTS_VI_13.pdf |title=The Story of Kalmāṣapāda and Its Evolution in Indian Literature. (A Study in the Mahābhārata and the Jātaka) |year=1909 |pages=253}}{{source-attribution}}

[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Rakshasa]]
[[Category:Characters in Buddhist mythology]]

Bargaon, Saharsa

2026-01-22T21:46:38Z

Tiger44444f4:

{{Short description|Village in Saharsa district, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bargaon
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.7285|N|86.81883|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Saharsa District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,857
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Maithili, Hindi, English
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = <848208 Index Number|
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|saharsa.bih.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bargaon''' is a village situated in the [[Saharsa district]] of [[Bihar|Bihar, India]]. It is located {{cvt|32|km}} east of [[Saharsa]] and {{cvt|199|km}} from the state capital, [[Patna]].

{{As of|2011}} the population was 7,857.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bargaon Village Population - Sonbarsa - Saharsa, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/226564-bargaon-bihar.html |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Landmarks==
[[File:Siphon Bridge, Bargaon.jpg|thumb|left|Siphon bridge]]
* Historic Siphon Bridge, built in the 1920s, used to pass canal (nahar) water over the Kosi river and provide local road connectivity.
* Bajrangbali (Hanuman) Temple [[File:Bajrangbali temple bargaon.jpg|thumb|left|Bajrangbali temple]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Saharsa district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Khilwat, Bihar

2026-01-21T13:31:28Z

Tiger44444f4: added info

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name =Khilwat
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.62|N|85.13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
| subdivision_type3 = District Sub-division
| subdivision_name3 = Hajipur<ref name=Vaishaliatglance>{{cite web|title=Vaishali at a Glance|url=http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/DPMCWEB/St_Doc/District%20At%20a%20Glance/District%20Profile_Vaishali_Debjani.pdf|publisher=vaishali.bih.nic.in|access-date=24 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231820/http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/DPMCWEB/St_Doc/District%20At%20a%20Glance/District%20Profile_Vaishali_Debjani.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
| subdivision_type4 = Anchal
| subdivision_name4 = Bidupur<ref name=Vaishaliatglance/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 844503
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khilwat''' is a village located in the [[Bidupur]] block of [[Vaishali district]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The native languages of Khilwat are [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tirhut Division}}
[[Category:Villages in Vaishali district]]

{{Vaishali-geo-stub}}

Baba Payam ud Din Reshi

2026-01-12T00:51:02Z

Tiger44444f4: updated details additionally and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baba Reshi
| official_name =
| image =
| other_name =
| native_name =
| nickname = ریشی صعب
| image_skyline = Baba Reshi Shrine3.jpg
| image_alt = Ziyarat Baba Reshi
| image_caption = Ziyarat Baba Reshi
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Shrine of Baba Reshi map
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| settlement_type = Forest Area
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|34|03|32.31|N|74|25|28.17|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 1593
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193402
| area_code = +91
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baba Rishi''' c. 1411 – c. 1480; born '''Payam ud-Din''', was a revered 15th-century Sufi saint from Kashmir. Born in 1411 CE in Chander-nau-gaon, near [[Ganderbal]], he was the son of a nobleman serving in the court of Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]]. Initially living a life of luxury, Baba Reshi experienced a spiritual awakening after observing ants diligently gathering food for the winter, prompting him to contemplate the transient nature of worldly possessions and the importance of the afterlife.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kaul |first=Prof Upendra |date=2024-06-13 |title=The Story of Baba Rishi |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/op-ed-2/the-story-of-baba-rishi/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

Motivated by this reflection, he renounced his wealth and status, he went to [[Nund Rishi]] for guidance and was sent to train with [[Baba Shukur-ud-Din Wali]] who told him to get water from Wular Lake to the top of Sharikot Hill for 2 years, after his training with [[Baba Shukur ud-Din Wali]] was done, he directed him to go to [[Sakhi Zain al-Din Wali]] for further training in [[Aishmuquam]]. After completing his spiritual training, Baba Reshi was directed by [[Sakhi Zain al-Din Wali]] to move to Ramboh village in Baramulla district, where he dedicated himself to prayer and meditation, attracting followers with his piety and wisdom. He spent the remainder of his life in the forested area near Tangmarg, dying in 1480 CE.<ref name=":0" />

'''Babareshi''' is also the name of a village, forest area, tourist and religious place in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It is named after the [[Sufi]] saint Baba Payam ud din Reshi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story97513/hot-air-balloon-rides-take-flight-in-kashmir-to-attract-adventure-tourists.html |title=Hot air balloon rides take flight in Kashmir to attract adventure tourists |work=aninews.in }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

It is located a few [[kilometre]]s from [[Tangmarg]] and near the hill station [[Gulmarg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/for-contributors/take-steps-to-stop-mishaps-on-baba-reshi-baramulla-road-residents-to-govt/128053.html|title=Take steps to stop mishaps on Baba Reshi-Baramulla road: Residents to govt|work=greaterkashmir.com}}</ref>

'''<big>History</big>'''

==Shrine==
Situated at an altitude of about {{convert|7,000|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}, the [[Ziyarat]] Baba Reshi shrine is a three-storey monument. It is located near Ramboh village in [[Baramulla]] District. Built-in 1480, in [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and Persian style, the tomb is named after Baba Payam Uddin. The shrine and its surrounding garden is a tourist attraction as well as a destination for pilgrims visiting the shrine.

===Roza Sharief Baba Payam Uddin===
Baba Payam Uddin was a courtier of 15th century Kashmir King [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]], and he is said to have given up all his belongings in order to serve the common people. He lived and meditated at this location, which became the site of his tomb and a shrine for his disciples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saintsofislam.com/tazkira-e-auliya-biographies/hazrat-payamuddin-alias-baba-rishi-tang-margkashmir/ |title=Hazrat Payamuddin alias Baba Rishi Tang-Marg, Kashmir |work=saintsofislam.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101165044/http://saintsofislam.com/tazkira-e-auliya-biographies/hazrat-payamuddin-alias-baba-rishi-tang-margkashmir/ |archivedate=2015-11-01 }}</ref>

This shrine has a big [[minaret]] and inside the shrine is the Noor Khwan where the grave of the Sufi saint Lies. It is covered with cloth with [[Quran]] embroideries. The Noor Khwan is made of glass and [[wood carvings]].

===Urs===
The [[Urs]] or the anniversary of Baba Payam ud din Reshi is celebrated annually and people from far off places visit the Shrine on the occasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/mobi/news/briefs/employees-lock-mc-office-at-tangmarg/154337.html|title=Employees lock MC office at Tangmarg|work=greaterkashmir.com}}</ref>

===Damage by fire===
On 2 September 1989 the 300-year-old Baba Reshi shrine was gutted in a fire under mysterious circumstances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/When-the-water-in-the-spring-turned-black/article12308690.ece |title=When the water in the spring turned black|first=Rahul | last=Pandita| date=19 January 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=18 April 2018 }}</ref>
The place known as daan that Baba Reshi built in the village Ramboh went ablaze and caused severe damage to several buildings surrounding the shrine causing a huge economic loss to the historic place.

==Accommodations and travel==
There are accommodations for tourists and pilgrims around the shrine. Each building has a Daan or cooking place where the Kashmiris prepare their meals and everyone traditionally contributes some of it to the [[Langar (Sufism)|Langar]] (collection Place). The Langar staff distribute the food in charity.

==Transport==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}

===Air===
The nearest airport from Babareshi is [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar International Airport]] which is at a distance of around 2 hours.

===Road===
The area is also connected by road via NH-44 from Narbal via [[Magam]]. It is linked with various towns such as [[Kunzer]] and Tangmarg by Gulmarg Highway. Srinagar is {{cvt|55|km}} away by road from Babareshi.

===Rail===
The nearest railway station is the [[Mazhom railway station]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{Villages in Baramulla district}}

[[Category:Villages in Baramulla district]]

Mardijker people

2026-01-09T21:13:12Z

Tiger44444f4: put up basic info basic info...

{{short description|Ethnic group in Indonesia}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = '''Mardijker people'''
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = [[File:Mardijker detail churchill 1704.jpg|250px]]
| image_caption = A Mardijker family
| image_alt =
| pop =
| regions = {{flag|Indonesia}} ([[Jakarta]])
| languages = '''Predominantly''' [[Betawi language|Betawi]]{{•}}[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]{{•}} [[Mardijker Creole]] (historical) '''Also''' [[Malay language|Malay]]{{•}}[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| religions = [[Christianity]]
| related_groups = [[Belanda Hitam]]{{•}}[[Klingalese]]{{•}}[[Betawi people|Betawi]]{{•}}[[Indo people|Indo]]{{•}}[[African Indonesians|African Indonesian]]{{•}}[[Indian Indonesians|Indian Indonesian]]{{•}}[[Portuguese Indonesians|Portuguese Indonesian]]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Mardijker people''' refer to an ethnic community in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (present-day [[Indonesia]]) made up of descendants of freed slaves who spoke or were culturally Portuguese. They could be found at all major trading posts in the [[East Indies]]. They were mostly Christian, of various ethnicities from conquered Portuguese and Spanish territories, Some are of European ethnicity, while some others are natives from various Portuguese controlled territories. They spoke [[Mardijker Creole]], a [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese-based creole]], which has influenced the modern [[Indonesian language]].{{Cn|date=April 2025}}

== Origin ==
The ancestors of the Mardijkers had been mostly made up of slaves of the Portuguese in India, Africa, and the Malay Peninsula, with a minority being European (usually Portuguese) prisoners of war that were brought to Indonesia by the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC), especially after the 1641 Dutch [[Battle of Malacca (1641)|conquest of Malacca]], whereby Portuguese speakers in the city were taken as captive. Some were also Christian slaves captured by [[History of slavery in the Muslim world#Slavery in the sultanates of Southeast Asia|Moro raiders]] from the [[Philippines]] and sold in slave markets in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] during the height of the [[Spanish–Moro conflict]] and the [[Piracy in the Sulu Sea|Sulu Sea piracy]].<ref name="Choudhury">{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Manilata |title=The Mardijkers of Batavia: Construction of a Colonial Identity (1619-1650) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2014 |volume=75 |issue=Platinum Jubilee |pages=901–910 |jstor=44158475 }}</ref><ref name="Jarnagin">{{cite book |last1=Jarnagin |first1=Laura |title=Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511-2011: The making of the Luso-Asian world, intricacies of engagement |date=2011 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814345255 |pages=136–137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kloBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA136}}</ref> In the [[Spanish Philippines]], they were called "Mardica", as recorded in the [[Velarde map|Murillo Velarde Map]].

The term Mardijker is a Dutch corruption of the Malay word Merdeka, which originates from the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] Maharddhika meaning "rich, prosperous, and powerful". In the Malay archipelago, this term had acquired the meaning of a freed slave, and now means "independent".

The Mardijkers mostly held on to their Catholic faith and continued to attend Batavia's Portuguese church, although many were eventually baptised by the [[Dutch Reformed Church]]. They were legally recognized by the VOC as a separate ethnic group and kept themselves apart from the native [[Javanese people|Javanese]].{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=47}}{{sfn|Bosma|Raben|2008|pp=46–47}}

During the VOC era, there was already considerable intermarriage with the [[Indos in pre-colonial history]], who were often also of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] descent. During the colonial era, the Mardijkers eventually assimilated completely into the Eurasian [[Indo people|Indo community]] and were no longer registered as a separate ethnic group.

== Transition ==
Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the Mardijkers exchanged [[Mardijker language|their Portuguese-based creole]] for [[Betawi language|the Betawi language]].

A part of Jakarta is called "[[Kampung Tugu]]" an area where Mardijker people had been allowed to settle for after their freedom, the neighborhood retains its Portuguese distinctiveness. Historically these people also settled in Old Batavia's Roa Malacca district near Kali Besar; however, little historic buildings remain of what had been the historic quarter.

Common Mardijker family names are De Fretes, Ferrera, De Mello, Gomes, Gonsalvo, Cordero, De Dias, De Costa, Soares, Rodrigo, De Pinto, Perreira, and De Silva. Some Mardijker families also took Dutch names such as Willems, Michiels, Bastiaans, Pieters, Jansz, Fransz, and Davidts.

When the Indonesians fought for independence from the Dutch they used the slogan [[Merdeka]] ("freedom"), which has the same root as Mardijker. This word had considerable political significance also in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]. The term Mardijkers is also used for the so-called [[Belanda Hitam]], soldiers recruited in the [[Dutch Gold Coast]] who served in the [[Dutch East Indies Army]] and gained their freedom afterward.

==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
*[[Kampung Tugu]]
*[[Mardijker Creole|Mardijker Creole language]]
*[[African Indonesians]]
*[[Betawi people]]
*[[Belanda Hitam]]
*[[Indian Indonesians]]
*[[Indo people]]
*[[Klingalese]]
*[[Portuguese Indonesians]]

==References==

=== Footnotes ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Bosma|first1 = U.|last2 = Raben|first2 = R.|date = 2008|title = Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920|location = Singapore|publisher = [[NUS Press]]|isbn = 9789971693732}}
* {{cite book|last = Taylor|first = J. G.|date = 1983|title = The social world of Batavia: Europeans and Eurasians in colonial Indonesia|location = Madison|publisher = [[University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn = 9780299232139}}
{{refend}}

{{Ethnic groups in Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Indians in Indonesia}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Indonesia]]
[[Category:African diaspora in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesian people of Portuguese descent]]
[[Category:Portuguese diaspora in Asia]]
[[Category:Betawi people]]

Bharatiya Nritya Kala Mandir

2025-12-22T20:18:14Z

Tiger44444f4: started a details w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Theatre
|name = Bharatiya Nritya Kala Mandir, Patna
|native_name = भारतीय नृत्य कला मंदिर, पटना
|image =
|caption =
|address = [[Frazer Road]], [[Patna]] - 800001
|city = patna
|country = India
|designation =
|latitude =
|longitude =
|architect =
|owner =
|capacity =
|type =
|opened = 1963
|rebuilt =
|closed =
|other_names =
|production =
|current_use =
|website =
}}
The '''Bharatiya Nritya Kala Mandir''' ({{lit|Indian Dance Arts Temple}}) is an arts and crafts museum and a multi-purpose cultural centre located in [[Patna]], in the capital of [[Bihar]], [[India]].

==History==
The foundation stone for the institution of art was laid on 8 December 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110104/jsp/bihar/story_13386456.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140423174646/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110104/jsp/bihar/story_13386456.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2014 |title=The Telegraph — Calcutta (Kolkata) | Bihar | Tributes pour in as Kathakali master leaves dance floor |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2011-01-04 |access-date=2014-04-23}}</ref> Established by Padmashri [[Hari Uppal]], a master in Manipuri and Kathakali dance forms, it was officially opened in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nritya-kala-mandir-to-turn-into-music-college/articleshow/7934298.cms |title=Nritya Kala Mandir to turn into music college — The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-04-10 |access-date=2014-04-23}}</ref>

==Overview==
The building contains dance and drama studios,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Literature-fest-in-Patna-during-Bihar-Diwas-celebrations/articleshow/18980942.cms |title=Literature fest in Patna during Bihar Diwas celebrations — The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-03-15 |access-date=2014-04-23}}</ref> a gallery space, and an art museum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biharplus.in/news/bihar-events/praxis-a-collective-show-of-kala-bhavan-faculties/ |title=Praxis a collective show of kala bhavan faculties | Biharplus |publisher=Biharplus.in |access-date=2014-04-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320104912/http://www.biharplus.in/news/bihar-events/praxis-a-collective-show-of-kala-bhavan-faculties/ |archive-date=20 March 2014 }}</ref> The programme of performances ranges from theatre,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Art-culture-to-get-a-big-boost-Modi-/articleshow/7169168.cms?referral=PM |title=Art & culture to get a big boost: Modi — The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2010-12-26 |access-date=2014-04-23}}</ref> to live music, comedy, dance, visual art, spoken word and children's events.

The art museum showcases a wide range of elements of antiquity. The items on display include terracotta, jewelry, metal objects, stone sculptures, stone tools, pottery, musical instruments, wooden palki, textiles and masks dated between 500 B.C. and A.D. 500.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yac.bih.nic.in/DA-06.htm |title=Directorate of Archaeology — Page 6 |publisher=Yac.bih.nic.in |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114443/http://yac.bih.nic.in/DA-06.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The dance instructors teach [[Odissi]], [[Bharatnatyam]], [[Kathak]], [[folk dance]], etc.

==See also==
* [[Kalidas Rangalaya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Theatres in Patna]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1963]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Patna]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Museums in Patna]]
[[Category:Arts organisations based in India]]

Jaipur–Lucknow Express

2025-12-22T09:59:10Z

Tiger44444f4: creating details...

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Jaipur–Gomti Nagar Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014|02|04}}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}} (JP)
| stops = 19
| end = {{stnlnk|Gomti Nagar}} (GTNR)
| distance = {{convert|684|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14 hrs 25 mins
| frequency = Tri-weekly
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 19715 / 19716
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 19715 / 19716 '''Jaipur–Gomti Nagar Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[North Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] that run between {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Gomti Nagar}} in India.<ref>[https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1549543308412-PR%20070219-III.pdf North Western Railways], Retrieved 22 November 2019.</ref>

==Background==
This train was inaugurated on 4 February 2014 and became the direct train running between the two-state capitals of India and also it becomes the 13th train of Jaipur and Lucknow corridor.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Sriprakash-Jaiswal-flags-off-train-to-Jaipur/articleshow/29872829.cms timesofindia.indiatimes.com], Retrieved 22 November 2019.</ref>

==Service==
The frequency of this train is weekly, it covers the distance of 674 km with an average speed of 50 km/h.<ref>[https://www.patrika.com/kannauj-news/train-accident-in-kannauj-1-2902089/ North Western Railways], Retrieved 22 November 2019</ref>

==Routes==
This train passes through {{stnlnk|Bandikui Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bharatpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Achhnera Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kasganj Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}} on both sides.

==Traction==
As the route is fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination on both sides.<ref>[https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1449058483879-PR%20021215.pdf North Western Railways], Retrieved 22 November 2019</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22028 19715 Jaipur – Gomti Nagar Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22023 19716 Gomti Nagar– Jaipur Express]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaipur-Lucknow Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Doba (instrument)

2025-12-21T18:29:58Z

Tiger44444f4: new a details...

{{citation style|date=November 2025}}
{{Short description|Large traditional drum used in Satras and Namghars}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Doba
| image = ডবা.jpg
| names =
|classification= [[Membranophone]]
| background = percussion
| developed = Assam, India
| related = [[Khol]], [[Nagara (drum)|Nagara]]
}}
[[File:Doba badon.webm|thumb|Doba played in a Namghar]]

'''Doba''' is a large traditional drum or [[Nagara (drum)|nagara]]-like religious instrument used in [[Namghar|Namghars]] and [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|Satras]] in Assam. It belongs to the [[Membranophone]] class, with a shell made of clay, wood or metal, and covered with animal skin.<ref>BCF India. “Membranophone – Musical Roots of Assam.” https://bcf-india.org/membranophone-musical-roots-of-assam/</ref>

The instrument is usually played using two wooden sticks, although in some contexts it can also be struck by hand. Its use varies in significance: many Namghars play the Doba twice daily — morning and evening — to mark the time of communal prayer.<ref>Naamghar.org. “2019 Q4 Newsletter.” https://naamghar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2019_Q4_Newsletter.pdf</ref> It is also used to announce meetings, or other events in villages, or to warn of emergencies.

The doba is considered one of the main instruments of the membranophone in traditional Assamese Vaishnavite performances such as the [[Ankia Naat]] and [[Bhaona]].<ref>Sentinel Assam. “Musical Instruments of Ankiya Bhaona.” https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/life/musical-instruments-of-ankiya-bhaona</ref> It's deep, resonant melody is believed to be powerful enough to scare away evil spirits in some older traditions.<ref name="auto">BCF India. “Membranophone – Musical Roots of Assam.”</ref>

In terms of size, the box is quite large: it is typically about one meter high, and has a mouth diameter of about 1.2 meters.<ref>RJ Wave Journal. “Study on Traditional Assamese Instruments.” https://rjwave.org/jaafr/papers/JAAFR2507005.pdf</ref> In practice, it is often placed on a frame or stand with a slight inclination to facilitate playing.

==Construction==
Depending on regional variations and available materials, the box shell can be made of clay, wood or metal.<ref name="auto"/> The drumhead is covered with stretched and dried animal skin, which produces the rich, deep sound characteristic of the instrument.

==Technique of playing==
Doba is usually played using two wooden sticks, but in certain ritual contexts, it is also beaten by hand. Its size and shape facilitates playing with the drum tilted at a slight angle. Its sound provides a key rhythmic basis in devotional music and complements other musical instruments such as [[khol]] or nagara.<ref>RJ Wave Journal. “Study on Traditional Assamese Instruments.”</ref>

==Cultural significance==
The doba plays an important role in the religious and communal life of Assamese Vaishnavism (especially the Shankari tradition of [[Ekasarana Dharma]]).<ref>Naamghar.org. “2019 Q4 Newsletter.”</ref> In Namghar, its sound helps to mark daily rituals and the time of prayer.
During festivals such as Doul Utsav, it is played along with other traditional instruments such as khol, tal, and nagara.<ref>Sentinel Assam. “Batadrava Than’s Doul Utsav and the Vaisnavite Heritage of Assam.” https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/batadrava-thans-doul-utsav-and-the-vaisnavite-heritage-of-assam</ref> Daba is one of the main instruments along with nagara and bhortal in the context of performing arts like nagaranam.<ref>Mahanta, Urmi Priti. “A Study of Hiya Nam.” IJHSSS. https://www.ijhsss.com/files/17.-Urmi-Priti-Mahanta.pdf</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Ekasarana Dharma]]
[[Category:Musical instruments of Assam]]

1817 in India

2025-12-10T00:06:53Z

Tiger44444f4: added info

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{dynamic list}}
{{Year in India|1817}}
Events in the year '''1817 in India'''.

==Events==
*National income - ₹11,450 million
* 17 June - [[Gowri Parvati Bayi]], regent of [[Travancore]] announces state funding for [[Education]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-18 |title=200th anniversary of Kerala’s ‘Magna Carta of education’ marked in Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/200th-anniversary-of-keralas-magna-carta-of-education-marked-in-delhi/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* November – [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] begins and continues through to [[1818 in India|1818]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages|first1=S.R|last1=Bakshi|first2=O.P.|last2=Ralhan|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2007|isbn=978-81-7625-806-7|location=New Delhi |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pZPmLzgkF0UC&q=9788176258067}}</ref>
* 26 November - [[Sitabuldi Fort|Battle of Sitabuldi]] between Appa Saheb Bhonsle and [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-26 |title=200 years of Battle of Sitabuldee... when Appasaheb Bhonsle defied the British |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/200-years-of-battle-of-sitabuldee-when-appasaheb-bhonsle-defied-the-british/articleshow/61798134.cms |access-date=2023-12-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* May - December - [[Paika Rebellion]] led by [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]] against the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-12-02 |title=Paika rebellion to be included as ‘case study’ in history textbook: Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/paika-rebellion-to-be-included-as-case-study-in-history-textbook-minister/article37805249.ece |access-date=2023-12-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Law==
* [[Temple Development Board|Madras Regulation Act 1817]] brings temples in [[Madras Presidency]] under [[East India Company]].

==Births==
* 15 May – [[Debendranath Tagore]], founder in 1848 of the [[Brahmo]] Religion (died [[1905 in India|1905]]).
* 17 October – [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], founder in 1875 of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (died [[1898 in India|1898]]).

== References ==
{{portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscatinline}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1817}}

[[Category:1817 in India| ]]
[[Category:1817 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Pritam Singh (gymnast)

2025-12-07T13:21:08Z

Tiger44444f4: updated page

{{Short description|Indian gymnast (1924–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox gymnast
| name = Pritam Singh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| full_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|10|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Garhshankar]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|1|8|1924|10|17|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| discipline = MAG
| country = {{GYM National Team|IND|MAG}}
| natlteam =
}}

'''Pritam Singh''' (17 October 1924 – 8 January 1996) was an Indian [[gymnastics|gymnast]]. He competed in [[Gymnastics at the 1956 Summer Olympics|seven events]] at the [[1956 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/pritam-singh-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418015123/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/pritam-singh-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Pritam Singh Olympic Results |accessdate=28 July 2019}}</ref> Singh died on 8 January 1996, at the age of 71.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pritam Singh |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/30439 |website=Olympedia |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pritam}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male artistic gymnasts]]
[[Category:Olympic gymnasts for India]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 1956 Summer Olympics]]

{{India-artistic-gymnastics-bio-stub}}

National Institute of Technology, Silchar

2025-12-04T04:43:56Z

Tiger44444f4:

{{Short description|Public engineering institution in Silchar, Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute of Technology, Silchar
| image_name = National Institute Of Technology Silchar Logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1967}}
| affiliation = [[Ministry of Education]] ([[Government of India]])
| other_name = NITS
| motto = ''Tejasvi nāvadhītamastu''
| mottoeng = Let our study be enlightening
| type = [[Public University|Public]] [[engineering school]]
| chairperson = [[Lieutenant|Lt.]] [[General (India)|Gen.]] Himalaya Singh (Retd.)
| director = Dilip Kumar Baidya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nits.ac.in/administration/director.php|title=The Director|publisher=NITS|access-date=2017-12-01|archive-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127143539/http://www.nits.ac.in/administration/director.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| city = [[Silchar]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = India
| students = 4,417 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2022 |url=http://www.nits.ac.in/nirf/NITSilchar_Overall_2022.pdf|publisher=NIT Silchar}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 213 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| undergrad = 3,036 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 670 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 711 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], 625 acres
| free_label =
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.757432|N|92.78537|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| free =
| website = {{URL|http://www.nits.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''National Institute Of Technology Silchar''' ('''NIT Silchar''' or '''NITS''') is one of the 31 [[National Institutes of Technology|NITs]] of [[India]] and was established in 1967 as a [[Regional Engineering College]] in [[Silchar]]. In 2002, it was upgraded to the status of National Institute of Technology and was declared as [[Institute of National Importance]] under the [[National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007]].

==History==
The Regional Engineering College at Silchar ([[Assam]]) was founded in 1967 as a joint venture between the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Assam|State Government of Assam]] to cater to the country's need for manpower in technology. RECs were jointly operated by the central government and the [[Assam]] state government.

The college was conferred with autonomy in financial and administrative matters{{when|date=December 2013}}. In 2002, the institution was granted [[Deemed University]] status and was renamed as the National Institute of Technology, Silchar. In 2007, through the [[NIT Bill]], the Indian government declared the National Institutes of Technology as [[Institutes of National Importance]].<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.nits.ac.in/aboutus/aboutus_new.html/|title=About NIT Silchar|publisher=NITS|access-date=2013-01-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123222652/http://www.nits.ac.in/aboutus/aboutus_new.html|archive-date=23 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Campus==
The institute is located at 24.75°N, 92.79°E by the Silchar-Hailakandi road, twelve kilometers from the city of [[Silchar]] in the state of [[Assam]].

[[File:NIT Silchar Guest House.jpg|thumb|[[NIT Silchar]], [[Assam]]|295x295px]]

==Organisation and administration ==
===Governance===
[[File:NIT Silchar, Hawk's eye view.jpg|thumb|[[NIT Silchar]], [[Assam]]|left]]
Under the constitution of the National Institutes of Technology Act 2007, the [[President of India]] is the visitor to the institute. The authorities of the institute are the board of governors and the Senate. The board is headed by the [[chairperson]], who is appointed by the visitor. The director, who is appointed by the visitor, looks after the day-to-day running of the institute. The board of governors has nominees of the Central Government, the State Government, the [[NIT Council]] and the Institute Senate.<ref name="admin">{{cite web|url=http://www.nits.ac.in/administration/admin.html|title=Administration in NIT Silchar|publisher=NITS|access-date=2013-01-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123222357/http://www.nits.ac.in/administration/admin.html|archive-date=23 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="admin_org">{{cite web|url=http://www.nits.ac.in/academics/info/Orgn_Structre.pdf|title=Organization Structure of NIT Silchar|publisher=NITS|access-date=2013-01-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214132815/http://www.nits.ac.in/academics/info/Orgn_Structre.pdf|archive-date=14 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
NIT Silchar is the Mentor Institute of [[National Institute of Technology Nagaland|NIT Nagaland]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Annual and Audit Reports 2011 - 2012 | url=https://nitnagaland.ac.in/templates/g5_helium/PDF/OTHERS/NIT_Nagaland-Annual_Report_Audit%20Report_2011-12.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708163905/http://nitnagaland.ac.in/templates/g5_helium/PDF/OTHERS/NIT_Nagaland-Annual_Report_Audit%20Report_2011-12.pdf | archive-date=2017-07-08}}</ref> [[Prof. Dilip Kumar Baidya]] currently serves as the director of the National Institute of Technology, Silchar. Concurrently, the position of dean of research & consultancy is held by [[Srimanta Baishya]].

==Notable visitors==
Each year, the institute hosts a series of esteemed guests from diverse fields for a range of events, including invited lectures, convocation ceremonies, and other special engagements. Notable figures from past events include:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-31 |title=NIT Silchar's 18th Convocation: Education Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal 'Nishank' to be the chief guest |url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/nit-silchars-18th-convocation-education-minister-ramesh-pokhriyal-nishank-to-be-the-chief-guest/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Barak Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|A P J Abdul Kalam]], [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]], [[Dharmendra Pradhan]], [[Onir]], [[Anupam Roy]], [[Badal Sircar]], [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Ipsita Biswas]], [[Siddhartha Paul Tiwari]], [[Rajat K. Baisya|Rajat K Baisya]], [[Syed Samsuddin Ahmed]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2021-11-02 |title=19th convocation of NIT Silchar: Students urged to contribute to build new India |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/19th-convocation-of-nit-silchar-students-urged-to-contribute-to-build-new-india-1307462 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2016-05-15 |title=NIT Silchar holds 14th convocation - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/nit-silchar-holds-14th-convocation/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Departments===
====Engineering departments====
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
* [[Instrumentation and control engineering|Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering]]
* [[Electrical Engineering]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]

====Non-engineering departments====
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Humanities]] and [[Social Sciences]]
* [[Management Studies]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]<ref name="departments">{{cite web|url=http://www.nits.ac.in/department/department.html|title=List of Departments in NIT Silchar|publisher=NITS|access-date=2013-12-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230000926/http://www.nits.ac.in/department/department.html|archive-date=30 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Academics==
NIT Silchar offers undergraduate and graduate programs in Engineering, Science and Humanities with 11 departments. The annual intake for the B.Tech. program is more than 632 {{as of| 2015|alt = (632 as of 2015)}}. The institute also offers different post graduation programs in Engineering, Science and Management. The institute also has a [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] school up to Class XII.<ref name="kv">{{cite web|url=http://kvnitsilchar.org/|title=Kendriya Vidyalaya in NIT Silchar|publisher=KV_NITS|access-date=2013-02-19|archive-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703132955/http://kvnitsilchar.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Now, the Kendriya Vidyalaya has got its own campus inside the institute. The institute has its own kids school near to computer science building.

===Undergraduate programs===
The institute awards [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]] degrees in all six disciplines under the engineering departments.<ref name="academics" /> Admission to these programs is through the [[JEE-Main]]. NITS follows the [[Reservation in India|Reservation Policy]] declared by the [[Supreme Court of India]], by which 27% of seats are reserved for [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Classes (OBCs)]], 15% for [[Scheduled castes|Scheduled Castes (SCs)]], and 7.5% for [[Scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes (STs)]].

The institute also accepts foreign nationals through scholarships awarded by the Government of India, and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-Resident Indians]] through an independent scheme known as Direct Admission for Students Abroad (DASA).<ref>[http://www.dasanit.org DASA Homepage]</ref>

In the four-year program of B.Tech, the first year instruction is common across all disciplines, in which students are taught the basic courses in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Professional communication, Basics of Computer Programming, Basic Engineering Drawing, and Basic Mechanical Workshop.

===Postgraduate programs===
The institute offers [[M.Tech.]] and [[M.Sc.]] degrees in various disciplines.<ref name="academics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nits.ac.in/academics/academics.html |title=NITS Academics |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205100425/http://www.nits.ac.in/academics/academics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The institute also offers [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] degree in Human Resource, Marketing and Finance. Every department offers the [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] program, with the departments of computer science, management studies, humanities and social sciences, chemistry, and physics enrolling approximately 100 [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] students annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ph.D. Admissions {{!}} NIT Silchar |url=http://www.nits.ac.in/admissions/phdadmission.php |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=www.nits.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyoti |date=2023-07-07 |title=NIT Silchar: Admission 2023, Ranking, Courses, Fees & Placement |url=https://en.janbharattimes.com/education/nit-silchar |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=JanBharat Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:NIT Silchar Faculty Quarter.jpg|thumb|Faculty Quarters at [[NIT Silchar]], [[Assam]]|299x299px]]

===Rankings and Reputation===
{{Infobox India university ranking

| NIRF_E_2022 = 38

| NIRF_O_2022 = 76
|THE_W_2023 = 600-800
|NIRF_E_2023=40|NIRF_O_2023=83|NIRF_O_2024=92|NIRF_E_2024=40}}

NIT Silchar was ranked 40th among all engineering colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2023 and 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/EngineeringRanking.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=www.nirfindia.org |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160637/https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref> and is ranked as the 8th best NIT amongst the 31 NITs across the country. The [[Times Higher Education]] World University Ranking ranked National Institute of Technology Silchar 600-800 in 2023 rankings.<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_E_2020">{{cite web |title=National Institutional Ranking Framework 2020 (Engineering) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/EngineeringRanking.html |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127231813/https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Admissions===
Students are admitted for the undergraduate courses through the [[JEE-Main]] conducted by National Testing Agency (NTA). Admission to the [[M.Tech]] and [[PhD]] courses are primarily based on scores in the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] exam, conducted by the IITs. Faculty from other institutes work as research scholars under Quality Improvement Program (QIP).<ref>[http://www.qip.cce.iisc.ernet.in Quality Improvement Program (QIP)]</ref> 

===Awards===
* The [[ABP News]] National Education Awards has decided to honour NIT Silchar, with the Outstanding Engineering Institute, East India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ptbn.org/nit-silchar-bags-prestigious-award/ |title=PTBN – Inter College Network - NIT Silchar Bags Prestigious Award |access-date=2015-07-21 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041623/http://www.ptbn.org/nit-silchar-bags-prestigious-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* NIT Silchar has been given the award of best engineering college in eastern India by [[ASSOCHAM]] in the National Education Excellence Awards 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/NIT-Silchar-bags-excellence-award-by-ASSOCHAM/articleshow/39535602.cms |title=NIT-Silchar bags excellence award by ASSOCHAM - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-08-03 |access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-25 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715113151/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>

==Research==
The institute has received funding in a number of international and domestic research projects with academia and industry in the past few years. Faculty from the institute have received 4 international projects in 2019 under the SPARC program of MHRD <ref>[https://sparc.iitkgp.ac.in/apProposal_list.php SPARC Proposals]</ref> with University of Saarland, Germany, Dalhousie University, Canada, Queen's University, Canada and Goldsmiths, University of London, United Kingdom. The institute has also received projects with universities in France <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cefipra.org/Document/Results_cnrs_15_03_2019.pdf |title=CEFIPRA Project |access-date=2 May 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712111207/http://www.cefipra.org/Document/Results_cnrs_15_03_2019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Finland.<ref>[http://www.nits.ac.in/achievements/achievements.php Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119213957/http://nits.ac.in/achievements/achievements.php |date=19 November 2019 }} in 2019</ref> There are ongoing research projects with SERB, DST, DIT, MNRE, CSIR, BRNS, BARC, UGC, AICTE, MeitY, CPRI, under Govt. of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nits.ac.in/annual_reports/annual_rept_files/Annual_Report_2016_17.pdf |title=Annual Report Projects |access-date=2 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133421/http://nits.ac.in/annual_reports/annual_rept_files/Annual_Report_2016_17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The institute has contributed over 4,000 papers to Scopus and has garnered in excess of 30,000 citations from Scopus on a global scale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIT Scopus research papers and citations |url=http://www.nits.ac.in/research/publications.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715113014/http://www.nits.ac.in/research/publications.php |archive-date=15 July 2024 |website=www.nits.ac.in}}</ref>

From 2018 to 2022, the institute received international recognition with over 100 patents. The computer science department accounted for 42 of these patents. These innovations contributed to the institute, generating $39 million in revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patents {{!}} NIT Silchar |url=http://www.nits.ac.in/research/patents.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715112457/http://www.nits.ac.in/research/patents.php |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=www.nits.ac.in}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Technical and Cultural fests===

The annual technical and management festival of NIT Silchar, '''Tecnoesis''',<ref>{{cite web|title=Tecnoesis Website|url=http://www.tecnoesis.in/}}</ref> is held every year in the month of October. Each year, the festival follows a specific theme. It comprises various events like competitions, exhibits, coding rounds, hackathons, robotic events and talks from guest speakers from all over India.

The annual cultural fest of '''Incandescence''', is held every year in the month of February. Various artists, singers, celebs are invited from all over the country. It also comprises the Gliterati, the annual fashion show of NITS and ThunderMarch, a [[Heavy metal music|metal]] concert.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gymkhana Activities |url=http://www.nits.ac.in/campuslife/festivals.php |website=National Institute of Technology, Silchar |access-date=30 January 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[File:Papon in NIT Silchar.jpg|thumb|[[Papon (singer)]] in 2014 Fest|alt=|right|180x180px]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.nits.ac.in/}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121011001639/http://www.rexnitsaa.org/ Rexian-NIT Silchar Alumni Association]}}

{{National_Institutes_of Technology}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Silchar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1967]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Technology]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]

Kallayee Gram Panchayat

2025-11-15T18:27:55Z

Tiger44444f4: creating new article...

{{short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kallayee
| native_name = Kalla yee
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.235440|N|79.07832|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2337
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}'''Kallayee Village Panchayat''' (''Kallayee Gram Panchayat''), It is located in Kilipennathur locality in Tiruvannamalai district of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=தமிழக ஊராட்சிகளின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/tn_village_details.pdf |access-date=3 November 2015 |website=tnrd.gov.in |publisher=தமிழ்நாடு ஊரக வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் ஊராட்சித்துறை}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=கீழ்பென்னாத்தூர் வட்டார வரைபடம் |url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/blks_info.php?dcode=30&blk_name=Agastiswaram&dcodenew=28&drdblknew=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033159/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/blks_info.php?dcode=30&blk_name=Agastiswaram&dcodenew=28&drdblknew=1 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=3 November 2015 |website=tnmaps.tn.nic.in |publisher=தேசிய தகவலியல் மையம், தமிழ்நாடு}}</ref> This panchayat falls under Kilibennathur Assembly Constituency and Thiruvannamalai Lok Sabha Constituency. This panchayat has a total of 7 panchayat constituencies. 7 Panchayat Council members are elected from these. <ref name="Kallayee panchayat">{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=http://www.tamilvu.org/coresite/download/Village_Panchayat.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321044445/http://tamilvu.org/coresite/download/Village_Panchayat.pdf | archive-date=2016-03-21}}</ref> As per 2011 [[India]] census, the total population is 2337. Among them 1194 females and 1143 males.

== Basic facilities ==
The following information has been compiled as per the 2015 data of the Tamil Nadu Rural Development and Panchayat Department.<ref name=" Kallayee panchayat"></ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Basic Facilities
!no.
|-
|Water Connections
|100
|-
|Bore Pump
|12
|-
|hand Pump
|12
|-
|upper level water tanks
|2
|-
|Ground level water tanks
|
|-
|Municipal buildings
|7
|-
|Municipal school buildings
|4
|-
|Ponds or wells
|2
|-
|Play Ground
|1
|-
|Market
|
|-
|Panchayat Union Roads
|56
|-
|Panchayat roads
|1
|-
|Bus stand
|
|-
|Grayeyard
|2
|}

== Villages ==
List of villages located in this panchayat:<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=தமிழக சிற்றூர்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/Habitation.pdf |access-date=3 November 2015 |website=tnrd.gov.in |publisher=தமிழ்நாடு ஊரக வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் ஊராட்சித்துறை}}</ref>

# Chorathur Colony
# Chorathur
# Kallayee

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Villages in Tiruvannamalai district]]

Vera Maari Trip

2025-11-03T15:40:50Z

Tiger44444f4: Starting New Info V1!

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Workplace comedy]]
}}
| director = Jaswini J
| writer = Sathya & Saravana
| creator = RJ Shivakanth
| producer = RJ Shivakanth
| company = Kanaa Production
| starring = {{ubl|
* Jaiseelan
* [[Raveena Daha]]
* Vishwa Mithran
* Sapna
* VJ Pappu
* Padine Kumar
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
* Vikkals Vikram
* Kureshi
* Vanvi
* [[Shah Ra|Shiva Shah Ra]]
* Vinoth
* Nana Saravanan
}}
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| language = Tamil
| music = Saran Raghavan
| cinematography = Satish
| editor =
| runtime = 21–24 minutes per episode
| network = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|1|9}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2025|2|9}}
| related = ''[[Vera Maari Office]]'' ''Vera Maari Love Story''
}}

'''''Vera Maari Trip''''' ({{translation|Different Trip}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[workplace comedy]] [[sitcom]] [[streaming television]] series directed by RJ Shivakanth for [[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]].<ref name=":Cast" /><ref>{{cite news | author=Kaja mohideen |title=New Ott Releases This Week In Tamil 2025 – Netflix, Aha, Prime Video, SunNxt, Zee5, Hotstar, & SonyLIV|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/new-ott-releases-this-week-in-tamil-2025-netflix-aha-prime-video-sunnxt-zee5-hotstar-and-sonyliv-5-1080.html|newspaper=www.filmibeat.com|date=17 January 2025|language=en}}</ref> The series created and written by RJ Shivakanth, and starring Jaiseelan, [[Raveena Daha]], Vishwa Mithran, Sapna, VJ Pappu, Padine Kumar, [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], Vikkals Vikram, Kureshi, Vanvi, [[Shah Ra|Shiva Shah Ra]], Vinoth and Nana Saravanan.<ref name=":Releases">{{cite news | author=ET Now Digital |title=Tamil OTT Releases: Miss You to Vera Maari Trip|url=https://www.etnownews.com/entertainment/tamil-ott-releases-miss-you-to-vera-maari-trip-10-must-watch-films-and-web-series-streaming-this-week-and-beyond-article-117144329|newspaper=www.etnownews.com|date=11 January 2025|language=en}}</ref>

It was released on Aha Tamil on 9 January 2025, and is available for streaming on Aha Tamil in selected regions.<ref name=":Releases" /><ref name=":Cast">{{cite news | author=Rajeswari Shankar |title=Tamil Latest OTT Web series Release: Vera Maari Trip Season 1 Streaming Now on Aha OTT Platform|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/tamil-latest-ott-web-series-release-vera-maari-trip-season-1-streaming-now-on-aha-ott-platform-5-3811.html|newspaper=www.filmibeat.com|date=10 January 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Jaiseelan<ref name=":Cast" /> as Krish
* [[Raveena Daha]]<ref name=":Cast" /> as Jenny
* Vishwa Mithran<ref name=":Cast" /> as Simbu
* Sapna<ref name=":Cast" /> as Thara
* VJ Pappu<ref name=":Cast" /> as Maari
* [[Padine Kumar]]<ref name=":Cast" /> as Paaru / Paarvathi
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]<ref name=":Cast" /> as Sridhar
* [[Vikkals Vikram]]<ref name=":Cast" /> as Kesavan
* Kureshi<ref name=":Cast" /> as Vilupuram Sugumaran
* Vanvi<ref name=":Cast" /> as Nithya (Krish’s ex-lover)
* [[Shah Ra|Shiva Shah Ra]]<ref name=":Cast" /> as Kutti
* Vinoth <ref name=":Cast" /> as Vargheese
* Nana Saravanan <ref name=":Cast" /> as Chinnavandu
* Kemy<ref name=":Cast" /> as Kemy (Travel Influencer)

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table
| background = #9C2A5D
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| director =
| directorR =
| writer =
| writerR =
| aux2R =
| airdate =
| airdateR =

| episodes =
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Escape Plan
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|9}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Roadblocks and Revelations
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|10}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Stranded in Varkala
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|11}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Room for Trouble
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|16}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Thrills and Chills
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|17}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Waves of Changes
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|18}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Party Time
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|23}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Surprise Call
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|24}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Spin the bottle
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|25}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Unexpected Turn
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|30}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Love Triangle
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|31}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Secrets and Revelations
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|2|01}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = New Beginnings
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|2|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Unexpected Orders
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|2|08}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Unveiling
| DirectedBy = RJ Shivakanth
| WrittenBy = Sathya Saravana, Saru Vana
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|2|09}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

}}

== Production ==
=== Release ===
The first look poster was released on 31 December 2024 by actor [[Vishnu Vishal]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt27908713}}
* [https://www.aha.video/webseries/vera-maari-trip ''Vera Maari Trip Official Website''] at [[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]]

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language workplace television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Pavāraṇā

2025-11-03T06:21:26Z

Tiger44444f4: stub

{{Short description|Buddhist ceremony}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{More footnotes|date=December 2023}}
}}
[[File:Buddhist devotees flying lanterns during Pravarana Purnima in Bandarban.jpg|thumb|Buddhists fly lanterns during the Pavāraṇā ceremony in [[Bandarban]], Bangladesh]]
{{Theravada Buddhism|Traditions}}
'''Pavāraṇā''' ([[Pali]]; {{langx|sa|'''Pravāraṇā'''}}) is a Buddhist ceremony held on Aashvin [[full moon]] of the [[lunar month]]. This usually occurs on the full moon of the 11th month. It marks the end of the three lunar months of [[Vassa]], sometimes called "Buddhist Lent." The ceremony is marked in some Asian countries where [[Theravada Buddhism]] is practiced. On this day, each monk ([[Pali]]: ''[[bhikkhu]]'') must come before the community of monks (''[[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]'') and atone for an offense he may have committed during the Vassa.

[[Mahayana]] Buddhists also observe Vassa, many Son/Thien monks in Korea and Vietnam observe an equivalent retreat of three months of intensive practice in one location.

== Traditions ==

Pavarana means, "inviting admonition".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Pavarana: The Theravada Tradition of Launching Sky Lanterns |url=https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/pavarana-the-theravada-tradition-of-launching-sky-lanterns/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Buddhistdoor Global |language=en-US}}</ref> Monks come together to discuss the good and bad of being a monk, in addition to anything they may want to confess from the last three months.<ref name=":1" />

The evening after the Pavarana ceremony, [[Sky lantern|lanterns]] are released into the sky.<ref name=":1" />
== Origins ==

In India, where Buddhism began, there is a three-month-long rainy season. According to the [[Vinaya]] (Mahavagga, Fourth Khandhaka, section I), in the time of the Buddha, once during this rainy season, a group of normally wandering monks sought shelter by co-habitating in a residence. In order to minimize potential inter-personal strife while co-habitating, the monks agreed to remain silent for the entire three months and agreed upon a non-verbal means for sharing alms.

After this rains retreat, when the Buddha learned of the monks' silence, he described such a measure as "foolish." Instead, the Buddha instituted the Pavarana Ceremony as a means for dealing with potential conflict and breaches of disciplinary rules ([[Patimokkha]]) during the vassa season. The Buddha said:

:'I prescribe, O Bhikkhus, that the Bhikkhus, when they have finished their Vassa residence, hold Pavâranâ with each other in these three ways: by what [offence] has been seen, or by what has been heard, or by what is suspected. Hence it will result that you live in accord with each other, that you atone for the offences (you have committed), and that you keep the rules of discipline before your eyes.

:'And you ought, O Bhikkhus, to hold Pavâranâ in this way:

:'Let a learned, competent Bhikkhu proclaim the following ñatti [motion] before the Samgha: "Let the Samgha, reverend Sirs, hear me. To-day is the Pavâranâ day. If the Samgha is ready, let the Samgha hold Pavâranâ."

:'Then let the senior Bhikkhu adjust his upper robe so as to cover one shoulder, sit down squatting, raise his joined hands, and say: "I pronounce my Pavâranâ, friends, before the Samgha, by what has been seen, or by what has been heard, or by what is suspected; may you speak to me, Sirs, out of compassion towards me; if I see (an offence), I will atone for it. And for the second time, &c. And for the third time I pronounce my Pavâranâ (&c., down to) if I see (an offence), I will atone for it."

:'Then let (each) younger Bhikkhu adjust his upper robe . . . . (&c.)'<ref>Rhys Davids & Oldenberg (1881), pp. 329-30.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Asalha Puja]]
*[[Māgha Pūjā]]
*[[Visakha Puja]]
*[[Uposatha]]
*[[Vassa]]
*[[Vinaya]]
*[[Wan Ok Phansa]]
*[[Thadingyut Festival]]
*[[Esala Mangallaya]]
*[[Kandy Esala Perahera]]
*[[Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival]]
*[[List of Buddhist festivals]]

== Notes ==
<references/>

== Bibliography ==

*[[Thomas William Rhys Davids|Rhys Davids]], T.W. & Hermann Oldenberg (trans.) ([1881]). ''Vinaya Texts (Part I)''. Oxford:Clarendon Press. Available on-line at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1313.htm. The chapter on Pavarana Day, "Fourth Khandhaka (The Parâvanâ Ceremony)," is available at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1315.htm.
*{{cite journal |last1=Tieken, Hermann |title=The Buddhist Pavarana Ceremony to the Pali Vinaya |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |date=2002 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=271–289|jstor=23496839 |doi=10.1023/a:1016153122649|s2cid=169274764 }}

[[Category:Buddhist festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist holidays]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:Observances on non-Gregorian calendars]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Bangladesh]]

Mary Fenton

2025-10-12T05:47:29Z

Tiger44444f4: put up the article first draft

{{for|an American journalist and writer|Mary Fanton Roberts}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mary Fenton
| image = Mary Fenton aka Mehrbai.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mary Jane Fenton
| birth_date = c. 1854
| birth_place = [[Landour]], [[British India]]
| death_date = c. {{death year and age|1896|1854}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Stage actress
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| father = Mathew Fenton
| mother = Jannette Fenton
| spouse = [[Kavasji Palanji Khatau]]
| children = Jahangir Khatau
| other_names = Mehrbai
}}

'''Mary Fenton''' alias '''Mehrbai'''<ref name="Hansen2013" /> (c. 1854 – c. 1896) was the first [[Gujarati theatre|Gujarati]], [[Parsi theatre|Parsi]] and [[Urdu Theater|Urdu theatre]] actress of Anglo-Indian origin.<ref name="Jani 2004" /> Born to an Irish soldier in the [[British Indian Army]], she fell in love and married [[Parsi]] actor-director [[Kavasji Palanji Khatau]]. He introduced her to acting and she had a successful stage career.<ref name="Hansen2013" />

==Early life==
Mary Fenton was born in [[Landour]] near [[Mussoorie]] in India to Jannette, an Eurasian, and Mathew Fenton, an Irish retired soldier of the [[British Indian Army]]. She was baptized as Mary Jane Fenton, but there is no further information of her early life and education.<ref name="Hansen2013" /> Parsi theatre actor-director Kavasji Palanji Khatau was rehearsing for his play ''[[Inder Sabha]]'', when Fenton had come to book the hall for her [[magic lantern]] show. She admired his acting, met him, fell in love and finally married him.<ref name="Hansen2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7JEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|title=Stages of Life: Indian Theatre Autobiographies|last=Hansen|first=Kathryn|date=1 December 2013|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-068-7|pages=10, 16, 19, 292, 338}}</ref><ref name="Stri"/> Subsequently, she adopted a Parsi name Mehrbai.<ref name="Hansen2013" /><ref name="Kosambi2017">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ey8rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|title=Gender, Culture, and Performance: Marathi Theatre and Cinema before Independence|last=Kosambi|first=Meera|date=5 July 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-56590-5|page=27}}</ref> She already knew Hindi and Urdu, and in the 1870s Khatau gave her further training in singing and acting.<ref name="Hansen2013" /><ref name="Stri"/>

She created a sensation in the theatre due to her talent and relationship with Khatau.<ref name="Hansen2013" /><ref name="Stri" /><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft9v19p2qq/|title=Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theatre of North India|last=Hansen|first=Kathryn|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993|isbn=978-8173040566|location=Berkeley|pages=83|language=en|chapter=3. The Landscape of Premodern Performance: Urban Theatre and the Parsi Stage|access-date=19 July 2018|via=UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004}}</ref> However, following a dispute between Khatau and the Empress Victoria Theatrical Company owner Jahangir Pestonjee Khambatta regarding Fenton's entry into theatre in 1878, Khatau left [[Bombay]] for [[Delhi]] and joined Alfred Theatre Company owned by Manek Master who also opposed Fenton. Consequently, Khatau started his own Alfred Company in 1881, where Fenton had a long and successful career.<ref name="Hansen2013" /><ref name="Stri"/>

Fenton and Khatau later separated. They had a son Jahangir Khatau.<ref name="Hansen2013" /><ref name="Stri">{{Cite journal|last=Hansen|first=Kathryn|date=1998|title=Stri Bhumika: Female Impersonators and Actresses on the Parsi Stage|url=https://www.academia.edu/5889371|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=33|issue=35|pages=2291–2300|jstor=4407133|via=Academia}}</ref><ref name="Make">{{Cite journal|last=Hansen|first=Kathryn|date=1999|title=Making Women Visible: Gender and Race Cross-Dressing in the Parsi Theatre|url=https://www.academia.edu/5680379|journal=Theatre Journal|volume=51|issue=2|pages=141, 143–146|doi=10.1353/tj.1999.0031|jstor=25068647|s2cid=192100757|via=Academia}}</ref>

==Career==
She was the first [[Anglo-Indian]] actress of the [[Parsi theatre|Parsi]], [[Gujarati theatre|Gujarati]], and [[Urdu]] theatre.<ref name="Jani 2004" /><ref name="Make" /> She became popular for her roles as the Parsi heroine.<ref name="Jani 2004" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hansen|first=Kathryn|date=17 May 2016|title=Mapping Melodrama: Global Theatrical Circuits, Parsi Theater, and the Rise of the Social|journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–30|doi=10.1177/0974927616635931|s2cid=148468329|issn=0974-9276}}</ref> She acted in Nanabhai Ranina's ''Nazan Shirin'' (1881), Bamanji Kabra's ''Bholi Gul'' (Innocent Flower, 1882, based on [[Ellen Wood (author)|Ellen Wood]]'s English novel ''[[East Lynne]]''), [[Agha Hasan Amanat]]'s [[Urdu]] opera ''[[Inder Sabha]]'', Khambatta's ''Khudadad'' (The Gift of God, 1898, based on [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Pericles, Prince of Tyre]])'',<ref name="TrivediBartholomeusz2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5lKp1XE2OQC&pg=PA272|title=India's Shakespeare: Translation, Interpretation, and Performance|last1=Trivedi|first1=Poonam|last2=Bartholomeusz|first2=Dennis|publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-87413-881-8|page=272}}</ref> ''Gamde ni Gori'' (Village Nymph, 1890), ''Alauddin'' (1891), ''Tara Khurshid'' (1892), ''Kaliyug'' (1895)<ref name="Stri" /><ref name="Make" /> and [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]]'s Sanskrit play ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Shakuntala]]''.<ref name="Jani 2004">{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0284#|title=Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre|last=Jani|first=Dinkar B.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780195644463|editor-last=Lal|editor-first=Ananda|language=en|chapter=Khatao, Cowasji Palanji|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001|via=Oxford Reference}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Her role of Jogan in ''Gopichand'' was much appreciated.<ref name="Shastri 1995">{{Cite book|title=પારસી રંગભૂમિ|last=Shastri|first=Dr. Gopal|publisher=Sadhna Shastri|year=1995|location=[[Vadodara]]|pages=139–140|language=gu|trans-title=Parsi Theatre}}</ref>

She had later worked with Framji Apu's theatre company and changed several theatre troupes thereafter.<ref name="Shastri 1995"/>

Mary Fenton is believed to have died at the age of 42, probably in 1896. Hence, she was probably born in 1854 and had met Khatau in 1878.<ref name="Stri" /><ref name="Shastri 1995"/> Her introduction in the Parsi theatre opened the way for a large number of Jewish and Anglo-Indian actresses which dominated the early stage, as well as the [[Cinema of India|films of the silent era of India]].<ref name="Make" />

== In popular culture ==
''Drama Queen'' (2018) was a play written and directed by Neeyati Rathode, and produced by Blue Feather Theatre based on her life and other early female actresses. Mehrin Saba played Mary Fenton.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/struggle-for-acceptance/article24105959.ece|title=Struggle for acceptance|last=Bajeli|first=Diwan Singh|date=8 June 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 June 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fenton, Mary}}
[[Category:1850s births]]
[[Category:1890s deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Magic lanterns]]
[[Category:Indian people of Irish descent]]

Church Street, Bengaluru

2025-09-14T23:33:28Z

Tiger44444f4: new a page...

{{Short description|Street in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<mapframe latitude="12.97516" longitude="77.604375" zoom="15" width="221" height="133" align="right">{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": []
}</mapframe>
[[File:Church Street name board.jpg|alt=Church Street signpost|thumb|Church Street signpost]]
[[Image:Bangalore Church street trees 3.jpg|thumb|A view of Church Street in June 2018.]]
'''Church Street''' is a busy street in the [[Bengaluru Central Business District|Central Business District]] of [[Bengaluru]], India.<ref name=atul>{{cite news|last1=Chaturvedi|first1=Atul|title=Finally, Church Street to get Rs 9-crore facelift|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/finally-church-street-to-get-rs-9-crore-facelift/articleshow/56608584.cms|access-date=15 January 2018|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=17 January 2017}}</ref> It is a 750-metre stretch<ref>{{cite news|title=Church Street to host carnival on weekends|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bangalore/civic/church-street-to-host-carnival-on-weekends/articleshow/60903135.cms|access-date=15 January 2018|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=2 October 2017}}</ref> from [[Brigade Road]] to St. Mark's Road, running parallel to [[M G Road, Bangalore|M G Road]]. The street is named for [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Cathedral]] to which it leads.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shekhar|first1=Divya|date=11 June 2018|title=How Bengaluru's Church Street transformed from a residential locality to a commercial hub|work=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-bengalurus-church-street-transformed-from-a-residential-locality-to-a-commercial-hub/articleshow/64540076.cms|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

A tourist hotspot,<ref>{{cite news|title=Church Street will wear a new look in six months|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/church-street-will-wear-a-new-look-in-six-months/articleshow/56636281.cms|access-date=15 January 2018|work=The Times of India|date=18 January 2017}}</ref> Church Street is a major shopping and [[nightlife]] area.<ref name="atul" /> It is also a popular [[New Year's Eve]] celebration centre.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru cops ready for New Year revellers|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bengaluru-cops-ready-for-new-year-revellers-117123100302_1.html|access-date=15 January 2018|work=Business Standard|date=31 December 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, redevelopment work began on Church Street at a cost of {{INR}}9 crore, which made it the first street in the city to be paved from granite [[cobblestone]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Raj|first1=Arpita|title=Church Street being covered with cobblestones, may be ready by December|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/church-street-being-covered-with-cobblestones-may-be-ready-by-dec/articleshow/60851090.cms|access-date=15 January 2018|work=The Times of India|date=27 September 2017}}</ref> The cobblestones were laid in a [[Kasuti]] pattern to reflect [[Art and culture of Karnataka|Karnataka's cultural heritage]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Church Street to open only in December?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/031017/church-street-to-open-only-in-december.html|access-date=15 January 2018|work=Deccan Chronicle|issue=3 October 2017}}</ref>

In 2020, Church Street ran a pilot project called Clean Air Street during which the street was converted into a [[pedestrian zone]] with a complete ban on automobile traffic.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru: Church Street comes alive |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/photos/news/bengaluru-church-street-comes-alive-on-sundays/photostory/79739548.cms |access-date=5 December 2022 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=15 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* 2014 Bangalore bombing – an IED blast on Church Street that caused one death and injuries to four others. The attack was suspected to have been carried out by the terrorist organisation [[Indian Mujahideen]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/2-injured-in-explosion-in-bengaluru/|title=One woman killed, 3 injured in IED blast on Bangalore’s Church Street|last=Johnson|first=TA|date=29 December 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore topics}}
{{coord|12.975006|77.604785|display=title}}

[[Category:Roads in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

P. K. Pokker

2025-08-23T04:53:54Z

Tiger44444f4:

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1954)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = P. K. Pokker
| image = PK POKER 1.jpg
| caption = P.K Pokker in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|6|1}}
| school_tradition = [[Marxism]]
| main_interests = [[Postmodernism]], [[philosophy]], critique of fascism, [[cultural studies]]
| notable_ideas = Marxist reading of postmodern trends in Kerala. Identity, class and gender.
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode, Kerala]], India
| occupation = Academic
| spouse = Remla C K
| children = 2
| website = {{URL|www.pkpokker.com}}
}}

'''P. K. Pokker''' (born 1 June 1954) is an Indian academic, who works as the Professor of Philosophy in [[Calicut University]]. He is the former director of State Institute of Languages, [[Keralabhasha Institute]]. Then, from 1 July 2015 to July 2017 he became Senior Fellow of Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR)New Delhi, and Visiting Professor Vaikom Muhammed Basheer Chair, Calicut University from 2018 to 2021 February. Now he is Dean of Social Sciences, Thunjathezhuthachan Malayalam University, Tirur, Kerala. The first book, Aadhunikotharathayude Keraleeya Parisaram (Postmodernism in the context of Kerala) published in 1996 got wider attention in Kerala and won Thayat award for literary criticism in 1997. In 2007 he got Kerala Sahithya academy award for scholarly literature. In 2023 Kerala sahitya academy conferred Vilasini award for his study of Vaikom Muhammad Basheer. In the first book an attempt was made to reveal the role of new theoretical approaches especially in understanding the cultural scenario of the world after cold-war. He has attended many national and international seminars. In academics he produced a number of PhDs and M.Phil scholars. There are about forty research articles and a good number of News paper- News weekly articles at his credit.

== List of works ==
Some of Pokker's works include:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pkpokker.com/profile.html |title= Profile |author=P. K. Pokker |date= | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160125041404/http://pkpokker.com/profile.html |archive-date=25 January 2016 |access-date=5 January 2023 }}</ref>

; Books in Malayalam
* ''Aadhunikotharathayude Keraleeya Parisaram'' (Postmodernism in Kerala context)
* ''Keraleeyathayude Varthamam''
* ''Derrida, Apanirmanathinte Darshanikan'' (Derrida, Philosopher of Deconstruction)
* ''Varnabhedangal Padabhedangal''
* ''Mampuram Fasal Pookoya Thangal'' (Ed. with Dr. [[K. K. N. Kurup]])
* ''Adhiniveshavum Cheruthunilpum''
* ''Kadammanitta: Kaviyum Jeevithavum'' (Ed.)
* ''Swathwa Rashtreeyam'' (Identity Politics)
* ''Nava Marxisavum Prachanna Marxisavum'' (Neo-Marxism and Pseudo Marxism)
* ''Gramsci: Jail Kurippukal'' ([[Antonio Gramsci|Gramsci]]: [[Prison Notebooks]], Ed. with an introduction)
* ''Pratyayashastram'' (Ideology, Ed. with an introduction)
* ''Bhavanayum Bhavukatvavum''
* ''Purogamanathinte Marunna Pariprekshyam'' (Changing Perspective of Progress)
* ''E.M.S-um Aadhunika Keralavum'' ([[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|E. M. S.]] and modern Kerala)
* ''Indian Sociology''
* ''Souhrudavum Thathva chinthayum''

; Books in English
* ''Creativity and Freedom: A Marxian Perspective''
* ''Philosophy and Culture: Dismantling Hegemony''
* ''Nationalism and Multiculturalism in India''

; Articles in English
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130824210910/http://www.pkpokker.com/dalit.html "Dalit: A Postmodern Cultural Phenomenon"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150219195406/http://pkpokker.com/arti-an-experiment.html "An Experiment with Marxism"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715092107/http://www.pkpokker.com/globalisation.html "Globalization and Postmodernism"]

== Awards ==
* [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] for Literary Criticism (Thayat Sankaran Award) in 1996<ref>{{cite web |title=Thayattu Award for literary criticism |publisher=Keralaculture.org |date= |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/thayattu-awards/611 |access-date=5 January 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature]] in 2009 for ''Swathva Rashtreeyam''<ref>{{cite news|title=Sahitya Akademi awards announced|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/19/stories/2009041954720500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422154508/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/19/stories/2009041954720500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2009|accessdate=5 January 2023|date=19 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>[https://malayalam.webdunia.com/newsworld/news/keralanews/0904/18/1090418036_1.htm "കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു"]. Webdunia.com. Retrieved 5 January 2023.</ref>

== In popular culture ==

Pokker has been featured in the 2021 documentary ''[[Dreaming of Words]]'' on the life and work of [[Njattyela Sreedharan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/life/dreaming-of-words-documentary-by-nandan-about-njattyela-sreedharan-who-made-dravida-language-dictionary-updated-jj-203007.html|title=നാല് ഭാഷകളിൽ വാക്കുകളെ സ്വപ്നം കണ്ടയാൾ – ഇത് തലശ്ശേരിയിലെ ശ്രീധരേട്ടൻ|date=4 February 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website|http://www.pkpokker.com/}}
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/keralaliteraryawardsawashinredink/449843/0 Kerala literary awards awash in red ink]
* [http://twocircles.net/2009dec14/liberhan_report_indifference_dangerous_country_prof_ka_siddique_hasan.html Liberhan report: Indifference is dangerous for the country – Prof KA Siddique Hasan]
* {{IMDb name|11926026}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh450c0u0Ag/ Dreaming of Words | Official Trailer on YouTube]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWmRnOcm_Ko/ Dreaming of Words | Full Documentary on YouTube]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokker, P. K.}}
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}
{{Kerala-stub}}

Mantu Debnath

2025-08-23T00:30:52Z

Tiger44444f4: revised

{{short description|Indian gymnast}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox gymnast
| name = Mantu Debnath
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| full_name =
| altname = Montu Debnath
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| discipline = MAG
| country = {{GYM National Team|IND|MAG}}
| natlteam =
}}

'''Mantu Debnath''' (also spelt as '''Montu Debnath''') is an Indian [[gymnast]] from [[Tripura]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Flipping through the pages of Tripura's gymnastics glory|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Flipping-through-the-pages-of-Tripuras-gymnastics-glory/articleshow/54289632.cms|access-date=2022-10-08|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|first=Aditya|last=Bhattacharya|date=13 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-10|title=Battling odds to make name in sport|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/569649/battling-odds-make-name-sport.html|access-date=2020-08-07|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> He won gold medals at national level competition,<ref name=":0" /> became the first Indian gymnast to win an international competition in [[Russia]] in 1969<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-26|title=How a giant leap by Dipa Karmakar bolstered the aspirations of tiny Tripura |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/giant-leap-dipa-karmakar-bolstered-aspirations-tiny-tripura-2747942.html|access-date=2020-08-07|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2014-08-19|title=Leap to gold|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/leap-to-gold/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and won the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1975 for his contributions in gymnastics.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Dipa revives gymnastics legacy in Tripura – Mysuru Today|url=https://citytoday.news/dipa-revives-gymnastics-legacy-in-tripura/|access-date=2020-08-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-06|title=Arjuna Award Winners 2020 {{!}} List of Previous Arjuna Awardees By Year|url=https://theprizewinner.com/arjuna-award-winners/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Prize Winner|language=en-US|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815053510/https://theprizewinner.com/arjuna-award-winners/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mantu is also the second Indian Arjuna awardee for gymnastics after [[Sham Lal (gymnast)|Sham Lal]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> and the first Arjuna awardee from [[Tripura]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He was trained by [[Dalip Singh (gymnastics coach)|Dalip Singh]].<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==
* [[Gymnastics in India]]
* [[Arjuna Award]]
* [[Tripura]]
* [[Dhaleshwar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debnath, Mantu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male artistic gymnasts]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Agartala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

{{India-artistic-gymnastics-bio-stub}}

West Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2017–18

2025-08-18T17:58:44Z

Tiger44444f4: Made Basic Stub And Citations!

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2017–18
| team1_image = Flag of Zimbabwe.svg
| team1_name = Zimbabwe
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 15 October
| to_date = 2 November 2017
| team1_captain = [[Graeme Cremer]]
| team2_captain = [[Jason Holder]]
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Hamilton Masakadza]] (251)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Shai Hope]] (174)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Graeme Cremer]] (9)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Devendra Bishoo]] (13)
| player_of_test_series = [[Devendra Bishoo]] (WI)
}}

The [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies cricket team]] toured Zimbabwe in October and November 2017 to play two [[Test cricket|Tests]] matches for the [[Clive Lloyd Trophy]].<ref name="Fixtures">{{cite web |url=http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/547c2a4d42a86-Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20FTP%202015%20to%202019%20as%20at%20Nov%202014.pdf |title=Future Tours Programme |access-date=16 January 2016 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> The teams last played a Test match against each other in [[Zimbabwean cricket team in the West Indies in 2012–13#Test series|March 2013]].<ref name="Mar13">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18076/preview/1122886/ |title=West Indies wary of resurgent Zimbabwe |access-date=20 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Ahead of the Test series, the two teams also played a three-day warm-up fixture.<ref name="ICC">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/486862 |title=Windies to play two Tests in Zimbabwe |access-date=1 October 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> The series marked the international comebacks of [[Brendan Taylor]] and [[Kyle Jarvis]], after their resignation from their [[Kolpak ruling|Kolpak deals]].<ref name="ZC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20879426/zimbabwe-host-west-indies-two-tests-october |title=Zimbabwe to host West Indies for two Tests in October |access-date=1 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> West Indies won the series 1–0, after the final match finished in a draw.<ref name="result">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18076/report/1122887/day/5/ |title=Cremer, Chakabva script Zimbabwe's great escape |access-date=2 November 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> It was the first Test series win for the West Indies with [[Jason Holder]] as captain, and the first time that Zimbabwe had drawn a Test match since [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2004–05|playing Bangladesh]] in January 2005.<ref name="firsts">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/506347 |title=Raza helps Zimbabwe carve out a draw |access-date=2 November 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
|-
!{{cr|ZIM}}<ref name="ZimTest">{{cite news |title=Taylor, Jarvis return to Zimbabwe Test squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21048274/brendan-taylor,-kyle-jarvis-return-zimbabwe-test-squad |work=ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=17 October 2017 |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>
!{{cr|WIN}}<ref name="WITest">{{cite news |title=West Indies name unchanged squad for Zimbabwe tour |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20909535/west-indies-name-unchanged-squad-zimbabwe-tour |work=ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=3 October 2017 |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Graeme Cremer]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Regis Chakabva]]
* [[Chamu Chibhabha]]
* [[Michael Chinouya]]
* [[Tendai Chisoro]]
* [[Craig Ervine]]
* [[Kyle Jarvis]]
* [[Hamilton Masakadza]]
* [[Nyasha Mayavo]]
* [[Solomon Mire]]
* [[Peter Moor]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Christopher Mpofu]]
* [[Sikandar Raza]]
* [[Brendan Taylor]]
* [[Malcolm Waller]]
* [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]
|
* [[Jason Holder]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Devendra Bishoo]]
* [[Jermaine Blackwood]]
* [[Kraigg Brathwaite]]
* [[Roston Chase]]
* [[Miguel Cummins]]
* [[Shane Dowrich]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shannon Gabriel]]
* [[Shimron Hetmyer]]
* [[Kyle Hope]]
* [[Shai Hope]]
* [[Alzarri Joseph]]
* [[Kieran Powell]]
* [[Raymon Reifer]]
* [[Kemar Roach]]
|}

==Tour match==
===Three-day match: Zimbabwe A v West Indies===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 15–17 October 2017
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM|name=Zimbabwe A}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 336/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (97.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shai Hope]] 85 (107)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Michael Chinouya]] 2/55 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 143 (44.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Peter Moor]] 32 (34)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shannon Gabriel]] 2/5 (6 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 263/5[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (68 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kieran Powell]] 77 (162)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ryan Burl]] 1/5 (2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 70/4 (27 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Chamu Chibhabha]] 24 (57)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Devendra Bishoo]] 1/5 (7 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122885.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bulawayo Athletic Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Christopher Phiri]] (Zim) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| motm =
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = 15 players per side (11 batting, 11 fielding).
}}

==Test series==
===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 21–25 October 2017<ref name="4days" group="n">While five days of play were scheduled for each Test, the first Test reached a result within four days.</ref>
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 219 (82.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shai Hope]] 90[[not out|*]] (201)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Graeme Cremer]] 4/64 (23.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 159 (61.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hamilton Masakadza]] 42 (78)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Devendra Bishoo]] 5/79 (24 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 373 (126 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Roston Chase]] 95 (139)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Graeme Cremer]] 4/114 (34 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 316 (90.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Brendan Taylor]] 73 (151)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Devendra Bishoo]] 4/105 (32 overs)

| result = West Indies won by 117 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122886.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Devendra Bishoo]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Solomon Mire]] (Zim) made his Test debut.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 29 October–2 November 2017
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 326 (109.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Hamilton Masakadza]] 147 (240)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kemar Roach]] 3/44 (18.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 448 (178.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jason Holder]] 110 (198)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 5/99 (48 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 301/7 (144 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 89 (203)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shannon Gabriel]] 2/34 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122887.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Simon Fry]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Sikandar Raza]] (Zim)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Only 61 overs were bowled on day 1 due to rain.
| notes = [[Tendai Chisoro]] (Zim) made his Test debut.
*''[[Hamilton Masakadza]] (Zim) became the fifth batsman for Zimbabwe to score [[List of Zimbabwe Test cricket records#Most career runs|2,000 runs in Tests]].''<ref name="Masakadza2000">{{cite web |url=https://www.thezimbabwedaily.com/news/161545-masakadzas-century-rescues-zim.html |title=Masakadza’s century rescues Zim |access-date=30 October 2017 |work=The Zimbabwe Daily |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215125234/https://www.thezimbabwedaily.com/news/161545-masakadzas-century-rescues-zim.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''[[Devendra Bishoo]] (WI) took his 100th wicket in Tests.''<ref name="Bishoo100">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/505441 |title=Windies steady in reply to Zimbabwe's 326 |access-date=30 October 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>
*''[[Sikandar Raza]] (Zim) took his first five-wicket haul in Tests.''<ref name="Raza5wkt">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-v-west-indies-2017/content/story/1125120.html |title=Holder, Dowrich drive West Indies into the ascendancy |access-date=31 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
*''[[Shane Dowrich]] (WI) scored his maiden century in Tests.''<ref name="DowrichHolder">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18076/report/1122887/day/4/ |title=Raza, Moor help Zimbabwe battle into fifth day|access-date=1 November 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
*''[[Jason Holder]] and Shane Dowrich made the [[List of West Indies Test cricket records#Highest wicket partnerships|highest total for the eighth-wicket]] for the West Indies in Tests (212).''<ref name="DowrichHolder"/> This was only the second time in Test cricket that two batsmen coming in at number 8 or lower had scored a century in the same innings.<ref name="No8">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21252236/dowrich-holder-emulate-109-year-old-feat |title=Dowrich and Holder emulate 109-year-old feat |author=Shiva Jayaraman |access-date= 2 November 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="n"}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/18076/west-indies-tour-of-zimbabwe Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Zimbabwe}}
{{International cricket in 2017–18}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2017-18}}
[[Category:2017 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2017 in Zimbabwean cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2017–18]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of Zimbabwe]]

Annavarapu Rama Swamy

2025-05-26T06:25:32Z

Tiger44444f4: small edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Annavarapu Ramaswamy.jpg
| birth_name =
| occupations = Musician
| alias = Annavarapu
| instruments = [[Violin]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1926|03|23}}
| birth_place = [[Eluru]], [[Somavarappadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| module=Awards: [[Padma Shri]] (2021)
}}
{{short description|Indian classical violinist}}
'''Annavarapu Rama Swamy''' (born 27 March 1926) is an Indian classical violinist from Andhra Pradesh, India.

==Career==

He is known for his contributions in the field of [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasagrandhi |first1=Madhuri |title=The changing 'tunes' of Carnatic music |url=https://telanganatoday.com/the-changing-tunes-of-carnatic-music |publisher=[[Telangana Today]] |date=19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Violin maestro bemoans diluted standards of music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Violin-maestro-bemoans-diluted-standards-of-music/article16794717.ece1 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 December 2016|accessdate=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Ranee |title=Living by values |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/living-by-values/article2050481.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 May 2011}}</ref> He is noted for inventing new [[Ragas]] and [[Tala (music)|Talas]] such as ''Vandana Raga'', ''Sri Durga Raga'' and ''Tinetradi Tala'' and ''Vedadi Tala''.<ref name=thenewsminute>{{cite news |title=Four artistes from Telugu states honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/four-artistes-telugu-states-honoured-padma-shri-142169 |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> In 2021, he was awarded India's fourth-highest civilian award the [[Padma Shri]] in the Arts and Literature category.<ref name=thenewsminute/> He was awarded the Fellowship of Andhra Pradesh Sangeeta Akademi in 1983.<ref name=sangeetnatak>{{cite web |title=Annavarapu Ramaswamy |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=537&at=2#:~:text=A%20well%2Dknown%20violinist%2C%20Annavarapu,years%20before%20retiring%20in%201986. |website=Sangeetnatak.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute" />

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], by the [[Government of India]], 1996<ref>{{cite news |title=List of Awardees |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php |publisher=Sangeetnatak.Gov.in}}</ref>
* Fellowship of Andhra Pradesh Sangeet Akademi in 1983<ref name=sangeetnatak/>
* [[Padma Shri]], by the [[Government of India]], 2021<ref name=thenewsminute/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama Swamy, Annavarapu}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
{{India-musician-stub}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:People from Eluru]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians]]

Soron

2025-04-30T10:47:50Z

Tiger44444f4: Starting Basic Details From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{for|the Korean 18th century political group|Soron (Korean political faction)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Soron
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Sookarkshetra
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.88|N|78.75|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 179
| population_total = 26722
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 207403
| registration_plate = UP-87
| website =
| footnotes =
}}'''Soron''' is a town in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].
== History ==
[[Kasganj district]] was formed on 17 April 2008 by splitting Kasganj, Patiali and Sahawar Tehsils from [[Etah district]]. Amir Khusro belongs to Patiali tehsil of the district.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} Soron is the birthplace of the famous Bhakti saint Bhagat Tulsidas (1497-1623).

==Geography==
Once located on the bank of [[Ganges]] river, Soron Shookarakshetra lies about {{cvt|10|km}} from its present course. It is approximately equidistant from [[Agra]], [[Khair]], [[Aligarh]], [[Bareilly]] & [[Mathura]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Soron shookarakshetra had a population of 26,722 of which 14,313 (54%) were males while 12,409 (46%) were females. Soron has an average literacy rate of 49%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 41%. In Soron Shookarakshetra, 17% of the population is 0–6 years of age.

==Temples==
Many temples are situated there. Pilgrims gather on each Amavasya, Somvati Amavasya, Tulsi Jayanti, Deepawali, Sharad-Poornima, Margasheersh Mela, Makar Sankranti and Ramanavami are special occasions for such gatherings.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

An ancient Varah Mandir with a {{cvt|130|kg}} brass bell is there. An ancient temple Sitaramji Mandir have stone sculptures pillars. The temple is taken care of by [[Archeological Survey of India]]. This temple was partly destroyed by fanatic ruler [[Aurangzeb]] during his invasion.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

== Fairs ==
In October and November, Soron Shookarakshetra hosts an animal fair. All types of animals are traded. [[Horse]]s and [[camel]]s are auctioned. It lasts for up to a month. In December, Soron Shookarakshetra hosts a fair named ''Margashirsh Mokshda Ekadashi mela''. During the fair people take baths in the holy ''[[Hari Ki Pauri|Hari Ki Paudi]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Government Polytechnic, Soron (Kasganj)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kasganj district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kasganj district]]

Alliyambal

2025-03-15T01:38:36Z

Tiger44444f4: started initial entry and citations - done

{{short description|Malayalam-language television serial}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Alliyambal.jpg
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Subodh Khanolkar
| director = Shiju Aroor
| starring = {{Plain list|
* Jai Dhanush
* Pallavi Gowda
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Alliyambal Ethale"
| composer = [[Alphons Joseph]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 291
| list_episodes =
| producer = Jeeja Surendran
| news_editor =
| location = [[Alappuzha]]
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|2018|11|26|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|11|09|df=y}}
| related = {{Plain list|
* [[Tujhyat Jeev Rangala]]
* [[Rekka Katti Parakkudhu Manasu]]
}}
| channel = [[Zee Keralam]]
}}

'''''Alliyambal''''' was an Indian Malayalam language [[Romance film|romantic]] soap opera [[television show]] aired on [[Zee Keralam]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dittotv.com/tvshows/tuzhat-jeev-rangala |title=Tujhyat Jeev Rangala |access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref> TV channel and digitally on [[ZEE5]] platform. It is an official remake of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] television show [[Tujhyat Jeev Rangala]].

South Indian actors Jai Dhanush and [[Pallavi Gowda]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/jai-dhanush-and-pallavi-entertain-with-their-new-love-story-alliyambal/articleshow/66866105.cms|title=Jai Dhanush and Pallavi entertain with their new love story 'Alliyambal' - The Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 November 2018 }}</ref> plays the lead roles marking their debut in Malayalam Television. The channel has announced the second part due to its high viewership.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/poll-alert-netizens-wish-to-see-alliyambal-season-2-more-than-seetha-2/articleshow/76298820.cms|title=Poll Alert: Netizens wish to see Alliyambal season 2 more than Seetha 2 - The Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 June 2020 }}</ref> Teams are planning for sequel. It is dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Fida''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/new-daily-soap-fidaa-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/67657353.cms|title=New daily soap 'Fida' to premiere soon - The Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The show story of is the love story of landlord and wrestler Devan and highly educated school teacher Alli who has recently moved to the village. Their difference in mindset, upbringing and lifestyle makes their love story sweet and complicated at the same time.

==Cast==
;Lead Cast
*[[Pallavi Gowda]] as Alli <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-love-of-malayali-audience-makes-me-feel-like-a-superstar-pallavi-gowda/articleshow/67415631.cms|title=The love of Malayali audience makes me feel like a superstar: Pallavi Gowda - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2019 }}</ref>
*Jai Dhanush <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/alliyambals-jai-dhanush-shares-his-fairytale-love-story-read-post/articleshow/70359511.cms|title=Alliyambal's Jai Dhanush shares his fairytale love story; read post - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 July 2019 }}</ref> as Devan/Devabhadran
*Keerthi Jai Dhanush as Archa Vishnubhadran<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/it-is-difficult-to-romance-with-the-heroine-in-presence-of-my-wife-alliyambal-actor-jai-dhanush/articleshow/67944146.cms|title=It is difficult to romance with the heroine in presence of my wife: Alliyambal actor Jai Dhanush - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 February 2019 }}</ref>
*Jayan as Veerabhadran, Devan and Vishnu's father
*Abhinay Shiju as Manikuttan
; Recurring Cast
{{Colbegin}}
*Benny John as Chinnan
*Thrissur Elsy as Ayamma
*Ibrahim kutty as Viswanathan
*Midhula as Pavithra
*Akhil Anand as Vishnubhadran
*[[Shanavas Shanu]] as Sreeram<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/alliyambal-shanavas-shanu-to-play-devans-childhood-friend/articleshow/68219006.cms|title=Alliyambal: Shanavas Shanu to play Devan's childhood friend - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=March 2019 }}</ref>
*______ as Revamma
* [[Sreekala Sasidharan]] as Deepa
*Manju Vineesh as Ganga
*Jaseela Parveen as Mythili
*Bindu Ramakrishnan as Nagamaniyamma
*Sadhika Venugopal as Devan's mother
*Ameya Nair as Shalini
*______ as Prabhakaran
*______ as Vavachan
*Thirumala Ramachandran
*Architha
*Dini Daniel
{{Colend}}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Purple; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Purple; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Purple; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Purple; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Purple; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Purple; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Tujhyat Jeev Rangala]]'' तुझ्यात जीव रंगला
| 3 October 2016
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 2 January 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Jodi Hakki (TV series)|Jodi Hakki]]'' ಜೋಡಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿ
| 13 March 2017
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 5 July 2019
| rowspan="4"| Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Rekka Katti Parakkudhu Manasu]]'' றெக்கை கட்டி பறக்குது மனசு
| 19 June 2017
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 24 May 2019
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Alliyambal'' അല്ലിയാമ്പൽ
| 26 November 2018
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 9 November 2019
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Chhoti Jathani]]'' ਛੋਟੀ ਜਠਾਣੀ
| 14 June 2021
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 11 November 2022
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/alliyambal/0-6-1152 ''Alliyambal''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt9305592}}

[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Marathi-language television series]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]

Bajva railway station

2025-02-21T16:40:00Z

Tiger44444f4: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bajva railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Bajva]], [[Vadodara district]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = India
| line = [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]]
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|38|m|ft}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22.366444|73.143638|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 3
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 3
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BJW
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Vadodara}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_dot_label = Bajva railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Bajva railway station''' is a railway station in [[Bajva]] town of [[Vadodara district]] of Gujarat, India. Its code is '''BJW'''. It is the rail head for the [[Gujarat Refinery]] for petrol and diesel. [[Bajva]] is also the loading point of fertilizers from [[Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals]]. Passenger, MEMU and Intercity trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/bajva-bjw/3170|title=BJW/Bajva|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yatra.com/indian-railways/bajva-bjw-railway-station|title=BJW/Bajva:Timetable|website=Yatra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/bullet-train-final-survey-for-stretch-to-begin-soon/articleshow/60862101.cms| title=Bullet train final survey for stretch to begin soon| website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://connectgujarat.com/extension-of-fully-and-partially-cancellation-of-train-services/| title=Extension of fully and partially cancellation of train services| website=Connect Gujarat}}</ref>

==Major trains==

Following major trains halt at Bajva railway station in both direction:

* 19035/36 [[Vadodara–Ahmedabad Intercity Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Vadodara railway division]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

India's Got Talent season 3

2025-01-28T14:26:37Z

Tiger44444f4: Made Basic Post W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian TV show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #B60000
| season_number = 3
| image =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = [[Dharmendra]] [[Sonali Bendre]] [[Kirron Kher]]
| host = [[Meiyang Chang]] [[Gautam Rode]]
| winner = Suresh and Vernon Group
}}
| num_episodes = 19
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|07|29}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2011|10|01}}
| prev_season = [[India's Got Talent (season 2)|Season 2]]
| next_season = [[India's Got Talent season 4|Season 4]]
}}
The third season of the Indian [[talent show]] competition series ''[[India's Got Talent]]'' was broadcast on [[Colors TV]] from 29 July to 24 September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmendra fetches higher ratings for India's Got Talent 3 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dharmendra-fetches-higher-ratings-for-indias-got-talent-3-620846 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Meiyang Chang]] and [[Gautam Rode]] were roped in as the new hosts for season three. [[Kirron Kher]] and [[Sonali Bendre]] returned for their third season each while [[Dharmendra]] joined as the third judge, replacing [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BestMediaInfo |title=Colors launches India's Got Talent season 3 |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2011/07/colors-launches-indias-got-talent-season-3 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=bestmediainfo.com |language=en}}</ref>

The season was won by the [[Kings United|Suresh and Vernon Group]], who were season two's runners-up. They won ₹50,00,000 (50 lakhs INR) along with a trophy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Suresh and Vernon Group wins 'India's Got Talent 3' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/suresh-vernon-group-wins-indias-2447008 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suresh and Vernon Group wins 'India's Got Talent 3' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/suresh-and-vernon-group-wins-india-s-got-talent-3_97507.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Season overview ==
No major changes were made to the format of the show except that the wildcard round was removed for this season.

Of the participants who auditioned for this season, forty-eight contestants made it to the quarter-finals, with seven, eight or nine quarter-finalists in each one. Among the forty-eight, only eighteen made it past to the semi-finals with six appearing in each one, and six securing a place in the pre-finale. Only four participants performed in the grand finale. The following below lists the results of each participant's overall performance in this season:

: {{legend2|gold|Winner|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|NavajoWhite|Finalist|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|pink|Semi-finalist|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|white|Quarter-finalist|border=1px solid #aaa}}
:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%; text-align:center;"
!Participant
! class="unsortable" |Age(s)
!Genre
! class="unsortable" |Act
!From
!Quarter-Final
!Result
|}

:

=== Quarter Finals Summary ===

: [[File:Crystal_Clear_action_button_cancel.svg|20x20px]] Buzzed Out | [[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]] Judges' Choice | {{legend2|gold|Won the Public Vote|border=1px solid #aaa}}
: {{legend2|silver|Won the Judges' Vote}} | {{legend2|#c96|Lost the Judges' Vote}}

==== Quarter-final 1 (26 August) ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Quarter-Finalist
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes and Judges' votes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Finished
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Kirron
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sonali
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Dharmendra
|-
! scope="row" |Ellyraja
|1
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Sumit
|2
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-style="background:#c96;"
! scope="row" |'''Srikant Ahire & Team'''
|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Eliminated (Lost Judges' Vote)'''
|-style="background:silver;"
! scope="row" |'''Ali Brothers'''
|'''4'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
|'''Advanced (Won Judges' Vote)'''
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Subrat & Esak'''
|'''5'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Binoy Debnath
|6
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Bad Salsa'''
|'''7'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|}

==== Quarter-final 2 (27 August) ====

* Special Guest: [[Salman Khan]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Quarter-Finalist
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes and Judges' votes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Kirron
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sonali
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Dharmendra
|-
! scope="row" |Bombay Rock Project
|1
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:silver;"
! scope="row" |'''Avjit & Tinku'''
|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
|'''Advanced (Won Judges' Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Pranali
|3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Ehsaan Bharti'''
|'''4'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Sandeep Lathar
|5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Vilas Naik'''
|'''6'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|- style="background:#c96;"
! scope="row" |'''Govind Menon'''
|'''7'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Eliminated (Lost Judges' Vote)'''
|-
!scope="row" |Amrapali Group
|8
|
|
|
|Eliminated
|}

==== Quarter-final 3 (2 September) ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Quarter-Finalist
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes and Judges' votes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Kirron
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sonali
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Dharmendra
|- style="background:silver;"
! scope="row" |'''Indian Saber'''
|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Judges' Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Pooja Surve
|2
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Sanjay Dhaka'''
|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Tushar Arjun
|4
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Priyanka Keni
|5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:#c96;"
! scope="row" |'''Mad It'''
|'''6'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]'''
|'''Eliminated (Lost Judges' Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Ballos Folk
|7
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Angels & Grooves'''
|'''8'''
|
|
|
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|}

==== Quarter-final 4 (3 September) ====

* Special Guests: [[Tusshar Kapoor]] & [[Shreyas Talpade]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Quarter-Finalist
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes and Judges' votes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Kirron
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sonali
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Dharmendra
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Kuddroli Ganesh'''
|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|- style="background:silver;"
! scope="row" |'''Digvijay & Ankit'''
|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Judges' Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Sabah Bari
|3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Faith in Action'''
|'''4'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Prajwal
|5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Prateek Joseph
|6
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:#c96;"
! scope="row" |'''Aditya & Priyanshu'''
|'''7'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]'''
|'''Eliminated (Lost Judges' Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Goutamdas Boul
|8
|
|
|
|Eliminated
|}

==== Quarter-final 5 (9 September) ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Quarter-Finalist
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes and Judges' votes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Kirron
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sonali
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Dharmendra
|-
! scope="row" |DfrenStrokes
|1
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Advanced
|-
! scope="row" |Tarantismo Dance Troupe
|2
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Sabyasachi & Amar Sen
|3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Dunes of Rajasthan'''
|'''4'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Anchal Kumawat
|5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:silver;"
! scope="row" |'''Rayes & Shehla'''
|'''6'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
|'''Advanced (Won Judges' Vote)'''
|- style="background:#c96;"
! scope="row" |'''Devang Pandey'''
|'''7'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Eliminated (Lost Judges' Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Siddesh Malankar Group
|8
|
|
|
|Eliminated
|-style="background:gold;"
!scope="row" |'''Suresh & Vernon Group'''
|'''9'''
|
|
|
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|}

==== Quarter-final 6 (10 September) ====

* Special Guests: [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] & [[Ali Zafar]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Quarter Finalist
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes and Judges' votes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Kirron
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sonali
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Dharmendra
|-
! scope="row" |Nawaz Sabri & Party
|1
|
|
|
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Subash Chander
|2
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Jinu Joy
|3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |RockStars
|4
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Madhavas'''
|'''5'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|- style="background:silver;"
! scope="row" |'''The Show Stoppers'''
|'''6'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_app_clean.svg|20x20px]]
|'''Advanced (Won Judges' Vote)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Dance Oceans Group
|7
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" |'''Swarali Sangeet'''
|'''8'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced (Won Public Vote)'''
|}

=== Semi-finals Summary ===
[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_button_cancel.svg|20x20px]] Buzzed Out | {{legend2|NavajoWhite|Advanced to Pre Finale|border=1px solid #aaa}}

==== Semi-final 1 (16 September) ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Semi-Finalist
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Kirron
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sonali
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Dharmendra
|-
! scope="row" |Indian Saber
|1
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Faith in Action
|2
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Ali Brothers
|3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:NavajoWhite;"
! scope="row" |'''Sanjay Dhaka'''
|'''4'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced'''{{efn|No data is available to determine who were the judges' pick and audience pick among these two, so, it is mentioned "Advanced" only.|name=NoData}}
|-
! scope="row" |Subrat & Ishak
|'''5'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_button_cancel.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_button_cancel.svg|20x20px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:NavajoWhite;"
! scope="row" |'''Vilas Naik'''
|6
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced{{efn|No data is available to determine who were the judges' pick and audience pick among these two, so, it is mentioned "Advanced" only.|name=NoData}}'''
|}

==== Semi-final 2 (17 September) ====
* Special Guest: [[John Abraham]] & [[Genelia Deshmukh]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Semi-Finalist
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Kirron
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sonali
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Dharmendra
|-
! scope="row" |Avijit & Tinku
|1
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Ehsaan Bharti
|2
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:NavajoWhite;"
! scope="row" |'''Kudroli Ganesh'''
|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced{{efn|No data is available to determine who were the judges' pick and audience pick among these two, so, it is mentioned "Advanced" only.|name=NoData}}'''
|- style="background:NavajoWhite;"
! scope="row" |'''Bad Salsa Group'''
|'''4'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced{{efn|No data is available to determine who were the judges' pick and audience pick among these two, so, it is mentioned "Advanced" only.|name=NoData}}'''
|-
! scope="row" |Angels & Grooves
|5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Digvijay & Ankit
|6
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|}

==== Semi-final 3 (23 September) ====
* Special Guests: [[Sonam Kapoor]] & [[Shahid Kapoor]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Semi-Finalist
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Kirron
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sonali
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Dharmendra
|- style="background:NavajoWhite;"
! scope="row" |'''Suresh and Vernon Group'''
|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced{{efn|No data is available to determine who were the judges' pick and audience pick among these two, so, it is mentioned "Advanced" only.|name=NoData}}'''
|- style="background:NavajoWhite;"
! scope="row" |'''Madhavas'''
|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced{{efn|No data is available to determine who were the judges' pick and audience pick among these two, so, it is mentioned "Advanced" only.|name=NoData}}'''
|-
! scope="row" |Dunes of Rajasthan
|3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Rayes & Shehla
|4
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Swarali Sangeet
|5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |The Show Stoppers
|6
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Finals Summary ===

: {{legend2|gold|Winner (Top 4 Final Only)|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|NavajoWhite|Advanced (Top 6 Finals only)|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|white|Eliminated (Top 6 Finals only)|border=1px solid #aaa}} | [[File:Crystal_Clear_action_button_cancel.svg|20x20px]] Buzzed Out (Top 6 Finals Only)

==== Pre Finale - Top 6 (24 September) ====

* Special Guests: [[Hema Malini]] and [[Esha Deol]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Pre-Finalist
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:23em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Kirron
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sonali
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Dharmendra
|- style="background:NavajoWhite;"
! scope="row" |'''Vilas Nayak'''
|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced'''
|- style="background:NavajoWhite;"
! scope="row" |'''Sanjay Dhaka'''
|'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced'''
|- style="background:NavajoWhite;"
! scope="row" |'''Kudroli Ganesh'''
|'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced'''
|-
! scope="row" |Bad Salsa Group
|4
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Madhavas
|5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- style="background:NavajoWhite;"
! scope="row" |'''Suresh and Vernon Group'''
|'''6'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Advanced'''
|}

==== Grand Finale (1 October) ====
* Special Guest: [[Shah Rukh Khan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-09-28 |title=Actor Shah Rukh Khan will announce the winner of India's Got Talent Season 3 to be telecast on Colors on October 1. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/actor-shah-rukh-khan-will-announce-the-winner-of-indias-got-talent-season-3-to-be-telecast-on-colors-on-october-1-/articleshow/10157681.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Rashami Desai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Got Talent - Season 3 |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/indias-got-talent-season-3/articleshow/10183315.cms |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Got Talent - Season 3 |url=http://www1.photogallery.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/indias-got-talent-season-3/articleshow/10183301.cms |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www1.photogallery.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* Guest Performances: [[Shillong Chamber Choir]] and [[Prince Dance Group]]
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" width="50%;"
! class="unsortable" |Grand-Finalist
!Result<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suresh and Vernon Group win India's Got Talent 3 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/suresh-and-vernon-group-win-indias-got-talent-3-621623 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:gold"
! scope="row" |'''Suresh and Vernon Group'''
|'''1st'''
|- style="background:NavajoWhite"
! scope="row" |Vilas Nayak
|Grand-finalist
|- style="background:NavajoWhite"
! scope="row" |Kudroli Ganesh
|Grand-finalist
|- style="background:NavajoWhite"
! scope="row" |Sanjay Dhaka
|Grand-finalist
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India's Got Talent}}

[[Category:2011 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Got Talent]]

Nillaes

2024-10-01T00:47:11Z

Tiger44444f4: minor cleanup

{{Short description|17th century blue striped cloth}}
'''Nillae''' (nillaes) was an [[India]]n term for a type of [[blue]] colored [[Textile|cloth]]. It was either entirely made of [[silk]] or a [[textile#Blends (blended textiles)|blend]] of silk and [[cotton]] with a blue [[Stripe (pattern)|striped pattern]]. Nillaess were produced in a variety of beautiful [[hue]]s. [[Midnapore]] and [[Balasore]] both were producing the cloth.

== Etymology ==
The term is derived from the [[Hindi]] word 'Nila,' which means 'blue.'<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahapatra|first=Pinakiranjan|title=Textile Industry of Orissa (1550-1750)|date=1967|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155512|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=29|pages=294–306|jstor=44155512|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36gSAAAAIAAJ&q=Nilaes+blue|title=University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies|date=1959|publisher=University of Manila.|pages=50|language=en}}</ref>

== Quotes ==

*{{Blockquote|text=''striped cloth of mixed Tussur silk and cotton, occasionally flowered''|source=(Irwin and Schwartz)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Montgomery|first=Florence M.|url=http://archive.org/details/textilesinameric00mont|title=Textiles in America 1650-1870 : a dictionary based on original documents, prints and paintings, commercial records, American merchants' papers, shopkeepers' advertisements, and pattern books with original swatches of cloth|date=1984|publisher=New York; London : Norton|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-393-01703-8}}</ref>{{Rp|310}}}}
* {{Blockquote|text=''the sort that are finest and most Glossy and striped with the lightest colours as hair colour, sky colour and the like, but those that are Red and Tauny ground striped with black are not vendible''|source=(Irwin and Schwartz)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Montgomery|first=Florence M.|url=http://archive.org/details/textilesinameric00mont|title=Textiles in America 1650-1870 : a dictionary based on original documents, prints and paintings, commercial records, American merchants' papers, shopkeepers' advertisements, and pattern books with original swatches of cloth|date=1984|publisher=New York; London : Norton|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-393-01703-8}}</ref>{{Rp|310}}}}

== Exports ==
In the seventeenth century, Nillaes were among the notable Indian goods exported from [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Abhay Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwNUblS-jpwC&q=Nillaes&pg=PA829|title=Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650-1800|date=2006|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-201-1|pages=829|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Crouch|first=Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNITAAAAQAAJ&q=Nilaes&pg=PA207|title=A Complete View of the British Customs: Containing the Rates of Merchandize, with the Total Net Duties to be Paid Inwards, Outwards, and Coastwise, and the Drawbacks Upon Exportation, All Carefully Calculated Tho the Twentieth Part of a Penny|date=1728|pages=207|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Montgomery|first=Florence M.|url=http://archive.org/details/textilesinameric00mont|title=Textiles in America 1650-1870 : a dictionary based on original documents, prints and paintings, commercial records, American merchants' papers, shopkeepers' advertisements, and pattern books with original swatches of cloth|date=1984|publisher=New York; London : Norton|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-393-01703-8|pages=310}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaudhury|first=Sushil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CUlDwAAQBAJ&q=Nillaes&pg=PA22|title=Companies, Commerce and Merchants: Bengal in the Pre-Colonial Era|date=2016-09-13|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99755-3|pages=22|language=en}}</ref> Records suggest that [[Samuel Rowland Fisher]] ordered 15 pieces of Nillaes in 1767 with a price of 17 [[Shilling]] per piece.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Salu (cloth)]], a red cloth.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wiktionary|nillae}}

[[Category:Textiles]]
[[Category:Woven fabrics]]

{{India-culture-stub}}

B. Sheikh Ali

2024-06-25T03:54:27Z

Tiger44444f4: started first bio initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian historian (died 2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
'''B. Sheikh Ali''' (died 1 September 2022) was an Indian historian.<ref name="Deccan Herald 2022">{{cite web | title=Historian B Sheikh Ali passes away | website=Deccan Herald | date=1 September 2022 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mysuru/historian-b-sheikh-ali-passes-away-1141209.html | access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> He received [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's]] and [[Master's degree]]s from the [[University of Mysore]], where he would later work as a member of the faculty.<ref name="Kumar 2022">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=K Shiva | title=Prof Sheikh Ali, scholar and historian, passes away | website=The New Indian Express | date=2 September 2022 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2022/sep/02/prof-sheikh-ali-scholar-and-historian-passes-away-2493931.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904050651/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2022/sep/02/prof-sheikh-ali-scholar-and-historian-passes-away-2493931.html | archive-date=4 September 2022 | url-status=live | access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> He received [[PhD]]s from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1954 and the [[University of London]] in 1960.<ref name="The Siasat Daily 2022">{{cite web | title=Well-known historian Sheik Ali passes away; leaves behind a sterling legacy | website=The Siasat Daily | date=3 September 2022 | url=https://www.siasat.com/well-known-historian-sheik-ali-passes-away-leaves-behind-a-sterling-legacy-2404758/ | access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> He authored 55 books, 12 of which were in [[Urdu]].<ref name="The Siasat Daily 2022"/> He served at various points as the [[vice chancellor]] of [[Goa University]] and [[Mangalore University]].<ref name="Kumar 2022"/> An obituary in ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' described him as an authority on [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]], and the history of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Kumar 2022"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, B. Sheikh}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]

Shalini Khanna

2024-04-26T11:56:06Z

Tiger44444f4: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Shalini A Khanna
|image =
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|11|16}}
|occupation=[[Actress]]
|years_active=2004 - present
|spouse=[[Bhanu Uday]]
}}

'''Shalini Khanna''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress working in TV and Bollywood industry. She debuted with the [[Hindi]] soap drama [[Kutumb]], and is mostly known for work of Pallavi in Comedy series [[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]. She hails from a Punjabi background.

==Biography==
As a part of her summer training, she worked as a copywriter on contract with an advertising firm in Mumbai. She then worked for Times Of India (Bombay Times) in the marketing department, and also worked with [[Zee TV]] as a copywriter.

While still a student, she performed theatre work in Bhopal while also working in Mumbai. During this time she realized acting gave her much more creative satisfaction and an ability to live different lives and characters.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://chatinterviews.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1228009.cms|title= Chat with Shalini Khanna | work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

She is married to actor [[Bhanu Uday]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bhanu-Uday-ties-the-knot/articleshow/41096678.cms|title=Bhanu Uday ties the knot|first=Richa|last=Shukla|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 August 2014|access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
*[[71/2 Phere]] (as Shauni Khanna) - Show writer Kavita

===TV===
*[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]] -
* ''[[Kumkum {{spaced ndash}} Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'' as Malini (Malli)
*[[Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na]]
*[[Yeh Chanda Kanoon Hai]]
*[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]] - Pallavi
*[[Chidiya Ghar]] - Saaj
*[[Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai]] - Ananoya
*[[Baal Veer]] - One of Bhayankar Pari's form
*[[Kareena Kareena]]<ref>[[Kareena Kareena]]</ref>
*[[Jabb Love Hua]]<ref>[[Jabb Love Hua]]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3796489}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Shalini}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}