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Himalayan Sheepdog

2026-05-30T13:31:48Z

TiffaniKellum: Creating the data added tags!

{{Short description|Nepalese working dog breed}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox dog breed
| name = Himalayan sheepdog
| image = File:2. Himalayan sheep dog.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A Himalayan Sheepdog
| altname = {{Plainlist|
* Bhotia
* Nepali Mastiff
* Nepali Sheepdog
* Himalayan Mastiff
}}
| nickname = {{Plainlist|
* Bhote Kukur
* Himalayan Sheepdog
}}
| country = [[Nepal]]
| maleweight = {{right|{{cvt|30|-|40|kg|lb|round=5}}}}
| femaleweight = {{right|{{cvt|25|-|35|kg|lb|round=5}}}}
| maleheight = {{right|{{cvt|61|-|71|cm|in|round=5}}}}
| femaleheight = {{right|{{cvt|58|-|69|cm|in|round=5}}}}
| coat = Long, thick and harsh double coat
| colour = Black, solid black, tan or some white markings on the extremities
| litter_size =
| life_span = 
| kc_name = International Kennel Club
| kc_std =
| kc2_name =
| kc2_std =
| fcistd =
| notrecognised =
| extinct =
| note =
}}
The '''Himalayan Sheepdog''' ({{langx|ne|भोटे कुकुर|Bhote Kukur}}), known locally by various names including '''Bhotia''' and '''Bangara''', and sometimes called the '''Himalayan Mastiff''', is a large Nepalese breed of [[livestock guardian dog]] native to the [[Himalayas]] of [[Nepal]]. According to the [[Kennel club|International Kennel Club]], male Himalayan Sheepdogs stand 24–28 inches (61–71 cm) tall and weigh 30–40 kg (65–90 lb), while females stand 23–27 inches (58–69 cm) tall and weigh 25–35 kg (55–75 lb).<ref>{{Cite web |title=International recognition of Bhote dog of Nepal |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2025/03/14/en/international-recognition-of-nepals-bhote-dog-04-59.html |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Ekantipur |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhote Kukur Club of Nepal |url=http://www.bhotekukurkennel.com.np/ |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref>

== History ==
Tracing back to ancient times, Himalayan sheepdogs were guardians and companion for shepherds as well as Nepalese monasteries.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the decline in nomadic lifestyles, the population has also been in decline, though there are still dedicated breeders and enthusiasts working to preserve and promote the breed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luitel |first=Radha |date=2023-11-18 |title=Coming from Sikkim to breed pure breed dogs |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/35091 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=The Rising Nepal}}</ref> The breed is recognized by [[Kennel club|International Kennel Club]] under the name "Bhote Kukur."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-03-11 |title=Breed Recognised (BHOTE KUKUR) |url=https://www.ikcworld.org/2025/03/11/breed-recognised-boeta-kukur/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=International Kennel Club |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Gaddi Face profile.jpg|thumb|Gaddi Puppy 10 months]]
Closely related to the slightly larger [[Tibetan mastiff]],<ref name="Morris" /><ref name="Soman" /> Himalayan sheepdogs are distinguished by being more protective against people.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dawydiak |first1=Orysia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8SaDwAAQBAJ&dq=himalayan+sheepdog&pg=PT68 |title=Livestock Protection Dogs, 2nd Edition |last2=Sims |first2=David |date=2019-05-17 |publisher=Dogwise Publishing |isbn=978-1-61781-253-8 |language=en}}</ref> There are subtypes of the breed found in the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon hills]] and [[Chamba district|Chamba]]; the former, which is known as the cypro kukur or kumaon mastiff, is brindle, rich golden brown or black in colour, the latter is smaller than most of the breed and resemble a larger, longer-haired black [[Labrador Retriever]].<ref name="Hancock" /><ref name="Soman" /> [[Bhutan]] is home to a larger variant of the Himalayan sheepdog, known there as the "Bhutia Sheepdog."<ref name="Morris" />

==Description==
[[File:Himalayan sheep dog 2.jpg|thumb|A light colored Himalayan sheepdog walking]]
[[File:Bakarwal gaddi.jpg|thumb|Bakarwal (brown) female - 5 years old and Gaddi puppy (black and tan)-10 months old.]]
[[File:View of Himalayas with dog.jpg|thumb|Himalayan Dog]]
Himalayan sheepdogs are found in the Himalayas from [[Kashmir]] to eastern [[Nepal]].<ref name="Hancock">{{cite book |last=Hancock |first=David |title=Dogs of the shepherds: a review of the pastoral breeds |date=2014 |publisher=The Crowood Press Ltd |isbn=978-1-84797-808-0 |location=Ramsbury, Wiltshire |pages=14 & 32}}</ref><ref name="ggg">{{cite book |last=Rajeshwari |first=Y. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59as4kF7D4gC&pg=PA93 |title=Handbook on Care and Management of Laboratory and Pet Animals |publisher=New India Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=9788189422981 |pages=93}}</ref><ref name="Fogle">{{cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Fogle|date=2009 |title=The encyclopedia of the dog |location=New York |publisher=DK Publishing |page=384 |isbn=978-0-7566-6004-8 }}</ref><ref name="Morris">{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |author-link=Desmond Morris |title=Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds |date=2001 |publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |isbn=1-57076-219-8 |location=North Pomfret, VT |pages=404–405}}</ref><ref name="Soman">{{cite book |last=Soman |first=W.V. |title=The Indian dog |date=1962 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Mumbai |page=73}}</ref> The breed is primarily used as a livestock guardian dog, protecting flocks of [[yak]] and [[sheep]] from various predators, and as a property [[Guard dog|guardian dog]]; unusually for a livestock guardian, the breed is also used to assist with herding.<ref name="Fogle" /><ref name="Hancock" /><ref name="Morris" /><ref name="Soman" /> They may also be used to assist in hunting.<ref name="Soman" /> Himalayan Sheepdogs are especially adapted to high altitudes,<ref name="ggg" /> and the breed's double coat is typically harsh and thick and they are usually black and tan or solid black with some white markings on their toes, chest and neck. They have small drooped ears and a heavily plumed tail that is curled over their back.<ref name=Soman /> The breed has a distinctive deep bark.<ref name=":0" />

Feral Himalayan sheepdogs compete with [[Snow leopard|snow leopards]] in the Himalayas, particularly in [[Gangotri National Park]], as both share prey including the [[bharal]]. This has threatening the food chain and the survival of snow leopards, which are already classified as vulnerable. The problem is worsened by the growing population of these dogs, many of which hunt in packs and often supplement their diet from human scraps, creating further ecological imbalances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotnala |first=Abhyudaya |date=2019-03-06 |title=Snow leopards in higher Himalayas at risk as aggressive sheepdogs kill their prey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/snow-leopards-in-higher-himalayas-at-risk-as-aggressive-sheepdogs-kill-their-prey/articleshow/68276940.cms |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>[[File:Canis lupus familiaris - 1870 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ22300204.tif|thumb|Himalayan dog, 1870]]

In 2005 the Himalayan sheepdog was one of four dog breeds featured on a set of [[postage stamp]]s released by the Indian [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] to celebrate the country's canine heritage.<ref name=Upadhye>{{cite news |last=Upadhye |first=Aishwarya |date=1 February 2019 |title=The comeback of Indian native dog breeds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-comeback-of-indian-native-dog-breeds/article26149887.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 July 2020 }}</ref>

A stray Himalayan sheepdog mix achieved the highest known altitude scaled by a dog after accompanied mountain climbers to the summit of [[Baruntse]] at {{Convert|7129|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomlinson |first=Hugh |date=2019-03-08 |title=Stray dog tags along to conquer Nepal peak |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/article/stray-dog-tags-along-to-conquer-nepal-peak-jf3v27lbk |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-10 |title=Dog makes record climb of a 23,497-ft Himalayan peak |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2020/07/03/dog-mera-himalayan-peak-climb.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Portal:Dogs|Dogs portal]]
* [[List of dog breeds]]
* [[List of dog breeds from India]]
* [[Kuchi dog|Kuchi]]
* [[Kukur Tihar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Chinese dogs}}
{{Indian dogs}}
{{Livestock guardians}}

[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Livestock guardian dogs]]

Talada, Parvathipuram Manyam district

2026-05-08T01:36:17Z

TiffaniKellum:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

'''Talada''' is a village in [[Seethampeta mandal]], [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]]. It borders [[Gajapati District]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Srikakulam/Seethampeta/Talada|title=Talada Village, Seethampeta Mandal, Srikakulam District|publisher=|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> Talada has a population of 400-500 people, many of whom are farmers.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Parvathipuram Manyam district]]

{{ParvathipuramManyam-geo-stub}}

K. P. A. C. Beatrice

2026-05-06T11:07:10Z

TiffaniKellum: new initial entry initial version!

{{short description|Indian theatre actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. P. A. C. Beatrice
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1937
| birth_place = [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = theatre actress
| spouse = Joseph
| father = Vakko
| mother = Mariam
| children = 2
| awards = {{ubl|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (1988)|Kerala State Award for drama acting (1998)|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] (2019)}}
}}
'''K. P. A. C. Beatrice''' is an Indian theatre actress from Kerala. She received many awards including the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 1988 and the Kerala State Award for drama acting in 1998 and the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] for the year 2019.

==Biography==
Beatrice was born to Vakko and Mariam of the Ilanjikkal family in Fort Kochi. While Beatrice working as a heroine in [[Kerala People's Arts Club|K. P. A. C.]] plays, her marriage with Joseph, a native of Pathanamthitta was fixed. But due to her affliations with the [[Communist Party of India]], there were disgareements within the church about conducting the marriage. Finally, it was decided that if Beatrice agreed to hold a wooden cross and attend the masses (Qurbana), the marriage can be conducted. Beatrice gave her consent and she married Joseph in 1962, following which she took a break from acting for about six years.<ref name="mathrubhumi" />

Beatrice, lives with her eldest daughter Asha and her family in Koovappadam, Thoppumpady in Ernakulam district.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=നാടകവേദിയിലെ ബിയാട്രീസ്‌ - articles,features - Mathrubhumi Eves |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-342243 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224192139/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-342243 |archive-date=2013-02-24 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref> Bindu is her youngest daughter.<ref name=":0" />

==Theatre career==
Beatrice first acted in Pala Narayanan Nair's play 'Kaviyude Makal', while she was only eight years old.<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=കെ പി എ സി ബിയാട്രിസ്‌- 'നിങ്ങളെന്നെ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റാക്കി'യിലെ നായിക |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/kpac-drama-artist-beatris-ff47b4ca |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Then, at the age of thirteen, she joined [[P. J. Antony]]'s troupe.<ref name="mathrubhumi" /> She became famous with the play 'Charitharthyam' of Antony.<ref name="mathrubhumi" /> She gained more attention in 1954 for her role as the heroine Janu in Erur Vasudev's 'Jeevitham Avasanikkunnilla', which was presented by Kerala Progressive Theatrical Arts.<ref name="deshabhimani">{{Cite web |title=ഇപ്റ്റയുടെ വി ടി ഭട്ടതിരിപ്പാട് സ്മാരക പുരസ്കാരം ബിയാട്രിസിന് |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/News/kerala/ipta-award-announced-33622 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref> That play was performed in about a hundred stages.<ref name="mathrubhumi" />

While studying dance at [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], she often went with the dance team of Gangadharan Master at Kalamandalam. Their dance performance would have preceded KPAC's play, and through that trips she got acquainted with the [[Kerala People's Arts Club]] (KPAC).<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=‘പൂവുമായി വേദിയിലേക്ക് വരും, ഐ ലവ് യു പറയും, പേടിച്ചത് പക്ഷേ അതുകൊണ്ടല്ല...; സ്നേഹം ‘നാടക’മല്ലാതിരുന്ന കാലത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് ആ രണ്ടു പേർ... |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/premium/entertainment/2025/09/19/kpac-beatrice-and-ammini-earnest-share-their-experiences-with-kpac-and-kerala-theaters-hortus-special-prm.html |work=Manorama Online |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref> It was in 1957, people including [[Thoppil Bhasi]] invited her to KPAC. The first play she acted in KPAC was 'Survekkallu'. Later, she acted in plays like 'Mudiyanaya Putran', and 'Enik maranamilla', and travelled all over Kerala with the KPAC troupe.<ref name="Manorama"/>

Since she was mainly a dancer, the influence of dance even on her movements became a problem in the stage acting. It was Thoppil Bhasi who changed that and turned her into a theatre actress,' says Beatrice.<ref name="mathrubhumi" />

After joining the KPAC, she later became close to the Communist Party of India. Although her family members were communist sympathizers, she left the KPAC and joined other troops due to opposition from the other family members and locals, even during her marriage.<ref name="Manorama"/>

Later, she went abroad with her husband for two years. During that time, her husband suffered a stroke. While she was suffering her life with her two children and her husband who was bedridden for six years, she was invited to rejoin the KPAC, and she accepted the invitation and rejoined.<ref name="Manorama"/>

During her second foray into theatre acting with KPAC, she toured all over India with noted plays like 'Innale, Innu, Nale', and 'Ningalenne Communist Akki'.<ref name="Manorama"/> Beatrice, who was with KPAC for 22 of her 60-year theatrical career.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-13 |title=അനുഭവങ്ങള്‍ പറഞ്ഞ് അരങ്ങിലെ അമ്മമാര്‍; കേട്ടും കയ്യടിച്ചും പുതുതലമുറ |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/kerala/latest/2025/09/13/malayala-manorama-hortus-nadakanubhavam-sangamam-at-ernakulam.html |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Manorama News |language=ml}}</ref>

After leaving KPAC, she worked in Cochin Sangamithra for eight years and later in other troupes in Kerala like Suryasoma, Angamaly Pooja, Thiruvananthapuram Aradhana, Kundamkulam Geethanjali, Poonjar Navadhara, and Vaikom Malavika.<ref name="mathrubhumi" /> She last acted in John Fernandes' play 'Kolakolli'.<ref name="mathrubhumi" />

==Film career ==
Beatrice has acted in Malayalam films like, ''[[Oru Sundariyude Katha]]'' (1972) and ''[[Enippadikal (film)|Enippadikal]]'' (1973) directed by [[Thoppil Bhasi]], ''[[Hridayam Oru Kshethram]]'' (1976) directed by [[P. Subramaniam]], ''[[Manimuzhakkam]]'' (1978) directed by [[P. A. Backer]], ''[[Ahalya (1978 film)|Ahalya]]'' (1978) directed by [[Babu Nanthankode]], ''[[Madaalasa]]'' (1978) directed by J. Williams, ''Lillipookkal'' (1979) directed by T. S. Mohan, ''Randu Mukhangal'' (1981) directed by P. G. Vasudevan, ''Kaalam'' (1982) directed by Hemachandran, ''Kanakachilanga Kilungi Kilungi'' (1982) directed by Vijayaraghavan, ''Calender'' (2009) directed by Mahesh Padmanabhan, ''Vadhyar'' (2012) directed by Nidheesh Shakti, ''Amen'' (2013) directed by [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] and ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' (2013) directed by [[Rajeev Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ബിയാട്രീസ് |url=https://m3db.com/beatrice |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=M3DB |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Beatrice received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 1988 and the State Award for drama acting in 1998 for her performance in Angamaly Pooja's 'Deshavilakku'.<ref name=":0" /> She also won the POC Award for Poonjar Navadhara's 'Akshayamanasam'.<ref name=":0" /> In 2020, Beatrice received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] for the year 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2020-09-16 |title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi fellowships for 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-fellowships-for-3/article32624099.ece |access-date=2026-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2025, she received the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA) V. T. Bhattathiripad Memorial State Drama Award.<ref name="deshabhimani" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beatrice, KPAC}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Paderu Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T03:59:53Z

TiffaniKellum: Creating a info initial version...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Paderu
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (29-Paderu highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Paderu Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Matsyarasa Visweswara Raju]]
| party = {{Party index link|YSR Congress Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 227,042
| established = 1967
| constituency_no = 29
}}

'''Paderu''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] reserved constituency in [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=18, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Matsyarasa Visweswara Raju]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 227,042 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1967, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1967)''.

== Mandals ==
The five mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Paderu]]
|-
| [[Gangaraju Madugula|G.Madugula]]
|-
| [[Chintapalli, Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Chintapalli]]
|-
| [[Gudem Kotha Veedhi]]
|-
| [[Koyyuru]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Paderu Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q3418837,Q59902653,Q58344715,Q59902659,Q59902647"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2 | Political party
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2 |[https://www.google.com/search?q=tamarbha+chitti+naidu+mla&oq=&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqCQgBECMYJxjqAjIJCAAQIxgnGOoCMgkIARAjGCcY6gIyCQgCECMYJxjqAjIJCAMQIxgnGOoCMgkIBBAjGCcY6gIyCQgFECMYJxjqAjIJCAYQIxgnGOoCMhEIBxAAGAMYQhiPARi0AhjqAjIRCAgQABgDGEIYjwEYtAIY6gIyEQgJEAAYAxhCGI8BGLQCGOoCMhEIChAAGAMYQhiPARi0AhjqAjIRCAsQABgDGEIYjwEYtAIY6gLSAQYtMWowajeoAgywAgHxBY6qOkcNIQYz&client=ms-android-vivo-terr1-rso2&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8 Tammarbha Chitti Naidu]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [https://www.google.com/search?q=giddi+appala+naidu+mla&client=ms-android-vivo-terr1-rso2&hs=vQ9o&sca_esv=b243d552b696475b&sxsrf=ANbL-n4kD_-5kp4ciJNvfInPicSHD1V6HQ%3A1768224814894&ei=LvhkabWdNqq5seMP88jd2QI&oq=giddi+appala+naidu+mla&gs_lp=EhNtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1zZXJwIhZnaWRkaSBhcHBhbGEgbmFpZHUgbWxhMgcQIRigARgKMgcQIRigARgKMgUQABjvBTIIEAAYogQYiQUyCBAAGIAEGKIEMgUQABjvBUiwFlCMCFjxD3ABeAGQAQCYAdACoAHxCKoBBTItMy4xuAEDyAEA-AEBmAIFoAKkCcICChAAGLADGNYEGEeYAwCIBgGQBgKSBwcxLjAuMy4xoAfBFbIHBTItMy4xuAedCcIHBzItMi4yLjHIBzCACAA&sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-serp Giddi Appala Naidu]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [https://www.google.com/search?q=tamarbha+chitti+naidu+mla&oq=&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqCQgBECMYJxjqAjIJCAAQIxgnGOoCMgkIARAjGCcY6gIyCQgCECMYJxjqAjIJCAMQIxgnGOoCMgkIBBAjGCcY6gIyCQgFECMYJxjqAjIJCAYQIxgnGOoCMhEIBxAAGAMYQhiPARi0AhjqAjIRCAgQABgDGEIYjwEYtAIY6gIyEQgJEAAYAxhCGI8BGLQCGOoCMhEIChAAGAMYQhiPARi0AhjqAjIRCAsQABgDGEIYjwEYtAIY6gLSAQYtMWowajeoAgywAgHxBY6qOkcNIQYz&client=ms-android-vivo-terr1-rso2&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8 Tammarbha Chitti Naidu]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[:te:కొట్టగుళ్లి_చిట్టినాయుడు|Kottagulli Chitti Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[:te:మత్స్యరాస_బాలరాజు|Matyarasa Balaraju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|[[:te:కొట్టగుళ్లి_చిట్టినాయుడు|Kottagulli Chitti Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[:te:మత్స్యరాస_మణికుమారి|Matyarasa Mani kumari]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-vivo-terr1-rso2&hs=J6TU&sca_esv=b243d552b696475b&sxsrf=ANbL-n4XKGbSjn0Ewj3SET8WXhjOy6zpDg%3A1768224901495&kgmid=%2Fg%2F11x7pgjkcs&q=Lake%20Rajarao%20Ex%20MLA&shem=bdsle%2Cptotple&shndl=30&source=sh%2Fx%2Floc%2Fact%2Fm4%2F2#ebo=0 Lake Rajarao]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Pasupuleti Balaraju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Giddi Eswari]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Kottagulli Bhagya Lakshmi]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Matsyarasa Visweswara Raju]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Matsyarasa Visweswara Raju]]
|votes = 68,170
|percentage = 42.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Giddi Eswari]]
|votes = 48,832
|percentage = 30.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vanthala Subba Rao
|votes = 15,935
|percentage = 9.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bulli Babu Sataka
|votes = 13,566
|percentage = 8.42
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,420
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,338
|percentage = 12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,61,160
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kottagulli Bhagya Lakshmi]]
|votes = 71,153
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Giddi Eswari]]
|votes = 28,349
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,804
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Giddi Eswari]]
|votes = 52,384
|percentage = 40.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Demudu Goddeti
|votes = 26,243
|percentage = 20.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pasupuleti Balaraju]]
|votes = 21,086
|percentage = 16.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lokula Gandhi
|votes = 17,029
|percentage = 13.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,141
|percentage = 20.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 127,849
|percentage = 59.80
|change = +3.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pasupuleti Balaraju]]
|votes = 35,653
|percentage = 32.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Demudu Goddeti
|votes = 35,066
|percentage = 31.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Krishnaveni Tamarbha
|votes = 16,894
|percentage = 15.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 587
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 110,297
|percentage = 56.44
|change = -3.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajarao Lake
|votes = 33,890
|percentage = 31.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ravi Sankar Samida
|votes = 26,335
|percentage = 24.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Manikumari Matyarasa
|votes = 23,523
|percentage = 21.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Balaraju Matsyarasa
|votes = 20.052
|percentage = 18.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,555
|percentage = 7.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 107,803
|percentage = 60.29
|change = -1.24
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Matyarasa Manikumari
|votes = 26,160
|percentage = 28.3
|change = {{decrease}}8.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lake Rajarao
|votes = 21,734
|percentage = 23.5
|change = {{increase}}9.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)
|candidate = Manglanna Seedari
|votes = 18,201
|percentage = 19.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jarsingi Balam Naidu
|votes = 14,147
|percentage = 15.3
|change = {{decrease}}5.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Anna Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Setti Lakshmanudu
|votes = 12,373
|percentage = 13.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,426
|percentage = 4.5
|change = {{decrease}}10.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 97,996
|percentage = 61.5
|change = {{increase}}6.8
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kottagulli Chittinaidu
|votes = 27,923
|percentage = 36.5
|change = {{increase}}9.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Balaraju Matsyarasa
|votes = 15,685
|percentage = 20.5
|change = {{decrease}}36.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nandoli Gasanna
|votes = 15,534
|percentage = 20.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lake Raja Rao
|votes = 10,638
|percentage = 13.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samata Party
|candidate = Madela Balanna
|votes = 6,783
|percentage = 8.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,238
|percentage = 15.3
|change = {{decrease}}12.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 80,003
|percentage = 54.7
|change = {{increase}}15.7
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Venkataraju Matsyarasa
|votes = 27,501
|percentage = 57.0
|change = {{increase}}23.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Venkataraju Matsyarasa
|votes = 13,037
|percentage = 27.0
|change = {{decrease}}6.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nandoli Gasanna
|votes = 7,740
|percentage = 16.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,464
|percentage = 28.1
|change = {{increase}}27.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 51,408
|percentage = 39.0
|change = {{increase}}5.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kottagulli Chittinaidu
|votes = 11,342
|percentage = 33.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Matcharasa Bala Raju
|votes = 11,229
|percentage = 33.3
|change = {{increase}}2.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sallangi Narayana
|votes = 6,710
|percentage = 19.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kurusabo Jiayya
|votes = 4,141
|percentage = 12.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Killo Narayana Padal
|votes = 346
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 113
|percentage = 0.3
|change = {{decrease}}8.3
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 35,376
|percentage = 33.6
|change = {{increase}}1.5
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tammarba Chittinaidu
|votes = 8,810
|percentage = 31.0
|change = {{decrease}}9.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Setti Lakshmanudu
|votes = 6,242
|percentage = 22.0
|change = {{decrease}}36.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kottagulli Chittinaidu
|votes = 3,267
|percentage = 11.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chittapuli Mandu Padalu
|votes = 2,772
|percentage = 9.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Danasani Kondanna Dora
|votes = 2,265
|percentage = 8.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kurusa Bojjayya
|votes = 1,866
|percentage = 6.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pangi Malam Naidu
|votes = 991
|percentage = 3.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Giddi Appala Naidu (incumbent)
|votes = 673
|percentage = 2.4
|change = {{decrease}}48.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Gujjalla Kondububu
|votes = 533
|percentage = 1.9
|change = {{decrease}}48.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = N. Bheema Naik
|votes = 453
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gulella Peddabbi
|votes = 338
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bakuru Konda Babu
|votes = 194
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,568
|percentage = 8.6
|change = {{decrease}}1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 29,819
|percentage = 32.1
|change = {{increase}}2.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Giddi Appalanaidu
|votes = 12,563
|percentage = 50.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Thamarba Chittinaidu (incumbent)
|votes = 10,146
|percentage = 40.6
|change = {{increase}}0.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sontena David Lakshmaji
|votes = 1,090
|percentage = 4.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kanta Mutyalu
|votes = 557
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Adapa Gangunaidu
|votes = 519
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,507
|percentage = 9.6
|change = {{decrease}}2.6
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 26,227
|percentage = 29.8
|change = {{increase}}7.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tamarba Chittinaidu
|votes = 8,074
|percentage = 40.50
|change = {{decrease}}5.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raja Padal
|votes = 5,641
|percentage = 28.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Padi Rama Rao
|votes = 5,556
|percentage = 27.87
|change ={{increase}}10.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = Gullela Peddabbi
|votes = 664
|percentage = 3.33
|change ={{decrease}}5.99
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,433
|percentage = 12.20
|change = {{decrease}}15.94
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 19,935
|percentage = 22.54
|change = {{increase}}9.72
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:Paderu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Tamarba Chittinaidu|votes=4,104|percentage=46.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Padi Rama Rao|votes=1,588|percentage=17.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Socialist Party|candidate=L C. Patrudu|votes=891|percentage=9.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh|candidate=K. Krishna Naidu|votes=831|percentage=9.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=K. Matayalu|votes=804|percentage=9.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=K. Appale Naidu|votes=352|percentage=3.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=K. Kamaraju Naidu|votes=346|percentage=3.88|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,516|percentage=28.22|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,916|percentage=12.82|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|18.08|82.66|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Alluri Sitharama Raju district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Darshna Rathore

2026-04-19T20:31:56Z

TiffaniKellum: starting info.

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = 3 September 2001
| birth_place =
| height = 1.67 m
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Women's [[Shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2023 Asian Shooting Championships|2023 Changwon]]|Mixed skeet team}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2019 Asian Shooting Championships|2019 Doha]]|Skeet team}}
}}

'''Darshna Rathore''' (born 3 September 2001) is an Indian [[Sport shooting|sport shooter]]. She competes in the [[ISSF Olympic skeet|skeet]] discipline. She is part of the Indian shooting team at the Asian Games, [[Hangzhou]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Indian shooters at Asian Games: Events, key dates, format and rules |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/38465705/indian-shooters-asian-games-hangzhou-2022-events-key-dates-format-rules-top-medal-contenders |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian medalists named as shooter for Hangzhou Asian Games_The 19th Asian Games Hangzhou |url=https://www.hangzhou2022.cn/En/presscenter/spotnews/latestnews/202306/t20230627_63136.shtml |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=www.hangzhou2022.cn}}</ref> She was part of the Indian women's skeet team, along with [[Parinaaz Dhaliwal]], and [[Ganemat Sekhon]] that finished fourth in the [[Asian Games]] shooting competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Asian Games, Shooting: Led by Sift Kaur Samra's gold, India win seven medals on Wednesday |url=https://scroll.in/field/1056681/asian-games-shooting-led-by-sift-kaur-samras-gold-india-win-seven-medals-on-wednesday |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

Darshana won the bronze after equalling the National record score of 120 as she qualified for the six-woman final in her first World Cup at Almaty.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=World Cup: Ganemat wins skeet silver, Darshna third |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/historic-silver-bronze-finish-by-ganemat-sekhon-and-darshna-rathore-in-womens-skeet-101684838220440.html |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Darshna hails from [[Rajasthan]]. She works with the [[Rajasthan Police]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Kamesh |date=23 February 2022 |title=Darshna Rathore grounded for missing one clay bird |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/darshna-rathore-grounded-for-missing-one-clay-bird-shooting-olympics/article38436334.ece |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

* 2023: In May, she won bronze at the ISSF Astana Shotgun World Cup. In the qualifying, she made it to the six-woman final in second spot after equalling the national record of 120.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Shooting World Cup: Ganemat, Darshna win silver, bronze |url=https://www.espn.in/shooting/story/_/id/37713953/shooting-world-cup-shotgun-ganemat-sekhon-darshna-rathore-win-silver-bronze |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Glad that I could win a medal for India…" Shooter Darshna Rathore | News - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/glad-that-i-could-win-a-medal-for-india-shooter-darshna-rathore/videoshow/100511288.cms |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISSF World Cup: Indian shooters Ganemat Sekhon, Darshna Rathore create history |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=ISSF-World-Cup:-Indian-shooters-Ganemat-Sekhon,-Darshna-Rathore-create-history&id=461376 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref>
* 2023: She made her debut<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=24 May 2023 |title=Indian skeet shooters Ganemat Sekhon, Darshna Rathore create history |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/issf-world-cup-indian-skeet-shooters-ganemat-sekhon-darshna-rathore-create-history-1503184249.html |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.thestatesman.com}}</ref> for senior India and won her first World Cup medal winning a bronze medal at the World Cup in Almaty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Asian Games 2023 Highlights: India men's hockey team clinches gold medal, seals Paris Olympics berth; Satwik/Chirag in men's doubles final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/live-updates-of-asian-games-2023-day-13-cricket-badminton-kabaddi-hockey-archery-wrestling-roller-skating/liveblog/104198649.cms |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2023 |title=Shooters Ganemat Sekhon, Darshna Rathore make cut for Asian Games, World Championships |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/shooters-ganemat-sekhon-darshna-rathore-make-cut-for-asian-games-world-championships/articleshow/101257359.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2023 |title=ISSF World Cup: Historic silver-bronze finish for Ganemat Sekhon and Darshna Rathore |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/issf-world-cup-historic-silver-bronze-finish-for-ganemat-sekhon-and-darshna-rathore/articleshow/100448138.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalwala |first=Ali Asgar |date=23 May 2013 |title=India's skeet shooters Ganemat Sekhon and Darshna Rathore create history |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/issf-world-cup-shotgun-almaty-2023-shooting-india-women-skeet-results |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.olympics.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* 2023: She took part in the skeet event at the Baku World Championship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ISSF - International Shooting Sport Federation - issf-sports.org |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDW0309200101 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.issf-sports.org}}</ref>
* 2023: In June, she took part in the Junior World Cup event at Suhl, Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2023 |title=ISSF Junior World Cup: India finish on top of medal tally but trap shooters miss out on final day |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/issf-junior-world-cup-india-finish-on-top-of-medal-tally-but-trap-shooters-miss-out-on-final-day/articleshow/100855841.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 2022: She represented India in the skeet team event and individual event at the Osijek World Championship.<ref name=":0" />
* 2021: In November, edged out India's top-ranked women's Skeet shooter Ganemat Sekhon of Punjab 50-46 to win her maiden National title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=24 November 2021 |title=Young shooter Darshna Rathore wins her maiden National Skeet title |url=https://thebridge.in/shooting/darshana-rathore-maiden-national-skeet-26845 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>
* 2019: She took part in the Lonato Junior World Championships women's skeet and mixed skeet events.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Kamesh |date=6 July 2019 |title=Shotgun World Championship: Darshna misses final by a whisker |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/shotgun-world-championship-2019-darshna-rathore-misses-final-parinaaz-sheeraz-sheikh-mairaj-ahmad/article28306481.ece |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{ISSF|SHINDW0309200101}}
* {{2022 Asian Games profile|shooting/athlete-profile-n2001556-rathore-darshna}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Darshna}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:Skeet shooters]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Asian Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Sanakhemundi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:42Z

TiffaniKellum: starting a post!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|the town|Sanakhemundi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sanakhemundi
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 130
| type = SLA
| map_image = 130-Sanakhemundi.svg
| map_caption = Sanakhemundi Assembly constituency in [[Ganjam district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = Ramesh Chandra Jena
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent ]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,31,373{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Sanakhemundi''' is a [[Electoral district|constituency]] for the [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]] (Vidhan Sabha) in [[Ganjam district]], [[Odisha]], India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

This constituency includes Sanakhemundi and [[Dharakot|Dharakote blocks]].<ref name=delimitation2008/>

The constituency was formed in 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.65}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.74}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.10}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.35}}
}}

Since its formation in 2009, 4 elections were held till date.

Elected members from the Sanakhemundi constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |title= Sanakhemundi Assembly Constituency, Orissa |url= http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/Sanakhemundi.html |publisher=Compare Infobase Limited |access-date=22 March 2014 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409075826/http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/sanakhemundi.html |archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2" />
|rowspan=2|[[Ramesh Chandra Jena (politician)|Ramesh Chandra Jena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news |website=Zee News |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |access-date=8 November 2022 |date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archive-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Nandini Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Ramesh Chandra Jena (politician)|Ramesh Chandra Jena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Independent politician|Independent ]] candidate [[Ramesh Chandra Jena]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Sulakhyana Geetanjali Debi by a margin of 10,622 votes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sanakhemundi Assembly Election Results 2024: Sanakhemundi Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/sanakhemundi-constituency-result-18130 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Sanakhemundi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chandra Jena (politician)|Ramesh Chandra Jena]]
|votes = 65,867
|percentage = 44.65
|change = {{down}}6.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Sulakshana Gitanjali Devi
|votes = 55,205
|percentage = 37.42
|change = {{up}}2.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Uttam Kumar Panigrahi
|votes = 22,396
|percentage = 15.18
|change = {{up}}4.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,724
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,662
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 147,529
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ramesh Chandra Jena]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Nandini Devi]] by a margin of 23,727 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanakhemundi<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=7 October 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramesh Chandra Jena (politician)|Ramesh Chandra Jena]] |votes=75,021 |percentage=50.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Nandini Devi]]|votes=51,294|percentage=34.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bijaya Kumar Swain|votes=15,335|percentage=10.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2765|percentage=1.87|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,727|percentage=16.05|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=147845|percentage=68.35|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Nandini Devi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ramesh Chandra Jena (politician)|Ramesh Chandra Jena]] by a margin of 8,222 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sanakhemundi Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sanakhemundi-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanakhemundi<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Nandini Devi]]
|votes = 61,773
|percentage = 47.1
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramesh Chandra Jena (politician)|Ramesh Chandra Jena]]|votes=53,551|percentage=40.83|change={{down}}9.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Birkishore Dev|votes=6,053|percentage=4.61|change={{down}}22.21}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,275|percentage=1.73|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,222|percentage=6.27|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,31,164|percentage=66.84|change=10.96}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,96,248
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ramesh Chandra Jena (politician)|Ramesh Chandra Jena]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Kishore Chandra Singh Deo]] by a margin of 23,593 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanakhemundi<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chandra Jena (politician)|Ramesh Chandra Jena]]
|votes = 50,487
|percentage = 50.35
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kishore Chandra Singh Deo]]|votes=26,894|percentage=26.82|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=N. Narayan Reddy|votes=15,023|percentage=14.98|change=''-''}}

{{Election box majority||votes=23,593|percentage=23.53|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,00,278|percentage=55.88|change=''-''}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{Ganjam district}}
{{coord|19.44|84.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Ganjam district]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Rajesh Aggarwal

2026-04-18T20:56:03Z

TiffaniKellum: Creating the stub with sources

{{Short description|Chief Secretary of Maharashtra}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Aggarwal
| birth_name =
| caption = Formal portrait, {{circa|2025}}
| occupation = [[Bureaucrat]]
| image = Rajesh Aggarwal (IAS 1989 MH).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1966|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab]], India<ref>{{Cite web |date= 30 November 2025|title= From IIT Delhi to IAS officer: Who is Rajesh Aggarwal, now trusted with key role in Maharashtra? Know all about him|url=https://news24online.com/india/from-iit-delhi-to-ias-officer-who-is-rajesh-agrawal-now-trusted-with-key-role-in-maharashtra-know-all-about-him/678381/ |access-date= 30 November 2025|website= News24|language=en}}</ref>
| office = [[List of chief secretaries of Maharashtra|Chief Secretary of Maharashtra]]
| nominator = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| predecessor = Rajesh Kumar Meena
| appointer = [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| term_start = 1 December 2025
| office1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]] of the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| term_start1 = August 2022
| term_end1 = November 2025
| predecessor1 = Anjali Bhawra
| successor1 = V. Vidyavathi<ref>{{Cite web |date= 20 November 2025 |title=Srivatsa Krishna, Atish Chandra and more: 7 senior IAS officers get new roles |url= https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/srivatsa-krishna-atish-chandra-and-more-7-senior-ias-officers-get-new-roles-ws-e-19767991.htm |access-date= 29 November 2025|website= [[CNBC-TV 18]]|language=en}}</ref>
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]] of the [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
| term_start2 = September 2021
| term_end2 = August 2022
| predecessor2 = Praveen Kumar
| successor2 = Atul Kumar Tiwari
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]) [[IIT Delhi]]
| module={{Infobox person|embed=yes
| employer = [[Indian Administrative Service]]}}
}}
'''Rajesh Aggarwal''' (born 12 November 1966) is an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of the 1989-batch from [[Maharashtra]] cadre who is currently serving as the [[List of chief secretaries of Maharashtra|Chief Secretary of Maharashtra]] since 1 December 2025. He previously served as [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] and as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]] in the [[Government of India|Central Government of India]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date= 29 November 2025|title= Rajesh Aggarwal is new Maharashtra Chief Secretary|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rajesh-agarwal-is-new-maharashtra-chief-secretary-10391888/ |access-date= 29 November 2025|website= [[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 29 November 2025|title= Rajesh Aggarwal to take charge as Chief Secretary on Sunday|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/rajesh-aggarwal-to-take-charge-as-chief-secretary-on-sunday-101764356926783.html|access-date= 29 November 2025|website= [[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date= 30 October 2025|title= Rajesh Aggarwal next Maharashtra chief secretary|url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/rajesh-aggarwal-next-maharashtra-chief-secretary-156017/ |access-date= 29 November 2025|website= India Masterminds|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rajesh Aggarwal was born on 12 November 1966 in [[Jalandhar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 30 November 2025|title= From IIT Delhi to IAS officer: Who is Rajesh Aggarwal, now trusted with key role in Maharashtra? Know all about him|url=https://news24online.com/india/from-iit-delhi-to-ias-officer-who-is-rajesh-agrawal-now-trusted-with-key-role-in-maharashtra-know-all-about-him/678381/ |access-date= 30 November 2025|website= News24|language=en}}</ref> He completed his [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] degree in [[Computer Science and Engineering]] from [[IIT Delhi]] in 1987.<ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

1956 in Kerala

2026-04-17T23:57:41Z

TiffaniKellum: Details...

{{Year in Kerala}}Events in the year '''1956''' in '''Kerala'''.

The modern day state of [[Kerala]] was formed through [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] in this year by merging most of [[Travancore–Cochin]], entirety of [[Malabar District]] and [[Kasaragod taluk]] of [[South Canara]] from [[Madras State]].

== Incumbents ==

=== Before formation of Kerala ===
[[Rajpramukh|'''Rajpramukh of Travancore – Cochin''']]
* [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] (till Oct 31)

'''[[Chief Minister of Travancore-Cochin]]'''
* [[Panampilly Govinda Menon]] (till March 23)
* President Rule

[[Chief Minister of Madras|'''Chief Minister of Madras (Malabar district)''']]
* [[K. Kamaraj]]

=== After formation of Kerala ===
[[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governor of Kerala''']] -
* P.S. Rao (acting from Nov 1 - 21)
* [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] (from Nov 22)
Justice K.T. Koshy acted as the last Chief Justice of The High Court of Thiru-Kochi and the first justice of [[Kerala High Court]].

No elected [[Chief minister]] till [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].

== Events ==
* 23 March - [[Panampilly Govinda Menon]] resigns as [[Chief minister]] of [[Travancore–Cochin]] following resignation of six members. [[President's rule]] comes into effect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Info - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_2_3.htm |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>
* 15 October – [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] inaugurates [[Kerala Sahithya Academy]].
* 17 October - Inaugural run of meter gauge train between Ernakulam and Kottayam.<ref name="budget57">{{cite web |date=14 May 1957 |title=Railway Budget speech 1957-58 (final) |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1957-58_final.pdf |website=www.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]], [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]}}</ref>
* 1 November - The state of [[Kerala]] formed.
* 4 November - [[All India Radio]] commissions 630kHz transmitter at [[Thrissur|Trichur]].
* 5 November - [[Kerala High Court]] established at Ram Mohan Palace, Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratap |first=Giti |date=2023-03-10 |title=The shifting legacy of the Kerala High Court - Part I |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/the-shifting-legacy-of-kerala-high-court-part-i |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dates unknown ===
* April - Fourth party Congress of [[Communist Party of India]] held at [[Palghat]].
* [[Guruvayur Devaswom Board]] formed.

== Birth ==
* 16 Mar - [[Indrans]], actor.
* 25 May - [[Ramesh Chennithala]], politician.

== See also ==
* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[1956 in India]]

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:1950 in India]]
[[Category:Years in Kerala]]
[[Category:1950s in Kerala]]

Snehaveedu

2026-04-16T13:48:53Z

TiffaniKellum: starting a data

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Snehaveedu
| image = Snehaveedu ad.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| producer = [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
| writer = Sathyan Anthikad
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Sheela]] Rahul Pillai
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| distributor = [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|09|30}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Snehaveedu''''' ({{Translation|The affectionate house}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[family drama]] film written and directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/212331/ | title=Sathyan Anthikkad's 51st film – Snehaveedu | publisher=Mathrubhumi | date=4 September 2011 | accessdate=6 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmcrack.com/showthread.php?tid=318|title=Sathyan movie titled as Snehaveedu}}</ref> It was produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] under the company [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Sheela]], and Rahul Pillai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mallucritic.com/malayalam-movie/snehaveedu/|title=Snehaveedu – Movie Details |work=Mallucritic }}</ref> It was Mohanlal's 300th film. The film received generally positive reviews from the critics and was a commercial success at the box office.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=August 2019}}
The story revolves around the protagonist, Ajayan Menon, who has tried his luck working in different cities in India. He later went to Dubai, and returned to his village after making a fortune there to look after his aging mother Ammukutty Amma. Ajayan is very nostalgic about his native place. There, he starts an agricultural equipment manufacturing company.

One day, Karthik, a college boy from Tamil Nadu approaches Ajayan claiming to be his son. Ajayan who is known bachelor to the villagers used to boast of himself as a womanizer in his youth, is believed to be the boy's father by all the villagers. Gradually, Ammukutty Amma starts to like Karthik and a loving relationship develops between the two. Eventually, she starts to accept Karthik as Ajayan's real son, though Ajayan rejects Karthik's claim and dislikes him. Karthik is persuaded by Ammukkty Amma to get close to Ajayan and subsequent events soften Ajayan's attitude towards Karthik.

To inquire about the real identity of the boy, Ajayan travels to Chennai, where he worked 20 years ago. He finds his old friend, Seithali. Seithali reveals to Ajayan that Shanti (Karthik's mother) used to act in movies as a background dancer but died one day during the shooting of a film. This news triggered Karthik to take his own life. To console Karthik, Seithali told him that he has a father and that he is not an orphan. Seithali showed Ajayan's photo to Karthik to get him to believe the lie. Moved by Karthik's situation, Ajayan accepts Karthik as his son.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Ajayan Menon
* [[Sheela]] as Ammukkutty Amma
* [[Biju Menon]] as SI Balachandran "Balan"
* Rahul Pillai as Karthik
* [[Padmapriya Janakiraman]] as Sunanda
* [[Mallika (actress)|Reeja]] as Shanthi
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Lilly
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Mathai "Karinkannan Mathai"
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Reethamma
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Seithali
* [[Chembil Ashokan]] as Maniyan
* [[Urmila Unni]] as Nalini
* Arundathi B. as Rosemol
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Kalluvazhi Krishnan Marar
* [[Appukutty]] as Pazhanisamy
* Praveen Premkumar
}}

==Production==
The film was reportedly first named ''Ammukuttiyammayude Ajayan''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Snehaveedu Stills|url=http://www.badascreen.com/2011/06/ammukutty-ammayude-ajayan-mohanlal.html|work=Bada Screen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Snehaveedu|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/malayalam/ammukutty-ammayude-ajayan/default.htm|work=movies.sulekha}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Snehaveedu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| released = 2011
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 24:54 mins
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = Ilaiyaraaja
| prev_title = [[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (2011 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Sri Rama Rajyam]]
| next_year = 2011
}}

The songs in this movie were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The lyrics were penned by Rafeeq Ahamed. Keerthy Ramachandran of ''The Deccan Chronicle'' commented that "lyrics of Rafeeq Ahmed are worth mentioning".

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Duration !! Raga
|-
| 1 || "Chengathir Kaiyum" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 04:10 || [[Keeravani]]
|-
| 2 || "Amruthamayi Abhayamai (Version 1)" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 05.37 || [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]
|-
| 3 || "Aavani Thumbi" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 04.51 ||[[Charukesi]]
|-
| 4 || "Chandrabimbathin" || [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Shweta Mohan|Shweta]] || 04:39 || [[Khamas (raga)|Khamas]]
|-
| 5 || "Amruthamayi Abhayamai (Version 2)" || Rahul Nambiar || 05.37 || [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]
|}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Keerthy Ramachandran of ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film three stars out of five. She wrote that the film portrays the elements of a village, typical of Anthikad films "beautifully". She also compared the plot of the film to that of ''[[Minnaram]]'' (1994) and commended the performance of [[Sheela]], which she felt was "brilliant".<ref name="deccan">{{cite news|title=Snehaveedu flatters to deceive|last=Ramachandran|first=Keerthy|date=1 October 2011|page=7|volume=1|issue=194|oclc=29996911|newspaper=[[The Deccan Chronicle]]|publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited}}</ref> However, she ended on a mixed note, writing "What disappoints is that [Sathyan] Anthikad, who has always come up with sensible themes, has failed to send any subtle message this time".<ref name="deccan"/>
Paresh C Palicha of Rediff gave the movie a rating of 2.5 stars out of 5 and said "Snehaveedu is a feel good movie". It added "In the final analysis, Sathyan Anthikad mixes and matches his recent successful films like Manassinakare, Rasthanthram and even Achuvinte Amma to make Snehaveedu, which leaves his fans with little to complain about."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-snehaveedu/20111003.htm|title=Snehaveedu is a pleasant experience|author=Paresh C Palicha|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=4 October 2011}}</ref> At Indiaglitz gave the movie a rating of 5.75 stars out of 10 stars and said "'Sneha veedu' is packed with all the signature elements of Sathyan Anthikkad that the families of Kerala admire, but a more cohesive script and convincing climax complemented by hit music should have made this a winner."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/13714.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711064743/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/13714.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2011|title=Watch Snehaveedu for Mohanlal|author=Indiaglitz|work=Indiaglitz|accessdate=8 October 2011}}</ref>

===Box office===
The movie received positive response from the family audience. According to Cinebuzz.co.in, the film has opened at number one position on Kerala box office registering 80 percent collections in almost all the centres and made a 100+ days run in 1 centre.<ref>[http://www.cinebuzz.co.in/news/Top-five-boxoffice-oct2011.htm CineBuzz-Indian Rupee, Snehaveedu, Dr Love, Sevens, Pranayam, Satynaanthikadu, Mohanlal, Prithvi Raj, Tilakan, Renjith, Palerimanikkam, Pranchiyetten and the saint, Indian Cinema, Exclu...] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015190848/http://www.cinebuzz.co.in/news/Top-five-boxoffice-oct2011.htm |date=15 October 2011 }}</ref> According to Sify.com, Snehaveedu opened at number one position on Kerala box office.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111015161942/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14981090&cid=14625530 Kerala Box-Office- 12 September to 8 October - Sify.com]</ref> This is declared as hit.

==Awards==
;[[Asianet Film Awards]]
* [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Biju Menon]]
* [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]] - [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
* [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Supporting Actor-Female|Best Supporting Actor-Female]] - [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]
* [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]

;[[Mathrubhumi]] Film Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/252066/|title=Mathrubhumi Film Awards 2011|access-date=16 February 2012|archive-date=16 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216031329/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/252066/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Best Female Playback Singer - [[K. S. Chithra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2091412}}

{{Aashirvad Cinemas}}

[[Category:2011 drama films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Aashirvad Cinemas films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments films]]

Mendhar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:24:59Z

TiffaniKellum: Added New Post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mendhar
| mla = [[Javed Ahmed Rana]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri]]
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 90
}}

'''Mendhar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a northern [[Union Territory]] of [[India]]. Mendhar is also part of [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Mendhar Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/mendhar.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Pir Jamat Ali Shah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|Chaudhary Mohammad Aslam
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|Sardar Rafiq Hussain Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan=2|Nisar Ahamed Khan
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<ref name=election1996>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3794-jammu-kashmir-1996/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 1996 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Javed Ahmed Rana]]<ref name=election2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3795-jammu-kashmir-2002/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Sardar Rafiq Hussain Khan<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3796-jammu-kashmir-2008/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Javed Ahmed Rana]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javed Ahmed Rana]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=32,176 |percentage=38.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Murtaza Ahmed Khan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,270 |percentage=20.87% |change={{increase}}18.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashfaq |party=Independent politician |votes=13,750 |percentage=16.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shazad Ahmed Malik |party=Independent politician |votes=10,675 |percentage=12.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nadeem Ahmed Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=7,135 |percentage=8.62% |change={{decrease}}25.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=490 |percentage=0.59% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,906 |percentage=18.02% |change= {{increase}}4.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,734 |percentage=75.57% |change= {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,474 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}8.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javed Ahmed Rana]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=31,186 |percentage=47.75% |change={{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Mahroof Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=22,161 |percentage=33.93% |change={{decrease}}13.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Murtaza Ahmed Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,255 |percentage=11.11% |change={{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zulfqar Hussain Khan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,472 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sharief Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=830 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nisar Ahmed Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=534 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nisar Hussain Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=495 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=351 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,025 |percentage=13.82% |change= {{increase}}12.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,317 |percentage=80.09% |change= {{increase}}2.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,554 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Rafiq Hussain Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=29,036 |percentage=47.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javed Ahmed Rana]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=28,294 |percentage=46.42% |change={{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Majid Ahmed Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,559 |percentage=2.56% |change={{decrease}}6.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mughal Hussain Khan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=438 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamim Ahmed |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=374 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=742 |percentage=1.22% |change= {{decrease}}15.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,958 |percentage=77.85% |change= {{increase}}18.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,302 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javed Ahmed Rana]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=24,530 |percentage=51.39% |change={{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rafiq Hussain Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=16,665 |percentage=34.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Zaffar-Ullah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,299 |percentage=9.01% |change={{decrease}}2.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Majid Ahmad Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,212 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mumtaz Ahmad Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,023 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,865 |percentage=16.48% |change= {{increase}}10.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,729 |percentage=60.29% |change= {{decrease}}7.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,826 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nisar Ahmed Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,716 |percentage=37.47% |change={{decrease}}14.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javed Ahmed Rana]] |party=Independent politician |votes=14,256 |percentage=31.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Rafiq Hussain Khan |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,645 |percentage=12.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Lal Mohammed Sabir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,946 |percentage=11.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Mohammed Sadeeq Naz |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,507 |percentage=5.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Rashid |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=401 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,460 |percentage=5.51% |change= {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,613 |percentage=68.59% |change= {{decrease}}11.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,888 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}14.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nisar Ahamed Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,820 |percentage=52.46% |change={{decrease}}2.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Mohammed Sabir |party=Independent politician |votes=16,049 |percentage=42.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Rafiq Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=1,442 |percentage=3.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Rashid |party=Independent politician |votes=289 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,771 |percentage=9.98% |change= {{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,782 |percentage=80.64% |change= {{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,412 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}2.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ragfiq Hussain Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,445 |percentage=54.76% |change={{increase}}24.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sadiq |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,926 |percentage=43.71% |change={{increase}}14.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Majid Ahmed Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=489 |percentage=1.53% |change={{decrease}}29.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,519 |percentage=11.05% |change= {{increase}}10.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,860 |percentage=77.51% |change= {{increase}}12.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,607 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rafiq Hissain Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,556 |percentage=30.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sadiq |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,479 |percentage=30.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shah Mohammed |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,148 |percentage=29.03% |change={{decrease}}38.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Majid Ahmed Khan |party=Janata Party |votes=1,994 |percentage=9.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=77 |percentage=0.36% |change= {{decrease}}34.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,177 |percentage=65.23% |change= {{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,070 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}33.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}36.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Choudhry Mohammed Aslam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,094 |percentage=67.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sayeed Beig |party=Independent politician |votes=10,654 |percentage=32.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,440 |percentage=34.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,748 |percentage=66.60% |change= {{increase}}65.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,008 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=M. Aslam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,954 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,954 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Mendhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Pir Jamat Ali Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=43,930 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,930 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mendhar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.61|74.14|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Poonch District, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

American Progressive Telugu Association

2026-04-14T02:09:51Z

TiffaniKellum: Done

{{short description|American non-profit organization}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = America Progressive Telugu Association
| image = File:America Progressive Telugu Association.png
| type = Organization for networking of [[Telugu people]] living in the United States
| founded = 2008
| tax_id =
| registration_id =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = JJV Subrahmanyam
| leader_title2 = Board Chair
| leader_name2 = Eswar Arige
| leader_title3 = General Secretary
| leader_name3 = Lalit Kumar Vadlamudi
| founders = Prasad Sammeta (Founding Chairman)
| location = Overland Park, Kansas State
| coordinates = 
| origins = [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] [[Telugu people|Telugu]] population in the United States
| key_people = Prasad Sammeta, Srinivas Chandu (Founding President) and Srini Chimata (Director)
| region_served = [[United States of America]]
| product =
| focus =
| method =
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| subsid =
| opponents =
| owner = APTA
| former_name =
| website = https://ap-ta.org/
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''America Progressive Telugu Association''' ({{langx|te|అమెరికన్ ప్రోగ్రసివ్ తెలుగు అస్సోసియేషన్}}, also referred to as '''APTA''') is a non-profit organization primarily aimed at networking for [[Telugu people]] in the [[United States of America]]. It is incorporated in [[Wichita, Kansas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Telugu Association|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-08-30/America-Progressive-Telugu-Association-convention-from-August-31-to-September-2/408746|website=TheHansIndia|date=30 August 2018 |accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref> APTA was founded in January 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Founded Association|url=https://ap-ta.org/introduction/|website=APTA|accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref>

The association also provides yearly scholarships for merit students.<ref>{{cite news|title=about|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/us-telugu-assn-distributes-scholarships-worth-15-cr/article21828641.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 December 2017 |accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ap-ta.org/ APTA website]
* [https://www.guidestar.org/profile/26-2189788/ Gidestar Profile]

[[Category:Telugu organizations in North America]]
[[Category:Telugu diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in the United States]]

{{nonprofit-org-stub}}

Aashayein foundation

2026-04-09T11:03:24Z

TiffaniKellum:

{{Short description|Non-governmental organization in India}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{No footnotes|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Aashayein Foundation
| image = AF Official Logo.JPG
|motto = Nurturing Hopes
|type = [[Non governmental organisation]]
|established = 19 May 2007
|city = [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
|country = [[India]]
|website = http://aashayeinfoundation.org/
}}

'''Aashayein Foundation''' is an NGO ([[non-governmental organisation]]) in [[India]] that works towards the betterment of the underprivileged children through education. The organization was founded in January 2007 but was formally registered on 19 May 2007 by a group of young IT professionals between the ages of 20 and 30 years. The organization achieves its goals by conducting projects and events aligned with its goals.

== Projects==
===Bacche Mann Ke Sacche (BMKS)===
[[File:BKMS.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Bacche Mann ke Sacche]]

The objective of this project is to identify and create educational opportunities for kids who do not get a chance to attend schools. Through this project children from economically weaker section of the society are identified and supported – giving the child an opportunity to realize its full potential. This project is also aimed to create awareness about education among masses and families who cannot afford education.

BMKS is already in its 3rd year of operations in [[Bangalore]]. This project has been launched in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in the current financial year 2009–10.

The scope of the project is to:
* Identify children who cannot afford education or are unable to attend school due to multiple reasons.
* Admission of students to [[government]] or government aided school in the vicinity.
* Targeting the students in age group 6 to 16 from the standard 1 to 10.
* Taking appropriate actions to ensure continuation of student's education (till 10th Standard).

===Shikshana Abhiyana===
[[File:Teaching aashayein.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Shikshana Abhiyana]]

The objective of this project is to provide quality education to the students in various governments and government aided school. The project aims at bridging the knowledge gap between the public and private schools. One can see the members of Aashayein visiting schools to teach the children and motivate them so that they can take up education in their life. Shikshana Abhiyana is also aimed at building the capacity of the school and school authorities by organizing various teacher training programs, workshops, seminars, etc. for the teachers of government and government aided schools.

The scope of the project is to:
* Work towards reducing the gap between the level of education in public and private schools.
* Function in auxiliary capacity to improve quality of teaching in [[government]] schools from standards 1 to 10.
* Ensure all-round development of children with focus on scholastic as well as extra-curricular activities.
* Motivate students, teachers and parents to create a better learning atmosphere.

===Pustaka Abhiyana===
[[File:Shikshana Abhiyana.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Pustaka Abhiyana]]

Most of the underprivileged children cannot afford notebooks and other stationery material. As a result, they have little or no exposure to writing or reading or both. The organization believes this to be one of the major reasons for children unable maintain their interest in classes or practice what is learnt at school, causing in drop-outs. Pustaka Abhiyana is about ensuring that each and every child has access to basic writing material for their education. This project is mainly aimed at rural schools.

The scope of the project is to:
* Identify students who do not have access or have shortage of basic writing material.
* Target the students in age group 6 to 16 from standard 1 to 10.
* Provide basic writing material to such students either individually or by doing basic writing material donation drive in [[government]] and semi-government schools.
* Make this a continuous process where Aashayein will provide writing material as and when the students have exhausted their supply.

===Breakfast Serving===
[[File:SundayBreakfastServing.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Breakfast Serving]]

The Breakfast Serving drive was the organization's first step towards serving underprivileged children in orphanages, mentally challenged places (called 'aashrams'), which was extended to old age homes later. This activity gives the foundation an opportunity to interact with kids and senior citizens. Every Sunday morning, Aashayein members visits an 'aashram' and serves breakfast. The purpose is also to identify the requirements, problems and challenges faced by the authorities who run these 'aashrams' and support them monetarily or non-monetarily.

The scope of the project is to:
* Identify orphanages and old age homes which have monetary constraints.
* Serving breakfast to such [[orphanages]] or old age home every Sunday morning.
* Maintain a database of [[orphanages]] or old age homes for collaboration to meet their other needs either directly or referring the same to a partner [[NGO]].
* To serve as a platform for new members to be introduced to Aashayein's volunteers and programs and for all volunteers to meet and share their ideas and thoughts to help the organization attain its goals.
* To identify the requirements and challenges faced by the authorities who run these 'aashrams'.

== Sponsors and finances ==
In [[Bangalore]], Aashayein Foundation is supported by IT giants like [[Perot Systems]], [[Robert Bosch]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[HCL Enterprise|HCL]], [[Tech Mahindra]], [[Yahoo]], [[Texas Instruments]], [[Zenith]], [[Honeywell]], [[Wipro]], [[SAP AG|SAP]].

In [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], it is supported by [[Google]], [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[Deloitte]], [[Bank of America]], [[Convergys]], and [[HCL Technologies]].

The foundation also works on contributions from more than 1000 individuals.

== Achievements ==

* 150 Aashrams and schools and over 10000 children covered so far and the number is growing.
* Aashayein Foundation conferred the Certificate of Appreciation during the Young Achiever Award 2008 by Rotary [[Bangalore]] Midtown and Brigade group.
* Dharmesh Porwal, one of the organization's trustees, was selected for social entrepreneurship workshop at London School of Business
* Ankur Sharma awarded Chhatrapati Shivaji award for his work towards BMKS.
* Anshi Goel awarded "Women who are Catalysts for Social Change" on Women's Day by [[Infosys]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] for her work in Aashayein in March 2009.
* Aashayein Foundation organizes events for the underprivileged students such as summer camps, [[Republic Day]] celebrations, Aashayein Walkathon, uniform distributions.

== Events ==
[[File:Events Aashayein.png|thumb|350px|right|Events]]
'''Aashayein Waves''': 
Date: 16 June 2007
Venue: Kanamangala Village, [[Karnataka]] 
Target Audience: Students and local villagers
Total number of people who were attended: 250 
 
'''Independence Day Celebrations''': 
Date: 15 August 2007
Venue: Government School, Dairy Colony, [[Bangalore]] 
Target Audience: Students and volunteers of Aashayein Foundation
Total number of students who participated: 140 
 
'''Choti Si Asha''' 
Date: 7 October 2007
Venue: Ganesh Bagh, Bhagwan Mahaveer Jain Road, [[Bangalore]] 
Target Audience: 70 kids of BMKS, their parents, 300 students from three orphanages: Sumangali Ashram (RT nagar), Asha deep (Queens Road) and Sneha Nilaya (Lanford gardens)
Total number of students who participated: 600 
 
'''Children's Day Celebration''': 
Date: 17 November 2007
Venue: Cafeteria Oracle Office, Banargatta Main Road, [[Bangalore]] 
Target Audience: Students of Government School Dairy Colony and Government School SG Palya
Total number of students who participated: 250 
 
'''One year Celebration''' 
Date: 6 January 2008
Venue: Little Sister of the Poor, Hosur Road, [[Bangalore]] 
Target Audience: Members of Aashayein Foundation and little helping hands.
Total Number of Members who participated: 60 
 
'''ART Mela''' 
Date: 2 February 2008
Venue: Sahakari Vidya Kendra, Jayanagar, [[Bangalore]] 
Target Audience: Students of Sahakari Vidya Kendra.
Total Number of Students who participated: 300 
 
'''Aashayein Weekend Summer Camp''' 
Date: 5 April to 11 May 2008
Venue: Sahakari Vidya Kendra, Jayanagar, [[Bangalore]] 
Target Audience: 5th, 6th and 7th Standard Students of Sahakari Vidya Kendra.
Total Number of Students who are participating: 30 
 
'''Aashayein Weekend Summer Camp, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]''' 
Date: 20 April to 13 July 2008
Venue: HCHW (Hyderabad Council of Human Welfare) Home, Golconda, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] 
Target Audience: Residential Children of HCHW Home.
Total Number of Students who participated: 100 
 
'''Session for Trainers & Volunteers of Aashayein Foundation''' 
Date: 22 June 2008
Venue: HCHW (Hyderabad Council of Human Welfare) Home, Golconda, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] 
Target Audience: Trainers and volunteers from Aashayein, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
Duration: 2 Hrs. 
 
'''Uniform Distribution to 100 children''' 
Date: 6 July 2008
Venue: HCHW ([[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] Council of Human Welfare) Residential Home, Golconda, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] 
Target Audience: Residential Children of HCHW Home.
Total Number of Students who participated: 100 
 
'''Aashayein Week at IBS, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]''' 
Date: 11-15 Aug 2008
Venue: [[ICFAI]] Business School, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] 
Target Audience: B-School students and children
Total Number of Students who participated: 300 
 
'''INDRADHANUSH '08, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]''' 
Date: 21 December 2008
Venue: RadhaKrishna Balika Bhavan, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] 
Target Audience: Children of the Aashram
Total Number of Students who participated: 250 
 
'''Movie Screening for a Cause '08, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]''' 
Date: 30 May 2008
Venue: PVR Cinemas Multiplex, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] 
Target Audience: Children
Total Number of Students who participated: 150

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

== References ==
[[File:News Aashayein.png|thumb|350px|right|In the News]]
'''[[Deccan Post]]'''
* http://epaper.deccanpost.in/default.aspx?selPg=24&page=11_07_2008_033.jpg&ed=893&BMode=100&artHigh=11_07_2008_033_001_013{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 
'''[[The Hindu]]''' 
22 Dec 2008 – http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/22/stories/2008122257890200.htm 
29 Dec 2008 – http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/29/stories/2008122957520200.htm 
5 Oct 2007 – http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/05/stories/2007100558930800.htm 
13 Dec 2007 – http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/13/stories/2007121350890200.htm 
16 July 2008 – http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/16/stories/2008071658730200.htm 
21 July 2008 – http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/21/stories/2008072150180200.htm 
 
'''[[The Times of India]]''' 
21 Dec 2008 – [https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043924/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIH/2008/12/21&PageLabel=6&ForceGif=true&EntityId=Ar00600&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T] 
13 Dec 2007 – [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011193442/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/archive/skins/pastissues2/navigator.asp?login=default] 
20 July 2008 – [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011193442/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/archive/skins/pastissues2/navigator.asp?login=default] 
21 July 2008 – [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Client.asp?Daily=TOIBG&login=default&Enter=true&Skin=TOI&GZ=T]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 
 
'''[[Andhra Jyoti]]''' 
22 Dec 2008 – http://www.andhrajyothy.com/tabloids/2008/dec/22/hyd/hyd10.pdf{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 
 
'''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]''' 
22 Dec 2008 – http://epaper.sakshi.com/Details.aspx?id=93169&boxid=28650628 
March 2009 – https://web.archive.org/web/20110708134654/http://channel6magazine.com/article/article.asp?name1=mar09b1.inc&name2=mar09b2.inc&name3=Article 
 
'''[[Deccan Herald]]''' 
14 Sep 2007 – https://web.archive.org/web/20080908100844/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep142007/metro2007091325184.asp 
5 Oct 2007 – https://web.archive.org/web/20080908100844/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep142007/metro2007091325184.asp 
21 July 2008 – https://web.archive.org/web/20080825023125/http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Jul212008/city2008072180035.asp

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aashayein Foundation}}
[[Category:Charities based in India]]

Arun Choudhary

2026-04-04T03:29:29Z

TiffaniKellum: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arun Choudhary
| image =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hi
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pachpadra Assembly constituency|Pachpadra]]
| predecessor = [[Madan Prajapat]]
| term_start = 2023
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Arun Choudhary''' is an Indian politician serving as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Pachpadra Assembly constituency|Pachpadra]] in [[Barmer district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachpadra Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Arun Choudhary with 77997 defeats INC's Madan Prajapat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/pachpadra-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470752-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachpadra assembly election results 2023: Pachpadra Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/pachpadra-assembly-result-20137 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachpadra, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Pachpadra सीट पर Arun Choudhary ने Madan Prajapat कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/pachpadra-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830523-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajasthan Results 2023: Winners list from Jaisalmer, Sheo, Barmer, Baytoo, Pachpadra, Siwana, Gudamalani, Chohtan seats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-election-results-2023-live-jaisalmer-sheo-barmer-baytoo-pachpadra-siwana-gudamalani-chohtan-seats-101701455523184.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Barmer district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Gobichettipalayam

2026-04-02T10:41:18Z

TiffaniKellum: starting a data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gobichettipalayam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = Gobi
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = GOBICHETTIPALAYAM.jpg
| caption1 = Arch at entrance
| image2 = Pariyur.jpg
| caption2 = [[Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman|Pariyur temple]]
| image3 = Kodiveri falls.jpg
| caption3 = [[Kodiveri Dam]]
| image4 = Western Ghats Gobi.jpg
| caption4 = [[Eastern Ghats]]
}}
| nickname = Chinna Kodambakkam (Mini [[Kollywood]])
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Gobichettipalayam, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|27|17.6|N|77|26|11.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Erode District]]
| established_title = Municipality
| established_date = 1949<ref name="GMC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/gobichettipalayam/|title=About Gobichettipalayam|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gobichettipalayam Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = N. R. Nagaraj<ref name="Chair">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/dmk-bags-chairman-post-in-four-municipalities-in-erode/article65190059.ece|title=DMK bags Chairman post in four municipalities in Erode|date=4 March 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = Vacant
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[K. Subbarayan]]<ref name="MP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/k-subbarayan|title=K Subbarayan, profile|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 241
| population_total = 59,523<ref name="Pop">{{Cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42877/download/46545/CLASS_II.xlsx|title=Census of India, Class II towns|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 638452, 638476
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91(04285)
| registration_plate = TN36
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 74%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tiruppur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Gobichettipalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Gobichettipalayam Municipal Corporation|GMC]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|28|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|34.3|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|24|°C|°F}}
| website = [https://erode.nic.in/public-utility/gobichettipalayam-municipality/ Gobi Municipality]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gobichettipalayam''' ({{IPA|ta|koːbitɕtɕeʈʈippaːɭaɪjam|lang}}) is a [[town]] and municipality in [[Erode district]] of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Gobichettipalayam taluk]]. It is situated close to the centre of the [[South India]]n [[Peninsula]] at {{cvt|213|m}} above sea level, straddled by the [[Eastern Ghats]]. It is located {{cvt|35|km}} from the district headquarters [[Erode]], {{cvt|44|km}} from [[Tiruppur]] and {{cvt|80|km}} from [[Coimbatore]]. [[Agriculture]] and [[textile]] industries are major contributors to the economy of the town.

The town is a part of [[Gobichettipalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Gobichettipalayam constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] and the [[Tirupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupur constituency]] that elects its [[Member of Parliament (India)|member of parliament]] to the [[Lok Sabha]]. The town is administered by [[Gobichettipalayam Municipality]], which was established in 1949. Gobichettipalayam has a population of 59,523 as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]. It is known as "Mini [[Kollywood]]" because of the [[film]] production that takes place here and many films in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and other languages have been shot here.

==History==
A major part of present day Gobichettipalayam was previously known as "Veerapandi Gramam", and documents and records still use that name.<ref name="GCP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gobichettipalayam.com/|title=District Profile|publisher=Gobichettipalayam.com|access-date=26 February 2012}}</ref> The town was part of the country ruled by king [[Vēl Pāri]], who is regarded as one of the Kadai ēzhu vallal (the last seven great patrons).<ref name="General1968">{{Cite book|author=Office of the Registrar General|title=Census of India, 1961: Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuccAQAAMAAJ|access-date=26 February 2012|year=1968|publisher=Manager of Publications}}</ref> [[Pariyur]], a temple town near Gobichettipalayam was named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=10229/|title=About Kondathu Kaliamman Temple|access-date=23 April 2023|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref> The region was later ruled by the [[Chera Dynasties|Cheras]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]] with the town deriving its name after Gobi Chetti, a Vijayanagara [[Polygar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Baliga|first=B. S.|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Salem. by Ramaswami, A|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRxuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=26 February 2012|year=1967|publisher=Madras State, Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press|page=64}}</ref> It was captured by [[Tipu Sultan]] and after Tipu's defeat, [[British Raj|British]] annexed it to their territory.<ref name="Rana2006">{{Cite book|last=Rana|first=Mahendra Singh|title=Indian great votes: Local Sabha & Mane Sabha elections 2001-2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&pg=PA399|access-date=26 February 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-647-6|page=399}}</ref> After [[Indian Independence Act, 1947|Indian Independence]], the town became part of [[Madras State]], which was later renamed as [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Eastern Ghats Gobi Tamil Nadu Aug25 A7CR 06432.jpg|thumb|Eastern Ghats north of the town]]
Gobichettipalayam is located in [[Kongu Nadu]], the northwestern part of Tamil Nadu about {{cvt|400|km}} south west of [[Chennai]].<ref name="Municip"/> The southern slopes of the [[Eastern Ghats]] lie north of the town. The [[Bhavani River]] traverses across the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twadboard.tn.gov.in/content/erode|title=Erode district|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The temperature is moderately warm except during the summer months when it is very hot.<ref name="Municip"/> Rainfall is moderate to high, unpredictable and unevenly distributed, and the town gets an average annual rainfall of {{cvt|92|cm}}.<ref name="Municip"/> The soil mainly consists of [[Chernozem|black loam]], [[red soil|red loam and red sand]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Kongu Nadu, a History Up to A.D. 1400|first=V|last=Manickam|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=2001|page=40}}</ref> In general, the soil in and around the city is fertile and good for [[agriculture]] and the surrounding water logged [[rice]] fields contribute to the high humidity levels.<ref name="Municip"/>

{{Weather box
|location = Gobichettipalayam
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|temperature colour=
|Jan high C = 30
|Feb high C = 32
|Mar high C = 35
|Apr high C = 35
|May high C = 34
|Jun high C = 31
|Jul high C = 30
|Aug high C = 31
|Sep high C = 32
|Oct high C = 31
|Nov high C = 29
|Dec high C = 29
|year high C = 32
|Jan low C = 18
|Feb low C = 19
|Mar low C = 21
|Apr low C = 23
|May low C = 23
|Jun low C = 22
|Jul low C = 22
|Aug low C = 22
|Sep low C = 22
|Oct low C = 22
|Nov low C = 21
|Dec low C = 19
|year low C = 22
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 14
|Feb rain mm = 12
|Mar rain mm = 19
|Apr rain mm = 53
|May rain mm = 76
|Jun rain mm = 38
|Jul rain mm = 57
|Aug rain mm = 42
|Sep rain mm = 56
|Oct rain mm = 153
|Nov rain mm = 123
|Dec rain mm = 50
|year rain mm = 693
|source 1 = Erode district collectorate
}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religion in Gobichettipalayam (2011)<ref name=religion2011 />|titlebar=#FCD116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hindu]]|darkorange|90.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|7.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|2.5}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|grey|0.1}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Gobichettipalayam had a population of 59,523 of which 28,866 are males while 30,657 are females.<ref name="Pop"/> The town had a [[sex ratio]] of 1,062 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. It had a [[literacy rate]] of 85.2%, higher than the national average of 72.99 %.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803523-gobichettipalayam-tamil-nadu.html|title=Gobichettipalayam Town Population Census 2011|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> About 4,669 people were under the age of six including 2,364 males and 2,305 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 10.74% and 0.08% of the population respectively. The town had a total of 17,064 households and 25,225 engaged workers.<ref>{{Cite report|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Gobichettipalayam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=687252|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

[[Kongu Vellalar]] form a major proportion of the population.<ref name="General1968"/><ref name="Journal of Indian history">{{cite book|title=Journal of Indian history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxnjAAAAMAAJ|year=1955|page=6|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> There are also a significant number of [[Sengunthar]], [[Vanniyar]], [[Dalit]], [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] and [[Vettuva Gounder]].<ref name="Elec">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Gobichettipalayam-likely-to-go-for-tried-and-tested-AIADMK-again/articleshow/52250148.cms|title=Gobichettipalayam likely to go for tried and tested AIADMK again|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|first=Senthil|last=Kumaran|date=13 May 2016|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zvelebil1982">{{Cite book|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil Veit|title=The Irula language|year=1982|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-02247-7|page=46}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, the town had 90.3% [[Hindus]], 7.1% [[Muslims]], 2.5% [[Christians]] and 0.1% others.<ref name=religion2011>{{Cite report|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; margin-left:1em"
|+ Administrative officials
|-
!Title
!Name
|-
|Chairman
|N. R. Nagaraj<ref name="Chair"/>
|-
|[[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|Vacant
|-
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]<ref name="MP"/>
|}
The town is administered by the [[Gobichettipalayam Municipality]]. The municipal body was constituted on 1 October 1949 and was elevated to Grade II on 10 February 1970. It was later upgraded to first Grade on 1 October 1977 and Selection Grade on 2 December 2008.<ref name="GMC"/> In 1952, the municipality under then chairman [[G. S. Lakshman Iyer]], was amongst the foremost in the country to have abolished [[manual scavenging]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/tn-guv-urges-people-to-lead-simple-life-3262941/|title=TN Guv urges people to lead simple life|date=29 April 2018|publisher=India news|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

The town is part of the [[Gobichettipalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Gobichettipalayam assembly constituency]] that elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]].<ref name="MLA">{{Cite report|url=https://archive.org/download/httpseci.gov.infilesfile13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/10-%20Detailed%20Results.pdf|title=Detailed Result, Tamil Nadu Assembly Election 2021|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> The town was part of the [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam parliamentary constituency]] until 2009. After a delimination exercise by the [[Election Commission of India]], the Gobichettipalayam assembly constituency became part of the newly formed [[Tirupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies|access-date=10 October 2008|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2008}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The municipality has {{cvt|67.604|km}} of roads of which {{cvt|6.6|km }} is owned by the State Highways Department.<ref name="Municip">{{Cite web|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/gobi/abs-municipality.htm|title=About the Municipality|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=26 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208112206/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Gobi/abs-municipality.htm|archive-date=8 February 2012 }}</ref> The town is well connected by roads with the major arterial roads including [[State Highway 81 (Tamil Nadu)|State Highway 81]], [[State Highway 15 (Tamil Nadu)|State Highway 15]], [[State Highway 15 (Tamil Nadu)|State Highway 15A]]. The [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] operates a depot as a part of the Coimbatore division of TNSTC. Buses ply to all major towns and cities within Tamil Nadu and neighboring state of [[Karnataka]]. [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] buses also connect to the town due to its proximity to Karnataka.

The nearest major railway station is [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]] located {{convert|38|km}} from the town. A proposal to construct a railway line connecting [[Mysore]] with [[Erode]] via Gobichettipalayam was mooted during the British rule in 1915. Four official surveys were made in 1922, 1936, 1942 and as recently as 2008, but the plan failed to take off due to the concerns of railway line passing through the [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/10/stories/2008031058480400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313232230/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/10/stories/2008031058480400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2008|location=Chennai, India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Sathyamangalam Chamrajnagar railway line only after clearance|date=10 March 2008|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-28/coimbatore/37351347_1_rail-route-rail-connectivity-bhavani-sagar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327234942/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-28/coimbatore/37351347_1_rail-route-rail-connectivity-bhavani-sagar|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2013|title=Locals protest rail line through forest, suggest alternative route|date=28 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> The nearest airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport]], located {{cvt|74|km}} from the town. The airport has regular flights from/to major domestic destinations and international destinations like [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], [[Colombo]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/coimbatore_generalinfo.jsp|title=Coimbatore Airport|access-date=26 July 2015|publisher=airportsindia.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804052414/http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/coimbatore_generalinfo.jsp|archive-date=4 August 2015 }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{main|List of educational institutions in Gobichettipalayam}}

Gobichettipalayam has a good [[List of Educational Institutions in Gobichettipalayam|educational infrastructure]]. Notable schools include [[Diamond Jubilee Higher Secondary School]], which was established over 100 years ago and was visited by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and [[Shree Vidyalaya]], which has a full-time [[dyslexia|dyslexic center]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/18/stories/2007041814320700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202011344/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/18/stories/2007041814320700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2007|title=Aided schools come under RTI Act, rules Madras High Court|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|place=Chennai|date=18 April 2007|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.ripples-cel.com/media/School%20and%20Boards_TN.pdf|title=Government Examinations|work=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> The town is home to [[Gobi Arts and Science College]], one of the oldest arts colleges in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/ViewProfile.asp?id=622|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604114818/http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/ViewProfile.asp?id=622|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2016|title=Gobi Arts and Science College Profile|work=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> The city itself has only a few colleges, but its proximity to [[Coimbatore]] and [[Erode]] makes it an ideal educational hub.

==Economy==
[[File:Westernghats river gobi.jpg|thumb|[[Bhavani River]] which irrigates most of the lands around the town.]]

The town has been described by the government as "bi-functional", with 31% of the work force engaged in agriculture, 56% in trading and other activities and 13% in industry.<ref name="Municip"/> A number of banks have their branches in the town with private banker [[ICICI Bank]] establishing its third branch in Tamil Nadu here. The economy is predominantly dependent on agriculture.<ref name="(India)1999">{{Cite book|title=Productivity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwxYAAAAYAAJ|access-date=26 February 2012|year=1999|publisher=National Productivity Council|pages=139–40}}</ref> The economy of Gobichettipalayam centers on agriculture, with [[rice|paddy]], [[sugarcane]], [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]], [[tobacco]] and [[turmeric]] being the principal crops.<ref name="GCP"/> There are regulated market places run by the Government of India for the trade of agricultural products mainly [[turmeric]], [[copra]] and [[bananas]].<ref name="Elec"/> The town is known for its greenery which attracts cine industry. It is known as "Mini [[Kollywood]]" because of the [[film]] production that takes place here and many films in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and other languages have been shot here.<ref name="Elec"/>

Gobichettipalayam is one of the leading producers of [[silk cocoon]] in the country.<ref name="(India)1999"/> [[Mulberry]] cultivation has increased in the recent years and a silk research extension center was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu in collaboration with the Central Silk Board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnsericulture.gov.in/prototype2/briefnoteonesriculture.htm|title=Sericulture - Brief Note on Sericulture|publisher=Tnsericulture.gov.in|date=31 March 2012|access-date=31 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527142455/http://www.tnsericulture.gov.in/prototype2/briefnoteonesriculture.htm|archive-date=27 May 2012 }}</ref> India's second automated silk reeling unit was established here in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/24/stories/2008082455180600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826080144/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/24/stories/2008082455180600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Tamil Nadu's first automatic silk reeling unit opened|date=24 August 2008|location=Chennai, India|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A large number of spinning mills have come up in to support to the [[weaving]] and [[knitwear]] to supplement [[Tirupur]]. [[Information Technology|IT]] and [[Business Process Outsourcing|BPO]] sectors are also developing with a few start up companies based out of the town.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Incubators-rev-up-new-age-firms/articleshow/46795925.cms|title=Incubators rev up new-age firms|first=Sindhu|last=Hariharan|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=12 March 2015|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> Other industries include cotton textiles, motors, pumps, automobile spares, textile machinery manufacturing, castings and machined parts.

==Culture==
[[Kongu Tamil]], a dialect of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the language spoken by majority of the people.<ref>{{Cite book|quote=In the southern part of Mysore the Tamil language is at this day named the Kangee, from being best known to them as the language of the people of Kangiam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7c9AAAAMAAJ&q=kangiam+mysore|title=Toponomy of Canara|page=34|year=1963|publisher=University of Michigan|last=Silva|first=Severine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlYIAAAAQAAJ&q=congoo+country&pg=PT69|title=Tamil̲umaiṅakilēcumāyirukakir̲a akarāti|last1=Poezold|first1=F|last2=Simpson|first2=William|publisher=Oxford University|edition=2nd|year=1809}}</ref> [[English language|English]] is used as an official language along with Tamil. Other languages spoken include [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The cuisine is predominantly [[South Indian]] with [[rice]] as its base. Most locals still retain their rural tradition, with many restaurants still serving food on a [[banana leaf]]. [[Idly]], [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], vada-[[Sambar (dish)|sambar]] and [[biryani]] are popular among the locals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serving on a banana leaf |url=http://www.iskconhighertaste.com/served-on-a-banana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114232758/http://www.iskconhighertaste.com/served-on-a-banana/ |archive-date=14 January 2016 |access-date=1 January 2016 |publisher=[[ISKCON]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|title=The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves|work=India Times|date=9 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041415/http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
* [[Gunderipallam Dam]]
* [[Kodiveri Dam]]
* [[Pachaimalai Subramanya Swamy Temple]]
* [[Pavalamalai Muthukumara Swamy Temple]]
* [[Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman|Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman Temple]]
* [[Perumpallam Dam]]

==Notable people==
* [[A. V. Ilango]], writer and artist<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmstrom|first=Lakshmi|date=1996|title=Maṇimēkalai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kuDqXDDJb0C&q=Gobichettipalayam&pg=PA189|publisher=Orient Blackswan|page=182|isbn=9788125010135|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[G. S. Lakshman Iyer]], freedom fighter and philanthropist<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/remembering-a-great-man/article2831907.ece|title=Remembering a great man|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref>
* [[G. V. Loganathan]], former professor at [[Virginia Tech]], killed in [[Virginia Tech shooting]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acolumbinesite.com/vt/victims/loganathangv.html|title=G. V. Loganathan, profile|work=acolumbinesite.com|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305215107/http://www.acolumbinesite.com/vt/victims/loganathangv.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]], film actor and director<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310120/casteism-is-all-pervasive-kbhagyaraj.html|title=Casteism is all-pervasive: K Bhagyaraj|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=31 January 2020|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]], former [[Minister of Education|Minister of School Education, Sports and Youth Welfare]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/106.htm|title=K.A. Sengottaiyan (AIADMK), Gobichettipalayam, Erode District|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref>
* [[K. S. Ramaswamy Gounder]], freedom fighter and former union minister<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bannari.com/pdfs/Draft%20Articles%20of%20Association.pdf|title=Article of Association of Bannari Amman Sugars|publisher=bannari.com.com|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref>
* [[S. M. Palaniappan]], former [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Election Results|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Educational Institutions in Gobichettipalayam]]
* [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Gobichettipalayam Municipal Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Gobichettipalayam}}

{{Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Erode district}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Gobichettipalayam| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Erode district]]

Paarvai Ondre Pothume

2026-03-28T00:56:41Z

TiffaniKellum: minor edit

{{short description|2001 film by Murali Krishna}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{More plot|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Paarvai Ondre Pothume.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Murali Krishna (director)|Murali Krishna]]
| writer = Murali Krishna
| producer = A. Rajpal
| starring = [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]] [[Monal Naval|Monal]] [[Karan (actor)|Karan]]
| cinematography = Sri Shankar
| editing = B.S.Vasu–Saleem
| music = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
| studio = Amutha Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|2001|03|16|df=yes}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Paarvai Ondre Pothume''''' ({{Translation|A Glance is Enough}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] written and directed by [[Murali Krishna (director)|Murali Krishna]]. The film stars [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]], [[Monal Naval|Monal]] and [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] in the lead roles. The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]. ''Paarvai Ondre Pothume'' was released on 16 March 2001 and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Week's Felicitation: Murali Krishna (The director of 'Paarvai Ondre Podhume') |url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/HOTNEWS-%20210720011.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101014025/http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/HOTNEWS-%20210720011.htm |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=cinematoday3.itgo.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vinodh and Manoj are best friends. Manoj gives Vinodh a managerial job in his three-star hotel. They both are in love with Neetha, but Neetha is only in love with Vinodh. This causes a strain in their friendship, and Manoj fires Vinodh from his job. The film ends with a message to the audience that "love is divine (pleasing) but friendship is pristine (unspoilt)".

== Cast ==
* [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]] as Vinodh
* [[Monal Naval|Monal]] as Neetha
* [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Manoj
* [[Ram G|Ramji]] as Manoj's friend
* [[Fathima Babu]] as Visalakshi, Vinodh's mother
* [[Dhamu]] as Gopal, Manoj's coworker
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Guru, Manoj's coworker
* [[Balu Anand]] as Murugan, Manoj's home servant
* [[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] (special appearance in "Nee Paarthuttu Ponaalum")

==Production==
Two songs were shot at [[Pollachi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paarvai Onre Pothume |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/preview/paarvai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030104154547/http://www.tamilstar.com/preview/paarvai/ |archive-date=4 January 2003 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Tamil Star |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paarvai Ondre Podhume |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/paarvai-ondre-podhume/2251577/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116153305/https://www.hungama.com/album/paarvai-ondre-podhume/2251577/ |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paarvai Ondre Podhume (2000) |url=https://mio.to/album/Paarvai+Ondre+Podhume+%282000%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405000326/http://mio.to/album/Paarvai+Ondre+Podhume+%282000%29 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=MusicIndiaOnline |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Lyric(s) !! Length
|-
| "Thuli Thuliyaai Kottum Mazhai" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Swarnalatha]] ||[[Pa. Vijay]] || 6:07
|-
| "Kaadhal Pannaadheenga" || Krishnaraj
|rowspan=4|Bharani
| 1:19
|-
| Theme Music, "Dhumthakku Dhumthakku" || Krishnaraj, [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Sumitra]]
| 1:32
|-
| "Nee Paarthuttu Ponaalum" || Krishnaraj, Sumitra
| 4:10
|-
| "Thirudiya Idhayathai Thiruppi" ||[[Harish Raghavendra]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| 4:51
|-
| "Thirumba Thirumba" || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| rowspan=2|Pa. Vijay|| 5:17
|-
| "Yen Asaindhaadum" ||[[S. Janaki]], P. Unnikrishnan
| 5:16
|}

==Reception==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Not much variation can be brought in this subject, but the director has seen that his narration is neat, the scenes move smoothly and the songs appear at the right places".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Paarvai Ondre Pothume |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov109.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013184557/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov109.asp |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online |language=en}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "There is no depth in the story. Neither the screenplay is clear. One has to pity the plight of the director! It is a heavy assault on the audiences. But there are two redeeming factors: The free-flowing histrionic talents of Karan and the scintillating songs of Bharani".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paarvai Onre Podhume |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/paarvai.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010424205828/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/paarvai.shtml |archive-date=24 April 2001 |access-date=1 September 2023 |work=Cinesouth |language=en}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "Cinematography is only passable with some shots out of focus [...] This movie is only for those who are curious about Monal and those who lost their hearts to Kunal in ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]''.".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=31 March 2001 |title=Lesser stars in familiar story |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fiwhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iHgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2713%2C6605510 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328004404/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fiwhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iHgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2713%2C6605510 |archive-date=28 March 2026 |access-date=28 March 2026 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 romance films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Murali Krishna (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharani (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Pashupati

2026-03-27T20:24:46Z

TiffaniKellum: basic adjusted intro as per guidelines and added references

{{short description|Form of the Hindu god Shiva}}
{{redirect|Pasupati|the Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer|Shiva Pasupati|the bridge in West Java|Pasupati Bridge}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Shiva Pashupati.jpg|thumb|The [[Pashupati seal]], showing a figure surrounded by animals who is thought to be Shiva; circa 2350-2000 BCE. It is preserved in [[National Museum, New Delhi]]]]
{{Saivism}}
'''Pashupati''' ({{langx|sa|पशुपति}}, {{IAST3|Paśupati}},{{lit.|''The Lord of Animals''|i=yes}}) is an epithet of [[Rudra]] in the [[Vedic period]]{{sfn|Kramrisch|1981|p=479}} and later, a form of the Hindu deity [[Shiva]]{{sfn |Śarmā |1996 |p=291}}, in his benign aspect as the five-faced herdsman of all creatures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJmFDPkwj50C&pg=PA171 |title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization |date=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0751-8 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coulter |first1=Charles Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEJUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |last2=Turner |first2=Patricia |date=2021-12-06 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9179-7 |pages=375 |language=en}}</ref> Pashupati is traditionally considered to be the guardian deity of [[Nepal]], described in texts such as the ''Nepala Mahatmya'', found in regional versions of the ''[[Skanda Purana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pennington |first1=Brian K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnhKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Ritual Innovation: Strategic Interventions in South Asian Religion |last2=Allocco |first2=Amy L. |date=2018-02-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-6903-4 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Paśupati'' means "lord of the animals".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coulter |first1=Charles Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEJUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |last2=Turner |first2=Patricia |date=2021-12-06 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9179-7 |pages=375 |language=en}}</ref> ''Paśu'' indicates animal as well as a [[Shaivism|follower of Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stutley |first=Margaret |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQWQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT268 |title=The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography |date=2019-04-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62425-4 |pages=268 |language=en}}</ref>
==History==
The earliest claimed evidence of Pashupati comes from the [[Indus Valley civilization]] (3300 BCE to 1300 BCE), where the [[Pashupati seal]] has been said to represent Shiva or a proto-Shiva figure.{{sfn |Marshall |1931 |p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}

== Literature ==

=== Vedas ===
Pashupati was generally applied as an epithet of Rudra in the ''[[Samhita|Samhitas]]'' and the ''[[Brahmana|Brahmanas]]''. In the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', Rudra is described to be the lord of the bipeds and the quadrupeds, including creatures that inhabited the earth, woods, the waters, and the skies. His lordship over cattle and other beasts denoted both a benevolent and destructive role; he slew animals that incurred his wrath, but was also kind to those who propitiated him, blessing them with health and prosperity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=N. Venkata Ramanayya |url=https://archive.org/details/rudrasiva/page/n39/mode/2up?q= |title=Rudra-Śiva |date=1941 |pages=34–35}}</ref>

=== Nepala Mahatmya ===
[[Markandeya]] narrates the origin of Pashupati to the sage [[Jaimini]]. Accompanied by his consort [[Parvati]], Shiva visited the Śleṣmātaka forest upon the banks of the [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]] in the form of a deer, while she assumed the form of a doe. [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Indra]], confounded by his absence, scoured the [[Trailokya|three worlds]] in search of him. When they finally discovered Shiva in the [[Himalayas]], they were surprised to find him bearing one horn, three eyes, surrounded by his consort and a flock of deer. After they venerated him, they realised that he did not wish to return to his divine form. The deities attempted to subdue Shiva by holding his horn, which broke upon their touch into four parts as he leapt across the riverbanks. When the deities begged Shiva to return to his abode and his place in the universe, he told them that he would reside in the forest for all time in the form of the deer, and would henceforth be known as Pashupati. He stated that the four horns would be consecrated as four ''lingams'' across the region. He declared that those who worshipped him in this aspect would never be born as animals, and would be blessed with good virtues.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jayaraj |last=Acharya |publisher=Nirala Publications |url=https://archive.org/details/gHKR_the-nepala-mahatmya-legends-on-the-sacred-places-and-dieties-of-nepal-by-jayaraj/page/20/mode/2up |title=The Nepala Mahatmya Legends On The Sacred Places And Deities Of Nepal|pages=13–21}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
The five faces of Pashupati represent the five forms of Shiva: [[Sadyojata]] (also known as Varuna), [[Vamadeva]] (also known as Uma Maheshvara), [[Tatpurusha]], [[Bhairava|Aghora]], and [[Ishana]]. They face the west, north, east, south and zenith respectively, representing the ''[[Pancha Bhuta|pancha bhuta]]'' (five basic elements) of the Hindu cosmos, namely earth, water, air, light and ether.<ref name="shaivism">{{harvnb |Parmeshwaranand |2004 |loc=p. 206}}{{volume needed|issue=no|date=June 2024}}</ref>

The ''[[Puranas]]'' describe these faces of Shiva as:

{{Cquote|Sadyojata, Vamadeva, Tatpurusha, and Aghora are the four faces, The fifth is Ishana, unknowable even to the seers.<ref name=shaivism/>
}}

==By country==
=== Nepal ===
{{Main|Hinduism in Nepal}}
[[File:Pashupati Nath Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath Temple, Nepal]]]]

Although Nepal is a secular state, its [[Hinduism in Nepal|population is predominantly Hindu]]. Pashupatinath is revered as a national deity.{{sfn |Feller |Mercel-Sanca |p=148 {{Year missing|date=June 2024}}}} The [[Pashupatinath Temple]], located at the bank of the river [[Bagmati]], is considered one of the most sacred places in Nepal. In mythology it is said that Pashupatinath started living in Nepal in the form of a deer because he was enchanted by the beauty of [[Kathmandu Valley]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

=== India ===
A Pashupatinath temple is sited on the banks of the [[Shivana]] river in [[Mandsaur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is one of the most important shrines of Mandsaur, and Shiva in the form of Pashupati is its primary deity.

==Pashupata Shaivism==

[[Pashupata Shaivism]] is one of the oldest Shaivite sects that derives its name from ''Pashupati''. The sect upholds Pashupati "as the supreme deity, the lord of all souls, and the cause of all existence".{{sfn |Dalal |2014 |p=923}}

==See also==
* [[Potnia Theron]]
* [[Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |author-link=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: an Alphabetical Guide |publisher=Penguin Books |publication-place=London |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |oclc=1132344222}}
*{{cite book |last1=Feller |first1=Tessa |last2=Mercel-Sanca |first2=Alan |title=Nepal: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture |publisher=Kuperard |publication-place=London}}{{Year missing|date=June 2024}}
*{{cite book |last=Kramrisch |first=Stella |title=The Presence of Śiva |url=https://archive.org/details/presenceofsiva0000kram|url-access=registration|year=1981 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=0-691-01930-4 }}
*{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=John |author-link=John Marshall (archaeologist) |title=Mohenjo Daro and the Indus Civilization: being an official account of archæological excavations at Mohenjo-Daro carried out by the Government of India between the years 1922 ad 1927 |volume=1 |publisher=A. Probsthain |publication-place=London |year=1931 |oclc=903502370 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.722 |via=Internet Archive}}
*{{cite book |last=Parmeshwaranand |first=Swami |title=Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism |publisher=Sarup & Sons |publication-place=New Delhi |date=2004 |isbn=978-81-7625-427-4 |oclc=54930404}}
*{{cite book |last=Śarmā |first=Rāmakaraṇa |title=Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam : eight collections of hymns containing one thousand and eight names of Śiva |publisher=Nag Publishers |location=Delhi |year=1996 |isbn=9788170813507 |oclc=36990863 }} Includes ''Śivasahasranāmakoṣa'', a dictionary of names. This work compares eight versions of the Śivasahasranāmāstotra. The preface and introduction (in English) by Ram Karan Sharma provide an analysis of how the eight versions compare with one another. The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |author-link=Gavin D. Flood |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=New York, NY |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-43304-4 |oclc=1150048129 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo_n5j0 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |author-link=Gavin D. Flood |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |publisher=Blackwell Pub. |publication-place=Oxford |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-4051-2306-8 |oclc=53366821}}
*{{cite book |last1=Michaels |first1=Axel |author-link=Axel Michaels |last2=Harshav |first2=Barbara |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |publisher=Princeton University Press |publication-place=Princeton, N.J. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-691-23401-4 |oclc=1264088953}}
*{{cite book |last=Possehl |first=Gregory|author-link=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |publisher=AltaMira Press |publication-place=Lanham |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7591-1642-9 |oclc=854521113}}
*{{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization |year=1972 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-01778-5 |oclc=899987831}}

{{Shaivism}}

[[Category:Animal gods]]
[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Horned gods]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]

Aadu 2

2026-03-26T12:57:35Z

TiffaniKellum: slightly update page for accuracy additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|2017 film by Midhun Manuel Thomas}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadu 2
| image = Aadu 2 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
| producer = [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
| writer = Midhun Manuel Thomas
| narrator = [[Saiju Kurup]]
| starring = [[Jayasurya]] [[Saiju Kurup]] [[Vinayakan]] [[Sunny Wayne]] [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] [[Bhagath Manuel]] [[Vineeth Mohan]]
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Vishnu Narayanan]]
| editing = [[Lijo Paul]]
| studio = [[Friday Film House]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|12|22|India}}
| distributor = [[Friday Film House]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = ₹35.65 crore
}}

'''''Aadu 2'''''<ref>{{Langx|mal|ആട്|Aadu|Goat}}</ref> is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy film ]] written and directed by [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]] and produced by [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] under [[Friday Film House]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8577193/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk | title=Arun Venjaramoodu | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref> It is the sequel to the 2015 film ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'', and stars [[Jayasurya]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Vinayakan]], [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Anson Paul]], [[Mamukkoya]], [[Bhagath Manuel]], [[Vineeth Mohan]], [[Indrans]], [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]], [[Biju Kuttan|Bijukuttan]], [[Sudhi Koppa]] and [[Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)|Harikrishnan]] reprising their roles. This is the second installment in the [[Aadu (franchise)|Aadu film series.]]

Principal photography began on 13 September 2017. ''Aadu 2'' which was one of the most anticipated film of the year released in India on 22 December 2017.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayasurya-and-team-take-a-break-from-aadu-2-shoot-thanks-to-rain/articleshow/60733122.cms |title=Jayasurya and team take a break from Aadu 2 shoot: Thanks to rain |date=18 September 2017|first=Anjana|last=George|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aadu-2-starts-rolling-at-thodupuzha/articleshow/60496091.cms |title=Aadu 2 starts rolling at Thodupuzha |work= [[The Times of India]] |date=13 September 2017 |access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="TOI3">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aadu-2-will-feature-a-different-episode-from-shaji-pappans-life/articleshow/57021554.cms |title= Aadu 2 will feature a different episode from Shaji Pappan's life |website= [[The Times of India]] |date= 26 February 2017 |access-date= 18 September 2017}}</ref> Even though the first part of the movie didn't perform well, ''Aadu 2'' became a blockbuster at the box office. A [[sequel]], [[Aadu 3: One Last Ride - Part 1]] was released on 19 March 2026.

==Plot==
In the [[High Range, Kerala|high range]] of [[Idukki]], Shaji Pappan and his friends Arakkal Abu, Captain Sachin Cleetus, Krishnan Mandaram, Kuttan Moonga, Lalan P. K. alias Lolan and Bastin Pathrose are leading a normal life. One day, an uninformed Shaji fights and tosses an [[Sub-inspector|SI]] into a dam unaware that his friends were smuggling sandalwood. This leads him to being charged and bailed. He now has to report to the police station where Shameer joins as the [[Sub-inspector|SI]]. Due to this financial strain, Shaji and his friends decide to compete in a [[Tug of war|tug-of-war]] tournament to win a massive gold trophy. To pay for the entry fee of Rs.50,000 Shaji steals the documents for his house and uses it as collateral to take a loan from a [[loan shark]], Irumbu Abdullah.

Dude and his gang, who unable to go back to [[Bangkok]] are working in a restaurant. The gang starts digging a tunnel to rob a bank nearby. They complete the tunnel and break into the vault the very night that [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]] of Indian currency notes takes place. The demonetisation is also bad news for drug dealer Satan Xavier and his assistants Kanjav Soman and Battery Simon.

Shaji's friends enters the tournament and wins the gold trophy. However, the trophy is stolen from them on their journey home. Shaji's mother, realizing that the house documents were stolen, faints and is taken to an hospital. The group then tracks down the thief, Anali Sabu, whose team were runners up in the tournament. Shaji and group break into Sabu's dance party to retrieve the trophy. They beat up Sabu and destroy his place. However, Sabu and his elder brother, Chekuthan Lassar, a notorious criminal, return and burn down Shaji's house. Lassar demands a hefty sum as compensation for the damages they caused.

Mahesh Shetty, a counterfeiter is finalizing a deal to buy the engraving plates of the new 500 Rupee note. But Shetty's partner, Prabhakar, decides to cheat him by making a deal with Xavier. He does this by pretending to have the plates stolen from him. Soman informs Dude about this deal who then decides to steal the plates for himself. Coincidentally, these engraving plates as well as the back medicine for Shaji were to arrive on the same train at the same station. Shaji and his friends reach the station first and receive the plates instead, and Xavier's men get the medicine. This sets a motion, a relentless pursuit by all involved to get these plates.

In the end, Shaji and his friends get the plates and gives it to Lassar to make new fake notes. But soon a foul occurs after which Lassar, Sabu and his henchmen hits Shaji and his friends but towards the end, Shaji and his friends fights back and defeats Lassar, Sabu and his henchman. Lassar tries to kill Shaji with a grenade but Cleetus saves them. The government officials commend them for their honesty but give them a paltry reward. When Shaji and his friends were returning back, they are stopped by the guys who were supposed to give Shaji's medicine for back pain and they give them the dollars which was accidentally given to Shaji. Shaji and his friends, who have the dollars are awestruck thinking what to do with the money. Meanwhile Shaji sees Ponnappan, his ex-driver, eloping with another girl. The film ends by Shaji and his gang chasing him.

==Cast ==
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Jayasurya]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#Shaji Pappan|Pannimattathil Shaji Pappan]]
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#Arakkal Abu|Arakkal Abu]]
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#Saathan Xavier|Saathan Xavier]]
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] [[Aadu (franchise)#SI Sarbath Shameer|Sarbath Shameer]]
*[[Vinayakan]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#DUDE|Damodaran Unnimakan Delmon Edakkochi (Dude)]] / Sulaiman
* [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#"Captain Sachin" Cleetus|Captain Sachin Cleetus]]
* [[Bhagath Manuel]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#Krishnan Mandaram|Krishnan Mandaram]]
* [[Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)|Harikrishnan]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#Lalan P.K. (Lolan)|Lalan P. K. (Lolan)]]
* [[Vineeth Mohan]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#Kuttan "Moonga"| Kuttan "Moonga"]]
* [[Rajan P. Dev|Unni Rajan P. Dev]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#Bastin Pathrose| Bastin Pathrose]]
* [[Indrans]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#P.P. Sasi|Home Minister P. P. Sasi Aashan]]
* [[Aju Varghese]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#Ponnappan|Driver Ponnappan]] (cameo appearance)
* [[Sijoy Varghese]] as Kesav Sharma [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Joint Director of Intelligence
* [[Hariprashanth M G]] as Chekuthan Lassar
* [[Anson Paul]] as Anali Sabu, Chekuthan Lassar's brother
* John Kaippallil as Mahesh Shetty
* [[Sudhi Koppa]] as Kanjavu Soman, Saathaan's ally and Dude's helper
* [[Bijukuttan]] as Battery Simon, Saathaan's ally
* [[Nelson Sooranad]] as Paili Vattakkuzhi / Dragon Paili, Dude's ally
* [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Panchayath President Uthup Theckeparambil, Anagapara Grama Panchayath
* [[Mamukkoya]] as "Irumbu" Abdullah
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Prabhakaran, Shetty's helper
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Mayilvahanam, Dude's boss/hotel owner
* [[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Mariyamma, Shaji Pappan's mother
* [[Athira Patel]] as Rachael, Shaji Pappan'sniece
* Jayasanker Karimuttam as Lonappan, "Irumbu" Abdullah's driver
* Sonal Devraj and Nicole Concessao as dancers in the song "Changaathi Nannaayaal"
* Nazreen Nazar as Stella, Pappan's love interest and neighbour
* [[Srindaa]] as Mary, Shaji Pappan's Ex-Wife (Cameo Appearance)
* Manikandan Cheruvathur as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Pradeep Kumar
* [[Noby Marcose]] as Constable Dhanayan
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Pannimattathil Thomas Pappan, Shaji Pappan's brother (mentioned only)
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Constable Siby Mathew (cameo appearance)
* Ameya Mathew as Ponnappan's Lover (cameo appearance)
* [[Vineeth Thattil David]] as Kaippuzha Kunjappan (cameo appearance)
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as High Range Hakkim (flashback scene from part 1, shown in the prologue)
* [[Sinoj Varghese]] as Note Marti
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film is a sequel to the 2015 film ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' produced by [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] and [[Sandra Thomas]] under the banner of [[Friday Film House]] and directed by [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]].

==Soundtrack==
The film features soundtrack composed by [[Shaan Rahman]], it was released by Friday Film House. Lyrics for the songs were written by B. K. Harinarayanan, [[Manu Manjith]], and Preethi Nambiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3FVfSauUUi5jHb1WXTwH23|title=Aadu 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|via=open.spotify.com}}</ref> A single titled "Aadu 2 – Success Song" was also released, composed and sung by the sister duo [[Amrutha Suresh]] and Abhirami Suresh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aadu-2---success-song/Fc7FYfW3srk_|title=Aadu 2 Success Song - Amritha Suresh, Abhirami Suresh - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|via=www.jiosaavn.com|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227154543/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aadu-2---success-song/Fc7FYfW3srk_|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Aadu 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Changaathi Nannaayaal
| lyrics1 = [[Manu Manjith]], Preethi Nambiyar
| extra1 = Keerthana Shabareesh, Zia Ul Haq
| length1 = 3:45

| title2 = Aadeda Aattam Nee
| lyrics2 = Manu Manjith
| extra2 = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| length2 = 3:43

| title3 = Oru Theepole
| lyrics3 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| extra3 = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| length3 = 3:06

| title4 = Shaji Pappan Returns(Theme)
| lyrics4 = Manu Manjith
| extra4 = Shaan Rahman
| length4 = 0:51

| title5 = Dude is Back(Theme)
| lyrics5 = Manu Manjith
| extra5 = Shaan Rahman
| length5 = 1:16

| title6 = Sarbath Shameer (Theme)
| lyrics6 = Manu Manjith
| extra6 = Shaan Rahman
| length6 = 0:52

| title7 = Abu Bheekaran (Theme)
| lyrics7 = Manu Manjith
| extra7 = Shaan Rahman
| length7 = 0:52

| title8 = Satan Xavier (Theme)
| lyrics8 = Manu Manjith
| extra8 = Shaan Rahman
| length8 = 0:54

| title9 = Captain Cleetus (Theme)
| lyrics9 = Manu Manjith
| extra9 = Shaan Rahman
| length9 = 0:17

| title10 = Chekuthaan Laasar (Theme)
| lyrics10 =
| extra10 = Shaan Rahman
| length10 = 1:06

| title11 = Aashaan (Theme)
| lyrics11 = Manu Manjith
| extra11 = Shaan Rahman
| length11 = 0:46
}}

==Box office==
The film collected {{INR}} 3.45 [[crore]] on the opening day, the highest opening day for a Jayasurya movie, and {{INR}} 13 crore in the first weekend (5 days) in [[Kerala]] box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-masterpiece-tops-chart-beating-aadu-2-mayaanadhi-vimaanam-aana-754449|title=Box office collection: Masterpiece tops chart, beating Aadu 2, Mayaanadhi, Vimaanam, Aana Alaralodalaral|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=30 December 2017}}</ref> It grossed $453,294 from 38 screens in the opening weekend (18 – 21 January) in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and $548,189 in three weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fAADU201&country=UE&wk=2018W4&id=_fAADU201&p=.htm|title=Aadu 2|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=5 February 2018}}</ref> The film earned $31,776 ({{INR}} 20.43 lakh) from the United States in four weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/padmaavat-crosses-25-mil-usd-rs-160-cr-in-overseas/|title=Padmaavat crosses 25 mil. USD [Rs. 160 cr.] in overseas|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=12 February 2018}}</ref> The film was the second highest grossing Malayalam film of the year 2017 and ran over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/malayalam/aadu-oru-bheekara-jeeviayanu-will-have-wide-release-midhun-manuel-thomas/articleshow/63268865.cms|title=Aadu Oru Bheekara Jeeviayanu will have wide release : Midhun Manuel Thomas|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 March 2018}}</ref>

==Sequel==
{{main article|Aadu 3}}

A sequel titled ''[[Aadu 3]]'' was announced in 2022 and shooting of the film began in May 2025. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/03/16/jayasurya-and-midhun-manuel-thomas-reunite-for-aadu-3-movie.html|title=ബ്രഹ്മാണ്ഡമാക്കാൻ ഷാജി പാപ്പന്റെ മൂന്നാം വരവ്; ആട് 3 പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു...|publisher=Manorama Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/03/16/mollywood-haji-pappan-and-co-to-return-in-aadu-3-midhun-manuel-thomas-drops-major-news-arakkal-abu-vijay-babu.html|title=EShaji Pappan and co to return in 'Aadu 3'? Midhun Manuel Thomas drops major news|publisher=The Week}}</ref> The film released in theatres worldwide in March 19th, 2026 .<ref>{{cite web|title=Midhun Manuel Thomas confirms Aadu 3 as Christmas 2025 release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Feb/17/midhun-manuel-thomas-confirms-aadu-3-as-christmas-2025-release|date=17 February 2025|access-date=11 May 2025|website=The News Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|7355718}}
{{Midhun Manuel Thomas}}
{{Friday Film House}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series]]
[[Category:Films directed by Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thodupuzha]]
[[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]

Anup Talao

2026-03-26T08:13:56Z

TiffaniKellum: New...

{{Sources exist|date=May 2024}}
{{Short description|Pavilion and pool in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Anup Talao at Sikri (29889368615).jpg|thumb|423x423px|Anup Talao Central platforms and pathways. Fatehpur Sikri, India]]
The '''Anup Talao''' is a pavilion completed in 1576. It is set in the centre of a pool in the courtyard of the Fatehpur Sikri Fort in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The pavilion is also known as "Char-Chamad", referring to the four bridges. Located north of the imperial apartments in the Mahal-i Khass courtyard (Khwabgah)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Khas Mahal « Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://asi.nic.in/khas-mahal/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=asi.nic.in}}</ref> and Northeast of Hujra-i-Anup Tala-u a pavilion that housed Akbar’s guests.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Archnet > Site > Hujra-i-Anup Talao |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/2637 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.archnet.org}}</ref>

== History and structure ==

Created in the Mughal period, under the orders of Emperor Akbar, the "peerless pool" was created to help cool the local courtyard and provide an entertainment venue for the emperor. The red sandstone masonry tank is symmetrically separated in a square bilateral plan. Featuring a center platform between four stone bridges, the platform once housed a chair covered by a pavilion. This platform was also used as a stage for performers. The stone bridges are supported by columns with beautiful relief carvings at the top exposed to the surface of the water. In 1578 the Anup Talao was ordered to be filled with copper, silver, and gold coins, all of which would be distributed by Akbar to his community later.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |title=Akbar's Palace; Anup Talao |url=https://library.artstor.org/asset/ATAJIG_10312573262 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Artstor |series=Beyond the Taj: Architectural Traditions and Landscape Experience in South Asia (Cornell University Library). Artstor |language=en}}</ref>

The tanks are surrounded by a perimeter of stairs which can be a reference to the water levels over the history of the structure. The tank water levels have fluctuated due to new canal drains being added and blocked throughout time. The original water level was .96 meters to the sixth step of the stairway. In the twentieth century, Lord Curzon had to have debris and dirt cleaned from the drainage canals after the water level reached the twelfth stair (twice the original level) and drownings were becoming an issue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=walwyn |date=2011-05-01 |title=Anup Talao and Pavilion |url=http://professor-moriarty.com/info/section/historic-locations/northern-india/fatehpur-sikri-anup-talao-pavilion |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=professor-moriarty.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|27|05|49|N|77|39|58|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fatehpur Sikri]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 16th century]]
[[Category:1570s establishments in India]]
[[Category:1576 establishments in Asia]]

Child Marriage Restraint Act

2026-03-25T19:26:38Z

TiffaniKellum: added references based on references and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Cyrtodactylus fasciolatus

2026-03-25T08:06:42Z

TiffaniKellum: starting new article.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Redirect|Banded bent-toed gecko|another species with this common name|Malayan forest gecko}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cyrtodactylus fasciolatus.jpg
| taxon = Cyrtodactylus fasciolatus
| authority = ([[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1861)
| synonyms =
*''Gymnodactylus fasciolatus''
*''Tenuidactylus fasciolatus''
*''Gonydactylus fasciolatus''
*''Cyrtopodion fasciolatus''
*''Cyrtopodion fasciolatum''
*''Siwaligekko fasciolatus''
}}

'''''Cyrtodactylus fasciolatus''''', commonly known as the '''banded bent-toed gecko''', is a [[species]] of [[gecko]] found in north-western India (West [[Himalaya]], [[Subathu]]/ [[Shimla|Simla]], [[Garhwal Hills]], [[Almora]], [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]).<ref name=RDB/>
Type locality: [[Subathu]], [[Simla District]].

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Cyrtodactylus |species=fasciolatus |accessdate=12 January 2020}}</ref>
}}
* Blyth, E. 1861 Of lizards.. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal xxix [1860]: 114–115
* Husain A. Ray P. 1993 First record of ''Cyrtodactylus fasciolatus'' (Blyth), the bent- toed banded Gecko (Sauria: Gekkonida: Gekkoninae) from Garhwal Hills. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 90 (3): 518 (1994)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3009265}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cyrtodactylus fasciolatus}}
[[Category:Cyrtodactylus]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Blyth]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1861]]

{{Cyrtodactylus-stub}}

Malgudi Days (short story collection)

2026-03-21T17:19:17Z

TiffaniKellum: quick update

{{short description|1943 collection of short stories by R. K. Narayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = Malgudi Days
| image = Malgudi Days.jpg 
| caption =
| author = [[R. K. Narayan]]
| illustrator = [[R. K. Laxman]]
| cover_artist = Sahil Sahu

| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| genre = [[Short story collection]]s
| publisher = [[Indian Thought Publications]]
| release_date = 1943
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print
| pages = 150
| isbn = 81-85986-17-7
| oclc = 7813056
| preceded_by = [[The Dark Room (Narayan novel)|The Dark Room]]
| followed_by = [[The English Teacher]]
| extra =
}}
'''''Malgudi Days''''' is a collection of [[Short story|short stories]] by [[R. K. Narayan]] published in 1943 by [[Indian Thought Publications]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malgudi Days by RK Narayan{{!}} Kaitholil.com |url=https://kaitholil.com/blog/malgudi-days-rk-narayan |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=kaitholil.com |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731181942/https://kaitholil.com/blog/malgudi-days-rk-narayan |url-status=live }}</ref>

The book was republished outside India in 1982 by [[Penguin Classics]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/604934571.html?dids=604934571:604934571&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+01%2C+1985&author=PEDRO+BEADE+Special+to+the+Journal-Bulletin&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Ambiguities+on+parade+In+R.+K.+Narayan%27s+stories%2C+people+can+be+animals+and+vice+versa&pqatl=google|title=Ambiguities on parade in R.K.Narayan's stories, people can be animals and vice versa|date=September 1, 1985|publisher=[[Providence Journal]]|access-date=2009-08-30|first=Pedro|last=Beade|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221103507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/projo/access/604934571.html?dids=604934571:604934571&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+01%2C+1985&author=PEDRO+BEADE+Special+to+the+Journal-Bulletin&pub=The+Providence+Journal&desc=Ambiguities+on+parade+In+R.+K.+Narayan%27s+stories%2C+people+can+be+animals+and+vice+versa&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> The book includes 32 stories, all set in the fictional town of [[Malgudi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Magill|first=Frank|title=Critical survey of short fiction|publisher=Salem Press|year=1987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/criticalsurveyof0000unse_d5u2/page/224 224–226]|isbn=978-0-89356-218-2|oclc=16225069|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/criticalsurveyof0000unse_d5u2/page/224}}</ref> located in South India. Each of the stories portrays a facet of life in Malgudi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bluerectangle.com/book_reviews/view_one_review/2194 |title=''Malgudi Days'' (review) |access-date=2010-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226201639/http://bluerectangle.com/book_reviews/view_one_review/2194 |archive-date=26 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[The New York Times]] described the virtue of the book as "everyone in the book seems to have a capacity for responding to the quality of his particular hour. It's an art we need to study and revive."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/20/books/books-of-the-times-the-art-of-teeming.html?&pagewanted=2|title=Books of The Times – The Art of Teeming; Malgudi Days|date=February 20, 1982|publisher=[[NY Times]]|access-date=2009-08-30|first=Anatole|last=Broyard|archive-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804152655/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/20/books/books-of-the-times-the-art-of-teeming.html?&pagewanted=2|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1986, a few of the stories in the book were included in the ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]'' television series and directed by actor and director, [[Shankar Nag]].

In 2004, the project was revived with film-maker [[Kavitha Lankesh]] replacing the late Shankar Nag as director. The new series was telecast from April 26, 2006, on [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="Malgudi Days article from a major Indian newspaper">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/05/12/stories/2006051200560400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112140543/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/05/12/stories/2006051200560400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 12, 2010|title=Malgudi Days on DD1|date=May 12, 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-08-28}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Google]] commemorated Narayan's 108th birthday by featuring a Google Doodle showing him behind a copy of '''Malgudi Days'''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Flood|first1=Alison|title=RK Narayan celebrated in a Google doodle – but only in India|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/10/rk-narayan-celebrated-google-doodle-only-india|access-date=16 December 2014|work=The Guardian|date=10 October 2014|archive-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102083232/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/10/rk-narayan-celebrated-google-doodle-only-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Chapters==
* "[[An Astrologer's Day]]":
A short story about an astrologer who knows nothing about stars or astrology. He applied for the job after going on the run, though we are not told why he ran away. The townspeople believe his predictions because of his study, practice and shrewd guesswork. One day, a customer bets a large amount of money the astrologer cannot reveal anything of substance. The astrologer resists the bet until he recognizes the man (who is called Guru Nayak). After some haggling, the astrologer tells the man he had been stabbed and left for dead in a well. The impressed customer pays up (although not the promised sum) and the astrologer warns him not to travel to this part of the country again. That night, the astrologer's wife asks where he had been so late, and he confesses he had tried to kill the man years ago.<ref>Malgudi Days by R.K.Narayan</ref>
*"The Missing Mail":
A story about Thanappa, a postman who always talks to the people on his route. He delivered to a man named Ramanujam from before his daughter was born to the time she is of marrying age. After the last marriage prospect falls through, Thanappa recommends a suitor in a faraway town. The meeting goes well and everyone is rushing to get the wedding done May 20. If it is delayed even one day, the groom's "training" will delay it three years. After the wedding, Thanappa reveals a postcard to Ramanujam about the death of a relative, which should have been delivered May 20. Thanappa did not want to disrupt the wedding, even though hiding the letter should cost him his job. Ramanujam says he will not issue a complaint.
*"The Doctor's Word":
A story about Dr Raman, who by time and tradition is only called for life-and-death situations. As such, he believes pleasant lies can't save lives. He is very staunch about that. Suddenly his best friend, Gopal, falls terribly ill. After treating him, the doctor privately thinks he has 1:1000 odds of surviving, but his chances are worse the more he exerts himself. Gopal begs the doctor to tell him if he will make it; if not, he needs to sign his will then and there. Raman can't bear to tell Gopal the truth, but can't let him keep straining himself. He tells Gopal he will be fine. The next morning, Gopal's health is splendid, and the doctor says his survival will puzzle him the rest of his life.
*"Gateman's Gift":
A story about Govind Singh who served as a gatekeeper and security guard. He only spoke to the General Manager twice in his 25 years of service, and came to perceive the GM as a god. After retiring, he took up the hobby of making miniatures and dioramas using clay, sawdust, and paints. Each time his pension comes, he delivers his clay work to his old company, always asking what the GM thought of his last one. The accountant always says he liked it. One day, a registered letter from the GM comes, and Singh is too afraid to open it, thinking it is something horrible. He goes to an X-ray technician to see what's inside without opening it, but they tell him he is unwell. Singh concludes he is mad because he plays with clay, not because of his response to the letter. He goes through town acting like a complete madman until the accountant sees him and opens the letter. The GM had thanked him, sent a large check, and hoped to see more of his work in the future. Singh gives up his clay hobby, saying it is no work for a sane man.
*"The Blind Dog":
A story about a stray dog who befriends a blind beggar. When the old woman who cares for the blind man dies, he leashes the dog and begs while walking the streets. The blind man finds he has greatly increased his income this way becomes greedy. He constantly kicks the dog and beats him to keep working. When the market sellers learn he is so rich he's lending money, they cut the leash with scissors and the dog runs away. After a few weeks of not seeing the blind man or the dog, they see them again and the dog's leash is a metal chain. The blind man says his dog came back to him one night. The sellers pity the dog.
*"Fellow Feeling":
A story about Rajam Iyer, a Tamil Brahmin who is travelling on an express train. Another passenger gets on and starts verbally abusing a third passenger. Rajam gets involved and the bully complains that Brahmins are secretly eating meat and driving prices up. The argument escalates until they stand to fight. Rajam stops short of the first blow and explains that he will rearrange the bully's face so his mouth is under his left ear, bluffing. As he is about to strike again, the bully sees they are at a stop and leaps out the window, saying this is his stop. Rajam lies and tells the other passengers the bully got back on into a different compartment, but they don't believe him.
*"The Tiger's Claw":
A story about The Talkative Man, a recurring character in several short stories. Some hunters bring a dead tiger into town, and The Talkative Man tells a story to some children. When he was a fertilizer salesman, he stayed in a tiny village overnight in their train station. He left the door cracked because it got too hot to sleep. A tiger barged in and woke him up in the middle of the night. He barricaded himself behind a lot of furniture, so the tiger could only reach in one paw. The man used his knife to cut off three toes before the tiger retreated. Back in the town, the children ask to see the tiger's paw; sure enough, three toes are missing. The hunters say some tribesmen like to take tiger cubs and cut off three toes as good luck charms.
*"Iswaran":
A story about a man named Iswaran who failed his intermediate college exams nine years in a row. After taking the exams a tenth time, the day scores are reported has arrived. Instead of viewing his scores, Iswaran goes to the cinema. When other boys come in to the theater celebrating their own success, Iswaran becomes self-loathing and is sure he failed again. He decides to drown himself in the river. He writes a suicide note and leaves it in his jacket on the shore. But wanting to know for sure, he checks his score. Not only did he pass, but with second-class honors. In his excitement, he leaps into the river. His body and suicide note are discovered the next day.
*"Such Perfection":
A story about a sculptor who finishes a statue after five years of labor. It is a statue of the god Nataraja, and everyone insists its form is perfect; so perfect that if the people saw it, the glory of the god would consume them. The priest asks the sculptor to break off its little toe so that it will be safe to view, but the sculptor won't do it. The priest thus refuses to consecrate it in the temple. The sculptor turns his house into a temple to have it consecrated there. The god then comes to life and rattles the region with every kind of natural disaster. The people beg the sculptor to mar the statue's perfection after so many people died, but he won't. He ran to the overflowed lake to drown himself as an offering to the god, but on the way, a tree falls on his house. He returns to see the statue was unharmed except for a severed little toe. The imperfect statue is consecrated at the temple, and the sculptor gives up his trade.
*"Father's Help":
A story about Swami, a character from his first novel "[[Swami and Friends]]". Swami oversleeps on Monday and convinces his mother to let him stay home from school. His father insists he still go to school with a "headache," so Swami lies and says his teacher Samuel beats children severely for lateness or any small offense. His father writes a letter for Swami to deliver to the headmaster and sends him to school. The letter will surely get Samuel fired, maybe even imprisoned. At school, Swami provokes Samuel to do something deserving of getting fired. But Samuel only canes his hands a few times, which Swami doesn't even react to. When he tries to deliver the letter to the headmaster, he is on leave all week. The assistant headmaster could accept it, but it's Samuel. Swami runs home without delivering the letter. His father thinks he was lying about the headmaster being on leave and says he deserves Samuel.
*"The Snake-Song":
A story about the Talkative Man. A group of men leave a concert hall having enjoyed the performance, but the Talkative Man looked tortured. He says taste has sunk and tells his story. He studied the bamboo flute with a master musician (who is so obscure his name is unknown, of course). A beggar interrupts the Talkative Man's practice at night and asks him for food. He declines the beggar even the right to come in and listen to him practicing. The beggar curses him, saying this was his last day of music. Later that night, a massive cobra comes and listens to him play. It gets agitated when he stops or plays anything other than the snake-song. After playing the same song all night, he throws himself prostrate and begs the snake to spare him. When he looks up, it is gone. The Talkative Man says he gave up his flute, but if he could find the beggar and ask forgiveness, he would take up his flute again.
*"Engine Trouble":
Another story about the Talkative Man. A carnival comes to town, and he wins a [[Traction engine#Road locomotive|road engine]] (steam-powered tractor). Not knowing even how to drive or power the road engine, he simply leaves it in the park. The city starts to fine him for the parking space at over double his home rent. He arranges to move it, but it crashes in a wall instead, leaving him to pay for the damages. A swami comes to town, eating glass, burying himself alive, etc. The swami asks for a road engine for his assistant to run over his chest, but the city magistrate refuses to allow it. After a massive earthquake, the road engine lodges in a well owned by the same man whose wall was destroyed. He thanks the Talkative Man, as the city was going to fine him for the dirty water if it wasn't sealed. Of course, you can't see the engine lodged in the well anymore, as it is now sealed with concrete.
*"Forty-Five A Month":
A story about a daughter, Shanta, and her father, Venkat Rao. Shanta is a primary school student who is eager to go home from school early, as her father has promised to take her to the cinema. At home, she gets dressed up and waits for her father. When he doesn't come home by the time he said he would, she tries to find his office, but gets lost. A servant leads her back home. We flash back to that morning and follow Venkat Rao's day. He feels guilty that he stays at work until after his daughter goes to bed, seven days a week. So when Shanta asks to be taken to the cinema, he promises to take her. That afternoon, he asks his boss for personal leave or else he resigns. His boss tells him nothing is more urgent than work, so he goes back to working. Fed up with being bought for forty rupees a month, he writes a letter of resignation. His boss tells him he got a raise to forty-five rupees a month, so he tears up his letter. Venkat Rao gets home after his daughter falls asleep and tells his wife he can't take Shanta out at all since he got a raise.
*"Out of Business"
A story about Rama Rao, a man who had just lost his [[Phonograph|gramophone]] business as the only factory in the region closed down. Rama Rao looks for a local job, to no success. The family lay off their servants and rent out the house they built to live in a smaller abode. With no more job prospects, Rama Rao enters a magazine crossword contest, where everyone who gets every answer right wins 4000 rupees. After seeing how badly he lost, he lays down on the train tracks to die. After waiting too long, he finds a crowd at the station and hears that a derailment has delayed all trains three more hours. Recognizing his good fortune, he goes home and his wife tells him the renters want to buy their house. He is excited to sell for 4500 rupees and will use some of the money to go to Madras and get a job there.
*"Attila":
A story about a friendly dog named Attila, after the [[Attila|"Scourge of Europe"]]. After the neighborhood experienced a number of break-ins, a family buys a dog for security. He is friendly with everyone and does not stop thieves from taking their garden flowers, so the family keep him inside at night. One night, a thief named Ranga does break in to steal jewels. Attila is so excited to meet this new friend that he follows Ranga into the open street. The family assumes the dog was stolen too, but they see Attila run to catch him. Ranga gets scared and runs, but trips over the dog, spilling the jewels he stole. The police arrest Ranga, and Attila is praised for being a master detective.
*"The Axe"
A story about Velan, who an astrologer predicted would live in a three-story house. Velan came from the poorest family in his village. At age 18, his father slapped his face in public, and he left. After a few days of walking and begging, he got a job as a gardener for an old man. The plot of land was large and they built a three-story mansion on it, but Velan lived in his hut on the grounds. After being awed by the mansion's construction, he grips a margosa's stem in his fingers and tells it to grow up big and worthy of the house or he will pluck it out. It does grow, and his master's great-grandchildren play under it and hundreds of birds live in its branches. Velan's master dies and the house trades hands with family members for some years until wear and tear make the house look haunted and no one will live in it, except Velan when he is given the keys. Some years later, a man arrives to say the plot has been bought and will be cleared for small housing. One morning, Velan awakes to the sound of men chopping the margosa tree with axes. He begs them to stop until he has gathered his belongings and gone out of earshot.
*"Lawley Road"
Another story about the Talkative Man. Just after India's independence, there was a flurry of patriotism. The municipality renamed streets from English things to Indian names. There was a statue of a Sir Frederick Lawley in town, and when the street bearing his name was changed, the municipality voted to remove the statue. The people also researched Lawley and found he had been a British tyrant over the Indians. When the city failed to find anyone to remove it within budget, the Talkative Man is offered the chance to take it for himself. He does and lodges it halfway inside his house with great difficulty. When he writes in the news how he got the statue, historical societies across India are outraged, as there are two Sir Lawleys, and the statue celebrated a kind man who founded Malgudi and even died to save Indians. The public protests the removal of the statue, but now neither the city nor the Talkative Man have funds to move it again. An election is coming, and if the statue problem is not returned to the city, the whole council will be voted out. The Chairman of Malgudi buys the Talkative Man's house with his private fund.
*"Trail of the Green Blazer"
The story follows Ranga, a small-time pickpocket in Malgudi, who makes a living by blending into busy marketplaces and silently stealing from unsuspecting people. One day, while scanning a crowd, his eyes fall upon a well-dressed man wearing a green blazer. Ranga carefully shadows him, pretending to be an ordinary passerby. The man stops to buy something, giving Ranga the perfect chance to slip his hand into the pocket and grab a wallet. But as fate would have it, the man suddenly realizes what is happening and grabs Ranga’s wrist. In the ensuing chaos, the crowd gathers. Ranga tries desperately to wriggle free by pretending innocence, but guilt is written on his face. The irony of the tale is that his profession thrives on other people’s lack of attention, yet here, his own lapse exposes him. Narayan highlights greed, human weakness, and how a moment’s miscalculation can undo years of stealth.

*"The Martyr's Corner"
Ramu is a poor man in Malgudi who earns a livelihood by selling snacks in the busy market square. His tiny makeshift stall consists of only a few items, but it attracts steady customers every evening. For Ramu, this modest trade is his entire world, his only means of survival. However, one day, a political rally and protest break out near his corner. The situation turns violent, and the crowd clashes with the police. In the chaos, Ramu’s stall is overturned and destroyed. His livelihood is wiped out in a single moment of unrest. Later, the very spot where he once worked becomes known as “Martyr’s Corner,” a symbolic site for political memory. Ironically, while the world sees it as a place of patriotic sacrifice, for Ramu it is the painful reminder of his personal tragedy and ruined life. Narayan poignantly shows how the poor often pay the heaviest price for events beyond their control.

*"Wife's Holiday"
This humorous tale revolves around a man who feels restless after his wife goes to her parents’ house for a short visit. At first, he looks forward to his freedom, believing he can now relax without her watchful eye. He spends his time enjoying food outside, meeting friends, and indulging in little pleasures. However, he soon realizes that her absence creates a deep void in his life. The house feels empty and joyless, and he begins to miss her constant care and companionship. His routine becomes chaotic, with no one to cook, manage the household, or share conversations. What started as excitement for a “holiday” quickly turns into loneliness and regret. The story humorously yet tenderly captures the emotional bond in marriage, where partners often fail to appreciate each other until they are apart. Narayan conveys the irony of relationships—the very things we take for granted are what we miss most when gone.

*"A Shadow"
The story A Shadow from Malgudi Days revolves around Sambu, a young boy who longs to see his deceased father on the cinema screen. His father had acted in a film before his death, and now it was being shown in town. While Sambu is excited, his mother is horrified and reluctant, as watching the film would reopen her grief. Despite her resistance, Sambu eagerly attends the show and is deeply moved to see his father alive again—singing, walking, and talking. For him, the film brings back cherished memories, and he feels as if his father has returned. However, the mother finds the experience unbearable, breaking down when a scene reminds her of their personal life. For her, the film is a painful shadow of loss. The contrast highlights Sambu’s innocence and longing versus his mother’s sorrow. Ultimately, the story poignantly portrays how memories of the dead affect people differently, blending love, grief, and the struggle to move on.

*"A Willing Slave"
Ayah, a devoted servant, works tirelessly in a household, giving her complete loyalty and affection to her employers and their children. She treats the children as if they were her own, serving them with love, care, and patience. Over time, her identity becomes tied entirely to her role in the family, leaving her with no life of her own. However, when the children grow up, she becomes unnecessary. The family that once relied on her so much slowly detaches, leaving her with nothing to cling to. Even when she realizes she is no longer wanted, Ayah still remains loyal, unable to separate her existence from the family’s needs. Narayan highlights the thankless sacrifices of domestic workers who dedicate their lives selflessly yet are left without recognition or security in old age. Through Ayah’s story, he reflects on love, loyalty, and the cruel irony of devotion that binds someone to servitude until they lose themselves completely.

*"Leela's Friend"
Sidda, a poor man, finds work as a servant in the household of a wealthy family. He quickly forms a deep bond with their young daughter, Leela, who adores him. Sidda spends hours playing with her, telling imaginative stories, and caring for her with patience and kindness. To Leela, Sidda is not just a servant but a trusted friend and companion. However, when a gold chain goes missing, suspicion falls on Sidda simply because of his lower status. The police arrest him, and the family, without proof, assumes his guilt. Later, the chain is found elsewhere, proving Sidda’s innocence. Yet by then, his reputation and dignity are destroyed. Leela, too young to understand the injustice, simply longs for her friend’s return. The story exposes the harsh realities of class discrimination and the blind prejudices faced by the poor, even when they show love and loyalty. Narayan blends innocence with tragedy in this moving tale.

"Mother and Son"

This story explores the relationship between an overprotective mother and her grown-up son, who is caught between his own desires and his mother’s controlling nature. The mother, widowed and insecure, constantly interferes in her son’s decisions, believing she knows what is best for him. She dictates everything from his marriage choices to his career. The son, though dutiful, feels suffocated by her dominance and longs for independence. At the same time, he is bound by guilt and responsibility, unable to rebel against her openly. This constant struggle creates tension in the household, with both mother and son locked in emotional dependence. Narayan presents the irony of parental love that transforms into possessiveness, depriving children of freedom while keeping parents anxious and unfulfilled. Through this domestic conflict, the story highlights the universal theme of individuality versus duty within families, showing how excessive control can erode both affection and peace at home.

*"Naga"
This story revolves around a snake charmer and his beloved pet cobra, Naga, who is not just an animal but also his livelihood. The man earns a living by showing tricks with Naga, moving from place to place and performing in front of crowds. He treats the snake with affection, feeding and caring for it like a family member. However, times change, and fewer people are interested in watching such shows. The man’s earnings decline sharply, leaving him struggling to survive. Despite his hardships, he refuses to part with Naga, as their bond is deeper than money. Finally, faced with starvation, he reluctantly considers letting the snake go, but his heart cannot bear the separation. The story reflects the themes of poverty, love for animals, and the struggle of traditional professions against modernization. Narayan shows how survival can clash with sentiment, leaving the poor torn between livelihood and emotional attachment.

*"Selvi"
Selvi is a talented young woman with a mesmerizing voice who rises to fame as a singer. She comes from a humble background but is discovered by Mohan, a theater owner, who quickly becomes both her manager and husband. Under his strict control, Selvi’s life changes drastically. Mohan exploits her talent, using her for wealth and status, while Selvi remains obedient, living entirely under his shadow. Despite her fame and success, she is unhappy, as she has no freedom over her own choices or career. Her art becomes more of a business than an expression of passion. As time passes, Selvi begins to realize that she is trapped in an unequal marriage where love has been replaced by control and manipulation. Through her story, Narayan highlights the exploitation of women and artists, showing how talent can be commodified when power and authority overshadow personal happiness and dignity.

*"Second Opinion"
Kannan, a man suffering from health issues, is caught between two contrasting medical advices. His trusted family doctor gives him one set of instructions, but another doctor offers a completely different opinion. Confused and anxious, Kannan finds himself torn between the two diagnoses. His wife, deeply worried, insists on seeking the “better” opinion, hoping for certainty. However, instead of clarity, the conflicting advice only increases the family’s tension. The story portrays how ordinary people often struggle when faced with contradictory authority figures, especially in matters of health. Narayan subtly depicts the anxiety, helplessness, and blind reliance on doctors that patients feel. Ultimately, the tale emphasizes how human beings seek assurance in uncertain times but often end up more bewildered by too many voices. It reflects both the fragility of life and the limitations of human knowledge, making health a matter of faith as much as science.

*"Cat Within"
This humorous yet symbolic story is about a mischievous cat that sneaks into a house and hides within, creating chaos. The residents, unable to locate it, are disturbed by its movements and sounds. They try several ways to chase it out, but the cat remains elusive, causing fear and superstition among them. Some believe it brings bad luck, while others see it as a harmless creature. The house becomes divided between those who exaggerate the cat’s presence and those who dismiss it. Eventually, the cat quietly slips away, leaving behind confusion and relief. Narayan uses the situation to illustrate how human imagination and superstition often magnify small issues into larger troubles. The story humorously reflects on fear, human behavior, and the tendency to give ordinary events exaggerated meanings. Beneath its simplicity lies a commentary on how people let trivial disturbances disrupt their peace.

*"The Edge"
Ranga, a knife-grinder, lives a simple life sharpening knives and scissors in Malgudi. Though his profession is humble and outdated, he takes pride in his work. However, times are changing, and fewer people require his services, leaving him struggling for survival. Ranga’s dreams for his daughter—to study and have a better life—clash with his wife’s traditional desire for her to marry early. Desperate for money, Ranga becomes involved in a risky scheme, hoping to secure his family’s future. But fate does not favor him, and he finds himself trapped by misfortune. Despite his failures, he continues to work hard, carrying on with “desperate energy.” The story highlights dignity in labor, the struggles of the working class, and the clash between hope and harsh reality. Narayan portrays Ranga as a rare resilient figure, showing that even when life doesn’t improve, perseverance keeps the human spirit alive.

*"God and the Cobbler"
This story narrates the encounter between a foreign hippie and an Indian cobbler in Malgudi. The hippie, having renounced wealth and modern life, wanders freely, while the cobbler toils daily in poverty. Each man idealizes the other—the hippie admires the cobbler’s simplicity, mistaking it for spiritual bliss, while the cobbler sees the foreigner as almost divine, given his strange lifestyle. Their conversation reveals mutual misunderstandings about life, religion, and happiness. At one point, the hippie suggests that the flowers falling on the cobbler all day are divine blessings, but the cobbler bluntly asks, “Can I eat this flower?”—showing the stark difference between romanticized poverty and real suffering. Narayan uses irony to contrast perspectives: the hippie escapes life’s burdens by choice, while the cobbler is trapped by circumstances. The story reveals illusions, cultural gaps, and the human tendency to glorify what one does not experience.

*"Hungry Child"
This moving story is about a destitute child in Malgudi who roams the streets searching for food. Starving and helpless, the boy becomes a silent witness to the indifference of society. He sees abundance everywhere—shops full of sweets, people eating in restaurants—but no one offers him even a morsel. His hunger grows unbearable, and he becomes weak, almost invisible to the bustling crowd around him. Narayan captures the child’s suffering in sharp contrast to the careless indulgence of others, exposing the cruelty of social inequality. The boy represents countless nameless, faceless children trapped in the cycle of poverty. The story does not provide a happy resolution, emphasizing instead the harsh reality of neglect faced by the poor. With poignant simplicity, Narayan awakens compassion in readers, showing how hunger is not just physical pain but also a reminder of society’s failure to care for its most vulnerable.

*"Emden"
This story reflects the wartime atmosphere during World War II when fear of air raids spread across Indian towns. The people of Malgudi live in constant anxiety, imagining dangers that may never arrive. They recall the name “Emden,” the notorious German warship known for bombarding cities, using it as a symbol of terror. The very mention of “Emden” creates panic, leading people to exaggerate threats and spread rumors. Families take precautions, hide valuables, and live in restless fear of being attacked. Narayan portrays how ordinary citizens, far removed from the actual war front, become victims of rumor, fear, and imagination. The story is not about war itself but about the psychology of fear and how communities react to unseen threats. It humorously yet seriously reflects how human minds can magnify dangers, letting rumors dictate life more than reality itself.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Short story collections by R. K. Narayan]]
[[Category:1943 short story collections]]
[[Category:Indian Thought Publications books]]

[[hi:मालगुडी डेज़]]
[[kn:ಮಾಲ್ಗುಡಿ ಡೇಸ್]]

Krishnananda Dutta Chaudhury

2026-03-13T05:08:05Z

TiffaniKellum: new first post more to come!

{{Infobox person
| name = Krishnananda Dutta Chowdhury
| native_name = কৃষ্ণানন্দ দত্তচৌধুরী
| birth_date = c. 1490 AD
| birth_place = Andul
| death_place = c. 1570, Orissa, India
| other_names = Krishnananda Dutta
| citizenship = Indian
| notable_works =
| successor = Madhav Ram and Kandarpa Ram Dutta Chaudhury
| movement = Krishna Naam' Movement
| children = 2
| father = Kamdev Dutta Chaudhury
| family = The feudal zamindar Dutta Chaudhury of Andul, West Bengal
| website = {{URL|https://archive.org/details/KrishnanandaDutta}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Krishnananda Dutta''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clayimage.co.uk/bengal/29oct.html|title=Clay Images of West Bengal|last=Robinson|first=Jim|website=www.clayimage.co.uk|access-date=2016-06-28}}</ref> born as Krishnananda Dutta Chowdhury <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/chhotiradhamadhava/docs/the_reappearance_of_sri_sri_radha-m|title=The Reappearance of Śrī Śrī Rādhā & Mādhava by Bhaktarūpa Dāsa|work=Issuu|access-date=2018-09-09|language=en}}</ref> (c. 1490-1570) in a [[Andul Dutta Chaudhury Family|Dutta Chowdhury family]] in [[Andul]] of the present-day [[Howrah district]] of [[West Bengal]], India, was the 4th ''[[Chaudhuri|Chowdhury]]'' [[Zamindar|revenue collector]] (zamindar) there.
He regularly organised [[kirtan]]s at his ''kirtanana-mandapa'' located near by his home.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/dcc_20210214_202102/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater | title=Dutta Chaudhuri Ancestry | date=14 February 2021 }}</ref>

[[File:Ancestral Deity of Bhaktivinoda.jpg|thumb|The worshipped deity of Krishnananda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chhotiradhamadhava.com/web/index.php/about/chhoti/chhoti|title=Native Place of Śrīla Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda - Chhoti Radha Madhava|website=www.chhotiradhamadhava.com|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>]]
In ca.1514 CE Krishnananda was initiated to ''krsna-nama-mantra'' by [[Nityananda|Nityananda Prabhu]] in Andul. A few years later he took [[Sannyasa|sanyas]] and went to [[Puri]], carrying his deities— Radha-Madhava there.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/KrishnanandaDutta|title=A Brief History Of The Deities Of Krishnananda|last=Dhruba Dutta Chaudhury|date=2018-08-26}}</ref> At the request of the king of Aul he then moved to Chhoti village<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/jayantisri108/docs/dr-fakir-mohan-maharaj-sri-sri-radh|title=dr-fakir-mohan-maharaj-sri-sri-radha-madhava-choti|work=Issuu|access-date=2018-09-09|language=en}}</ref> in [[Kendrapara]] district in [[Odisha]].

He was an ancestor of Kedar Nath Dutta ([[Bhaktivinoda Thakur|Srila Bhakti Vinoda Thakura]]) and Bimala Prasad Dutta ([[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati|Shrila Bhakti Shiddhanta Saraswati Thakura]]). The deities which Krishnananda carried to Puri from Andul are now known as the '''Ancestral deities of Bhakti Vinod Thakur''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Native Place of Śrīla Ṭhākura Bhaktivinoda - Chhoti Radha Madhava|url=http://www.chhotiradhamadhava.com/web/index.php/about/chhoti/chhoti|access-date=2020-09-22|website=www.chhotiradhamadhava.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}

Jindua

2026-03-08T02:55:39Z

TiffaniKellum: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jindua
| image = Jindua.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Navaniat Singh]]
| producer = Gursimran Dhillon Harsimran Dhillon Virk Ohri
| writer = [[Dheeraj Rattan]]
| screenplay = Dheeraj Rattan
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] [[Neeru Bajwa]] [[Sargun Mehta]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Jaidev Kumar]]
| cinematography = Harmeet Singh
| editing = Manish More
| production_companies = Ohri Productions [[Infantry Pictures]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|3|17}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = [[India]] [[Canada]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jindua''''' is a [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Navaniat Singh]] starring [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Neeru Bajwa]] and [[Sargun Mehta]] in the lead roles. It was released on 17 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/the-much-awaited-jimmy-shergill-starrer-jindua-opens-the-packed-movie-season-in-punjab/articleshow/57746337.cms|title=The much-awaited Jimmy Shergill starrer 'Jindua' opens the packed movie season in Punjab|date=21 March 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/amritsar/-jindua-will-make-you-laugh-cry-and-smile-shergill/377294.html|title=‘Jindua’ will make you laugh, cry and smile: Shergill|website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/amritsar/-jindua-three-lives-three-different-dreams-one-film/375885.html|title=‘Jindua’: Three lives, three different dreams, one film|website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

The movie is set initially in [[Calgary]], [[Canada]], where Karma ([[Jimmy Sheirgill]]) and Debu (Rajiv Thakur) are [[illegal immigrants]] working at a construction site. Karma was sent to Canada by his parents who only wanted him to make a lot of money. Tired of the poor living situation as an illegal immigrant, Karma desires for Canadian citizenship. Debu has a girlfriend Nimmi (Sonia Dhillon) in [[Punjab]], [[India]]. Debu keeps a [[Golden Retriever]] named Dabbu and likes it very much.

Ish is a Punjabi Canadian, daughter of a naturalized Canadian citizen from Punjab. Ish is enthusiastic about music and wants to be a rock singer, while her parents only want to get her married to a Punjabi boy, for which they have always been arguing.

One day, immigration officers raid Debu and Karma's house. Debu is arrested while Karma manages to escape with Dabbu. After that, Debu is kept in detention center waiting for trials, and Karma sends a Punjabi lawyer Harjap Singh Bhangal (Harjap Singh Bhangal) to help him. The lawyer cannot make Debu immediately released, but offers a place for Karma to live temporarily. At his temporary house, Karma meets Saggi ([[Sargun Mehta]]), a Punjabi student in Canada, and the two fall in love later.

To pressure his daughter, Ish's father tells her that if she does not marry a Punjabi boy, he will donate all his wealth to charity organization, without any single dollar left for her. Ish comes up with idea to fake a marriage with a Punjabi boy so that she can get her father's wealth. She asks help from Harjap Singh Bhangal, Debu's lawyer, whom her family have known for long.

Harjap takes the fake wedding proposal to Karma, whom he knows desires for Canadian citizenship. Despite having a girlfriend, Karma agrees to the proposal as he knows it could be a rare chance for him to legalize his status in Canada, and he will be able to settle down in Canada with his girlfriend Saggi. He marries Ish, without the knowledge of Saggi. Apart from Ish and Karma, only Harjap knows their marriage, though legal, is a fake marriage.

After some days, Karma confesses to Saggi about the fake marriage. Upset Saggi leaves Karma without listening to his further explanation. Meanwhile, Ish is betrayed by her band and get heartbroken. After Karma takes care of her during that, she falls in love with Karma.

After some time, Saggi graduates, and decides to return to India immediately. Before leaving, her roommate persuades her to listen to Karma's explanation for once, and she agrees. Saggi visits Karma and Ish's house, while Karma is not home. Ish, who doesn't know Saggi is Karma's girlfriend, tells Saggi that though she married Karma in a fake marriage, but fell in love with him later. Saggis gives up, and leaves Karma's house without meeting him and returns to India. After Karma returns home, he gets to know Saggi was there before but left without seeing him. Karma tries to contact Saggi, but fails, as Saggi already changes her number.

Karma is later qualified for Canadian citizenship. But at the Citizenship Ceremony, he refuses to accept it as he realizes the reason he wanted the citizenship for is no longer here, and he wants Saggi more than Canadian citizenship. He tells it to Ish, and Ish persuades him to go to India to look for Saggi, though she loves him also.

Karma leaves everything and returns to India, and finds Saggi who is about to be engaged. Saggi's brother, her only family member, accepts Karma. Karma and Saggi finally make it.

==Cast==

* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Karamjeet Singh
* [[Neeru Bajwa]] as Ishh
* [[Sargun Mehta]] as Saggi
* Rajiv Thakur
* Sonia Dhillon Tully as Nimmi
* [[Balinder Johal]]

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Result
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" |[[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2018_-27178.html|title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards (Punjabi) 2018|work=filmfare.com|access-date=2018-08-30|language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;" | 23 March 2018
| Best Actor
| [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor Critics
| Jimmy Sheirgill
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Neeru Bajwa]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress Critics
| Neeru Bajwa
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Director
| [[Navaniat Singh]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in supporting role
| Rajiv Thakur
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Album
| [[Jaidev Kumar]] & Arjunaa Harjai
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| Kumaar
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best playback singer(female)
| [[Jasmine Sandlas]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| Anand Pawar
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| Raju Singh
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| Harmeet Singh
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" | [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ptcpunjabifilmawards.in/nomination/|title=NOMINATION – PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2018 {{!}} PTC Punjabi|website=ptcpunjabifilmawards.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-30|archive-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317004056/http://ptcpunjabifilmawards.in/nomination/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;" | 30 March 2018
| Best Film
| Jindua
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Neeru Bajwa]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Director
| [[Navaniat Singh]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Popular Song
| Jindua
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer
| [[Jasmine Sandlas]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Jaidev Kumar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| Kumaar
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Dialogues
| Balraj Syal & Amarjeet Singh
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Story
| [[Dheeraj Rattan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| Harmeet Singh
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| Raju Singh
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Punjabi-language films]]

Jamboo

2026-03-03T05:23:08Z

TiffaniKellum: updated page

{{short description|1980 film by M. Karnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jamboo
| image = Jamboo poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[M. Karnan]]
| screenplay = M. Karnan
| story = Maa. Ra
| producer = M. Karnan
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]
| cinematography = M. Karnan
| editing = G. Kalyana Sundaram K. Gouthaman
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Indrani Films
| released = {{film date|1980|1|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Jamboo''''' is 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action adventure film]], co-written, directed and produced by [[M. Karnan]] from a story by Maa. Ra. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], leading an ensemble cast that includes [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[M. R. R. Vasu]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[Jayamala]]. It was released on 15 January 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamboo (1980) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/jamboo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023100521/https://screen4screen.com/movies/jamboo |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 19: ஜெய்சங்கர் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/654042-thiraipada-solai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506165937/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/654042-thiraipada-solai.html |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
A varied group of travellers on a flight to the United States find themselves stranded on an island. They are rescued by Jamboo, who has lived on the island by himself since childhood. He is capable of surviving the harsh surrounding full of wild animals, raging rivers and other natural dangers. Jamboo takes on the task of keeping the crash survivors alive and eventually lead them off the island. They are forced to stay on the island until the circumstances are right for them to attempt an escape. The film chronicles the many varied dangers they face as they attempt to get home.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Jamboo
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Saamy
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Paranthaman
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]]
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Anjalai
* [[Jayamala]] as Geetha
* Jaya Vani as Radha
* Lalitha as Noori
* [[Praveena Bhagyaraj|Praveena]] as Tribal princess
* Mallika
* Jothi Kanna
* Kanchana
* Vimala
* Manjula
* Kovai Shantha
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
* [[S. V. Ramadas]]
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
* Mottai Seetha Raman
* P. L. Selvaraj
* Franco
* Prabhakar
* Master Sivakumar
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was written by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jambu |url=https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/Jambu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004064802/https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/Jambu |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=Tamil Songs Lyrics}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Songs !! Length
|-
| "Yenga Vandha Yenga" || 04:49
|-
| "Yen Intha Mayakkam" || 05:36
|-
| "Oh Rama Oh Rama" || 05:30
|-
| "Machaan Thota Mazaa" ||03:02
|}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said it was disheartening to see a film like ''Jamboo'' at a time when Tamil cinema was progressing.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=24 February 1980 |title=ஜம்பு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-02-24/page/n57/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230730151713/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-02-24/page/n57/mode/2up |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=30 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=57 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2791300}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980s action adventure films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Karnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films set on islands]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action adventure films]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council

2026-03-01T11:55:34Z

TiffaniKellum:

{{Short description|Local government body in Meghalaya, northeastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council
| house_type = Autonomous District Council
| body =
| houses =
| coa_pic = Emblem of Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council.png
| coa_res =
| leader1_type = Chair
| leader1 = Dr. Sankey Shangpung, [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]<ref name="2025 election"/>
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Chief Executive Member
| leader2 = Thombor Shiwat, [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]<ref name="2025 election">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=NPP’s Thombor Shiwat to lead JHADC EC |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/02/25/npps-thombor-shiwat-to-lead-jhadc-ec/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| members = 30 Councillors (29 Elected + 1 Nominated)
| structure1 = India Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya Autonomous District Council 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Executive Council (EC) (16)''' 
: {{Color box|{{Party color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance}}}} [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|MDA]] (16)
:*{{colorbox|#FFCA61}} [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] (13)
:*{{colorbox|#FE0002}} [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]] (3)
'''Opposition (11)'''
:*{{colorbox|#0044FF}} [[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|VPP]] (8)
:*{{colorbox|#00BBFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (3)
'''Others (2)'''
:*{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
'''Nominated (1)'''
:*{{colorbox|#000000}} [[Nominated|NOM]] (1)
| voting_system1 = [[First past the post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[2025 Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council election|21 February 2025]]
| next_election1 = 2030
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Jowai]], [[Meghalaya]]
| website = {{URL|http://jhadc.nic.in/}}
}}

[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|350px|right|North Eastern autonomous divisions]]

'''Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council''' (JHADC) is an [[autonomous district council]] in the state of [[Meghalaya]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/three-autonomous-district-councils-of-meghalaya-urges-the-national-commission-to-bar-government-from-meddling/|title=Three Autonomous District Councils of Meghalaya urges the National Commission to bar government from meddling|date=15 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the three autonomous district councils within Meghalaya, and one of twenty-five [[autonomous regions of India]]. Present Jaintia hills was a part of historical [[Jaintia Kingdom]]. It was formed as the Jowai Autonomous District Council on 23 November 1964 from the Jowai Subdivision of the [[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council|United Khasi-Jaintia Hills District]] – adopting its current name on 14 June 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56b4952f607dba348f0114ee|title=Durbar of Sumer Patorship v. Jainta Hills Autonomous District & Ors.|publisher=Gauhati High Court|date=28 August 2012|accessdate=19 September 2020}}</ref>

The total area of the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council is 3,819 km2 having a population of 395,124 as of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/meghalaya/jaintia-hills-population.html|title=Jaintia Hills Census|date=28 October 2021}}</ref>

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
The Jaintia Kingdom was ruled by the Syiems from the beginning of the 16th century but their rule ended in the year 1835 A.D when the British annexed the Jaintia parganas in the plain and the then Syiem of Jaintiapur Rajendra Singh handed over the hills areas also to them and as such, from the year 1835 the whole Jaintia Kingdom came under the British rule until India achieved independence on 15 August 1947. During the British rule, the Jaintia Hills formed part of the Khasi Jaintia Hills District in the status of a Civil Sub-Division known as Jowai Civil Sub-Division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KVK Jaiñtia Hills |url=https://kvkwestjaintiahills.nic.in/kvkwjh/content/wjhprofile.php |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=kvkwestjaintiahills.nic.in}}</ref>

Consequent on the independence of India from the British rule, the Syiems of 25 Khasi States signed the Instrument of Accession and these States came under the administration of the District which renamed as United Khasi & Jaintia Hills District. The Constitution of India which was proclaimed in the year 1950 has under Article 244(2) a provision for administration of tribal areas in the then State of Assam as per Sixth Schedule to the Constitution. The United Khasi & Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council was then created in the year 1951 under the Sixth Schedule with headquarters at Shillong and a Branch Office at Jowai. A separate Autonomous District Council was created for the Jaintia Hills by the then Govt. of Assam in the year 1964 bearing the name of Jowai Autonomous District Council vide Notification No. TAD/R/50/64 dated 23.11.1964. After Meghalaya achieved full-fledged statehood on 21 January 1972 the Jowai Civil Sub-Division was upgraded into a full-fledged Civil District in the same year in the name of Jaintia Hills District. The Jowai Autonomous District Council was subsequently renamed as the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council vide Notification dated 14.6.1973.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}

Hence, the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution and a Civil District under the charge of a Deputy Commissioner administered the same geographical area and by and large the same inhabitants playing their respective role and functions until 31 July 2013 when the Govt. of Meghalaya created a new Civil District, viz: East Jaintia Hills District with headquarters at Khliehriat and the parent District with headquarters at Jowai was renamed as West Jaintia Hills District. Now the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council covers two Civil Districts under its jurisdiction.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}

==Elections ==

Various elections are as follows:

* [[2019 Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council election]]
* [[2025 Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council election]]

==Executive Wing==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
Heading the Executive Wing of the ADC is the executive committee whose duties are similar to those of the Cabinet of the State. The head of the executive committee, that is, the Chief Executive Member is elected by majority votes by the Council in Session and such election is to be approved by the Governor of the State. The Chief Executive Member then nominates Members of the executive committee from amongst the members of the council. The executive committee remains in Office as long as they enjoy the majority support of Members of the council.

Departments under the executive committee, Jaintia Hills ADC: To administer the various functions as envisaged under the Sixth Schedule, the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council has created the following Departments:

#General Department.
#Finance and Accounts Department.
#Land Revenue & Land Reform Department.
#Land Record and Land Settlement Department.
#Taxation Department.
#Forest Department.
#Political Department.
#Civil Works Department.
#Education Department.
#Market, Agriculture Soil & Fishery Department.
#Stationery & Printing Department.
#Judicial Department.
#Legislative Department

==Legislative Wing==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
The members of the Council hold regular session once every four months. The Annual Budget of the ADC has to be passed by the majority votes by the Council in session. The other duties of the Council in session are to legislate and enact laws and regulations on such powers as conferred by the Sixth Schedule. Bills on laws and regulations passed by the Council in session are sent to the Governor of the State for his assent or approval.

To run the affairs of the Legislative Secretariat, the Council in session elects a chairman and deputy chairman whose duties are similar to the speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the State Legislature. The Office of the Legislative is looked after by officers and staff headed by the Secretary Legislative.

The Legislative Secretariat looks after the administrative matters pertaining to the legislative functions of the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council.

==Judiciary Wing==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
Administration of justice in respect of tribals within the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District is being look after by the District Council Court and its Subordinate District Council Court constituted by the executive committee of the Jaintia Hills District Council since its inception in the year 1967 under the provisions of the United Khasi & Jaintia Hills Autonomous District (Administration of Justice) Rules 1953. These Courts are staffed by Judicial Officers having law degree and designated as Judges and Magistrates and undertake trial of both Civil and Criminal Cases arising between tribals only. These Courts follow the spirit of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 and the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 and they fall within the judicial jurisdiction of the Meghalaya High Court. Powers on these Courts are conferred by the Governor of Meghalaya under paragraph 5 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India. However, in respect of Civil and Criminal Cases arising between tribal and nontriabal or between non-tribals within the Jaintia Hills Autonomous Districts, the same are being look after by the Deputy Commissioner and the District & Session Judge, Jaintia Hills District with their respected Subordinates in exercise of the powers conferred under the administration of justice Rules, 1937. These Courts also falls under the judicial jurisdiction of the Meghalaya High Court.

In exercise of the powers conferred on it by paragraph 4 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council, under the provision of the United Khasi & Jaintia Hills District(Administration of Justice)Rules,1953, constituted the following classes of Courts:

#Village Courts
#Subordinate District Council Courts
#District Council Court

===Village Courts===
These Courts are constituted for the villages within the Elaka for the trial of suits and cases between tribals. It is being staffed by the Dolloi and other members elected by the Durbar Elaka. In Civil Cases the Village Courts is empowered to award costs and compensations. In Criminal Cases it is empowered to impose a fine of Rs.50 only. It has no power to pass a sentence of imprisonment. The Village Courts tries suits and cases in accordance with the Customary laws/practice of the village.

===Subordinate District Council Courts===
These Courts are constituted for the trial of suits and cases for the whole of Jaintia Hills Autonomous District not triable by Village Courts to be presided over by Judicial Officers designated as Magistrates. In Civil Cases it has got unlimited power and in Criminal Cases it has been invested with powers up to seven years imprisonment. It also hear appeals (Civil and Criminal) from the decisions of the Village Courts.
At present there are two Subordinate District Council Courts at Jowai and they are trying both Civil and Criminal Cases arising from different parts of Jaintia Hills Autonomous District comprising East and West Jaintia Hills District. Many of these Cases have been disposed of from time to time.

===District Council Court===
This Court is constituted for the trial of suits and cases not triable by any Council Courts. It exercise jurisdiction within the whole of Jaintia Hills Autonomous District and is presided over by judicial Officer designated as the Judge. In Civil Cases it has got unlimited powers and in Criminals Cases it has been invested with ten years power of imprisonment. It also hears appeals and revisions (Civil and Criminal) from the decisions of the Subordinate District Council Courts. Appeals and revisions against its Orders/Judgements lies to the Meghalaya High Court.

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion of Jaintia Autonomous Council (2011)
| label1 = [[Christianity]]
| value1 = 68.74
| color1 = DodgerBlue
| label2 = [[Niamtre]]/Niam Khasi
| value2 = 27.22
| color2 = Maroon
| label3 = [[Hinduism]]
| value3 = 3.15
| color3 = Orange
| label4 = [[Islam]]
| value4 = 0.42
| color4 = Green
| label5 = Religion not stated
| value5 = 0.38
| color5 = Black
| label6 = [[Buddhism]]
| value6 = 0.07
| color6 = Gold
| label7 = [[Jainism]]
| value7 = 0.01
| color7 = Brown
| label8 = [[Sikhism]]
| value8 = 0.01
| color8 = Yellow
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Jaintia Autonomous Council (2011)<ref name="Census2011">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=C-16: Population by Mother Tongue|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|last=ORGI|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815035759/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Pnar language|Pnar]]
| value1 = 78.81
| color1 = teal
| label2 = [[War language|War]]
| value2 = 9.57
| color2 = deepskyblue
| label3 = [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
| value3 = 6.50
| color3 = darkblue
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 5.12
| color4 = Gray
}}

==See also==

* [[Hill tribes of Northeast India]]
* [[North Eastern Council]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://jhadc.nic.in/ Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council website]

{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Lawngtlai District}}
{{Meghalaya}}

{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]
[[Category:Government of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Assam]]

Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre

2026-02-26T12:32:49Z

TiffaniKellum:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre
| formation = 1966
| logo =
| image = Vikram A. Sarabhai Community Science Centre Ahmedabad.jpg
| size =
| alt =
| caption = Building of VASCSC
| abbreviation = VASCSC or CSC
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = [[K Kasturirangan]]
| leader_title2 = Executive Director
| leader_name2 = Dilip Surkar
| founder = [[Vikram Sarabhai]]
| extinction =
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| status = Not-for-profit Organization registered as Society
| purpose = STEM Education
| headquarters = Ahmedabad
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| coords =
| website = {{url|http://www.vascsc.org/}}
}}

'''Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre,''' commonly known as '''VASCSC''', was established in the 1960s by the eminent space scientist, [[Vikram Sarabhai]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India.

== History ==
VASCSC was started to give quality science education and to try new ideas and method for teaching science.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=About Us – Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre |url=https://vascsc.org/about-us/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> It started out as the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad's "Group for Improvement of Science Education (GISE)" in 1963.

In 1966, the Community Science Center (CSC) started operating as a separate workspace at its present site. After the founder died in 1971, it was renamed "Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre (VASCSC)" to honor him.

=== Mandate and role ===
The centre works towards popularising science and mathematics education among students, teachers and the public.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kids explore new world at science fest - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/kids-explore-new-world-at-science-fest/articleshow/62625598.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=30 Dec 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Recognising Marvels Of Science - AhmedabadMirror |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/recognising-marvels-of-science/81844321.html |website=The Ahmedabad Mirror |access-date=30 Dec 2022}}</ref> Its mandate is to stimulate interest, encourage and expose the principles of science and scientific method and also to improve and find innovative methods of science education. It is located opposite [[Gujarat University]]. VASCSC is open to all members of the community.<ref>[https://vascsc.org/about-us/ About] Retrieved on 2022-12-30.</ref>

== Objectives ==
Source:<ref name="auto2"/>

* encourage students, teachers, and the general public to: • understand the basic concepts of science and STEM education; • acquire scientific knowledge and insights as much as possible through the process of inquiry through experiment, audio-visual media, and other means; • be able to solve problems;
* stimulate interest in the principles of science and scientific method among students in elementary and secondary schools as well as colleges by providing them with the necessary encouragement and exposure;
* be concerned with the role of education and ways to improve science education in relation to the individual and the community at large; and help
* clarify the social implications of science and technology.

== Associated scientists ==
*[[C. V. Raman]]
*[[P. C. Vaidya]]
*[[Pisharoth Rama Pisharoty]]
*[[M. S. Swaminathan]]
*[[K. R. Ramanathan]]
*[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
*[[Yash Pal]]
*[[M. G. K. Menon]]
*[[A. R. Rao]]
== Activities ==
* Enhancing the capacity of schools to improve quality of STEM education
* Conducting STEM outreach programs for students
* Implementing STEM Hands-on teachers’ training programs
* Establishing STEM labs<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://vascsc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/abad-mirror-3-28-6-2022-1.jpg | title=Making Schools STEM-able | website=vascsc.org}}</ref> in schools to promote STEM Hands-on learning,
* Advocating the integration of emerging technologies in school education
* Developing innovative teaching learning material<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://scienceshop.vascsc.org/|title=Science Shop – VASCSC}}</ref> (TLM)

== Facilities ==
[[File:Children's_ideas_taking_shape_on_a_3D_printer.jpg|right|frameless|220x220px]]
* Laboratories (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Electronics, Computers, Astronomy, Model Rocketry, Emerging Technologies)
* Library
* Quadrangle (open exhibition area)
* Science Shop<ref name="auto"/>
* Vigyan Drashti<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vascsc.org/resources/|title=Resources – Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre}}</ref>
* TLM Workshop

== ''Vigyan Drashti'' ==
The Gujarati biweekly science wall magazine ''Vigyan Drashti'' is produced as an eight-page, full-color newspaper. It includes science pictures, puzzles, crosswords, exercises, experiments, articles, and fascinating scientific information. The magazine is frequently used by both private subscribers and schools as an educational tool in Gujarati. Every year, six volumes are released.

== Major projects ==
* [[Science Express]] (2007-17)
* Mobile Science Lab

== Board of Governors ==
Source:<ref name="auto2"/>
* Shri B. S. Bhatia — Member
* Prof. Barjor Mehta — Member
* Shri Chander Mohan — Member
* Ms. Pallavi Patel — Member
* Ms. Meenalochani Raghunathan — Member
* Shri Kartikeya V. Sarabhai — Member
* Shri Mohal Sarabhai — Member
* Dr. Abhijit Sen — Member
* Dr. Minal Sen — Member
* Dr. Anamik Shah — Member
* Shri Divyesh Surati — Member
* Shri Dilip Surkar — Member Secretary
* Shri Pradyumna Vyas — Member

== Awards and recognitions ==
* Mahatma Award 2023 for Social Good and Impact<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://vascsc.org/about-us/|title=About Us – Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre}}</ref><ref>Mahatma Award 2023 [https://www.mahatmaaward.com/_files/ugd/ef1969_462d9820160a4a6d9a69ba2cf9e6fd81.pdf Winners]</ref>
* HCL Grant 2020 finalist, selected through a competitive nation-wide process, received grant for a project to be carried out in the following year<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqHbXOCLwqg |title=HCL Grant 2020 Finalist (Education) - Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre |date=2020-03-01 |last=HCL Enterprise |access-date=2024-06-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* Times of India Social Impact Award 2011 for Education<ref name="auto1"/>
* National Award for Outstanding Efforts in Science and Technology Communication from Dept. of Science and Technology, NCSTC, [[Government of India|Govt. of India]] (2008)
* National Award for Best Efforts in Science Popularization among Children’ from Dept. of Science and Technology, NCSTC, [[Government of India|Govt. of India]] (1994)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat|Vikram Sarabhai Community Science Centre}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Gujarat]]
{{Ahmedabad topics}}

Madhhab

2026-02-24T21:45:48Z

TiffaniKellum: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|School of thought within Islamic jurisprudence}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Italics title}}
{{Usul al-Fiqh}}
A '''''madhhab''''' ({{langx|ar|مَذْهَب|madhhab|way to act}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈmaðhab|IPA}}, pl. {{langx|ar|مَذَاهِب|madhāhib|label=none}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈmaðaːhib|}}) refers to any [[school of thought]] within [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]]. The major [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ''madhhab'' are [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]], [[Maliki school|Maliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]], and [[Hanbali school|Hanbali]].<ref name="rabb">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Intisar A. |last=Rabb |author-link=Intisar A. Rabb |title=Fiqh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |editor-link=John L. Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |year=2009 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=9780195305135}}
</ref> They emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries CE and by the twelfth century almost all [[Islamic jurist|Islamic jurists]] aligned themselves with a particular ''madhhab''.<ref name="hussin">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Iza |last=Hussin |author-link=Iza Hussin |title=Sunni Schools of Jurisprudence |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor=Emad El-Din Shahin |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001|isbn=9780199739356}}</ref> These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries.<ref name="hussin" /><ref name="rabb" /> [[Fatwa|Rulings]] (''Fatwa'') of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world.<ref name="hussin" /><ref name="rabb" />

For example, the Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in East Africa and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia.<ref name="hussin" /><ref name="rabb" /><ref name="vikor">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Knut S. |last=Vikør |title=Sharīʿah |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor=Emad El-Din Shahin |editor-link=Emad El-Din Shahin |year=2014 |url=http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni ''madhhabs''.<ref name="calder">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Norman |last=Calder |title=Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2009 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> The [[Zahiri]] school, which is considered to be endangered, continues to exert influence over legal thought.<ref name="calder" /><ref name="rabb" /><ref name="hussin" /> The development of [[Shia]] legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in the formation of the [[Ja'fari school|Ja'fari]] ''madhhab'' amongst [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shias]], as well as the [[Ismaili|Isma'ili]] and [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi]] ''madhhabs'' amongst [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ilis]] and [[Zaydism|Zaydis]] respectively, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools.<ref name="calder" /><ref name="vikor" /> The [[Ibadi]] legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia ''madhhabs'', is predominant in Oman.<ref name="rabb" /> Unlike Sunnis, Shias, and Ibadis, [[non-denominational Muslims]] are not affiliated with any ''madhhab''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Charlene|title=Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives|date=2014|publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9781441146175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|quote=This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-''madhhabi'') approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past}}</ref><ref>Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28</ref><ref>Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49</ref>

The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the ''madhhab'' system. With the spread of codified state laws in the Muslim world, the influence of the ''madhhabs'' beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly drew on rulings from multiple ''madhhabs'', and legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ''[[ulama]]'' as interpreters of the resulting laws.<ref name="hussin" /> In the 20th century, some jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional ''madhhabs''.<ref name="messick" /> With the spread of [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] influence and [[Islah|reformist]] currents in the 20th century; a handful of Salafi scholars have asserted independence from being strictly bound by the traditional [[Fiqh|legal mechanisms]] of the four schools. Nevertheless, the majority of Sunni scholarship continues to uphold [[Post-classical history|post-classical]] creedal belief in rigorously adhering (''[[taqlid]]'') to one of the four schools in all legal details.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Auda |first=Jasser |title=Maqasid al-SharÏah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach |publisher=The International Institute of Islamic Thought |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-56564-424-3 |location=669, Herndon, VA 20172, USA |pages=143–145 |chapter=5: Contemporary Theories in Islamic Law}}</ref>

The [[Amman Message]], which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] schools ([[Hanafi]], [[Maliki]], [[Shafi'i]], [[Hanbali]]), two [[Shia Islam|Shia]] schools ([[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Ja'fari]], [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi]]), the [[Ibadi]] school, and the [[Zahiri]] school.<ref name="3Points">{{Cite web|url=https://ammanmessage.com/|title=Amman Message – The Official Site}}</ref> Schools of Islamic jurisprudence are located in [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]], [[China]], the [[Philippines]], [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and multiple other countries.

== History ==

=== "Ancient" schools ===
According to [[John Burton (scholar)|John Burton]], "modern research shows" that [[fiqh|''fiqh'']] was first "regionally organized" with "considerable disagreement and variety of view". In the second century of Islam, schools of ''fiqh'' were noted for the loyalty of their jurists to the legal practices of their local communities, whether [[Mecca]], [[Kufa]], [[Basra]], Syria, etc.<ref name="JBSILITA1990:13">[[#JBSILITA1990|Burton, ''Islamic Theories of Abrogation'', 1990]]: p.13</ref> (Egypt's school in [[Fustat]] was a branch of Medina's school of law and followed such practices—up until the end of the 8th century—as basing verdict on one single witness, not two, and the oath of the claimant. Its principal jurist in the second half of the 8th century was al-Layth b. Sa'd.){{#tag:ref|It is usually assumed that no regional school developed in Egypt (unlike in Syria, Iraq and the Hijaz). [[Joseph Schach]] states that the legal milieu of [[Fustat]] (ancient Cairo) was a branch of the Medinan school of law.<ref>J. Schacht, ''The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950), p. 9</ref> Regarding judicial practices, the qadis (judges) of Fustat resorted to the procedure called "''al-yamin ma'a l-shahid''", that is, the ability of the judge to base his verdict on one single witness and the oath of the claimant, instead of two witnesses as was usually required. Such a procedure was quite common under the early Umayyads, but by the early Abbasid period it had disappeared in Iraq and it was now regarded as the {{'}}''amal'' ("good practice") of Medina. Up until the end of the 8th century, the qadis of Fustat were still using this "Medinan" procedure and differentiated themselves from Iraqi practices. From a doctrinal point of view, however, the legal affiliation of Egypt could be more complex. The principal Egyptian jurist in the second half of the 8th century is al-Layth b. Sa'd.<ref>R.G. Khoury, "Al-Layth Ibn Sa'd (94/713–175/791), grand maître et mécène de l’Egypte, vu à travers quelques documents islamiques anciens", ''[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]'' 40, 1981, p. 189–202</ref> The only writing of his that has survived is a letter he wrote to Malik b. Anas, which has been preserved by Yahya b. Ma'in and al-Fasawi. In this letter, he proclaims his theoretical affiliation to the Medinan methodology and recognizes the value of the {{'}}''amal''. Nevertheless, he distances himself from the Medinan School by opposing a series of Medinan legal views. He maintains that the common practice in other cities is also valuable, and thus implicitly defends the Egyptians' adherence to their own local tradition. Thus it is possible that, even though it did not develop into a formal school of law, a specific Egyptian legal milieu was distinct of the Medinan School in the 8th century.<ref>Mathieu Tillier, "[https://www.academia.edu/1470575/Les_premiers_cadis_de_Fus_a_et_les_dynamiques_regionales_de_linnovation_judiciaire_750-833_ Les "premiers" cadis de Fusṭāṭ et les dynamiques régionales de l'innovation judiciaire (750–833)]", ''Annales Islamologiques'', 45 (2011), p. 214–218</ref>|group=Note}} [[Al-Shafiʽi]] wrote that, "every capital of the Muslims is a seat of learning whose people follow the opinion of one of their countrymen in most of his teachings".<ref name="Schacht-OoMJ-1959-246">{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year=1950 |year=1959 |page=246}}</ref><ref name="tr-III-148">{{cite book|last1=Shafi'i |page=148. Kitab Ikhtilaf Malid wal-Shafi'i |title=[[Kitab al-Umm]] vol. vii}}</ref>

The "real basis" of legal doctrine in these "ancient schools" was not a body of reports of [[Muhammad]]'s sayings, doings, silent approval (the [[ahadith|Hadith]]) or even those of [[Companions of the Prophet|his Companions]], but the "living tradition" of the school as "expressed in the consensus of the scholars", according to [[Joseph Schacht]].<ref name="Schacht-OoMJ-1959-98">{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year=1950 |year=1959 |page=98}}</ref>

=== Al-Shafi‘i and afterwards ===
It has been asserted that ''madhahib'' were consolidated in the 9th and 10th centuries as a means of excluding dogmatic theologians, government officials and non-Sunni sects from religious discourse.<ref name="stewart">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Islamic_law.aspx |title=Law, Islamic |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> Historians have differed regarding the times at which the various schools emerged. One interpretation is that Sunni Islam was initially{{when|date=December 2013}} split into four groups: the [[Hanafi]]tes, [[Maliki]]tes, [[Shafi'i]]tes, and [[Zahiri]]tes.<ref>Mohammad Sharif Khan and Mohammad Anwar Saleem, ''Muslim Philosophy And Philosophers'', pg. 34. [[New Delhi]]: Ashish Publishing House, 1994.</ref> Later, the [[Hanbali]]tes and [[Jariri]]tes developed two more schools; then various dynasties effected the eventual exclusion of the Jarirites;<ref name="mel">[[Christopher Melchert]], ''The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law'': 9th–10th Centuries C.E., pg. 178. Leiden: [[Brill Publishers]], 1997.</ref> eventually, the Zahirites were also excluded when the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] established a total of four independent [[Qadi|judicial positions]], thus solidifying the Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools.<ref name="stewart" /> During the era of the [[Islamic Gunpowders]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] reaffirmed the official status of these four schools as a reaction to Shi'ite Persia.<ref name="chib">Chibli Mallat, ''Introduction to Middle Eastern Law'', pg. 116. [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]], 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-19-923049-5}}</ref> Some are of the view that Sunni jurisprudence falls into two groups: ''Ahl al-Ra'i'' ("people of opinions", emphasizing scholarly judgment and reason) and ''[[Ahl al-Hadith]]'' ("people of traditions", emphasizing strict interpretation of scripture).<ref>Murtada Mutahhari, [http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/ijtihad-legislation.htm ''The Role of Ijtihad in Legislation''], [http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/ Al-Tawhid] volume IV, No.2, Publisher: [http://www.itf.org.ir/ Islamic Thought Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314212635/http://www.itf.org.ir/ |date=14 March 2012}}</ref>

10th century [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] scholar [[Ibn al-Nadim]] named eight groups: Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i, Zahiri, [[Twelver|Imami Shi'ite]], Ahl al-Hadith, Jariri, and [[Kharijites|Kharijite]].<ref name="mel" /><ref>[[Devin J. Stewart]], THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIHRIST: IBN AL-NADIM AS HISTORIAN OF ISLAMIC LEGAL AND THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS, [[International Journal of Middle East Studies]], v.39, pg.369–387, [[Cambridge University Press]], 2007</ref> [[Abu Thawr]] also had a school named after him. In the 12th century Jariri and Zahiri schools were absorbed by the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crone|first1=Patricia|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|date=2013|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|page=498|isbn=978-0691134840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&q=zahiri+absorbed+princeton&pg=PA498|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> [[Ibn Khaldun]] defined only three Sunni ''madhahib'': Hanafi, Zahiri, and one encompassing the Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali schools as existing initially,<ref>[[Ignác Goldziher]], ''The Zahiris'', pg. 5. Trns. Wolfgang Behn, intro. [[Camilla Adang]]. Volume three of Brill Classics in Islam. [[Leiden]]: [[Brill Publishers]], 2008. {{ISBN|9789004162419}}</ref><ref>Meinhaj Hussain, A New Medina, [https://archive.today/20130103002610/http://www.grandestrategy.com/2012/01/6655434312-chapter-nine-new-medina.html The Legal System], Grande Strategy, 5 January 2012</ref> noting that by the 14th-century historian the Zahiri school had become extinct,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolfgang|first1=Behn|title=The Zahiris|date=1999|publisher=BRILL|page=178|isbn=9004026320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_OIhpI9jfEC&q=ibn+khaldun+zahiri&pg=PA178|access-date=11 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Berkey|first1=Jonathon|title=The Formation of Islam|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=216|isbn=9780521588133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLV6lo4mvj0C&q=khaldun+zahiri&pg=PA216|access-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> only for it to be revived again in parts of the Muslim world by the mid-20th century.<ref>Daniel W. Brown, ''Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought'': Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, pgs. 28 and 32. [[Cambridge]]: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1996. {{ISBN|9780521653947}}</ref><ref>M. Mahmood, ''The Code of Muslim Family Laws'', pg. 37. Pakistan Law Times Publications, 2006. 6th ed.</ref><ref>Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from ''The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought'', pg. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]]: [[Wiley-Blackwell]], 2008. {{ISBN|9781405178488}}</ref>

Historically, the ''fiqh'' schools were often in political and academic conflict with one another, vying for favor with the ruling government in order to have their representatives appointed to legislative and especially judiciary positions.<ref name=chib />

=== Modern era ===
The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the ''madhhab'' system. Legal practice in most of the Muslim world has come to be controlled by government policy and state law, so that the influence of the ''madhhabs'' beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly utilized the methods of ''takhayyur'' (selection of rulings without restriction to a particular ''madhhab'') and ''talfiq'' (combining parts of different rulings on the same question). Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional [[ulema|''ulama'']] as interpreters of the resulting laws.

Global Islamic movements have at times drawn on different ''madhhabs'' and at other times placed greater focus on the scriptural sources rather than classical jurisprudence. The Hanbali school, with its particularly strict adherence to the [[Quran]] and Hadith, has inspired conservative currents of direct scriptural interpretation.<ref name="hussin" /> In the 20th century many Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional schools of jurisprudence.<ref name="messick">{{cite encyclopedia|first1=Brinkley|last1=Messick |first2=Joseph A.|last2=Kéchichian|title=Fatwā. Process and Function|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120012810/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> Examples of the latter approach include networks of Indonesian ''ulama'' and Islamic scholars residing in Muslim-minority countries, who have advanced liberal interpretations of Islamic law.<ref name="hussin" />

==Schools==
[[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|550x550px|Some regions have a dominant or official ''madhhab''; others recognize a variety.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic Jurisprudence & Law {{!}} ReOrienting the Veil |url=https://veil.unc.edu/religions/islam/law/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Needs update|date=May 2025|reason=Our Fiqh map does need an update, for example Bahrain is mostly orange (representing Ja'fari) while its Monarchy is Maliki and a majority of its citizens Sunni. Would be very helpful to get an update to date SVG version of the map as there are some tiny island Indian Ocean countries who are not shown on the map}}]]
Generally, Sunnis will follow one particular ''madhhab'' which varies from region to region, but also believe that ''[[ijtihad]]'' must be exercised by the contemporary scholars capable of doing so. Most rely on ''[[taqlid]]'', or acceptance of religious rulings and epistemology from a higher religious authority in deferring meanings of analysis and derivation of legal practices instead of relying on subjective readings.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sahihmuslim.com/sps/sp.cfm?subsecID=MNJ06&articleID=MNJ060001&articlePages=1 | title=Salafi Publications | on Ijtihad and Taqlid}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rissc.jo/docs/1N-WithCovers(lowres).pdf|title=On Islam, Muslims and the 500 most influential figures}}</ref>

Experts and scholars of ''fiqh'' follow the [[principles of Islamic jurisprudence]] (''usul'') of their own ''madhhab'', but they also study the ''usul'', evidences, and opinions of other ''madhahib''.

=== Sunni ===
The four main schools of jurisprudence of Sunni Islam are the [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]], [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]], [[Maliki school|Maliki]], and [[Hanbali school|Hanbali]] schools.<ref>{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|volume=5|title=Mad̲h̲hab|page(s)=|first=|last=|authorlink=|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8798.xml?rskey=Pjm5Yu&result=1|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8798}}</ref> There is also the [[Zahiri school]], but it has less followers. Historically, there were other schools of jurisprudence but they became extinct which include the [[Jariri school|Jariri]], [[Awza'i school|Awza'i]], [[Laythi school|Laythi]], and [[Thawri school|Thawri]] schools.<ref name="GR">{{Cite book |last=Fathi |first=Saul Silas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-B3-EAAAQBAJ&dq=hanafi%20afghanistan%20pakistan%20levant&pg=PA344 |title=Gods and Religions |date=2023-12-22 |publisher=Writers Republic LLC |isbn=979-8-89100-466-5 |pages=344 |language=en}}</ref> The reason for the survival and dominance of the main schools was because of a number of factors including state support for specific scholars, dominance in debates and student numbers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rane |first=Halim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOHb6MCGuVQC&dq=awza'i%20laythi&pg=PA82 |title=Islam and Contemporary Civilisation |date=2010 |publisher=Academic Monographs |isbn=978-0-522-85728-3 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref> Sunni schools take their name from the classical jurist who founded them.<ref name="GR" />

==== Hanafi ====
The order of priority for deducing law by the Hanafi school is:<ref name="GR" /><ref name="CC">{{Cite book |last=Ramadan |first=Hisham M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZS7EaHTQX8C&dq=hanafi&pg=PA26 |title=Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0991-9 |pages=26–29 |language=en}}</ref>

# [[Quran]]
# [[Sunnah]]
# [[Ijma]] of the [[Companions of the Prophet|Sahabah]]
# Individual opinions of the Sahaba
# [[Qiyas]]
# ''[[Istihsan]]''
# ''[[Urf]]''

==== Maliki ====
The order of priority for deducing law by the Maliki school is:<ref name="GR" /><ref name="CC" />

# Quran
# Sunnah, a hadith would be rejected if it contradicted the practice of the people of Medina
# ʻAmal, the practice of the people of [[Medina]]
# Ijma of the Sahaba
# Individual opinion of the Sahaba
# Qiyas
# Isolated customs and practices of pockets of Medinans were also given some weight
# ''[[Istislah]]''
# Urf

==== Shafi'i ====
The order of priority for deducing law by the Shafi'i school is:<ref name="GR" /><ref name="CC" />

# Quran
# Sunnah
# Ijma
# Individual opinions of the Sahabah
# Qiyas

==== Hanbali ====
The order of priority for deducing law by the Hanbali school is:<ref name="ZA">{{Cite web |title=Zahiri |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803133342854#:~:text=Quick%20Reference,by%20four%20extant%20Sunni%20schools. |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PP">{{Cite book |last=Visser |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIXe3rY_OkgC&dq=zahiri+school+extinct&pg=PA17 |title=Islamic Finance: Principles and Practice |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84844-947-3 |language=en}}</ref>

# Quran
# Sunnah
# Ijma of the Sahabah, but not the ijma after that period
# Individual opinions of the Sahabah
# Weak Hadith unless its weakness is attributed to transmission by degenerates or liars
# Qiyas (sometimes)

==== Zahiri ====
The order of priority for deducing law by the Zahiri school is:<ref name="GR" /><ref name="CC" />

#Quran
#Sunnah
#Ijmah of the Sahabah
#Religious Inference (some scholars)

=== Shia ===
The [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]] school of jurisprudence is known as the [[Ja'fari school]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bill |first1=James A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDRc3GSGLQkC&pg=PA21 |title=Roman Catholics and Shi'i Muslims: Prayer, Passion, and Politics |last2=Williams |first2=John Alden |date=2003-08-01 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-5499-0 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref> The other two schools are the [[Zaydism|Zaydi]] and [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] schools.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leaman |first=Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogJuEAAAQBAJ&dq=shia%20schools%20jurisprudence%20jafari%20zaydi%20ismaili&pg=PT331 |title=Routledge Handbook of Islamic Ritual and Practice |date=2022-06-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-58390-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Ja'fari ====
The Ja'fari school was named after the sixth [[Imamate in Twelver doctrine|Imam]], [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]. The order of priority for deducing law by the Ja'fari school is:<ref name="CC" />

# Quran
# Sunnah
# Ijtihad of the Imam

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam}}
=== General links ===
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[Outline of Islam]]
* [[Schools of Islamic theology]]
* [[Islamic schools and branches]]
* [[The four Sunni Imams]]
* [[Verse of Obedience]]

=== Terms ===
* ''[[Fiqh]]''
* [[Sharia]] (Islamic law)
* ''[[Ikhtilaf]]''
* ''[[Ijtihad]]''
* ''[[Taqlid]]''
* [[Ulu'l-amr]]
* ''[[Istihsan]]''
* [[Qiyas]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |first1=John |last1=Burton |title=The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |year=1990 |isbn=0-7486-0108-2 |url=http://www.almuslih.org/Library/Burton,%20J%20-%20The%20Sources%20of%20Islamic%20Law.pdf |ref=JBSILITA1990 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=4 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104171116/http://www.almuslih.org/Library/Burton,%20J%20-%20The%20Sources%20of%20Islamic%20Law.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* Branon Wheeler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=slLpouSlzPcC Applying the Canon in Islam: The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Ḥanafī Scholarship], [[SUNY Press]], 1996.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|first=Gibril F. |last=Haddad |author-link=Gibril Haddad |title=The Four Imams and Their Schools |location=London |publisher=Muslim Academic Trust |date=2007 |url=https://www.academia.edu/28875851}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Madhhab| ]]
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia]]
[[Category:Islamic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Islamic schools]]

India–Saint Lucia relations

2026-02-24T02:44:57Z

TiffaniKellum: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Indo – Saint Lucian|India|Saint Lucia|filetype=svg}}

'''India–Saint Lucia relations''' refers to the international relations that exist between India and Saint Lucia. The Embassy of India in [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]] is concurrently accredited to Saint Lucia.<ref name="IndianEmbassy"/>

==History==
Relations between India and Saint Lucia date back to the mid-19th century when both countries were British colonies. The first Indians in Saint Lucia arrived on 6 May 1859 as indentured workers on board the ''Palmyra''. Thirteen ships transported indentured labourers from India to Saint Lucia in the following decades.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hyacinth-Gideon|first1=C.|title=Saint Lucia|date=29 July 2014|publisher=Author House|isbn=9781496984838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPA6BAAAQBAJ|access-date=21 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> The last ship carrying Indian indentured workers, the ''Volga'', arrived on the island on 10 December 1893.

In total, nearly 4,500 Indians were brought to Saint Lucia, excluding those who died during the voyage. About 2,075 workers returned to India, while the rest remained in Saint Lucia or emigrated to other Caribbean nations such as Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2009/05/07/st-lucia%E2%80%99s-indian-arrival-day/|title=St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day|date=May 7, 2009|website=Repeating Islands|access-date=21 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424085806/https://repeatingislands.com/2009/05/07/st-lucia%E2%80%99s-indian-arrival-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The last indenture contracts expired in 1897, and by the end of the 19th century, Saint Lucia had a population of 2,560 free Indians. Many who had completed their indenture periods were unable to return home due to a lack of sufficient funds, and those who remained became the foundation of the Indo-Saint Lucian community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slucia.com/visions/2002/indian.html|title=THE EAST INDIAN LEGACY IN ST LUCIA|date=2002|website=slucia.com|last1=Harmsen|first1=Jolien|access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>

Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Kenny D. Anthony held bilateral discussions on the sidelines of UN General Assembly in New York on 25 September 2015. Minister of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Rajiv Pratap Rudy made a visit to Saint Lucia on 3–6 October 2016. Rudy held bilateral talks with Acting Prime Minister Guy Joseph, Minister of External Affairs Sarah Beaubrun Flood, Senator Hermanglid Francis, the Minister for Home Affairs, Justice and National Security, the Minister of Commerce, Industrialists, Diaspora Associations, Academicians and other senior Saint Lucian government officials.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=India-Saint Lucia Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Saint_Lucia_deC2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422034035/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Saint_Lucia_deC2016.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs (India)}}</ref>

==Trade==
Bilateral trade between India and Saint Lucia totaled US$3.12 million in 2015–16, marking a 21% increase over the previous fiscal year. India exported $2.67 million worth of goods to Saint Lucia and imported $450,000. The main exports from India included vehicles, pharmaceuticals, iron and steel, and textiles, while the primary imports from Saint Lucia were aluminum and iron scrap.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Foreign aid==
India provided assistance for the reconstruction of the St Jude Hospital in Saint Lucia in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Indian Diaspora of St. Lucia|url=http://www.stluciamirror.org/the-indian-diaspora-of-st-lucia/|website=www.stluciamirror.org|access-date=21 April 2017|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> India donated $500,000 for disaster relief in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Tomas]] in December 2010, and the same amount following flash floods in Saint Lucia in December 2013. Citizens of Saint Lucia are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Indians in Saint Lucia==
{{main|Indo-Saint Lucian}}
[[Indo-Saint Lucian]]s or Indian Saint Lucians are Saint Lucians of Indian ancestry, descended from the Indians who came to Saint Lucia in the 19th century as indentured workers. The Indian Diaspora of St. Lucia, an association promoting Indo-Saint Lucian heritage, organized the first [[Indian Arrival Day]] celebrations in Saint Lucia on 6 May 2013. The association is campaigning for the Saint Lucian government to officially declare 6 May as Indian Arrival Day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2013 |title=Indian Diaspora of Saint Lucia aims to keep Indian heritage and culture alive |url=https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/indian-diaspora-of-saint-lucia-aims-to-keep-indian-heritage-and-culture-alive/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328023105/https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/indian-diaspora-of-saint-lucia-aims-to-keep-indian-heritage-and-culture-alive/ |archive-date=28 March 2014 |access-date=2017-04-21 |work=St. Lucia News Online |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2013 |title=Caribbean island of St. Lucia observes Indian Arrival Day |url=https://www.newsreporter.in/caribbean-island-of-st-lucia-observes-indian-arrival-day-56086 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143034/https://www.newsreporter.in/caribbean-island-of-st-lucia-observes-indian-arrival-day-56086 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=2017-04-21 |website=NewsReporter.in}}</ref>

As of 2013, people of Indian descent are a minority ethnic group in the country, accounting for 2.4% of the country's population. An additional 11.9% of the country is multiracial, predominantly of Indian and African descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-lucia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020038/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-lucia |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2021 |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Saint Lucia |access-date=2013-05-13 |publisher=CIA }}</ref> They have completely assimilated with the local population and have little familiarity with Indian culture. Some Indo-Saint Lucians have held high offices such as Cabinet Ministers.<ref name="IndianEmbassy"/> Additionally, most of the faculty and students at three offshore campuses of medical colleges in Saint Lucia are [[Indian Americans]] and [[Indo-Canadians]].<ref name="IndianEmbassy">{{cite web|title=Saint Lucia|url=http://indembassysuriname.com/relationpages.php?id=52|website=Embassy of India, Paramaribo|access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> As of December 2016, around 250 Indian citizens reside in Saint Lucia. Most members of the community are doctors and other professionals, while a few are businessmen engaged in imports, trading and running duty-free shops.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Saint Lucia}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Saint Lucia relations}}
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:India–Saint Lucia relations| ]]

St Francis de Sales College

2026-02-22T15:13:58Z

TiffaniKellum: Creating new data added tags

{{Other uses|Francis de Sales (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St Francis de Sales College
| image =
| motto = Belong for Life
| established = 1902
| type = [[Catholic]]
| principal = Andrew Baker
| city = 8 Dutton Road, [[Mount Barker, South Australia|Mount Barker]]
| state = [[South Australia]]
| country =
| enrolment = 1047 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-02-10|title=MySchool {{!}} St Francis de Sales College|url=https://myschool.edu.au/school/49756/|access-date=2026-02-10|website=MySchool|language=en}}</ref>
| colours = {{Color box|#00452e|border=darkgray}} Bottle Green {{Color box|#759e8b|border=darkgray}} Light Green {{Color box|#f8d982|border=darkgray}} Wattle Yellow {{Color box|#646464|border=darkgray}} Grey
| website = [http://www.stfrancis.catholic.edu.au/ stfrancis.catholic.edu.au]
}}
'''St Francis de Sales College''' is a Reception to Year 12 Catholic co-educational school located in [[Mount Barker, South Australia]].

==History==
The college was established in 1902 by the [[Sisters of Mercy]], under the name St. Scholastica binding the Young Ladies High School, the convent boarding school for Girls, and the primary school.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} The college grew to 46 day students and 64 boarding students by 1945, continuing to grow until 1958 where, with a population of 130 students, the school expanded into a new building separate from the Convent known as The Dell. The new building opened the following year, providing classrooms, teachers' room, a toilet block and a verandah.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

In 1963, the Parish Priest of Mount Barker, Fr Kelly, felt there was need for a secondary school in the area, however these plans to expand the college were shelved as it was not seen financially or practically viable for the community.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} In 1977, the Sisters of Mercy withdrew from teaching at the college, before becoming known as the Mount Barker Parish School in 1978, staffed entirely by lay teachers. With continual growth of the primary school, more buildings were developed with an increased student population of youths now travelling by bus from Woodside and Balhannah. In 1986, the Mount Barker Parish School again changed its name to the St Francis de Sales Parish School, named after Bishop of Geneva and patron saint of writers and journalists, [[Francis de Sales|St Francis de Sales]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

With several suggestions to the South Australian Commission for Catholic Schools (SACCS) years preceding, approval was given for the development of a secondary school within the college in 1998. The first transportable buildings arrived in December 1998 before opening in 1999, now serving as a R-12 Catholic Co-Educational College. The expansion was complemented with another change of name, now known as St Francis de Sales College. The first Year 12 students graduated at the end of 2003 with their [[South Australian Certificate of Education]] (SACE).<ref>{{Cite web|title=St Francis de Sales College {{!}} Our History|url=https://www.stfrancis.catholic.edu.au/about/our-history|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.stfrancis.catholic.edu.au}}</ref>

The college has continued to grow to cater for students across the Mount Barker and [[Adelaide Hills]] districts, reaching families in many surrounding suburbs.

=== Redevelopment ===
In August 2017, plans for a $27 million redevelopment of the college were approved by Catholic Education South Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green light for development at St Francis de Sales College|url=https://www.cesa.catholic.edu.au/news/17049/green-light-for-development-at-st-francis-de-sales-college|access-date=2020-06-23|website=www.cesa.catholic.edu.au|language=en}}</ref> These developments, while primarily funded by the college, were contributed to by the [[Government of South Australia|State Government]] and the [[District Council of Mount Barker|Mount Barker District Council]]. The build would consist of a Community Sports Centre, a new Reception to Year 6 Primary School and an Early Learning Centre.

In 2018, the $10.2 million Community Sports Center was opened by Minister for Recreation, Sport and Racing, [[Corey Wingard]], Mayor of Mount Barker, Ann Ferguson and Director of Catholic Education South Australia, Dr Neil McGoran.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-18|title=St Francis de Sales community sports centre unveiled|url=https://thesoutherncross.org.au/news/2018/11/19/st-francis-de-sales-community-sports-centre-unveiled/|access-date=2020-06-23|website=The Southern Cross|language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, the second stage of development commenced; the new Junior School and Early Learning Centre being completed later that year, providing state-of-the-art facilities for R-6 students and younger learners. In November 2021, these facilities were awarded the ''New Construction/New Individual Facility over $8m Award'' and the overall winner of the ''SA Awards for Excellence in Educational Facilities'' at the 2021 Learning Environments Australasia South Australia and Northern Territory Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=St Francis de Sales College {{!}} Latest News|url=https://www.stfrancis.catholic.edu.au/news-events/latest-news?newsItem=27399|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.stfrancis.catholic.edu.au}}</ref>

==House system==

Until 2007, the College used the house names Sturt (blue), Flinders (green), and Barker (red). In 2007, alongside the increasing number of students, an additional yellow house was added and all houses were renamed to an important place in the life of St Francis de Sales, as described below.
{| cellpadding="5" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;width:10%;" ! | House
! style="background:#efefef;width:30%;" ! | Coat of Arms
! style="background:#efefef;width:60%;" ! | Description
|-
| style="background:#0060c6;" | 
|| Savoy
|| Crown
|| Named after the City that St Francis de Sales was born in on 21 August 1567.
|-
| style="background:#00a05d;" | 
|| Padua
|| Book
||St Francis de Sales studied Law here in 1588.
|-
| style="background:#f92a2c;" | 
|| Geneva
|| Mitre
|| Named after the city where St Francis de Sales was bishop, Doctor of the Universal Church.
|-
| style="background:#fec433;width:1%;" | 
|| Lyon
|| Lion
|| Named after the city in France where St Francis de Sales died on 28 December 1622.
|}

== Notable alumni ==
*[[Danielle Catanzariti]], actress

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|35.066774 |S| 138.867204|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Francis de Sales College}}
[[Category:High schools in South Australia]]
[[Category:Catholic primary schools in South Australia]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in South Australia]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1902]]

Rakshitha Raju

2026-02-20T22:42:41Z

TiffaniKellum: Creating initial page v1

{{Short description|Indian runner (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality =
| sport = [[Paralympic athletics]]
|disability =
|disability_class =
| event =
| club =
| coach =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|1|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| retired=
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[para-athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Para Games|1500m T11]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|1500m T11]]}}
}}

'''Rakshitha Raju''' (born 15 January 2001)<ref>{{cite web | title=Paris 2024 | website=Olympics | url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024-paralympics/entries/para-athletics/india/women-s-1500m---t11 | access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref> is an Indian runner, who is visually impaired. She takes part in the women's 1500 metres T11 category. She was selected for the Indian team that took part in the 2022 [[Hangzhou]] [[Asian Para Games]]. She won the gold medal Asian Para Games behind China's Shanshan He.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-26 |title=Blind runner Rakshitha bags gold in 1,500m |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/blind-runner-rakshitha-bags-gold-in-1500m/articleshow/104718381.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM congratulates Rakshitha Raju for clinching gold in women's 1500m-T11 at Asian Para Games |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1971154 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Later, Shanshan was disqualified and Raju was promoted to take the gold medal.<ref name=":0" /> She clocked 5 minutes, 21.45 seconds. Being a visually handicapped runner, Rakshitha completed the race with the help of a guide Rahul Balakrishna.

== Early life and education ==
Rakshitha hails from Baluguddanahalli village in [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagalur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash, DHNS |first=Hita |title='People should stop treating us as second-class citizens' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/people-should-stop-treating-us-as-second-class-citizens-970071.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She was a student of Asha Kirana Andha Makkala Shale (blind school) in Chikkamagaluru. She learnt her basics under coach and mentor Balakrishna,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Hita |title=Marvels of para sports |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/marvels-of-para-sports-2757141 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> who is also her guide runner.<ref name=":0" /> She was introduced to Balakrishna by her initial guide runner Sowmya at Asha Kirana school. She lost both her parents at an early age and was brought up by her grandmother, who was dumb and deaf. She was a product of the [[Sports Authority of India]], [[Bengaluru]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rakshita Raju- an Award Winning Para Athlete {{!}} IndusInd Bank For Sports |url=https://www.indusind.com/in/en/for-sports/Programs/para-champions/rakshita-raju.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.indusind.com}}</ref> Rahul was her first coach.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2018 |first=Amit |last=Kumar |title=2 young athletes from Karnataka have made India proud at Asian Para Games 2018 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/2-young-athletes-from-karnataka-have-made-country-proud-at-asian-para-games-2018/articleshow/66287092.cms |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rakshitha took part in the 1500m at the Para Athletics World Championships in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-07-09 |title=Para Athletics World C'ships 2023: Rakshitha enters women's 1500m final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/para-athletics-world-championship-2023-rakshitha-enters-womens-1500m-final-result-highlights-score-updates/article67060503.ece |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in 2021, she won a bronze medal in the 1500m event at World Para Athletics Grand Prix 2021 in [[Dubai]]<ref name=":1" /> after another bronze in 2019, at the World Para Athletics Grand Prix [[Paris]] where she clocked her personal best of 5.29.00 .<ref name=":1" /> She also won a gold medals in the 1500m and 800m events at the 2019 World Para Athletics Junior Championships, [[Nottwil]], Switzerland.

In 2017, she was selected for the Youth Asian Games but could not travel due to passport issues. However, in 2018 she won the Gold in the 1500m event at the [[Asian Para Games]] at [[Jakarta]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Domestic career ==

In 2022, she won a gold medal in the 200m, 400m and 1500m events at the 20th National Para Athletics Championships, [[Odisha]].<ref name=":1" /> In 2021 she won the Gold Medal in the 400m and 1500m events at the 19th National Para Athletics Championships, Bengaluru.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Rakshitha}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]

International Business Times

2026-02-18T15:15:03Z

TiffaniKellum: expand references additionally and updated info

{{Short description|American online news publication}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = International Business Times
| logo = [[File:Logo Intl Business Times.png|225px]]
| image = Ibtscreenshot09102010.png
| image_size = 175px
| caption = Home page of the September 9, 2010, edition of ''IBTimes''
| type = 24/7
| format = [[Online]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2006}}
| owners = [[IBT Media]]
| headquarters = 7 [[Hanover Square, Manhattan|Hanover Square]], Fl 5 [[Manhattan]], New York City, US
| language = {{hlist|English|Chinese|Japanese}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.ibtimes.com}}
}}
The '''''International Business Times''''' is an American [[online newspaper]]<ref name='IBT_about'>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/corporate/about |title=About us |access-date=August 6, 2013 |work=International Business Times |date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=[[IBT Media]]}}</ref> that publishes five national editions in four languages. The publication, sometimes called '''''IBTimes''''' or '''''IBT''''', offers news, opinion and editorial commentary on business and commerce. IBT is one of the world's largest online news sources, claiming forty million unique visitors each month in 2014.<ref name="Dooley">{{cite news |last=Dooley |first=Ben |date=March 31, 2014 |title=Who's Behind Newsweek? |url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/03/newsweek-ibt-olivet-david-jang |access-date=October 30, 2014 |newspaper=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IBT Media: 2014 Media Kit |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/about/ibtmedia_mediakit2014_v1.pdf |work=International Business Times |access-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011225435/http://www.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/about/ibtmedia_mediakit2014_v1.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its 2013 revenues were around $21 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaufman |first1=Leslie |title=Huffington Post Business and Global News Editor Is Leaving for International Business Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/05/business/media/huffington-post-editor-leaving-for-international-business-times.html |access-date=December 21, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=March 4, 2014}}</ref> {{As of|January 2022|post=,}} IBTimes editions include [[Australia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Business Times AU |url=https://www.ibtimes.com.au/ |access-date=January 12, 2022 |website=International Business Times, Australia Edition}}</ref> [[India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest News, Breaking News, Top News & Updates in India |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ |access-date=January 12, 2022 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref> International,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBTimes INTL |url=https://intl.ibtimes.com/ |access-date=January 12, 2022 |website=International Business Times, International Edition}}</ref> [[Singapore]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=International News, Analysis, Politics, Business, Technology, Entertainment – IB Times SG Edition |url=https://www.ibtimes.sg/ |access-date=January 12, 2022 |website=International Business Times, Singapore Edition}}</ref> [[United Kingdom|U.K.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Breaking News {{!}} Business, Technology, Political & Sport News {{!}} IBTimes UK {{!}} IBT |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ |access-date=January 12, 2022 |website=International Business Times, UK Edition}}</ref> and [[United States|U.S.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/ |access-date=January 12, 2022 |website=International Business Times, US Edition}}</ref>

''IBTimes'' was launched in 2005; it is owned by [[IBT Media]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://corp.ibt.com/ |title=IBT Media: An Innovative Digital Media Company |last=Media |first=IBT |website=corp.ibt.com |access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> and was founded by [[Etienne Uzac]] and [[Johnathan Davis (businessman)|Johnathan Davis]], two followers of [[David Jang]] who also has a relationship to IBT and ''[[Newsweek]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Odell |first=Jenny |date=2018-11-27 |title=A Business With No End |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/27/style/what-is-inside-this-internet-rabbit-hole.html#pt-1 |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Its headquarters are in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] of [[Lower Manhattan]], New York City.<ref name=juju>{{cite news |url=https://observer.com/2011/07/braving-bad-juju-international-business-times-moves-into-newsweeks-old-newsroom/ |title=Braving bad juju International Business Times moves into Newsweek's old newsroom |work=The New York Observer |access-date=October 9, 2011}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Ibtfxdrawing.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A hand-drawn blueprint, created in 2007 by Davis, outlining what would become the ''[[IBTimes]]'' FX editor]]

Founder Etienne Uzac, a native of France, came up with the idea for the global business news site while a student at the [[London School of Economics]]. He found that the strongest business newspapers had a focus on the United States and Europe and planned to provide broader geographic coverage. Uzac recruited Johnathan Davis to join him in the enterprise.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.digiday.com/publishers/the-newest-media-mogul/ |title=Company Timeline |magazine=[[Digiday]] |access-date=September 17, 2012}}</ref> In late 2005, Uzac and Davis moved to [[New York City]] to launch the site, with Uzac primarily focused on business strategy, while Davis coded the site and wrote the first articles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/aboutus/timeline.htm |title=Company Timeline |work=International Business Times |access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-date=June 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627081714/http://www.ibtimes.com/aboutus/timeline.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In May 2012, the company announced the appointment of [[Jeffery Rothfeder]], a former national news editor at [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]], as [[editor-in-chief]] and the promotion of Davis from [[executive editor]] to [[chief content officer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/accomplished-news-executive-jeffrey-rothfeder-named-editor-in-chief-at-international-business-times-2012-05-23 |title=Marketwatch |publisher=Marketwatch.com |access-date=June 2, 2012}}</ref> In 2013, it bought the struggling ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine from Barry Diller.<ref name=":0" />

[[Peter S. Goodman]], previously executive business editor and [[global news]] editor of ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', became editor-in-chief in 2014.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/05/business/media/huffington-post-editor-leaving-for-international-business-times.html|title=Huffington Post Business and Global News Editor Is Leaving for International Business Times |author=Leslie Kauffman |date=March 4, 2014 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> Goodman left the company in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/ib-times-editor-goodman-is-leaving/ |title=IB Times editor Goodman is leaving}}</ref> and was soon replaced by Dayan Candappa, the ex-deputy managing editor of [[Reuters]], as new Editor-in-Chief of ''IBTimes''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/candappa-named-editor-in-chief-of-international-biz-times/ |title=Candappa named editor in chief of International Biz Times |author=Chris Roush |date=May 23, 2016 |work=Talking Biz News |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> From March to July 2016, ''IBT'' laid off an estimated thirty percent of its editorial staff.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grove |first1=Lloyd |title=Pay Up: Journalists Twitter-Shame IBT Bosses Over Severance Pay |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/07/29/pay-up-journalists-twitter-shame-ibt-bosses-over-severance-pay.html |access-date=December 21, 2016 |work=The Daily Beast |date=July 29, 2016}}</ref> At the same time, Pragad, was brought to the [[United States]] from [[London]] to be the global CEO of ''Newsweek'' and ''IBT''{{'}}s parent company.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://adage.com/article/media/ibt-media-layoffs-announces-leadership-team/305002/ |title=IBT Media, Following Layoffs, Announces New Leadership Structure |work=Ad Age |access-date=March 31, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://digiday.com/uk/battered-us-ibt-media-chases-overseas-revenue-new-branded-content-arm/ |title=Battered in the US, IBT Media is expanding in Europe |date=August 17, 2016 |work=[[Digiday]] |access-date=March 31, 2017}}</ref> This was followed in January 2017 by the appointment of [[Alan Press]] in the "newly created, strategic role of President".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=244528005 |title=IBT Media, Inc.: Private Company Information |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=March 31, 2017}}</ref>

In 2018, IBT spun out ''Newsweek'' as an independent entity co-owned by Davis and current ''Newsweek'' president and CEO [[Dev Pragad]].<ref name="Adweek202501">{{cite web |last1=Stenberg |first1=Mark |last2=Hiebert |first2=Paul |date=2025-01-23 |title=How Newsweek, Nearing Nine-Digit Revenues, Engineered an Unlikely Turnaround |url=https://www.adweek.com/media/newsweek-revenue-turnaround/# |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Adweek |ref=Adweek202501}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dev Pragad Archives |url=https://www.adexchanger.com/tag/dev-pragad/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=AdExchanger}}</ref>

==Content==
In April 2006 the ''International Business Times'' made its first foray into the online world with the launch of ibtimes.com. This provided a summary of news from around the globe, which was supplemented in November 2007 with a dedicated [[Foreign Exchange]] (Forex) portal, providing 24/7 coverage.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.investegate.co.uk/the-international-business-tim/prn/ibtimes-launches-the-first-forex-news-channel-b---/20071128130000NC239/ |title=IBTimes Launches the First Forex News Channel |date=November 28, 2007 |work=Investegate}}</ref> After 2007 the site underwent several revamps and changes of strategy as the company reacted to changes online, culminating with a design to highlight its journalism and better serve advertisers in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/how-redesigns-newsweek-and-ibt-will-better-serve-advertisers-168539/ |title=How Newsweek and IBT's Digital Redesigns Will Better Serve Advertisers |date=December 19, 2016 |work=Adweek }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://archive.foliomag.com/newsweek-international-business-times-launch-new-websites/ |title=Newsweek and International Business Times Launch New Websites |date=December 10, 2016 |work=Folio}}</ref>
[[File:S3.49.18 AM.png|thumb|IBT US newsroom]]
From 2012, ''IBTimes'' won or was nominated for a series of online media and journalism awards, including best investigative journalism, editor of the year, best video journalism and best writer of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=About Us |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/corporate/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523013839/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/corporate/about |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |website=International Business Times UK}}</ref>

Ex-journalists told ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2014 that at times they seemed to operate more as "content farms" – demanding high-volume output - than a source of quality journalism. At least two journalists were allegedly threatened with firing unless readership to their articles increased sharply.<ref name="guardian_unconventional">{{cite news |last1=Swaine |first1=Jon |date=March 28, 2014 |title=Faith and a media icon: Newsweek's unconventional new owners |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/mar/28/newsweek-new-owners-background |access-date=December 21, 2016 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

In 2015, ''IBT'' was nominated [[Gerald Loeb Award]] for distinguished business journalism in the beat reporting around state pension corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roush |first=Chris |date=2015-05-14 |title=Finalists announced for Loeb Awards |url=https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/finalists-announced-for-loeb-awards/ |website=Talking Biz News |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240102061420/https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/finalists-announced-for-loeb-awards/ |archive-date= Jan 2, 2024 }}</ref> The series of reports by the ''IBT'' team led [[New Jersey]] state government to open a formal pay to play investigation and to divest state holdings in a venture capital firm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-11 |title=Report: More questionable pension investments under Christie |url=https://observer.com/2015/03/report-more-questionable-pension-investments-under-christie/ |first1=Chase |last1=Brush |website=Observer |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230410064603/https://observer.com/2015/03/report-more-questionable-pension-investments-under-christie/ |archive-date= Apr 10, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2014 |title=Baker denies connection between donation, investment |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/05/09/charlie-baker-connection-with-donation-and-millions-firm/qurPDG07LQWQLYnLRQNPfO/story.html |url-access=subscription |website=The Boston Globe |first1=Frank |last1=Phillips |first2=Jim |last2=O'Sullivan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201055646/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/05/09/charlie-baker-connection-with-donation-and-millions-firm/qurPDG07LQWQLYnLRQNPfO/story.html |archive-date= Dec 1, 2021 }}</ref> The series also led San Francisco officials to delay a proposed $3 billion investment in hedge funds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirota |first=David |date=2014-10-09 |title=San Francisco Halts Hedge Fund Push |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/san-francisco-pension-officials-halt-proposal-invest-hedge-funds-1701931 |website=International Business Times |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240227093208/https://www.ibtimes.com/san-francisco-pension-officials-halt-proposal-invest-hedge-funds-1701931 |archive-date= Feb 27, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pender |first=Kathleen |title=S.F. board to vote on controversial hedge funds for pension fund |url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/networth/article/S-F-board-to-vote-on-controversial-hedge-funds-5862357.php |date=Oct 31, 2014 |work=SFGate |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230411075805/https://www.sfgate.com/business/networth/article/S-F-board-to-vote-on-controversial-hedge-funds-5862357.php |archive-date= Apr 11, 2023 }}</ref>

In 2016, ''IBT'' received four "Best in Business" awards from the [[Society of American Business Editors and Writers]] (SABEW), the most of any publication that year. The works included the International Explainer winner "Lebanon's Refugee Economy"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/turkey-russia-iraq-syria-black-market-oil-trade-thats-fueling-isis-dividing-terrorist-2217476 |title=Turkey, Russia, Iraq And Syria: The Black Market Oil Trade That's Fueling ISIS And Dividing The Terrorist Group's Opponents |date=December 9, 2015 |work=IBTimes}}</ref> which brought new understanding to the economic and human dimensions of the crisis in Syria. An examination of exorbitant fees charged to prisoners,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/private-tech-firms-securus-gtl-offer-jails-million-dollar-payments-tablet-computers-2003383 |title=Private Tech Firms Securus, GTL Offer Jails Million-Dollar Payments, Tablet Computers For Exclusive Phone Contracts |date=July 10, 2015 |work=IBTimes}}</ref> prompted a response by the [[FCC]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/very-personal-reason-fcc-commissioner-fought-regulate-prison-phone-calls-2169964 |title=The Very Personal Reason This FCC Commissioner Fought To Regulate Prison Phone Calls |date=November 11, 2016 |work=IBTimes}}</ref> while an in-depth series on the business of marijuana<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/reporters/joel-warner |title=Marijuanna Inc |work=IBTimes}}</ref> won the Small Business Category.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://sabew.org/contestsawards/2016-best-in-business-honorees/ |title=2016 Best in Business Honorees |date=March 17, 2016 |work=Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing}}</ref>

Goodman said of the time the awards were "validation of our aggressive investment in original reporting and story-telling."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newswire.com/news/international-business-times-wins-four-sabew-best-in-business-awards-9347709 |title=International Business Times Wins Four SABEW Best in Business Awards |date=March 17, 2016 |work=Newswire.com}}</ref>

Also 2016, ''IBT'' hired [[John Crowley (journalist)|John Crowley]], the [[The Wall Street Journal|''Wall Street Journal''<nowiki/>'s]] EMEA digital editor, as its UK editor-in-chief. According to ''The Guardian'', "Crowley said his focus would be on helping the site break exclusives, in-depth storytelling and new forms of digital journalism. He said ''IBT'' was putting together a UK business desk and hiring an audience team." Crowley stated, "We are not a [[wire service]] or so-called [[paper of record]]... but I have a vision of where I want to take a site... we've got to have a USP (unique selling proposition)... make ourselves distinctive in journalistic terms."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jackson |first1=Jasper |title=International Business Times appoints WSJ's John Crowley as UK editor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/feb/24/international-business-times-wsj-john-crowley-uk-editor |access-date=December 21, 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] (UK) |date=February 24, 2016}}</ref>

In early 2017, ''International Business Times'' joined a partnership along with the likes of [[Bloomberg News|''Bloomberg'']], [[Channel 4 News|''Channel 4'']] and the [[BBC News|BBC]] to work together to combat the spread of [[fake news]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://digiday.com/uk/european-newsrooms-forming-united-front-fake-news/ |title=European newsrooms are forming a united front against fake news |date=March 17, 2017 |work=[[Digiday]] |access-date=March 31, 2017}}</ref>

In June 2017, Jason Murdock — who covers [[cybersecurity]] for the ''International Business Times UK'' — won Digital Writer of the year at the Drum Online Media Awards, which according to ''InPublishing'' magazine "identify the cleverest, boldest and most original purveyors of news and views from around the world."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.inpublishing.co.uk/news/articles/the_drum_online_media_awards__the_winners_11105.aspx |title=The Drum Online Media Awards – the winners |work=InPublishing |access-date=August 30, 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Ibtuk-circa2017.png|thumb|IBT London]]
In 2017, during the buildup to what would become the [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]], the ''International Business Times'' broke news that a last-minute revision was added to the bill that allowed people who hold real estate holdings through a [[limited liability company]] to be able to take advantage of a new deduction for "pass-through" businesses.<ref name="ibtimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/political-capital/donald-trump-gop-leaders-could-be-enriched-last-minute-tax-break-inserted-final |title=Donald Trump And GOP Leaders Could Be Enriched By Last Minute Tax Break Inserted Into Final Bill |date=December 12, 2017 |work=IBTimes}}</ref> The report noted [[President Trump]] and several policy makers stood to benefit from the language.<ref name="ibtimes.com"/> The reporting spread quickly, prompting responses from senators and lawmakers <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/18/bob-corker-tax-bill-kickback-republicans-respond-302482 |title=Why Corker flipped on the tax bill |date=December 18, 2017 |work=Politico}}</ref> and subsequently won a [[SABEW]] for 2017 Breaking News Category.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://sabew.org/contestsawards/2017-best-in-business-honorees/ |title=2017 Best in Business Honorees |date=March 1, 2017 |work=Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing}}</ref>

In the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'', contributing editor [[Trudy Lieberman]] credited ''IBT''{{'}}s [[David Sirota]]'s investigative reporting for helping to drive a call for reform in Connecticut health insurance regulation.<ref>{{cite news |title=How IBT's reporting is driving a controversy over a major healthcare merger in Connecticut |url=https://www.cjr.org/the_second_opinion/sirota_ct_insurance_merger.php |access-date=December 21, 2016 |work=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref>

In October 2017, as media and public frenzy grew around [[Harvey Weinstein]] allegations, which in-turn led to national and global movements for the protection of women with [[#MeToo]] being the most recognized of them, ''IBT'' dropped a bombshell exclusive piece linking Weinstein with the [[New York County District Attorney|New York District Attorney]], [[Cy Vance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirota |first=David |last2=Cassano |first2=Jay |date=2017-10-05 |title=Harvey Weinstein's Lawyer Gave $10,000 To DA After He Dropped Sexual Assault Investigation |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/political-capital/harvey-weinsteins-lawyer-gave-10000-manhattan-da-after-he-declined-file-sexual |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> The story was the first to financially connect Vance with Weinstein and elevated subsequent scrutiny around the DA's prosecution record.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-didnt-manhattan-da-cyrus-vance-prosecute-the-trumps-or-harvey-weinstein |title=Why Didn't the Manhattan D.A. Cyrus Vance Prosecute the Trumps or Harvey Weinstein? |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=October 13, 2017 |url-access=limited |first1=Jeannie |last1=Suk Gersen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226194240/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-didnt-manhattan-da-cyrus-vance-prosecute-the-trumps-or-harvey-weinstein |archive-date= Feb 26, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/harvey-weinstein-not-prosecuted-sexual-harassing-assault-cyrus-vance-district-attorney/ |title=Why didn't the New York D.A. Pursue charges against Weinstein? |date=October 11, 2017 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |first1=Jericka |last1=Duncan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119180913/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/harvey-weinstein-not-prosecuted-sexual-harassing-assault-cyrus-vance-district-attorney/ |archive-date= Jan 19, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruiz |first=Michelle |date=2017-10-13 |title=What's With Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance, Jr.'s Habit of Failing to Prosecute Powerful White Men? |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/cyrus-vance-jr-didnt-prosecute-weinstein-ivanka-donald-trump-jr |website=Vogue |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816134958/https://www.vogue.com/article/cyrus-vance-jr-didnt-prosecute-weinstein-ivanka-donald-trump-jr |archive-date= Aug 16, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Colon |first=David |date=Oct 6, 2017 |title=Report: Cy Vance Got $10K Campaign Donation From Harvey Weinstein Lawyer After Declining To Pursue Sexual Assault Charge |url=https://gothamist.com/news/report-cy-vance-got-10k-campaign-donation-from-harvey-weinstein-lawyer-after-declining-to-pursue-sexual-assault-charge |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409230239/https://gothamist.com/news/report-cy-vance-got-10k-campaign-donation-from-harvey-weinstein-lawyer-after-declining-to-pursue-sexual-assault-charge |archive-date=Apr 9, 2023 |website=Gothamist}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== ''Newsweek'' ===
On August 4, 2013, [[IBT Media]] announced its acquisition of ''[[Newsweek]]'' and the domain newsweek.com from [[IAC Inc.|IAC/InterActiveCorp]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Newsweek purchased by International Business Times owner |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/newsweek-purchased-by-international-business-times-owner/2013/08/04/403c6c10-fd2a-11e2-8294-0ee5075b840d_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805174313/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/newsweek-purchased-by-international-business-times-owner/2013/08/04/403c6c10-fd2a-11e2-8294-0ee5075b840d_story.html |archive-date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=August 4, 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> In the years following the purchase, ''Newsweek'' underwent several organizational and leadership changes. In 2018, ''Newsweek'' was spun off as an independent company jointly owned by Jonathan Davis and Dev Pragad. A legal dispute initiated by IBT Media in 2022 regarding the terms of the separation was later dismissed, with the decision upheld on appeal in 2023. By 2024, the matter was considered closed due to the statute of limitations.<ref name="Adweek202501" />

=== Olivet University ===
In its early years, reports in ''[[The Guardian]]'' and other media outlets described links between IBT Media and [[Olivet University]], an evangelical institution founded by David Jang. According to those reports, some Olivet students were said to have assisted IBT Media with translation and editorial work. IBT representatives have stated that the company operates independently and that its association with Olivet is limited to educational and professional collaborations. Both of IBT’s co-founders, Etienne Uzac and Johnathan Davis, have acknowledged past academic and professional involvement with Olivet University. Davis has said that while he identifies with Christian values, he maintains a clear distinction between his personal faith and his professional work.<ref name="guardian_unconventional" />

=== Labor relations ===
In 2016, employees complained publicly about missed payroll, meager or nonexistent [[severance package]]s, and one-sided [[nondisclosure agreement]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hepworth |first1=Shelley |date=July 28, 2016 |title=Laid-off IBT journalists make news of their own in Twitter protest |url=https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/ibt_journalists_protest_layoffs_twitter.php |access-date=December 21, 2016 |work=Columbia Journalism Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |last2=Kludt |first2=Tom |date=July 28, 2016 |title=IBT Media's fired workers say company has no 'human decency' |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/07/28/media/ibt-media-layoffs/ |access-date=December 21, 2016 |work=CNNMoney}}</ref>

=== Relationship to "The Community" ===
The nature of the connection between ''IBT'' and The Community, a Christian sect led by [[David Jang]], is disputed; ''IBT'' states that many reports about its connections to The Community are false or exaggerated.<ref name="Dooley" /> ''[[Christianity Today]]'' claimed in 2012 that it had obtained an email in which Davis stated that he could not join a certain Jang-affiliated organization because his "commission is inherently covert". Davis denied the claim.<ref name="guardian_unconventional" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.ibtimes.com}}

[[Category:American financial news websites]]
[[Category:Organizations based in New York City]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2005]]
[[Category:IBT Media]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in New York City]]

Sabyasachi Sarkar

2026-02-10T03:14:04Z

TiffaniKellum: starting a article!

{{short description|Indian chemist}}
{{cleanup|reason=Unencyclopedic language. Poor structure.|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sabyasachi Sarkar
| native_name = সব্যসাচী সরকার
| image = Prof. Sabyasachi Sarkar.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age text|17 May 1947}}
| birth_place = [[Jamtara]], India
| fields = Bio inorganic chemistry, nano science
| workplaces = [[IIT Kanpur]] [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]]
| alma_mater = [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira]], [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[University of Calcutta]], [[Gorakhpur University]]
| website = {{URL|http://home.iitk.ac.in/~abya}}
}}

'''Sabyasachi Sarkar'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sabyasachi_Sarkar |title=Sabyasachi Sarkar |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> (born 17 May 1947) is an Indian chemist. He has worked with functional models related to [[Hyperthermophile|hyperthermophilic]] to [[Mesophile|mesophilic]] [[metalloprotein]]s enriching [[bioinorganic chemistry]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarkar|first1=Sabyasachi|last2=Das|first2=Samar K. |date=August 1992 |title=CO2 fixation by [WIVO(S2C2(CN)2)2]2−: functional model for the tungsten-formate dehydrogenase of ''Clostridium thermoaceticum'' |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences – Chemical Sciences |doi=10.1007/BF02840500 |volume=104|issue=4|pages=533–534|s2cid=92609296|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Samar K. |last2=Chaudhury |first2=Pradeep K. |last3=Biswas |first3=Dulali |last4=Sarkar |first4=Sabyasachi |date=2002-05-01 |title=Modeling for the Active Site of Sulfite Oxidase: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of [MoVIO2(mnt)2]2- (mnt2- = 1,2-Dicyanoethylenedithiolate) |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=EN |volume=116 |issue=20 |pages=9061–9070 |doi=10.1021/ja00099a024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Samar K. |last2=Biswas |first2=Dulali |last3=Maiti |first3=Rabindranath |last4=Sarkar |first4=Sabyasachi |date=1996-02-14 |title=Modeling the Tungsten Sites of Inactive and Active Forms of Hyperthermophilic Pyrococcus furiosus Aldehyde Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=118 |issue=6 |pages=1387–1397 |doi=10.1021/ja9511580}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Jyoti |last2=Das |first2=Samar K. |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |date=1997-05-07 |title=A Functional Mimic of the New Class of Tungstoenzyme, Acetylene Hydratase |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=119 |issue=18 |pages=4315–4316 |doi=10.1021/ja970134l}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Rishitosh |last2=Sarkar |first2=Sabyasachi |date=November 1997 |title=Evolutionary extremophilic Archaeal domain of life |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_073_10_0842_0854_0.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=842–854 |access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Majumdar |first1=Amit |last2=Pal |first2=Kuntal |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |date=2006-03-11 |title=Chemistry of [Et 4 N] [Mo IV (SPh) (PPh 3) (mnt) 2] as an Analogue of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reductase with Its Inactivation on Substitution of Thiolate by Chloride |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=128 |issue=13 |pages=4196–4197 |doi=10.1021/ja0586135 |pmid=16568972}}</ref> A Replica of a Fishy Enzyme<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moula |first1=Golam |last2=Bose |first2=Moumita |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |date=2013-04-17 |title=Replica of a Fishy Enzyme: Structure–Function Analogue of Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Reductase |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |language=EN |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=5316–5327 |doi=10.1021/ic4002576 |pmid=23594155}}</ref> and the reduced xanthine oxidase<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mitra |first1=Joyee |last2=Sarkar |first2=Sabyasachi |title=Modelling the reduced xanthine oxidase in active sulfo and inactive desulfo forms |journal=Dalton Transactions |language=en |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=3050–3058 |doi=10.1039/c2dt32309e |pmid=23299556 |date=2013-02-05}}</ref> also have been made. Inhibition patterns<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chaudhury |first1=P K |last2=Das |first2=S K |last3=Sarkar |first3=S |date=1996-11-01 |title=Inhibition patterns of a model complex mimicking the reductive half-reaction of sulphite oxidase |journal=Biochemical Journal |volume=319 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=953–959 |issn=0264-6021 |pmc=1217881 |pmid=8921005 |doi=10.1042/bj3190953}}</ref> in the Michaelis complex of low molecular weight hepatic sulfite oxidase model complex have been exhibited.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pal |first1=Kuntal |last2=Chaudhury |first2=Pradeep K. |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |date=2007-08-03 |title=Structure of the Michaelis Complex and Function of the Catalytic Center in the Reductive Half-Reaction of Computational and Synthetic Models of Sulfite Oxidase |journal=Chemistry: An Asian Journal |language=en |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=956–964 |doi=10.1002/asia.200700020 |pmid=17600788 |issn=1861-471X}}</ref> Based on functional mimicking of a series of molybdoenzymes he showed that the even in model enzymatic oxotransfer reactions the participation of similar enzyme-susbrate (E-S) complex is a real entity. Such a chemical spices (E-S) responds to spontaneous intramolecular oxidative addition and reductive elimination to complete the oxotransfer reaction. Such a reaction differs from conventional chemical oxotransfer reaction where the reaction between the starting reactants happens in Eyring activated complex.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/chapter/bk9781782628774-00068/978-1-78262-877-4#!divabstract |last1=Pakhira |first1=Bholanath |last2=Sarkar |first2=Rudra |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |date=2016-09-29 |pages=68–93 |language=en |doi=10.1039/9781782628828-00068 |chapter=Chapter 3:Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Molybdenum and Tungsten Model Compounds |title=Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes |series=Metallobiology |isbn=978-1-78262-877-4}}</ref> He demonstrated that [[carbon dioxide]] molecule does bind to [[magnesium]] in [[chlorophyll]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhuyan |first1=Jagannath |last2=Sarkar |first2=Rudra |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |date=2011-11-04 |title=A Magnesium Porphyrin Bicarbonate Complex with CO2-Modulated Photosystem I Action |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |language=en |volume=50 |issue=45 |pages=10603–10607 |doi=10.1002/anie.201103876 |issn=1521-3773 |pmid=21932225}}</ref> in [[photosynthesis]] as proposed by [[Richard Willstätter|R. M. Willstätter]] one-hundred years ago and modeled hydrogenase captioned as better than nature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Begum|first1=Ameerunisha|last2=Moula|first2=Golam|last3=Sarkar|first3=Sabyasachi|date=2010|title=A Nickel(II)–Sulfur-Based Radical-Ligand Complex as a Functional Model of Hydrogenase|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/chem.201001812|journal=Chemistry: A European Journal |volume=16|issue=41|pages=12324–12327|doi=10.1002/chem.201001812|pmid=20853299 |issn=1521-3765|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The rare reaction of a Cu(II) complex with aerial oxygen to generate [[superoxide]] anion and Cu(III) has been shown addressing the native [[Superoxide dismutase|SOD]] reaction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Dibyendu |last2=Maji |first2=Suman |last3=Pal |first3=Kuntal |last4=Sarkar |first4=Sabyasachi |date=2008-05-01 |title=Formation of Superoxide Anion on Aerial Oxidation of Cu(II)–Porphyrinogen in the Synthesis of Tetrakis(cyclohexyl)porphyrinogenCu(III) Anion |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |language=EN |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=5036–5038 |doi=10.1021/ic800282j |pmid=18447338}}</ref> Similarly the aspect of copper-molybdenum antagonism in ruminant animals have been investigated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarkar |first1=S. |last2=Mishra |first2=S. B. S. |date=1984-09-01 |title=Synthetic aspects of CuMos systems and their possible relevance to copper—molybdenum antagonism |journal=Coordination Chemistry Reviews |volume=59 |pages=239–264 |doi=10.1016/0010-8545(84)85056-0}}</ref> His research has shown the architectural marvel in silk cocoon with the natural thermostatic and humidity control with preferential oxygen gating inside cocoon as green house architecture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Manas |last2=Meena |first2=Sunil Kumar |last3=Kusurkar |first3=Tejas Sanjeev |last4=Singh |first4=Sushil Kumar |last5=Sethy |first5=Niroj Kumar |last6=Bhargava |first6=Kalpana |last7=Sarkar |first7=Sabyasachi |last8=Das |first8=Mainak |date=2012-12-01 |title=Carbondioxide Gating in Silk Cocoon |journal=Biointerphases |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=45 |doi=10.1007/s13758-012-0045-7 |pmid=22791361 |s2cid=5742774 |issn=1934-8630|doi-access=free }}</ref> He proposed a new magneto reception mechanism for nocturnal moth in sensing the [[Earth's magnetic field]] to navigate with a stable pool of carbon-centric free radicals along with [[Ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]] components.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Manas |last2=Kusurkar |first2=Tejas Sanjeev |last3=Maurya |first3=Sandeep Kumar |last4=Meena |first4=Sunil Kumar |last5=Singh |first5=Sushil Kumar |last6=Sethy |first6=Niroj |last7=Bhargava |first7=Kalpana |last8=Sharma |first8=Raj Kishore |last9=Goswami |first9=Debabrata |date=2013-03-24 |title=Graphene oxide from silk cocoon: a novel magnetic fluorophore for multi-photon imaging |journal=3 Biotech |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=67–75 |doi=10.1007/s13205-013-0128-2 |pmid=28324464 |issn=2190-572X |pmc=3909567}}</ref> He extended the work on nano carbon<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dubey |first1=Prashant |last2=Muthukumaran |first2=Devarajan |last3=Dash |first3=Subhashis |last4=Mukhopadhyay |first4=Rupa |last5=Sarkar |first5=Sabyasachi |date=2005-10-01 |title=Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble carbon nanotubes from mustard soot |journal=Pramana |language=en |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=681–697 |doi=10.1007/BF03010456 |bibcode=2005Prama..65..681D |s2cid=53490874 |issn=0304-4289}}</ref> and developed cheap sources of water soluble nano carbon including naturally formed graphene oxide from low grade coal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pakhira |first1=Bholanath |last2=Ghosh |first2=Subrata |last3=Maity |first3=Sheli |last4=Sangeetha |first4=D. N. |last5=Laha |first5=Ankita |last6=Allam |first6=Afreen |last7=Sarkar |first7=Sabyasachi |title=Extraction of preformed graphene oxide from coal: its clenched fist form entrapping large molecules |journal=RSC Adv. |language=en |volume=5 |issue=108 |pages=89076–89082 |doi=10.1039/c5ra15699h |date=2015-10-19|bibcode=2015RSCAd...589076P }}</ref> These are used in the growth of young plants as promoters to slowly release micro nutrients and adsorbed water.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tripathi |first1=Shweta |last2=Sonkar |first2=Sumit Kumar |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |title=Growth stimulation of gram (Cicer arietinum) plant by water soluble carbon nanotubes |journal=Nanoscale |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=1176–1181 |doi=10.1039/c0nr00722f |pmid=21253651 |date=2011-03-10|bibcode=2011Nanos...3.1176T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sonkar |first1=Sumit Kumar |last2=Roy |first2=Manas |last3=Babar |first3=Dipak Gorakh |last4=Sarkar |first4=Sabyasachi |title=Water soluble carbon nano-onions from wood wool as growth promoters for gram plants |journal=Nanoscale |language=en |volume=4 |issue=24 |pages=7670–7675 |doi=10.1039/c2nr32408c |pmid=23099536 |date=2012-11-26|bibcode=2012Nanos...4.7670S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Manav |last2=Maity |first2=Sheli |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |title=Carbon nanoparticles in 'biochar' boost wheat (Triticum aestivum) plant growth |journal=RSC Adv. |language=en |volume=4 |issue=75 |pages=39948–39954 |doi=10.1039/c4ra06535b |date=September 2014|bibcode=2014RSCAd...439948S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tripathi |first1=Shweta |last2=Sarkar |first2=Sabyasachi |date=2014-09-09 |title=Influence of water soluble carbon dots on the growth of wheat plant |journal=Applied Nanoscience |language=en |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=609–616 |doi=10.1007/s13204-014-0355-9 |s2cid=137168230 |issn=2190-5509|doi-access=free }}</ref> He explored these to explore bio-imaging<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Mitrajit |last2=Sonkar |first2=Sumit Kumar |last3=Saxena |first3=Manav |last4=Sarkar |first4=Sabyasachi |date=2011-11-18 |title=Carbon Nano-onions for Imaging the Life Cycle of Drosophila Melanogaster |journal=Small |language=en |volume=7 |issue=22 |pages=3170–3177 |doi=10.1002/smll.201101158 |pmid=22012886 |issn=1613-6829}}</ref> and demonstrating that non-toxic carbon nano onion<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sonkar |first1=Sumit Kumar |last2=Roy |first2=Manas |last3=Babar |first3=Dipak Gorakh |last4=Sarkar |first4=Sabyasachi |title=Water soluble carbon nano-onions from wood wool as growth promoters for gram plants |journal=Nanoscale |language=en |volume=4 |issue=24 |pages=7670–7675 |doi=10.1039/c2nr32408c |pmid=23099536 |date=2012-11-26|bibcode=2012Nanos...4.7670S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sonkar |first1=Sumit Kumar |last2=Ghosh |first2=Mitrajit |last3=Roy |first3=Manas |last4=Begum |first4=Ameerunisha |last5=Sarkar |first5=Sabyasachi |date=2012-06-01 |title=Carbon Nano-Onions as Nontoxic and High-Fluorescence Bioimaging Agent in Food Chain—An In Vivo Study from Unicellular E. coli to Multicellular C. elegans |journal=Materials Express |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=105–114 |doi=10.1166/mex.2012.1064|s2cid=100916037 }}</ref> can cross [[blood–brain barrier]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pakhira |first1=Bholanath |last2=Ghosh |first2=Mitrajit |last3=Allam |first3=Afreen |last4=Sarkar |first4=Sabyasachi |title=Carbon nano onions cross the blood brain barrier |journal=RSC Adv. |language=en |volume=6 |issue=35 |pages=29779–29782 |doi=10.1039/c5ra23534k |date=2016-03-21|bibcode=2016RSCAd...629779P |s2cid=101893556 }}</ref> to carry drug as cargo and can be effectively be excreted from the body. The utility of such nano carbon to control [[mosquito]] breeding in preventing mosquito vectors of infectious diseases<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Manav |last2=Sonkar |first2=Sumit Kumar |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |title=Water soluble nanocarbons arrest the growth of mosquitoes |journal=RSC Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=44 |pages=22504–22508 |doi=10.1039/c3ra44100h |date=2013-10-21|bibcode=2013RSCAd...322504S }}</ref> and the use of reduced graphene oxide to prevent hospital pathogens have been demonstrated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Taposhree |last2=Sarkar |first2=Rudra |last3=Pakhira |first3=Bholanath |last4=Ghosh |first4=Subrata |last5=Sarkar |first5=Ripon |last6=Barui |first6=Ananya |last7=Sarkar |first7=Sabyasachi |title=ROS generation by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) induced by visible light showing antibacterial activity: comparison with graphene oxide (GO) |journal=RSC Adv. |language=en |volume=5 |issue=98 |pages=80192–80195 |doi=10.1039/c5ra14061g |date=2015-09-21|bibcode=2015RSCAd...580192D }}</ref> On the environment aspect the presence of damaged floating carbon nano tubes in [[aerosol]]s is shown to contribute global warming, winter smog and elevating breathing problem.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=Saumyabrata |last2=Tripathi |first2=Sachchida N. |last3=Das |first3=Utpal |last4=Ranjan |first4=Raju |last5=Jadhav |first5=Nilesh |last6=Singh |first6=Vivek P. |last7=Jariwala |first7=Chinmay |last8=Sonkar |first8=Sumit |last9=Sarkar |first9=Sabyasachi |date=2012-07-15 |title=Enhanced persistence of fog under illumination for carbon nanotube fog condensation nuclei |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=024901–024901–4 |doi=10.1063/1.4736557 |bibcode=2012JAP...112b4901B |issn=0021-8979}}</ref> He demonstrated the adverse effect of soap and detergent discharge near [[tube well]]s in releasing [[Arsenic poisoning|arsenic]] and [[Fluoride toxicity|fluoride contaminated water]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dey |first1=Soumen |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Shahana |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |date=10 December 2005 |title=Direct and indirect arsenic release from soaps by unhygienic use in tubewells |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/76907/1/76907.pdf |journal=Current Science }}</ref> He also mapped the degradation of a heritage monument, the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Characterization of the dust in the ambience of the Taj Mahal, Agra |last1=Samadhiya |first1=N.K. |last2=Banerjee |first2=Deepankar |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sabyasachi |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |year=2009 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=K.K. |pages=25–30}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Prof. Sabysachi Sarkar hails from the family of legal advisor of the local king was born in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] (meaning forest land) district, [[West Bengal]] in the Zaminder house of his maternal grandparent. His early education came from [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira]], Belurmath. He did a M.Sc. from the prestigious [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[University of Calcutta]] at the age of 19.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://home.iitk.ac.in/~abya/Reminiscence/reminiscence.html |title=Reminiscence:Santhal Parganas to Chemistry }}</ref> He is the lone living grad student of [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]] as practicing chemist even today. He started his research under Professor Pulin Behari Sarkar in the [[Rajabazar Science College]]. After learning analytical-inorganic chemistry he learnt thermodynamics from Professor R.P Rastogi of [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University|Gorakhpur University]]. He pursued aggregates of metal oxides and sulfides of diverse interest from the school of Professor [[Achim Müller]] in Germany. He practiced research in diversified field of interest including [[Natural environment|environment]], healthcare science, and conservation.

== Professional life ==

=== Fellowships ===
State, National, CSIR, Indian Chemical Society, INSA Research, Academy of Science, Humboldt, DAAD, Raja Ramanna, Royal Society of Chemistry.

=== Honours ===
Professor R.K. Barua Memorial Lecture; Professor R. D. Desai Medal and Prize; Professor Priyadaranjan Ray Memorial Award; Honorary Professor, Faculty of Science –BHU; Annual Professor Sabyasachi Sarkar endowment lecture at RKM Vidyamandira. Belurmath instituted by former PhD student. Honorary Professor Emeritus, IIEST-Shibpur.

=== Literary work ===
He writes satire on Indian science and other science-based articles in Bengali magazines. His full list of writing are available at his [https://home.iitk.ac.in/~abya/literary%20work/literary%20work.html website.]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{ResearchGate|Sabyasachi_Sarkar}}
* {{LinkedIn page|in/sabyasachi-sarkar-9709b930}}
* {{Google Scholar|zEP-XiEAAAAJ}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Sabyasachi}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kanpur]]

Mahmood Ali

2026-02-08T12:04:22Z

TiffaniKellum: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Pakistani artist}}
{{for-multi|the politician|Mahmood Ali (Indian politician)|other uses|Mahmud Ali (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahmood Ali
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1928}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|07|11|1928|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Radio Pakistan]] and [[Pakistani television]] artist
| years_active = 1945 – 1995
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Pride of Performance]] Award by the [[President of Pakistan]] in 1985
}}

'''Syed Mahmood Ali''' (1928 – 11 July 2008; [[Urdu]]:سید محمود علی) was a [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] radio, film, television and stage artist.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/311562/artist-mahmood-ali-is-no-more |title=Artist Mahmood Ali is no more|date=13 July 2008|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|access-date=12 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145324/https://www.dawn.com/news/311562/artist-mahmood-ali-is-no-more|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Mahmood Ali was born in [[Hyderabad Deccan]] in British India in 1928.<ref name=urduwire/> He began his career with [[All India Radio]] in 1945. He migrated to Pakistan after [[Partition of India|independence]], arriving in [[Lahore]] in 1947. He soon moved to Karachi and joined [[Radio Pakistan]] during its early days, in 1947.<ref name=Dawn/> Mahmood Ali contributed to Radio Pakistan and [[Pakistan Television Corporation|Pakistan Television]] for more than 50 years.<ref name=urduwire>{{cite web|url=
http://urduwire.com/people/Mahmood-Ali_499.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330184503/http://urduwire.com/people/Mahmood-Ali_499.aspx |title=Profile of Mahmood Ali|date=17 July 2012|website= Urduwire.com website|archive-date=30 March 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

==Radio==
His notable contributions are:
* Syed Mahmood Ali started his acting career from a radio play, ''Khawaja Moinuddin's Theater''.<ref name=urduwire/>
* ''Haamid Mian Kay Haan'' (a Radio Pakistan play in the 1950s)
* ''Mirza Ghalib Bunder Road Pe'' (a Radio Pakistan play in the 1960s)<ref name=urduwire/>
* ''Lal Qila Sey Lalu Khait Tak'' (a Radio Pakistan play in the 1960s)<ref name=urduwire/>

==TV==
* In 1965, Ali joined [[Pakistan Television Corporation|Pakistan television]] as an employee.<ref name=urduwire/>
* His role as 'Maulvi Sahib' in [[Pakistan Television Corporation]]'s production, PTV TV drama series [[Taleem-e-Balighan]] (1966), became very popular.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=Dawn1/><ref name=urduwire/>
* [[Khuda Ki Basti (serial)]] ( first production in 1969, second production in 1974 by PTV)<ref name=urduwire/><ref name=Dawn1>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1169324|title=Old but not forgotten: Top 10 Pakistani dramas to re-watch now|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|author=Bisma Ahmad|date=13 March 2015|access-date=12 May 2025|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101003933/https://www.dawn.com/news/1169324|archive-date=1 January 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Kiran Kahani]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Zair, Zabar, Pesh]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Hawain]]'' (1997)

==Films==
Mahmood Ali also worked in over 25 films:<ref name=urduwire/>
* Chori Chhuppe (1965)
* [[Insan Aur Gadha]] (1973)
* Khush Naseeb (1980s)<ref name=Dawn/>

==Death and legacy==
Syed Mahmood Ali died on 11 July 2008 due to cardiac arrest at age 80. He was buried at [[Wadi-e-Hussain]] graveyard in [[Karachi]], Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=urduwire/>

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Pride of Performance]] Award by the [[President of Pakistan]] in 1985<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=urduwire/>

== See also ==
* [[List of Lollywood actors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3773584}}

{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}
{{PTV Programs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mahmood}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Pakistani male film actors]]
[[Category:Pakistani male television actors]]
[[Category:Pakistani male stage actors]]
[[Category:Pakistani radio personalities]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karachi]]
[[Category:Radio personalities from Karachi]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Hyderabadi descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

Indolyrocephalus

2026-01-12T14:54:38Z

TiffaniKellum: new some page and citations!

{{Short description|Extinct genus of temnospondyls}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Induan}}
| parent_authority = Tripathi, 1969
| taxon = Indolyrocephalus huxleyi
| authority = ([[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1882)
| synonyms = ''Gonioglyptus huxleyi'' Lydekker, 1882
}}

'''''Indolyrocephalus''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[temnospondyl]]s belonging to the family [[Trematosauridae]]. It contains a single species, '''''I. huxleyi''''', from the [[Early Triassic]] [[Panchet Formation]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Saswati |last2=Ray |first2=Sanghamitra |date=2020-03-01 |title=Gondwana Vertebrate Faunas of India: Their Diversity and Intercontinental Relationships |journal=Episodes Journal of International Geoscience |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=438–460 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020028 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It was initially classified in ''[[Gonioglyptus]]'', then into its own genus ''Indolyrocephalus'', and then back into ''Gonioglyptus<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steyer |first=J. Sébastien |date=July 2002 |title=The First Articulated Trematosaur 'amphibian' from the Lower Triassic of Madagascar: Implications for the Phylogeny of the Group |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00260 |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=771–793 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00260 |bibcode=2002Palgy..45..771S |issn=0031-0239|url-access=subscription }}</ref>'', but is presently placed in ''Indolyrocephalus'' once again.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Saswati |last2=Ray |first2=Sanghamitra |date=2020-03-01 |title=Gondwana Vertebrate Faunas of India: Their Diversity and Intercontinental Relationships |journal=Episodes Journal of International Geoscience |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=438–460 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020028|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ezcurra |first1=Martín D. |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Saswati |last3=Sengupta |first3=Dhurjati P. |last4=Sen |first4=Kasturi |last5=Sennikov |first5=Andrey G. |last6=Sookias |first6=Roland B. |last7=Nesbitt |first7=Sterling J. |last8=Butler |first8=Richard J. |date=October 2023 |title=A new archosauriform species from the Panchet Formation of India and the diversification of Proterosuchidae after the end-Permian mass extinction |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=10 |issue=10 |doi=10.1098/rsos.230387 |doi-access=free|issn=2054-5703 |pmc=10598453 |pmid=37885992|bibcode=2023RSOS...1030387E }}</ref>

{{Portal|Paleontology}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Stereospondyli|T.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6025760}}

[[Category:Trematosauridae]]
[[Category:Triassic temnospondyls of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1969]]
[[Category:Fossils of India]]

{{Temnospondyli-stub}}

Motle Wala

2025-12-15T22:28:07Z

TiffaniKellum: Added A Page...

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Motle Wala
| native_name = ਮੋਤਲੇ ਵਾਲਾ
| native_name_lang = pa
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30.570640|N|74.672055|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|States]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = Block
| parts =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Sarpanch
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 152025
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]
}}
'''Motle Wala''' is a village in [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib District]] of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motle Wala · Punjab 151204, India |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Motle+Wala,+Punjab+151204/@30.5709256,74.6663696,14.5z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x39175c891fbe05d7:0xb6f37fe205e029ee!8m2!3d30.5710878!4d74.6715141!16s/g/12hn7n90g?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDQxNi4xIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Motle Wala · Punjab 151204, India |language=en}}</ref> The village has population of 1157 as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motlewala Village Population - Muktsar - Muktsar, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35447-motlewala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />[[Category:Villages in Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Parshottambhai Solanki

2025-12-07T03:07:33Z

TiffaniKellum: small changes

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Parshottambhai Odhavjibhai Solanki
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Bhavnagar Gramya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar Rural]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative assembly]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1998
| term_end2 = 2012
| constituency2 = [[Ghogha]]
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| image =
| caption =
| country = [[India]]
| birth_name = Purshottambhai Odhavjibhai Solanki
| birth_date = 23 May 1961
| birth_place = [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], [[Asia]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| spouse = Falguniben Purshottambhai Solanki
| relations = [[Hira Solanki]] (brother)
| parents = Odhavjibhai Ramjibhai Solanki (father)
| occupation = [[Agriculturist]]
| profession = * Politician
* Social activist
| portfolio = [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Ministry of Fisheries]] in [[Government of Gujarat]]
| nickname = Solanki Dada
| 3blankname = [[Minister of State]]
| 3namedata = [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Ministry of Fisheries]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harsh Sanghvi is home minister, Kanubhai Desai gets finance in new Gujarat Cabinet {{!}} Full list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-cabinet-harsh-sanghvi-home-minister-kanubhai-desai-gets-finance-2308339-2022-12-12 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=India Today |page=Purushottam Solanki (Minister of State), He has got Fisheries and Animal Husbandry |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Parshottambhai Odhavjibhai Solanki''' (also spelled as '''Pursottambhai Odhavjibhai Solanki''')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shutler |first=Nolan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx5Cg7ChuHQC&dq=Purshottam+Solanki&pg=PA189 |title=In Defence of Journalists |publisher=Socio Legal Information Cent |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-89479-74-9 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician. He is member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] since 1998 representing [[Bhavnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar Rural]] constituency. He has served as the [[Minister of State|Minister]] of Fisheries in the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat: Purshottam Solanki discontent with fisheries portfolio but gives in, takes oath as MLA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-bhavnagar-bjp-mla-purshottam-solanki-ministry-fisheries-takes-oath-1164548-2018-02-08 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is alleged to have caused loss of {{INR}}400 crore ([[United States dollar|US$]]72.4 million) to the government of Gujarat by granting contracts improperly.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Enarth |first1=Shashidharan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iu58DAAAQBAJ&dq=Pursottam+Solanki&pg=PA148 |title=Community Natural Resource Management and Poverty in India: The Evidence from Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh |last2=Pathak |first2=Jharna |last3=Shah |first3=Amita |last4=Verma |first4=Madhu |last5=Wood |first5=John R. |date=2016-06-20 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-653-9 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=148: In 2009, during our research, a trader, Ishaq Maradia, moved the Gujarat High Court and accused Purshottam Solanki, a powerful Koli community leader who influenced several assembly seats in coastal Saurashtra and was then the Minister of Fisheries in the [[Government of Gujarat|GoG]], of having given away fishing contracts for 58 reservoirs in the state, each spread over at least 200 ha (2 sq. km), without any tendering processes and at rates below the price fixed in the previous contract. According to Maradia, contracts worth 240 crore per annum were awarded for 2.36 crore |language=en}}</ref>

Solanki was active [[Hindutva]]wadi and master mind in [[Bombay riots|Mumbai riots]] of 1992 - 1993, a high level inquiry was conducted by [[Srikrishna Commission]] and found that Solanki was most aggressive Hindutvawadi but at that time Solanki was [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] in [[Government of Gujarat]]. Solanki belongs to the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puniyani |first=Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0qWTxjASKAC |title=The Politics Behind Anti Christian Violence: A Compilation of Investigation Committee Reports Into Acts of Violence Against the Christian Minorities |publisher=Media House |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7495-237-0 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=125 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Ram Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Gujarat Holocaust: Communalism in the Land of Gandhi |publisher=Shubhi Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-87226-71-0 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=299 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Solanki won [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|2007 assembly elections]] (12th assembly elections) and became [[Member of Legislative assembly]] from [[Talaja (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Talaja]] constituency, in [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name="1-21 guns" /> Following the win, he was selected to serve as a cabinet minister in the government led by [[Narendra Modi]] and was appointed the "Minister of fisheries". He was elected again in 2017 from [[Bhavnagar Gramya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar Rural]] constituency.

==Controversy==
===Fisheries scandal===
In 2009 Solanki gave contracts for fishing in reservoirs across the state. The contracts were allegedly given for fishing in the waters of 58 dams without following or performing any tendering process by auctions and the contracts were just allotted after payment of 40 crore.<ref name=never /> It was estimated that due to the mis-conduct in granting the contracts, the government of Gujarat suffered a loss of {{indian rupee}}400 crore ([[United States dollar|US$]]72.4 million).<ref name="1-21 guns">{{cite news|title=Guj HC upholds Guv order to prosecute BJP minister Solanki|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/guj-hc-upholds-guv-order-to-prosecute-bjp-minister-solanki_800761.html|accessdate=22 September 2012|newspaper=Zee News|date=20 September 2012}}</ref> Following the allegations, [[Ishaq Maradia]] wanted to prosecute the minister under the Anti-corruption Act for the "irregularity". However, the cabinet and Modi rejected the application for prosecution twice due to "lack of sufficient evidence".<ref name=kye /> The matter reached High Court and it was suggested by the court that the governor of Gujarat [[Kamla Beniwal]] should take the decision whether to prosecute the minister or not. Beniwal, on 26 July 2012, overruled the state government and directed to prosecute the Minister.<ref name="1-21 guns" /><ref name=kye />

The matter was again taken to the high court by Solanki. The petition challenged the Governor's sanction and was seeking reversal. On 20 September 2012, the high court rejected the petition, citing that "the sanction for prosecution was not erroneous".<ref name="kye">{{cite news|last=Bhan|first=Rohit|title=Setback for Gujarat minister Purshottam Solanki, court upholds sanction to prosecute him|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/setback-for-gujarat-minister-purshottam-solanki-court-upholds-sanction-to-prosecute-him-269866|accessdate=22 September 2012|newspaper=NDTV|date=20 September 2012|editor=Surabhi Malik}}</ref> As the court rejected the petition, [[Arjun Modhwadia]], the leader of the opposition and president of Gujarat congress, alleged the role of [[Narendra Modi]] in the scam and also asked for Modi's resignation on moral grounds. He added, "Rs. 400 crore scam was carried out with 'full knowledge of CM' and he, he should step down, owning moral responsibility."<ref name="never">{{cite news|title=Congress welcomes Gujarat HC decision on Solanki trial|url=http://english.globalgujaratnews.com/article/congress-welcomes-gujarat-hc-decision-on-solanki-trial/|accessdate=22 September 2012|newspaper=Global Gujarat News|date=20 September 2012}}</ref> The court directed the superintendent of police, [[Gandhinagar]], to probe the matter and submit the report on the role played by the minister by 6 October 2012.<ref name="1-21 guns" /><ref name=kye />

==See also==
* [[List of scandals in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanki, Parshottambhai}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

Sea Eagle (missile)

2025-12-02T11:51:45Z

TiffaniKellum: updated details

{{for|the Chinese "Sea Eagle" missile|Silkworm missile}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date = August 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
| image = Sea eagle sketch.svg
| image_size = 300
|is_missile=yes
|caption= A drawing of the ''Sea Eagle''
|name=Sea Eagle
|type=[[Anti-ship missile]]
|origin= United Kingdom
|launch_platform=Fixed and rotary wing aircraft
|designer=[[BAe Dynamics]]
|manufacturer=[[BAe Dynamics]] (1982–1999) [[MBDA|MBDA (UK) Ltd]] (since 1999)
|design_date=1976
|production_date=1982
|service=1985-present
|used_by= [[#Operators|See ''operators'']]
|wingspan=1.2 m
|length=4.14 m
|diameter=0.4 m
|weight=580 kg
|speed=Mach 1+
|vehicle_range=110 km +
|filling=
|filling_weight=230 kg
|engine=Turbojet
|steering=Control surface
|guidance=Inertial, with active radar homing
|variants=Sea Eagle SL (surface-launched) tested, others proposed.
}}

The BAe '''Sea Eagle''' is a medium-weight [[sea-skimming]] [[anti-ship missile]] designed and built by [[BAe Dynamics]] (now [[MBDA]]). It is designed to sink or disable [[ship]]s up to the size of [[aircraft carrier]]s in the face of [[Radar jamming|jamming]] and other [[countermeasures]] including [[decoy]]s. Its users include the [[Royal Air Force]] and [[Royal Navy]], the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]], and the [[Indian Navy]].

==History==
===Previous systems===
The anti-ship version of the [[Martel (missile)|Martel missile]] entered service with the RAF in October 1972 and the Royal Navy one year later. These missiles were designed around a [[television guidance]] system using a camera in the nose of the missile that sent its image back to the launch aircraft via a [[data link]] radio system. The weapons officer in the aircraft, normally the [[Blackburn Buccaneer]], used the image to guide the missile via signals sent back to the missile on the same data link. This method of operation had been chosen for its simplicity; in comparison, an [[active radar seeker]] would be prone to all sorts of countermeasures, including [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] and active jamming systems, and would require some form of navigation system for the approach while the missile was still under the [[radar horizon]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The desire for a ship-launched anti-ship missile led to some consideration of an active seeker for the Martel, under the name Ship Martel (or Active Martel). As the launching ship would be under the radar horizon of the target, a data link or similar solution that required a line-of-sight would not work. [[Marconi Company|Marconi]] won the contract for the radar seeker, a very simple one-axis (left-right) seeker that they claimed would be much less expensive than the Adac seeker of [[Exocet]] or the RE576 used on the [[AS.34 Kormoran]] and [[Otomat]]. A small rocket booster would be used to launch the missile before starting the original engine.<ref name=matra>{{cite journal |title=Matra proposes European missile consortium |journal=Flight International |date=19 September 1974 |page=342 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%201462.html}}</ref> This role was ultimately filled by the Exocet and development ended.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Harpoon versus USGW for the Royal Navy |journal=Flight International |date=20 March 1975 |page=448 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200512.html?search=USGW}}</ref>

The Ship Martel work was later picked up for a submarine-launched anti-ship missile, a project known as CL.137 USGW (Under-Sea Guided Weapon).{{efn|Hawker Siddeley Dynamics held an internal contest to name the missile, won by "Swordfish".<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%202392.html Sensor]</ref>}} This consisted of a Sea Martel with modifications to allow it to fit into a normal 21-inch torpedo tube, using folding wings and fins.<ref name=world/> The Marconi seeker was used, but was not fitted during testing. Instead, a simple autopilot with a [[radar altimeter]] was used in testing at [[ParcAberporth|Aberporth]].<ref name=matra/> A further adaptation was the Sub Martel, otherwise similar but using the Adac seeker from the [[Exocet]], a sub-launched development of the Exocet itself having been abandoned for cost reasons.<ref name=world>{{cite journal |title=World Missile Survey |journal=Flight International |date=8 May 1975 |page=753}}</ref> Ultimately the USGW contest was won by the [[Sub-Harpoon]] in September 1975.<ref name=defense>{{cite journal |title=Defense |journal=Flight International |date=9 October 1976 |page=1072 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%202245.html?search=USGW}}</ref>

===Sea Eagle===
[[File:Yorkshire Air Museum (8370).jpg|thumb|Sea Eagle on the right, next to a Martel in the center. The similarity of the designs is evident. The weapon on the left is a [[WE177|WE177A]].]]
These developments all suggested the TV-guided Martel was no longer competitive, and a series of studies during 1973 to 1975 came up with specifications for its replacement. This was known as Air Staff Target (AST) 1226 in the Air Force, and Naval Staff Target (NST) 6451 in the Navy. This called for a missile with greater range than Ship Martel, which required the switch to a jet engine. Hawker Siddeley submitted a design using the Marconi seeker and a more highly modified version of the Martel airframe. This would have the advantage of being able to be fired from any aircraft already able to fire the TV-guided Martel.<ref name=defense/>

Design of the P3T began in 1976, with full scale development initiated in 1979. Although the resulting design looked like the Martel, almost all components differ, with a longer body, larger wings and totally different internal components. A ship-launched version, the P5T Sea Eagle SL, was proposed in 1981. This added two solid-fuel boosters on either side of the missile body, but was otherwise similar to the P3T. It was designed to be fired from its sealed shipping box. The same box was used for the proposed [[Sea Dart|Lightweight Sea Dart]], allowing a ship to carry either or both on the same launcher. One advantage to the SL version over competing designs was that it could be fired at very close targets, while most designs, like [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon]] and [[Exocet]], had a fairly long minimum range.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ship=launched Sea Eagle proposed |journal=Flight International |date=8 August 1981 |page=416 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202592.html?search=sea%20eagle}}</ref> Another advantage was that the same missile could be fired from helicopters, like the original Martel, as the rockets could launch it from the helicopter even at very low altitudes without needing high forward speed to allow the small wings to maintain altitude.<ref>{{cite journal |title=World Missile Directory |journal=Flight International |date=6 February 1983 |page=328 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1983/1983%20-%200234.html?search=sea%20eagle}}</ref>

Production of the finished production weapon began in 1982, around the same time that the name Sea Eagle was bestowed, with test firings up to 1984 and service introduction the following year. The [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] [[Blackburn Buccaneer|Buccaneer]] was the first aircraft to carry a Sea Eagle in active service. This was followed by the Royal Navy's [[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier]], as well as the [[Panavia Tornado variants|Tornado GR1B]] in the RAF (replacing Buccaneers) and Royal Saudi Air Force. The Indian Navy also equipped its [[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier FRS Mk.51]] and [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar IM]] with the missile, as well as twenty [[Westland Sea King|Sea King Mk.42B]] helicopters, using a version with two booster rockets either side of the rear fuselage. Indian [[Ilyushin Il-38]] maritime patrol aircraft were also equipped with the rocket-boosted version of the missile, carried on unusual side-fuselage pylons aft of each wing. It has also been reported that India sought to equip its [[Tupolev Tu-142]] fleet with the missile. The [[Chilean Air Force]] has trial fitted its A-36M Halcon ([[CASA C-101|CASA 101 Aviojet]]) with the missile, but this combination never entered service. Several variants of the [[BAE Hawk]] trainer/light fighter have carried the missile on trials.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The Sea Eagle was withdrawn from service with the RAF and Royal Navy by 2000.<ref name=hansard2000>{{cite web|title=Commons Hansard Written Answers text for Tuesday 4 Jul 2000|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000704/text/00704w08.htm#00704w08.html_sbhd5|publisher=Hansard|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

==Design==
Sea Eagle is powered by a licence-built, [[Kerosene|paraffin]]-fuelled [[Microturbo TRI 60]] [[turbojet]] and cruises at speeds of [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.85 (1,040 km/h, 645 mph) throughout its 110 [[kilometre]] (68 [[mile]]) plus range. It is capable of being carried at supersonic speeds by its parent aircraft, with launch at speeds of up to Mach 0.9 and a wide range of altitudes. Ejector launch, typically from a Type 119 Mk 5 ERU, with a pylon adapter where needed, is used.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Once launched the Sea Eagle is completely autonomous, with the flight and target seeking completely controlled by the on-board [[computer]] system which functions according to programmable options covering a large set of cruise, search and attack options, including a simple, pre-programmed 'point and shoot' mode that allows it to be carried by basic aircraft without radar, using targeting information radioed to the pilot from external sources or even visually located by him, with the missile's short minimum range assisting this. Other modes integrate with more sophisticated weapon systems and sensors and allow Sea Eagle to be programmed during flight by the parent aircraft using targeting data from the aircraft's on board radar sensors or via off-board data-link networks. 'Dog leg' routes can be programmed into the missile's computer to allow a salvo of missiles to arrive from different directions, saturating the target's defences. A twin-gyro attitude reference system, digital flight control computer and autopilot are used to give the missile an over-the-horizon capability. A C-band [[radar altimeter]] allows the missile to fly at very low level, minimising the range at which a ship can detect it. The J-band active radar target seeker can detect targets up to 30 km away, allowing a mid-course update of target position through a 'pop up' manoeuvre if required. The guidance system was developed by [[General Electric Company|GEC-Marconi]] at [[Stanmore]].<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1990/1990%20-%202175.PDF Flight International 1990]</ref>

The main wings are essentially of [[delta wing|delta]] form, arranged in a [[cruciform]] configuration. Smaller tails surfaces of similar shape and configuration provide steering. The engine intake is under the [[fuselage]] - whilst carried by an aircraft this is covered by an [[aerodynamic]] fairing which is blown clear at launch. The missile is fitted with a powerful [[Armor-piercing shot and shell|semi-armour-piercing]] [[warhead]], with a high ratio of charge to total weight, encased in a tough metal alloy casing. Residual turbojet fuel adds to the warhead's destructive effects on impact with the target.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Sea Eagle is stored as a 'round of ammunition', with inspection every two years or so, and a life of at least 15 years. When stored the wings and tail surfaces are removed, but the weapon can be kept fully fuelled.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Variants==
A variant of the missile, called Sea Eagle SL (also P5T), designed to be launched from boxes mounted on ships was tested. It used the same rocket boosters as applied to the helicopter-launched version, but lost out to the American [[Harpoon missile]] in a 1984 competition to arm the Royal Navy's Type 22 Batch 3 and [[Type 23 frigate]]s. This version was also intended to have been used in shore-based batteries. The only external difference from the air-launched version was the use of launcher shoes for rail mounting in the launch box, as opposed to the air-launched version's ejector lugs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

An unbuilt air-launched, land attack version of Sea Eagle, using a similar nose radar and semi-armour-piercing warhead, was known as P4T. A later proposed land attack variant which would have had an imaging [[infrared]] or millimetre wave radar seeker-head and a data link to allow the launch platform to update the missile in flight was studied around 1990; this version was dubbed "Golden Eagle" and would have had a penetrator warhead to allow attacks on land-based hardened targets.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

A proposed update of Sea Eagle in the mid-1990s with a dual-band seeker and improved systems was abandoned on cost grounds.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Specifications==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
*''Wingspan'' : 1.2 metres (3 feet 11 inches)
*''Length'' : 4.14 metres (13 feet 7 inches)
*''Body Diameter'' : 0.4 metres (1 foot 4 inches)
*''Weight'' : 580 kilograms (1,279 pounds)
*''Warhead'' : 230 kilograms (510 pounds) of [[polymer bonded explosive|PBX]] (semi armour-piercing)
*''Speed'' : Mach 1 (645 mph)
*''Range'' : 110 kilometres (68 miles / 60 nautical miles) plus
*''Flight time'' : 400 seconds (6 min 40 seconds)

==Operators==
[[File:Sea Eagle operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with Sea Eagle operators in blue]]
;{{UK}}
;;[[Royal Air Force]] and [[Royal Navy]]
*[[Blackburn Buccaneer]] (retired) - 2 or 4 missiles
*[[Panavia Tornado|Tornado GR.1B]] (retired) - 2 or 4 missiles
*[[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier FRS.1/FA.2]] (retired) - 2 missiles
*[[BAe Hawk]] - 1 missile (Trial only) <ref>[https://i.pinimg.com/originals/9f/89/a6/9f89a605db356b5cd9c35d11ed320250.jpg Image of the missile]</ref>

;{{IND}}
;;[[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Navy]]
*[[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier FRS Mk.51]] (retired) - 2 missiles
*[[Westland Sea King|Sea King Mk.42B]] - 2 missiles
*[[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar IM]] - 1 or 2 missiles
*[[Ilyushin Il-38]] (retired) - 2 missiles
*[[Tupolev Tu-142]] (retired) - 4? missiles

;{{SAU}}
;;[[Royal Saudi Air Force]]
*[[Panavia Tornado variants|Tornado IDS]] (retired?) - 2 or 4 missiles

;{{CHI}}
*A-36M Halcon ([[CASA C-101|CASA 101 Aviojet]]) (trials only) - 2 missiles

==See also==
*{{lwc|Kh-35}}
*{{lwc|Babur (cruise missile)|Babur}}
*{{lwc|Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon}}
*{{lwc|AGM-158C LRASM}}
*{{lwc|Exocet}}
*{{lwc|Naval Strike Missile}}
*{{lwc|RBS 15}}
*{{lwc|YJ-83#C-802A|C-802}}
*{{lwc|ASM-3}}
* {{lwc|Type 80 air-to-ship missile}}
* {{lwc|Type 88 surface-to-ship missile}}
* {{lwc|Type 90 ship-to-ship missile}}
* {{lwc|Type 93 air-to-ship missile}}
*{{lwc|NASM-SR}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.harrier.org.uk/history/Harrier_Testing.htm Testing the Sea Eagle on the Sea Harrier]
*[http://www.skomer.u-net.com/projects/seaeagle.htm Sea Eagle missile on UK weapons database]
*[http://www.blackburn-buccaneer.co.uk/Pages1_files/Technical_files/0_Missile3.html? Sea Eagle on the Buccaneer]
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Aircraft/Missiles/Sea-Eagle.html Indian Navy Sea Eagle page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207214327/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Aircraft/Missiles/Sea-Eagle.html |date=7 December 2006 }}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040710175911/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_431.shtml Indian integration of Sea Eagle on large maritime patrol aircraft]}}
*[http://www.flyingzone.co.uk/tornadoinfocus/12squadron.htm 12 Squadron RAF]

{{UKmissiles}}

[[Category:Cold War anti-ship missiles of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:General Electric Company]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s]]

[[Category:Anti-ship cruise missiles]]

Citibank India

2025-11-21T04:41:35Z

TiffaniKellum: updated references based on references

{{short description|Indian private sector bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Citibank India
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry = Banking [[Financial services]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1902}}
| defunct =
| fate =
| parent = [[Citigroup]]
}}
'''Citibank India''' is the Indian subsidiary of [[Citigroup]]. In March 2023, Citibank India's consumer banking division was sold to [[Axis Bank]]. After the sale, Citibank India continued to provide corporate and institutional banking services in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rebello |first1=Joel |title=Citigroup to focus on corporate and institutional banking business in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/citigroup-to-focus-on-corporate-and-institutional-banking-business-in-india/articleshow/82088631.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Nupur |title=Citi expects revenue from India corporate business to grow 10% a year |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/citi-expects-revenue-india-corporate-business-grow-10-year-2022-07-21/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

==History==
Citibank began operations in 1902 in Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]).<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/citibank-removes-signboard-from-kolkata-office-as-part-of-rebranding-exercise-with-axis-bank-371468-2023-02-25 | title=Citibank removes signboard from Kolkata office as part of rebranding exercise with Axis bank | work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] | date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/citibank-removes-signboard-from-iconic-kolkata-office-from-where-it-began-india-operations-3816880 | title=Citibank Removes Signboard From Iconic Kolkata Office From Where It Began India Operations | work=[[NDTV]] | date=27 February 2023}}</ref>

In the late 1980s and 1990s, the division was one of the first banks to offer [[credit card]]s in India.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/citibank-why-one-of-the-worlds-largest-and-most-iconic-banks-is-wrapping-up-its-retail-business-in-india/67485/1 | title=Citibank: Why one of the world's largest and most iconic banks is wrapping up its retail business in India | first1=MANU | last1=BALACHANDRAN | first2=SALIL | last2=PANCHAL | work=[[Forbes]] | date=16 April 2021}}</ref>

In 1992, Citibank India was alleged to have played the leading role in allowing or facilitating the [[market manipulation]] that drove up prices of shares on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] during the [[1992 Indian stock market scam]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.joc.com/article/citibank-disputes-allegations-link-indian-scandal_19921117.html | title=CITIBANK DISPUTES ALLEGATIONS OF LINK TO INDIAN SCANDAL | agency=[[Reuters]] | work=[[The Journal of Commerce]] | date=17 November 1992 | url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/18/business/citibank-denies-india-fraud.html | title=Citibank Denies India Fraud | agency=[[Reuters]] | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=18 November 1992 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> After an investigation by the [[Federal Reserve]], four officials at the bank resigned.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1993-01-31/fall-from-grace-at-citibank-india | title=Fall From Grace At Citibank India | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=31 January 1993 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> In September 1994, India fined the bank $16.29 million, the most of any bank of the 20 banks implicated in the scandal, which were fined a total of $47 million.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/03/business/india-fines-citibank-most.html | title=India Fines Citibank Most | agency=[[Associated Press]] | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=3 September 1994 | url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/01/business/india-imposes-fines-on-10-big-foreign-banks.html | title=India Imposes Fines on 10 Big Foreign Banks | first=Sanjoy | last=Hazarika | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=1 August 1994 | url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 2010, [[Pramit Jhaveri]], became chief executive officer.<ref name=Ashu>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ashu-khullar-and-citi-ceo/article26475420.ece | last=Saha | first=Manojit | title=Ashu Khullar named Citi India CEO | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 March 2019 | issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2011, the company was fined Rs 25 lakh for violations of [[know your customer]] and [[anti–money laundering]] rules after a fraud of Rs 400-crore was perpetrated via one of the company's branches.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/Citibank-fined-Rs-25-lakh-for-fraud-at-Gurgaon-branch/article20262373.ece | title=Citibank fined Rs 25 lakh for fraud at Gurgaon branch | work=[[Business Line]] | date=July 4, 2011 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2019, Citibank paid Rs 4.5 crore to settle allegations by the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] of failure to adequately supervise an employee after the employee used the bank's infrastructure to forge bank statements of clients.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/citibank-settles-case-with-sebi-for-violation-of-portfolio-managers-norms-pays-rs-4-5-cr-6369561.html | title=Citibank settles case with Sebi for violation of portfolio managers' norms, pays Rs 4.5 cr | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | work=[[Firstpost]] | date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

Ashu Khullar was named chief executive officer in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/ashu-khullar-appointed-citi-india-ceo-in-place-of-pramit-jhaveri-1552058432206.html | title=Ashu Khullar appointed Citi India CEO in place of Pramit Jhaveri | last=Gopakumar | first=Gopika | work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] | date=8 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=Ashu/>

==Sale of consumer banking division==
In April 2021, Citigroup announced that it would exit the consumer banking operations in 13 countries including India. Citigroup announced that it will continue to serve larger clients and institutions in these countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Citigroup to exit consumer banking in 13 markets |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56755610 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=BBC |date=16 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, [[Axis Bank]] announced the acquisition of Citibank India's consumer banking business for [[Indian rupee|₹]]12,325 [[crore]] ($1.6 billion).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/axis-bank-citi-deal-likely-to-be-done-by-q4fy23-says-md-amitabh-chaudhry-8884761.html|title=Axis Bank-Citi deal likely to be completed by Q4FY23, says MD Amitabh Chaudhry|website=Moneycontrol.com|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axisbank.com/about-us/press-releases/axis-banks-proposed-acquisition-of-citibanks-consumer-businesses-in-india-strongly-positions-it-for-accelerated-premium-market-share-growth|title=Axis Banks proposed acquisition of Citibanks consumer businesses in India strongly positions it for accelerated premium market share growth|website=Axisbank.com|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.online.citibank.co.in/CFIL/assets/pdf/intimation-under-regulation.pdf|title=Intimation of Regulation 51 (1) of Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) 2015|website=Online.citibank.co.in|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>

The acquisition was completed in March 2023 at a lower price of [[Indian rupee|₹]]11,603 [[crore]] ($1.41 billion) due to customer attrition and decrease in deposits.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Siddhi |last2=Thomas |first2=Chris |title=Axis Bank closes Citi India deal at lowered price of $1.41 bln |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/axis-bank-completes-acquisition-citibanks-india-consumer-business-2023-03-01/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=Reuters |date=1 March 2023}}</ref> All Citibank retail branches were rebranded as Axis Bank,<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Citi India customers now served by Axis Bank’: Important points Citi customers need to know |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/citi-india-customers-now-served-by-axis-bank-important-points-citi-customers-need-to-know-371836-2023-03-01 |access-date=30 August 2023 |work=Business Today |date=1 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> with Axis Bank absorbing 97 percent of Citibank India's workforce of 3,200 people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kayastha |first1=Anshika |title=Axis Bank witnesses rise in attrition rate despite acquisition of Citibank India’s consumer business |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/axis-bank-employee-turnover-at-35-even-as-97-citi-employees-retained/article67064701.ece |access-date=30 August 2023 |work=BusinessLine |date=10 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Banks}}

{{Citigroup |state=autocollapse}}
{{Banking in India |state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Citigroup]]
[[Category:2023 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1902]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1902]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]

Sheikh Najmul Haque

2025-11-16T21:20:48Z

TiffaniKellum: starting a stub!

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}{{Other use|Najmul Haque (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sheikh Najmul Haque
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2016
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| successor = [[Dinen Roy]]
| constituency = [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur]]
| term_start1 = 1987
| term_end1 = 2011
| predecessor1 = [[Sheikh Siraj Ali]]
| successor1 = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency1 = [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Rural]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|9|10}}
| birth_place = [[Kharagpur II|Pelagerya]], [[Midnapore district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| relatives =
| education = [[Midnapore College]]
}}
'''Sheikh Najmul Haque''' (born 10 September 1951) was an Indian politician and farmer. He served as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for nearly thirty years.

==Early life and family==
Haque was born on 10 September 1951 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Sheikhs of Bengal|Sheikhs]] in the village of [[Kharagpur II|Pelagerya]] in [[Midnapore district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. He is the son of Sheikh Shamsul Haque, and was the son-in-law of Mirza Jamaluddin Chishti. Haque studied at the Madpur Higher Secondary School and [[Midnapore College]]. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1973.<ref name=bio>{{cite book|title=Who's Who of Members|page=161|publisher=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Secretariat|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/wb2006/candidate.php?candidate_id=427|website=My Neta|title=Haque Nazmul (CPM)|access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
Haque was a farmer. He contested in the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate for [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Rural Assembly constituency]]. Haque contested in the [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected to Kharagpur Rural. He contested in the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected to Kharagpur Rural. Haque contested in the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected to Kharagpur Rural. He contested in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected to Kharagpur Rural. Haque was a member of the Committee on Petitions.<ref name=bio/> Haque contested in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was elected to the new Kharagpur Assembly constituency, winning against Trinamool politician [[Bilkis Khanam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2011/kharagpur/|title=Kharagpur, 2011|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Sheikh Najmul}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:People from Kharagpur]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politician stubs]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Journal of Optics (India)

2025-10-03T12:33:33Z

TiffaniKellum: new initial page basic info!

{{Infobox journal
| title = Journal of Optics
| image =
| former_name =
| abbreviation = J. Opt. (India)
| discipline = [[Optics]]
| editor = Lakshminarayan Hazra
| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]
| country =
| history = 1972–present
| frequency = Quarterly
| openaccess =
| license =
| impact = 2.4
| impact-year = 2024
| ISSN = 0972-8821
| eISSN = 0974-6900
| CODEN =
| JSTOR =
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
| website = https://link.springer.com/journal/12596
| link1 = https://link.springer.com/journal/12596
| link1-name = Online access
| link2 = https://link.springer.com/journal/12596/volumes-and-issues
| link2-name = Online archive
}}

'''''Journal of Optics''''' is a [[peer-reviewed]] [[scientific journal]] published quarterly by [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] on behalf of the Optical Society of India. It covers fundamental and applied research in [[optics]], [[photonics]] and [[vision science]]. It was established in 1972 and its [[editor-in-chief]] is Lakshminarayan Hazra ([[University of Calcutta]]).<ref name="journal">{{cite web |title=Journal of Optics (India) |url=https://link.springer.com/journal/12596 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |access-date=October 2, 2025}}</ref>

==Abstracting and indexing==
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
*[[Emerging Sources Citation Index]]<ref name=ISI>{{cite web |url=http://mjl.clarivate.com/ |title=Web of Science Master Journal List |publisher=[[Clarivate]] |work=Intellectual Property & Science |access-date=October 2, 2025}}</ref>
*[[EBSCO Information Services|EBSCO databases]]<ref name=MIAR>{{cite MIAR |title=Journal of Optics (India) |issn=0970-0374|access-date=October 2, 2025}}</ref>
*[[Ei Compendex]]<ref name=Compendex>{{cite web |url=https://www.elsevier.com/products/engineering-village/databases/compendex |title=Content/Database Overview - Compendex Source List |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Engineering Village |access-date=October 2, 2025}}</ref>
*[[Inspec]]<ref name=Inspec>{{cite web |url=https://www.theiet.org/media/9829/inspec-active-journals.pdf |title=Inspec list of journals |publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |work=Inspec | access-date=October 2, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505154728/https://www.theiet.org/media/9829/inspec-active-journals.pdf |archive-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref>
*[[ProQuest|ProQuest databases]]<ref name=MIAR/>
*[[Scopus]]<ref name=MIAR/>

According to the ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', the journal has a 2024 [[impact factor]] of 2.4.<ref name="WoS">{{cite book |year=2025 |chapter= Journal of Optics |title=2024 Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Clarivate]] |edition=Science |via=[[Web of Science]] |title-link=Journal Citation Reports}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|url=link.springer.com/journal/11441}}
{{Physics-journal-stub}}

[[Category:Academic journals established in 1972]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]
[[Category:Quarterly journals]]
[[Category:Optics journals]]
[[Category:Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies of India]]
[[Category:Springer Science+Business Media academic journals]]

Mian (clan)

2025-09-18T16:39:28Z

TiffaniKellum: Added A Details...

{{Short description|Rajput clan in Northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

'''Miyan''' is a [[Rajput]] clan in the [[Indian states]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=a/><ref>{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Anthropological Survey of |title=Himachal Pradesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-094-8 |pages=458 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEduAAAAMAAJ&q=MIYAN+RAJPUT |access-date=22 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The Miyan Rajputs are the clan to which the rulers of Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand and rulers of erstwhile princely states of Himachal Pradesh belonged. They do not generally engage in trade or agriculture. They are major land owners and prefer to join cavalry or army by choice. The former ruling family of [[Jamwal]] Rajput called themselves Miyan Rajputs<ref name=a>History of the PUNJAB Hill States, Volume 1, J. Hutchinson and J.Ph. Vogel, P - 61, 1933, by Superintendent, Government Printing, Lahore, Punjab</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bowles |first1=Gordon Townsend |title=The People of Asia |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0-684-15625-5 |pages=160|year=1977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaq0AAAAIAAJ&q=MIYAN+RAJPUT+jammu+kashmir |access-date=21 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Mridu |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |date=2004 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-85065-701-9 |pages=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMx5mPJckkC&pg=PA160 |access-date=23 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]

{{india-ethno-stub}}

Jaago Mohan Pyare

2025-08-07T14:34:27Z

TiffaniKellum:

{{Short description|Marathi-language comedy series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = zmjmp.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Iris Production
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|11|10|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|08|14|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 308
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor = Kishor Ghanekar
| theme_music_composer = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer = Vidyadhar Pathare Manish Dalvi
| country = India
| director = Omkar Dingore
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Drama (Film and television)|Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''[[Bhago Mohan Pyare]]''
}}

'''''Jaago Mohan Pyare''''' ({{translation|Wake Up Dear Mohan}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. It premiered from 14 August 2017 by replacing ''[[Dil Dosti Dobara]]''. It is directed by Omkar Dingore and produced by Vidyadhar Pathare under the banner of ''Iris Production''. It starred [[Atul Parchure]], [[Supriya Pathare]] and [[Shruti Marathe]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-26|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jago-mohan-pyare-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/66379667.cms|title=Jaago Mohan Pyare completes 300 episodes - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mohan Mhatre, a [[Middle class|middle-class]] [[tailor]], is an irritated husband whose dominating wife, Shobha, keeps taunting and harassing him and forces him to do all the [[Homemaking|housework]]. Mohan has a habit of helping all the people in the [[chawl]] he resides in, although some people sympathize with him while others mock him. Mohan always wishes for someone to be very close to him who could show him some respect and talk to him. One fine day, however, Bhanumati, a [[fairy]], enters Mohan's life to help him with all his difficulties and soon his life takes a magical turn.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-15|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/jago-mohan-pyare-will-telecast-at-9-30-pm/418827|title='जागो मोहन प्यारे' नव्या वेळेत|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|access-date=2025-02-02|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Atul Parchure]] as Mohan Mhatre
* [[Supriya Pathare]] as Shobha Mohan Mhatre
* [[Shruti Marathe]] as Mohini / Bhanumati<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-09|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/shruti-marathe-turns-a-genie/articleshow/59991015.cms|title=Shruti Marathe turns a genie - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Usha Naik]] / Ragini Samant as Leelavati; Shobha's mother
* Maithili Patwardhan as Mau; Little fairy<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-30|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/child-actress-maithili-patwardhan-play-little-pari-role-in-jago-mohan-pyare/443234|title=जागो मोहन प्यारे मध्ये छोट्या परीचे आगमन|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|access-date=2022-10-23|language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Prithvik Pratap]] as Rahul
* Disha Danade as Anjali; Rahul's wife
* Atharva Sanjay as Manish
* [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] as Mohan's employer
* Sandeep Juwatkar as Madan
* Meera Sarang as Madhuri; Madan's wife
* Vandana Marathe as Aaji
* Madhavi Juvekar as Shanta
* Vijay Nikam as Police Inspector

== Reception ==
=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
* 17 September 2017<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-05|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/shruti-marathe-ki-shaadi/articleshow/61515785.cms|title=Shruti Marathe ki Shaadi - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref>
* 10 November 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-MB-jago-mohan-pyare-serial-completed-100th-episode-5764368-PHO.html|title='जागो मोहन प्यारे' मालिकेने पूर्ण केले १०० एपिसोड्स, पाहा सेटवरील कलाकरांची धमालमस्ती|website=Divya Marathi|access-date=2022-10-23|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 39
|2018
|3.1
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-18|title=Jaago Mohan Pyare completes 200 episodes, Shruti Marathe talks about her journey - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jago-mohan-completes-200-episodes-shruti-marathe-talks-about-her-journey/articleshow/63816374.cms|access-date=2022-10-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 42
|2018
|3.4
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-30|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tula-pahate-re-secures-the-second-position-on-trp-charts-jago-mohan-pyare-enters-the-top-5-list/articleshow/66425605.cms|title=Tula Pahate Re secures the second position on TRP charts; Jaago Mohan Pyare enters the top 5 list - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt10270594}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/jaago-mohan-pyare/0-6-641 ''Jaago Mohan Pyare''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]

List of synagogues in India

2025-05-30T16:32:48Z

TiffaniKellum:

{{Short description|none}}
This is list of [[synagogues]] in [[India]], organised by state.
{{incomplete list|date=November 2024}}






== Gujarat ==
* [[Magen Abraham Synagogue]]




== Kerala ==
{{also|List of synagogues in Kerala}}
* [[Chendamangalam Synagogue]]
* [[Karl Damschen]]
* [[Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue]]
* [[Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue]]
* [[Kochangadi Synagogue]]
* [[Madras Synagogue]]
* [[Mala Synagogue]]
* [[Paradesi Synagogue]]
* [[Paravur Synagogue]]
* [[Thekkumbhagam Synagogue|Thekkumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue]]
* Thekkumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue<ref name=cochinsyn_tekku_erna>{{cite web |url=http://cochinsyn.com/page-tekku.html |title=Tekkumbagam Synagogue, Ernakulam |author=Waronker, Jay A. |publisher=Friends of Kerala Synagogues |year=2011 }}</ref>

== Maharashtra ==
{{also|List of synagogues in Maharashtra}}
* Magen Aboth Synagogue<ref>{{cite web |title=Magen Aboth Synagogue |url=http://indianjews.org/en/research/jewish-sites-in-india/66-magen-aboth-synagogue |accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Nariman House]]
* [[Ohel David Synagogue]]

=== Mumbai ===
{{also|:Category:Synagogues in Mumbai{{!}}List of synagogues in Mumbai}}
* Beth El Synagogue<ref>{{cite web |title=Beth El Synagogue |url=http://indianjews.org/en/research/jewish-sites-in-india/65-beth-el-panvel-synagogue |website=Indian Jewish Heritage Centre |accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Gate of Mercy Synagogue]]
* [[Knesset Eliyahoo|Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue]]
* [[Magen David Synagogue (Byculla)]]
* Magen Hasidim Synagogue<ref>{{cite web |title=Magen Hassidim Synagogue |url=http://www.indianjews.org/en/research/jewish-sites-in-india/48-magen-hassidim-synagogue |website=Indian Jewish Heritage Centre |accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>
* Shaar Hashamaim Synagogue<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Freny |title=137-yr-old synagogue lets us pass through the gates of history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/137-yr-old-synagogue-lets-us-pass-through-the-gates-of-history/articleshow/59343209.cms |accessdate=31 March 2020 |work=Times of India |date=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shaar Hashamaim Synagogue |url=http://indianjews.org/en/research/jewish-sites-in-india/64-shaar-hashamaim-synagogue |website=Indian Jewish Heritage Centre |accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>
* Share Rason Synagogue<ref>{{cite web |title=Share Raso Synagogue |url=http://indianjews.org/en/research/jewish-sites-in-india/47-shaar-rason-synagogue |website=Indian Jewish Heritage Center |accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>
* Tephereth Israel Synagogue<ref>{{cite web |title=Tephereth Israel Synagogue |url=http://www.indianjews.org/en/research/jewish-sites-in-india/60-tiphereth-israel-synagogue |website=Indian Jewish Heritage Centre |accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref>













== West Bengal ==
* [[Beth El Synagogue (Kolkata)]]
* [[Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)]]

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Judaism}}}}
* [[History of the Jews in India]]
* [[:Category:Lists of synagogues in India|Lists of synagogues in India]]
* [[Synagogues in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Synagogues in India}}

[[Category:Lists of synagogues in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures in India|Synagogues]]
[[Category:Lists of synagogues by country|India]]

2024 Women's Premier League (cricket) final

2025-05-04T13:25:27Z

TiffaniKellum: Done

{{short description|2024 WPL cricket tournament final in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
|title = 2024 Women's Premier League Final
|image=TATA_WPL_final_2024_Poster.jpg
|imagesize=250 px
| event = [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 Women's Premier League]]
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team1score = 113
| team1overs = 18.3 overs
| team2score = 115/2
| team2overs = 19.3 overs
| details = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 8 wickets
| date = 17 March 2024
| stadium = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]]
| city = [[New Delhi]]|
| man_of_the_match = [[Sophie Molineux]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| attendance = 29,717<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=C4n0KHFPxpD |user=wplt20 |title=Attendance for tonight's #TATAWPL #Final at the Arun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi 🏟️ |first=Women's Premier League (WPL) |last= |author=Women's Premier League |author-link=Women's Premier League (cricket) |date=17 March 2024}}</ref>
| previous = [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket) final|2023]]
| next = [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket) final|2025]]
}}

The '''2024 Women's Premier League Final''' was played on 17 March 2024 at the [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]]. The runner-up of [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|previous season]] and table topper of this season, [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-14 |title=Delhi Capitals defeat Gujarat Giants by seven wickets to take direct flight to WPL final |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/delhi-capitals-defeat-gujarat-giants-by-seven-wickets-to-take-direct-flight-to-wpl-final/articleshow/108473688.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> played in the final against the winner of this season's [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)#Eliminator|Eliminator]], [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL 2024 Eliminator: Mumbai Indians Heartbroken as Royal Challengers Bangalore Turn Fortunes to Storm into Final - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/wpl-2024-eliminator-mumbai-indians-heartbroken-as-royal-challengers-bangalore-turn-fortunes-to-storm-into-final-8817312.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> to decide the winner of the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 season]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.wplt20.com/news/bengaluru-and-delhi-to-host-tata-wpl-2024 |title= Bengaluru and Delhi to host TATA WPL 2024| date=14 February 2024 |work=Women's Premier League |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref>

[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] won the match and the maiden title by defeating [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] by eight wickets.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/wpl/royal-challengers-bangalore-wins-wpl-2024-womens-premier-league-beats-delhi-capitals-dc-vs-rcb-news/article67961118.ece |title= RCB wins its first title across leagues as Smriti Mandhana's side beats DC in WPL 2024| date=17 March 2024 |work=Sportstar |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>

== Background ==
On 14 February 2024, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] announced the schedule for the 2024 season of the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]. [[Bengaluru]] and [[Delhi]] hosted the whole season with the playoffs and the Final being played at the [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":0" />

== Road to the final ==
{{See also|Delhi Capitals in 2024 (WPL)|2024 Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL) season}}

Delhi Capitals began their campaign with a loss against Mumbai Indians, in their first game at the Chinnaswamy stadium in Bengaluru. However, they regained momentum by securing victories against UP Warriorz and Royal Challengers Bengaluru, propelled them forward with 4 points. Their winning streak continued as they won against Gujarat Giants and Mumbai Indians, accumulating a total of 8 points, as they moved to the Delhi leg of the league stage. Despite a loss against UP Warriorz, they managed to top the table with two successive wins against Royal Challengers Bangalore and Gujarat Giants. They made it to the finals as the leaders of the points table at the end of the league stage.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=WPL {{!}} 2023/24 Women's Premier League {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207151328/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}} </ref>

Royal Challengers Bengaluru commenced their league stage campaign with a win against UP Warriorz, followed by a victory against Gujarat Giants, before losing to Delhi Capitals and Mumbai Indians back to back. They had a mixed showing in the second segment of the league stage in Delhi, winning two games while losing two games to Gujarat and Delhi. They made it to the playoffs stage where they defeated Mumbai Indians in the eliminator game to make it to the finals.<ref name=":4" />{{dead link|date=March 2024}}{{Clear}}

{| style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! colspan="4" |[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
!vs
! colspan="4" |[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! colspan="9" |[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)#League stage|League Stage]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
| Points
|Match No.
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
| Points
|-
| style="text-align:center;margin:auto;" |[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|23 February 2024
|Lost
!-
| style="background:#C1E0FF" | 1
| style="text-align:center" |[[UP Warriorz]]
|24 February 2024
|Won
|2
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[UP Warriorz (WPL)|UP Warriorz]]
|26 February 2024
|Won
| 2
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |2
| style="text-align:center" |[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
|27 February 2024
|Won
|4
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|29 February 2024
|Won
|4
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |3
| style="text-align:center" |[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|29 February 2024
|Lost
|4
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
|3 March 2024
|Won
|6
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |4
| style="text-align:center" |[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|2 March 2024
|Lost
|4
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|5 March 2024
|Won
|8
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |5
| style="text-align:center" |[[UP Warriorz (WPL)|UP Warriorz]]
|4 March 2024
|Won
|6
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[UP Warriorz (WPL)|UP Warriorz]]
|8 March 2024
|Lost
|8
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |6
| style="text-align:center" |[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
|6 March 2024
|Lost
|6
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|10 March 2024
|Won
|10
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |7
| style="text-align:center" |[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|10 March 2024
|Lost
|6
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
|13 March 2024
|Won
|12
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |8
| style="text-align:center" |[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|12 March 2024
|Won
|8
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:left;background:#C1E0FF;" |{{#invoke: Women'sPremierLeagueProgression
|create

|L1, W4, W7, W10, W12, L15, W17, W20


|U, L22


|W2, W5, L7, L9, W11, L13, L17, W19


|W21, W22


|caption=League progression
|teams=Delhi Capitals, Royal Challengers Bengaluru
|knockoutType=1
|matchesPerTeam=8
|matchReportArticle=2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! colspan="9" |[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)#Playoffs|Playoff stage]]
|- style="align:center;background:#C1E0FF"
! colspan="9" |{{#section:2024_Women's_Premier_League_(cricket)|playoffs}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="align:center" |Qualified for the finals<ref name=":1" />
! colspan="5" |[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)#Eliminator|Elimator]]
|- style="align:center;background:#C1E0FF"
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |
|Opponent
|Scorecard
| colspan="2" |Result
|-
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |9
|[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|15 March 2024
| colspan="2" |Won
|- style="vertical-align:center;background:#C1E0FF"
! colspan="9" |2024 Women's Premier League final
|}

== Match ==

=== Match officials ===
* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': Abhijit Bhattacharya and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': Parashar Joshi
* '''[[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]''': [[Pashchim Pathak]]
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[G. S. Lakshmi]]
* '''[[Toss (cricket)|Toss]]''': Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to bat.

=== Summary ===
{{#section:2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|match22}}

=== Delhi Capitals innings ===
Delhi Capitals Women won the toss and elected to bat first against Royal Challengers Bengaluru Women. The innings kicked off with promising starts from [[Meg Lanning]] and [[Shafali Verma]], but soon faced a setback when Lanning fell victim to a lbw delivery by [[Shreyanka Patil]] after scoring 23 runs. Verma, however, showcased a brilliant display of batting, scoring 44 runs off just 27 deliveries, including 2 fours and 3 sixes, before being caught by [[Georgia Wareham]] off [[Sophie Molineux]]'s bowling.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=DC-W vs RCB-W, Women's Premier League 2023/24, Final at Delhi, March 17, 2024 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/delhi-capitals-women-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-women-final-1417737/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-16 |title=Listen: WPL final - Delhi Capitals v Royal Challengers Bangalore |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/cricket/68563868 |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> The batting order suffered a collapse with quick dismissals of [[Jemimah Rodrigues]], [[Alice Capsey]], and [[Marizanne Kapp]], all falling without adding any significant score, and the Capitals at 81 for the loss of six wickets. Despite contributions from Radha Yadav, Minnu Mani, and Arundhati Reddy, the team struggled to build partnerships. For the Royal Challengers, Patil and Molineux claimed 4 and 3 wickets respectively, while Asha Sobhana also chipped in with 2 crucial dismissals.<ref name=":2" />

Delhi Capitals Women managed to post a total of 113 runs in their allotted 20 overs, with Shikha Pandey remaining unbeaten on 5 runs. However, the innings was marked by a lack of substantial partnerships and a flurry of wickets, causing their run rate to stagnate around 6.10. Royal Challengers Bengaluru Women's bowlers displayed a disciplined performance, and ensuring regular breakthroughs.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Royal Challengers Bengaluru innings ===
Chasing 114 to win, Royal Challengers Bengaluru Women embarked on their innings with Smriti Mandhana and Sophie Devine at the crease. Mandhana anchored the innings with a knock of 31 runs off 39 deliveries before being caught by Arundhati Reddy off Minnu Mani's bowling. Devine, on the other hand, provided the much-needed impetus to the innings, scoring a brisk 32 runs off 27 deliveries before being dismissed lbw by Shikha Pandey. However, their partnership laid a solid foundation for the chase. Ellyse Perry took charge of the innings thereafter, displaying her experience and skill to remain unbeaten on 35 runs off 37 balls, steering her team closer to victory. Richa Ghosh scored a quickfire 17 runs off 14 deliveries, ensuring there were no hiccups towards the end of the innings. Royal Challengers Bangalore Women chased down the target with 3 balls to spare, finishing at 115/2 in 19.3 overs, clinching the championship title of the 2024 Women's Premier League.<ref name=":2" />

Royal Challengers' [[Sophie Molineux]] was declared the player of the match.<ref name=":2" />

=== Scorecard ===
Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref name=":2" />
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title=Delhi Capitals innings}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Meg Lanning]] |status=lbw Patil |runs=23 |balls=23 |4s=3 |6s=0 |strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shafali Verma]] |status=c Wareham b Molineux |runs=44 |balls=27 |4s=2 |6s=3 |strike_rate=162.96}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jemimah Rodrigues]] |status=b Molineux |runs=0 |balls=2 |4s=0 |6s=0 |strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Alice Capsey]] |status=b Molineux |runs=0 |balls=1 |4s=0 |6s=0 |strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Marizanne Kapp]] |status=c Devine b Asha |runs=8 |balls=16 |4s=0 |6s=0 |strike_rate=50.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jess Jonassen]] |status=c Mandhana b Asha |runs=3|balls=11|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=27.27}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Radha Yadav]] |status=run out Molineux |runs=12|balls=9|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=133.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Minnu Mani]] |status=lbw Patil |runs=5|balls=3|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=166.67}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Arundhati Reddy]] |status=b Patil|runs=10|balls=13|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=76.92}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player= [[Shikha Pandey]]|status=not out|runs=5|balls=5|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player= [[Taniya Bhatia]]|status=c Ghosh b Patil|runs=0|balls=1|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
|colspan="4"| Extras 3 (wd 3) '''Total 113 (18.3 overs)'''
| 8
| 3
| 5.65 RR
{{Cricket match box end}}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 64/1 (S. Verma, 7.1 ov), 64/2 (J. Rodrigues, 7.3 ov), 64/3 (A. Capsey, 7.4 ov), 74/4 (M. Lanning, 10.4 ov), 80/5 (M. Kapp, 13.1 ov), 81/6 (J. Jonassen, 13.3 ov), 87/7 (M. Mani, 14.1 ov), 101/8 (R. Yadav, 16.2 ov), 113/9 (A. Reddy, 18.2 ov), 113/10 (T. Bhatia, 18.3 ov)
{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] |overs=2 |maiden=0 |runs=28 |wickets=0 |econ=14.00 |wides=2 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Sophie Molineux]] |overs=4 |maiden=0 |runs=20 |wickets=3 |econ=5.00 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ellyse Perry]] |overs=2 |maiden=0 |runs=14 |wickets=0 |econ=7.00 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Sophie Devine]] |overs=1 |maiden=0 |runs=9 |wickets=0 |econ=9.00 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Georgia Wareham]] |overs=3 |maiden=0 |runs=16 |wickets=0 |econ=5.33 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Shreyanka Patil]] |overs=3.3 |maiden=0 |runs=12 |wickets=4 |econ=3.42 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Sobhana Asha]] |overs=3 |maiden=0 |runs=14 |wickets=2 |econ=4.66 |wides=1 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru innings}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Smriti Mandhana]] |status=c Reddy b Mani |runs=31 |balls=39 |4s=3 |6s=0 |strike_rate=79.49}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Sophie Devine]] |status=lbw Pandey |runs=32 |balls=27 |4s=5 |6s=1 |strike_rate=118.52}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ellyse Perry]] |status=not out |runs=35 |balls=37 |4s=4 |6s=0 |strike_rate=94.59}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Richa Ghosh]] |status=not out |runs=17 |balls=14 |4s=2 |6s=0 |strike_rate=121.43}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Sabbineni Meghana]] |status=did not bat |runs= |balls= |4s= |6s= |strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Georgia Wareham]] |status=did not bat |runs= |balls= |4s= |6s= |strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Sophie Molineux]] |status=did not bat |runs= |balls= |4s= |6s= |strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Disha Kasat]] |status=did not bat |runs= |balls= |4s= |6s= |strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shreyanka Patil]] |status=did not bat |runs= |balls= |4s= |6s= |strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Sobhana Asha]] |status=did not bat |runs= |balls= |4s= |6s= |strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] |status=did not bat |runs= |balls= |4s= |6s= |strike_rate=}}
|colspan="4"| Extras 0 '''Total 115/2 (19.3 overs)'''
| 14
| 1
| 5.89 RR
{{Cricket match box end}}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 49/1 (S. Devine, 8.1 ov), 82/2 (S. Mandhana, 14.6 ov)
{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title=Delhi Capitals bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Marizanne Kapp]] |overs=4 |maiden=0 |runs=20 |wickets=0 |econ=5.00 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Alice Capsey]] |overs=3 |maiden=0 |runs=13 |wickets=0 |econ=4.33 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Shikha Pandey]] |overs=4 |maiden=0 |runs=11 |wickets=1 |econ=2.75 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Radha Yadav]] |overs=1 |maiden=0 |runs=18 |wickets=0 |econ=18.00 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Arundhati Reddy]] |overs=3.3 |maiden=0 |runs=26 |wickets=0 |econ=7.42 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Jess Jonassen]] |overs=2 |maiden=0 |runs=15 |wickets=0 |econ=7.50 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Minnu Mani]] |overs=2 |maiden=0 |runs=12 |wickets=1 |econ=6.00 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.wplt20.com/}}
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373 Series home] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]
{{2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{Navbox|title=2024 Women's Premier League finalists|basestyle=background:#2E5894;color:#ffffff
|list1={{Delhi Capitals (WPL)}}{{Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)}}}}
{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women's Premier League final, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2023–24]]
[[Category:March 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) finals]]

Pattampoochi

2025-04-19T13:21:40Z

TiffaniKellum:

'''Pattampoochi''' ({{Lit|Butterfly}}) may refer to:
* [[Pattampoochi (1975 film)|''Pattampoochi'' (1975 film)]], an Indian Tamil-language drama film
* [[Pattampoochi (2022 film)|''Pattampoochi'' (2022 film)]], an Indian Tamil-language period psychological action thriller film by Badri

{{dab}}

Calcutta flag

2025-04-09T20:18:17Z

TiffaniKellum:

{{short description|Unofficial flag of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Flag of India 1906 (Calcutta Flag).svg|thumb|220px|The Calcutta Flag]]
[[File:Flag of India 1907 (Nationalists Flag).svg|thumb|220px|The alternative version.]]
The '''Calcutta flag''' was one of the first unofficial [[Flag of India|flags of India]]. It was designed by [[Sachindra Prasad Bose]] and [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] and unfurled on 7 August 1906 at Parsi Bagan Square (Greer Park), [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Our national flag|last=Singh, K. V.|date=2007|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|oclc=1110172419}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=জাতীয় পতাকার প্রথম রূপকার হেমচন্দ্র কানুনগো আজও ইতিহাসে উপেক্ষিত |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/west-midnapore/hemchandra-kanungo-the-first-designer-of-the-national-flag-is-still-neglected-in-history-pbd-866078.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-16 |title=Parsi Bagan Lane: A Land Of Freedom Struggle - Asiana Times |url=https://asianatimes.com/parsi-bagan-lanea-land-of-freedom-struggle/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> The "flag of Indian independence", which was hoisted by [[Madam Bhikaji Cama]] at the International Socialist conference in [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]], was based on Calcutta flag.<ref name=":0" />

The flag had three horizontal bands of equal width with the top being orange, the centre yellow and the bottom green in colour. It had eight half-opened lotus flowers on the top stripe representing the eight [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces]] of [[British Raj|British India]] and a picture of the sun and an crescent moon on the bottom stripe. {{lang|sa|वन्दे मातरम्}} (''[[Vande Mataram]]'', meaning "Mother, I bow to thee!") was inscribed in the centre in [[Devanagari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Hachette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXenEAAAQBAJ&dq=calcutta+flag&pg=PT223 |title=Limca Book of Records 2023 |date=2023-01-22 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-93701-49-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-08-14 |title=75th Independence Day: History and Significance of Indian Flag |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/75th-independence-day-history-and-significance-of-indian-flag-11660448998750.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian flags|Flags of India]]
{{Spoken Bharatpedia|Calcuttaflag.ogg|date=2006-05-07}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Flags of India]]
[[Category:20th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Unofficial flags]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1906]]
[[Category:1906 in India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}
{{asia-flag-stub}}

Miran Sahib Assembly constituency

2025-01-24T15:33:00Z

TiffaniKellum: Added A Data...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{One source|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Miran Sahib
| type= SLA
| state = Jammu and Kashmir
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 17,174
| mla = Kulbir Singh
| party = {{Party index link|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Miran Sahib Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-

|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Kulbir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Miran Sahib<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulbir Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,317 |percentage=49.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,244 |percentage=17.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachan Singh Panchhi |party=Jammu Praja Parishad |votes=1,823 |percentage=14.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,636 |percentage=12.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhola Nath |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=451 |percentage=3.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurmukh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=182 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,073 |percentage=32.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,653 |percentage=76.03% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,174 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{JammuandKashmir-geo-stub}}

Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971

2024-10-30T01:43:36Z

TiffaniKellum: small enhanced content after review additionally and added references

#REDIRECT [[Bangladesh Liberation War order of battle: Pakistan]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Mohammad Imlaq Khan

2024-09-24T00:04:18Z

TiffaniKellum: Added New Page...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Imlaq Khan
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] [[Bahraich]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2023}}

'''Mohammad Imlaq Khan''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]. He represents the constituency [[Bahraich]] as a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammad Imlaq Khan(Samajwadi Party(SP)):(LOCAL AUTHORITIES) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/upmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=130|access-date=2022-01-27|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Assembly Election Results Dates Candidate List Opinion/Exit Poll Latest News, Political Consulting Survey Election Campaign Management Company India|url=https://infoelections.com/infoelection/up-news/7229-up-mlc-result.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=infoelections.com|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U P Vidhan Parishad|url=http://www.stage-vp.srmtechsol.com/government/page/members_legislative_council_with_permanent_local_addresses|access-date=2022-01-27|website=www.stage-vp.srmtechsol.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mohammad Imlaq}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

State Highway 27 (Rajasthan)

2024-08-26T09:25:22Z

TiffaniKellum: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Road in Rajasthan, India}}
{{No footnotes|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=SH
|route= 27
|state=Rajasthan
|length_km= 72
|direction_a=North-East
|direction_b=South-West
|terminus_a= [[Sirohi]], [[Rajasthan]]
|destinations= [[Reodar]], Mandar, Kuchavada, Kherda
|terminus_b= [[Deesa]], [[Gujarat]]
|junction=
|districts=[[Sirohi district|Sirohi]]
}}
'''State Highway 27''' ('''RJ SH 27''') is a State Highway in [[Rajasthan]] state of [[India]] that connects [[Sirohi]] in [[Sirohi district]] of [[Rajasthan]] with [[Deesa]] in [[Banaskantha district]] of [[Gujarat]]. The total length of RJ SH 27 is 72 km.

This highway connects [[National Highway 14 (India)|National Highway 14]] in [[Sirohi]] to [[National Highway 14 (India)|National Highway 14]] again in [[Deesa]]. Other cities and towns on this highway are: [[Reodar]], Mandar, Kuchavada and Kherda.

==References==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101215135734/http://pwd.rajasthan.gov.in/uploads/files/0405200962915PMlist%20of%20SH.pdf State Highway]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rj Sh 27}}

[[Category:Sirohi district]]

[[Category:State highways in Rajasthan]]