Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Nicole Rodrigues

2026-05-07T11:28:12Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting the stub with sources...

{{short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1973)}}
{{COI|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nicole Rodrigues
| image = Nrodr.webp
| caption = Rodrigues in 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|20 March 1973|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[Harvard]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Manjusha |title=Meet the 'Dubai diva' who went from model to building a business empire |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/meet-the-dubai-diva-who-went-from-model-to-building-a-business-empire-1.500085442 |website=Gulf News}}</ref>
| partner = Henrik Larsen
| children = 2
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| title = CEO & Founder Diva Group of Companies
| website = {{URL|nicolerodriguesdubai.com}}
}}

'''Nicole Rodrigues''' (born 20 March 1973) is an Indian entrepreneur based in [[Dubai]], UAE. She is the founder and CEO of Diva Group of Companies. She launched Diva Modelling and Events in 2003.<ref name="sme">{{cite web| url=http://www.smeadvisor.com/2012/05/the-diva-behind-the-brand/| title=The diva behind the brand| author=Joumana Saad| date=3 May 2012| publisher=SME Advisor| accessdate=20 February 2015| archive-date=21 February 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221045250/http://www.smeadvisor.com/2012/05/the-diva-behind-the-brand/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="abiz">{{cite web| url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/photos/2013-s-most-powerful-indian-women-in-gcc-521775.html| title=2013's Most Powerful Indian Women in the GCC| date=6 October 2013| publisher=Arabian Business| accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> After the success of her modelling agency, the company branched out into real estate by starting Diva Holdings.<ref name="alive">{{cite web| url=http://www.ahlanlive.com/hot-100-2011-nicole-rodrigues-101423.html| title=Hot 100 2011: Nicole Rodrigues| date=20 February 2011| publisher=Ahlan Live| accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> As of March 2022, her net worth is estimated at [[USD]] 292 million.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Early life==
Nicole Rodrigues was born and raised in [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India. At age 16, she started her career in modeling. She participated in various inter-college fashion shows and was eventually discovered by [[Vikram Phadnis]], a fashion designer who launched her as a professional model. She then appeared on the covers of various leading magazines like ''Femina'' and ''Health and Nutrition''.<ref name="national">{{cite web| url=http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/the-life/dubai-modelling-agency-is-the-model-of-decorum| archive-url=https://archive.today/20150221011759/http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/the-life/dubai-modelling-agency-is-the-model-of-decorum| url-status=dead| archive-date=21 February 2015| title=Dubai modelling agency is the model of decorum| author=Sananda Sahoo| date=20 November 2012| publisher=The National| accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1995, Rodrigues moved to [[Bahrain]] when she began working for [[Gulf Air]]. There she met, Henrik Larsen, and later moved to [[Copenhagen]] after their first child was born.<ref name=friday/><ref name="gulf">{{cite web| url=http://gulfnews.com/gn-focus/india/nicole-rodrigues-larsen-1.1062468| archive-url=https://archive.today/20150221011656/http://gulfnews.com/gn-focus/india/nicole-rodrigues-larsen-1.1062468| url-status=dead| archive-date=21 February 2015| title=Nicole Rodrigues Larsen| author=Hina Navin| date=16 August 2012| publisher=Gulf News| accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref>

In 2010, Rodrigues' company established NM Investments and further expanded its horizons by venturing into consulting and accounting services.<ref name="forbes">{{cite web| url=http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/lists/people/pname/nicole-rodrigues-larsen/pid/78817| title=Top 100 Indian Leaders in UAE: #73 Nicole Rodrigues Larsen| date=2013| work=Forbes| accessdate=20 February 2015| archive-date=7 June 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607185834/http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/lists/people/pname/nicole-rodrigues-larsen/pid/78817/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="forbes2">{{cite web| url=http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/lists/people/pname/nicole-rodrigues/pid/10325| title=Top Indian leaders in the Arab World 2014 : Top Owners- #94 Nicole Rodrigues| date=2014| work=Forbes| accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> By 2011, Rodrigues added two more business lines, Diva Laundry and Diva Salon. In 2015, she was recognised in the Outstanding Category at the Asia Pacific Entrepreneurship Awards. In 2014, Rodrigues was acknowledged as one of the Forbes Top Indian Leaders in the Arab World. She also won the CEO of the year at the CEO Awards in 2014.<ref name="friday">{{cite web| url=http://fridaymagazine.ae/features/people/former-model-nicole-rodrigues-on-the-secret-of-success-1.1210397| title=Former model Nicole Rodrigues on the secret of success| author=Shiva Kumar Thekkepat| date=19 July 2013| publisher=Friday Magazine| accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> Today, Diva Group of companies is capitalizing on its home grown success and expanding its operations to Qatar, Kuwait, Doha, Bahrain, Turkey, India and Pakistan.<ref name="indie">{{cite web| url=http://www.indiansinkuwait.com/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=28538&SECTION=0| title=LuLu Exchange CEO named Indian CEO of the year 2014 in Financial Services category| date=20 February 2014| publisher=Indian-Kuwait| accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="abiza">{{cite web| url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/ashish-mehta-takes-top-honours-at-indian-ceo-awards-539238.html| title=Ashish Mehta takes top honours at Indian CEO Awards| author=Staff writer| date=18 February 2014| publisher=Arabian Business| accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nicole Rodrigues has two children: a daughter, Victoria Larsen (born 8 September 2002), and a son, Victor Larsen (born 21 September 2005). As of 2026, Victoria Larsen has graduated from Syracuse University in the United States<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Syracuse University |title=Syracuse |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University}}</ref> and is involved in the family business, while her son studies business and entrepreneurship at Babson College in Boston<ref>{{Cite web |last=College |first=Babson |title=Babson College |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College}}</ref>. Rodrigues resides in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.<ref name="ahlan">{{cite web |date=7 July 2010 |title=Nicole Rodrigues Larsen |url=http://www.ahlanlive.com/nicole-rodrigues-larsen-10948.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221033748/http://www.ahlanlive.com/nicole-rodrigues-larsen-10948.html |archive-date=2015-02-21 |accessdate=20 February 2015 |website=ahlanlive.com |publisher=Ahlan Live}}</ref>

==Further reading==
*''Pacesetters 2'' (2013) by Meraj Rizvi<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/new-book-reveals-indian-achievers-in-uae-2013-02-22-1.496055| title=New book reveals Indian achievers in UAE| date=22 February 2013| publisher=Emirates 24/7 News| accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/lives-of-indians-in-uae-portrayed-in-new-glossy-book-1.1149387| title=Lives of Indians in UAE portrayed in new glossy book| author=Faisal Masudi| date=21 February 2013| publisher=Gulf News| accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/inside.asp?xfile=/data/community/2013/February/community_February12.xml&section=community| title=Second book on Indian achievers launched| date=22 February 2013| publisher=Khaleej Times| accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref>
* Revealed: Arabian Business' 50 Inspiring Female Business Leaders (2022) <ref>{{cite news |title=Revealed: Arabian Business' 50 Inspiring Female Business Leaders |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/powerlists/revealed-arabian-business-50-inspiring-women-business-leaders#inspiring-women-leaders-nicole-rodrigues |publisher=Arabian Business-ITP Media Group}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nicolerodriguesdubai.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Nicole}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Dubai]]

Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T00:45:05Z

TiaBurwell25: Article.

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Diamond Harbour {{Small|WB-21}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Diamond Harbour.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1952–Present
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Abhishek_Banerjee_Photo.jpg
| mp = [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| electors = 1,712,612<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref>
| assembly_cons = [[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]] [[Falta Assembly constituency|Falta]] [[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachhia]] [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]] [[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]] [[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]] [[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]
}}

'''Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|Parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Diamond Harbour]] in [[West Bengal]]. All seven legislative assembly segments of No. 21 Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency are in [[South 24 Parganas]] district.

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. '''Diamond Harbour''', 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following legislative assembly segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Party]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|143
|[[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|rowspan="7" |[[South 24 Parganas]]
|[[Pannalal Halder]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|144
|[[Falta Assembly constituency|Falta]]
!colspan=3|Vacant{{efn|Polling to be conducted on 21 May 2026.}}
|-
|145
|[[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachhia]]
|Agniswar Naskar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|146
|[[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur (SC)]]
|[[Dilip Mondal]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|155
|[[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]]
|Subhasish Das
|-
|156
|[[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
|-
|157
|[[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]
|[[Abdul Khaleque Molla]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Kamal Basu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[Purnendu Sekhar Naskar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Purnendu Sekhar Naskar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Kansari Halder]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Sudhansu Bhushan Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Jyotirmoy Basu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=12}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|1982^
| rowspan="4"|[[Amal Datta]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Samik Lahiri]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Somen Mitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==

===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Diamond Harbour]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Diamond Harbour">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Diamond Harbour |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2521.htm |access-date=13 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713174150/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2521.htm |archive-date=13 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Diamond Harbour Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Diamond Harbour Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/diamond-harbour |access-date=13 July 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713174230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/diamond-harbour |archive-date=13 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:1048230}}
|percentage = 68.48
|change ={{increase}}12.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abhijit Das|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:337300}}|percentage=22.03|change={{decrease}}11.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pratikur Rahman|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:86953}}|percentage=5.68|change={{decrease}}0.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Majnu Laskar|party=Indian Secular Front|votes={{formatnum:21139}}|percentage=1.38|change={{increase}}1.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=NOTA|votes={{formatnum:10188}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:710930}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:1530817}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Diamond Harbour]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 791,127
|percentage = 56.15
|change = +15.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nilanjan Roy
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 470,533
|percentage = 33.39
|change = +17.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Fuad Halim
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 93,941
|percentage = 6.67
|change = -28.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Soumya Aich Roy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 19,828
|percentage = 1.41
|change = -3.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md. Goribulla Molla
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,911
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ajay Ghosh
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 1,846
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 16,247
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 320,594
|percentage = 22.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,409,373
|percentage = 81.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: Diamond Harbour <ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 508,481
|percentage = 40.31
|change = -13.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Abul Hasnat (Magrahat Paschim politician)|Dr. Abul Hasnat]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=437,187|percentage=34.66|change=-4.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Abhijit Das|votes=200,858|percentage=15.92|change=+12.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Md. Qamaruzzaman Qamar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=63,047|percentage=5.00|change=+5.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ranu Mondal]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=8,740|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nirapada Sardar]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=6,634|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Moly Mondal]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=6,633|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sk Samim]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=3,607|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nazma Yasmeen]]|party=Welfare Party of India|votes=3,272|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dilip Kumar Mondal]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,892|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ajay Ghosh|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=2,529|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Jaynal Abedin Mondal]]|party=Indian Union Muslim League|votes=1,856|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Samir Putatunda]]|party=Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|votes=1,322|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Habibur Rahman Molla]]|party=Rashtriya Janasachetan Party|votes=1,260|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Alok Sen]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=977|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above|party=None of the Above|votes=10,657|percentage=0.84|change=---}}
{{Election box majority|votes=71,298|percentage=5.65|change=-8.74}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,61,296|percentage=81.06|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election|General Election, 2009]]: Diamond Harbour<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Somen Mitra]]
|votes = 564,612
|percentage = 53.56
|change = +20.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Samik Lahiri]]|votes=412,923|percentage=39.17|change=-12.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Abhijit Das|votes=37,542|percentage=2.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Ranu Mondal]]
|votes = 9,966
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Sk Nasiruddin]]|votes=7,486|percentage=0.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=[[Harunal Rashid Kaji]]|votes=7,187|percentage=0.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[R.N. Chaudhury]]|votes=4,989|percentage=0.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Jahangir Sk]]
|votes = 4,282
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = ABP
|candidate = [[Shyamal Mondal]]
|votes = 2,664
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Mohan Chandra Naskar]]
|votes = 2,535
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=151,689|percentage=14.39|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,054,112|percentage=80.94|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election|General Election, 2004]]: Diamond Harbour<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Samik Lahiri]]
|votes = 430,890
|percentage = 51.60
|change = + 3.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Saugata Roy|Sougata Roy]]
|votes = 277,106
|percentage = 33.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Daulat Ali Sheikh
|votes = 92,807
|percentage = 11.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Nabakumar Betal]]
|votes = 8427
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Somashree Betal]]
|votes = 5559
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National League
|candidate = [[Palas Karmakar]]
|votes = 4989
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Ranu Mondal]]
|votes = 5559
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|candidate = [[Moly Mondal]]
|votes = 4455
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Bipro Das Adhikari]]
|votes = 4001
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Bangla Congress]]
|candidate = [[Mala Banerjee]]
|votes = 3663
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|candidate = [[Sheikh Nazrul Islam]]
|votes = 3411
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Sk Samim]]
|votes = 2592
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 153,784
|percentage = 18.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,35,475
|percentage = 75.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Diamond Harbour<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Samik Lahiri]]
|votes = 402,761
|percentage = 47.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sardar Amjad Ali]]
|votes = 331,598
|percentage = 39.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Daulat Ali Sheikh
|votes = 106,344
|percentage = 12.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Ranu Mondal]]
|votes = 1165
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = [[Bhola Sardar]]
|votes = 1088
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = [[Somashree Betal]]
|votes = 814
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Moly Gomes]]
|votes = 572
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 71,163
|percentage = 8.3%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,58,209
|percentage = 75.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Diamond Harbour<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Samik Lahiri]]
|votes = 405,048
|percentage = 45.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]]
|votes = 344,092
|percentage = 39.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Maya Ghosh]]
|votes = 124,335
|percentage = 14.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Shahadat Hossain Jamadar]]
|votes = 3210
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = [[Ranu Mondal]]
|votes = 2229
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = [[Ranendra Kumar Gupta]]
|votes = 1550
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Sambhu Mondal]]
|votes = 640
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 60,956
|percentage = 6.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,96,052
|percentage = 79.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Diamond Harbour<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Samik Lahiri]]
|votes = 411,844
|percentage = 47.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sardar Amjad Ali]]
|votes = 389,318
|percentage = 44.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dulal Chaudhuri
|votes = 55,518
|percentage = 6.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = MUL
|candidate = [[Ruhulamine Mollick]]
|votes = 4365
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Arjun Kapoor]]
|votes = 3381
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = [[Gyanananda Samanta]]
|votes = 2139
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Samima Sk]]
|votes = 2010
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 22,526
|percentage = 2.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,89,735
|percentage = 80.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 1951-2004===
Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency was a double-member constituency in 1951 and 1957. Since then it is a single-member constituency. Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Winner
|
!Runner-up
|-
|
!
!Party
!Candidate
!Party
|-
|1951
|[[Kamal Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Purnendu Sekhar Naskar]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Mahabir Prosad]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|1957
|[[Kansari Halder]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Purnendu Sekhar Naskar]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kamal Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1962
|[[Sudhansu Bhusan Das]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kamal Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1967
|[[Jyotirmoy Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Sudhansu Bhusan Das]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1971
|[[Jyotirmoy Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Amar Prosad Bandopadhyay]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1977
|[[Jyotirmoy Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Biren Mahanti]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title = General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1980
|[[Jyotirmoy Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[A K M Ishaque]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name =loksabha1980>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title = General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1984
|[[Amal Datta]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Sudhendu Mundle]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title = General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1989
|[[Amal Datta]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Maya Ghosh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title = General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1991
|[[Amal Datta]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Maya Ghosh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title = General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1996
|[[Samik Lahiri]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Amjad Ali Sardar]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|[[Samik Lahiri]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|[[Samik Lahiri]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Amjad Ali Sardar]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|[[Samik Lahiri]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Saugata Roy]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Diamond Harbour]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/diamond_harbour/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Diamond Harbour lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{Coord|22.1910091|N|88.1904741|E|display=title|region:IN-WB|format=dms}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Diamond Harbour, India]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]

Abhijeet Khandkekar

2026-05-06T07:56:53Z

TiaBurwell25:

{{Short description|Indian actor and host (born. 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhijeet Khandkekar
| image = Abhijeet Khandkekar.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = Abhijeet in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|07|7|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Abhijeet Khandkekar's birthday is here!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/birthday-boy-abhijeet-khandkekar-receives-warm-wishes-from-actors-anita-date-shreya-bugde-and-others/articleshow/76834480.cms|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| known_for = ''[[Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena]]'' ''[[Mazhya Navryachi Bayko]]'' ''[[Maharashtracha Superstar]]''
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|RJ|Host}}
| years_active = 2010 - present
| spouse = {{marriage|Sukhada Deshpande|2013}}
| children =
}}
'''Abhijeet Khandkekar''' is a [[Radio personality|RJ]], anchor and Marathi television and film actor, known for ''[[Mazhya Navryachi Bayko]]'' and ''[[Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena]]''. Currently He is playing role of Malhar Kamat in [[Star Pravah]]'s TV series ''[[Tuzech Mi Geet Gaat Aahe]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title='माझ्या नवऱ्याची बायको'मधील गॅरी उर्फ अभिजीत खांडकेकर लॉकडाउनमध्ये करतोय ही गोष्ट|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/thing-gary-aka-abhijit-khandkekar-my-husbands-wife-doing-lockdown/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Throwback Thursday: Actor Abhijeet Khandkekar gets nostalgic about Mazhiya Priyala Preet Kalena days - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/throwback-thursday-actor-abhijeet-khandkekar-gets-nostalgic-about-mazhiya-priyala-preet-kalena-days/articleshow/69359348.cms|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Abhijeet married Sukhada Khandkekar in 2013, who is also an actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-28|title=Abhijeet Khandkekar wife and actress Sukhda Khandkekar|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2117614/marathi-actor-abhijeet-khandkekar-wife-and-actress-sukhada-khandkekar-photos-ssj-93/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=7 Pics That Prove Abhijit Khandkekar Is A Devoted Husband Unlike Gurunath|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/7-pics-that-prove-abhijit-khandkekar-is-a-devoted-husband-unlike-gurunath|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[ZEE5]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Media image ==
He was ranked twentieth in ''[[The Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s Top 20 Most Desirable Men of Maharashtra in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra's Most Desirable Men 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2017/pune-times-most-desirable-men|date=2018-03-06|access-date=2021-06-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> He was ranked eleventh in ''[[The Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s Top 15 Most Desirable Men on Marathi Television in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The hottest men of Marathi TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/the-hottest-men-of-marathi-tv/articleshow/67915452.cms|access-date=2021-07-14|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> He was ranked twentieth in ''[[The Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s Top 30 Most Desirable Men of Maharashtra in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Make way for Maharashtra's Most Desirable men of 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/make-way-for-maharashtras-most-desirable-men-of-2019/articleshow/74402558.cms|date=2020-02-29|access-date=2021-06-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Abhijeet Khandkekar was born on 7 July 1986 in [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]] and got his first break in ''[[Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena]]'' which was aired on [[Zee Marathi]] in 2010–2011.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} He made his debut in film with ''[[Jai Maharashtra Dhaba Bhatinda]]'' film. He has also played various roles in ''Bhay, Baba, Me Pan Sachin, [[Mamachya Gavala Jaaoo Yaa]]'', etc.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-07|title=Happy Birthday Abhijeet Khandkekar: From 'Bhay' to 'Baba; five best films of the actor you should not miss|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-abhijeet-khandkekar-from-bhay-to-baba-five-best-films-of-the-actor-you-should-not-miss/photostory/76830027.cms|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> He was last seen in [[Zee Marathi]] serial ''[[Mazhya Navryachi Bayko]]'' from 2016-2021.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2009 - 2010
|''[[Maharashtracha Superstar|Maharashtracha Superstar: Season 1]]''
|Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtracha Superstar: Host Abhijeet Khandkekar and top 10 contestants to shoot for the grand finale soon - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/maharashtracha-superstar-host-abhijeet-khandkekar-and-top-10-contestants-to-shoot-for-the-grand-finale-soon/articleshow/77104722.cms|access-date=2021-02-27|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2010 - 2011
|''[[Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena]]''
|Abhijeet Pendse
|{{fact|date=December 2023}}
|-
|2012
|''Madhu Ethe Ani Chandra Tithe''
|Akash
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Madhu Ethe Ani Chandra Tithe - Marathi Serial - Full Ep - 22 - Mukta Barve, Swapnil - Zee Marathi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2h3lqK37wbo |access-date=2023-10-31 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016 - 2021
|''[[Mazhya Navryachi Bayko]]''
|Gurunath Subhedar
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=काय आहे अभिजीत खांडकेकरचं 'मंडे मोटीव्हेशन'?|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/mazya-navryachi-bayko-actor-abhijit-khandkekar-talking-about-his-monday-moivation/articleshow/78357348.cms|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]''
|Host
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2018 Winners List - ZEE5 News|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-marathi-awards-2018-winners-list-tula-pahate-re-mazhya-navryachi-bayko-win-big|access-date=2021-07-13|website=[[ZEE5]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kanala Khada]]''
|Himself as a Guest
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhijeet Khandkekar proposes to his wife in the most romantic way; See video - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/abhijeet-khandkekar-proposes-to-his-wife-in-the-most-romantic-way-see-video/articleshow/67215704.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]''
| rowspan="3" |Host
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Award 2019 Full Winners List - ZEE5 News|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-marathi-utsav-natyancha-award-2019-full-winners-list-asawari-summi-mohan-win-big|access-date=2021-07-13|website=[[ZEE5]]}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Maharashtracha Superstar|Maharashtracha Superstar: Season 2]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=महाराष्ट्राचा सुपरस्टार पर्व २: अभिजीतशी खास बातचीत|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/video/spotlight-abhijeet-khandkekar-on-maharashtracha-supper-star-seasson-2/503855|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2021 - 2022
|''Criminals: Chahul Gunhegaranchi''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Majhya Navryachi Bayko fame abhijeet khandkekar will be act in criminal chahul gunhegaranchi|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/majhya-navryachi-bayko-fame-abhijeet-khandkekar-will-be-act-criminal-chahul-gunhegaranchi-a588/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2022 - 2024
|''[[Tuzech Mi Geet Gaat Aahe]]''
|Malhar Kamat
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijeet Khandkekar to play the male lead opposite Urmila Kothare in Tujhech Me Geet Gaat Aahe - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/abhijeet-khandkekar-to-play-the-male-lead-opposite-urmila-kothare-in-tujhech-me-geet-gaat-aahe/articleshow/90996437.cms |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Aata Hou De Dhingana]]''
|Contestant
|{{fact|date=December 2023}}
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2013
|''[[Jai Maharashtra Dhaba Bhatinda]]''
|Sayaji Nimbalkar
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jai Maharashtra Dhaba Bhatinda Zee Talkies Moviepedia online at ZeeTalkies.com|url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/movies/jai-maharashtra-dhaba-bhatinda.html|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[Zee Talkies]]}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Mamachya Gavala Jaaoo Yaa]]''
|Nandu
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Dhol Taashe]]''
|Amey Karkhanis
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhol Taashe (2015) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/dhol-taashe-21364|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302083821/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/dhol-taashe-21364|url-status=live|archive-date=2 March 2021|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Dhyanimani]]''
|Sameer
|
|-
|2018
|''Bhay''
|Gokul
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Baba''
|Rajan
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-17|title=Baba trailer: An emotional journey of a father and son|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baba-trailer-deepak-dobriyal-sanjay-dutt-5834719/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''Me Pan Sachin''
|Raja
|
|-
|2020
|''Idiot Box''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Idiot Box: 'आयुष्य टीव्हीच्या खोक्यासारखं असतं, कधी चॅनल बदलेल सांगता येत नाही'|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/mx-player-new-marathi-web-series-idiot-box-spruha-joshi-abhijit-khandkekar/articleshow/77065210.cms|access-date=2021-01-28|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Dharmaveer (Marathi film)|Dharmaveer]]''
|[[Dadaji Bhuse]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmaveer Movie Review: Prasad Oak brings Anand Dighe to life in this glorified biopic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/dharmaveer/amp_movie_review/91540762.cms |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Phakaat]]''
|Siddharth Thakur
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phakaat Trailer: LOC ची फाईल लागणार पाकिस्तानच्या हाती..? शहीद जवानांची बाजू मांडणारा 'फकाट' |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/hemant-dhome-suyog-gorhe-starrer-phakaat-movie-trailer-out-now-drj96 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Dharmaveer 2]]''
|[[Dadaji Bhuse]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[[Devmanus (film)|''Devmanus'']]
| Vilas Jedhe
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-10 |title=‘Devmanus’ Trailer: Mahesh Manjrekar, Renuka Shahane, Subodh Bhave set stage for gripping drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/devmanus-trailer-mahesh-manjrekar-renuka-shahane-subodh-bhave-set-stage-for-gripping-drama/articleshow/120097238.cms |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ambat Shaukin]]''
|Bhamre
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''Sakhe Ga Sajani''
|Sid
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakhe Ga Saajani Movie Review: A twist on the love triangle, but passable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sakhe-ga-saajani/movie-review/130083069.cms |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Mardini''
|
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|''Soppa Nasta Kahi''
|Siddharth
|Planet Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zore |first=Suyog |title=Soppa Nasta Kahi review: This pretentious, predictable relationship drama is a letdown |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/soppa-nasta-kahi-47043 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906174625/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/soppa-nasta-kahi-47043 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Cinestaan |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Duranga]]''
|Vikas Sarode
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=2022-08-06 |title='माझ्या नवऱ्याची बायको' फेम अभिनेता अभिजीत खांडकेकरचं ओटीटीवर पदार्पण! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-abhijeet-khandkekar-ott-debut-with-web-series-duranga-on-zee-5-1087196 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Role
!Show
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010
| rowspan="8" |[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
|Best Actor
|rowspan="2"|Abhijeet Pendse
|rowspan="3"|''[[Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena]]''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2010 held recently with a Grand Bash|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-marathi-awards-2010-held-recently-with-a-grand-bash.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626094020/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-marathi-awards-2010-held-recently-with-a-grand-bash.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 June 2021|access-date=2021-06-26|website=}}</ref>
|-
|Best Newcomer Male
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best On-screen Couple
|Abhijeet-Shamika (as Abhijeet Khandkekar - [[Mrunal Dusanis]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|Best Character - Male
| rowspan="7" |Gurunath Subhedar
| rowspan="7" |''[[Mazhya Navryachi Bayko]]''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=megamarathi|date=2016-10-16|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2016 Best Serial Actress Actor Title Track Family|url=https://megamarathi.com/marathi-serials/zee-marathi-awards-2016/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=MegaMarathi.Com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Best Negative Role - Male
|{{Won}}
|-
|2016
|Best Character - Male
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2017 winners list|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/zee-marathi-awards-2017-winners-lagira-zhala-jee-grabs-10-awards-1567407/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| rowspan="2" |Best Negative Role - Male
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2019
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2019 Nominations List|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/zee-marathi-awards-2019-nominations-ssv-92-1982626/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|2nd Majja Digital Awards
|Majjedar Digital Kalakar
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=humans.txt|title=Itsmajja|url=http://marathi.itsmajja.com/fcontent.php?id=166&name=2nd-Majja-Digital-Awards-Television---Winner-List|access-date=2021-07-14|website=marathi.itsmajja.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
|Special Mention
|{{Won|Honored}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guru and Radhika got special award on Zee Marathi Award 2021 {{!}} ZEE5 Latest News|url=https://www.zee5.com/global/news/details/mazya-navryachi-bayko-guru-and-radhika-got-special-award-on-zee-marathi-award-2021/0-0-newsauto_34hh1m11atng|access-date=2021-06-26|website=ZEE5|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm7444999/ Abhijeet Khandkekar] on [[IMDb]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandkekar, Abhijeet}}
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]

Arantangi Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T12:06:44Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting the data more to come.

{{short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{coord|10.1631|N|78.9962|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Arantangi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 183
| map_image = Constitution-Aranthangi.svg
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established = 1951
| district = [[Pudukottai district|Pudukottai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| mla = [[T. Ramachandran (INC politician)|T. Ramachandran]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 229,792
| reservation = None
}}

'''Arantangi''' is a [[constituency]] in the [[Tamil Nadu]] legislative assembly, that includes the city of [[Aranthangi]] in [[Pudukkottai district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> It is a part of [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/18/stories/2009041852630300.htm |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu News : Deprival of Pudukottai Lok Sabha constituency angers chamber |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421145833/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/18/stories/2009041852630300.htm |archive-date=21 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Assembly
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State legislative assembly election|First]]
| 1952
|Mahamad Salihu Maraicair
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras State legislative assembly election|Second]]
| 1957
| S. Ramasami Thevar
|-
| [[1962 Madras State legislative assembly election|Third]]
| 1962
| rowspan="2"| [[A. Durai Arasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras State legislative assembly election|Fourth]]
| 1967
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Assembly
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]
| 1971-77
| S. Ramanathan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| 1977-80
|rowspan="6"| [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| 1980-84
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| 1984-89
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| 1989-91
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tenth]]
| 1991-96
| {{Full party name with color|Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Eleventh]]
| 1996-99
| {{Full party name with color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999–2000 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|Eleventh]]
| 1999-2000*
| [[C. Anbarasan]]*
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Twelfth]]
| 2001-06
| [[P. Arasan]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Thirteenth]]
| 2006-2011
| [[Udayam Shanmugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| 2011-2016
| [[M. Rajanayagam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fifteenth]]
| 2016-2021
| [[E. Rathinasabhapathy]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixteenth]]
| 2021-
| [[T. Ramachandran (INC politician)|T. Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

* [[Su. Thirunavukkarasu]], gave his seat up to his mentor [[Anbarasan]], who defeated [[Raja Paramasivam]] of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. [[S. Thirunavukkarasu]] resigned to be an [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="iec1">{{cite news|title=Thirunavukkarasu's mentor triumphs| url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/thirunavukkarasus-mentor-triumphs/article28003313.ece | location=Chennai, India | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=26 February 2000 | access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref>
*Anbarasan died in July 2000 leaving the seat vacant, next election was held in the next general election.

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Aranthangi}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Mohamed Farvas J
|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam
|votes=73244
|percentage=40.61
|change=New}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Ramachandran T
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=63182
|percentage=35.03
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Kavitha Srikanth
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=31456
|percentage=17.45
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Muthulakshmi S
|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi
|votes=9975
|percentage=5.53
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=NOTA
|party=None of the above
|votes=580
|percentage=0.32
|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory
|votes=10062
|percentage=5.58
|change=}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=180226
|percentage=80.42
|change=}}

{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors=224102
|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam
|loser=Indian National Congress
|swing=}}

{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ramachandran (INC politician)|T. Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=81,835 |percentage=48.85% |change=5.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Rajanayagam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,942 |percentage=30.41% |change=-14.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Humayun Kabir M I |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=18,460 |percentage=11.02% |change=10.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivashanmugam K |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,699 |percentage=2.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velraj. K P |party=Independent politician |votes=3,164 |percentage=1.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuselvam V |party=Independent politician |votes=2,164 |percentage=1.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhetchena Moorthy. Dr. S |party=Independent politician |votes=1,080 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shaik Mohamed B |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=966 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,893 |percentage=18.44% |change=16.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,67,524 |percentage=70.68% |change= -1.43% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=27 |percentage=0.02% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,37,024 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.63% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. Rathinasabhapathy E |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,905 |percentage=45.22% |change=-7.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ramachandran (INC politician)|T. Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=67,614 |percentage=43.74% |change=3.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Loganathan P |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,341 |percentage=4.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kulam Mohamed M |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=1,741 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Puviyarasan A |party=Independent politician |votes=1,238 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arul Justin Diraviam C |party=Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,176 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gemini Ganesan M |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=922 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakila Banu A |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=835 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narasimhan H |party=Independent politician |votes=794 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=775 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Xavier A |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=720 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,291 |percentage=1.48% |change=-11.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,54,597 |percentage=72.11% |change= -2.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,14,394 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Rajanayagam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,559 |percentage=52.77% |change=21.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,903 |percentage=39.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shariff Km |party=Independent politician |votes=2,729 |percentage=2.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appa Durai S |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=2,305 |percentage=1.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sabapathi K |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,218 |percentage=1.73% |change=-8.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ashrab Khan S |party=Independent politician |votes=1,211 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Asaiyamani. M |party=Independent politician |votes=599 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karunakaran K |party=Independent politician |votes=503 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,656 |percentage=13.01% |change=0.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,70,564 |percentage=75.06% |change= 4.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,28,027 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Udayam Shanmugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,333 |percentage=43.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karthikeyan. Y |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,873 |percentage=31.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Ali Jinnah. O. S. M |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,347 |percentage=10.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kathamuthu. Kl |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,713 |percentage=10.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanathan. G |party=Independent politician |votes=2,304 |percentage=1.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mudiappan. G |party=Independent politician |votes=543 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Munusamy. K |party=Independent politician |votes=469 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugan. K |party=Independent politician |votes=413 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Hussain Beevi. K. P |party=Independent politician |votes=395 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahalingam. N |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam. P |party=Independent politician |votes=207 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,460 |percentage=12.09% |change=-3.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,44,402 |percentage=70.28% |change= 12.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,05,474 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Arasan]] |party=MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,499 |percentage=45.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandrasekaran. A |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,481 |percentage=30.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Ali Jinnah O. S. M |party=Independent politician |votes=16,620 |percentage=13.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahendran. R |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,483 |percentage=6.67% |change=4.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramu E |party=Independent politician |votes=1,859 |percentage=1.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arockiasamy U. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,250 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasmy. M |party=Independent politician |votes=1,052 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chelliah Devar. C |party=Independent politician |votes=960 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,018 |percentage=15.74% |change=5.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,27,204 |percentage=57.45% |change= -13.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,21,413 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,260 |percentage=50.10% |change=10.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam. S. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,028 |percentage=39.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sesurasu. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=6,688 |percentage=4.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Janardhanan. A. B. R. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,031 |percentage=2.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manivasagam. K. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,104 |percentage=0.79% |change=-0.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Ossali. M. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=962 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponmuthuramalingam. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=475 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gandhirasan. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=245 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandrasekaran Udayar. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=193 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saravanakumar. A. |party=Janata Party |votes=179 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakadevan. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,232 |percentage=10.15% |change=-6.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,40,242 |percentage=71.41% |change= 0.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,05,492 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam |swing= -6.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] |party=APTTMK |votes=73,571 |percentage=56.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chelliah Kuzha |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,150 |percentage=40.02% |change=-7.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuvel A. K. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,254 |percentage=1.73% |change=1.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gani Rowther A. |party=Independent politician |votes=835 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavelu M. |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=246 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakadevan M. |party=Independent politician |votes=176 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalyani Viyasar |party=Independent politician |votes=169 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manthirikumar M. |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chittarvel A. |party=Independent politician |votes=148 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velappan C. |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayathiran K. |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,421 |percentage=16.44% |change=-0.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,30,301 |percentage=70.97% |change= -6.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,91,195 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,730 |percentage=47.58% |change=-15.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugasundaram M. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,027 |percentage=30.85% |change=-5.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatasalam. A |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,375 |percentage=10.31% |change=-52.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalander Naina Mohammed S. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,512 |percentage=8.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Viyasar. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,582 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalandar Maitheen N. |party=Independent politician |votes=767 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pulikkutti S. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=704 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan R. |party=Independent politician |votes=406 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velappan C. |party=Independent politician |votes=281 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohananraj V. |party=Independent politician |votes=241 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alagesan. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,703 |percentage=16.73% |change=-10.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,29,746 |percentage=77.96% |change= -2.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,70,036 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,101 |percentage=62.68% |change=13.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanathan. S. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,197 |percentage=35.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Viyasar. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=924 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppiah Servai. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=622 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,904 |percentage=26.74% |change=12.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,844 |percentage=80.82% |change= 5.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,45,705 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,792 |percentage=49.50% |change=12.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Mashood. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=36,519 |percentage=35.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanathan. C. |party=Independent politician |votes=8,769 |percentage=8.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthiah Allias Pappa N. |party=Janata Party |votes=4,388 |percentage=4.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppiah Muthiraiyar Mandangudi. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,477 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani. K. M. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=485 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Viyazar. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=174 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,273 |percentage=13.91% |change=2.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,604 |percentage=75.78% |change= -0.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,36,966 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,468 |percentage=37.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Appukutty |party=Communist Party of India |votes=24,528 |percentage=25.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramanathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,052 |percentage=23.28% |change=-32.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Karuppaiah |party=Janata Party |votes=7,335 |percentage=7.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.R.M. Iyooboo |party=Independent politician |votes=4,397 |percentage=4.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. James |party=Independent politician |votes=511 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Viyasar |party=Independent politician |votes=415 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,940 |percentage=11.55% |change=-2.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,706 |percentage=76.32% |change= -4.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,574 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ramanathan (Aranthangi Mla)|S. Ramanathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,322 |percentage=55.81% |change=2.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanathan Servaikarar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,289 |percentage=42.19% |change=-2.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Aruisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,766 |percentage=2.00% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,033 |percentage=13.62% |change=5.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,377 |percentage=81.14% |change= -2.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,761 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thurairasan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,943 |percentage=53.11% |change=-2.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. B. Dervaikarar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,522 |percentage=45.17% |change=4.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Perianayagam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,388 |percentage=1.72% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,421 |percentage=7.94% |change=-6.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,853 |percentage=83.97% |change= 12.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,142 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Durai Arasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,781 |percentage=55.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramanathan Servai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,112 |percentage=41.07% |change=5.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Manickam |party=We Tamils |votes=2,250 |percentage=3.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,669 |percentage=14.18% |change=6.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,143 |percentage=71.97% |change= 25.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,806 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 12.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramasami Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=17,637 |percentage=43.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuvel Ambalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,633 |percentage=35.86% |change=-16.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sheik Abdul Kadir Rowther |party=Independent politician |votes=4,423 |percentage=10.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Swaminatha Ayyar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,276 |percentage=5.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramasami Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,838 |percentage=4.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,004 |percentage=7.36% |change=-2.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,807 |percentage=46.05% |change= -9.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,613 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Mahamad Salihu Maraicair |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,064 |percentage=52.81% |change=52.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramaswami Thovar |party=Independent politician |votes=15,335 |percentage=42.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Yusuf Rowther |party=Independent politician |votes=1,698 |percentage=4.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,729 |percentage=10.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,097 |percentage=55.84% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,647 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Pudukkottai district]]
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[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

T. N. Gopinathan Nair

2026-04-30T00:32:55Z

TiaBurwell25: made new details

{{short description|Indian author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. N. Gopinathan Nair
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1918|4|24}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|5|24|1918|4|24}}
| death_place = Kerala
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Playwright
* novelist
* poet
* screenwriter
}}
| alma mater = {{ublist|[[Holy Angel's Convent Thiruvananthapuram]]|[[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School]]|[[Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| spouse = Saudamini
| domesticpartner =
| children = 3
| parents = P. K. Narayana Pillai Parukutty Amma
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Vidhiyo Vidhi''|''Akavum Ouravum''|''Janadrohi''|''Ente Mini''}}
| website =
| awards = 1979 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]]
}}

'''T. N. Gopinathan Nair''' (24 April 1918 – 24 May 1999), was an Indian dramatist, novelist, poet, screenwriter and biographer of [[Malayalam]] language. One of the prolific among Malayalam playwrights, Nair published 39 plays, besides his four novels, four poetry anthologies and five biographies. He was a member of the council of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] and held the char of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]. His drama, ''Pareeksha'', received the Vikraman Nair Trophy for the best drama and the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] selected his work, ''Sakshi'', for their [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama|annual award for drama]] in 1979.

== Early life and education ==
Gopinathan Nair was born on 24 April 1918 in Thiruvananthapuram, in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to P. K. Narayana Pillai (Sahityapanchanan P. K. Narayana Pillai), a noted scholar and lawyer and his wife, Parukutty Amma.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/TNGopinathanNair/Html/TNGNairgraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> His primary education was at [[Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum|Holy Angel's Convent Thiruvananthapuram]] and after passing 4th standard, he continued his schooling at the [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School|Government Model Boys High School]] before graduating from the [[Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram]], then known as Maharaja's College of Arts.<ref name="Profile of Malayalam Story Writer - TN Gopinathan Nair">{{Cite web |url=https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=story&artist=TN%2520Gopinathan%2520Nair |title=Profile of Malayalam Story Writer - TN Gopinathan Nair |date=2019-04-23 |website=en.msidb.org |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> Subsequently, he studied law but abandoned the studies after failing in the first year examination and joined [[Keralapress|Malayalarajyam]] daily as a special correspondent.

== Work ==
Later, after working as a correspondent, he also served as the editor of Malayalarajyam film magazine for a year before founding P. K. Memorial Press, named after his father, from where he published a magazine under the name, ''Sakhi'' and a daily by name, ''Veerakesari''. He also started a book stall but all his ventures failed resulting in heavy financial losses. It was to repay the debts, Nair turned to films and he made his debut with ''[[Thiramala]]'', a 1953 film, for which wrote the story, screenplay and dialogues; he also acted in the film along with [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] and [[Kumari Thankam]].<ref name="Thiramaala [1953]">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?292 |title=Thiramaala [1953] |date=2019-04-23 |website=www.malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> He was associated with many more films<ref name="Profile of Malayalam Actor - TN GopinathanNair">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=TN%2520Gopinathan%2520Nair |title=Profile of Malayalam Actor - TN GopinathanNair |date=2019-04-23 |website=www.malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> including the 1958 film, [[Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu]].<ref name="Nairu Pidicha Pulivaalu [1958]">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4951 |title=Nairu Pidicha Pulivaalu [1958] |date=2019-04-23 |website=www.malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> The same year, he joined the Thiruvananthapuram station of the [[All India Radio]] (AIR) as a director of plays and he served AIR until his superannuation from service in 1975. Later, he served as a consultant to ''Manorajyam'' weekly, [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] and [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Gopinathan Nair's oeuvre comprises over 50 books, falling into genres such as plays, novels, poetry, biography and travelogues,<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/TNGopinathanNair/Html/TNGNairBooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> which include ''Ente Mini'', an [[Elegy|elegiacal]] reminiscences on the death of his wife.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> Besides, he wrote screenplay for five films, of which three, [[Thiramala]], [[Aniyathi (film)|Aniyathi]] and [[Pareeksha (1967 film)|Pareeksha]], were based on his own stories<ref name="List of Malayalam Movies written by TN Gopinathan Nair">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?s=7211 |title=List of Malayalam Movies written by TN Gopinathan Nair |date=2019-04-23 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> and he acted in 8 films.<ref name="List of Malayalam Movies acted by TN Gopinathan Nair">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?a=7211 |title=List of Malayalam Movies acted by TN Gopinathan Nair |date=2019-04-23 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> ''Pareeksha'', one of his plays, received the Vikraman Nair Trophy best drama.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> He received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] for his play, ''Sakshi'', in 1979.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Play.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gopinathan Nair was married to Saudamini, fondly called Mini, the daughter of noted writer, Kuttippurath Kesavan Nair; the marriage taking place in 1950.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> The couple had two sons and a daughter.<ref name="Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/237443/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121315/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/237443/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-17 |title=Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> The eldest of the children, [[Ravi Vallathol]], was a noted film and television actor.<ref name="Versatile artiste">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/versatile-artiste/article3218252.ece |title=Versatile artiste |date=2006-05-26 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> Saudamini predeceased Nair in 1973, and it was in her memory that he later wrote a book named ''Ente Mini''. Nair died on 24 May 1999, at the age of 81.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Plays ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=37367 |title=Parivarthanam |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1955 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=37366 |title=Pookkaari |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1957 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=37364 |title=Nizhalkoothu |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1959 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=35716 |title=Akavum puravum |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1955 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=35719 |title=Aval oru pennaanu |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1955 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=70485&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Manam thelinju |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1962 |publisher=S.P.C.S}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=4150 |title=Veettile vellicham |last=T. N. |first=Gopinathan Nair |publisher=Current Books |year=1964 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=327040&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=T. N. Gopinathan Nayarute natakangal |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1968 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=5006 |title=Ezhu nirangal |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1971 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=5531 |title=Nizhalukal akalunuu |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1973 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=75121&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Pazhamayum puthumayum |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1974 |publisher=Lakshmanan Pillai}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=6059 |title=Mister gulugulu |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1974 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=7050 |title=Sakshi |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=[[DC Books]] |year=1976 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=6838 |title=Anganeyengil angane |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1976 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=333211&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Dasapushpam |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1978 |publisher=S.P.C.S |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=228405&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Pareeksha |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1981 |publisher=Kerala Sahithya Academy |location=Thrissur }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=304777&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Grahanavum Onavum |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1982 |publisher=Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=15922 |title=Manthriyum mattum |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1984 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21083&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520T.%2520N.%2520Gopinathan%2520Nair |title=Kayangal |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1990 |publisher=Poorna Publications |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=4151 |title=Samam samam |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=35434 |title=Pinthirippan prasthanam |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=33154 |title=Prathidhvani |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=18725 |title=Edavela |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |year=1997 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=40253 |title=Nadakangal |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |location=Kottayam }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=38136 |title=Ammaveedu |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Sahitya Parishad |location=Ernakulam }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{div col end}}

=== One act plays ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=35932 |title=Anachadanam |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Udaya |location=Punalur}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=35720 |title=Swapna mekhala |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |year=1953}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=70420&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Ghadikaram neengunnu |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1957 |publisher=Gopinathan NairT.N}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=37935 |title=Pinnekkanam |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=MS Book Depot |year=1963 |location=Quilon}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=70380&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Ahithi (translation) |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1969 |publisher=S.P.C.S}}
{{div col end}}

=== Novels ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=202340&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Sudha |last=Gopinathan Nair. T. N |date=1945 |publisher=Reddiar Press & Book depot |location=Trivandrum}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21843&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520T.%2520N.%2520Gopinathan%2520Nair |title=Vaitharani |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1989 |location=Kozhikode |publisher=Poorna}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=64846 |title=Maleyute maala |last=T. N. |first=Gopinathan Nair |publisher=S P C S Ltd |year=1958 |location=Ernakulam}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=46528 |title=Vaitharani |last=T. N. |first=Gopinathan Nair |publisher=Poorna Publications |location=Kozhikode}}
{{div col end}}

{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}

=== Poetry ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=70621&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Kalithoni |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1938 |publisher=S.P.C.S}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=19631&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520T.%2520N.%2520Gopinathan%2520Nair |title=T N nte kavithakal |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1987}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=59963 |title=Thilakam |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=S. R. Press |location=Trivandrum}}

=== Memoirs ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26630&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520T.%2520N.%2520Gopinathan%2520Nair |title=Ente diary (smaranakal) |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1980}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26631&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520T.%2520N.%2520Gopinathan%2520Nair |title=Ente Mini (smarana) |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1981}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83752&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Ente album |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1996 |publisher=DCB |location=Kottayam}}
{{div col end}}

=== Biography ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=79322&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Col. Godavarma Raja |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1983 |publisher=Gopinathan Nair T.N |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83456&query_desc=au%253A%2522Gopinathan%2520Nair%252C%2520T.%2520N.%2522 |title=Avasaanathe naduvazhiyude amma |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1992}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=39978&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520T.%2520N.%2520Gopinathan%2520Nair |title=Sree Chithirathirunal: avasaanathe naaduvaazhi |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N; Author |date=1999 |isbn=9788186365502 |edition=2nd |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Department of cultural publications Ke}}
{{div col end}}

=== Travelogue ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=28417&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520T.%2520N.%2520Gopinathan%2520Nair |title=Theerthayaathra |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1984}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=28420&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520T.%2520N.%2520Gopinathan%2520Nair |title=Punya sankethangal |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |date=1986}}
{{div col end}}

=== Others ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=16013 |title=Kudumba vijnanakosam |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Centre for Non- Conventional Education |year=1995 |location=Trivandrum}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22307 |title=Panchamritham |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=T. N. |publisher=Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature |year=1999 |series=Aksharakairali |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{div col end}}

=== Screenplay ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=4914 |title=Sreevazhum ammaveedu |last=T. N. |first=Gopinathan Nair |publisher=Current Books |year=1969 |location=Thrissur}}

== Filmography ==
=== As an actor ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* ''[[Thiramala]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Ashadeepam]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Padatha Painkili]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Manavatti]]'' (1964)
* ''Aana'' (1983)
* ''[[Vembanad (film)|Vembanaad]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Gouri (1992 film)|Gouri]]'' (1992)
{{div col end}}

=== As a writer ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* ''[[Thiramala]]'' (1953)
* ''[[C.I.D. (1955 film)|C.I.D.]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Aniyathi (film)|Aniyathi]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Christmas Rathri]]''
* ''[[Pareeksha (1967 film)|Pareeksha]]'' (1967)
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
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* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjmoHMSCKcs |title=TN Gopinathan Nair JanmaSatabdhi Report |date=2018-08-20 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-23}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3oGWdiVmJU |title=SMRITHI Episode 181 - T N Gopinathan Nair |last=Safari |date=2018-04-08 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-23}}

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Norman Borlaug

2026-04-27T12:03:52Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting the article and citations

{{short description|American agronomist and Nobel Laureate (1914–2009)}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Norman Borlaug
| image = Norman Borlaug, 2004 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Borlaug in 2004
| birth_name = Norman Ernest Borlaug
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|03|25}}
| birth_place = [[Saude, Iowa]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|09|12|1914|03|25}}
| death_place = [[Dallas]], Texas, U.S.
| field = {{Plainlist|
* [[Agronomy]]
* [[Plant pathology]]
* [[Genetics]]}}
| thesis_title = Variation and Variability in Fusarium lini
| thesis_year = 1942
| thesis_url = https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstreams/2f09cccf-6652-49ac-8092-f3a379fb1f37/download
| doctoral_advisor = Jonas Jergon Christensen
| work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
* [[DuPont]]
* Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program (Mexico)
* [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]]
* [[Texas A&M University]]
* [[University of Minnesota]]
* [[Cornell University]]}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Minnesota]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Master of Science|MS]], [[PhD]])
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* [[Green Revolution]]
* [[World Food Prize]]}}
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1970)
* [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]] (1970)
* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (1977)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] (1987)<ref name=frs>{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2013.0012|doi-access=free|title=Norman Ernest Borlaug. 25 March 1914 – 12 September 2009|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=59|pages=59–72|year=2013|last1=Phillips|first1=R. L.|s2cid=75211546}}</ref>
* [[Vannevar Bush Award]] (2000)
* [[Public Welfare Medal]] (2002)
* [[National Medal of Science]] (2004)
* [[Congressional Gold Medal]] (2006)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2006)}}
| academic_advisors = [[Elvin C. Stakman]]
}}

'''Norman Ernest Borlaug''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɔːr|l|ɔː|ɡ}}; March 25, 1914{{spaced ndash}}September 12, 2009)<ref name=APDeath>{{cite web|title=Nobel Prize winner Norman Borlaug dies at 95 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna32821828 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=September 17, 2012 |date=September 13, 2009 }}</ref> was an American [[agronomist]] who led initiatives worldwide that contributed to the extensive increases in agricultural production termed the [[Green Revolution]]. Borlaug was awarded multiple honors for his work, including the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], and the [[Congressional Gold Medal]], one of only seven people to have received all three awards.<ref name=":1" />

Borlaug received his [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in [[forestry]] in 1937 and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[plant pathology]] and [[genetics]] from the [[University of Minnesota]] in 1942. He took up an agricultural research position with [[CIMMYT]] in Mexico, where he developed semi-dwarf, high-[[crop yield|yield]], [[Phytopathology|disease]]-resistant wheat [[variety (biology)|varieties]].<ref name=natureobituary /><ref name=frs /> During the mid-20th century, Borlaug led the introduction of these high-yielding varieties combined with modern agricultural production techniques to Mexico, Pakistan, and India. As a result, Mexico became a net exporter of wheat by 1963. Between 1965 and 1970, wheat yields nearly doubled in Pakistan and India, greatly improving the [[food security]] in those nations.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091203120843/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/sci-tech/09-borlaug-father-of-green-revolution-dead--szh-04 "Borlaug, father of ‘Green Revolution’, dead"], ''DAWN.com''. September 14, 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2015.</ref>

Borlaug is often called "the father of the Green Revolution",<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott Kilman and Roger Thurow|title=Father of 'Green Revolution' Dies|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125281643150406425|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dowswell |first=C. |title=Norman Ernest Borlaug (1914–2009) |journal=Science |date=October 15, 2009 |volume=326 |issue=5951 |page=381 |doi=10.1126/science.1182211 |pmid=19833952|s2cid=36826133 }}</ref> and is credited with saving over a billion people worldwide from [[starvation]].<ref name="Science Heroes" /><ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=MacAray |first=David |date=October 15, 2013 |title=The Man Who Saved a Billion Lives |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-man-who-saved-a-billi_b_4099523}}</ref><ref name=fn_1>The phrase "over a billion lives saved" is often cited by others in reference to Norman Borlaug's work.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://agriculture.senate.gov/Hearings/hearings.cfm?hearingid=1523&witnessId=4333 |title=Hearings |website=Agriculture.senate.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106033643/http://agriculture.senate.gov/Hearings/hearings.cfm?hearingid=1523&witnessId=4333 |archive-date=November 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Norman E. Borlaug - Extended Biography |url=https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/dr_norman_e_borlaug/extended_biography/ |access-date=December 12, 2023 |website=www.worldfoodprize.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Avery |first=Dennis T. |date=2011 |title=Winning the Food Race |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24590780 |journal=The Brown Journal of World Affairs |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=107–118 |jstor=24590780 |issn=1080-0786}}</ref> According to Jan Douglas, executive assistant to the president of the [[World Food Prize Foundation]], the source of this number is [[Gregg Easterbrook]]'s 1997 article "Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity." The article states that the "form of agriculture that Borlaug preaches may have prevented a billion deaths."<ref name="Easterbrook">{{cite magazine |date= January 1997|url = https://www.theatlantic.com/past/issues/97jan/borlaug/borlaug.htm|title =Forgotten benefactor of humanity |magazine = [[The Atlantic]]| access-date = October 25, 2016 | last=Easterbrook| first= Gregg }}</ref> [[Dennis T. Avery]] also estimated that the number of lives saved by Borlaug's efforts to be one billion.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, [[Josette Sheeran]], then the Executive Director of the [[World Food Programme]], stated that Borlaug "saved more lives than any man in human history".<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2009 |title=UN food agency mourns death of champion against hunger |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2009/09/312272 |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref> He was awarded the [[1970 Nobel Peace Prize]] in recognition of his contributions to [[world peace]] through increasing food supply.

Later in his life, he helped apply these methods of increasing food production in Asia and Africa.<ref name="Juan Enriquez TED Talk">{{cite web |last=Enriquez |first=Juan |title=Why Can't We Grow New Energy? |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/juan_enriquez_using_biology_to_rethink_the_energy_challenge?language=en |publisher=TED |access-date=September 18, 2012 |date=September 2007}}</ref> He was also an accomplished wrestler in college and a pioneer of wrestling in the United States, being inducted into the [[National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum|National Wrestling Hall of Fame]] for his contributions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Norman Borlaug |url=https://nwhof.org/hall_of_fame/bio_by_name/norman-borlaug |access-date=December 12, 2023 |website=nwhof.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Norman Borlaug |url=https://www.iowawrestlinghalloffame.com/inductee/dr-norman-borlaug |access-date=December 12, 2023 |website=Iowa Wrestling Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life, education, and family==
[[File:Wrestling - Norman Borlaug.jpg|thumb|upright|Norman Borlaug [[college wrestling|wrestling]] at the [[University of Minnesota]],1933 ]]
Borlaug was the great-grandchild of [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] immigrants to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Child {{!}} Norman Borlaug |url=https://borlaug.cfans.umn.edu/about-borlaug/child |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=borlaug.cfans.umn.edu}}</ref> Ole Olson Dybevig and Solveig Thomasdatter Rinde, of [[Feios]], a small village in [[Vik, Sogn|Vik kommune]], [[Sogn og Fjordane]], Norway, emigrated to [[Dane County, Wisconsin|Dane County]], [[Wisconsin]], in 1854.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The family eventually moved to the small [[Norwegian-American]] community of [[Saude, Iowa|Saude]], near [[Cresco, Iowa|Cresco]], [[Iowa]]. There, they were members of the Saude Lutheran Church, where Norman was baptized and confirmed.

Borlaug was the first of four children born to Henry Oliver (1889–1971) and Clara (Vaala) Borlaug (1888–1972) on his grandparents' farm in Saude in 1914. His three sisters were Palma Lillian (Behrens; 1916–2004), Charlotte (Culbert; 1919–2012), and Helen (b. d. 1921). From age seven to nineteen, he worked on the {{convert|106|acre|ha|abbr=on|adj=on}} family farm west of [[Protivin, Iowa|Protivin]], fishing, hunting, and raising corn, oats, [[timothy-grass]], cattle, pigs, and chickens. He attended the one-teacher, [[one-room school|one-room]] New Oregon #8 rural school in [[Howard County, Iowa|Howard County]] through eighth grade. Today, the school building, built in 1865, is owned by the Norman Borlaug Heritage Foundation as part of "Project Borlaug Legacy".<ref name=iowa>State Historical Society of Iowa. 2002. FY03 HRDP/REAP Grant Application Approval</ref> At Cresco High School, Borlaug was a member of the football, baseball and wrestling teams; his wrestling coach, Dave Barthelma, continually encouraged him to "give 105%".<ref name="Science Heroes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scienceheroes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=116|title=Father of the Green Revolution – He Helped Feed the World!|website=www.scienceheroes.com}}</ref>

Borlaug attributed his decision to leave the farm and pursue further education to his grandfather's urgent encouragement to learn: Nels Olson Borlaug (1859–1935) once told him, "You're wiser to fill your head now if you want to fill your belly later on."<ref>{{cite web|title=Iowa Rep. Tom Latham Pays Tribute to Dr. Borlaug |url=http://www.worldfoodprize.org/Press_room/2008/march/latham_borlaug.htm|publisher=The World Food Prize |access-date=September 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703155602/http://www.worldfoodprize.org/press_room/2008/march/latham_borlaug.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2008 |date=March 20, 2008}}</ref> When Borlaug applied for admission to the [[University of Minnesota]] in 1933, he failed its entrance exam. He was accepted at the school's newly created two-year General College. After two quarters, he transferred to the College of Agriculture's [[forestry]] program. As a member of the University of Minnesota men's wrestling team, Borlaug reached the [[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]] semifinals. He promoted the sport to Minnesota high schools in [[exhibition game|exhibition matches]] all around the state:

<blockquote>Wrestling taught me some valuable lessons [...] I always figured I could hold my own against the best in the world. It made me tough. Many times, I drew on that strength. It's an inappropriate crutch, perhaps, but that's the way I'm made.<ref name=uom>University of Minnesota. 2005.{{cite web|url=http://www.coafes.umn.edu/Borlaug_and_the_University_of_Minnesota.html |title=Borlaug and the University of Minnesota |access-date=2005-06-18 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310043736/http://www.coafes.umn.edu/Borlaug_and_the_University_of_Minnesota.html |archive-date=2005-03-10 }}</ref></blockquote>

To finance his studies, Borlaug put his education on hold periodically to earn income, as he did in 1935 as a leader in the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]], working with the unemployed on federal projects. Many of the people who worked for him were starving. He later recalled, "I saw how food changed them. All of this left scars on me".<ref name=greengiant>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dallasobserver.com/2002-12-05/news/green-giant/ |title=Green Giant |surname=Stuertz |given=Mark |newspaper=[[Dallas Observer]] |date=December 5, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225071911/https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/green-giant-6389547 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |url-status=dead |language=en-US}}</ref> From 1935 to 1938, before and after receiving his [[Bachelor of Science]] in forestry in 1937, Borlaug worked for the [[United States Forest Service]] at stations in [[Massachusetts]] and [[Idaho]]. He spent one summer in the middle fork of Idaho's [[Salmon River (Idaho)|Salmon River]], the most isolated piece of wilderness in the nation at that time.<ref name=greengiant />

In the last months of his undergraduate education, Borlaug attended a [[Sigma Xi]] lecture by [[Elvin Charles Stakman]], a professor and soon-to-be head of the [[plant pathology]] group at the University of Minnesota. Stakman, in his speech entitled "These Shifty Little Enemies that Destroy our Food Crops", discussed the manifestation of the plant disease [[rust (fungus)|rust]], a [[parasitic]] [[fungus]] that feeds on [[phytochemical|phytonutrients]] in wheat, oats, and barley crops. Stakman had discovered that special [[plant breeding]] methods produced plants resistant to rust. His research greatly interested Borlaug, and when Borlaug's job at the Forest Service was eliminated due to budget cuts, he asked Stakman whether he should pursue forest pathology. Stakman advised him to focus on plant pathology instead.<ref name=uom /> He subsequently enrolled at the university to study plant pathology under Stakman. Borlaug earned a [[Master of Science]] degree in 1940 and a Ph.D. in plant pathology and [[genetics]] in 1942.

Borlaug was a member of the [[Alpha Gamma Rho]] fraternity. While in college, he met a co-worker who would become his future wife, Margaret Gibson, while waiting tables at a coffee shop in the university's [[Dinkytown#History|Dinkytown]]. They were married in 1937 and had three children, Norma Jean "Jeanie" Laube, Scotty (who died from [[spina bifida]] soon after birth), and William; five grandchildren, and six great-grandchildren. On March 8, 2007, Margaret Borlaug died at the age of 95 following a fall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norman Borlaug's Wife Dies at 95 |url=https://www.kcrg.com/news/local/6373547.html |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=September 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923092556/http://www.kcrg.com/news/local/6373547.html |archive-date=September 23, 2013 |date=March 8, 2007 |quote=An assistant to the family says she fell recently and never recovered. |url-status=dead }}</ref> They had been married for 69 years. Borlaug resided in [[Dallas]] the last years of his life, although his global humanitarian efforts left him with only a few weeks per year to spend there.<ref name=greengiant/>

==Career==
From 1942 to 1944, Borlaug was employed as a [[microbiologist]] at [[DuPont]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]], [[Delaware]]. It was planned that he would lead research on industrial and agricultural [[bacteriocide]]s, [[fungicide]]s, and [[preservative]]s; following the December 7, 1941, [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], Borlaug tried to enlist in the military, but was [[Selective Training and Service Act of 1940|refused entry under wartime labor regulations]], as his lab and personnel were tasked to conduct research for the United States armed forces. One of his first projects was to develop glue that could withstand the warm [[Seawater|salt water]] of the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]]. The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] largely controlled the seas around the island of [[Guadalcanal]], and patrolled the sky and sea by day. The only way for U.S. forces to supply the troops stranded on the island was to approach at night by speedboat and jettison boxes of canned food and other supplies into the surf to wash ashore. The problem was that the glue holding these containers together disintegrated in saltwater. Within weeks, Borlaug and his colleagues had developed an adhesive that resisted corrosion, allowing food and supplies to reach the stranded Marines. Other tasks included work with [[camouflage]], [[canteen (bottle)|canteen]] disinfectants, [[DDT]] to control malaria, and insulation for small electronics.<ref name=greengiant />

In 1940, the [[Manuel Ávila Camacho|Avila Camacho]] administration took office in [[Mexico]]. The administration's primary goal for Mexican agriculture was to augment the nation's industrialization and economic growth. U.S. Vice President-Elect [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]], who was instrumental in persuading the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] to work with the Mexican government in agricultural development, saw Avila Camacho's ambitions as beneficial to U.S. economic and military interests.<ref name=wright>Wright, Angus 2005. The Death of Ramón González.</ref> The Rockefeller Foundation contacted E.C. Stakman and two other leading agronomists. They developed a proposal for a new organization, the Office of Special Studies, which would be part of the Mexican Government but directed by the Rockefeller Foundation. It was to be staffed with both Mexican and US scientists, focusing on soil development, maize and wheat production, and [[plant pathology]].

Stakman chose Dr. Jacob George "Dutch" Harrar as project leader. Harrar immediately set out to hire Borlaug as head of the newly established Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program in Mexico; Borlaug declined, choosing to finish his war service at DuPont.<ref name=davidson>Davidson, M.G. 1997. [http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/topics/borlaug/abundant.html An Abundant Harvest: Interview with Norman Borlaug, Recipient, Nobel Peace Prize, 1970], Common Ground, August 12</ref> In July 1944, after rejecting [[DuPont]]'s offer to double his salary, and temporarily leaving behind his pregnant wife and 14-month-old daughter, he flew to Mexico City to head the new program as a [[geneticist]] and [[Phytopathology|plant pathologist]].<ref name=greengiant />

In 1964, Borlaug was made the director of the International Wheat Improvement Program at El Batán, [[Texcoco, México|Texcoco]], on the eastern fringes of [[Mexico City]], as part of the newly established [[Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research]]'s [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]] ''(Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo,'' or CIMMYT). Funding for this autonomous international research training institute, developed from the Cooperative Wheat Research Production Program, was undertaken jointly by the [[Ford Foundation|Ford]] and Rockefeller [[Foundation (charity)|Foundations]] and the [[Federal government of the United Mexican States|Mexican government]].

Besides his work in the field of genetic resistance against crop loss, Borlaug felt that [[pesticide]]s, including [[DDT]], had more benefits than drawbacks for humanity and advocated publicly for their continued use. He continued to support pesticide use despite the severe public criticism he received.<ref name="Borlaug-1974">{{cite journal | last=Borlaug | first=Norman E. | author-link=Norman Borlaug | date=1974 | title=In defence of DDT and other pesticides | journal=Pesticides | location=[[Bombay]] | volume=8 | number=5 | pages=14–19 | s2cid=53000872}} [[AGRIS]] id [http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201303170850 US201303170850].</ref><ref name="Rajaram-2011">{{cite journal | last=Rajaram | first=Sanjaya | author-link=Sanjaya Rajaram | title=Norman Borlaug: The Man I Worked With and Knew | journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=49 | issue=1 | date=September 8, 2011 | issn=0066-4286 | doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095308 | pages=17–30 | pmid=21370972 | s2cid=34962814| doi-access=free | bibcode=2011AnRvP..49...17R }}</ref> Borlaug mostly admired the work and personality of [[Rachel Carson]] but lamented her ''[[Silent Spring]]'', which he saw as an inaccurate portrayal of the effects of DDT.<ref name="Borlaug-1971">{{cite speech | url=http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/19b534b8-542a-5fe3-848d-54749881925d/ | last=Borlaug | first=Norman E. | author-link=Norman Borlaug | pages=73 | series=7th McDougall Memorial Lecture | title=Mankind And Civilization At Another Crossroad | website=UN FAO ([[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations)}}</ref>

Borlaug officially retired from the position in 1979, but remained a CIMMYT senior consultant. In addition to taking on charitable and educational roles, he continued to be involved in plant research at CIMMYT on wheat, [[triticale]], [[barley]], [[maize]], and high-altitude [[sorghum]].

In 1981, Borlaug became a founding member of the [[World Cultural Council]].<ref>{{cite web | title = About Us | publisher = [[World Cultural Council]] | url = http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/about-us/ | access-date = November 8, 2016 | archive-date = June 29, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190629135114/https://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/about-us/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1984, Borlaug began teaching and conducting research at [[Texas A&M University]]. Eventually, he was a Distinguished Professor of International Agriculture at the university and held the Eugene Butler Endowed Chair in Agricultural Biotechnology.

He advocated for agricultural [[biotechnology]] as he had for pesticides in earlier decades: publicly, knowledgeably, and always despite heavy criticism.<ref name="Borlaug-2000">{{cite journal | last=Borlaug | first=Norman E. | author-link=Norman Borlaug | title=Ending World Hunger. The Promise of Biotechnology and the Threat of Antiscience Zealotry | journal=[[Plant Physiology (journal)|Plant Physiology]]| publisher=[[American Society of Plant Biologists]] ([[Oxford University Press|OUP]]) | volume=124 | issue=2 | date=October 1, 2000 | issn=1532-2548 | doi=10.1104/pp.124.2.487 | pages=487–490 | pmc=1539278 | pmid=11027697 | bibcode=2000PlanP.124..487B }}</ref><ref name="Rajaram-2011" />

Borlaug served on the faculty of the [[University of Minnesota]], [[University of Iowa]], [[Cornell University]], and [[Texas A&M University]]. Borlaug remained at A&M until his death in September 2009.

==Wheat research in Mexico==
The Cooperative Wheat Research Production Program, a joint venture by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture, involved research in [[genetics]], [[plant breeding]], plant pathology, [[entomology]], [[agronomy]], [[soil science]], and [[cereal]] technology. The goal of the project was to boost wheat production in Mexico, which at the time was importing a large portion of its grain. Plant pathologist George Harrar recruited and assembled the wheat research team in late 1944. The four other members were soil scientist William Colwell; maize breeder Edward Wellhausen; potato breeder [[John Niederhauser]]; and Norman Borlaug, all from the United States.<ref name=science1970>Brown, L. R. 1970. Nobel Peace Prize: developer of high-yield wheat receives award (Norman Ernest Borlaug). ''Science'', 30 October 1970;170(957):518–19.</ref> During the sixteen years Borlaug remained with the project, he bred a series of remarkably successful high-yield, disease-resistant, semi-dwarf [[wheat]].

[[File:Wheat-haHula-ISRAEL.JPG|thumb|[[Wheat]] is the third most-produced [[cereal]] crop.]]

Borlaug said that his first few years in Mexico were difficult. He lacked trained scientists and equipment. Local farmers were hostile towards the wheat program because of serious crop losses from 1939 to 1941 due to [[stem rust]]. "It often appeared to me that I had made a dreadful mistake in accepting the position in Mexico," he wrote in the epilogue to his book, ''Norman Borlaug on World Hunger''.<ref name=greengiant /> He spent the first ten years breeding wheat cultivars resistant to disease, including [[rust (fungus)|rust]]. In that time, his group made 6,000 individual wheat crossings.<ref name=uommexico>University of Minnesota. 2005.{{cite web|url=http://www.coafes.umn.edu/Borlaug_s_Work_in_Mexico.html |title=Borlaug's Work in Mexico |access-date=June 19, 2005 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226212713/http://www.coafes.umn.edu/Borlaug_s_Work_in_Mexico.html |archive-date=December 26, 2004 }}</ref>

===Double harvest season===
Initially, Borlaug's work had been concentrated in the central highlands, in the village of [[Chapingo]] near [[Texcoco, México|Texcoco]], where the problems with rust and poor soil were most [[prevalent]]. The village never met its aims. He realized that he could speed up breeding by taking advantage of the country's two growing seasons. In the summer, he would breed wheat in the central highlands as usual, then immediately take the seeds north to the [[Valle del Yaqui]] research station near [[Ciudad Obregón]], [[Sonora]]. The difference in altitudes and temperatures would allow more crops to be grown each year.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Borlaug's boss, George Harrar, was against this expansion. Besides the extra costs of doubling the work, Borlaug's plan went against a then-held principle of [[agronomy]] that has since been disproved. It was believed that to store energy for germination before planting, seeds needed a rest period after harvesting. When Harrar vetoed his plan, Borlaug resigned. Elvin Stakman, who was visiting the project, calmed the situation, talking Borlaug into withdrawing his resignation and Harrar into allowing the double wheat season. As of 1945, wheat would then be bred at locations 700 miles (1,000 km) apart, 10 degrees apart in latitude, and 8,500 feet (2600 m) apart in altitude. This was called "shuttle breeding".<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Henry I. |title=Norman Borlaug: The Genius Behind The Green Revolution |date=January 2012 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/henrymiller/2012/01/18/norman-borlaug-the-genius-behind-the-green-revolution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119102823/http://www.forbes.com/sites/henrymiller/2012/01/18/norman-borlaug-the-genius-behind-the-green-revolution/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |work=Forbes}}</ref>

[[File:Borlaug Mexico locations.png|thumb|300px|Locations of Borlaug's research stations in the Yaqui Valley and Chapingo]]

As an unexpected benefit of the double wheat season, the new breeds did not have problems with [[photoperiodism]]. Normally, wheat varieties cannot adapt to new environments due to variable sunlight. Borlaug later recalled, "As it worked out, in the north, we were planting when the days were getting shorter, at low elevation and high temperature. Then we'd take the seed from the best plants south and plant it at high elevation, when days were getting longer, and there was lots of rain. Soon, we had varieties that fit the whole range of conditions. That wasn't supposed to happen by the books".<ref name=uommexico /> This meant that the project would not need to start separate breeding programs for each geographic region of the planet.

===Disease resistance through varieties of wheat===
Because [[purebred]] ([[genotype|genotypically]] identical) plant varieties often only have one or a few major [[genes]] for [[disease resistance]], and plant diseases such as [[Rust (fungus)|rust]] are continuously producing new races that can overcome a pure line's resistance, multiple linear lines varieties were developed. Multiline varieties are mixtures of several [[phenotype|phenotypically]] similar pure lines, each of which has different genes for disease resistance. By having similar heights, flowering and maturity dates, seed colors, and agronomic characteristics, they remain compatible with each other, and do not reduce yields when grown together on the field.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

In 1953, Borlaug extended this technique by suggesting that several pure lines with different resistance genes should be developed through backcross methods using one recurrent parent.<ref name=borlaug1953>{{cite journal | last1 = Borlaug | first1 = N.E. | year = 1953 | title = New approach to the breeding of wheat varieties resistant to ''Puccinia graminis tritici'' | journal = Phytopathology | volume = 43 | page = 467|id={{NAID|10018742476}} }}</ref> [[Backcrossing]] involves crossing a hybrid and subsequent generations with a recurrent parent. As a result, the genotype of the backcrossed progeny becomes increasingly similar to that of the recurrent parent. Borlaug's method would allow the various disease-resistant genes from several donor parents to be transferred into a single recurrent parent. To ensure each line has different resistant genes, each donor parent is used in a separate backcross program. Between five and ten of these lines may then be mixed, depending on the types of pathogens present in the region. As this process is repeated, some lines will become susceptible to the [[pathogen]]. These lines can easily be replaced with new resistant lines.

As new sources of resistance become available, new lines are developed. In this way, crop loss is kept to a minimum because only one or a few lines become susceptible to a pathogen within a given season, and all other crops are unaffected by the disease. Because the disease would spread more slowly than if the entire population were susceptible, this also reduces the damage to susceptible lines. There is still the possibility that a new race of pathogen will develop to which all lines are susceptible, however.<ref name=tnau>"AGB 301: Principles and Methods of Plant Breeding". Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.</ref>

===Dwarfing===
Dwarfing is an important agronomic quality for wheat; dwarf plants produce thick stems. The [[cultivars]] Borlaug worked with had tall, thin stalks. Taller wheat grasses better compete for sunlight but tend to collapse under the weight of the extra grain—a trait called lodging—from the rapid growth spurts induced by [[nitrogen]] [[fertilizer]] Borlaug used in the poor soil. To prevent this, he bred wheat to favor shorter, stronger stalks that could better support larger seed heads. In 1953, he acquired a Japanese dwarf variety of wheat called [[Norin 10 wheat|Norin 10]] developed by the agronomist Gonjiro Inazuka in [[Iwate Prefecture]], including ones which had been crossed with a high-yielding American cultivar called Brevor 14 by [[Orville Vogel]].<ref name=reitz1970>{{cite journal | last1 = Retiz | first1 = L.P. | year = 1970 | title = New wheats and social progress | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 169 | issue = 3949| pages = 952–55 | doi=10.1126/science.169.3949.952| pmid = 5432698 | bibcode = 1970Sci...169..952R | s2cid = 21443218 }}</ref> Norin 10/Brevor 14 is semi-dwarf (one-half to two-thirds the height of standard varieties) and produces more stalks and thus more heads of grain per plant. Also, larger amounts of [[assimilation (biology)|assimilate]] were partitioned into the actual grains, further increasing the yield. Borlaug crossbred the semi-dwarf Norin 10/Brevor 14 cultivar with his disease-resistant cultivars to produce wheat varieties that were adapted to tropical and sub-tropical climates.<ref name=hedden>{{cite journal | last1 = Hedden | first1 = P | year = 2003 | title = The genes of the Green Revolution | journal = Trends in Genetics | volume = 19 | issue = 1| pages = 5–9 | pmid = 12493241 | doi=10.1016/s0168-9525(02)00009-4}}</ref>

Borlaug's new semi-dwarf, disease-resistant varieties, called Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62, dramatically changed the potential yield of spring wheat. By 1963, 95% of Mexico's wheat crops used the semi-dwarf varieties developed by Borlaug. That year, the harvest was six times larger than in 1944, the year Borlaug arrived in Mexico. Mexico had become fully self-sufficient in wheat production and was a net wheat exporter.<ref name=uomgreenrev>University of Minnesota. 2005.{{cite web|url=http://www.coafes.umn.edu/The_Beginning_of_the_Green_Revolution.html |title=The Beginning of the Green Revolution |access-date=June 22, 2005 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227090100/http://www.coafes.umn.edu/The_Beginning_of_the_Green_Revolution.html |archive-date=December 27, 2004 }}</ref> Four other high-yield varieties were also released in 1964: Lerma Rojo 64, Siete Cerros, Sonora 64, and Super X.

==Expansion to South Asia: the Green Revolution==
{{further|Green Revolution|Green Revolution in India}}
[[File:Wheat yields in selected countries, 1951-2004.png|thumb|300px|Wheat yields in Mexico, India and Pakistan, 1950 to 2004. Baseline is 500 kg/[[Hectare|ha.]]]]

In 1961-1962, Borlaug's dwarf spring wheat strains were sent for multilocation testing in the International Wheat Rust Nursery, organized by the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]]. In March 1962, a few of these strains were grown in the fields of the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] in Pusa, New Delhi, India. In May 1962, [[M. S. Swaminathan]], a member of IARI's wheat program, requested of Dr B. P. Pal, director of IARI, to arrange for the visit of Borlaug to India and to obtain a wide range of dwarf wheat seed possessing the Norin 10 dwarfing genes.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} The letter was forwarded to the Indian Ministry of Agriculture headed by Shri [[C. Subramaniam]], which was arranged with the Rockefeller Foundation for Borlaug's visit.

In March 1963, the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the Mexican government sent Borlaug and Dr Robert Glenn Anderson to India to continue his work. He supplied 100 kg (220 lb) of seed from each of the four most promising strains and 630 promising selections in advanced generations to the IARI in October 1963, and test plots were subsequently planted at [[Delhi]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Pant Nagar]], [[Kanpur]], [[Pune]] and [[Indore]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} Anderson stayed as head of the Rockefeller Foundation Wheat Program in New Delhi until 1975.

During the mid-1960s, the [[Indian subcontinent]] was at war and experienced [[Famine in India#Bihar drought|minor famine and starvation]], which was limited partially by the U.S. shipping a fifth of its wheat production to India in 1966 and 1967.<ref name=science1970 /> The Indian and [[Pakistan]]i bureaucracies and the region's cultural opposition to new agricultural techniques initially prevented Borlaug from fulfilling his desire to plant the new wheat strains there immediately. In 1965, in response to food shortages, Borlaug imported 550 tons of seeds for the government.<ref name=greengiant />

Biologist [[Paul R. Ehrlich]] wrote in his 1968 bestseller ''[[The Population Bomb]]'', "The battle to feed all of humanity is over [...] In the 1970s and 1980s, hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now." Ehrlich said, "I have yet to meet anyone familiar with the situation who thinks India will be self-sufficient in food by 1971," and "India couldn't possibly feed two hundred million more people by 1980."<ref>Erlich, Paul: The Population Bomb. 1968.</ref>

{{anchor|watts}} In 1965, after extensive testing, Borlaug's team, under Anderson, began its effort by importing about 450 tons of Lerma Rojo and Sonora 64 semi-dwarf seed varieties: 250 tons went to Pakistan and 200 to India. They encountered many obstacles. Their first shipment of wheat was held up in Mexican customs and so it could not be shipped from the port at [[Guaymas]] in time for proper planting.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} Instead, it was sent via a 30-truck convoy from Mexico to the U.S. port in Los Angeles, encountering delays at the [[Mexico–United States border]]. Once the convoy entered the U.S., it had to take a detour, as the [[National Guard of the United States|U.S. National Guard]] had closed the freeway due to the [[Watts riots]] in Los Angeles. When the seeds reached Los Angeles, a Mexican bank refused to honor Pakistan's treasury payment of [[United States dollar|US$]]100,000, because the check contained three misspelled words. Still, the seed was loaded onto a freighter destined for [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India, and [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]. Twelve hours into the freighter's voyage, war broke out between India and Pakistan over the [[Kashmir]] region. Borlaug received a [[telegram]] from the Pakistani minister of agriculture, [[Malik Khuda Bakhsh Bucha]]: "I'm sorry to hear you are having trouble with my check, but I've got troubles, too. Bombs are falling on my front lawn. Be patient, the money is in the bank..."<ref name=greengiant />

These delays prevented Borlaug's group from conducting the germination tests needed to determine seed quality and proper seeding levels. They started planting immediately and often worked in sight of [[artillery]] flashes. A week later, Borlaug discovered that his seeds were germinating at less than half the normal rate.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} It later turned out that the seeds had been damaged in a Mexican warehouse by over-fumigation with a pesticide. He immediately ordered all locations to double their seeding rates.<ref>{{cite web|title= Norman E. Borlaug, Ph.D. Biography and Interview |website=achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://www.achievement.org/achiever/norman-e-borlaug/#interview}}</ref>

The initial yields of Borlaug's crops were higher than any ever harvested in [[South Asia]]. The countries subsequently committed to importing large quantities of both the Lerma Rojo 64 and Sonora 64 varieties. In 1966, India imported 18,000 tons—the largest purchase and import of any seed globally at that time. In 1967, Pakistan imported 42,000 tons, and Turkey 21,000 tons. Pakistan's import, planted on 1.5 million acres (6,100 km2), produced enough wheat to seed the entire nation's wheatland the following year.<ref name=science1970 /> By 1968, when Ehrlich's book was released, William Gaud of the [[United States Agency for International Development]] was calling Borlaug's work a "Green Revolution". High yields led to a shortage of various utilities—labor to harvest the crops, bullock carts to haul it to the threshing floor, [[jute]] bags, trucks, rail cars, and grain storage facilities. Some local governments were forced to close school buildings temporarily to use them for grain storage.<ref name=greengiant />

[[File:Wheat yields in Least Developed Countries.svg|thumb|300px|Wheat yields in [[least developed countries]] since 1961]]

In Pakistan, wheat yields nearly doubled, from 4.6 million [[metric ton|tons]] in 1965 to 7.3 million tons in 1970; Pakistan was self-sufficient in wheat production by 1968.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} Yields were over 21 million tons by 2000. In India, yields increased from 12.3 million tons in 1965 to 20.1 million tons in 1970. By 1974, India was self-sufficient in the production of all cereals. By 2000, India was harvesting a record 76.4 million tons (2.81 billion [[bushel]]s) of wheat. Since the 1960s, food production in both nations has increased faster than the rate of population growth.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} India's use of high-yield farming has prevented an estimated 100 million acres (400,000 km2) of virgin land from being converted into farmland—an area about the size of [[California]], or 13.6% of the total area of India.<ref name=cfgfi>Easterbrook, G. 1997. [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/01/forgotten-benefactor-of-humanity/306101/ ''Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity'']. The Atlantic Monthly.</ref> The use of these wheat varieties has also had a substantial effect on production in six [[Latin America]]n countries, six countries in the [[Near East|Near]] and [[Middle East]], and several others in Africa.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Borlaug's work with wheat contributed to the development of high-yield semi-dwarf ''indica'' and ''japonica'' [[rice]] cultivars at the [[International Rice Research Institute]] and China's Hunan Rice Research Institute. Borlaug's colleagues at the [[Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research]] also developed and introduced a high-yield variety of rice throughout most of Asia. Land devoted to the semi-dwarf wheat and rice varieties in Asia expanded from 200 acres (0.8 km2) in 1965 to over 40 million acres (160,000 km2) in 1970. In 1970, this land accounted for over 10% of the more productive cereal land in Asia.<ref name="science1970" />

===Nobel Peace Prize===
For his contributions to the world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1970. Norwegian officials notified his wife in Mexico City at 4:00 a.m., but Borlaug had already left for the test fields in the [[Toluca]] valley, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Mexico City. A chauffeur took her to the fields to inform her husband. According to his daughter, Jeanie Laube, "My mom said, 'You won the Nobel Peace Prize,' and he said, 'No, I haven't', [...] It took some convincing [...] He thought the whole thing was a hoax".<ref name=greengiant /> He was awarded the prize on December 10.

In his Nobel Lecture the following day, he speculated on his award: "When the Nobel Peace Prize Committee designated me the recipient of the 1970 award for my contribution to the 'green revolution', they were in effect, I believe, selecting an individual to symbolize the vital role of agriculture and food production in a world that is hungry, both for bread and for peace".<ref name=nobel>Borlaug, N. E. 1972. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-lecture.html Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1970]. From ''Nobel Lectures, Peace 1951–1970'', Frederick W. Haberman Ed., Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam</ref> His speech repeatedly presented improvements in food production within a sober understanding of the context of [[World population|population]]. "The green revolution has won a temporary success in man's war against hunger and deprivation; it has given man a breathing space. If fully implemented, the revolution can provide sufficient food for sustenance during the next three decades. But the frightening power of human reproduction must also be curbed; otherwise, the success of the green revolution will be ephemeral.

"Most people still fail to comprehend the magnitude and menace of the "Population Monster"[...] Since man is potentially a rational being, however, I am confident that within the next two decades he will recognize the self-destructive course he steers along the road of irresponsible population growth [...]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Nobel Lecture – The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 Norman Borlaug|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-lecture.html|website=nobelprize.org}}</ref>

===Borlaug hypothesis===
Borlaug continually advocated increasing crop yields as a means to curb deforestation. The substantial role he played in both increasing crop yields and promoting this view has led agricultural economists to call this methodology the "Borlaug hypothesis," namely that ''increasing the productivity of agriculture on the best farmland can help control deforestation by reducing the demand for new farmland.'' According to this view, assuming that global food demand is on the rise, restricting crop usage to traditional low-yield methods would also require at least one of the following: the world population to decrease, either voluntarily or as a result of mass starvations; or the conversion of forest land into cropland. It is thus argued that high-yield techniques are ultimately saving [[ecosystem]]s from destruction. On a global scale, this view holds strictly true ''[[ceteris paribus]]'', if deforestation only occurs to increase land for agriculture. But other land uses exist, such as urban areas, pasture, or fallow, so further research is necessary to ascertain what land has been converted for what purposes, to determine how true this view remains.{{According to whom|date=March 2020}}

Increased profits from high-yield production may also induce cropland expansion in any case. As world food needs decrease, this expansion may decrease as well.<ref name=cabi>Angelsen, A., and D. Kaimowitz. 2001. "The Role of Agricultural Technologies in Tropical Deforestation".{{cite web|url=http://www.cabi-publishing.org/pdf/Books/0851994512/0851994512.pdf |title=Agricultural Technologies and Tropical Deforestation |access-date=July 17, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050929051718/http://www.cabi-publishing.org/pdf/Books/0851994512/0851994512.pdf |archive-date=September 29, 2005 }}. CABI Publishing, New York</ref>

Borlaug expressed the idea now known as the "Borlaug hypothesis" in a speech given in Oslo, Norway, in 2000, upon the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize: "Had the global cereal yields of 1950 still prevailed in 1999, we would have needed nearly 1.8 billion ha of additional land of the same quality – instead of the 600 million that was used – to equal the current global harvest."<ref>Borlaug, N. E. 2002. "The green revolution revisited and the road ahead". Stockholm, Sweden. Nobelprize.org. https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/borlaug-lecture.pdf</ref>

===Criticisms and his view of critics ===

Borlaug's name is nearly synonymous with the [[Green Revolution]], against which many criticisms have been mounted over the decades. Throughout his years of research, Borlaug's programs often faced opposition from nonscientists who consider genetic crossbreeding unnatural, and therefore, those who inherently dislike the unnatural criticized such crossbreeding.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Borlaug | first1=Norman |last2=Garrett |first2=Peter |author2-link=Peter Garrett |title=Between the Tynes / Chronicles of the Future – Program 6 Earth, wind & fire |newspaper=The Weekend Australian |date=December 18, 1999 }}</ref> These farming techniques, in addition to increasing yields, often reaped large profits for U.S. [[agribusiness]] and [[agrochemical]] corporations and were criticized by one author in 2003 as widening social inequality in the countries owing to uneven food distribution while forcing a capitalist agenda of U.S. corporations onto countries that had undergone [[land reform]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cockburn |first=Alexander |title=Corporate Interests Keep World's Poor Hungry |newspaper=[[Sunday Business Post]] |date=June 29, 2003 |url=http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2003/06/29/story909701237.asp |access-date=May 27, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112093059/http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2003/06/29/story909701237.asp |archive-date=January 12, 2010 }}</ref>

Other concerns include the crossing of genetic barriers; the inability of a single crop to fulfill all nutritional requirements; the decreased biodiversity from planting few varieties; the environmental and economic effects of inorganic fertilizer and pesticides; the side effects of large amounts of herbicides sprayed on fields of herbicide-resistant crops; and the destruction of wilderness caused by the construction of roads in populated third-world areas.<ref name=reason>[http://www.reason.com/news/show/27665.html "Billions served"]. Interview with ''[[Reason Magazine]]''. April 2000</ref>

Borlaug refuted or dismissed most critiques of his critics but did take certain concerns seriously. He stated that his work has been "a change in the right direction, but it has not transformed the world into a Utopia".<ref name=hoover>Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. 2002.{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/hoover.archives.gov/programs/4Iowans/Hurt.html |date= |title=Four Iowans Who Fed The World, Norman Borlaug: Geneticist }}</ref> Of environmental lobbyists opposing crop yield improvements, he stated, "some of the environmental lobbyists of the [[Western world|Western]] nations are the salt of the earth, but many of them are [[elitist]]s. They've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger. They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] or [[Brussels]]. If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world, as I have for fifty years, they'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things."<ref>{{cite news |last=Tierney |first=John |url=http://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/19/greens-and-hunger/?pagemode=print |title=Greens and Hunger |work=TierneyLab – Putting Ideas in Science to the Test |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=February 13, 2009 |date=May 19, 2008}}</ref> Borlaug cautioned, "There are no miracles in agricultural production. Nor is there such a thing as a miracle variety of wheat, rice, or maize which can serve as an elixir to cure all ills of a stagnant, traditional agriculture."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/topics/borlaug/iowans.html |title=Iowans Who Fed The World – Norman Borlaug: Geneticist |date= October 26, 2002 |publisher=AgBioWorld |access-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref>

The journalist John Vidal, writing in ''[[The Guardian]]'', commented that the plaudits and honors heaped on Borlaug present him as a "saint or even the god of American farmers",<ref name="Vidal 2014"/> but that the technology was far from perfect. The Green Revolution promised to end hunger and poverty, and to benefit rural societies everywhere. Instead, its long-term effects included what the Indian environmentalist [[Vandana Shiva]] has called "rural impoverishment, increased debt, social inequality and the displacement of vast numbers of peasant farmers".<ref name="Vidal 2014"/> Vidal further cites the political commentator [[Alexander Cockburn]], who wrote that Borlaug was "aside from [[Henry Kissinger|Kissinger]], probably the biggest killer of all to have got the peace prize", given that his wheat "led to the death of peasants by the million".<ref name="Vidal 2014">{{cite web |last1=Vidal |first1=John |title=Norman Borlaug: humanitarian hero or menace to society? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/apr/01/norman-borlaug-humanitarian-hero-menace-society |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=October 6, 2023 |date=April 1, 2014}}</ref>

==Later roles==
Following his retirement, Borlaug continued to participate in teaching, research, and activism. He spent much of the year based at CIMMYT in Mexico, conducting research, and four months of the year serving at [[Texas A&M University]], where he had been a distinguished professor of international agriculture since 1984. From 1994 to 2003, Borlaug served on the [[International Fertilizer Development Center]] board of directors. In 1999, the university's Board of Regents named its US$16 million Center for Southern Crop Improvement in honor of Borlaug. He worked in the building's Heep Center, and taught one semester each year.<ref name=greengiant />

===Production in Africa===
In the early 1980s, environmental groups opposed to Borlaug's methods campaigned against his planned expansion of efforts into Africa. They prompted the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations and the [[World Bank]] to stop funding most of his African agricultural projects. Western European governments were persuaded to stop supplying fertilizer to Africa. According to David Seckler, former Director General of the [[International Water Management Institute]], "the environmental community in the 1980s went crazy pressuring the donor countries and the big foundations not to support ideas like inorganic fertilizers for Africa."<ref name=cfgfi />

In 1984, during the [[Ethiopia]]n famine, [[Ryoichi Sasakawa]], the chairman of the Japan Shipbuilding Industry Foundation (now the [[Nippon Foundation]]), contacted the semi-retired Borlaug, wondering why the methods used in Asia were not extended to Africa, and hoping Borlaug could help. He convinced Borlaug to help with this new effort,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Press |first=Robert |title=Borlaug: sowing 'Green Revolution' among African leaders |journal=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1994/0629/29091.html |access-date=September 6, 2009|date=June 29, 1994 }}</ref> and Borlaug assisted in creating the Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) to coordinate the project.

[[File:BorlaugUSEmbassy.jpg|left|thumb|Nigerian exchange students meet Norman Borlaug (third from right) at the World Food seminar, 2003.]]

The SAA is a research and [[Agricultural extension|extension]] organization that aims to increase food production in African countries struggling with food shortages. "I assumed we'd do a few years of research first," Borlaug later recalled, "but after I saw the terrible circumstances there, I said, 'Let's just start growing'."<ref name=cfgfi /> Soon, Borlaug and the SAA had projects in seven countries. Yields of maize in developed African countries tripled. Yields of wheat, [[sorghum]], [[cassava]], and [[cowpea]]s also increased in these countries.<ref name=cfgfi /> At present (more than ten years after Borlaug died in 2009), program activities are under way in [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Nigeria]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Uganda]], all of which suffered from repeated famines in previous decades.

From 1986 to 2009, Borlaug was the President of the SAA. That year, a joint venture between [[Carter Center|The Carter Center]] and SAA was launched called Sasakawa-Global 2000 (SG 2000).<ref name=SG2000>{{Cite web|author=The Carter Center |title=Norman Borlaug, Senior Consultant in Agriculture |url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/agriculture/program_staff.html |access-date=July 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821140453/http://cartercenter.org/health/agriculture/program_staff.html |archive-date=August 21, 2008 }}</ref> The program focuses on food, population, and agricultural policy.<ref name=CCAG>{{Cite web |author=The Carter Center |title=The Carter Center Agriculture Program |url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/agriculture/index.html |access-date=July 17, 2008 |archive-date=July 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091452/http://cartercenter.org/health/agriculture/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since then, more than 8 million small-scale farmers in 15 African countries have been trained in SAA farming techniques, which have helped them to double or triple grain production.<ref name=CC25>{{Cite web |author=The Carter Center |title=Exhibit to Highlight Progress For Peace, Health, Human Rights |date=May 2, 2007 |url=http://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/anniversary_exhibit.html |access-date=July 17, 2008 |archive-date=April 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423022122/http://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/anniversary_exhibit.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Those elements that allowed Borlaug's projects to succeed in India and Pakistan, such as well-organized market economies, transportation, and irrigation systems, are severely lacking throughout much of Africa, posing additional obstacles to increasing yields and reducing the ongoing threat of food shortages. Because of these challenges, Borlaug's initial projects were restricted to relatively developed regions of the continent.

Despite these setbacks, Borlaug found encouragement. While visiting [[Ethiopia]] in 1994, after a major famine, [[Jimmy Carter]] won the support of Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]] for a campaign to aid farmers by using the fertilizer [[diammonium phosphate]] and Borlaug's methods. The following season, Ethiopia recorded the largest harvests of major crops in history, with a 32% increase in production and a 15% increase in average yield over the previous season. For Borlaug, the rapid increase in yields suggested that there was still hope for higher food production throughout sub-Saharan Africa,<ref name=cfgfi /> despite lingering questions about population sustainability and the absence of long-term studies in Africa.

===World Food Prize===
The [[World Food Prize]] is an international award recognizing individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality, quantity, or availability of food worldwide. The prize was created in 1986 by Norman Borlaug as a way to recognize personal accomplishments and to educate, with the Prize helping to establish role models for others. The first prize was given to Borlaug's former colleague, [[M. S. Swaminathan]], in 1987, for his work in India. The next year, Swaminathan used the US$250,000 prize to establish the [[MS Swaminathan Research Foundation]] for research on [[sustainable development]].

=== Global stem rust and the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative ===
In 2005, Borlaug, with his former graduate student [[Ronnie Coffman]], convened an international expert panel in Kenya on the emerging threat of [[Ug99]] in East Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Norman Borlaug |url=https://bgri.cornell.edu/dr-norman-borlaug/ |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=BGRI – Borlaug Global Rust Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> The working group produced a report, "[https://bgri.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/SoundingAlarmGlobalRust.pdf Sounding the Alarm on Global Stem Rust]", and their work led to the formation of the Global Rust Initiative. In 2008, with funding from the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], the organization was re-named the [[Borlaug Global Rust Initiative]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Norman Borlaug|url=https://bgri.cornell.edu/dr-norman-borlaug/|access-date=December 9, 2020|website=BGRI|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Future of global farming and food supply===
The limited potential for land expansion for cultivation worried Borlaug, who, in March 2005, stated that, "we will have to double the world food supply by 2050." With 85% of future growth in food production originating from lands already in use, he recommends a multidisciplinary research focus to further increase yields, mainly through increased crop immunity to large-scale diseases, such as the rust fungus, which affects all cereals except rice. His dream was to "transfer rice immunity to cereals such as wheat, maize, sorghum and barley, and transfer bread-wheat proteins ([[gliadin]] and [[glutenin]]) to other cereals, especially rice and maize".<ref name=foodforthought>The Murugappa Group. 2005. [http://www.murugappa.com/news_events%5Cfeatures%5Cfood_for_thought.htm Food for Thought] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227065949/http://www.murugappa.com/news_events/features/food_for_thought.htm |date=December 27, 2007 }}</ref>

Borlaug believed that [[genetically modified organisms]] were the only way to increase food production as the world runs out of unused [[arable land]]. Genetic modification was not inherently dangerous "because we've been genetically modifying plants and animals for a long time. Long before we called it science, people were selecting the best breeds."<ref>[http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2008/07/norman_borlaug_1.html Norman Borlaug: genetic modification can feed the world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112729/http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2008/07/norman_borlaug_1.html |date=July 19, 2009 }}, Chron.com, July 13, 2008</ref>
In a review of Borlaug's 2000 publication entitled ''Ending world hunger: the promise of biotechnology and the threat of antiscience zealotry'',<ref>{{citation|last=Borlaug|first=N.E.|year=2000|title=Ending world hunger: the promise of biotechnology and the threat of antiscience zealotry|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=124|issue=2|pages=487–90|doi=10.1104/pp.124.2.487|pmid=11027697|pmc=1539278 |bibcode=2000PlanP.124..487B }}</ref> the authors argued that Borlaug's warnings were still true in 2010:<ref>{{citation|title=Global Food Security: The Role of Agricultural Biotechnology Commentary|url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/site/misc/pp160549.pdf|last1=Rozwadowski|first1=Kevin|first2=Sateesh|last2=Kagale|date=n.d.|institution=Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|location=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|access-date=January 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115318/http://www.plantphysiol.org/site/misc/pp160549.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>

{{quote|GM crops are as natural and safe as today's bread wheat, opined Dr. Borlaug, who also reminded agricultural scientists of their
moral obligation to stand up to the antiscience crowd and warn policy makers that global food insecurity will not disappear without this new technology, and ignoring this reality, global food insecurity would make future solutions all the more difficult to achieve.|Rozwadowski and Kagale}}

According to Borlaug, "Africa, the former Soviet republics, and the [[cerrado]] are the last frontiers. After they are in use, the world will have no additional sizable blocks of arable land left to put into production, unless you are willing to level whole forests, which you should not do. So, future food production increases will have to come from higher yields. And though I have no doubt yields will keep going up, whether they can go up enough to feed the population monster is another matter. Unless progress with agricultural yields remains very strong, the next century will experience sheer human misery that, on a numerical scale, will exceed the worst of everything that has come before".<ref name=cfgfi />

Besides increasing the worldwide food supply, early in his career, Borlaug stated that steps to slow the rate of [[population growth]] will also be necessary to prevent food shortages. In his Nobel Lecture of 1970, Borlaug stated, "Most people still fail to comprehend the magnitude and menace of the 'Population Monster' [...] If it continues to increase at the estimated present rate of two percent a year, the world population will reach 6.5 billion by the year 2000. Currently, with each second, or tick of the clock, about 2.2 additional people are added to the world population. The rhythm of increase will accelerate to 2.7, 3.3, and 4.0 for each tick of the clock by 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, unless man becomes more realistic and preoccupied about this impending doom. The tick-tock of the clock will continually grow louder and more menacing each decade. Where will it all end?"<ref name=nobel /> However, some observers have suggested that by the 1990s, Borlaug had changed his position on population control. They point to a quote from the year 2000 in which he stated: "I now say that the world has the technology—either available or well advanced in the research pipeline—to feed on a sustainable basis a population of 10 billion people. The more pertinent question today is whether farmers and ranchers will be permitted to use this new technology? While the affluent nations can certainly afford to adopt ultra low-risk positions, and pay more for food produced by the so-called 'organic' methods, the one billion chronically undernourished people of the low-income, food-deficit nations cannot."<ref name=population>Conko, Greg. [http://www.openmarket.org/2009/09/13/the-man-who-fed-the-world/ The Man Who Fed the World]. Openmarket.org. September 13, 2009.</ref> However, Borlaug remained on the advisory board of [[Population Media Center]], an organization working to stabilize world population, until his death.<ref name="PMC 2008 Annual Report">{{cite web|url=http://www.populationmedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/PMC-2008-Annual-Report-FINAL-from-QCP.pdf|title=Population Media Center 2008 Annual Report|date=2008|website=Populationmedia.org|access-date=April 22, 2011|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224222402/http://www.populationmedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/PMC-2008-Annual-Report-FINAL-from-QCP.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Death==
Borlaug died of [[lymphoma]] at the age of 95, on September 12, 2009, in his [[Dallas]] home.<ref name=APDeath/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/local/59145892.html?elr=KArksLckD8EQDUoaEyqyP4O:DW3ckUiD3aPc:_Yyc:aUUsZ|title=Nobel Prize-winning scientist Norman Borlaug, father of the 'green revolution,' dies at age 95|website=[[Star Tribune]]}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=natureobituary>{{cite journal|last1=Swaminathan|first1=M. S.|author-link1=M. S. Swaminathan|title=Obituary: Norman E. Borlaug (1914–2009) Plant scientist who transformed global food production|journal=Nature|volume=461|issue=7266|year=2009|page=894|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/461894a|pmid=19829366|bibcode=2009Natur.461..894S|s2cid=36572472|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Borlaug's children released a statement saying, "We would like his life to be a model for making a difference in the lives of others and to bring about efforts to end human misery for all mankind."<ref name=BorlaugAP>{{cite news |author=Associated Press in [[Dallas]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/13/norman-borlaug-dies-aged-95 |title=Norman Borlaug, the Nobel winner who fed the world, dies aged 95 |date=September 13, 2009 |access-date=September 15, 2009 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref>

The [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] paid tribute to Borlaug saying, "Borlaug's life and achievement are testimony to the far-reaching contribution that one man's towering intellect, persistence and scientific vision can make to human peace and progress."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/14/pm-pays-tribute-to-father-of-green-revolution-borlaug.htm |title=PM pays tribute to Father of Green Revolution Borlaug |date=September 14, 2009 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=September 15, 2009}}</ref>

The United Nations' [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] described Borlaug as "a towering scientist whose work rivals that of the 20th century's other great scientific benefactors of humankind"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=32044&Cr=FAO&Cr1= |title=UN food agency pays tribute to 'father' of Green Revolution |date=September 14, 2009 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=September 15, 2009}}</ref> and [[Kofi Annan]], former [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] said, "As we celebrate Dr. Borlaug's long and remarkable life, we also celebrate the long and productive lives that his achievements have made possible for so many millions of people around the world[...] we will continue to be inspired by his enduring devotion to the poor, needy and vulnerable of our world."<ref name=BorlaugWFP>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldfoodprize.org/press_room/2009/sept/borlaug-tributes.htm |title=Tributes to Dr. Norman E. Borlaug from around the world |date=September 14, 2009 |access-date=September 15, 2009 |publisher=[[World Food Prize]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003051629/http://www.worldfoodprize.org/press_room/2009/sept/borlaug-tributes.htm | archive-date=October 3, 2009 }}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
[[File:President-george-w-bush-speaks-with-national-medal-of-science-laureates-in-a059e4-640.jpg|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]] speaks with [[National Medal of Science]] Laureates, White House, 2006. Dr. Norman E. Borlaug is second from left.]]
[[File:20140325-OSEC-LSC-0230 (13429549743).jpg|thumb|Dedication of the Norman Borlaug statue in the National Statuary Hall at the U. S. Capitol, 2014]]
[[File:2006 Norman Borlaug Congressional Gold Medal front.jpg|thumb|Norman Borlaug Congressional Gold Medal, 2006]]
In 1968, Borlaug received what he considered an especially satisfying tribute when the people of [[Ciudad Obregón]], where some of his earliest experiments were undertaken, named a street after him. Also in that year, he became a member of the U.S. [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]].

In 1970, he was given an [[honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] by the [[Agricultural University of Norway]].<ref name=nobel_presentation>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1970/ceremony-speech/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1970|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>

In 1970, he was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] by the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] "for his contributions to the 'green revolution' that was having such an impact on food production, particularly in Asia and in Latin America."<ref name=nobel_presentation />

In 1970, he was awarded the [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]] by the Mexican government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Awards |url=https://www.cimmyt.org/about/our-history/awards/ |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=CIMMYT |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1971, he was named a Distinguished Fellow of the [[:es:Academia Nacional de Agronomía y Veterinaria|National Academy of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine]] of Argentina<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anav.org.ar/borlaug-norman-e-ing-agr-drestados-unidos/|title=BORLAUG Norman E. Ing. Agr. Dr.|date=November 9, 2011|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=August 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812013620/http://anav.org.ar/borlaug-norman-e-ing-agr-drestados-unidos/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1971, he received the [[American Academy of Achievement]]'s Golden Plate Award.<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://www.achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/}}</ref>

In 1974, he was awarded a Peace Medal (in the form of a dove, carrying a wheat ear in its beak) by [[Haryana Agricultural University]], Hisar, India.

In 1975, he was named a Distinguished Fellow of the [[Iowa Academy of Science]].<ref name="distinguished_fellow">{{cite web|url=http://www.iacad.org/da_fellow.html |title=List of Distinguished Fellows of the Iowa Academy of Science |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514153059/http://www.iacad.org/da_fellow.html |archive-date=May 14, 2009 }}</ref>

In 1980, he received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by [[Jefferson Awards for Public Service|Jefferson Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National – Jefferson Awards Foundation|access-date=May 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1980, he was elected an honorary member of the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]].

In 1984, his name was placed in the National Agricultural Hall of Fame at the national center in [[Bonner Springs, Kansas|Bonner Springs]], [[Kansas]]. Also that year, he was recognized for sustained service to humanity through outstanding contributions in plant breeding from the Governors Conference on Agriculture Innovations in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], [[Arkansas]]. Also in 1984, he received the Henry G. Bennet Distinguished Service Award at commencement ceremonies at [[Oklahoma State University]].

In 1986, Borlaug was inducted into the [[Scandinavian-American Hall of Fame]] during [http://www.hostfest.com Norsk Høstfest].<ref>{{cite web|title=SAHF Inductees|url=http://hostfest.com/sahf/sahf-inductees/dr-norman-e-borlaug/|website=hostfest.com|date=October 19, 2020|publisher=Norsk Høstfest|access-date=January 11, 2016|archive-date=February 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208082312/http://hostfest.com/sahf/sahf-inductees/dr-norman-e-borlaug/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Borlaug was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1987|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1987]].<ref name=frs/><ref name=royalsoc>{{cite web|title=Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660–2015 |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185820/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Borlaug had a long history of involvement with the [[Council for Agricultural Science and Technology]] (CAST). Borlaug's remarks as the invited speaker at the organization's 1973 conference became its first published paper. Borlaug received the organization's [[Charles A. Black Award]] in 2005 for his contributions to public policy and the [[public awareness of science|public understanding of science]].<ref name="Gogerty">{{cite web |last1=Gogerty |first1=Dan |date=April 29, 2019 |title=The Father of the Green Revolution—Agriculturalist, Scientist, and Communicator |url=https://www.worldfoodprize.org/index.cfm/88533/18746/the_father_of_the_green_revolutionagriculturalist_scientist_and_communicator |website=World Food Prize |language=en-us}}</ref>
In 2010, CAST changed the name of the Charles A. Black Award (1986–2009) to the [[Borlaug CAST Communication Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles A. Black Award Recipients |url=https://cast-science.org/charles-a-black-recipients/ |website=Council for Agricultural Science and Technology |language=en |access-date=July 8, 2024 |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708204000/https://cast-science.org/charles-a-black-recipients/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam presenting the First Dr. M.S. Swaminathan Award for Leadership in Agriculture to Dr. Norman E. Borlaug at an Award function in New Delhi on March 15, 2005.jpg|thumb|Borlaug being awarded the first M. S. Swaminathan Award for Leadership in Agriculture by Indian President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in [[New Delhi]], India, 2005]]
On August 19, 2013, his statue was unveiled inside the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]'s NASC Complex at [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/6506|title=Shri Sharad Pawar Unveiled the Statue of Dr. Borlaug at New Delhi – Indian Council of Agricultural Research|website=icar.org.in|access-date=May 30, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506122558/http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/6506|archive-date=May 6, 2016}}</ref>

On March 25, 2014, a [[Norman Borlaug (Victor)|statue of Borlaug]] at the [[United States Capitol]] was unveiled in a ceremony on the 100th anniversary of his birth. This statue replaces the statue of [[James Harlan (senator)|James Harlan]] as one of the two statues given to the [[National Statuary Hall Collection]] by the state of Iowa.

Borlaug received the 1977 U.S. [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the 2002 [[Public Welfare Medal]] from the National Academy of Sciences,<ref name=PublicWelfare>{{cite web|title=Public Welfare Award |url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_pwm |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=February 18, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604024100/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_pwm |archive-date=June 4, 2011 }}</ref> the 2002 [[Rotary International]] Award for World Understanding and Peace, and the 2004 [[National Medal of Science]]. As of January 2004, Borlaug had received 49 honorary degrees from as many universities, in 18 countries, the most recent from Dartmouth College on June 12, 2005,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2005/04/28a.html |title=Biographical background on 2005 Dartmouth honorary degree recipients Norman E. Borlaug(Doctor of Science) |publisher=dartmouth.edu |access-date=August 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201132839/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2005/04/28a.html |archive-date=December 1, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was a foreign or honorary member of 22 international Academies of Sciences.<ref name=borlaugcv>{{cite web|url=http://agbioworld.org/biotech-info/topics/borlaug/borlaug-cv.html|title=Dr. Norman E. Borlaug's Curriculum Vitae|website=agbioworld.org|access-date=May 30, 2017}}</ref> In Iowa and Minnesota, "[[World Food Day]]", October 16, is referred to as "Norman Borlaug World Food Prize Day". Throughout the United States, it is referred to as "[[World Food Prize]] Day".

In 2006, the [[Government of India]] conferred on him its second-highest civilian award: the [[Padma Vibhushan]].<ref>[http://ia.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/24borlaug.htm?q=np&file=.htm "Father of India's Green Revolution" given Padma Vibhushan] [[Rediff.com]], August 24, 2006.</ref> He was awarded the Danforth Award for Plant Science by the [[Donald Danforth Plant Science Center]], St Louis, [[Missouri]] in recognition of his lifelong commitment to increasing global agricultural production through plant science.

The [[stained-glass]] ''World Peace Window'' at [[St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral]] in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], depicts "peace makers" of the 20th century, including Norman Borlaug.<ref>Bjordal, J. [http://chestnut.cas.psu.edu/PDFs/Journals/journ_vol18-2_04.pdf Cathedral Peace Window honors Dr Norman Borlaug and Jimmy Carter] Journal of the American Chestnut Foundation, vol. 18 no. 2 Fall 2004, p. 9. Retrieved September 6, 2009.</ref>

[[File:Borlaug July172007.jpg|thumb|[[George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]] along with House Majority Leader [[Steny Hoyer]] and House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] congratulate Borlaug during the Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony on July 17, 2007.]]

In August 2006, Dr. Leon Hesser published ''The Man Who Fed the World: Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug and His Battle to End World Hunger,'' an account of Borlaug's life and work. On August 4, the book received the 2006 Print of Peace award, as part of International Read For Peace Week. Borlaug is also the subject of the [[documentary film]] ''The Man Who Tried to Feed the World'' which first aired on ''[[American Experience]]'' on April 21, 2020.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/man-who-tried-to-feed-the-world/ ''American Experience'': ''The Man Who Tried to Feed the World'' – PBS.org.] Retrieved December 17, 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/how-unintended-consequences-unraveled-a-legendary-agricultural-achievement/2020/04/17/b62f0f04-7ff0-11ea-8013-1b6da0e4a2b7_story.html Blakemore, Erin. "How unintended consequences unraveled a legendary agricultural achievement," ''The Washington Post'', Saturday, April 18, 2020.] Retrieved December 17, 2022.</ref>

On September 27, 2006, the [[United States Senate]], by unanimous consent, passed the Congressional Tribute to Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Act of 2006. The act authorizes that Borlaug be awarded America's highest civilian award, the [[Congressional Gold Medal]]. On December 6, 2006, the House of Representatives passed the measure by voice vote. President George Bush signed the bill into law on December 14, 2006, and it became Public Law Number 109–395.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ395.109|title=An Act To award a congressional gold medal to Dr. Norman E. Borlaug|access-date=May 30, 2017}}</ref> According to the act, "the number of lives Dr. Borlaug has saved [is] more than a billion people" The act authorizes the [[Secretary of the Treasury]] to strike and sell duplicates of the medal in bronze.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dr. Norman Borlaug Bronze Medal |publisher=The United States Mint |url=http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/medals/?action=medal&ID=25&pf |access-date=February 16, 2011 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604104627/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/medals/?action=medal&ID=25&pf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was presented with the medal on July 17, 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.umn.edu/news/features/2006/UR_84946_REGION1.html|title=Alumnus Norman Borlaug receives National Medal of Science|last=nels2371|date=May 18, 2016|access-date=May 30, 2017}}</ref>

Borlaug was a foreign fellow of the [[Bangladesh Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bas.org.bd/list-of-fellows/userslist.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415000333/http://www.bas.org.bd/list-of-fellows/userslist.html|url-status=dead|title=List of Fellows of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences|archivedate=April 15, 2010}}</ref>

The [[Borlaug Dialogue]] (Norman E. Borlaug International Symposium) is named in his honour.

== Books ==

[[File:Borlaug90-2004.jpg|thumb|Borlaug with United States Secretary of Agriculture Ann M. Veneman near the birthday cake prepared for his 90th birthday]]

{{expand list|date=May 2019}}
* ''[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1970/borlaug/lecture/ The Green Revolution, Peace, and Humanity]''. 1970. Nobel Lecture, Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway. December 11, 1970.
* ''Wheat in the Third World''. 1982. Authors: Haldore Hanson, Norman E. Borlaug, and R. Glenn Anderson. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. {{ISBN|0-86531-357-1}}
* ''Land use, food, energy and recreation''. 1983. Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. {{ISBN|0-940222-07-8}}
* ''Feeding a human population that increasingly crowds a fragile planet''. 1994. Mexico City. {{ISBN|968-6201-34-3}}
* ''Norman Borlaug on World Hunger''. 1997. Edited by Anwar Dil. San Diego/Islamabad/Lahore: Bookservice International. 499 pages. {{ISBN|0-9640492-3-6}}
* ''[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-lecture.pdf The Green Revolution Revisited and the Road Ahead]''. 2000. Anniversary Nobel Lecture, Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway. September 8, 2000.
* "[http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/124/2/487 Ending World Hunger. The Promise of Biotechnology and the Threat of Antiscience Zealotry]". 2000. ''Plant Physiology'', October 2000, Vol. 124, pp. 487–90. ([http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/topics/borlaug/endhunger.html duplicate])
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140307164539/http://www.ifdc.org/Documents/LS-3-Feeding_a_World_of_10_Billion_People/ Feeding a World of 10 Billion People: The TVA/IFDC Legacy]''. [[International Fertilizer Development Center]], 2003. {{ISBN|0-88090-144-6}}
* ''Prospects for world agriculture in the twenty-first century''. 2004. Norman E. Borlaug, Christopher R. Dowswell. Published in: ''Sustainable agriculture and the international rice-wheat system''. {{ISBN|0-8247-5491-3}}
* Foreword to ''[[The Frankenfood Myth]]: How Protest and Politics Threaten the Biotech Revolution''. 2004. Henry I. Miller, Gregory Conko. {{ISBN|0-275-97879-6}}
* {{cite journal |last=Borlaug |first=Norman E. |doi=10.1007/s10681-007-9480-9 |title=Sixty-two years of fighting hunger: personal recollections |date=June 27, 2007 |journal=Euphytica |volume=157 |pages=287–97 |issue=3|bibcode=2007Euphy.157..287B |s2cid=2927707 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Andy Andrews |title=The Boy Who Changed The World |url=https://librariesniuk.overdrive.com/media/599484
|format=eBook : Juvenile Nonfiction|publisher=Thomas Nelson |language=en|date=2010 |isbn=978-1418562519}}
* {{cite book |last=Bickel |first=Lennard |title=Facing starvation; Norman Borlaug and the fight against hunger |location=Pleasantville, N.Y. |publisher=Reader's Digest Press; distributed by Dutton |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-88349-015-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Hesser |first=Leon |title=The Man Who Fed the World: Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug and His Battle to End World Hunger |publisher=Durban House |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-930754-90-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Cullather |first=Nick |title=The Hungry World: America's Cold War Battle against Poverty in Asia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-674-05078-5}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Rajaram | first1 = S. | title = Norman Borlaug: The Man I Worked with and Knew | journal = Annual Review of Phytopathology | volume = 49 | pages = 17–30 | year = 2011 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095308 | pmid = 21370972| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011AnRvP..49...17R }}
*{{cite book|title=Our Daily Bread: the Essential Norman Borlaug|last=Vietmeyer|first=Noel|publisher=Bracing Books|year=2013|isbn=978-0-578-09555-4}}
*{{cite book|title=Borlaug; Volume 1, Right off the Farm 1914–1944|last=Vietmeyer|first=Noel|publisher=Bracing Books|year=2009|isbn=978-0-578-04125-4}}
*{{cite book|title=Borlaug; Volume 2, Wheat Whisperer 1944–1959|last=Vietmeyer|first=Noel|publisher=Bracing Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-578-03856-8}}
*{{cite book|title=Borlaug; Volume 3, Bread Winner 1960–1969|last=Vietmeyer|first=Noel|publisher=Bracing Books|year=2010|isbn=978-057-806920-3}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Recognizing the Efforts of Agronomist and Nobel Laureate Norman Borlaug}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{C-SPAN|38480}}
* [http://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/14/resources/1743 Norman E. Borlaug papers, University Archives], University of Minnesota – Twin Cities
* [https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/tribute/news/the-pioneer-the-green-revolution-1798414 The Pioneer of the Green Revolution], 2019 essay from a Bangladeshi scientist
* {{Nobelprize}}

{{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1951-1975}}
{{1970 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science |biological}}
{{Founding members of the World Cultural Council}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borlaug, Norman}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American agronomists]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Deaths from lymphoma in Texas]]
[[Category:Civilian Conservation Corps people]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Development specialists]]
[[Category:Fellows of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Founding members of the World Cultural Council]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)]]
[[Category:Members of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry]]
[[Category:Members of the Mexican Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters]]
[[Category:American people of Norwegian descent]]
[[Category:Scientists from Dallas]]
[[Category:People from Cresco, Iowa]]
[[Category:Scientists from Minnesota]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Rockefeller Foundation people]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Vannevar Bush Award recipients]]
[[Category:Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Lutherans from Iowa]]
[[Category:Scientists from Iowa]]
[[Category:20th-century American biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century American biologists]]
[[Category:Plant breeding]]
[[Category:American fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:21st-century American agronomists]]

SERUDS

2026-04-26T04:12:53Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting first page added tags...

{{Short description|Indian not-for-profit organization}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = SERUDS INDIA - Sai Educational Rural & Urban Development Society
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|formation = 2003
|extinction =
|type = [[Not for profit]]
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|location = Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
|region_served = India
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'''Sai Educational Rural & Urban Development Society''' ('''SERUDS''') is a [[Volunteering|voluntary]] and [[not for profit]] organization in [[India]]. It is a [[NGO|Non-Governmental Organisation]] serving disadvantaged children, elderly, women and youth in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India. SERUDS raises funds and contributions from individuals and organizations across [[India]] and the world and then uses these donations to serve the needs of deprived children, economically disadvantaged women, [[youth empowerment]] and hapless elderly people.

SERUDS NGO India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.serudsindia.org/|title=Seruds Official Site - November 2011|last=|first=|date=|website=www.serudsindia.org/|access-date=}}</ref> is listed in [[GiveIndia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.giveindia.org/m-988-seruds.aspx|title=Something new has happened}}</ref> [[Give2asia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://give2asia.org/seruds|title=Sai Educational Rural & Urban Development Society (SERUDS)}}</ref> Joy of Giving, Give foundation, Global giving, [[Samhita]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samhita.org/ngos/seruds |title=Samhita |accessdate=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229142823/http://samhita.org/ngos/seruds |archivedate=2012-12-29 }}</ref> Credibility Alliance, God Parents Foundation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://godparents.in/NGOProfile2.aspx?ID=SERUDS|title= Sai Educational Rural & Urban Development Society}}</ref> Vaniindia, Guidestar India websites as an NGO for its commitment for working in rural and urban slums for last eight years in upliftment of the society.

SERUDS<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.serudsindia.org/about-us/our-legal-status|title=Legal Status of the NGO in India - Donate NGO India|first=Seruds NGO|last=India|publisher=}}</ref> is registered under societies registration act of 1860, registered under [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010|FCRA under Ministry of Home affairs]], Income tax act for income [[tax exemption]] with Government of India.

==History==

SERUDS NGO was conceived in 2003 by Mallikarjuna.G<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.propoor.org/blog.php?sid=91090|title=ProPoor: South Asia Development News|website=propoor.org}}</ref> an Engineering graduate from one of the top engineering colleges in India who got inspired at the age of 24 started SERUDS to serve the society. Today SERUDS is growing and serving the needs in five districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] apart from other Indian states. It is run and managed by a team of like minded professionals. SERUDS always wanted to work for the holistic development of poorer and has compassion towards the sufferings of deprived and downtrodden sections of the [[society]].

SERUDS India is supported by SERUDS Inc., a 501(c)3 public charity in Land O' Lakes, Florida, USA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SERUDS Inc. |url=https://serudsinc.org/ |website=SERUDS INC.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seruds Inc - GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/shared/7799bfae-880d-4daf-83df-0f482e449e76 |website=Nonprofit data for donors, grantmakers, and businesses {{!}} GuideStar {{!}} Candid}}</ref>

==Vision==

Distribute the Fruits of Development to all the Sections of the Society.

==Ongoing initiatives==

Nutritious mid day meals to the hapless elderly, destitute and [[Poverty|poor]] people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/49526899|title=Seruds|website=Vimeo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sweksha.com/blog/seruds-ngo-joy-of-giving-week/ |title=Seruds NGO - Joy of Giving Week: Sweksha | Willingly Yours! |accessdate=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130203073653/http://www.sweksha.com/blog/seruds-ngo-joy-of-giving-week/ |archivedate=2013-02-03 }}</ref>

Running a Charitable Old Age home for destitute elderly women since 2012. It shelters about 30 old women<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Age Home for Women |url=https://serudsindia.org/elders/free-old-age-home/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Seruds |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Four day care centres with play items and mid day meals for [[children]] up to six years old of working mothers in hazardous jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earth-news.info/non-profit-news/48-ngo-india-announces-sponsor-a-child-program.html |title=NGO in Andhra Pradesh, India announces Sponsor a Child program |accessdate=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017194703/http://www.earth-news.info/non-profit-news/48-ngo-india-announces-sponsor-a-child-program.html |archivedate=2012-10-17 }}</ref>

Skill development including Fashion Design training to the Economically disadvantaged Women.

Running a Children's [[orphanage]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earth-news.info/non-profit-news/372-make-a-difference-to-someones-life-this-diwali.html |title=Make a difference to someone's life this Diwali |accessdate=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029145839/http://www.earth-news.info/non-profit-news/372-make-a-difference-to-someones-life-this-diwali.html |archivedate=2012-10-29 }}</ref>

Distribution of Educational Material, text and notebooks, Uniforms to the economically disadvantaged poor students in the Government High Schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/6146-business-briefs-follow-the-money.html |title=Business Briefs: Follow the Money, by Richard Springer, Staff Reporter |accessdate=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220115356/http://indiawest.com/news/6146-business-briefs-follow-the-money.html |archivedate=2012-12-20 }}</ref>

[[Sponsorship]] of school fee and other needs to the bright students belonging to poor families.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earth-news.info/non-profit-news/902-seruds-ngo-announces-new-child-development-programs.html |title=SERUDS NGO announces new Child Development Programs |accessdate=2012-12-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214010744/http://www.earth-news.info/non-profit-news/902-seruds-ngo-announces-new-child-development-programs.html |archivedate=2012-12-14 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://serudsindia.org/ The Seruds India website]

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Web portals]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]

Munger Municipal Corporation

2026-04-25T17:31:12Z

TiaBurwell25: put up some entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Civic body governing Munger, Bihar, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Original research|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Munger Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| foundation =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Kumkum Devi
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Khalid Hussain
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Shivakshi Dikshit
| last_election1 = 2017
| meeting_place = Dilawerpur, [[Munger]], [[Bihar]] - 811201
| website = {{URL | https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/munger}}
| seats = 45
}}

'''Munger Municipal Corporation''' or '''Munger Nagar Nigam''', is the civic body that governs [[Munger]], a city of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Munger Municipal Corporation consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]], and administers the city's [[infrastructure]], [[public service]]s, and supplies.

== Functions ==
Munger Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Mu9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Mu10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue ==
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government<ref name="Mu11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mu12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mu13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Property tax
* Profession tax
* Entertainment tax
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax
* Advertisement tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Water usage charges
* Fees from Documentation services
* Rent received from municipal property
* Funds from municipal bonds

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/munger|name=Official Website - www.nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/munger}}

[[Category:Politics of Munger district]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Bihar]]

Shriniwas Joshi

2026-04-24T07:55:08Z

TiaBurwell25: made new entry

{{Short description|Indian Columist, Theater Artist and retired Civil Servant (born 1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
'''Shriniwas Joshi''' (born 11 May 1936) is a columnist, theatre artist, and retired civil servant from [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. As a columnist, Joshi is especially known for his column 'Vignettes' in the [[Indian English]] daily [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], through which he has documented people, history, places, and idiosyncratic things all across Himachal Pradesh. As a theatre figure, he has been associated for decades with [[Shimla]]'s historic [[Gaiety Theatre, Shimla|Gaiety Theatre]], for which he has written, acted in, and directed a number of plays. As a retired civil servant, Joshi has been active in various civic causes in Shimla, including heritage conservation, environmental protection, and the promotion of arts.

== Personal life and career ==
Joshi was born in 1936 in [[Shimla|Simla]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. He did an M.A. in political science from the [[Panjab University]] in Chandigarh, and then an MA in economics from the [[Punjabi University]] in Patiala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Shriniwas |title=Babudom Bosh + squibs of sweet and sour shots |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |year=2004 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Shriniwas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WH-vsCn2T9MC&dq=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE&pg=PT6 |title=Ghughutiya |date=1997 |publisher=Atmaram & Sons |language=hi}}</ref> Afterwards, he joined government service as a statistician, and retired as an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1994. In his administrative capacity, among other tasks, Joshi served as special secretary to Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister [[Virbhadra Singh]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Vandana |date=2017-11-08 |title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly election 2017: How 'royal' politicians in hill state take divine route to electoral success |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-2017-how-royal-politicians-in-hill-state-take-divine-route-to-electoral-success-4199373.html |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> as Director of Primary Education,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms. Lalima Gupta And Anr. vs State Of H.P. And Anr. on 7 July, 1992 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1489148/ |website=Indiankanoon}}</ref> and as Director of the Department of Art, Culture, and Language in the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Shriniwas |title=The teller of our tales departs |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/news-detail-797613 |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> He served as the [[Deputy commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] of [[Kangra district]], Himachal Pradesh, from 29 June 1992 till 4 August 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Deputy Commissioners {{!}} District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/list-of-previous-dupty-commissioners/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh |language=en-US}}</ref> Post-retirement, he served as the administrator of Indus Hospital, Shimla, and as a member of the Board of Management, Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University (Palampur, H.P.).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Our Contributors |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23344265 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=45 |issue=4 (204) |pages=207–211 |jstor=23344265 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2011-12-28 |title=MRI Unit set up at Indus Hospital Shimla |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2011/12/mri-unit-set-up-at-indus-hospital-shimla/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref> Over 2009-12, Joshi was a member of the Inter Agency Core Group in Shimla, for the Government of India - UNDP Urban Risk Reduction Project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA – UNDP URBAN RISK REDUCTION PROJECT (2009-12) |url=https://hp.gov.in/hpsdma/ResourceList/TrainedPersonnel/ShimlaURR.pdf}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Himachal Pradesh University]] Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=Transform youth energy for medal in sport |url=http://himachalpr.gov.in/OneNews.aspx?Language=1&ID=9528 |website=Information and Public Relations, Government of Himachal Pradesh}}</ref>

He lives at Panchwati house, at village Kanena-Pagog (post office Bharari), near [[Shimla]], with his wife Yamini.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Cultural contributions ==
Joshi writes in English and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKFjAAAAMAAJ&q=shriniwas+joshi |title=Indian Literature |date=2001 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi. |language=en}}</ref> Joshi has written numerous columns and articles for a number of Indian national daily newspapers in English, including [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], [[The Times of India]], and [[The Indian Express]].<ref name=":0" /> He is particularly known for his column 'Vignettes' in The Tribune.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Humera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksOjDAAAQBAJ&dq=shriniwas+joshi&pg=PT65 |title=A Year in Himachal: Memories of an Incredible State |date=2016-07-05 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-945497-50-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sud |first=Hari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8aRBQAAQBAJ&dq=shriniwas+joshi&pg=PA25 |title=Entrepreneurs of British Shimla |date=2013-06-07 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-11357-3 |language=en}}</ref> His articles are generally essays about places, events, facets of culture, and contemporary and historical personalities of Himachal Pradesh. Joshi published a compilation of several of his column pieces in English as a book called ''Babudom Bosh + squibs of sweet and sour shots''.<ref name=":0" /> He has also written several short stories and plays.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishan |first=Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3yb_HGWwvQC&dq=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA156 |title=Kahani Ke Naye Pratiman |date=2005 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8143-352-7 |language=hi}}</ref>

Joshi has directed and acted in numerous plays at Shimla's historic [[Gaiety Theatre, Shimla|Gaiety Theatre]]. He has had his own theatre group called 'Amateur Evening'.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brara |first=Sarita |date=2013-07-13 |title=Playhouse legacy |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/playhouse-legacy/article4909064.ece |access-date=2023-01-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City-based theatre group to stage 'Art Lit Adaptation' at Shimla's iconic Gaiety Theatre |url=https://www.yugmarg.com/news/5713-city-based-theatre-group-to-stage-%E2%80%98art-lit-adaptation%E2%80%99-at-shimlas-iconic-gaiety-theatre |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.yugmarg.com}}</ref> Along with his wife Yamini, he played key roles in [[Amit Dutta]]'s movie [[Nainsukh (film)|Nainsukh]] (2010), an artistic biographical look at the 18th century painter Nainsukh from [[Kangra district|Kangra]]. The movie won international critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nainsukh (2010) - Cast & Crew on MUBI |url=https://mubi.com/films/nainsukh/cast |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=mubi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weissberg |first=Jay |date=2010-09-15 |title=Nainsukh |url=https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/nainsukh-1117943564/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

Joshi is a member of the Amateur Dramatics Club, Shimla,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shimla Amateur Dramatics Club |url=https://www.adcshimla1837.com/public/members-search.php?pn=56&search=Joshi&checkin=Search |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=www.adcshimla1837.com}}</ref> the Shimla Amateur Garden and Environment Society (SAGES),<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2022 |title=A report on visit of the members of Shimla Amateur Garden & Environment Society (SAGES) to Western Himalayan Temperate Arboretum (WHTA), Potters Hill, Shimla |url=https://icfre.gov.in/institute_update_file/inst_update1654.pdf | publisher=icfre.gov.in | accessdate=25 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla - Earth Day 2015 |url=https://apw2013.icfre.org/UserFiles/File/Institute-HFRI-2011/2015/Earth-Day-2015_01May15.pdf}}</ref> and the Himachal Pradesh chapter of [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Government of India - UNDP Urban Risk Reduction Project (2009-12) |url=https://hp.gov.in/hpsdma/ResourceList/TrainedPersonnel/ShimlaURR.pdf}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

* For 2018-2022, Joshi was nominated and appointed to the General Council of the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's national academy of letters, as an Advisory Member for [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: Welcome to Sahitya Akademi - Members of Advisory Boards (Hindi) ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/aboutus/hindi.jsp |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=श्रीनिवास जोशी साहित्य अकादमी के सदस्य मनोनीत |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HIM-SHI-OMC-MAT-latest-shimla-news-021002-793239-NOR.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>
* In 2018, Joshi was one of the two persons appointed to the General Council of the Himachal Pradesh Academy on account of their fame as performing artists, the other being Bharti Kuthiala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Himachal kala sanskriti bhasha akademi shimla - prastavna |url=https://secure.evidhan.nic.in/SecureFileStructure/AssemblyFiles/13/6/20190821/Documents/2_1_2.pdf}}</ref>
* Joshi was among the 20 prominent personalities of Shimla who were invited to contribute to the volume ''The Deputy Commissioner, Shimla: two centuries of an institution (1815-2015),'' which was published in 2015 by the Deputy Commissioner's Office, Shimla''.'' Joshi contributed two essays, one titled 'Hindustani Theatre in Shimla' and the other titled 'Shimla in Folksongs'.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Deputy Commissioner, Shimla: two centuries of an institution (1815-2015) |publisher=The Deputy Commissioner, Shimla |year=2015 |editor-last=Bhasin |editor-first=Raaja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lohumi |first=Bhanu |date=27 May 2015 |title=A peep into Shimla's history through sketches, pictures |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/a-peep-into-shimlas-history-through-sketches-pictures-86079 |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
* Joshi is a recipient of several awards, including the Shimla Amateur Dramatics Award, the Himachal Shri Award, the Akashvani Award, and the Humanitarianism & Service Award by Indus Medical Foundation, U.S.A.<ref name=":1" /> In 2015, Joshi was awarded the ''Lifetime Achievement Honour'' by the Himalaya Sahitya, Sanskriti evam Paryavaran Manch, for his 'contributions to Himalayan art, history, culture, literature, and social participation'.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2015 |title=Lifetime Achievement Honour for Shriniwas Joshi, Dr OC Handa |work=United News of India |url=http://www.uniindia.net/life-achievement-honour-to-shriniwas-joshi-dr-oc-handa/states/news/326703.html}}</ref>

== Select bibliography ==

* ''Ghughutiya'' (in Hindi). (Delhi: Atmaram and Sons, 1997)
* ''Babudom Bosh + squibs of sweet and sour shots.'' (Delhi: Sanbun Publishers, 2004).
* ''Sunni bhunku: Himachal Pradesh ke Chamba zile ki prem lok katha'' (in Hindi). (Delhi: [[National Book Trust]], 2005).
* ''Hum nahi sudhrenge: Shriniwas Joshi ke laghu natak'' (in Hindi). (Delhi: Atmaram and Sons, 2016).
* ''Begmu ki su'' (in Hindi). (Ghaziabad: K.L. Pachauri Prakashan, 2021)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:People from Shimla district]]
[[Category:Writers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Punjabi University alumni]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Highway (2022 film)

2026-04-21T02:01:17Z

TiaBurwell25: Created article

{{Short description|2022 film by K. V. Guhan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Highway
| image = Highway Telugu film poster.jpg
| caption = Digital premier poster
| director = [[K. V. Guhan]]
| writer = K. V. Guhan
| producer = Venkat Talati
| starring = [[Anand Deverakonda]] [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] [[Manasa Radhakrishnan]] [[Saiyami Kher]]
| cinematography = K. V. Guhan Arun Kumar Selvaraj
| editing = Tammiraju
| music = [[Simon K. King]]
| studio = Sree Iswarya Lakshmi Movies Northstar Entertainment
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|08|19|ref1=}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Highway''''' is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language [[Crime-thriller film|mystery crime thriller]] film written and directed by [[K. V. Guhan]] and, produced by Venkat Talari through Sree Iswarya Lakshmi Movies and Northstar Entertainment. The film features [[Anand Deverakonda]], [[Manasa Radhakrishnan]] (in her [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut) and [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] (in his [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut) in primary roles. ''Highway'' was premiered on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 19 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=14 August 2022 |title=Telugu service aha Video to stream new thriller 'Highway' |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/telugu-service-aha-video-to-stream-new-thriller-highway-11660461006517.html |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film starts with Vishnu ([[Anand Devarakonda]]) telling his story.

'''Flashback''': Vishnu is a photographer who lives with his mother, sister and grandmother in Hyderabad. He travels to Bangalore with his long-time friend Samudram ([[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]) to shoot a wedding while, Asha Bharat ([[Saiyami Kher]]) and her team are investigating the case of a serial killer named 'D' ([[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]) who kills young girls for his pleasure. On other side Tulasi ([[Manasa Radhakrishnan]]), a young, innocent and beautiful village girl who lives with her mother and works in a dairy farm, decides to travel to Mangalore to escape from her boss torture to marry her and to meet her father who abandoned them, whereas, D kills another girl making him and Asha close to meet distance.

On her journey, Tulasi bus stops near a Dhaba for rest. As she goes to use the washroom, an deaf old women mistakenly locks her inside. Later, she escapes out only to see that she missed the bus. There a man tries to harass her but the Dhaba owner Jaya saves her and gives her shelter for night. On other side, Vishnu's car gets repaired in middle of the way. He and Samudram fixes it back and travels to the Dhaba (Where Tulasi stays) to see Jaya who is unknowingly is aunt of Vishnu and childhood crush of Samudram. There Vishnu meets Tulasi and falls for her at the first sight. His aunt gives him the responsibility to drop her to Mangalore, while on the other side D tries to kill other girl but fails. In that frustrating, he kills a small kid who works for her. As Asha comes to investigate there she gets the portrait of D from a lodge owner whom she met before to arrest D, as he stayed there.

During their journey, Tulasi and Vishnu gets close and began to have feelings for each other but things turn upside down when Vishnu have to urgently leave for Bangalore and drops Tulasi near Mangalore bus to travel by giving her a phone to call him if any emergency and he leaves, but the bus doesn't start, making the passengers to get down. Tulasi tries to call him, but the call doesn't get connected. There she meets the man who tried to harass her near the Dhaba. He gives her lift by blackmailing her, but shifts the route and tries to assault her again. While trying to escape from him Tulasi calls Vishnu, even though it gets connected they fail to talk. An enthusiastic D who saw this, saves Tulasi from him only to kidnap her in name of help. Poor Tulasi unaware of all these trusts him.

Vishnu regrets leaving Tulasi alone. Samudram understands his situation and asks him to go back to Tulasi while he travels alone to Bangalore. Vishnu travels back to the place he left Tulasi and brings the man who tried to harass her to the police. There he decodes that D has kidnapped Tulasi and registers the complaint to Asha. He takes pic of the portrait of D and they began to search for Tulasi but in vain. Meanwhile, when D tries to kill Tulasi he accidentally slips into a river, but Tulasi saves him changing his intention to kill her. Later, Vishnu sees courier company DHDC in his way and asks their help to find Tulasi to which they agree.

After a lot of search, Vishnu gets message from the company's driver who finds Tulasi with D in his ambulance and they forward it to him and he shares the same to Asha. Asha and her assistant who decodes D location tries to arrest him, but he overtakes them by taking the gun and shoots them. A terrified Tulasi tries to escape but he threatens her and forcefully takes her away.

Vishnu comes to the location and sees the assistant dead and Asha alive with injuries. He takes her to the govt hospital nearby and leaves to save Tulasi.

'''Present''': D takes Tulasi to a forest in a truck by killing a passerby. He tells her, his motives behind the murders - He was an ordinary ambulance driver who used to enjoy when someone lose their lives. Soon, he meets a beautiful girl and decides to change and leave a peaceful life with her, but she leaves him for another rich guy she meets, making D go mad. An enraged D later kills her and finds the same happiness in killing other similar girls like his lover. D also explains Tulasi that the difference he saw between them and her is that she is all alone and no one will come to save her.

Before they could complete their conversation, Vishnu arrives to save Tulasi. Tulasi attacks on D and goes back to Vishnu, but D comes in between them and tries to kill them both, while a tiger from the forest arrives on time and attacks on D. It kills him as his prey while Tulasi and Vishnu reunite.

The film ends with Tulasi and Vishnu telling the entire story to media leaving the nation in shock.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Anand Deverakonda]] as Vishnu, Tulasi's love interest
* [[Manasa Radhakrishnan]] as Tulasi, Vishnu's love interest
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as D, A serial killer
* [[Saiyami Kher]] as Asha Bharath, A police officer investigating D's case
* [[John Vijay]] as The person who tries to harass Tulasi
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] as Jaya, Vishnu's aunt and Samudram's long time crush
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Samudram, Vishnu's friend and career partner
}}

== Production ==
After watching [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]'s performance in the Hindi web series ''[[Paatal Lok]]'', Guhan cast him for the role of a [[serial killer]].<ref name="Bollywood actor Abhishek Banerjee all set to make his Tollywood with the upcoming thriller 'Highway'">{{cite news |date=6 August 2022 |title=Bollywood actor Abhishek Banerjee all set to make his Tollywood with the upcoming thriller 'Highway' |language=en |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bollywood-actor-abhishek-banerjee-all-set-to-make-his-tollywood-with-the-upcoming-thriller-highway/articleshow/93394649.cms |access-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819124911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bollywood-actor-abhishek-banerjee-all-set-to-make-his-tollywood-with-the-upcoming-thriller-highway/articleshow/93394649.cms |archive-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> The film's launch event with a ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' ceremony was held in May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Director KV Guhan's Next With Anand Devarakonda As Main Lead Produced By Venkat Talari Titled "Highway" Launched With Pooja Ceremony |url=https://industryhit.com/t/director-kv-guhans-next-with-anand-devarakonda-as-main-lead-produced-by-venkat-talari-titled-highway-launched-with-pooja-ceremony/ |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=Industry Hit |language=en-US}}</ref> It was extensively shot on the highways near [[Hyderabad]], [[Araku Valley]] and [[Chikmagalur]] in approximately forty days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=16 August 2022 |title=K V Guhan's new film starring Anand Deverakonda and Abhishek Banerjee explores mayhem on the 'Highway' |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/k-v-guhans-new-film-explores-mayhem-on-the-highway/article65771572.ece |access-date=31 August 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Filming was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] in October 2021.<ref name="hw">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Anand Deverakonda wraps up 'Highway' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/anand-deverakonda-wraps-up-highway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009071418/https://telanganatoday.com/anand-deverakonda-wraps-up-highway |archive-date=9 October 2021 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2021 |title=Makers of Anand Deverakonda Starrer Highway Share Poster Featuring Lead Actors |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/makers-of-anand-deverakonda-starrer-highway-share-poster-featuring-lead-actors-4519358.html |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The [[film score]] and [[soundtrack album]] of the film is composed by [[Simon K. King]]. The music rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kommallo
| length1 = 4:37
| lyrics1 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra1 = [[Sanah Moidutty]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| title2 = Oohicha Ledhu Kadhe
| length2 = 3:19
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra2 = Yazin Nizar
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Highway'' was premiered on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 19 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Anand Deverakonda-starrer 'Highway' to have direct OTT release |url=https://telanganatoday.com/anand-deverakonda-starrer-highway-to-have-direct-ott-release |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Watch Anand Deverakonda's Highway on Aha, Check Release Date |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/watch-anand-deverakondas-highway-aha-check-release-date-159295 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]] |language=en}}</ref>

Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 2 out of 5 and wrote that "''Highway'' is passable fare at best, but given the kind of talent involved in the project, you can’t help but wonder if the story had the potential to be fleshed out better".<ref>{{Citation |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |title=Highway Review: This serial killer saga fails to rise above cliché |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/highway/ottmoviereview/93583600.cms |publication-date=19 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' also gave same rating and wrote that "''Highway'' sticks true to the crime thriller genre without meandering into unnecessary details or scenes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganeshan |first=Balakrishna |date=19 August 2022 |title=Highway review: A crime thriller let down by poorly written characters |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/highway-review-crime-thriller-let-down-poorly-written-characters-167009 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sangeetha Devi Dundoo opined that the film "unfolds on familiar lines and delivers thrills from time to time. However, it falls short in the final portions that seem stretched and dilute the potential for a nail-biting finish".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=19 August 2022 |title='Highway' movie review: Telugu thriller engages, but doesn't go beyond tried and tested tropes |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/highway-movie-review-almost-but-not-quite-there/article65782328.ece |access-date=31 August 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]''{{'}}s Roktim Rajpal stated: "Highway had the potential to be a dark and disturbing thriller but it ends up being a damp squib".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roktim |first=Rajpal |date=19 August 2022 |title=Highway Movie Review: Anand Deverakonda's film is beyond redemption |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/highway-movie-review-anand-deverakonda-s-film-is-beyond-redemption-1989882-2022-08-19 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt16673138|title=Highway}}
* [https://www.aha.video/movie/highway ''Highway''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]

Palasdhari railway station

2026-04-20T15:00:30Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting a page added tags

{{Short description|Image of Palasdari (or Palasdhari) railway station}}
{{single source|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Palasdhari
| native_name = पळसधरी
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name = Palasdari
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Palasdari railway station - Station board 1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address =
| line = [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]] [[Mumbai Dadar–Solapur section]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform =
| elevation = {{convert|62.42|m|ft}}
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = PDI
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railways]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Central|left=Karjat|right=Kelavli|type=Khopoli}}
| map_type = India#Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|18|53|4|N|73|19|15|E|display=inline}}
| map_dot_label = Palasdari
| route_map = {{MSR Central line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Palasdhari''' (also '''Palasdari''', formerly '''Padusdhurree''', station code: '''PDI''') is a railway station on the [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central line]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network. <ref name="x780">{{cite web | last=गायकवाड | first=तृप्ती | title=Karjat News : वासरे – पळसदरी भागाला जोडणारा पूल रेल्वे बनवणार; श्रीरंग बारणे यांचं आश्वासन | website=Navarashtra | date=25 May 2025 | url=https://www.navarashtra.com/maharashtra/raigad/railways-will-build-a-bridge-connecting-vasare-palasdari-area-shrirang-barne-assures-880948.html | language=mr | access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref>

It is also on [[Karjat]]–[[Lonavala]] line. On Khopoli route [[Kelavli]] is the next station.

{{commons category|Palasdari railway station}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Central}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Railway stations in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Karjat-Khopoli rail line]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Kalyan-Lonavala rail line]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Kota, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:57Z

TiaBurwell25: Created new article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kota
| mla = Atal Shrivastava
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:219070}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Renu Jogi]]
| constituency_no = 25
| map_image = Kota, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Kota''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises parts of Kota tehsil and Pendra Road tehsil, split between [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] and [[Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district|Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi]] districts.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
!Note
|-
! colspan=5|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kashiram Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|
|-
|[[Suraj Kunwar]]
|Constituency elected both general and ST candidates
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Lal Chandrasekhar Singh
|
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="4" |Mathura Prasad Dubey
|
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rajendra Prasad Shukla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|
|-
! colspan=5|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Rajendra Prasad Shukla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Renu Jogi]]
|
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|{{Full party name with color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}
|
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Atal Shrivastava]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Kota<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Atal Shrivastava]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 73,479
|percentage = 44.95
|change = +24.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pratap Singh Judev|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=65,522|percentage=40.08|change=+9.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Renu Jogi]]|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=8,884|percentage=5.43|change=-27.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nand Kishore Raj|party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party|votes=4,725|percentage=2.89|change=-2.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pankaj James|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,163|percentage=1.32|change=-2.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,192|percentage=1.95|change=-0.70}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,957|percentage=4.87|change=+2.84}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=163473|percentage=74.62|change=-0.32}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Kota<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Renu Jogi]]
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 48,800
|percentage = 32.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kashi Ram Sahu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 45,774
|percentage = 30.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vibhor Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30,803
|percentage = 20.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balaram Armo
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 8,163
|percentage = 5.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harish Chandel
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 4,953
|percentage = 3.33
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Urmila Singh Marko
|party = Rashtriya Gondwana Party
|votes = 1,590
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,942
|percentage = 2.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,026
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 148,929
|percentage = 74.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|22.29|82.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Gaurella-Pendra-Marwahi district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Dumpani

2026-04-16T21:42:59Z

TiaBurwell25: Entry.

{{Short description|Village in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
'''Dumpani''' ({{langx|ccp|𑄘𑄪𑄟𑄴𑄛𑄚𑄨}}) is a village in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. According to 2011 census it had a population of 2,331.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumpani Bl.I - III Village Population - Diyun - Changlang, Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/264353-dumpani-bl-i--iii-arunachal-pradesh.html |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Changlang district]]

Mahishi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:42Z

TiaBurwell25: put up the page needs work

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahishi
| type = SLA
| map_image = 77-Mahishi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Gautam Krishna]]
|party = {{party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = [[Gunjeshwar Sah]], {{small|{{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Madhepura]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|77]]
| established = 1967
| electors = 288,096
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Mahishi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Saharsa district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 77 Mahishi Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Nauhatta and Sattar Katiya [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Baghwa, Birgaun, Manwar, Telwa West, Telwa East, Bhalahi, Kundah, Mahisarho, Telhar, Pastpar and Arapatti [[gram panchayat]]s of Mahishi CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |publisher = |accessdate = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Mahishi Assembly constituency is part of No. 13 [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Sonbarsa Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sonbarsa.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Parameshwar Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2" |Lahtan Chadhary
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Parameshwar Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan="2" |Lahtan Chadhary
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Anand Mohan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Abdul Ghafoor (Saharsa politician)|Abdul Ghafoor]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Surendra Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Gunjeshwar Sah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Abdul Ghafoor (Saharsa politician)|Abdul Ghafoor]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Gunjeshwar Sah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
||[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Gautam Krishna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahishi<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gautam Krishna]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:93752}}
|percentage = 46.19
|change = +9.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gunjeshwar Sah]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:90012}}
|percentage = 44.35
|change = +6.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suraj Samrat
|votes = {{formatnum:3142}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shamim Akhtar
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2571}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6671}}
|percentage = 3.29
|change = +1.57
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3740}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change = +0.91
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202966}}
|percentage = 70.45
|change = +11.69
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = JD(U)
|swing = 3,740
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mahishi]]<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Gunjeshwar Sah]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66316}}
|percentage = 37.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Gautam Krishna]]
|votes = {{formatnum:64686}}
|percentage = 36.9
|change = -1.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Abdur Razzaque
|votes = {{formatnum:22110}}
|percentage = 12.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Yogendar Mukhiya
|votes = {{formatnum:4743}}
|percentage = 2.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rama Shankar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4338}}
|percentage = 2.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Shivendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3731}}
|percentage = 2.13
|change = -18.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3008}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change = -4.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1630}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = -17.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:175307}}
|percentage = 58.76
|change = +5.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahishi<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Dr. Abdul Ghafoor
|votes = {{formatnum:56436}}
|percentage = 38.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Chandan Kumar Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:30301}}
|percentage = 20.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = [[Gautam Krishna]]
|votes = {{formatnum:19958}}
|percentage = 13.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Punam Deo
|votes = {{formatnum:11361}}
|percentage = 7.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surendra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:6281}}
|percentage = 4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bimal Kant Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:2409}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajkishor Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:1835}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nanhe Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:1777}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subodh Panday
|votes = {{formatnum:1702}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8702}}
|percentage = 5.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26135}}
|percentage = 17.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:145580}}
|percentage = 53.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the 2016 state assembly election, Dr. Abdul Ghafoor of RJD won the Mahishi assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Chandan Kumar Sah of RLSP. In [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], [[Abdul Ghafoor (Saharsa politician)|Dr. Abdul Ghafoor]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] won the Mahishi assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Raj Kumar Sah of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]].<ref name="election2010">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0477.htm |title = Bihar - Mahisi |work =Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India|accessdate = 2011-02-01 }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. Gunjeshwar Sah of JD(U) defeated Surendra Yadav representing RJD in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]]. Surendra Yadav, contesting as an Independent, defeated [[Abdul Ghafoor (Saharsa politician)|Dr. Abdul Ghafoor]] of RJD in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. [[Abdul Ghafoor (Saharsa politician)|Dr. Abdul Ghafoor]] of RJD defeated Surendra Yadav representing JD(U) in 2000. [[Abdul Ghafoor (Saharsa politician)|Dr. Abdul Ghafoor]] of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated Lahtan Choudhary of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1995. Anand Mohan of JD defeated Lahtan Choudhary of Congress in 1990. Lahtan Choudhary of Congress defeated Devanand Yadav of [[Lok Dal|LD]] in 1985 and Satya Narayan Yadav of [[Indian National Congress (Urs)|Congress (U)]] in 1980. Parameshwar Kumar of [[Janata Party|JP]] defeated Lahtan Choudhary of Congress in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp118.htm |title = 118 - Mahishi Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|accessdate = 2011-01-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}

{{coord|25|50|55|N|86|28|32|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharsa district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Kulwant Singh Bazigar

2026-04-07T22:16:20Z

TiaBurwell25: Created bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{other people|Kulwant Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = KULWANT SINGH
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Shutrana Assembly constituency|Shutrana]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Vaninder Kaur Loomba]] (SAD)
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name = KULWANT SINGH
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = KARIMNAGAR (Patiala)
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education = 10th Standard
| alma_mater =
| occupation = FARMER
| profession = POLITICIAN
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Kulwant Singh Bazigar''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Shutrana Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Bazigar represents the [[Shutrana Assembly constituency]] since 2022 after winning the election.

In the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] he contested from Shutrana as a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and defeated [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]'s candidate and the former MLA from the constituency, [[Vaninder Kaur Loomba]] by a large margin of 51,554 votes.<ref name="Tribune 10 March 2022 Patiala">{{cite news |title=AAP makes a clean sweep in Patiala district |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/aap-makes-a-clean-sweep-in-patiala-dist-376852 |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Shutrana Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes|Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes]]<ref name="Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Shutrana Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Shutrana Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Shutrana
| before= [[Vaninder Kaur Loomba]] (SAD)
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bazigar, Kulwant Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Arekapudi Gandhi

2026-04-04T03:25:21Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting the post needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder

|
| name = Arekapudi Gandhi
| native_name_lang =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 June 2014
| term_end =
| predecessor = M. Bikshapathi Yadav
| constituency = [[Serilingampally Assembly constituency|Serilingampally]]
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2024-present)
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (2016) [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (2016-2024)
}}

'''Arekapudi Gandhi''' (born 12 June 1961) is a member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Serilingampally Assembly constituency]] since the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRI AREKAPUDI GANDHI |url=https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMLAMemberDetails?memid=3199&constid=52&orderby=1&termid=15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618150126/https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMLAMemberDetails?memid=3199&constid=52&orderby=1&termid=15 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=legislature.telangana.gov.in}}</ref> He won as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]] in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Legislative Assembly election]] and later joined [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-09 |title=Two More TDP MLAs to Join TRS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/mar/09/two-more-tdp-mlas-to-join-trs-901574.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618150125/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/Mar/09/two-more-tdp-mlas-to-join-trs-901574.html |archive-date=2024-06-18 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

He served as [[Whip (politics)|whip]] in the [[2nd Telangana Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-08 |title=Vinay Bhaskar to be chief whip in Telangana Assembly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/Sep/08/vinay-bhaskar-to-be-chief-whip-in-assembly-2030611.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618150125/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/Sep/08/vinay-bhaskar-to-be-chief-whip-in-assembly-2030611.html |archive-date=2024-06-18 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He defected to Congress on 13 July 2024<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-13 |title=BRS MLA Arekapudi Gandhi joins Congress in Telangana |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/telangana/brs-mla-arekapudi-gandhi-joins-congress-in-telangana-3104375 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713125808/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/telangana/brs-mla-arekapudi-gandhi-joins-congress-in-telangana-3104375 |archive-date=2024-07-13 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> and was appointed Public Accounts Committee (PAC) Chairman on 9 September 2024.<ref name="Telangana Assembly Speaker constitutes Financial Committees; Arekapudi Gandhi appointed as chairman of Committee on Public Accounts">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Telangana Assembly Speaker constitutes Financial Committees; Arekapudi Gandhi appointed as chairman of Committee on Public Accounts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-assembly-speaker-constitutes-financial-committees-arekapudi-gandhi-appointed-as-chairman-of-committee-on-public-accounts/article68623241.ece |access-date=10 September 2024 |date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910191520/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-assembly-speaker-constitutes-financial-committees-arekapudi-gandhi-appointed-as-chairman-of-committee-on-public-accounts/article68623241.ece |archive-date=10 September 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi Named Chairman of PAC">{{cite news |title=Gandhi Named Chairman of PAC |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/gandhi-named-chairman-of-pac-1822399 |access-date=10 September 2024 |date=9 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arekapudi Gandhi, a defector, made Public Accounts Committee chairman">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Arekapudi Gandhi, a defector, made Public Accounts Committee chairman |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Sep/10/arekapudi-gandhi-a-defector-made-public-accounts-committee-chairman |access-date=10 September 2024 |date=10 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Arekapudi}}
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

Time zone

2026-03-25T04:48:07Z

TiaBurwell25: improved article

{{Short description|Area that observes a uniform standard time}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{About|time zones in general|a list of time zones by country|List of time zones by country|more time zone lists|Lists of time zones|other uses}}
{{Pp-move}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
[[File:World Time Zones Map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Time zones of the world]]

A '''time zone''' is an area which observes a uniform [[standard time]] for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between [[Country|countries]] and their [[Administrative division|subdivisions]] instead of strictly following [[longitude]], because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to keep the same time.

Each time zone is defined by a standard offset from [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC). The offsets range from [[UTC−12:00]] to [[UTC+14:00]], and are usually a whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such as in [[Indian Standard Time|India]] and [[Nepal Time|Nepal]]. Some areas in a time zone may use a different offset for part of the year, typically one hour ahead during [[spring (season)|spring]] and [[summer]], a practice known as [[daylight saving time]] (DST).

{{TOC limit}}

== List of UTC offsets ==
{{Main|List of UTC time offsets}}



[[File:World time zones.svg|800px|thumb|center|Time zones of the world]]

In the table below, the locations that use daylight saving time are listed in their UTC offset when DST is ''not'' in effect. When DST is in effect, approximately during spring and summer, their UTC offset is increased by one hour (except for [[Lord Howe Island]], where it is increased by 30 minutes). For example, during the DST period, [[California]] observes [[UTC−07:00]] and the [[United Kingdom]] observes [[UTC+01:00]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.2"
|-
! UTC offset
! colspan=2|Locations that do not use DST
! colspan=2|Locations that use DST
|-
| [[UTC−12:00]]
| style=background:#00FF85| ||style=width:40%|<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Baker Island}} {{flag|Howland Island}}</div>
| style=background:#00BF63| ||style=width:60%|
|-
| [[UTC−11:00]]
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|American Samoa}} {{flag|Jarvis Island}} {{flag|Kingman Reef}} {{flag|Midway Atoll}} {{flag+link|Time in|Niue}} {{flag|Palmyra Atoll}}</div>
| style=background:#D3D800| ||
|-
| [[UTC−10:00]]
| style=background:#FF409C| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Cook Islands}} {{no col break|{{flag|French Polynesia}} (most)}}{{flag|Johnston Atoll}} {{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Hawaii|Hawaii]]</div>
| style=background:#DE006A| ||{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Andreanof Islands]], [[Islands of Four Mountains]], [[Near Islands]], [[Rat Islands]] ([[Aleutian Islands]], [[Alaska]])
|-
| [[UTC−09:30]]
| style=background:#CD61FF| ||{{flag|French Polynesia}}: [[Marquesas Islands]]
| style=background:#9900E0| ||
|-
| [[UTC−09:00]]
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||{{flag|French Polynesia}}: [[Gambier Islands]]
| style=background:#0400CD| ||{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Alaska|Alaska]] (most)
|-
| [[UTC−08:00]]
| style=background:#00FF85| ||{{flag|Clipperton Island}} {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}
| style=background:#00BF63| ||<div style="column-width:20em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}}: [[Baja California]] {{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in California|California]], [[Time in Idaho|Idaho]] (north), [[Time in Nevada|Nevada]] (most), [[Time in Oregon|Oregon]] (most), [[Washington (state)|Washington]]</div>
|-
| [[UTC−07:00]]
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[British Columbia]] (most), [[Yukon]] {{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}}: [[Baja California Sur]], [[Nayarit]] (most), [[Sinaloa]], [[Sonora]] {{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Arizona|Arizona]] (most)
| style=background:#D3D800| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Alberta]], [[British Columbia]] (southeast), [[Northwest Territories]], [[Time in Nunavut|Nunavut]] (west), [[Time in Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]] ([[Lloydminster]] area) {{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}}: [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] (northwest border) {{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Arizona|Arizona]] ([[Navajo Nation]]), [[Colorado]], [[Time in Idaho|Idaho]] (most), [[Time in Kansas|Kansas]] (west), [[Montana]], [[Time in Nebraska|Nebraska]] (west), [[New Mexico]], [[Time in Nevada|Nevada]] (northeast border), [[Time in North Dakota|North Dakota]] (southwest), [[Time in Oregon|Oregon]] (east), [[Time in South Dakota|South Dakota]] (west), [[Time in Texas|Texas]] (west), [[Utah]], [[Wyoming]]
|-
| [[UTC−06:00]]
| style=background:#FF409C| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Belize}} {{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Time in Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]] (most) {{flag+link|Time in|Costa Rica}} {{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|Ecuador}}: [[Galápagos Province|Galápagos]]}}{{flag|El Salvador}} {{flag|Guatemala}} {{flag|Honduras}} {{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}} (most) {{flag|Nicaragua}}</div>
| style=background:#DE006A| ||<div style="column-width:20em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Manitoba]], [[Time in Nunavut|Nunavut]] (central), [[Ontario]] (west) {{flag+link|Time in|Chile}}: [[Easter Island]] {{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}} (northeast border) {{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Alabama|Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Time in Florida|Florida]] (northwest), [[Illinois]], [[Time in Indiana|Indiana]] (northwest, southwest), [[Iowa]], [[Time in Kansas|Kansas]] (most), [[Time in Kentucky|Kentucky]] (west), [[Louisiana]], [[Time in Michigan|Michigan]] (northwest border), [[Minnesota]], [[Mississippi]], [[Missouri]], [[Time in Nebraska|Nebraska]] (most), [[Time in North Dakota|North Dakota]] (most), [[Oklahoma]], [[Time in South Dakota|South Dakota]] (most), [[Time in Tennessee|Tennessee]] (most), [[Time in Texas|Texas]] (most), [[Wisconsin]]}}</div>
|-
| [[UTC−05:00]]
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Brazil}}: [[Acre (state)|Acre]], [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] (southwest) {{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Atikokan]], [[Mishkeegogamang First Nation|Mishkeegogamang]], [[Southampton Island]] {{flag|Cayman Islands}} {{flag+link|Time in|Colombia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Ecuador}} (most) {{flag+link|Time in|Jamaica}} {{flag+link|Time in|Mexico}}: [[Quintana Roo]] {{flag|Navassa Island}} {{flag|Panama}} {{flag+link|Time in|Peru}}</div>
| style=background:#0400CD| ||<div style="column-width:20em;column-count:2">{{flag|Bahamas}} {{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Time in Nunavut|Nunavut]] (east), [[Ontario]] (most), [[Quebec]] (most) {{flag|Cuba}} {{flag|Haiti}} {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} {{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|United States}}: [[Time in Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Time in Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], [[Time in Florida|Florida]] (most), [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Time in Indiana|Indiana]] (most), [[Time in Kentucky|Kentucky]] (east), [[Time in Maine|Maine]], [[Maryland]], [[Time in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]], [[Time in Michigan|Michigan]] (most), [[Time in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[Time in New York|New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Time in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]], [[South Carolina]], [[Time in Tennessee|Tennessee]] (east), [[Time in Vermont|Vermont]], [[Virginia]], [[West Virginia]]}}</div>
|-
| [[UTC−04:00]]
| style=background:#00FF85| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Anguilla}} {{flag+link|Time in|Antigua and Barbuda}} {{flag|Aruba}} {{flag|Barbados}} {{flag|Bolivia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Brazil}}: [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] (most), [[Mato Grosso]], [[Mato Grosso do Sul]], [[Rondônia]], [[Roraima]] {{flag|British Virgin Islands}} {{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Quebec|Québec]] (east) {{flag|Caribbean Netherlands}} {{flag|Curaçao}} {{flag|Dominica}} {{no col break|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}}}{{flag|Grenada}} {{flag|Guadeloupe}} {{flag|Guyana}} {{flag|Martinique}} {{flag|Montserrat}} {{flag+link|Time in|Puerto Rico}} {{flag|Saint Barthélemy}} {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} {{flag|Saint Lucia}} {{flag|Saint Martin}} {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} {{flag|Sint Maarten}} {{flag+link|Time in|Trinidad and Tobago}} {{flag+link|Time in|United States Virgin Islands}} {{flag+link|Time in|Venezuela}}</div>
| style=background:#00BF63| ||{{flag|Bermuda}} {{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Labrador]] (most), [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Prince Edward Island]] {{flag+link|Time in|Chile}} (most) {{flag+link|Time in|Greenland}}: [[Pituffik Space Base]]
|-
| [[UTC−03:30]]
| style=background:#A9FF13| ||
| style=background:#419300| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Canada}}: [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], [[Labrador]] (southeast)
|-
| [[UTC−03:00]]
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Argentina}} {{flag+link|Time in|Brazil}} (most) {{flag+link|Time in|Chile}}: [[Aysén Region|Aysén]], [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]] {{flag+link|Time in|Falkland Islands}} {{flag|French Guiana}} {{flag+link|Time in|Paraguay}} {{flag|Suriname}} {{flag+link|Time in|Uruguay}}</div>
| style=background:#D3D800| ||{{flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}
|-
| [[UTC−02:00]]
| style=background:#FF409C| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Brazil}}: [[Fernando de Noronha]] {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}
| style=background:#DE006A| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Greenland}} (most)
|-
| [[UTC−01:00]]
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Cape Verde}}
| style=background:#0400CD| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Portugal}}: [[Azores]]
|-
| [[UTC+00:00]]
| style=background:#00FF85| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Burkina Faso}} {{flag|Gambia}} {{flag|Ghana}} {{flag+link|Time in|Greenland}}: [[Northeast Greenland National Park|National Park]] (east coast) {{flag|Guinea}} {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} {{flag|Iceland}} {{flag|Ivory Coast}} {{flag|Liberia}} {{flag|Mali}} {{flag|Mauritania}} {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} {{flag|Senegal}} {{flag|Sierra Leone}} {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} {{flag|Togo}}</div>
| style=background:#00BF63| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Faroe Islands}} {{flag|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}} {{flag+link|Time in|Ireland}} {{flag|Isle of Man}} {{flag|Jersey}} {{flag+link|Time in|Portugal}} (most) {{flag+link|Time in|Spain}}: [[Canary Islands]] {{flag+link|Time in|United Kingdom}}
|-
| [[UTC+01:00]]
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Algeria}} {{flag+link|Time in|Angola}} {{flag|Benin}} {{flag|Cameroon}} {{flag|Central African Republic}} {{flag|Chad}} {{flag|Congo}} {{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|DR Congo|name=Democratic Republic of the Congo}}: [[Province of Équateur|Équateur]], [[Kinshasa]], [[Kongo Central]], [[Kwango]], [[Kwilu Province|Kwilu]], [[Mai-Ndombe Province|Mai-Ndombe]], [[Mongala]], [[Nord-Ubangi]], [[Sud-Ubangi]], [[Tshuapa]]}}{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} {{flag|Gabon}} {{flag+link|Time in|Morocco}}{{efn|name=ma|Observes UTC+00:00 around [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-changes-clocks-2019.html |title=Morocco Re-Introduces Clock Changes for Ramadan 2019 |publisher=Timeanddate.com |date=April 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228210847/https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-changes-clocks-2019.html |archive-date=December 28, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/morocco/casablanca |title=Time Zone in Casablanca, Morocco |publisher=Timeanddate.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330010901/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/morocco/casablanca |archive-date=March 30, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/western-sahara/el-aaiun |title=Time Zone in El Aaiún, Western Sahara |publisher=Timeanddate.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214122434/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/western-sahara/el-aaiun |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} {{flag|Niger}} {{flag|Nigeria}} {{flag+link|Time in|Tunisia}} ''{{flag|Western Sahara}}''{{efn|name=ma}}</div>
| style=background:#D3D800| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:3">{{flag|Albania}} {{flag|Andorra}} {{flag|Austria}} {{flag+link|Time in|Belgium}} {{flag+link|Time in|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} {{flag|Croatia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Czech Republic}} {{flag+link|Time in|Denmark}} {{flag+link|Time in|France}} ([[Metropolitan France|metropolitan]]) {{flag+link|Time in|Germany}} {{flag+link|Time in|Gibraltar}} {{flag+link|Time in|Hungary}} {{flag+link|Time in|Italy}} ''{{flag|Kosovo}}'' {{flag|Liechtenstein}} {{flag|Luxembourg}} {{flag+link|Time in|Malta}} {{flag|Monaco}} {{flag|Montenegro}} {{flag+link|Time in|Netherlands}} (European) {{flag|North Macedonia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Norway}} {{flag|Poland}} {{flag|San Marino}} {{flag|Serbia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Slovakia}} {{flag|Slovenia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Spain}} (most) {{flag|Sweden}} {{flag+link|Time in|Switzerland}} {{flag|Vatican City}}</div>
|-
| [[UTC+02:00]]
| style=background:#FF409C| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Botswana}} {{flag|Burundi}} {{flag+link|Time in|DR Congo|name=Democratic Republic of the Congo}} (most) {{flag|Eswatini}} {{flag|Lesotho}} {{flag|Libya}} {{flag|Malawi}} {{flag|Mozambique}} {{flag+link|Time in|Namibia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Kaliningrad Oblast|Kaliningrad]] {{flag|Rwanda}} {{flag+link|Time in|South Africa}} (most) {{flag|South Sudan}} {{flag|Sudan}} {{flag|Zambia}} {{flag|Zimbabwe}}</div>
| style=background:#DE006A| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:3">{{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} {{flag|Bulgaria}} {{flag+link|Time in|Cyprus}} {{flag+link|Time in|Egypt}} {{flag+link|Time in|Estonia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Finland}} {{flag|Greece}} {{flag+link|Time in|Israel}} {{flag|Latvia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Lebanon}} {{flag+link|Time in|Lithuania}} {{flag|Moldova}} ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' {{flag+link|Time in|Palestine}} {{flag|Romania}} ''{{flag|Transnistria}}'' {{flag+link|Time in|Ukraine}} (most)</div>
|-
| [[UTC+03:00]]
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' {{flag+link|Time in|Bahrain}} {{flag+link|Time in|Belarus}} {{flag|Comoros}} {{flag|Djibouti}} {{flag|Eritrea}} {{flag+link|Time in|Ethiopia}} {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}: [[Scattered Islands]]<ref name=fr>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000034154759 |title=Décret nº 2017-292 du 6 mars 2017 relatif au temps légal français |trans-title=Decree no. 2017-292 of 6 March 2017 relative to French legal time |publisher=Légifrance |date=March 8, 2017 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202160854/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000034154759/ |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{flag+link|Time in|Iraq}} {{flag+link|Time in|Jordan}} {{flag+link|Time in|Kenya}} {{flag+link|Time in|Kuwait}} {{flag|Madagascar}} {{flag|Mayotte}} {{flag+link|Time in|Qatar}} {{flag+link|Time in|Russia}} (most of [[European Russia|European part]]) {{flag+link|Time in|Saudi Arabia}} {{flag|Somalia}} ''{{flag|Somaliland}}'' {{flag+link|Time in|South Africa}}: [[Prince Edward Islands]] ''{{flag+link|Time in|South Ossetia}}'' {{flag+link|Time in|Syria}} {{flag|Tanzania}} {{flag+link|Time in|Turkey}} {{flag|Uganda}} {{flag|Ukraine}}: [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|occupied territories]] {{flag+link|Time in|Yemen}}</div>
| style=background:#0400CD| ||
|-
| [[UTC+03:30]]
| style=background:#35C8FF| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Iran}}
| style=background:#0080B2| ||
|-
| [[UTC+04:00]]
| style=background:#00FF85| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Armenia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Azerbaijan}} {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}: [[Crozet Islands]]<ref name=fr/> {{flag+link|Time in|Georgia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Mauritius}} {{flag+link|Time in|Oman}} {{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Astrakhan Oblast|Astrakhan]], [[Samara Oblast|Samara]], [[Saratov Oblast|Saratov]], [[Udmurtia]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast|Ulyanovsk]] {{flag|Réunion}} {{flag|Seychelles}} {{flag+link|Time in|United Arab Emirates}}</div>
| style=background:#00BF63| ||
|-
| [[UTC+04:30]]
| style=background:#A9FF13| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Afghanistan}}
| style=background:#419300| ||
|-
| [[UTC+05:00]]
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}: [[Kerguelen Islands]], [[Île Saint-Paul|Saint Paul Island]], [[Île Amsterdam|Amsterdam Island]] {{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} {{flag+link|Time in|Kazakhstan}} {{flag+link|Time in|Maldives}} {{flag+link|Time in|Pakistan}} {{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Bashkortostan]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Khanty-Mansi]], [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], [[Orenburg Oblast|Orenburg]], [[Perm Krai|Perm]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast|Sverdlovsk]], [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]], [[Yamalia]] {{flag+link|Time in|Tajikistan}} {{flag+link|Time in|Turkmenistan}} {{flag+link|Time in|Uzbekistan}}</div>
| style=background:#D3D800| ||
|-
| [[UTC+05:30]]
| style=background:#FF9F25| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|India}} {{flag+link|Time in|Sri Lanka}}</div>
| style=background:#F05F00| ||
|-
| [[UTC+05:45]]
| style=background:#FF2F2F| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Nepal}}
| style=background:#D0D0D0| ||
|-
| [[UTC+06:00]]
| style=background:#FF409C| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Bangladesh}} {{flag+link|Time in|Bhutan}} {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} {{flag+link|Time in|Kyrgyzstan}} {{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Omsk Oblast|Omsk]]</div>
| style=background:#DE006A| ||
|-
| [[UTC+06:30]]
| style=background:#CD61FF| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{noflag}}[[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] {{flag+link|Time in|Myanmar}}</div>
| style=background:#9900E0| ||
|-
| [[UTC+07:00]]
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Cambodia}} {{flag|Christmas Island}} {{flag+link|Time in|Indonesia}}: [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[West Kalimantan]], [[Central Kalimantan]] {{flag+link|Time in|Laos}} {{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|Mongolia}}: [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]], [[Khovd Province|Khovd]], [[Uvs Province|Uvs]]}}{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Altai Krai]], [[Altai Republic]], [[Kemerovo Oblast|Kemerovo]], [[Khakassia]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai|Krasnoyarsk]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast|Novosibirsk]], [[Tomsk Oblast|Tomsk]], [[Tuva]] {{flag+link|Time in|Thailand}} {{flag+link|Time in|Vietnam}}</div>
| style=background:#0400CD| ||
|-
| [[UTC+08:00]]
| style=background:#00FF85| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Western Australia]] (most) {{flag+link|Time in|Brunei}} {{flag+link|Time in|China}} {{flag+link|Time in|Hong Kong}} {{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|Indonesia}}: [[South Kalimantan]], [[East Kalimantan]], [[North Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]}}{{flag+link|Time in|Macau}} {{flag+link|Time in|Malaysia}} {{flag+link|Time in|Mongolia}} (most) {{flag+link|Time in|Philippines}} {{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Buryatia]], [[Irkutsk Oblast|Irkutsk]] {{flag+link|Time in|Singapore}} ''{{flag+link|Time in|Taiwan}}''</div>
| style=background:#00BF63| ||
|-
| [[UTC+08:45]]
| style=background:#A5FB00| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Eucla, Western Australia|Eucla]]
| style=background:#8ED800| ||
|-
| [[UTC+09:00]]
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Indonesia}}: [[Maluku Islands]], [[Western New Guinea]] {{flag+link|Time in|Japan}} {{flag+link|Time in|North Korea}} {{flag|Palau}} {{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Amur Oblast|Amur]], [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]] (most), [[Zabaykalsky Krai|Zabaykalsky]] {{flag+link|Time in|South Korea}} {{flag+link|Time in|Timor-Leste}}</div>
| style=background:#D3D800| ||
|-
| [[UTC+09:30]]
| style=background:#FF9F25| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Northern Territory]]
| style=background:#F05F00| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[South Australia]], [[Yancowinna County]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Standard Time Act 1987 No 149 |url=https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-1987-149 |publisher=New South Wales Government |access-date=February 29, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[UTC+10:00]]
| style=background:#FF409C| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Queensland]] {{flag+link|Time in|Guam}} {{flag|Micronesia}}: [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]], [[Yap State|Yap]] {{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|Northern Mariana Islands}}}}{{no col break|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} (most)}}{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Jewish]], [[Khabarovsk Krai|Khabarovsk]], [[Primorsky Krai|Primorsky]], [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]] (central-east)</div>
| style=background:#DE006A| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Australian Capital Territory]], [[Jervis Bay Territory]], [[New South Wales]] (most), [[Tasmania]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
|-
| [[UTC+10:30]]
| style=background:#CD61FF| ||
| style=background:#9900E0| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Australia}}: [[Lord Howe Island]] (DST increase is 30 minutes)
|-
| [[UTC+11:00]]
| style=background:#6D6AFF| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Micronesia}}: [[Kosrae]], [[Pohnpei State|Pohnpei]] {{flag|New Caledonia}} {{no col break|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}: [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]]}}{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Magadan Oblast|Magadan]], [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]] (east), [[Sakhalin Oblast|Sakhalin]] {{flag|Solomon Islands}} {{flag+link|Time in|Vanuatu}}</div>
| style=background:#0400CD| ||{{flag+link|Time in|Norfolk Island}}
|-
| [[UTC+12:00]]
| style=background:#00FF85| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag+link|Time in|Fiji}} {{flag|Kiribati}}: [[Gilbert Islands]] {{flag|Marshall Islands}} {{flag|Nauru}} {{no col break|{{flag+link|Time in|Russia}}: [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]], [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]]}}{{flag+link|Time in|Tuvalu}} {{flag|Wake Island}} {{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}</div>
| style=background:#00BF63| ||{{flag+link|Time in|New Zealand}} (most)
|-
| [[UTC+12:45]]
| style=background:#A5FB00| ||
| style=background:#8ED800| ||{{flag+link|Time in|New Zealand}}: [[Chatham Islands]]
|-
| [[UTC+13:00]]
| style=background:#F0FF00| ||<div style="column-width:10em;column-count:2">{{flag|Kiribati}}: [[Phoenix Islands]] {{flag+link|Time in|Samoa}} {{flag+link|Time in|Tokelau}} {{flag+link|Time in|Tonga}}</div>
| style=background:#D3D800| ||
|-
| [[UTC+14:00]]
| style=background:#FF409C| ||{{flag|Kiribati}}: [[Line Islands]]
| style=background:#DE006A| ||
|}

== History ==
[[File:World time clock (multiple faces) 2.5m high.made in Dresden 1690, Technical Instrument Museum, Dresden.jpg|thumb|World time clock, 2.5 m high. Made in Dresden 1690. Technical Instrument Museum, Dresden]]
The apparent position of the Sun in the sky, and thus [[solar time]], varies by location due to the [[spherical]] shape of the Earth. This variation corresponds to four [[minute]]s of time for every [[Degree (angle)|degree]] of longitude; for example, when it is solar noon in London, it is about 10 minutes before solar noon in [[Bristol]], which is about 2.5 degrees to the west.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latitude and Longitude of World Cities |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html |publisher=Infoplease |access-date=April 18, 2012 |archive-date=May 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524213744/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Local solar time has been associated with civil timekeeping since the development of [[Sundial|sundials]]; for example, {{circa}}1500 BC, an [[Ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptian]] sundial was used to measure laborers' work hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One of world's oldest sun dial dug up in Kings' Valley, Upper Egypt |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130314085052.htm |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en |archive-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920191033/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130314085052.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2nd century BC, [[Hipparchus]] developed a method to measure longitudinal distances by comparing local solar times when a [[lunar eclipse]] was simultaneously observed at two locations. The work of Hipparchus is lost, but is known from citations in Strabo's Geographica, c. 7 AD.

The [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]], founded in 1675, established [[Greenwich Mean Time]] (GMT), the mean solar time at that location, as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time while each location in [[England]] kept a different time.

=== Railway time ===
{{Main|Railway time}}
[[File:Time zone chicago.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America]]
[[File:Coventry Time Zone Clock.jpg|thumb|right|The control panel of the Time Zone Clock in front of [[Coventry Transport Museum]]]]

In the 19th century, as transportation and telecommunications improved, it became increasingly inconvenient for each location to observe its own solar time. In November 1840, the British [[Great Western Railway]] started using GMT kept by portable [[marine chronometer|chronometers]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 1840|title=WESTMINSTER MEDICAL SOCIETY. Saturday, November 21, 1840.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)59842-0|journal=The Lancet|volume=35|issue=901|pages=383|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(00)59842-0|issn=0140-6736|access-date=January 27, 2021|archive-date=March 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330010908/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(00)59842-0/fulltext|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2023}} This practice was soon adopted by other British railway companies and became known as '''railway time'''.

Around August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by [[telegraph]] from the Royal Observatory. By 1855, 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the island's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands, one for the local time and one for GMT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/bristol-time.htm |title=Bristol Time |work=GreenwichMeanTime.com |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628151049/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/bristol-time.htm |archive-date=June 28, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On November 2, 1868, the British [[Colony of New Zealand]] officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telegraph line laid across Cook Strait.|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/submarine-telegraph-line-laid-across-cook-strait|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=January 5, 2020|archive-date=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218115412/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/submarine-telegraph-line-laid-across-cook-strait|url-status=live}}</ref> It was based on longitude {{nowrap|172°30′}} east of [[Greenwich]], or 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as [[Time in New Zealand|New Zealand Mean Time]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Time. How we got it. New Zealand's Method. A Lead to the World.|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19290408.2.88&srpos=2|work=Papers Past|publisher=Evening Post|access-date=October 2, 2013|page=10|archive-date=October 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008192904/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19290408.2.88&srpos=2|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Time zone map of the United States 1913 (colorized).png|thumb|center|upright=1.6|1913 time zone map of the United States, showing boundaries very different from today]]

Timekeeping on [[North America|North American]] [[Rail transport|railroads]] in the 19th century was complex. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1118railroad-time-zones/ |title=Nov. 18, 1883: Railroad Time Goes Coast to Coast |last=Alfred |first=Randy |date=November 18, 2010 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |access-date=July 30, 2018 |archive-date=August 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819071241/https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1118railroad-time-zones/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of this, a number of accidents occurred when trains from different companies using the same tracks mistimed their passings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/11/americas-first-time-zone/ |title=America's first time zone |date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831005608/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/11/americas-first-time-zone/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Around 1863, [[Charles F. Dowd]] proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870, he proposed four ideal time zones having north–south borders, the first centered on [[Washington, D.C.]]. By 1872, the first was centered on the meridian [[75th meridian west|75° west of Greenwich]], with natural borders such as sections of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. Dowd's system was never accepted by North American railroads.
[[Cleveland Abbe]], chief meteorologist at the [[United States Weather Bureau]], divided the United States into four standard time zones for consistency among the weather stations. In 1879, he published a paper titled ''Report on Standard Time''.<ref name=wws>{{harvnb|Debus|1968|p=2}}</ref> In 1883, he convinced North American railroad companies to adopt his time-zone system. In 1884, Britain, which had already adopted its own standard time system for England, Scotland, and Wales, helped gather international consent for global time. In time, the American government, influenced in part by Abbe's 1879 paper, adopted the time-zone system.<ref>{{harvnb|Asimov|1964|p=344}}</ref>
It was a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the ''Traveler's Official Railway Guide''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/mawhite/Papers/TimeZones.pdf |title= Economics of Time Zones |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120514014456/http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/mawhite/Papers/TimeZones.pdf |archive-date= May 14, 2012 }}  {{small|(1.89 MB)}}</ref> The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through [[Detroit]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Atlanta]], and [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]]. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day of Two Noons",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5748 |title=The ''Times'' Reports on "the Day of Two Noons" |work=History Matters |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=April 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404083446/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5748 |url-status=live }}</ref> when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone.

The North American zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000 (about 200 cities) were using standard time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/from_the_ashes/doc24.html |title=Resolution concerning new standard time by Chicago |publisher=Illinois Secretary of State |website=Illinois State Archives |access-date=December 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005050317/http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/from_the_ashes/doc24.html |archive-date=October 5, 2011 }}</ref> A notable exception was Detroit (located about halfway between the meridians of Eastern and Central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, [[local mean time]], and [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Standard Time]] (EST) before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when standard time zones were formally adopted by the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] in the [[Standard Time Act]] of March 19, 1918.

=== Worldwide time zones ===
{{Redirect|World time|the global time standard|Universal Time}}
[[Italy|Italian]] mathematician [[Quirico Filopanti]] introduced the idea of a worldwide system of time zones in his book ''Miranda!'', published in 1858. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the first centred on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy. However, his book attracted no attention until long after his death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it/english/scientists/filopanti-1.html |title=Quirico Filopanti |website=scienzagiovane |publisher=Bologna University, Italy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011106/http://www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it/english/scientists/filopanti-1.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Suggestions from... ...Gianluigi Parmeggiani, Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna - The origin of time zones |url=http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm |website=Didastro |publisher=Istituti Aldini Valeriani e Sirani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm |archive-date=August 24, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Scotland|Scottish]]-born [[Canada|Canadian]] Sir [[Sandford Fleming]] proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1876 - see {{section link|Sandford Fleming|Inventor of worldwide standard time}}. The proposal divided the world into twenty-four time zones labeled A-Y (skipping J), each one covering 15 degrees of longitude. All clocks within each zone would be set to the same time as the others, but differed by one hour from those in the neighboring zones.<ref>{{Cite journal| issue = 1| pages = 345–366| last = Fleming| first = Sandford| title = Time-reckoning for the twentieth century| journal = Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution| date = 1886| url = https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbo18861smit| access-date = March 24, 2022| archive-date = October 5, 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221005110429/https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbo18861smit| url-status = live}} Reprinted in 1889: {{Internet Archive|timereckoningfor00flem|''Time-reckoning for the twentieth century''}}.</ref> He advocated his system at several international conferences, including the [[International Meridian Conference]], where it received some consideration. The system has not been directly adopted, but some maps divide the world into 24 time zones and assign letters to them, similarly to Fleming's system.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stromberg |first1=Joseph |title=Sandford Fleming Sets the World's Clock |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/sandford-fleming-sets-the-worlds-clock-389930/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine |date=November 18, 2011 |language=en |access-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324012426/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/sandford-fleming-sets-the-worlds-clock-389930/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:World Time Zone Chart 1942.jpg|thumb|400px|World map of time zones in 1928]]

By about 1900, almost all inhabited places on Earth had adopted a standard time zone, but only some of them used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time zones were based on some standard offset from GMT or [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC). By 1929, the majority of countries had adopted hourly time zones, though some countries such as Iran, India, Myanmar, and parts of Australia had time zones with a 30-minute offset. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+05:45 in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Time Zone & Clock Changes in Kathmandu, Nepal|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/nepal/kathmandu|access-date=December 1, 2020|website=timeanddate.com|language=en|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122042454/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/nepal/kathmandu|url-status=live}}</ref>

All nations currently use standard time zones for secular purposes, but not all of them apply the concept as originally conceived. Several countries and subdivisions use half-hour or quarter-hour deviations from standard time. Some countries, such as China and India, use a single time zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds the ideal 15° of longitude for one hour; other countries, such as Spain and Argentina, use standard hour-based offsets, but not necessarily those that would be determined by their geographical location. The consequences, in some areas, can affect the lives of local citizens, and in extreme cases contribute to larger political issues, such as in the western reaches of China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/china-only-has-one-time-zone-and-thats-a-problem/281136/|title=China Only Has One Time Zone—and That's a Problem|last=Schiavenza|first=Matt|date=November 5, 2013|work=The Atlantic|access-date=August 22, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145736/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/china-only-has-one-time-zone-and-thats-a-problem/281136/|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Time in Russia|Russia, which has 11 time zones]], two time zones were removed in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/russia-reduces-time-zones.html|title=Russia Reduces Number of Time Zones|date=March 23, 2010|work=TimeAndDate.com|access-date=May 31, 2020|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809084135/https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/russia-reduces-time-zones.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Time: Huge country, nine time zones|date=March 22, 2011|access-date=February 12, 2019|format=Video|website=[[BBC]]|language=en|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-12809230/about-time-huge-country-nine-time-zones|archive-date=February 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213012708/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-12809230/about-time-huge-country-nine-time-zones|url-status=live}}</ref> (one year before the daylight saving time would be observed all year round on March 27 of the following year) and reinstated in 2014 (when the country transferred from daylight saving time or summer time back to standard time or winter time permanently).<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian clocks to retreat again in winter, 11 time zones return |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-russia-time/russian-clocks-to-retreat-again-in-winter-11-time-zones-return-idUSKBN0F64YB20140701 |website=Reuters |date=July 2014 |access-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028205217/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-russia-time/russian-clocks-to-retreat-again-in-winter-11-time-zones-return-idUSKBN0F64YB20140701 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Notation ==

=== ISO 8601 ===
{{Main|ISO 8601}}

ISO 8601 is a standard established by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] defining methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones.

If a time is in UTC, a "Z" is added directly after the time without a separating space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:30 UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". Likewise, "14:45:15 UTC" is written as "14:45:15Z" or "144515Z".<ref name="ZuluTime">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/z|title=Z – Zulu Time Zone (Time Zone Abbreviation)|website=TimeAndDate.com|language=en|access-date=August 22, 2018|archive-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145905/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/z|url-status=live}}</ref> UTC time is also known as "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is a [[ICAO spelling alphabet|phonetic alphabet]] code word for the letter "Z".<ref name="ZuluTime"/>

[[UTC offset|Offsets from UTC]] are written in the format ±hh:mm, ±hhmm, or ±hh (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Germany during the winter), the zone designator would be "[[UTC+01:00|+01:00]]", "+0100", or simply "+01". This numeric representation of time zones is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or "Z", as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the [[Central Time Zone (North America)|North American Central Time Zone]], is "[[UTC−06:00|−06:00]]" for the winter (Central Standard Time) and "[[UTC−05:00|−05:00]]" for the summer (Central Daylight Time).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboututc.shtml|title=What is UTC or GMT Time?|website=National Hurricane Center |access-date=August 22, 2018|archive-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822150019/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboututc.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Abbreviations ===
{{Main|List of time zone abbreviations}}

Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as "EST", "WST", and "CST", though these are not part of the international time and date standard [[ISO 8601#Time zone designators|ISO 8601]]. Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, "CST" can mean (North American) [[Central Standard Time]] (UTC−06:00), [[Cuba Standard Time]] (UTC−05:00), or [[China Standard Time]] (UTC+08:00), and is also a widely used variant of ACST ([[Australian Central Standard Time]], UTC+09:30).<ref>"[https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/ Time Zone Abbreviations – Worldwide List]", Timeanddate.com. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821101900/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zones/ |date=August 21, 2018 }}.</ref>

== Conversions ==
Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship

{{block indent|1="time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" = "time in zone B" − "UTC offset for zone B",}}

in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC.

The conversion equation can be rearranged to

{{block indent|1="time in zone B" = "time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" + "UTC offset for zone B".}}

For example, the [[New York Stock Exchange]] opens at 09:30 ([[Eastern time zone|EST]], UTC offset= −05:00). In [[California]] ([[Pacific time zone|PST]], UTC offset= −08:00) and [[India]] ([[Indian standard time|IST]], UTC offset= +05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at

{{block indent|1=time in California = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30;}}
{{block indent|1=time in India = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+05:30) = 20:00.}}

These calculations become more complicated near the time switch to or from daylight saving time, as the UTC offset for the area becomes a function of UTC time.

The time differences may also result in different dates. For example, when it is 22:00 on Monday in Egypt (UTC+02:00), it is 01:00 on Tuesday in Pakistan (UTC+05:00).

The table "Time of day by zone" gives an overview on the time relations between different zones.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed nowrap" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.2; text-align:center"
! colspan=25 style=line-height:1.5 | Time of day by zone
|-
| [[List of UTC time offsets|UTC offset]] || colspan=24 | {{blue|Monday}}
|-
| [[UTC−12:00]] || {{blue|00:00}} || {{blue|01:00}} || {{blue|02:00}} || {{blue|03:00}} || {{blue|04:00}} || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−11:00]] || {{blue|01:00}} || {{blue|02:00}} || {{blue|03:00}} || {{blue|04:00}} || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−10:00]] || {{blue|02:00}} || {{blue|03:00}} || {{blue|04:00}} || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−09:30]] || {{blue|02:30}} || {{blue|03:30}} || {{blue|04:30}} || {{blue|05:30}} || {{blue|06:30}} || {{blue|07:30}} || {{blue|08:30}} || {{blue|09:30}} || {{blue|10:30}} || {{blue|11:30}} || {{blue|12:30}} || {{blue|13:30}} || {{blue|14:30}} || {{blue|15:30}} || {{blue|16:30}} || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}}
|-
| [[UTC−09:00]] || {{blue|03:00}} || {{blue|04:00}} || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−08:00]] || {{blue|04:00}} || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−07:00]] || {{blue|05:00}} || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−06:00]] || {{blue|06:00}} || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−05:00]] || {{blue|07:00}} || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−04:00]] || {{blue|08:00}} || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−03:30]] || {{blue|08:30}} || {{blue|09:30}} || {{blue|10:30}} || {{blue|11:30}} || {{blue|12:30}} || {{blue|13:30}} || {{blue|14:30}} || {{blue|15:30}} || {{blue|16:30}} || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}}
|-
| [[UTC−03:00]] || {{blue|09:00}} || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−02:30]] || {{blue|09:30}} || {{blue|10:30}} || {{blue|11:30}} || {{blue|12:30}} || {{blue|13:30}} || {{blue|14:30}} || {{blue|15:30}} || {{blue|16:30}} || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}}
|-
| [[UTC−02:00]] || {{blue|10:00}} || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}}
|-
| [[UTC−01:00]] || {{blue|11:00}} || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+00:00]] || {{blue|12:00}} || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+01:00]] || {{blue|13:00}} || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+02:00]] || {{blue|14:00}} || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+03:00]] || {{blue|15:00}} || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+03:30]] || {{blue|15:30}} || {{blue|16:30}} || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}}
|-
| [[UTC+04:00]] || {{blue|16:00}} || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+04:30]] || {{blue|16:30}} || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}} || {{red|15:30}}
|-
| [[UTC+05:00]] || {{blue|17:00}} || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+05:30]] || {{blue|17:30}} || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}} || {{red|15:30}} || {{red|16:30}}
|-
| [[UTC+05:45]] || {{blue|17:45}} || {{blue|18:45}} || {{blue|19:45}} || {{blue|20:45}} || {{blue|21:45}} || {{blue|22:45}} || {{blue|23:45}} || {{red|00:45}} || {{red|01:45}} || {{red|02:45}} || {{red|03:45}} || {{red|04:45}} || {{red|05:45}} || {{red|06:45}} || {{red|07:45}} || {{red|08:45}} || {{red|09:45}} || {{red|10:45}} || {{red|11:45}} || {{red|12:45}} || {{red|13:45}} || {{red|14:45}} || {{red|15:45}} || {{red|16:45}}
|-
| [[UTC+06:00]] || {{blue|18:00}} || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+06:30]] || {{blue|18:30}} || {{blue|19:30}} || {{blue|20:30}} || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}} || {{red|15:30}} || {{red|16:30}} || {{red|17:30}}
|-
| [[UTC+07:00]] || {{blue|19:00}} || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+08:00]] || {{blue|20:00}} || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+08:45]] || {{blue|20:45}} || {{blue|21:45}} || {{blue|22:45}} || {{blue|23:45}} || {{red|00:45}} || {{red|01:45}} || {{red|02:45}} || {{red|03:45}} || {{red|04:45}} || {{red|05:45}} || {{red|06:45}} || {{red|07:45}} || {{red|08:45}} || {{red|09:45}} || {{red|10:45}} || {{red|11:45}} || {{red|12:45}} || {{red|13:45}} || {{red|14:45}} || {{red|15:45}} || {{red|16:45}} || {{red|17:45}} || {{red|18:45}} || {{red|19:45}}
|-
| [[UTC+09:00]] || {{blue|21:00}} || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+09:30]] || {{blue|21:30}} || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}} || {{red|15:30}} || {{red|16:30}} || {{red|17:30}} || {{red|18:30}} || {{red|19:30}} || {{red|20:30}}
|-
| [[UTC+10:00]] || {{blue|22:00}} || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}} || {{red|21:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+10:30]] || {{blue|22:30}} || {{blue|23:30}} || {{red|00:30}} || {{red|01:30}} || {{red|02:30}} || {{red|03:30}} || {{red|04:30}} || {{red|05:30}} || {{red|06:30}} || {{red|07:30}} || {{red|08:30}} || {{red|09:30}} || {{red|10:30}} || {{red|11:30}} || {{red|12:30}} || {{red|13:30}} || {{red|14:30}} || {{red|15:30}} || {{red|16:30}} || {{red|17:30}} || {{red|18:30}} || {{red|19:30}} || {{red|20:30}} || {{red|21:30}}
|-
| [[UTC+11:00]] || {{blue|23:00}} || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}} || {{red|21:00}} || {{red|22:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+12:00]] || {{red|00:00}} || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}} || {{red|21:00}} || {{red|22:00}} || {{red|23:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+12:45]] || {{red|00:45}} || {{red|01:45}} || {{red|02:45}} || {{red|03:45}} || {{red|04:45}} || {{red|05:45}} || {{red|06:45}} || {{red|07:45}} || {{red|08:45}} || {{red|09:45}} || {{red|10:45}} || {{red|11:45}} || {{red|12:45}} || {{red|13:45}} || {{red|14:45}} || {{red|15:45}} || {{red|16:45}} || {{red|17:45}} || {{red|18:45}} || {{red|19:45}} || {{red|20:45}} || {{red|21:45}} || {{red|22:45}} || {{red|23:45}}
|-
| [[UTC+13:00]] || {{red|01:00}} || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}} || {{red|21:00}} || {{red|22:00}} || {{red|23:00}} || {{green|00:00}}
|-
| [[UTC+13:45]] || {{red|01:45}} || {{red|02:45}} || {{red|03:45}} || {{red|04:45}} || {{red|05:45}} || {{red|06:45}} || {{red|07:45}} || {{red|08:45}} || {{red|09:45}} || {{red|10:45}} || {{red|11:45}} || {{red|12:45}} || {{red|13:45}} || {{red|14:45}} || {{red|15:45}} || {{red|16:45}} || {{red|17:45}} || {{red|18:45}} || {{red|19:45}} || {{red|20:45}} || {{red|21:45}} || {{red|22:45}} || {{red|23:45}} || {{green|00:45}}
|-
| [[UTC+14:00]] || {{red|02:00}} || {{red|03:00}} || {{red|04:00}} || {{red|05:00}} || {{red|06:00}} || {{red|07:00}} || {{red|08:00}} || {{red|09:00}} || {{red|10:00}} || {{red|11:00}} || {{red|12:00}} || {{red|13:00}} || {{red|14:00}} || {{red|15:00}} || {{red|16:00}} || {{red|17:00}} || {{red|18:00}} || {{red|19:00}} || {{red|20:00}} || {{red|21:00}} || {{red|22:00}} || {{red|23:00}} || {{green|00:00}} || {{green|01:00}}
|-
| UTC offset || colspan=22 | {{red|Tuesday}} || colspan=2 | {{green|Wednesday}}
|}

== Nautical time zones ==
{{Main|Nautical time}}

Since the 1920s, a [[nautical time|nautical standard time]] system has been in operation for ships on the [[international waters|high seas]]. As an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system, nautical time zones consist of [[gore (segment)|gores]] of 15° offset from GMT by a whole number of hours. A nautical date line follows the 180th meridian, bisecting one 15° gore into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bowditch |first=Nathaniel |title=American Practical Navigator |location=Washington |publisher=Government Printing Office |orig-date=1925 |date=1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=John C. |author2=Thomas F. Utegaard |author3=Gerard Riordan |title=Dutton's Navigation and Piloting |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |date=1958}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Howse |first=Derek |title=Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1980 |isbn=0-19-215948-8}}</ref>

However, in practice each ship may choose what time to observe at each location. Ships may decide to adjust their clocks at a convenient time, usually at night, not exactly when they cross a certain longitude.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cruisecritic.com/articles/what-is-cruise-ship-time |title=What Is Cruise Ship Time? Cruise Critic |date=January 7, 2020 |access-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121215157/https://www.cruisecritic.com/articles/what-is-cruise-ship-time |url-status=live }}</ref> Some ships simply remain on the time of the departing port during the whole trip.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://caribbeanadventuresroatan.com/frequently-asked-questions/ |title=Frequently Asked Questions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214083749/https://caribbeanadventuresroatan.com/frequently-asked-questions/ |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |url-status=live |website=Caribbean Adventures Roatan}}</ref>

==Skewing of time zones==

[[File:Tzdiff-Europe-summer.png|thumb|Difference between sun time and clock time during daylight saving time:
{| border="0" cellpadding="5"
|-
| style="background:#c8bfe7;" |
| 1h ± 30 min behind
|-
| style="background:#bec0bc;" |
| 0h ± 30m
|-
| style="background:#c18e8e;" |
| 1h ± 30 m ahead
|-
| style="background:#c15e61;" |
| 2h ± 30 m ahead
|-
| style="background:#c10000;" |
| 3h ± 30 m ahead
|}
]]

Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, however, many time zone boundaries are drawn much farther to the west, and some countries are located entirely outside their ideal time zones.

For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east ([[Central European Time]]) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupation]] of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Poulle|first=Yvonne|title=La France à l'heure allemande|journal=Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes|year=1999|volume=157|issue=2|pages=493–502 |doi-access=free |doi=10.3406/bec.1999.450989}}</ref> Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed "Amsterdam Time", which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid-1970s the Netherlands, as other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.

One reason to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their ideal meridians is to allow the more efficient use of afternoon sunlight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pep.com.cn/200503/ca692073.htm|title=法定时与北京时间|publisher=人民教育出版社|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114120456/http://www.pep.com.cn/200503/ca692073.htm|archive-date=November 14, 2006|language=zh}}</ref> Some of these locations also use daylight saving time, further increasing the difference to local solar time. As a result, in summer, solar noon in the Spanish city of [[Vigo]] occurs at 14:41 clock time. This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in winter, despite lying 42 degrees north of the equator.<ref>[https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/spain/vigo Vigo, Galicia, Spain – Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110174823/http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/spain/vigo |date=November 10, 2015 }}, Timeanddate.com.</ref> Near the summer [[solstice]], Vigo has sunset times after 22:00, similar to those of [[Stockholm]], which is in the same time zone and 17 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though.<ref>[https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/sweden/stockholm Stockholm, Sweden – Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209210704/https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/sweden/stockholm |date=February 9, 2021 }}, Timeanddate.com.</ref>

In the United States, the reasons were more historical and business-related. In Midwestern states, like [[Indiana]] and [[Michigan]], those living in [[Indianapolis]] and [[Detroit]] wanted to be on the same time zone as New York City to simplify communications and transactions.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Susannah |last1=Dillion |first2=Hugh |last2=Kremer |title=Indiana does not belong in Eastern Time zone |url=https://www.reporter-times.com/story/opinion/2013/04/02/indiana-does-not-belong-in-eastern-time-zone/47166055/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Reporter-Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

A more extreme example is [[Nome, Alaska]], which is at 165°24′W longitude{{snd}}just west of center of the idealized [[Samoa Time Zone]] ([[165th meridian west|165°W]]). Nevertheless, Nome observes [[Alaska Time Zone|Alaska Time]] ([[135th meridian west|135°W]]) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Hara|first=Doug|title=Alaska: daylight stealing time|work=Far North Science|url=http://www.farnorthscience.com/2007/03/11/news-from-alaska/alaska-daylight-stealing-time/|date=March 11, 2007|access-date=May 11, 2007|archive-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927094000/http://www.farnorthscience.com/2007/03/11/news-from-alaska/alaska-daylight-stealing-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Kotzebue, Alaska]], also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has ''two'' sunsets on the same day in early August, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/08/07/Alaskan-village-to-get-two-sunsets-Friday/5874523771200/ |title=Alaskan village to get two sunsets Friday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020163410/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/08/07/Alaskan-village-to-get-two-sunsets-Friday/5874523771200/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |url-status=live |website=United Press International |date=August 7, 1986}}</ref> Consequently, in early May, in Kotzebue one day does not have sunset.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/usa/kotzebue?month=5&year=2025|title=Sunrise and sunset times in Kotzebue, May 2025}}</ref>

[[List of extreme points of China|China extends as far west as 73°E]], but all parts of it use [[UTC+08:00]] ([[120th meridian east|120°E]]), so solar "noon" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as [[Xinjiang]].<ref>[https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/china/kashgar Kashgar, Xinjiang, China – Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141912/https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/china/kashgar |date=November 8, 2020 }}, Timeanddate.com</ref> The [[Afghanistan-China border]] marks the greatest terrestrial time zone difference on Earth, with a 3.5 hour difference between Afghanistan's UTC+4:30 and China's [[Time in China|UTC+08:00]].

{{Wide image|File:Solar time vs standard time.png|800px|align-cap=center|A visualization of the mismatch between clock time and solar time in different locations. In blue areas, clock time lags behind solar time; in red areas, the reverse is true. The two are synchronized in the white areas.}}

== Daylight saving time ==
{{Main|Daylight saving time}}
[[File:DaylightSaving-World-Subdivisions.png|thumb|upright=1.35| {{legend|#1b80e6|DST observed}} {{legend|#ef690a|DST formerly observed}}
{{legend|#c00000|DST never observed}}]]

Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (DST), also known as summer time, during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of [[spring (season)|spring]] and adjusting back in [[autumn]] ("spring forward", "fall back"). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a [[World War I|wartime]] measure aimed at [[Energy conservation|conserving coal]]. Despite [[Daylight saving time#Dispute over benefits and drawbacks|controversy]], many countries have used it off and on since then; [[Daylight saving time by country|details vary by location]] and change occasionally. Countries around the equator usually do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight there is minimal.

== Computer systems ==
Many computer [[operating systems]] include the necessary support for working with all many or all possible local times. Internally, operating systems typically use [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] as their basic [[system time|time-keeping standard]] and convert local times, including [[daylight savings time]], to and from UTC.

Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com |title=International CNN |publisher=CNN |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=March 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310195324/https://edition.cnn.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> whereas the US version shows [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com |title=United States CNN |publisher=Cnn.com |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=September 11, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010911200318/http://www.cnn.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{needs update|date=January 2026}}US Eastern Time and [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific Time]] are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] Note "datetime".

[[Email]] systems and other messaging systems ([[Internet Relay Chat|IRC chat]], etc.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BuildingCommunity/BookingUbuntuMeetingChannel|title=Guidelines for Ubuntu IRC Meetings|date=August 6, 2008|publisher=[[Canonical Ltd.]]|access-date=July 13, 2009|archive-date=February 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225064621/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BuildingCommunity/BookingUbuntuMeetingChannel|url-status=live}}</ref> time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.

[[Database]] records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one-hour period when local times are ambiguous.

[[Calendaring software|Calendar systems]] nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC, and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones. That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a Los Angeles resident visits New York and before the journey makes a calendar entry for the return flight at 9 am (which the computer assumes is Los Angeles time), the calendar entry will be at noon if taking the computer's new New York time zone. Calendaring software must also deal with [[daylight saving time]] (DST), usually done so calendar entries made before the shift are shown the same after it. If, for political reasons, the begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed, calendar entries should stay the same in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time.

=== Operating systems ===
==== Unix ====
{{Main|Unix time}}

[[Unix-like]] systems, including [[Linux]] and [[macOS]], keep system time in [[Unix time]] format, representing the number of seconds that have elapsed since 00:00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC) on Thursday, January 1, 1970, excluding [[leap second]]s.<ref name="single-unix-spec-4.16">{{cite web|url=http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16|title=The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, section 4.16 Seconds Since the Epoch|publisher=[[The Open Group]]|access-date=January 22, 2017|archive-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222113543/http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16|url-status=live}}</ref> Unix time is usually converted to local time when displayed to the user, and times specified by the user in local time are converted to Unix time. The conversion takes into account the time zone and daylight saving time rules; by default the time zone and daylight saving time rules are set up when the system is configured, though individual processes can specify time zones and daylight saving time rules using the ''TZ'' [[environment variable]].<ref name="tzset(3)">{{man|sh|tzset|SUS}}</ref> This allows users in multiple time zones, or in the same time zone but with different daylight saving time rules, to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Information about time zones and daylight saving time rules most commonly comes from the [[IANA time zone database]]. Many systems, including anything using the [[GNU C Library]], a C library based on the [[BSD]] C library, or the [[System V Release 4]] C library, can make use of the IANA time zone database.

==== Microsoft Windows ====

{{Update|section|date=July 2025}}
[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]-based computer systems prior to [[Windows 95]] and [[Windows NT]] used local time, but Windows 95 and later, and Windows NT, base system time on UTC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724961.aspx|title=System Time|website=[[MSDN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227230411/http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724961.aspx|archive-date=2007-02-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/system-time|title=System Time|website=[[Microsoft Learn]]|date=January 7, 2021|access-date=April 23, 2024|archive-date=February 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224224835/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/system-time|url-status=live}}</ref> They allow a program to fetch the system time as UTC, represented as a year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and millisecond;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724390.aspx|title=GetSystemTime|website=MSDN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228030857/http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724390.aspx|archive-date=2007-02-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/sysinfoapi/nf-sysinfoapi-getsystemtime|title=GetSystemTime function (Windows)|website=Microsoft Learn|date=February 22, 2024|access-date=April 23, 2024|archive-date=April 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423071349/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/sysinfoapi/nf-sysinfoapi-getsystemtime|url-status=live}}</ref> Windows 95 and later, and Windows NT 3.5 and later, also allow the system time to be fetched as a count of 100 ns units since 1601-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724397.aspx|title=GetSystemTimeAsFileTime|website=MSDN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224215258/http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724397.aspx|archive-date=2007-02-24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/sysinfoapi/nf-sysinfoapi-getsystemtimeasfiletime|title=GetSystemTimeAsFileTime function (Windows)|website=Microsoft Learn|date=February 22, 2024 |access-date=April 23, 2024}}</ref> The [[Windows Registry|system registry]] contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. [[Remote Desktop Services|Terminal Servers]] allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.

=== Programming languages ===
==== Java ====
While most application software will use the underlying operating system for time zone and daylight saving time rule information, [[Java (programming language)|the Java Platform]], from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own database of time zone and daylight saving time rule information, based on the [[IANA time zone database]]. This database is updated whenever time zone or daylight saving time rules change. [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] provides an updater tool for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html |title=Timezone Updater Tool |publisher=Oracle Java Technologies |access-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-date=November 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114181554/https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As an alternative to the information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/ |title=Joda-Time |publisher=Joda-time.sourceforge.net |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=December 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203213457/http://joda-time.sourceforge.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This library includes its own data based on the IANA time zone database.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm |title=tz database |publisher=Twinsun.com |date=December 26, 2007 |access-date=December 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623013511/http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm |archive-date=June 23, 2012 }}</ref>

As of Java 8 there is a new date and time API that can help with converting times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/datetime/|title=Trail: Date Time (The Java™ Tutorials)|website=docs.oracle.com}}</ref>

==== JavaScript ====
Traditionally, there was very little in the way of time zone support for [[JavaScript]]. Essentially the programmer had to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for more complex daylight saving variations, such as divergent DST directions between northern and southern hemispheres.

ECMA-402, the standard on Internationalization API for JavaScript, provides ways of formatting Time Zones.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification
| publisher = ECMA International
| date = June 2015
| access-date = September 4, 2019
| url = https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-402/2.0/#sec-time-zone-names
| archive-date = October 26, 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191026140400/https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-402/2.0/#sec-time-zone-names
| url-status = live
}}</ref> However, due to size constraint, some implementations or distributions do not include it.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Internationalization Support
| work = Node.js v12.10.0 Documentation
| access-date = September 4, 2019
| url = https://nodejs.org/api/intl.html#intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none
| archive-date = August 28, 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190828234745/https://nodejs.org/api/intl.html#intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

==== Perl ====
The DateTime object in [[Perl]] supports all entries in the [[IANA time zone database]] and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://metacpan.org/pod/DateTime |title=DateTime |work=MetaCPAN |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=March 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329001557/https://metacpan.org/pod/DateTime |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== PHP ====
The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the [[PHP]] core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script time zone, and DateTime is aware of its own time zone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.datetime.php |title=DateTime |publisher=Php.net |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122174518/http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.datetime.php |url-status=live }}</ref> As noted there, the most current time zone database can be implemented via the [[PEAR#PECL|PECL]] timezonedb.

==== Python ====
The standard module datetime included with [[Python (programming language)|Python]] stores and operates on the time zone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pytz.sourceforge.net/ |title=pytz module |publisher=Pytz.sourceforge.net |access-date=December 5, 2011 |archive-date=November 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130085600/http://pytz.sourceforge.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes. From Python 3.9, the zoneinfo module introduces timezone management without need for third party module.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html |title=zoneinfo module |publisher=www.python.org |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207193618/https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Smalltalk ====
Each [[Smalltalk]] dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. [[VisualWorks]] provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). [[Squeak]] provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. [[Dolphin Smalltalk]] does not support time zones at all.

For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronos-st.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405043602/http://www.chronos-st.org/|url-status=dead|title=chronos-st – Keeping up with time|date=October 21, 2024|archivedate=April 5, 2014}}</ref>

== Time in outer space ==
Orbiting spacecraft may experience many sunrises and sunsets, or none, in a 24-hour period. Therefore, it is not possible to calibrate the time with respect to the Sun and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for [[space exploration]] is to use the Earth-based time of the launch site or mission control, synchronizing the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers. The [[International Space Station]] normally uses Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).<ref>{{cite web|title=Ask the Crew: STS-111|url=http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/feedback/expert/answer/crew/sts-111/index.html|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|date=June 19, 2002|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=September 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928070925/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/feedback/expert/answer/crew/sts-111/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Day in the Life|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp7/luletters/lu_letter9.html|last=Lu|first=Ed|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|date=September 8, 2003|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=September 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901183936/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp7/luletters/lu_letter9.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Timekeeping on Mars]] can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 40 minutes, known as a [[Sol (day on Mars)|sol]]. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, when specifically solar-powered rover activity occurs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/17815-mars-rover-jet-lag.html |title=New Tricks Could Help Mars Rover Team Live on Mars Time |author=Megan Gannon |website=Space.com |date=September 28, 2012 |access-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121215156/https://www.space.com/17815-mars-rover-jet-lag.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|World}}
* {{Annotated link|Abolition of time zones}}
* {{Annotated link|International Date Line}}
* [[Jet lag]]
* [[Lists of time zones]]
* [[Metric time]]
* [[:Category:Time by country|Time by country]]
* [[Time in Europe]]
* {{Annotated link|World clock}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Asimov | first = Isaac | encyclopedia = Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Living Stories of More than 1000 Great Scientists from the Age of Greece to the Space Age | year = 1964 | publisher = Doubleday & Company, Inc. | location = Garden City, NY | pages = 343–344 | title = Abbe, Cleveland | lccn = 64016199 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Debus | editor-first = Allen G. | encyclopedia = World Who's Who in Science: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present | edition = 1st | title=Abbe, Cleveland | publisher = A. N. Marquis Company | location = Chicago, IL | date = 1968 | isbn = 0-8379-1001-3 | lccn = 68056149 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/worldwhoswhoinsc0000unse }}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite news
| last = Biswas
| first = Soutik
| title = How India's single time zone is hurting its people
| publisher = [[BBC News]]
| date = February 12, 2019
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47168359
| access-date = February 12, 2019
| archive-date = February 12, 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190212160748/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47168359
| url-status = live
}}
*{{cite web
| author = Maulik Jagnani, economist at [[Cornell University]]
| title = Poor Sleep: Sunset Time and Human Capital Production
| format = Job Market Paper
| date = January 15, 2019
| url = https://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2018/papers/MaulikJagnani.pdf
| access-date = April 28, 2025
| archive-date = May 12, 2025
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250512094229/https://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2018/papers/MaulikJagnani.pdf
| url-status = live
}}
*{{cite web
| title = Time Bandits: The countries rebelling against GMT
| publisher = [[BBC News]]
| format = Video
| date = August 14, 2015
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-pacific-33938952/time-bandits-the-countries-rebelling-against-gmt
| access-date = February 12, 2019}}
*{{cite news
| title = How time zones confused the world
| work = [[BBC News]]
| date = August 7, 2015
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815153
| access-date = February 12, 2019}}
*{{cite news
| last = Lane
| first = Megan
| title = How does a country change its time zone?
| publisher = [[BBC News]]
| date = May 10, 2011
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-13334229
| access-date = February 12, 2019
| archive-date = February 13, 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190213014325/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-13334229
| url-status = live
}}
*{{cite web
| title = A brief history of time zones
| publisher = [[BBC News]]
| format = Video
| date = March 24, 2011
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-12787502/a-brief-history-of-time-zones
| access-date = February 12, 2019
| archive-date = February 13, 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123623/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-12787502/a-brief-history-of-time-zones
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite IETF |rfc=8536|title=The Time Zone Information Format (TZif)}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Time zones}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Time zones}}
{{UTC time offsets}}
{{Time Topics}}
{{Earth}}
{{Time measurement and standards}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Time zones| ]]

Gita Jayanti Express

2026-03-22T05:39:45Z

TiaBurwell25: further rework formatting and updated info

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Gita Jayanti Express
| logo =
| image = Geeta jayanti express train.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = Geeta Jayanti Express At [[Kurukshetra Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|12|09}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Khajuraho}} (KURJ)
| stops = 24
| end = {{stnlnk|Kurukshetra}} (KKDE)
| distance = {{convert|824|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 18 hours 05 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = General Unreserved, Sleeper Class, AC 3 Tier, AC 2 Tier, AC First
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11841 / 11842
| speed = {{convert|48|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 11841 / 11842 '''Gita Jayanti Express''' is an express train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting {{stnlnk|Khajuraho}} in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and {{stnlnk|Kurukshetra Junction}} of [[Haryana]]. It is currently being operated with 11841/11842 train numbers on a daily basis. The train undergoes rake reversal at {{stnlnk|Lalitpur Junction}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.punjabkesari.in/common404.aspx|title=E-paper|website=epaper.punjabkesari.in}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=5742&id=0,4,268 SHRI SURESH PRABHAKAR PRABHU FLAGS OFF NEW EXPRESS TRAIN]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiarailwayinfo.com/2016/12/train-no-1190111902-kurukshetra-mathura.html|title=India Railway Info - Indian Railway News: Train No. 11901/11902 Kurukshetra-Mathura-Kurukshetra Gita Jayanti Express Via-Faridabad, New Delhi, Sonipat, Panipat}}</ref>

== Service==

The 11841/Gita Jayanti Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 824 km in 18 hrs 5 mins. 11842/Gita Jayanti Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and 824 km in 17 hrs 5 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Khajuraho}}
* {{stnlnk|Maharaja Chhatrasal Station Chhatarpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Tikamgarh}}
* {{stnlnk|Lalitpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Palwal}}
* {{stnlnk|Faridabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}
* {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}
* {{stnlnk|Sonipat Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Panipat Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kurukshetra Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 23 coaches:
* 1 1st AC cum AC 2-tier
* 1 2-tier AC
* 2 3-tier AC
* 7 Sleeper class
* 10 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/khajuraho-kurukshetra-gita-jayanti-express-11841/111188/6710/668 06549/KSR Bengaluru - Belagavi Covid - 19 SF Special - Bangalore to Belgaum SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kurukshetra-khajuraho-gita-jayanti-express-11842/111187/668/6710 06550/Belagavi - KSR Bengaluru Covid - 19 SF Special - Belgaum to Bangalore SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Transport in Mathura]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Khajuraho]]
[[Category:Transport in Kurukshetra]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Self-starvation

2026-03-14T20:30:20Z

TiaBurwell25: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sallekhana]]

List of tallest buildings in Pune

2026-03-12T06:26:32Z

TiaBurwell25: new first article basic info

{{short description|None}}
{{morefootnotes|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

[[File:Aga Khan Bridge in Pune.jpg|thumb|337x337px| The Skyline of [[Pune]] as seen over the [[Mutha River]].]]
[[File:Pune West skyline - March 2017.jpg|thumb|297x297px|The Skyline of [[Pune| Pune West]].]]

This list enumerates [[high-rise buildings]] and [[skyscrapers]] in [[Pune]], the second largest metropolitan city in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. The Eastern and Western Metropolitan Corridor of the city is witnessing a boom in the high-rise sector, with many high-rises already constructed and many more under construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jllapsites.com/real-estate-compass/2017/02/pune-skyline/ |title=List |publisher=jllapsites.com |date=2017 |accessdate=2020-04-12}}</ref> Currently [[Amanora Park Town|Amanora Gateway Towers]] are the tallest buildings in Pune with 45 floors.

==Tallest buildings==
This list ranks buildings in Pune that stand at least '''{{convert|80|m|ft|abbr=on}}''', based on standard height measurement or are 20 floors tall. This includes [[spire]]s and architectural details but does not include [[Radio masts and towers|antenna masts]]. Only completed buildings and under-construction buildings that have been [[Topping out|topped out]] are included.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/city/100251/pune-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831005228/http://www.emporis.com/city/100251/pune-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 August 2016|title=Pune | Buildings | EMPORIS|website=[[Emporis]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=2155|title=Pune - SkyscraperPage.com|website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Rank
!Name
!Location
!City Corridor
!Height
!Floors
!No of towers
!Building type
!Year
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
!1
| [[Amanora Park Town|Amanora Gateway Towers]]
| [[Hadapsar]]
| Eastern
| {{convert|165|m|ft|0}}
| 45
| 2
| Residential
| 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=Amanora Gateway Towers 1, Pune | 1264180 | EMPORIS|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1264180/amanora-gateway-towers-1-pune-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328180142/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1264180/amanora-gateway-towers-1-pune-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 March 2020|website=[[Emporis]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2020|title=Pune: Tricolour hoisted on city’s ‘tallest’ building|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-tricolour-hoisted-on-citys-tallest-building-6235578/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amanora Gateway Towers 1 - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/amanora-gateway-towers-1/24755 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
!2
| Amanora Adreno Towers
| [[Hadapsar]]
| Eastern
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Real Estate Regulatory Authority |url=https://maharerait.mahaonline.gov.in/Error/ErrorPage |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=maharerait.mahaonline.gov.in}}</ref>{{convert|119|m|ft|0}}
| 35<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Real Estate Regulatory Authority |url=https://maharerait.mahaonline.gov.in/Error/ErrorPage |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=maharerait.mahaonline.gov.in}}</ref>
| 5
| Residential
| 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Real Estate Regulatory Authority |url=https://maharerait.mahaonline.gov.in/Error/ErrorPage |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=maharerait.mahaonline.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
! 3
| Blue Ridge
| [[Hinjewadi|Hinjawadi]]
| Western
| {{convert|118|m|ft|0}}
| 32
| 2
| Residential
| 2014
|- style="text-align:center"
!4
| Nyati Iris
| [[Kharadi]]
| Eastern
| {{convert|117|m|ft|0}}
| 32
| 4
| Residential
| 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyati Iris, Pune |website=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=98887 |access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
!5
| Amanora Future Towers
| [[Hadapsar]]
| Eastern
| {{convert|115|m|ft|0}}
| 31
| 1
|Residential
| 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amanora Future Towers 1, Pune |website=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=133081 |access-date=2024-04-13}}</ref>
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan = "2" | 6
| Castel Royale
| [[Khadki]]
| Central
| {{convert|111|m|ft|0}}
| 30
| 4
|Residential
| 2014<ref>{{cite web |title=Castle Royale 1, Pune | 1264193 | EMPORIS |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1264193/castle-royale-1-pune-india |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101070622/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1264193/castle-royale-1-pune-india |archive-date=1 November 2019 |website=[[Emporis]]}}</ref>
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
| Amanora Neo
| [[Hadapsar]]
| Eastern
| {{convert|111|m|ft|0}}
| 30
| 4
|Residential
| 2018
|-
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
! 7
| Blue Ridge
|[[Hinjewadi|Hinjawadi]]
| Western
|{{convert|104|m|}}
|28
| 16
|Residential
|2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/312842/blue-ridge-1-2-pune-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328180140/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/312842/blue-ridge-1-2-pune-india|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 March 2020|title=Blue Ridge 1-2, Pune | 312842 | EMPORIS|website=[[Emporis]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=96621|title=Blue Ridge Township Towers C, Pune - SkyscraperPage.com|website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>
|-
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
! 8
| Panchshil Towers
|[[Kharadi|Kharadi]]
| Eastern
|{{convert|100|m|}}
|32<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Real Estate Regulatory Authority |url=https://maharerait.mahaonline.gov.in/Error/ErrorPage |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=maharerait.mahaonline.gov.in}}</ref>
| 9
|Residential
|2022
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
! 9
| ABIL God's Blessing
| Mundhwa
| Eastern
| {{convert|92|m|ft|0}}
| 25
|1
|Residential
| 2020
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan = "3" | 10
| [[Trump Towers Pune|Trump Towers]]
| [[Kalyani Nagar]]
| Central
| {{convert|89|m|ft|0}}
| 24
| 2
|Residential
| 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump Towers Pune |website=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=133308 |access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref>
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
| Amanora Gateway
| [[Hadapsar]]
| Eastern
| {{convert|89|m|ft|0}}
| 24
| 2
|Residential
| 2012
|- style="text-align:center"
| Windermire
| [[Koregaon]]
| Central
| {{convert|89|m|ft|0}}
| 24
| 2
|Residential
| 2012
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan = "2" | 11
| Life Republic
| [[Hinjewadi|Hinjawadi]]
| Eastern
| {{convert|85|m|ft|0}}
| 23
| 26
|Residential
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| Lodha Belmendo
| [[Gahunje]]
| Western
| {{convert|85|m|ft|0}}
| 23
| 26
|Residential
| 2016
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan = "2" | 12
| Empire Square
| [[Chinchwad]]
| Western
| {{convert|81|m|ft|0}}
| 22
| 7
| Residential
|2016
|- style="text-align:center"
| Megapolis Mystic
| [[Hinjawadi]]
| Western
| {{convert|81|m|ft|0}}
| 22
| 3
| Residential
|2016
|-
|- style="text-align:center"
! 13
| Presidential Tower by [https://ravirajrealty.com/ Raviraj Realty]
| [[Hinjawadi]]
| Western
| {{convert|80|m|ft|0}}
| 27
| 1
| Residential
|
|}

== Tallest under construction==
This lists ranks the buildings that are under construction in pune and are planned to rise at least {{convert|150|m|ft|0}} or 40 floors tall. Proposed buildings are not included in this table.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Rank
!Name
!Location
!Height
!Floors
!Expected year of completion
|-
! 1
| Residential Bopodi
| [[Pune|Bopodi]]
| {{convert|160.5|m|ft|0}}
| 45<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pune to get its tallest building of 45 floors in Bopodi soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-to-get-its-tallest-bldg-of-45-floors-in-bopodi-soon/articleshow/106713906.cms |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>
| 2029
|-
! 2
| Wyng The Camp Capitol
| [[Pune|Somwarpeth]]
| {{convert|160|m|ft|0}}<ref> {{Cite news |date=2024-01-11 |title=Pune to get its tallest building of 45 floors in Bopodi soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-to-get-its-tallest-bldg-of-45-floors-in-bopodi-soon/articleshow/106713906.cms |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| 37
| 2028
|-
! 3
| Piette T 1
| [[Koregaon_Park]]
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
| 37
| 2028
|-
! 4
| Piette T 2
| [[Koregaon_Park]]
| {{convert|156|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
| 37
| 2028
|-
! 5
| Shivaji Nagar TOD 1
| [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]]
| {{convert|151|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
| 33
| 2026
|-
! 6
| One Boat Club Road A
| [[Royal_Connaught_Boat_Club|Boat Club Road]]
| {{convert|151|m|ft|0}}
| 40
| 2026
|-
! 7
| One Boat Club Road B
| [[Royal_Connaught_Boat_Club|Boat Club Road]]
| {{convert|151|m|ft|0}}
| 40
| 2026
|-
! 8
| One Boat Club Road C
| [[Royal_Connaught_Boat_Club|Boat Club Road]]
| {{convert|151|m|ft|0}}
| 40
| 2026
|-
! 9
| Amanora Gateway Tower II
| [[Hadapsar]]
| {{convert|150|m|ft|0}}
| 43
| 2027
|-
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Architecture|India}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in different cities in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India tallest buildings lists}}

[[Category:Lists of tallest buildings in India|Pune]]
[[Category:Pune-related lists|Buildings]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pune|Tallest]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Maharashtra|Tallest buildings in Pune]]

John Ware Edgar

2026-03-11T17:00:38Z

TiaBurwell25: Created bio

{{Short description|British colonial administrator (1839–1902)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = John Ware Edgar
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}}
| image = File:Sir John Edgar.jpg
| caption = John Ware Edgar – Post [[Lushai Expedition]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1839|9|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kensington]], London
| death_date = {{death date and age|1902|6|4|1839|9|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Montughi]], [[Florence]], Italy
| occupation = Deputy Commissioner of Cachar Chief Secretary of the Bengal Government
| years_active = 1862–1892
| organization = [[Bengal Staff Corps]]
| parents = John Peard Edgar (Father) Jane Edgar (b. Gibbings, Mother)
| awards = [[Knight Commander of the Indian Empire]] [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]]
| module =
{{infobox military personnel
| embed = yes
| battles = [[Lushai Expedition (1869)]] [[Lushai Expedition]]
}}
}}
'''Sir John Ware Edgar''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}} (16 September 1839 – 4 June 1902<ref name=WWW>EDGAR, Sir John Ware’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014</ref>) was a British colonial administrator in [[British Raj|British India]]. He was Cachar's deputy-commissioner and held significant relations with the sovereign [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai chiefdoms]]. He led the failed [[Lushai Expedition (1869)]] and participated in the [[Lushai Expedition]].

==Early life and education==
Edgar was born in 1839, the son of John Peard Edgar, [[Kensington]] and Jane Gibbings, daughter of B. Gibbings.<ref name=WWW /> John Edgar graduated at 20 in 1860 from a private school after taking an exam for the Indian Civil Service and amassing 1,617 points.{{sfn|Morning Post|1860}}

==Early career==
He joined the [[Bengal Civil Service]] in 1862 and served as an assistant magistrate and collector in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and as deputy-commissioner in [[Assam Province|Assam]] until 1871.{{sfn|Paris Correspondent|1902}} Edgar originally served under the Commissioner of Dacca, the 15th division of Bengal. Edgar's interest in studying the issues of the Bengal frontier prompted [[Alexander Mackenzie (civil servant)|Alexander Mackenzie]] to appoint Edgar as deputy commissioner of Cachar. As deputy commissioner of Cachar, Edgar held the positions of district magistrate and collector, civil judge of the district and the highest local police officer.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=176}} The responsibility also placed Edgar in proximity with the [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai chiefdoms]]. On 14 November 1867, Edgar reached Dudpatil, the official residence of the deputy commissioner of Cachar, with an escort of advanced guards. Edgar met with Major R. Stewart and formally took over the role he was assigned from Stewart.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=177}}

===Development of Silchar===
Silchar was founded by David Scott as a military encampment at Jhalupura as an Assam Rifles camp. This military post lead to the development of an urban settlement as a result. Administrative work before Silchar would occur in Dudhpatil, on the north bank of the Barak River.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=255}} When Edgar became Deputy Commissioner of Cachar, Silchar was the only tow. It was smaller than Gauhati, Tezpur, and many others.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=183}} Silchar had no municipal development or institutions with the exception of a police force. The lack of water infrastructure rapidly spread cholera.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=184}}

The Silchar government school was established in 1863 under Reverend William Pryse of the Welsh Presbyterian Mission Church. In 1866 the schoolwas placed under the control and supervision of the Inspector of schools. This led to a positive relationship with the headmaster A.C. Bhattacharjee, Under Edgar, A public works department was established in Cachar in 1868. Road construction committee was formed with Edgar headed as president. In a comparative survey in 1865, Edgar saw the population of Dacca to be 152,000 compared to 5000 in Silchar.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=184}} Edgar is further credited with the establishment of the Fatak Bazaar of Silchar which was once the biggest shopping centre in South Assam. Edgar became a patron to several traders and businesses including granting liberal settlement grants. This policy attracted many Bengalis from Sylhet and Dacca and even some Marwari merchants.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=185}} The Silchar bazaar became known as John Edgar Ganj which was shorted to ''Jhaniganj''. This was due to the traders and merchants appreciating Edgar's generous welfare policies.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=185}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=256}}

Edgar frequently visited traders, merchants, the government school and met with Lushai delegates. The first building in Silchar town built by Edgar was the Chief Judicial magistrate's court which was built with modern construction instead of improvised housing. Edgar requested the magistrate of Sylhet to send more masons to continue the building of new establishments in Silchar. Muslim masons worked in Siclhar and laid bricks on the outskirt of the town in Khasi land which became Itkhola. To meet the demand of drinking water among a growing population, three public tanks and a well was dug by the administration. A hospital for tea-planters was also upgraded by Edgar. When [[Sukpilal]] was sick and dying, Edgar sent a doctor to the Lushai Hills, but the difficult unmapped terrain prevented an effective timely response ultimately leading to his death in 1881.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=186}}

Edgar set up a ferry on the Barak river at Tarapur in 1868. This was due to the issues of individuals crossing between Dudpatil and Silchar. The ferry would be owned under the public works department. The grateful settlers named the ferry ghat as Edgar Ghat before it was later renamed to Annapurna.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=186}} As a result, the Chief Commissioner's bungalow and Chief Judicial magistrates court became established in Silchar, as did other institutions. Edgar is credited with the development of Silchar as a frontier settlement against the Lushai Hills and headquarters of the Surma Valley Division of Assam.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=256}}

Silchar grew in reputation as a tea estate town under Edgar. In the Indian 1971 census, Silchar became the largest tea exporter statistically as a result of Edgar's developments a hundred years later. However, the unchecked immigration led to an influx of Bengalis from Dacca and Sylhet. Edgar favoured commercial enterprise entrepeuners. The preference for foreign talent and entrepeuners is argued to have led the indigenous Cachar people to become educationally and culturally backwards and mistrusting of the merchants. As a result many Cachar people did not migrate to Silchar even after Edgar's leave.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=188}} Chatterjee argues that Edgar contributed to the erasure and obfuscation of the ethnic and native identity of the Cachar people. In pursuit of economic growth and development, the policies of Edgar sacrificed the social fabric of Cachar before unchecked immigration.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=192}} Edgar had also reversed Stewart's policy of helping and aiding displaced and distressed Burmese. He considered them indolent and lacked compassion for their predicaments. Edgar also pushed out tribals such as Kukis and Nagas to the borders of Cachar and occupied territory of forest and wastelands.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=190}}

The rise of wealthy landowning gentry in Edgar's administration differed from the [[zamindar]] in other areas such as Sylhet. The landowners were conservative and loyal to Edgar but were uneducated. A majority of this genty belonged to the Muslim community in Silchar. The Sonai and Dhulai valleys which were kuki owned and barren became the rice bowl of Cachar unde the new immigrant labourers.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=191}} Using the Revenue Settlement rules 1859, Edgar controlled the brigands, drunken brawls and criminals into a stable secured feudal society. The growth rate of farm produce increased significantly under his rule. Cachar became subsistent in feeding its population while being able to export excess harvest to other tea estates and the army commissariat. This removed the dependence on imported rice for both institutions.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=195}}

===Tea Estates===
Edgar studied political economy and was interested in the development of the tea industry in Bengal and Assam. He patronized the tea magnates in their programme of expanding trade relations. Edgar's survey of the tea industry was considered so accurate it was still sourced as research in studies on the Indian tea economy. During his rule as Deputy-Commissioner of Cachar, the expansion of tea estates was considered steady which eventually reached the borders of the Lushai Hills. The Lushais considered the tea estates to be encroachments on their hunting grounds and sovereignty. The Lushais committed frequent raids upon the tea estates causing death and concern to the tea businessmen. Edgar's bid to resolve the issue would lead him to enter deepening relations with the Lushai frontier and its inhabitants.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=256}}

The wasteland rules 1838, provided tea planters with adequate land. This also delegated the deputy commissioner to import labour form outside their jurisdiction. Local labour was scarce due to the nature of low wages. Labour protection laws were however still enforced on imported tea estate workers. They were allowed the right of appeal to the superintendent for justice. The Bengal Government passed the Native Labour Act 1863 to saeize labour recruits through agents before it was amended in 1870. During the period of this policy Edgar used it opportunistically. Edgar opened the tea estates to the tea barons in Calcutta and the natives who could afford capital to participate in the industry.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=196}} With his influence, Edgar managed to secure a few Bengali Zamindars of Sylhet to invest their wealth into purchasing tea estates. However a majority of these owners would be Europeans and they typically obstructed Edgar's policies. Despite this, European tea estate owners invested in Indian capital, with some coming from England.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=197}}
Vast territories of Cachar's wastelands such as the southern portion of the district were leased to different extensive tea estates on a nominal rent rate. As the areas were covered with forests, tea estate owners transformed these excess areas into timber resources or settled agricultural cultivators.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=197}} However, the tea estates were on the borders of the [[Lushai Hills]] which were inhabited by various [[Mizo people|Lushai tribes]] that used these as hunting grounds. The border issues led to Edgar ordering strict vigilance and often inflicting punishment on wrongdoers. Edgar attempted to change his policy by reconciliation with influential chiefs such as [[Sukpilal]] but to no avail.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=198}}

Edgar provided the necessary infrastructure to the tea industry in Cachar to facilitate its rapid growth and expansion. The roads previously built by Edgar assisted him in the movement of goods, capital and produce. Planters were permitted to construct and maintain their own roads as private property without government interference to further encourage infrastructure. Edgar's lassiez faire policies of the tea industry inevitably led to exploitation. Medical facilities for tea estate workers were scarce, and wages became extremely low. However, Edgar made no effort to reverse the negative impact of his policies.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=198}} The Labour Act of 1873 amended various provisions which only allowed the government as the sole authority to deal with runaway workers of the tea gardens. However, Edgar rarely moved to help labourers in distress but utilised several redressal options in the law instead.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=199}}

==Anglo-Lushai relations==
===Lushai Expedition (1869)===
{{main|Lushai Expedition (1869)}}
The British government had chosen a policy of conciliation with the Lushai tribes, but this would be challenged by [[Sukpilal|Suakpuilala]]. Suakpuilala had cooperated with a Manipuri rajputra named Kanai Singh. They had jointly invaded the Monierkhal tea estate. Kanai Singh took the loot and Suakpuilala took the captives. Edgar advocated for a strong military response. The cooperation with Kanai Singh and breach of trust by raiding was a blow to Anglo-Lushai relations.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=210}} The cold season was considered inconvenint by the authorities in Fort William. Dr Brown, the political officer of Manipur, was simply ordered to check Kanai Singh's advances but not engage in violence. Edgar was zealous for a punitive expedition and believed that this would be effective in subjugating the Lushais from making daring raids in British territory. The King of Manipur supported Edgar but Brown refused to leave Manipur on account that his absence would destabnnilize the region. This is said to have infuriated Edgar.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=211}}

Edgar headed the eastern column of the three columns with [[William Frost Nuthall]] and Baker leading the others. Edgar would lead his column with great difficulty to Bazarghat on 12 March 1869. He met with the ''upas'' of Vonpilal whose mother was ready to make amends for the British after being mistaken to responsible for a raid done by [[Poiboi]]. As the season came to an end Edgar turned his column back to Cachar.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=57}} The column under Baker arrived at Sukpilal's encampment near the settlement of his sister of [[Banaitangi]] who defeated a few skirmishers.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=302}} However due to Nuthall's sickness and difficult terrain and weather issues, the column was not reinforced and turned back.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=27}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=59}}

The expedition was a failure after several issues had arisen. The country was not known well and bad weather and wilderness had hampered travelling of the columns. The authorities at Fort William utilised the expedition to prepare for future expeditions with more organisation and cooperation.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=213}}

===Edgar's tour of the Lushai Hills===
Edgar followed in the steps of [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]] and learnt the [[Mizo language|Lushai language]] and customs.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=213}} Edgar began to use this to influence the policy of the British government according to the Lushais. In the cold season of 1870–1871 Edgar made an extensive tour of the hills. He authored a detailed report of the history, relations and local history retold by the hill people. He also used the information to recreate maps and locations of settlements and chiefs. Through Edgar, the British recorded [[Lallula]] as the forefather of the principal Sailo chiefs. His report detailed how Lallula spread Sailo influence and pushed out the previous Kuki inhabitants into the British territories such as Chittagong, Manipur and Cachar. It explored the Sailo chiefs as a royal family connected by blood relations. This report differentiated the Lushais from the Kukis. As a result the British nomenclature of "Lushai-Kuki" became obsolete.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=214}}

Edgar utilised Punchangkai, a village in the Sonai valley as the encampment where he would communicate via emissaries with the Lushai chiefs such as [[Lalbura]] and Suakpuilala. His mastery of the Lushai language made him meet many of the chiefs in person and assert personal influence.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=214}} He took the tour with Hari Charan Sharma who also spoke Lushai.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=259}}

===Sukpilal's sunnad===
Edgar followed a policy of conciliation with the Lushais adapted by Lord Canning. The British believed the Lushai chiefs would be brought within control by offering gifts and deepening relations of mutual benefit. After the death of Chief Munjihow of Cachar, Edgar decided to enter relations with [[Sukpilal]]. Sukpilal was the uncontested influential chiefs of the Western Lushai Hills which was advantageous to Edgar. During the tour, on 14 January 1871, Edgar visited Sukpilal with Hari Charan Sharma to convince him of the need of a demarcated boundary that both sides can agree on. He explained the concept of a sunnad. Sukpilal agreed to Edgar's negotiations and this established the famous Sukpilal sunnad of 1870. Sukpilal would take the Bairabi Chura near the Tlawng River. The agreement furthermore included a clause that Sukpilal and his people would not attack Cachar or Sylhet. Any disputes with the boundary would be taken to Dudpatil, Cachar first, where a British officer would meet with the ''upas''.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=215}} The Sunnad granted Cachar a proper border which has largely continued today with a few minor adjustments. This also opened relations with the Lushai chiefs who now were willing to approach the British to settle disputes as opposed to raiding the tea estates. Trade marts and bazaars were established at Changsil and Sonai to encourage trade of the Lushais with the merchants in the plains and valleys. Edgar's policy was initially successful as a result.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=257}} However Sukpilal would abuse this trust as he would commit raids. The reasoning for his raids were attributed to Lushai custom of providing [[Bawi system|bawis]] (slaves) to a woman when entering her new home upon marriage. In this case, Sukpilal's sister [[Banaitangi]] was being married to [[Murchuilal]] which necessated this action.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=258}}

Edgar's tour and conciliation was criticised by English newspapers such as the ''Observer'' and ''Pioneer''.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=215}} Edgar's sunnad invoked a truce between Sukpilal and the British. For future expeditions the neutrality of Sukpilal would be important to succeed in British objectives. Sukpilal was the undisputed chief of the western Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=216}} Edgar's detailed tour report is listed in the appendix of Mackenzie's 1884 publication on the relations of the government with the northeast frontier.

===Lushai Exedition===
{{further|Lushai Expedition}}
During his tour a series of border raids occurred under the chiefs. The raids had occurred in Cachar, Suylhet and Chittagong. Chief [[Bengkhuaia]] invaded Alexandrapur and took [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)]] captive. Chief [[Lalbura]] would invade Monierkhal. This outrage by the European settlers in India and the government led to a decision to abandon the policy of conciliation. Sir William Grey proposed a punitive expedition into the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=217}} Edgar followed suit and sent a memorandum to the British government in Bengal advocating for another military response to the Lushais.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=218}}

The beginning of the Lushai Expedition required officers with sufficient knowledge on the nature of the Lushai Hills. Edgar was assigned civil officer to the Cachar (Right) Column under Bourchier. His task was to compile and gather information of a political, economic, administrative or scientific nature. After the expedition Edgar submitted another detailed report on the geography, Lushai customs, flora, fauna and topography. The report became a leading source and reference for administrative and military officials in the eastern frontier.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=260}} Edgar was awarded a Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) in the [[1873 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23979 |page=2584 |date=24 May 1873 }}</ref>

At the end of the expedition, Edgar submitted a report on 2 April 1872.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=218}} His report outlined that before the British annexation of Cachar and influence in Tripura, the local kings had little to no ability to repel the raids and punish the tribes. As a result, the Barak Valley and surrounding borders became depopulated from repeated Lushai raids.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=220}} Edgar criticised the European soldiers in the expedition and their lack of knowledge and familiarity with the Lushai Hills. As a result the policy changed to supplement Cachari soldiers and Gurkhas instead.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=229}} He further outlined his dissatisfaction with the removal of [[William McCulloch (political officer)|William McCulloch]]. McCulloch had been transferred out of Manipur in 1867 and replaced by Dr. Browne, who was described as an inexperienced civil assistant surgeon lacking fine insight into Manipuri affairs. Brown's weak administration was blamed for the resurgence in raids and violence.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=230}} The report ends with advice on using the Kukis pushed out of the Lushai Hills as a levy to guard the frontier and check on the Lushais.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=232}}

===1880 Lushai famine===
{{main|Mautam}}
After the cycle of [[mautam]] struck the Lushai Hills once more it was estimated half the population died of starvation along with pestilence and disease turning fatal from malnutrition. The governments of Assam and Bengal decided to aid the Lushais wth emergency food and rice. The relief operations saw food transported to the Changsil and Kasalong bazaars via river. Edgar was the commissioner of Chittagong and the chief secretary of Bengal. Edgar opposed giving food aid to the Lushais.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=264}} Edgar described the Lushais as being in want of [[Zu (beverage)|zu]] rather than in want of rice and to roll back the amount of food being given. Edgar even chastised Hari Charan Sharma who was in charge of famine relief operations in the Hills.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=264}}

==Later years==
Following further district work he became Commissioner of [[Chittagong]] in late 1885. Two years later he was appointed Financial and Chief Secretary to the Government of Bengal, serving as such until 1892. For some months before his retirement that year, he also occupied a seat as an additional member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]].{{sfn|Paris Correspondent|1902}} He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in the [[1889 Birthday Honours]] list.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 25939 |pages=2873–2874 |date= 24 May 1888 }}</ref>{{sfn|Nottingham Evening Post|1889}}

In later years he devoted his time to historical studies.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Edgar, Sir John Ware|journal=Who's Who|year=1902|page= 417|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015047639979;view=1up;seq=463}}</ref> He particularly studied in the history of Northern Buddhism and modern Latin Christianity.{{sfn|Paris Correspondent|1902}}

He died at his residence, the villa ''Guicciardini'' in [[Florence]], on 4 June 1902.{{sfn|Paris Correspondent|1902}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
===Books===
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=British rule in Mizoram |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}

*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopaedia|location=Aizawl|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}

*{{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander |date=1884 |title=History of the Relations of the government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501684/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Home Department Press}}

*{{Citation |last=Woodthorpe |first=Robert Gosset |year=1873 |title=The Lushai expedition, 1871–1872 |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |url=https://archive.org/details/lushaiexpedition00woodrich}}

*{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Suhas |title=Frontier Officers in Colonial Northeast India |date=2009 |publisher=Akansha Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8370-168-6}}

===News===
*{{cite news |last=Morning Post |date=22 August 1860 |title=Civil Service of India |work=Morning Post |location=London |publisher=Morning Post |issue=27045}}

*{{cite news |last=Nottingham Evening Post|date=25 May 1889 |title=The Queen's Birthday |work=Nottingham Evening Post |location=Nottingham |publisher=Nottingham Evening Post|issue=3370|page=3}}

*{{cite news |last=((Paris Correspondent)) |date=12 June 1902 |title=Obituary|work=The Times |location=London |publisher=The Times|issue=36792|page=12}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef |before= }}
{{s-ttl |title=Commissioner of [[Chittagong]] |years=1885–1887}}
{{s-aft |after=}}
{{s-bef |before= }}
{{s-ttl |title=Chief Secretary to the [[Bengal Presidency|Government of Bengal]] |years=1887–1891}}
{{s-aft |after=}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edgars, John Ware}}
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers of punitive expeditions in the Lushai Hills]]

Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (1966 film)

2026-03-04T03:54:15Z

TiaBurwell25: Added.

{{for|the 2001 Hindi film|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001 film)}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya
| image = Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya 1966.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = C. L. Rawal
| producer = B.L. Rawal
| writer = G.L. Rawal
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Nutan]]
| music = Master Sonik Om Prakash Sharma
| cinematography = Taru Dutt
| editing = Pran Mehra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1966}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}'''''Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya''''' ({{Translation|The heart reminded once more}}) is a 1966 [[Bollywood]] [[Romance film|romantic drama film]] directed by C. L. Rawal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Happy Birthday Dharmendra: An icon's journey through Bollywood's peaks and valleys |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/entertainment/88-year-old-dharmendras-legacy-an-icons-journey-through-bollywoods-peaks-and-valleys-735606 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=PTC News |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Nutan]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] and [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dil-ne-phir-yaad-kiya1966 |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> The music is by Sonik Omi.<ref>{{Citation |title=Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya( 1966) {{!}} Hindi |url=http://archive.org/details/dil-ne-phir-yaad-kiya-1966 |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref> It has Nutan in a double role.

==Plot==
The story of the eternal friendship between two men. City-based Ashok, who works as a Salesman in a toy store, has always dreamt of marrying village-based Ashoo. He is a close friend of his co-worker, Amjad, whose marriage is being finalized with Shabnam. Ashok goes to the village to meet and get Ashoo to marry him but finds she has been abducted by his brother, Bhagat, who had earlier killed her brother, Bhagwan. Ashok manages to rescue her and they flee from Bhagat and his goons in order to try and reach Amjad's wedding ceremony. Amjad is ready to even postpone the wedding in order to give Ashok enough time to make it but nothing will prepare him for the shock when he gets the news that the train Ashok and Ashoo were traveling in has met with an accident with very few survivors.

Amjad locates Ashok but Ashoo has died in the accident. Coincidentally, Shabnam looks exactly like Ashoo and Amjad asks Shabnam to pretend to be Ashoo and help Ashok to recover. Shabnam reluctantly agrees but Ashok, who is unaware of Ashoo's death, is frustrated to see that Ashoo no longer loves him like before. Will he realize Amjad's love for him and will Shabnam ever gain her husband's love? The film ends with the answers to these questions.

==Cast==
* [[Nutan]] as Ashoo/Shabnam
* [[Dharmendra]] as Ashok
* [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as Amjad
* [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Bhagat
* [[I. S. Johar]] as Bhagwan
* [[Laxmi Chhaya]] as Dancer
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Aashiq
* [[Tun Tun]] as Premkali
* [[Bela Bose]] as Honey

The music direction for this film was by the debutante music composer duo Sonik Omi whereas the lyrics for all the songs were by G.L. Rawal.

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics by: G. L. Rawal
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aaja Re Pyar Pukare"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 2
| "Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
|-
| 3
| "Main Suraj Hoon Tu Meri Kiran"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 4
| "Lo Chehra Surkh Sharab Hua"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 5
| "Hamen To Khushi Hai"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 6
| "Kaliyon Ne Ghunghat Khole"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 7
| "Yeh Dil Hai Mohabbat Ka Pyasa"
| Mukesh
|-
| 8
| "Yun Chaal Chalo Na Matwali"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 9
| "Humne Jalwa Dikhaya To Jal Jaoge"
| [[Manna Dey]], Asha Bhosle
|-
| 10
| "Main To Naina Ladake"
| [[Usha Khanna]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]], Krishna Kalle
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0371636}}

[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sonik-Omi]]
[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Maalgudi Days

2026-03-03T20:37:00Z

TiaBurwell25: cleanup

{{for|articles with similar titles|Malgudi Days (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=June 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Maalgudi Days
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Visakh Vivek Vinod
| producer = 
| writer = 
| starring = [[Anoop Menon]] [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] Janaki Menon [[Vishal Krishna (child actor)|Vishal Krishna]] [[Saiju Kurup]] [[T. P. Madhavan|T P Madhavan]] [[Priyanka Nair]]
| music = Dr Praveen, T S Vishnu
| cinematography = Anil Nair
| editing = Shaijal PV
| studio = V Company
| distributor = Murali Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|01|08}}
| runtime = 124 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Maalgudi Days''''' is a 2016 Indian Malayalam-language [[thriller film]] scripted and directed by brothers Vivek, Visakh, and Vinod in their directorial debut. Set in an imaginary school named Malgudi Residential School, it is based on a real incident that happened in the Indian state of [[Nagaland]] in the year 2002. The film stars Anoop Menon, Bhama, Janaki Menon, [[Vishal Krishna (child actor)|Vishal Krishna]], and Saiju Kurup in the lead roles. It was released on 8 January 2016.

Janaki Menon won the Best Child Actor (Female) at [[Kerala State Film Award|Kerala State Film Awards 2015]] for portraying the character of Atheena in the film.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} 
[[Vishal Krishna (child actor)|Master Vishal Krishna]] and Janaki Menon won Best Child artists Kerala Film Critics Association Awards for portraying the character of Milan and Atheena.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=August 2022}}
The story happens in a winter season at a hill station near Vagamon. The landmark of the place is Malgudi National Public School which has “winter vacation” in place of summer vacation. The two child characters are Atheena and Milan pursuing their studies in this school.

Atheena:- 9 years old girl who is under depression after the accidental death of her father and is referred to this school by a psychiatrist to recover from the haunting memories of her father's demise, but carries his spectacles with her.

Milan:- 9 years old boy who is troublesome for the entire staff and other children in the school because of his mischievous nature.
Milan and Atheena, though poles apart in character, soon become friends. In fact, it is the diversity in their nature which brings them together.

Zephan:- The lead role in the movie who is an escaped convict now. A flash back shows that he is an artist and craftsman by profession and was living happily with his wife and daughter, in a nearby village. One night when their daughter is away, his life turns topsy-turvy, after giving shelter to 4 unknown men in his house. What ensues is a series of unfortunate incidents and now he is on the run for his life, trying to evade police arrest. He seeks refuge in an abandoned house adjacent to the school.

Atheena and Milan accidentally meet Zephan at the deserted house behind the school. Though frightened in the beginning, later they feel sympathetic for him as he is badly injured. Even though he is not disclosing his identity and his miseries, they get a feeling that he could be innocent. They start helping him with food, water and medicines which eventually builds up a strong emotional bond between them. He impresses them with his innovative art work (Origami style).

Advent of winter:- Principal declares vacation and Zephan realizes this would be best time for him to plan his escape. On the final day, Atheena realizes that she missed to take her father's spectacles and she along with Milan gets down from the school bus and sneaks their way to the hostel room. By chance, security locks the hostel without realizing that children are inside and the bus filled with students returning home sets off without them.

The second half of the movie is about the 48 hours of their struggle to escape from the hostel room surviving the thirst, hunger, cold and fear. As Milan tries to escape by using the bathroom window, he falls on the roof below it. Meanwhile, Zephan returns to the school after he sees the news reporting that Atheena and Milan are missing. Zephan calls out to Milan when he sees him lying on the roof, but Milan accidentally falls and Zephan manages to catch him. After finding Atheena, Zephan lays them both on the stairs leading to the school office. After walking to the nearest shop for water, he finds it closed. He then sees the police standing nearby and surrenders so that the police can find and rescue the kids. The children are then found by the police and taken to the hospital where they wake up later and are taken home by their parents. On the way home, Athena spots Zephan kneeling on a rock with the police standing behind him. She tells her mother to stop, then runs out of the car with her mother chasing after her. Before she reaches the spot, the police shoot Zephan in the head. Upon hearing the shot, Atheena stops in shock realising he's dead and her mother takes her home. Meanwhile, as a final request, Zephan had asked the police to enrol his daughter Jenny in Malgudi School and mentioned there are two children who would take care of her. Later, Atheena and Milan can be seen on a bench with Zephan's daughter Jenny.

== Cast ==
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Zephan, the mysterious man
* [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] as Janet
* Janaki Menon as Atheena
* [[Vishal Krishna (child actor)|Vishal Krishna]] as Milan
* [[Priyanka Nair]] as Swathy
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Sub. Inspector Manu Varma
* [[T. P. Madhavan|T P Madhavan]] as Principal
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Maoist Sudarshan
* Sathyadev as Akbar Khan, Commando Officer
* [[Noby Marcose]] as School Security Guard

== Production ==
Pre-production work started in January 2015, and the principal photography commenced on 9 July 2015. With locations in Munnar, Peerumedu, Vagamon, Mont Fort School at Yercaud and Trivandrum, the shooting was completed in 35 days.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Despite its title, the film is not related to the [[Malgudi Days (short story collection)|short story collection]] by [[R. K. Narayan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/first-look--malgudi-days-imagegallery-malayalam-pjjmJyfiaccab.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016072642/http://www.sify.com/movies/First-look--Malgudi-Days-imagegallery-malayalam-pjjmJyfiaccab.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2015|title=First look: 'Malgudi Days'|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maalgudi-days-review-malayalam-qblkp9hbhbhgb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815232911/http://www.sify.com/movies/maalgudi-days-review-malayalam-qblkp9hbhbhgb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2017|title=Maalgudi Days|website=[[Sify]]|date=11 January 2016|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Janaki Menon won the Best Child Actor (Female) at [[46th Kerala State Film Awards]] for portraying the character of Atheena.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-02 |title='Charlie' Sweeps State Film Awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/Mar/02/charlie-sweeps-state-film-awards-898624.html |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127122325/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/mar/02/Charlie-Sweeps-State-Film-Awards-898624.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vishal Krishna (child actor)|Vishal Krishna]] and Janaki Menon won Best Child artists [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] for portraying the character of Milan and Atheena.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-27 |title=Critics awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/critics-awards-announced/article8658573.ece |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=1 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201065028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/critics-awards-announced/article8658573.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Paresh C Palicha critic of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and stated that " ''Malgudi Days'' tries to say too much but fails to convey anything."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palicha |first=Paresh C. |title=Review: Malgudi Days fails to convey anything |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-malgudi-days-fails-to-convey-anything/20160111.htm |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502153722/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-malgudi-days-fails-to-convey-anything/20160111.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>.Sanjith Sidhardhan critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2 stars out 5 and stated that " While Malgudi Days has its tense moments, you wouldn't mind giving this one a miss."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malgudi Days Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/malgudi-days/movie-review/50520125.cms |access-date=2023-05-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502153957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/malgudi-days/movie-review/50520125.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5325536}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Peermade]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 thriller films]]

Blasco Francisco Collaço

2026-02-27T10:09:06Z

TiaBurwell25: New

{{Short description|Indian prelate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]], [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Blasco Francisco Collaço
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Apostolic Nuncio]] Emeritus to [[Apostolic Nunciature to South Africa|South Africa]], [[Apostolic Nunciature to Botswana|Botswana]], [[Apostolic Nunciature to Lesotho|Lesotho]], [[Apostolic Nunciature to Namibia|Namibia]] and [[Apostolic Nunciature to Eswatini|Eswatini]] [[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Octava]]

| archdiocese =
| diocese =
| appointed = 24 May 2000
| enthroned =
| retired = 17 August 2006
| predecessor = [[Manuel Monteiro de Castro]]
| successor = [[James Green (bishop)|James Green]]
| other_post = [[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Octava]]
| previous_post = {{bulleted list | [[Apostolic Nuncio]] to [[Apostolic Nunciature to Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] (1996-2000) | [[Apostolic Nuncio]] to [[Apostolic Nunciature to Seychelles|Seychelles]] (1994-1996) | Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to [[Apostolic Nunciature to Madagascar|Madagascar]] and [[Apostolic Nunciature to Mauritius|Mauritius]] (1991-1996) | [[Apostolic Nuncio]] to [[Apostolic Nunciature to the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]] and [[Apostolic Delegate]] to [[Apostolic Delegation to Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] (1982-1991) | [[Apostolic Nuncio]] to [[Apostolic Nunciature to Panama|Panama]] (1977-1982) }}

| ordination = 2 May 1954
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 5 November 1977
| consecrated_by = [[Jean-Marie Villot]], [[Agostino Casaroli]], and [[Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy]]

| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1931|05|16}}
| birth_place = [[Raia, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater =
| coat_of_arms =
| motto =
}}

{{Infobox bishopstyles
| name= Blasco Francisco Collaço
| dipstyle=
*[[Excellency|His Excellency]]
*[[The Most Reverend]]
| offstyle=[[Your Excellency]]
| relstyle=[[Archbishop]]
| image = Template-Archbishop.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}

'''Blasco Francisco Collaço''' (born 16 May 1931) is an Indian [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]] who spent his career in the [[Foreign relations of the Holy See|diplomatic service of the Holy See]], including 30 years as an [[apostolic nuncio]].

==Biography==
Collaço was born in [[Raia, Goa]], India, on 16 May 1931.<ref name=bio/> He attended the Seminary of Rachol from 1941 to 1953.<ref name=vaz>{{cite book | title= Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present |access-date = 11 April 2020 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&pg=PA51 | pages= 51–53 | date= 1998 | location = Goa | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | first = J. Clement | last = Vaz |isbn = 9788170226192 }}</ref> He was ordained a priest on 2 May 1954.<ref name=bio/> Studying from 1954 to 1957 at Rome's [[Pontifical Urban University]], he earned a doctorate in canon law. He spent the next year at the [[Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences]].<ref name=vaz/> To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the [[Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy]]|language =it|access-date = 16 August 2019 | title = Pontificia Accademia Ecclesiastica, Ex-alunni 1950 – 1999 |url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/acdeccles/documents/1950-1999.htm }}</ref>

==Diplomatic career==
He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1961 and filled assignments in Colombia, Australia (an office with responsibility for New Zealand and Oceania), France, Scandinavia, and Honduras. Beginning in 1976, he worked in the [[Roman Curia]] in the Office of Public Affairs.<ref name=vaz/>

On 23 September 1977, [[Pope Paul VI]] named Apostolic Nuncio to Panama and a [[titular archbishop]].<ref name=bio/> He was consecrated a bishop on 5 November 1977 by Cardinal [[Jean-Marie Villot]]. He was the first Indian and the first Goan priest to have the title of "Nuncio".<ref name=vaz/>

On 26 July 1982, [[Pope John Paul II]] appointed him apostolic nuncio to the Dominican Republic.<ref>{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-74-1982-ocr.pdf | page= 965 | date= 1982 | volume = LXXIV| access-date = 3 December 2019 }}</ref> He became Apostolic Delegate to Puerto Rico that year as well.<ref name=vaz/>

On 28 February 1991, Pope John Paul named him Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Madagascar and Mauritius.<ref>{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-83-1991-ocr.pdf | page= 374 | date= 1991 | volume = LXXXIII| access-date = 3 December 2019 }}</ref> He added the title apostolic nuncio to Seychelles on 4 May 1994.

On 13 April 1996, Pope John Paul appointed him [[Apostolic Nunciature to Bulgaria|Apostolic Nuncio to Bulgaria]],<ref name=bio/> where the Church and the government remained at odds over the restitution of Church property since the collapse of Communism in 1989.<ref>{{cite CiteSeerX |page= 22| title = Catholics of Bulgaria |citeseerx = 10.1.1.693.4612}}</ref>

On 24 May 2000, he appointed Collaço Apostolic Nuncio to South Africa and Namibia, and Apostolic Delegate to Botswana.<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = 8 December 2019 | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2000/05/24/0325/01198.html | language = it | date= 24 May 2000 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | title = Rinunce e Nomine, 24.05.2000 }}</ref> On 24 June 2000, he added the responsibilities of Apostolic Nuncio to Lesotho and Swaziland.<ref name=bio>{{cite press release | access-date = 5 September 2019 | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2000/05/24/0325/01198.html | language = it | date= 24 June 2000 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | title = Rinunce e Nomine, 24.06.2000 }}</ref>

Collaço retired from these positions in August 2006.

He appears as a character in the novel ''The Fifth Gospel'' by [[Ian Caldwell]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M3nNBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 | pages= 237–38 | title = The Fifth Gospel: A Novel | first = Ian | last= Caldwell | date= 2015 | publisher = Simon and Schuster| isbn= 9781451694147 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See]]

==References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcollaco.html Catholic Hierarchy: Archbishop Blasco Francisco Collaço] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]


{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Collaco, Blasco Francisco}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Panama]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Madagascar]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Mauritius]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Seychelles]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to South Africa]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Namibia]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Botswana]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Lesotho]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Eswatini]]

Mukunda Das

2026-02-26T11:27:05Z

TiaBurwell25: Enhanced article with new information

{{Short description|Bengali composer and poet (1878–1934)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukunda Das
| native_name = মুকুন্দদাস
| image = Rebel poet Mukanda Das.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1878|2|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dhaka, [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], British India
| birth_name = Yajneshwar De
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|5|18|1878|2|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], British India
| occupation = Playwright, lyricist
| spouse = Shatadalbasini Devi
| children = 1
}}

'''Mukunda Das''' ({{langx|bn|মুকুন্দদাস}}; 22 February 1878 – 18 May 1934) was a Bengali poet, ballad singer, composer and patriot, who contributed to the spread of [[Swadeshi movement]] in rural Bengal. He was commonly referred to as "Charankabi" (The Writer of Ballads) during his time. His composed "Zatra" plays like "Matripuja" (Worship of Mothers) gained much popularity among the rural folk especially during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:মুকুন্দদাস, চারণকবি |trans-title=Mukundadas, Charan Kavi |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=4th |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |isbn=81-85626-65-0 |pages=418–419}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mukunda Das came from a modest background. His grandfather was a boatman and his father was a grocer. He was born as Yajneshwar De to Gurudayal De and Shyamasundari Devi on 22 February 1878, in the village of Banari, in the [[Bikrampur]] [[pargana]] of [[Dhaka District]] (currently part of [[Munshiganj District]], [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gunijan.org.bd/GjProfDetails_action.php?GjProfId=310 |script-title=bn:মুকুন্দদাস |trans-title=Mukunda Das |last=Islam |first=Rafiqul |website=[[Gunijan|Gunijan Trust]] |language=bn |accessdate=8 December 2011}}</ref> When he was seven, the family migrated to Barisal where they settled permanently. His father set up a grocery store in the Alekanda region of Barisal town. Being [[Vaishnava]]s, his father used to sing devotional songs while running the store. The Deputy Magistrate of Barisal, pleased with his melodious voice offered him the job of an orderly in the Barisal court. Yajneshwar's father took up the job and he began to run the store.

Yajneshwar too was gifted with a melodious voice. He, from his very childhood, began to compose and sing songs on his own. He attended the [[Barisal Zilla School]], but he did not like studies and was irregular at school.<ref name="dchanda">{{cite news |script-title=bn:ভয় কি মরণে |language=bn |trans-title=Why fear death |first=Dipankar |last=Chanda |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/86094 |newspaper=Prothom Alo |date=13 August 2010 |accessdate=8 December 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131225755/http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/86094 |archive-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He spent most of his time in fishing, capturing bird's nests and playing with neighbourhood boys. In 1893, he was admitted to the [[Brojomohun College|Brojomohun School]].<ref name="dchanda"/> He attended the Brojomohun School for six years, but dropped out after the eighth standard.<ref name="abp">{{cite news |script-title=bn:গোটা উপস্থিতিটাই ছিল 'সিডিশাস': জাগরণের চারণ মুকুন্দদাস ও তাঁর রচনাসমগ্র, পুলক চন্দ |language=bn |trans-title=The entire presence was 'seditious': Mukunda Das, the poet of awakening and his compositions, Pulak Chanda |first=Simanti |last=Sen |url=http://my.anandabazar.com/content/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-43?page=110 |newspaper=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=16 July 2011 |accessdate=8 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426040553/http://my.anandabazar.com/content/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-43?page=110 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ashwini Kumar Dutta]], upset at the failure of a pupil of his own institution, decided to speak to Yajneshwar himself. Datta had heard his melodious voice before and had realized the potential and talent in him. His called Yajneshwar to his house and initiated him into the patriotic movement.

== Career ==
In 1897, after dropping out from school, Yajneshwar joined the group of Bireshwar Dutta, the kirtan singer of Barisal at that time. After the death of Bireshwar Dutta, he formed a kirtan group of his own.<ref name="dchanda"/> In 1900, he took initiation in Vaishavism from a monk Rasananda Thakur, sometimes also known as Haribolananda.<ref name="hdasgupta150">{{cite book |script-title=bn:স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামে বরিশাল |language=bn |trans-title=Barisal in the Independence Movement |volume=1 |last=Dasgupta |first=Hiralal |editor1-last=Gupta |editor1-first=Manoranjan |editor2-last=Ghosh |editor2-first=Manindra Kumar |date=May 1972 |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |location=Kolkata |page=150}}</ref> His guru gave him the name Mukunda Das.

In 1905, Ashwini Kumar Dutta gave an inspiring speech at the Barisal Town Hall, against the proposed Partition of Bengal. Stressing on the need to spread the message far and wide, he wished that message from the leaders could be carried to the villages through dramas and plays. Mukunda Das was deeply moved by Ashwini Kumar Dutta's speech. He resolved to fulfil the wish of the great patriot. Within three months he composed his masterpiece 'Matripuja'. The primary theme of his drama was patriotism and freedom movement. The goal of the freedom movement was to free Bharat Mata from the yoke of British imperialism. The children of Bharat Mata would lay down their lives to attain freedom. He raised a Swadeshi theatre group to stage plays across the villages of Bengal. In 1906, Mukunda Das staged his plays at different places of Barisal and then travelled to Noakhali and Tripura and returned to Barisal before the monsoons. In June 1906, he staged his drama at the Swadeshi Utsav in Barisal, where his play was highly praised by the national leadership. In October, he travelled with his group to Madaripur in Faridpur district, and from there to many places finally returning to Barisal in April 1907. On 16 April, he staged the play in the palace of the Rai Bahadur.

After a run of two years, 'Matripuja' was successful in arousing the patriotic feelings of the masses of Bengal. The play was further popularized by the press. Bande Mataram, Yugantar, Sandhya, Nabashakti, ''[[Prabasi]]'' and ''[[Modern Review (Calcutta)|Modern Review]]'', each of them played a part in popularizing the drama. The government of newly formed Eastern Bengal and Assam clamped down, citing incitement to violence. In 1908, he staged the drama in few places in [[Khulna District|Khulna district]], then in truncated Bengal, but he was stopped by the police when he tried to stage the play in Bagerhat. In October 1908, the drama stepped in to the fourth season. In 1908, he was arrested and imprisoned for three years on charges of sedition.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

In 1921, Mohandas Gandhi gave the call of Non-Cooperation Movement. Mukunda Das joined the movement with his proven repertoire of drama. Around 1923 the movement was called off and Mukunda Das settled with his group in Kolkata. 'Matripuja' was banned by the government at that time. He began to compose social plays in order to avoid being banned. In 1932, the government banned all his plays.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== Later life ==
After the ban, he was restricted to singing only. He along with his group performed only musical shows. His health deteriorated. On 17 May 1934, he returned late from a performance and died in his sleep.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== Works ==
Mukunda Das composed five dramas - Palliseva, Brahmacharini, Samaj o Path.

== In popular culture ==
''Charan Kavi Mukundadas'' is a 1954 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language biographical film about the poet, directed by Nirmal Choudhury.<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Cowie |title=World Filmography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5U3AAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Tantivy Press |isbn=978-0-498-01569-4 |page=267}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ashwini Kumar Dutta]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Chanda, Pulak (2011). ''Jagaran Charan Mukundadas o tar Rachanasamagra''. Dey's Publishing.
* Goswami, Dr. Jayguru (1978). ''Charankabi Mukundadas''. Vishwavani.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Mukunda}}

[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Writers from Barisal]]
[[Category:Musicians from Barisal Division]]
[[Category:Brojo Mohon School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]

Tamser Ali

2026-02-17T09:54:10Z

TiaBurwell25:

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tamser Ali
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2011
| predecessor1 = [[Shivendra Narayan Chaudhury]]
| successor1 = [[Rabindra Nath Ghosh]]
| constituency1 = [[Natabari Assembly constituency|Natabari]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|8|27}}
| birth_place = [[Deocharai More, Cooch Behar]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''Tamser Ali''' (born 27 August 1953) is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was the MLA of [[Natabari Assembly constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=my/>

==Early life and education==
Ali was born on 27 August 1953 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Nashya Shaikh]]s in [[Deocharai, Cooch Behar]], [[West Bengal]]. He is the son of Sultan Ali and Pin Pini Bewa.<ref name=bio>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in India|page=355|publisher=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]|year=2006}}</ref> Ali completed his education at the Deocharai High School.<ref name=my>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=2004|title=Tamser Ali (CPM)|website=My Neta|access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ali married Zelekha Bibi, daughter of Bhomaruddin Mian. They have a son and two daughters.<ref name=bio/>

==Career==
Ali was a primary school teacher, and a member of the Cooch Behar District Primary Education Council. He contested in the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate succeeding [[Shivendra Narayan Chaudhury]]'s 24 year long tenure as MLA for [[Natabari Assembly constituency|Natabari]].<ref name=my/> Ali subsequently joined the Committee on Subordinate Legislation, and from 2003 to 2006, served in the Committee on Privileges and the Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare.<ref name=bio/> He was re-elected from the same constituency at the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2006/natabari/|title=Natabari, 2006|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> Ali contested in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] elections, but lost to [[All India Trinamool Congress]] candidate [[Rabindra Nath Ghosh]] on both occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2011/natabari/|title=Natabari, 2011|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2016/natabari/|title=Natabari, 2016|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Tamser}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politician stubs]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Shashi Shekhar Vempati

2026-02-16T21:22:59Z

TiaBurwell25: made new pg

{{Short description|Indian technocrat and media executive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shashi Shekhar Vempati
| image = Shashi Shekhar Vempati.jpg
| caption = Vempati in 2019
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Bombay]]
| occupation = [[Technocrat]], media executive
| known_for = CEO of [[Prasar Bharati]] (2017–2022)
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2026)
| website = }}
'''Shashi Shekhar Vempati''' is an Indian technocrat and media executive who served as the chief executive officer (CEO) of [[Prasar Bharati]] between 2017 and 2022. An alumnus of [[IIT Bombay]], he was the first non-bureaucrat and the youngest individual to be appointed to the position since the broadcaster's inception.<ref name="TOI26">{{Cite news |date=26 January 2026 |title=Padma Shri for Shashi Shekhar Vempati: A look at remarkable career of the IIT Bombay alumnus and former Prasar Bharati CEO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/iit-bombay-alumnus-and-former-prasar-bharati-ceo-shashi-shekhar-vempati-to-receive-padma-shri-heres-his-remarkable-career/articleshow/127526483.cms |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FE17">{{Cite news |date=10 June 2017 |title=Who is Shashi Shekhar Vempati? All you need to know about the newly appointed Prasar Bharati CEO |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-shashi-shekhar-vempati-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-newly-appointed-prasar-bharati-ceo/699308/ |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> In January 2026, the [[Government of India]] honored him with the [[Padma Shri]], the nation's fourth-highest civilian award, for his contributions to media, technology, and public policy.<ref name="TOI26" />

==Education and early career==
Vempati graduated from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]. He began his professional career in the private sector, spending 15 years at the technology firm [[Infosys]].<ref name="FE17" /> During this period, he authored several patents related to real-time event management within wireless sensor networks.<ref name="FE17" />

He later transitioned to digital media, leading the startup Niti Digital. In this role, he was a key figure in the digital communication strategies for the [[2014 Indian general election]].<ref name="TOI26" /><ref name="FE17" />

==Career==
===Prasar Bharati (2017–2022)===
In 2017, Vempati was selected by a committee headed by the [[vice president of India]] to lead Prasar Bharati, which oversees [[Doordarshan]] and [[All India Radio]].<ref name="FE17" /> His tenure was marked by efforts to modernize public broadcasting and enhance digital outreach. Alongside his role at Prasar Bharati, he held the additional responsibility of CEO for [[Rajya Sabha TV]] from 2017 to 2019.<ref name="TOI26" />

During his time in public service, Vempati chaired the Committee for Science and Technology Communication under the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and led the Educational Media Experts Committee for the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name="TOI26" />

===Artificial intelligence and deep tech===
Following his term at Prasar Bharati, Vempati co-founded the DeepTech for Bharat Foundation (AI4India.org), an initiative aimed at developing India's deep technology ecosystem.<ref name="ANI25">{{Cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Former Prasar Bharati CEO Shashi Shekhar Vempati joins board of BharatGen Technology Foundation as Independent Director |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/former-prasar-bharati-ceo-shashi-shekhar-vempati-joins-board-of-bharatgen-technology-foundation-as-independent-director20251111090412/ |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2025, he was appointed as an Independent Director on the board of the BharatGen Technology Foundation. A Section 8 company based at IIT Bombay, the foundation is tasked with creating sovereign foundational [[artificial intelligence]] models for India under the IndiaAI Mission of the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]].<ref name="ANI25" />

==Board memberships and publications==
Vempati has served on the governing boards of the [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] and the [[Broadcast Audience Research Council]] (BARC).<ref name="TOI26" /> He is also the author of the book ''Collective Spirit Concrete Action: Mann ki Baat and its Influence on India'', which examines the impact of the prime minister's radio program on national discourse.<ref name="TOI26" />

==Awards==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2026)<ref name="TOI26" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vempati, Shashi Shekhar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian media executives]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vijay Kashi

2026-02-12T06:11:07Z

TiaBurwell25: updated details

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Kashi
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Film actor
| othername =
| spouse = [[Vyjayanthi Kashi]]<ref>{{cite web |title= The second coming |url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140706/jsp/graphiti/18584190.jsp |website= telegraphindia.com |date= 6 July 2014 |access-date= 6 July 2014 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718020647/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140706/jsp/graphiti/18584190.jsp |archive-date= 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
| children = [[Prateeksha Kashi]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Journey in dance |url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/journey-in-dance/article4742565.ece |website= thehindu.com |date= 23 May 2013 |access-date= 13 June 2016 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180609111429/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/journey-in-dance/article4742565.ece |archive-date= 9 June 2018 }}</ref>
}}

'''Vijay Kashi''' is an Indian actor in the [[Kannada film industry]]. Some of his notable films are ''[[Undu Hoda Kondu Hoda]]'' (1992), ''[[Mangalyam Tantunanena]]'' (1998), ''[[Surya Vamsha|Suryavamsha]]'' (1999).

==Personal life==
Vijay Kashi is married<ref>{{cite web |title= Dancing daughters |url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/dancing-daughters/238074.html |website= tribuneindia.com |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160522174427/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/dancing-daughters/238074.html |archive-date= 2016-05-22 |last1= Service |first1= Tribune News }}</ref> to [[Vyjayanthi Kashi]]. They have a daughter named [[Prateeksha Kashi]]. Both Vyjayanthi Kashi and Prateeksha Kashi are [[Indian classical dance]]rs, a [[Kuchipudi]] exponents.<ref>{{cite web |title= Prateeksha excelled in nritta and bhava |url= http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/prateesksha-kashi-impresses-with-her-abhinaya-and-nritta/article22519975.ece |website= thehindu.com |date= 25 January 2018 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180609111429/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/prateesksha-kashi-impresses-with-her-abhinaya-and-nritta/article22519975.ece |archive-date= 2018-06-09 |last1= Srikanth |first1= Rupa }}</ref>

==Career==
Vijay Kashi has been part of more than 65 movies in Kannada. Born in Sagara, Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==Selected filmography==
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Akramana]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Baadada Hoo]]'' (1982)...Dr. Mohan
* ''[[Indina Bharatha]]'' (1984)...Bhaskar
* ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Suprabhatha]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Shanthi Nivasa]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Krishna Rukmini]]'' (1988)
* ''[[List of Kannada films of 1990|Sri Satyanarayana Pooja Phala]]'' (1990)
* ''[[List of Kannada films of 1990|Shabarimale Swamy Ayyappa]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Undu Hoda Kondu Hoda]]'' (1992)...Balu
* ''[[Bombat Hendthi]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mangalyam Tantunanena]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Surya Vamsha]]'' (1999)
{{colend}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[Kannada cinema|Cinema of Karnataka]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm10888531}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashi, Vijay}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Sukumar Bannerjee

2026-02-12T02:59:26Z

TiaBurwell25: made bio.

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary (1913–1938)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}{{notability|Bio|date=August 2021}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2021}}
{{no footnotes|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sukamar Bannerjee
| image = Martyr Sukumar Bannerjee.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sukamar Bannerjee
| other_names = Sukumar Bandhopadhay
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1913|06|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bollavpur estate of Raniganj, Asansol district, West Bengal.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1938|11|15|1910|06|25|df=yes}}
| death_place = Raniganj, Asansol district of West Bengal
| occupation = Assistant Secretary of Raniganj Paper Mill
| years_active =
| known_for = Indian freedom movement
| notable_works =
}}

'''Sukumar Bannerjee''' (25 June 1913 – 15 November 1938) was an Indian [[revolutionary]] from [[West Bengal]]. He is known mainly for his martyrdom while protesting against the British officers at the Raniganj [[Paper mill|Paper Mill]].

== Early life and career ==
Sukumar was born on 25 June 1910 in the [[Ballavpur]] estate of [[Raniganj]], present day Kuldiha. At the age of 22, he worked as an assistant secretary at the Raniganj paper mill.

== Death ==
On 15 November 1938, a British Officer in Raniganj Paper mill, in an attempt to break the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] there, was trying to harass the movement leaders, with the police officers. Sukamar tried to resist him and the British officer drove his [[lorry]] over Sukumar killing him instantly. He became a [[martyr]] in the cause of the non-cooperation movement in Raniganj.

== Legacy ==
Sahid Sukumar Bandhopadhay Sarani in [[Bidhannagar]], [[Durgapur]], West Bengal, is named after him. There has also been a school, a market complex and a library named after him.

== References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite web|date=2019-11-15|title=শহীদ দিবসে স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামী সুকুমার ব্যানার্জি কে শ্রদ্ধায় স্মরণ রানিগঞ্জে |url=https://bengali.newsfrontliner.org/cpim-organised-remembrance-day-freedom-fighter-sukumar-banerjee-raniganj/|access-date=2021-07-06|language=en}}

[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]

Chandan Hola

2026-02-10T19:25:57Z

TiaBurwell25:

{{short description|Village in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandan Hola
| official_name =
| other_name = Chandan Hulla
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| align = centre
| total_width = 350
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Chandan Hola.jpg
| image2 = Chandan Hula.jpg
| caption2 = Signboard with a different spelling
| caption1 = Chandan Hola bus stand
}}
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| mapframe = Yes
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mehrauli]]
| government_type = State government
| governing_body = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| population_total = 6780
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_est = 9400
| pop_est_as_of = 2024
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110074
| blank_name_sec1 = Civic body
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| map_caption = Locate in Delhi
| pushpin_map = Delhi
| pushpin_label_position = right
}}

'''Chandan Hola''' (also spelled as '''Chandan Hulla''') is a village and [[census town]] located in [[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]] area of [[South Delhi district]] in [[Delhi]], India. Its postal code is 110074.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigam |first=Chayanika |date=2015-01-31 |title=In Chhatarpur, it's all about the Tanwar family |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/in-chhatarpur-its-all-about-the-tanwar-family-53280 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhaskar Hari |date=2018-06-10 |title=City's most-wanted criminal among 4 killed in encounter |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/delhi/100618/citys-most-wanted-criminal-among-4-killed-in-encounter.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chandan Hola Census Town City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Delhi |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/64071-chandan-hola-delhi.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

Chandan Hola is one of the twelve villages of the Chhatarpur area in south Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ohrie |first=Piyush |date=2020-01-30 |title=Chhatarpur's real estate boom is now proving to be its biggest challenge |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/chattarpurs-real-estate-boom-is-now-proving-to-be-its-biggest-challenge-398170 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> The majority of its residents follow the [[Islam|Islamic]] religion.<ref name=":0" />

== Origin story ==
Chandan Hola has a origins narrative rooted in local [[folklore]]. The village's origins trace back to an ancestor who hunted a deer in [[Sultanpur-Punahana|Sultanpur]] of [[Haryana]], and later sought refuge in [[Satbari]] village in [[Mehrauli]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=एक महिला की जिद ने बसा दिया चांदन होला गांव |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/a-womans-insistence-settled-in-chandan-hola-village/articleshow/69027071.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

Following a domestic dispute with his wife, Chando, she chose to leave Satbari and live under a [[Ficus religiosa|peepal tree]], rejecting attempts at reconciliation. In response to her wishes, village elders defined the settlement's boundaries, naming it Chandan Hola. Chando is honoured as the village [[Matriarchy|matriarch]], and the family of the original settler had three sons, with the fourth [[Fosterage|foster son]] associated with the Hindu [[Gurjar]] community, which received a portion of the village.<ref name=":1" />

== Demographics ==
According to the reports of the [[2011 census of India]], Chandan Hola had a population of 6,780 of which 3,723 (55%) were males while 3,057 (45%) were females.<ref name=":0" />

Chandan Hola had an average literacy rate of 73%, lower than the state average of 86.21 %, with male literacy of 82% and female literacy of 62%. 18% of the population was under 6 years of age.<ref name=":0" />

== Connectivity ==
The nearest Metro stations are [[Chhatarpur metro station|Chhatarpur]] and [[Qutb Minar|Qutab Minar.]] [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes 516, 523, 947 and 434 go through Chandan Hola bus stand.

== Notable residents ==
*[[Yuvraj Singh]] (cricketer)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=Why cricketer Yuvraj Singh moved Delhi High Court against this real estate firm - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/real-estate/why-cricketer-yuvraj-singh-moved-delhi-high-court-against-this-real-estate-firm-19440659.htm |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Schools nearby ==
*[[Col. Satsangi's Kiran Memorial Public School]]
*Made Easy School, Chhatarpur Campus

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/64071-chandan-hola-delhi.html Population Census 2011 - 2024]
*[https://www.accuweather.com/en/in/chandan-hola/3351881/weather-forecast/3351881 Chandan Hola, Delhi | Weather Forecast]

[[Category:Villages in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mehrauli]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in South Delhi district]]

Synshar Lyngdoh Thabah

2026-02-08T02:44:05Z

TiaBurwell25: made a article.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Synshar Lyngdoh Thabah''' (born 1983)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Synshar Kupar Roy Lyngdoh Thabah(UDP):Constituency- SOHIONG (ST) : BYE ELECTION ON 10-05-2023(EAST KHASI HILLS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7136 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He is a member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from Sohiong Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[East Khasi Hills district]]. He won the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Meghalaya: UDP candidate wins Sohiong constituency by over 3,400 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/udps-synshar-kupar-roy-lyngdoh-thabah-wins-sohiong-bypolls-in-meghalaya-by-3-422-votes-becomes-the-largest-political-party-101683963050340.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127104535/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/udps-synshar-kupar-roy-lyngdoh-thabah-wins-sohiong-bypolls-in-meghalaya-by-3-422-votes-becomes-the-largest-political-party-101683963050340.html |archive-date=2024-11-27 |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Thabah is from Mawtap Village, Sohiong post, East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members {{!}} Meghalaya Government Portal |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/meghalaya-legislative-assembly/44648 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=meghalaya.gov.in}}</ref> He is the son of Karsing Kurbah. He completed his Master of Arts in geography in 2007 at [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]]. Earlier, he did his BA honours in geography in 2002 at [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong]]. He is a businessman and a contractor while his wife is in government service.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Thabah won from [[Sohiong Assembly constituency]] representing the United Democratic Party in the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election. He polled 16,679 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Samlin Malngiang]] of [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]], by a margin of 3,422 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2023-05-13 |title=Meghalaya: UDP candidate Synshar Kupar Roy Lyngdoh Thabah wrests Sohiong Assembly seat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meghalaya-udp-candidate-synshar-kupar-roy-lyngdoh-thabah-wrests-sohiong-assembly-seat/articleshow/100213096.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-05-13 |title=Meghalaya: UDP candidate Synshar Kupar Roy Thabah wins Sohiong assembly seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/meghalaya-udp-candidate-synshar-kupar-roy-thabah-wins-sohiong-assembly-seat/article66845816.ece |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Meghalaya: UDP candidate Synshar Kupar Roy Thabah wins Sohiong assembly seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meghalaya-udp-candidate-synshar-kupar-roy-thabah-wins-sohiong-assembly-seat/articleshow/100205199.cms |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thabah, Synshar Lyngdoh}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]

Kapila Vatsyayan

2026-02-07T23:24:51Z

TiaBurwell25: cleanup

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = Kapilavatsyayan.jpg
| alt = Kapila Vatsyayan in 2006
| caption = Vatsyayan in 2006
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|12|25}}
| birth_place = Delhi
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|9|16|1928|12|25}}
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] [[University of Michigan]] [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| occupation = scholar, art historian
| known_for =
| spouse = [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan]] 'Agyeya'
}}
'''Kapila Vatsyayan''' (25 December 1928 – 16 September 2020) was a leading scholar of [[Indian classical dance]], [[Indian art|art]], [[Indian architecture|architecture]], and art history. She served as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|member of parliament]] and bureaucrat in India, and also served as the founding director of the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]].

In 1970, Vatsyayan received the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour conferred by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's national academy for music, dance and drama; this was followed by the [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour in the fine arts conferred by [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], India's national academy for fine arts in 1995. In 2011, the Government of India bestowed upon her the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian honour.

==Early life and background==
She was born in Delhi to Ram Lal and Satyawati Malik.<ref name=rajya>{{cite web |title=Members Biodata|url=http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/website/Biodata.asp?no=1992 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |access-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> She earned an MA in English literature from [[Delhi University]].<ref name="narthaki">{{Cite web | title = Kapila Vatsyayan – Formative Influences|author=Uttara Asha Coorlawala | url = http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw24.html | publisher =narthaki | date = 12 January 2000 | access-date = 8 July 2013 }}</ref> Thereafter, she completed a second MA in Education at the [[University of Michigan]], Ann Arbor, and a PhD at the [[Banaras Hindu University]].

The poet and art critic [[Keshav Malik]] was her older brother, and she was married to the noted Hindi Writer [[Ajneya|S.H. Vatsyayan 'Ajneya']] (1911–1987). They married in 1956 and separated in 1969.

[[File:Kapila Vatsayan.jpg|thumb|Kapila Vatsayan speaking at IGNCA]]

==Career==
Vatsyayan authored many books, including ''The Square and the Circle of Indian Arts (1997)'', ''Bharata: The Natya Sastra'' (1996), and ''Matralaksanam'' (1988).<ref name=bouton>Bouton, Marshall & Oldenburg, Philip, Eds. (2003). ''India Briefing: A Transformative Fifty Years'', p. 312. Delhi: Aakar Publications.</ref>

In 1987, she became the founder trustee and member secretary of the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] (Indira Kalakendra), India's premier arts organisation, in [[Delhi]].<ref name=bouton/><ref>{{Cite web | title = About IGNCA | url = http://www.ignca.nic.in/about.htm#INAUGURATION | publisher = IGNCA | access-date = 8 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180106200506/http://ignca.nic.in/about.htm#INAUGURATION | archive-date = 6 January 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Thereafter, in 1993, she was made its academic director, a post she held until 2000, when she was retired by a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led centre-right government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=Kapila Vatsyayan: Polymath of the arts |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/polymath-of-the-arts/article32669700.ece |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

In 2005, when an Indian National Congress-led centre-left government returned to power, she was made the chairperson of the institution.<ref name="today">{{Cite web | title = Congress appoints Kapila Vatsyayan as IGNCA chairperson, completes tit-for-tat with NDA | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20051031-congress-appoints-kapila-vatsyayan-as-ignca-chairperson-completes-tit-for-tat-with-nda-786677-2005-10-30 | publisher = India Today | date = 31 October 2005| access-date = 8 July 2013 }}</ref> She also served as Secretary to the Government of India in the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], where she was responsible for the establishment of a large number of national institutions of higher education. She was the chairperson of the Asia Project at the [[India International Centre]], New Delhi.<ref name="today" />

She is known for her collaboration with great artists, such as legendary [[Koodiyattam]] maestro Guru [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]] (1899-1990) and played pivotal role in safeguarding the legacy of classical Indian art forms.

She was nominated as a member of the Upper House of [[Parliament of India]], the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2006, though subsequently in March 2006, she resigned following an [[office of profit]] controversy.<ref name="rediff06">{{Cite web |title = Vatsyayan resigns from RS | url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/24profit7.htm | publisher = Rediff.com India News | date =24 March 2006 | access-date = 8 July 2013 }}</ref> In April 2007, she was renominated to the Rajya Sabha, with a term expiring in February 2012.<ref name="hindu07">{{Cite web | title = Swaminathan, Vatsyayan nominated to Rajya Sabha | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/11/stories/2007041107401200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001634/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/11/stories/2007041107401200.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 1 October 2007 | date = 11 April 2007 | work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 8 July 2013 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Kapila Vatsyayan died on 16 September 2020, aged 92, at her home in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title='A huge void in the art and culture world': Indians mourn the death of Kapila Vatsyayan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/kapila-vatsyayan-death-scholar-art-culture-ignca-6598432/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-16 |title=Kapila Vatsyayan, grand matriarch of cultural research, passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kapila-vatsyayan-passes-away/article32617951.ece |access-date=2023-08-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Awards==
Vatsyayan received the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Sangeet Natak Akademi ''Ratna Puraskar'' winners (Akademi Fellows) |publisher=Official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023617/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> In the same year she was awarded a fellowship from the [[Asian Cultural Council|John D. Rockefeller 3rd Fund]] to survey cultural institutions and contemporary art developments in the United States and Indonesia. She was awarded the prestigious [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web| title = Official list of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows (1969-present)|work = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund]] | url = http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html }}</ref>

In 1992 the [[Asian Cultural Council]] honoured her with the John D. Rockefeller 3rd Award for outstanding professional achievement and her significant contribution to the international understanding, practice, and study of dance and art history in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianculturalcouncil.org/our-grantees/awards|title=ACC: List of John D. Rockefeller 3rd Awardees|publisher=Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726120810/http://www.asianculturalcouncil.org/our-grantees/awards|archive-date=26 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1998, she received the "Outstanding Contribution to Dance Research" award, given by [[Congress on Research in Dance]] (CORD).<ref>{{cite web| title = Past Award Recipients|publisher=Congress on Research in Dance| url = http://www.cordance.org/pastwinners| access-date = 13 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2000, she was a recipient of [[Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Secularism under assault, says Sonia |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/21/stories/02210006.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110101119/http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/21/stories/02210006.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 August 2001 }}</ref> and in 2011, she was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] by the Government of India.<ref name="pib">{{cite press release|title=Padma Awards Announced|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=25 January 2011|access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

* {{cite book|author1=Kapila Vatsyayan|author2=Jayadeva|title=Jāur Gīta-Govinda: a dated sixteenth century Gīta-Govinda from Mewar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnEyAQAAIAAJ|year=1980|publisher=National Museum}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Dance Sculpture in Sarangapani Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-nVAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Traditions of Indian folk dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2K1AAAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Clarion Books associated with Hind Pocket Books|isbn=9788185120225}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Concepts of Space: Ancient and Modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1a7XZdH1V0C|year=1991|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-252-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Indian classical dance|url=https://archive.org/details/indianclassicald00vats|year=1992|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|isbn=978-81-230-0589-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kapila Vatsyayan|author2=Baidyanath Saraswati|author3=Subhash Chandra Malik|author4=Madhu Khanna|title=Art, the Integral Vision: A Volume of Essay in Felicitation of Kapila Vatsyayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSDqAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=D. K. Print World (P) Limited|isbn=978-81-246-0029-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Paramparik bharatiya rangmanch: anant dharane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjtIMwAACAAJ|year=1995|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-81-237-1432-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Indian Arts, Their Ideational Background and Principles of Form|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tv9CNQAACAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Prakŗti: The Integral Vision|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WSEnAEACAAJ|year=1995|publisher=D K Printworld (P) Limited|isbn=978-81-246-0036-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC|year=1997|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-362-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Dance in Indian Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC|year=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-153-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Bharata The Natyasastra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fdsox_H1bQC|year=2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1808-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhb0AAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi}}
* {{cite book|editor=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Transmissions and Transformations: Learning Through the Arts in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhA_fb2ami0C&pg=PR9|year=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-14-6|pages=9–}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Darbhanga Gita-Govinda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuMHywAACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-447-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Asian Dance: Multiple Levels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QzUXwAACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=B.R. Rhythms|isbn=978-81-88827-23-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Plural Cultures and Monolothic Structures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CiXkQEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-45-0}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw24.html Interview on formative influences]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/lnl/s290555.htm Interview on Australian radio]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vatsyayan, Kapila}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women science writers]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Michigan School of Education alumni]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:Indian arts administrators]]
[[Category:Dance writers]]
[[Category:Dance scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian women scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Adnan Buntar

2026-01-26T22:24:39Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting initial details w/ refs.

{{Short description|Bruneian diplomat}}
{{Malay name|Mohd Adnan|Buntar| note = on}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Dato Paduka]]
| name = Adnan Buntar
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei|DPMB]]
| image = Adnan Buntar in 2018.jpg
| caption = Adnan in 2018
| office = [[List of ambassadors of Brunei to Japan|Ambassador of Brunei to Japan]]
| term_start = 14 November 2005
| term_end = October 2008
| predecessor = [[Nor Jeludin]]
| successor = [[Alias Serbini]]
| office1 = [[Brunei–Germany relations|Ambassador of Brunei to Germany]]
| term_start1 = 13 September 2002
| term_end1 = 2004
| predecessor1 = [[Mahadi Wasli]]
| successor1 = [[Ali Hassan (diplomat)|Ali Hassan]]
| office2 = [[List of high commissioners of Brunei to India|High Commissioner of Brunei to India]]
| term_start2 = 8 August 1994
| term_end2 = 1997
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Abdul Mokti Daud]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Brunei]]
| occupation = Diplomat
| spouse = Pengiran Yura Alaiti
| native_name = {{no bold|عدنان بونتر}}
| relations = [[Yusuf Abdul Rahim|Pengiran Yusuf]] (father-in-law)
| alma_mater = [[Royal Holloway College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]])
}}

'''Mohd Adnan bin Buntar''' is a [[Brunei]] diplomat who became the [[high commissioner]] to [[India]] from 1994 to 1997, and [[ambassador]] to [[Japan]] from 2005 to 2008. He has held other major titles such as the Deputy [[Permanent secretary|Permanent Secretary]] of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT), and former [[Chairperson|chairman]] of the Brunei Japan Friendship Association.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=James Kon |date=2018-05-24 |title=Brunei ex-envoy receives Order of the Rising Sun |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/brunei-ex-envoy-receives-order-of-the-rising-sun/ |archive-url=https://borneo363.rssing.com/chan-61976226/article5954.html?zx=813 |archive-date=2018-05-25 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mohd Adnan obtained his early education at the [[Anthony Abell College]], [[Seria]] in 1973. He later attended the [[Royal Holloway College]] for his [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[Zoology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1973 |title=1973 Sinaran Penuntut |url=https://aacclassof1970.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/1973-aac-yearbook.pdf |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=aacclassof1970 |page=22}}</ref>[[File:H.E. Mr. Dato Paduka Haji Awang Mohd. Adnan Bin Awang Buntar.jpg|thumb|Adnan and President Shankar Dayal Sharma in 1994]]
In 1993, he was the Director-General, of ASEAN-Brunei Darussalam.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=Joint Press Release for the Meeting between ASEAN and Indian Senior Offcials on the Establishment of the Sectoral Dialogue Relations between ASEAN and India New Delhi, 16-17 March 1993 |url=https://asean.org/joint-press-release-for-the-meeting-between-asean-and-indian-senior-offcials-on-the-establishment-of-the-sectoral-dialogue-relations-between-asean-and-india-new-delhi-16-17-march-1993/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=asean.org}}</ref> On 8 August 1994, at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]], Adnan, the High Commissioner-Designate of Brunei to India, presented his credentials to [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1994-08-08 |title=The High Commissioner-Designate of Brunei Darussalam to India, H.E. Mr. Dato Paduka Haji Awang Mohd. Adnan Bin Awang Buntar presenting his credentials to the President of India, Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on August 08, 1994. |url=https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/MzcxNw== |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in}}</ref> He was among the Brune delegation at the 50th anniversary of the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]].<ref>[https://downloads.unido.org/ot/48/07/4807392/20001-_21418.pdf This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation.]</ref>

On 13 September 2002, Adnan, the newly appointed ambassador to Germany, presented his [[Credential|letters of credentials]] to [[Annemarie Huber-Hotz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Übergabe des Beglaubigungsschreibens |url=https://www.admin.ch/cp/d/3d81aef9_1@fwsrvg.bfi.admin.ch.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.admin.ch |language=}}</ref>

At the [[Istana Nurul Iman]] on 11 August 2005, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] gave Adnan letters of credentials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azlan Othman |date=2005-08-12 |title=Royal audience to new envoys |url=http://www.sultanate.com/news_server/12_aug_2.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.sultanate.com}}</ref> During his tenure as Ambassador from 2005 to 2008, he played a pivotal role in fostering friendship between Brunei Darussalam and Japan. 2006 saw [[Princess Masna of Brunei|Princess Masna]], the MOFAT's [[Ambassador-at-large|Ambassador-at-Large]], visit Japan, while 2007 saw the Sultan. In 2005, Adnan established a communication channel between [[Universiti Brunei Darussalam]] and [[Kagawa University]], which helped the two institutions to sign a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] in 2006.<ref name=":1" />

In his last year as ambassador, he saw the realisation of the economic alliance between Brunei and Japan. In the same year, Japan and Brunei inked an agreement to prohibit double taxation and combat fiscal evasion with regard to [[Income tax|income taxes]]. This agreement laid the groundwork for future efforts to advance economic ties between the two nations.<ref name=":1" />

After retirement, he remained actively involved in promoting bilateral ties through the Brunei Japan Friendship Association (BJFA), where he currently serves as Adviser I.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-30 |title=2018 Spring Conferment of Decoration |url=https://www.bn.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/deco18.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.bn.emb-japan.go.jp}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Adnan is married to Pengiran Datin Hajah Yura Alaiti,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-11 |title=Sambutan Hari Kebangsaan di Jakarta, Indonesia |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/2001/11%20APRIL%202001.pdf |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn |pages=15 |language=ms}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> and [[Yusuf Abdul Rahim|Pengiran Yusuf]] is his [[Parent-in-law|father-in-law]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=James Kon |date=2018-05-24 |title=Brunei ex-envoy receives Order of the Rising Sun |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/brunei-ex-envoy-receives-order-of-the-rising-sun/ |archive-url=https://borneo363.rssing.com/chan-61976226/article5954.html?zx=813 |archive-date=2018-05-25 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=borneo363.rssing.com}}</ref>

== Honours ==
The 2018 Spring Imperial Decorations awardees have been revealed by the [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]], and Adnan has been recognised for his noteworthy efforts to fostering goodwill and understanding between [[Brunei–Japan relations|Brunei and Japan]]. He's awarded the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] 2nd Class for his achievements.<ref name=":0" /> He has earned the following honours;

'''National'''
* [[File:Second_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(DPMB).svg|50x50px]] [[Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei]] Second Class (DPMB) – ''Dato Paduka'''''<ref name=":3" />'''
'''Foreign'''
* {{Flag|Japan}}:
** [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 2Class BAR.svg|50x50px]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]] Second Class (8 May 2018)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-28 |title=Announcement of 2018 Spring Imperial Decorations |url=https://www.bn.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/deco18r.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.bn.emb-japan.go.jp}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
** [[Honorary degree|Honorary Doctorate]] from the [[Kagawa University]] (20 October 2009)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2009-10-20 |title=“Living Together” |url=https://www.kagawa-u.ac.jp/files/4712/6978/4803/LIVING%20TOGETHER%20Commemorative%20Lecture.pdf |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.kagawa-u.ac.jp}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Nor Jeludin]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of ambassadors of Brunei to Japan|Ambassador of Brunei to Japan]]
| years = 14 November 2005 – October 2008
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Alias Serbini]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Mahadi Wasli]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Brunei–Germany relations|Ambassador of Brunei to Germany]]
| years = 13 September 2002 – 2004
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Ali Hassan (diplomat)|Ali Hassan]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = –
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of high commissioners of Brunei to India|High Commissioner of Brunei to India]]
| years = 8 August 1994 – 1997
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Abdul Mokti Daud]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buntar, Adnan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London]]
[[Category:Bruneian Muslims]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Brunei to Japan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Brunei to Germany]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Living people]]

India–Somalia relations

2026-01-25T19:20:17Z

TiaBurwell25: Created new bio

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|India–Somalia|India|Somalia|map=India Somalia Locator.png}}
'''India–Somalia relations''' refers to the international relations that exist between India and Somalia.

==History==
India opened its embassy in [[Mogadishu]] in 1961.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web|title=India - Somalia Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Somalia_Jan_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=3 April 2017|date=February 2016}}</ref> The embassy was closed following the outbreak of the [[Somali Civil War]] in 1991. The High Commission of India in Nairobi, Kenya is jointly accredited to Somalia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somalia and India discuss ways to enhance bilateral ties|url=https://horseedmedia.net/2015/07/07/somalia-and-india-discuss-ways-to-enhance-bilateral-ties-2/|website=Horseed Media|access-date=4 April 2017|date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Somalia maintains an embassy in New Delhi.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Somali Prime Minister Abdirashid Ali Shermarke visited India in 1963. He visited the country again as president in 1968.<ref name="MEA2016"/> President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud visited New Delhi to attend the 3rd India Africa Forum Summit in October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somalia: Somali President Meets With India PM in New Delhi|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201510300711.html|website=Shabelle Media Network|access-date=4 April 2017|location=Mogadishu|date=30 October 2015}}</ref> Mohamud was conferred an Honorary Doctorate degree by Barkatullah University during the visit. Several other high level Somali officials have also visited the country. From India, the highest level visits to Somalia have been at the level of minister of state.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

While a non-permanent member of the UNSC in 2011–12, India served as the chair of the UNSC's Somalia-Eritrea Sanctions Committee.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Trade==
Trade between India and the Horn of Africa dates back to ancient times.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Bilateral trade between India and Somalia totaled US$391.05 million in 2014–15, recording a growth of 51% over the previous fiscal. India exported $352.81 million worth of goods to Somalia, and imported. $38.25 million.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Since 2008, India provides Somalia unilateral duty-free tariff preferential market access for export of goods and services.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Foreign aid==
India provided {{$|15000|year=1961}} worth of medicines and clothing to Somalia in 1961, and {{INRConvert|20|l|year=1992}} of relief supplies in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somalia|url=http://www.idsa.in/africatrends/somalia_smishra_0612|website=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> India donated 100,000 tonnes of wheat to Somalia, Kenya, and Djibouti in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|title=India-Somalia Relations|url=http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Somalia_Relations.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=3 April 2017|date=July 2013}}</ref>

The Pan African e-Network project, India's flagship aid initiative in Africa, was inaugurated on 16 August 2010 in Somalia. India donated $2 million to the African Union Mission for Somalia (AMISOM) in May 2011, and an additional $1 million in March 2012. In September 2011, India provided $8 million to Somalia, Kenya and Djibouti through the WFP.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Citizens of Somalia are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016"/>

== Anti-piracy operations ==
India is a member of the UN Contact Group on [[Piracy off the coast of Somalia]]. Since 2008, the Indian Navy has been conducting anti-piracy patrols in the Gulf of Aden.<ref name="MEA2016" /> For the first time, the government authorised the Navy to act autonomously without requesting permission from New Delhi to carry out individual operations.<ref name="CSM">{{cite web|last1=Chopra|first1=Anuj|title=India leads fight against Somali pirates|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2008/1120/p07s02-wogn.html|website=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=4 April 2017|date=20 November 2008}}</ref>

A pirate "mother ship" fired upon an Indian warship on 26 November 2008, but was sunk after the warship returned fire. Around the same period, ''INS Tabar'' prevented the attempted hijacking of an Indian cargo ship off the coast of Somalia. ''Tabar'' was dispatched by the Navy in October 2008 to escort vessels off the coast of Somalia. The ship escorted over 35 Indian and foreign-owned ships by the end of November 2008.<ref name="CSM"/>

Following a meeting between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud in October 2015, the two countries agreed to enhance their co-operation in maritime security and anti-piracy operations.<ref>{{cite news|title=India, Somalia to enhance cooperation in anti-piracy operations|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-somalia-to-enhance-cooperation-in-anti-piracy-operations/articleshow/49600985.cms|website=The Economic Times|date=30 October 2015 |access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Boarding party approaching Al Kausar.jpg|thumb|Indian Navy personnel prepare to board the ''Al Kausar'' on 13 April 2017.]]
An Indian-flagged cargo vessel called MV ''Al Kausar'' was hijacked by Somali pirates off the island of Socotra on 1 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Release of Hijacked Indian Dhow 'Al-Kausar'|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161034|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> The vessel was a dhow carrying wheat and sugar, and sailing from Dubai to Bosasso in Puntland, Somalia with 11 crew members on board. All crew members were Indian citizens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39478457|title=Somalia piracy: India ship hijacked in new attack|date=2017-04-03|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-04-04|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-piracy-idUSKBN1750P6|title=Pirates hijack Indian vessel off coast of Somalia|date=2017-04-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref> The pirates took the dhow onshore into the central Galmudug state of Somalia. Somali security forces raided the dhow which led to the pirates fleeing to the hilly areas between El-Hur and Hardheere with nine crew members as hostages. Somali forces rescued the dhow, its cargo and the two crew members who had been abandoned by the pirates amidst the clashes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somali forces clash with pirates, free 9 Indian ship crew members|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/somali-forces-clash-with-pirates-free-indian-ship-crew-971035-2017-04-12|website=India Today|date=12 April 2017 |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> A subsequent raid by Somali forces freed the remaining nine crew members, and all 10 pirates were captured. The pirates had planned to use the Indian hostages to demand the release of pirates being held in Indian prisons.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 pirates holding Indian hostages captured by Somali security forces in stand-off|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pirates-indian-hostages-somali-security-forces-sea-pirates-piracy-970808-2017-04-11|website=India Today|date=11 April 2017 |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> The Indian Navy took possession of the dhow and its crew members on 13 April 2017. After conducting medical checks on crew members and re-supplying the vessel, a Navy ship escorted the ''Al Kausar'' to its scheduled destination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hijacked Indian dhow released by Somalian authorities|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/hijacked-indian-dhow-released-by-somalian-authorities-117041301501_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=29 April 2017|date=13 April 2017}}</ref>

==Somalis in India==
{{main|Somalis in India}}
After the outbreak of the [[Somali Civil War]] in 1991, some Somalis sought asylum in India. This refugee community comprises the bulk of Somali immigrants in the country. As of 2007, there are an estimated 600 Somalis in India, 80-90% of whom are concentrated in the city of Hyderabad. Other cities with sizeable populations include Pune, New Delhi, Mumbai, Mysuru and Aurangabad.<ref>[http://www.hrln.org/admin/issue/subpdf/Refugee_populations_in_India.pdf Human Rights Law Network: Report of Refugee Populations in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103071415/https://www.hrln.org/admin/issue/subpdf/Refugee_populations_in_India.pdf |date=2021-01-03 }}, November 2007</ref>

Somalis often visit India to study in the country or to seek medical attention. Somali President [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] studied in India in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/15/somalia-elects-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-as-president|title=Somalia elects new president after long overdue elections|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>

==Indians in Somalia==
Indian traders have engaged in trade with Somalis since ancient times.<ref name="MEA2016"/> Arab traveller Ibn Battuta recorded the presence of Indian traders in the Horn of Africa as far back as 1331, writing that the traders lived with their families in one or two storey buildings. By the 19th centuries, Indian traders in Somalia began exporting export livestock, meat, skins and agricultural products from southern Somalia.<ref name = "Arab News">{{cite web|title=Indian recollects life in once peaceful Somalia|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/217371|website=Arab News|access-date=4 April 2017|language=en|date=2 January 2002}}</ref>

Italian plantation owners hired Indians to work on plantations in Somalia (mainly around [[Qoryoley]]) in the 1940s and 50s. Indians also established several businesses in the country. An estimated 200 Indian families resided in Somalia, primarily involved in cloth dying Mogadishu and Merka.<ref name="MEA2016"/> The Indian community in Somalia primarily resided in cities and had their own schools and facilities. At the time, Somalis were primarily nomads who wandered the countryside.<ref name = "Arab News"/> Indian families in Kismayo moved to Mogadishu in the early 1980s, and nearly the entire Indian community in Somalia left the country after the [[Somali Civil War]] began in 1991. Most of the Indians in Somalia relocated to Mombasa, Kenya.<ref name="MEA2016"/> Following the civil war, all Indian-owned properties in Somalia were seized by armed militia.<ref name = "Arab News"/>

===Peacekeepers===
Around 4,600 Indian troops participated in UNOSOM II in 1993–94. The Indian contingent of UNOSOM II, led by Brigadier M P Bhagat, included armour, helicopters and the Indian Navy, and was based in Baidoa. Twelve Indian soldiers were killed in operations in Somalia. Apart from peacekeeping operations, Indian troops also carried out humanitarian activities and reconstruction. Indian troops distributed medicines and seeds worth {{INRConvert|10|l|year=1993}}.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Somalia}}
{{portal bar|Politics|India|Somalia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Somalia relations}}
[[Category:India–Somalia relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Somalia]]
[[Category:India–Africa relations|Somalia]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Somalia]]

P. R. Man Singh

2026-01-23T02:02:02Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting initial biography from scratch

{{short description|Indian cricketer and administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = PR Man Singh
| image =
| country = India
| fullname =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|11|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role =
| club1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| year1 = 1965/66
| clubnumber1 =
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 5
| runs1 = 57
| bat avg1 = 9.50
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 27*
| deliveries1 = 120
| wickets1 = 1
| bowl avg1 = 59.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/32
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/0
| date = 26 December
| year = 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31427.html ESPNcricinfo
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}} as Manager}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Cricket World Cup|ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983 England and Wales]]|}}
}}

'''PR Man Singh''' (born 24 November 1938) is an Indian former [[cricket]] player and administrator. He was the manager of the [[India national cricket team|Indian team]] that won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], and also managed the Indian team which reached the semi-finals at the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]]. He later served as the secretary of the [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]].

==Career==
A right-handed batsman and [[off break]] bowler, Man Singh played five first-class matches between 1965/66 and 1968/69, representing [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in the [[Ranji Trophy]] and Hyderabad Blues in the [[Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Man Singh |url=http://f7.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/39/39717/39717.html |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722073327/http://f7.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/39/39717/39717.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Man Singh became an administrator after his playing career. He worked as the assistant team manager for India on its [[Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1978–79|tour to Pakistan]] in 1978.<ref name=sportstar>{{cite news |last1=Lokapally |first1=Vijay |title=When manager flouted Board rules |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/pr-man-singh-india-team-manager-1983-world-cup-win/article28158100.ece |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=Sportstar |date=26 June 2019}}</ref> He was selected as the manager for the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], after securing a 15–13 win over [[Niranjan Shah]] in a special [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] general meeting vote for the post.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |last1=Subrahmanyam |first1=V. V. |title=I enjoyed every bit of my role, says 1983 cricket World Cup manager Man Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/i-enjoyed-every-bit-of-my-role/article27248684.ece |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=25 May 2019}}</ref> He was part of the six-member selection committee that appointed [[Kapil Dev]] as the captain for the tournament. Man Singh and Kapil Dev were then involved in the World Cup squad selection.<ref name=sportstar/> India went on to lift the World Cup, despite being tipped as massive underdogs at the start of the tournament when bookmakers' odds was at 66-1 for an Indian win.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-year-everything-changed-355230| title = The year everything changed}}</ref>

After India's World Cup victory, Man Singh reportedly wrote a letter to ''[[Wisden Cricket Monthly]]'''s editor [[David Frith]], who had downplayed India's chances before the tournament and declared that he would "eat his words" if India won the tournament, reminding him of his "promise". The September 1983 edition of the magazine ran a copy of Man Singh's letter along with a photograph of Frith with a piece of paper in his mouth, captioned, "India made me eat my words".<ref>{{cite news |title=1983 WC triumph: did you know? |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/1983-wc-triumph-did-you-know-565946.html |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=News18 |date=25 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=cricbuzz>{{cite news |title=PR Man Singh: One-man treasure trove of cricket tales and memorabilia |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/76698/pr-man-singh-one-man-treasure-trove-of-cricket-tales-and-memorabilia |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=Cricbuzz |date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=When Kapil's Devils made a scribe eat his words |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-when-kapil-s-devils-made-a-scribe-eat-his-words-1172612 |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=DNA India |date=21 June 2008}}</ref>

Man Singh went on to manage the Indian team at the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]] in the subcontinent where India reached the semi-finals. Later, he managed Hyderabad Blues in the Moin-ud-Dowlah Tournament and served as the secretary of the [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]].<ref name=cricbuzz/>

==Personal life==
Man Singh's residence in [[Karkhana, Secunderabad]], named "Pavilion", houses a cricket memorabilia room which was inaugurated by [[Sachin Tendulkar]] in 2003. The collection includes hundreds of books, ties, bats and souvenir which he had assembled since the 1950s.<ref name=cricbuzz/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Jagannath |title=Chattis saal baad…Man Singh has it all |url=https://telanganatoday.com/chattis-saal-baad-man-singh-has-it-all |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=Telangana Today |date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=N. Jagannath |title=Legends Stumped at the Pavilion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2015/Sep/17/legends-stumped-at-the-pavilion-815983.html |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The 2021 Indian film ''[[83 (film)|83]]'', which is based on India's World Cup win, features [[Pankaj Tripathi]] portraying Man Singh's character. In the film, the character speaks in Hyderabad dialect.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pankaj Tripathi on meeting manager Man Singh for 83: Got emotional listening to his life journey |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pankaj-tripathi-on-meeting-manager-man-singh-for-83-1561763-2019-07-04 |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=India Today |date=4 July 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/31427.html}}

{{India 1983 Cricket World Cup squad}}
{{India 1987 Cricket World Cup squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Man Singh, PR}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]

Maudiha, Bihar

2026-01-21T09:21:36Z

TiaBurwell25: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maudihan, Buxar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|26|17.6|N|84|18|59.9|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/25%C2%B026'17.6%22N+84%C2%B018'59.9%22E/@25.438222,84.316639,23925m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d25.438222!4d84.316639?hl=en|title=Maudihan map|publisher=google.co.in|accessdate=2017-07-22}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Buxar district]]<ref name="Buxar">{{Citation|title=Nawanagar in the Buxar District|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/Buxar.pdf
}}</ref>| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.95
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,419 (♂♀)
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] , [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 802125
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06323
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dumraon]](43.4 km West), [[Behea|BIHIYA]], Jagdishpur, [[Arrah|ARRAH]],
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 66.67%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Buxar]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Mukhi]]ya (Village head)
| blank4_info_sec1 = Manjusha Devi (newly elected in 2016)
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = Sonbarsa
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes = ''It is one of more than 95 villages comes under [[Nawanagar, Bihar|Nawanagar]] Block along with villages like Tik Pokhar and Salasala.''
}}

'''Maudihan''' is a village in the [[Buxar District]] of [[Bihar]] state, India. It is 25 km from [[Behea|Bihiya]] Railway Station and 42 km from [[Arrah]] Railway Station. It is located on [[Arrah]]-[[Mohania]] Road ([[NH 30]]).

== Transportation ==
From main road ([[NH 30]]) this village is connected through Maudiha Road.

Railway connectivity for this village is at Bihiya (nearest, almost 25 km far in east), [[Ara railway station|Ara Railway Station]] (42 km far in east), Dumraon Railway Station (almost 43.4 km far in west to north) .

==Demographics==
The net population is 1,419, out of which there are 695 males (49%) and 724 females (51%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/248819-maudiha-bihar.html|title=Population of Maudiha|publisher=census2011.co.in|accessdate=2017-07-22}}</ref>

== Education ==
There is a primary school and a [[madrasa]] in the village. The Indian government has also introduced various [[Anganwadi]] Kendra to provide basic education for villagers.

==See also==
* [[List of villages in Buxar district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/Bihar/Buxar/ Villages in Buxar, Bihar ]

[[Category:Villages in Buxar district]]

{{Buxar-geo-stub}}

Rajeshwari Dutta

2026-01-21T03:39:12Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting first details from scratch

{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|birth_name= Rajeshwari Vasudev
|native_name =ਰਾਜੇਸ਼ਵਰੀ ਵਾਸੁਦੇਵ
|birth_date =17 April 1918
|birth_place =[[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
|death_date =10 April 1976 (Age 57)
|death_place =[[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|occupation =Vocalist, exponents
|background =[[Visva-bharati University]]
|spouse =[[Sudhindranath Dutta]] (m.1943; died 1960)
|genre =[[Rabindra Sangeet]]
}}
'''Rajeshwari Dutta''' born as '''Rajeshwari Vasudev''' (17 July 1918 - 10 April 1976)<ref name="Tagore1976" /> was an Indian singer, considered one of the best-known exponents of the songs of [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="Tagore1976">{{cite book|author=Rabindranath Tagore|title=The Visva-bharati Quarterly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUwZAAAAIAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Visva-bharati|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Rabindra Sangeet - Top 20 Rajeswari Dutta Songs {{!}} Rabindranath Tagore Love Songs| date=15 April 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiuGFqx8E_A|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}

She was amongst the few singers to earn appreciation from Rabindranath Tagore. She was among the singers of [[Rabindrasangeet]], a group of the earliest singers of Tagore songs from families directly connected to Tagore and including Sahana Devi, Amiya Tagore, and [[Malati Ghoshal]].
Rajeshwari Vasudev was married to noted poet [[Sudhindranath Datta]]<ref name="TagoreTagore1997">{{cite book|author1=Rabindranath Tagore|title=Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v08xxlHuWtUC&pg=PA376 |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59018-1|page=376}} (footnote 1)</ref> after she received her musical training at [[Santiniketan]]. She was affiliated with music institutions in UK and the US in 1960s.<ref>{{cite news|title=1964 Michaels Music Award Increased to $1,500 |date=12 January 1964|work=Chicago Tribune|page=5}}</ref> The rich classical base of her voice flowed seamlessly in Tagore songs and was particularly effective in portraying the moods.

Among her early recordings, the best ones are ''Ogo shono ke bajay'' and ''Aji tomay abar chai shunabare''. Her recordings were made starting 1938 by Hindusthan Musical Products company of Calcutta,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/lonely-shepherd/cid/1265627 | title=Lonely shepherd| date=3 May 2009| first=Soumitra | last=Das | newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India | accessdate=31 January 2019 }}</ref> which emerged along with two others in 1932 out of the spirit of nationalism to compete with [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. All through her life, recordings were made exclusively by this company.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Rajeshwari}}
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet exponents]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century women composers]]
[[Category:1919 births]]

Indians in Portugal

2025-12-17T15:46:36Z

TiaBurwell25: formatting fix

{{short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indians in Portugal
| population = 104,000 – 120,000
| popplace = [[Lisbon District]]{{·}}[[Faro (Portuguese district)|Faro District]]{{·}}[[Beja District]]{{·}}[[Santarém District]]{{·}}[[Setúbal District]]{{·}}[[Leiria District]]{{·}}[[Porto District]]
| langs = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{·}}[[Konkani language|Konkani]]{{·}}[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]{{·}}[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{·}}English{{·}}[[Hindi]]
| rels = Christianity ([[Roman Catholicism]]){{·}}[[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Sikhism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]{{·}}[[Jainism]]
| related-c = [[Konkani people]], [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin]], [[Desi]], [[Nepalis in Portugal|Nepali]], [[Indian immigration to Brazil]], [[Indians in Spain]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}

'''Indians in [[Portugal]]''', including [[Immigration to Portugal|recent immigrants]] and people who trace their ancestry back to India, together number around 104,000 (2024 [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of External Affairs]] data)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm |title=Population of Overseas Indians}}</ref> − 120,000 (2021 Indian embassy data).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2021 |title=Uma comunidade indiana em Portugal diversa e dialogante na fé |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/pais/2021-05-05-Uma-comunidade-indiana-em-Portugal-diversa-e-dialogante-na-fe-0caca0c0 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}}</ref> They thus constitute 0.98% – 1.13% of the total [[Demographics of Portugal|population of Portugal]].

In the 6 years between 2018 and 2023 around 45,000 Indians have settled the country,<ref name="AIMA">{{Cite web |title=Relatório de Migrações e Asilo 2023 |url=https://aima.gov.pt/media/pages/documents/92dd0f02ea-1726562672/rma-2023.pdf |work=AIMA |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="GOV">{{Cite web |title=Resident Foreign Population in Portugal - India |url=https://www.gee.gov.pt/pt/lista-publicacoes/estatisticas-de-imigrantes-em-portugal-por-nacionalidade/paises/%C3%8Dndia/3964-populacao-estrangeira-com-estatuto-legal-de-residente-em-portugal-india/file |date=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigration during 2019 |url=https://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2019.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigration during 2020 |url=https://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2020.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigration during 2021 |url=https://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2021.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigration during 2022 |url=https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf}}</ref> mostly in the [[Lisbon metropolitan area]], [[Porto]], the [[Algarve]]<ref name="emb">{{cite web | title=Embassy of India, Lisbon, Portugal : Indian Community in Portugal | website= Embassy of India, Lisbon, Portugal | url=https://www.eoilisbon.gov.in/page/indian-community-in-portugal/ | access-date=2024-09-25}}</ref> and the [[Districts of Portugal|Districts]] of [[Beja District|Beja]], [[Santarém District|Santarém]] and [[Leiria District|Leiria]].<ref name="GOV" />

The majority of Indians in Portugal trace their background to [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Gujarat]] and, more recently, from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]].<ref name="emb" />

==History==
{{see also|Chinese people in Portugal|Slavery in Portugal}}

In sixteenth century southern Portugal, there were Chinese slaves but the number of them was described as "negligible", being outnumbered by East Indian, Mourisco, and African slaves.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrj4gApIJz4C&pg=PA228|page=228|title=The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550–1624|editor=Peter C. Mancall|isbn=978-0-8078-3159-5|edition=illustrated|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> Amerindians, Chinese, Malays, and Indians were slaves in Portugal but in far fewer number than Turks, Berbers and Arabs.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Nova Fronteira|year=2014|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpxUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT584 |chapter=25 Escravo ugual a negro|title=A manilha e o libambo: A África e a escravidão, de 1500 a 1700|author=Alberto da Costa e Silva|isbn=978-8520939499|edition=2|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> China and [[Malacca]] were origins of slaves delivered to Portugal by Portuguese viceroys.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom/page/119 119]|title=The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440 – 1870|author=Hugh Thomas|isbn=0684835657|edition=illustrated, reprint|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref>

A Portuguese woman, [[Don (honorific)|Dona]] Ana de Ataíde owned an Indian man named António as a slave in [[Évora]].<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Câmara Municipal de Évora |year=1997|language=pt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=%C3%ADndio+de+D.+Ana+de+Ata%C3%ADde+que+%C3%A9+cozinheiro |volume=2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses|page=21|title=Os escravos em Évora no século XVI|author=Jorge Fonseca|isbn=9729696535|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> He served as a cook for her.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Celta Editora|year=2002|location=Oeiras|language=pt|url=https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/bitstream/10071/3533/1/Cozinheiro.pdf|volume=III |page=162|title=A Agricultura: Dicionário das Ocupações, Nuno Luís Madureira (coord.), História do Trabalho e das Ocupações| author=Maria Antónia Pires de Almeida|editor1=Andrade Martins Conceição |editor2=Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro|isbn=972-774-133-9|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> Ana de Ataíde's Indian slave escaped from her in 1587.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Câmara Municipal de Évora |year=1997|language=pt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=ana+ata%C3%ADde|volume=2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses|page=31|title=Os escravos em Évora no século XVI|author=Jorge Fonseca|isbn=9729696535|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> A large number of slaves were forcibly brought there since the commercial, artisanal, and service sectors all flourished in a regional capital like Évora.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Câmara Municipal de Évora |year=1997|language=pt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=ana+ata%C3%ADde|volume=2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses|page=31|title=Os escravos em Évora no século XVI|author=Jorge Fonseca|isbn=9729696535|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> Rigorous and demanding tasks were assigned to Mourisco, Chinese, and Indian slaves.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Câmara Municipal de Évora|year=1997|language=pt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=Finalmente+dois+chinas%2C+um+deles+azemel+de+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena+e+o+outro+Francisco+China%2C+de+Francisco+de+Carvalhais%2C+e+dois+judeus%2C+ambos+fugidos%2C+...+Os+%C3%ADndios%2C+chineses+e+mouriscos+parecem+ter+tarefas+mais+exigentes%2C+como+Ant%C3%B3nio%2C+%C3%ADndio%2C+cozinheiro+de+D.+Ana+de+Ata%C3%ADde%2833%29+e+o+chin%C3%AAs%2C+tamb%C3%A9m+Ant%C3%B3nio%2C+ainda+h%C3%A1+pouco+referido+e+que+era+condutor+das+azemo-+las+de+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena%2834%29.+Aparecem+na+posse+de+pessoas+da+mais+elevada+condi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+social%2C+como+o+infante+D.+Luis%2C+que+possu%C3%ADa+8+mouriscos+e+apenas+3+pretos%2C+ou+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena%2C+que+dispunha+entre+os+seus+15+cativos+de+uma+gama+etnicamente+variada%3A+3+%C3%ADndios%2C+3+mouriscos%2C+1+china%2C+uma+preta%2C+uma+parda+e+um+mulato.+Este+caso+explica-se+pela+presen%C3%A7a+no+Oriente+do+marido+desta+senhora%2C+como+capit%C3%A3o+de+Diu+e+Ormuz.+Sim%C3%A3o+da+Silveira+esteve+directamente+implicado+no+tr%C3%A1fico+de+escravos%2C+tendo+sido+enviado+em+1512+pelo+rei+ao+Congo+para+trazer+cativos%2835%29.|volume=2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses|page=21|title=Os escravos em Évora no século XVI|author=Jorge Fonseca|isbn=972-96965-3-5|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> Chinese, [[Mourisco]]s, and Indians were among the ethnicities of prized slaves and were much more expensive compared to blacks, so high class individuals owned these ethnicities.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Câmara Municipal de Évora|year=1997|language=pt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=Aparecem+na+posse+de+pessoas+da+mais+elevada+condição+social,+como+o+infante+D.+Luis,+que+possu%C3%ADa+8+mouriscos+e+apenas+3+pretos,+ou+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena,+que+dispunha+entre+os+seus+15+cativos+de+uma+gama+etnicamente+variada:+3+%C3%ADndios,+3+mouriscos,+1+china,+uma+preta,+uma+parda+e+um+mulato.+Este+caso+explica-se+pela+presença+no+Oriente+do+marido+desta+senhora,+como+capitão+de+Diu+e+Ormuz.+Simão+da+Silveira+esteve+directamente+implicado+no+tráfico+de+escravos,+tendo+sido+enviado+em+1512+pelo+rei+ao+Congo+para+trazer+cativos(35).+A+posse+de+escravos+dessas+etnias+pelas+classes+mais+altas+devia-se+certamente+ao+seu+mais+elevado+preço.+Efectivamente,+o+valor+dos+escravos+negros+era+de+todos+o+mais+baixo,+pela+sua+maior+abundância+e+bocalidade,+o+que+está+de+acordo+com+o+que+também+se.|volume=2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses|page=21|title=Os escravos em Évora no século XVI|author=Jorge Fonseca|isbn=972-96965-3-5|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref>

A fugitive Indian slave from Evora named António went to [[Badajoz]] after leaving his master in 1545.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Câmara Municipal de Évora |year=1997|language=pt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=...+de+Sande,+%22homem+mourisco+forro%22,+criado+do+c%C3%B3nego+Manuel+de+Sande+e+provavelmente+seu+antigo+escravo,+que+em+1545+foi+em+nome+do+patr%C3%A3o+a+Badajoz+buscar+Ant%C3%B3nio,+%C3%ADndio+que+para+l%C3%A1+fugira,+com+ordem+de+o+vender(396). |volume=2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses|page=103|title=Os escravos em Évora no século XVI|author=Jorge Fonseca|isbn=9729696535|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> António was among the three most common male names given to male slaves in Evora.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Câmara Municipal de Évora|year=1997|language=pt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=A+comparação+com+o+nome+dos+donos+de+escravos+que+conhecemos+não+teria+vantagens+dado+que+também+estes+eram+uma+camada+restrita+da+população+-+com+grande+peso+da+nobreza+-+em+que+podiam+verificar-se+especificidades+culturais+determinantes+do+uso+dos+nomes.+É+de+destacar+a+coincidência+dos+três+nomes+mais+usados,+quer+pelos+escravos+-+António,+Manuel+e+Francisco+-+quer+pelas+escravas+-+Maria,+Isabel+e+Catarina+-+na+região+de+Évora+e+na+Madeira,+de+acordo+com+o+estudo+de+Alberto+Vieira|volume=2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses|page=24|title=Os escravos em Évora no século XVI|author=Jorge Fonseca|isbn=9729696535|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref>

Antão Azedo took an Indian slave named Heitor to Evora, who along with another slave was from [[Bengal]] were among the 34 Indian slaves in total who were owned by Tristão Homem, a nobleman in 1544 in Evora. Manuel Gomes previously owned a slave who escaped in 1558 at age 18 and he was said to be from the "land of Prester John of the Indias" named Diogo.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Câmara Municipal de Évora |year=1997|language=pt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=chines |volume=2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses|page=21|title=Os escravos em Évora no século XVI|author=Jorge Fonseca|isbn=9729696535|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref>

In Evora, men were owned and used as slaves by female establishments like [[convent]]s for [[nuns]]. A capelão do rei, father João Pinto left an Indian man in [[Porto]] where he was picked up in 1546 by the Evora-based Santa Marta convent's nuns to serve as their slave. However, female slaves did not serve in male establishments, unlike vice versa.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Câmara Municipal de Évora |year=1997|language=pt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=%C3%ADndio |volume=2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses|page=45|title=Os escravos em Évora no século XVI|author=Jorge Fonseca|isbn=9729696535|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref>

[[Kirishitan|Japanese Christian Daimyos]] mainly responsible for selling to the Portuguese their fellow Japanese. Japanese women and Japanese men, Javanese, Chinese, and Indians were all sold as slaves in Portugal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2qSNQnlQGcC&q=sul+portugal+chineses+escravos&pg=PA103|title=Chòque luso no Japão dos séculos XVI e XVII|author=José Yamashiro|year=1989|publisher=IBRASA|page=103|isbn=85-348-1068-0|access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref>

Traits such as high intelligence were ascribed to Indians, Chinese, and Japanese slaves.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0TCPWGGVqgC&pg=PA168|volume=25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society|page=168|title=A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555|isbn=0-521-23150-7|author=A. C. de C. M. Saunders|edition=illustrated|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Himalaya Pub. House|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHPaAAAAMAAJ&q=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+'they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working'|page=18|title=Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510–1842|author=Jeanette Pinto|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Oxford U.P.|year=1968|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUAsAAAAMAAJ&q=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+'they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working'|page=225|title=Fidalgos in the Far East 1550–1770|isbn=9780196380742|author=Charles Ralph Boxer|edition=2, illustrated, reprint|access-date=2014-02-02}}</ref>

==Notable people with Indian ancestry==
*[[Kalidás Barreto]] - Former Portuguese politician
*[[Mariano Barreto]] - Portuguese football manager
*[[Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho]] – Former Portuguese military officer
*[[Matheus de Castro]] – First Indian bishop of the Catholic church
*[[Narana Coissoró]]- Portuguese Speaker of the House
*[[Alfredo Bruto da Costa]] – Former Portuguese politician
*[[Alfredo Nobre da Costa]]- Former Prime Minister of Portugal
*[[Antonio Costa]] – former Prime Minister of Portugal
*[[Orlando da Costa]] – Portuguese writer
*[[José Pereira Coutinho]] – [[Macanese people|Macanese]] politician
*[[Ileana D'Cruz]] – Portuguese actress who predominantly appears in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language films
*[[Mortó Dessai]] – Portuguese- medical analyst
*[[Rogério de Faria]] – Portuguese-Brazilian businessman
*[[Catarina Furtado]] – Portuguese television presenter<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2019 |title=Catarina Furtado tem ascendência indiana! Apresentadora descobre casa do trisavô |url=https://www.maria.pt/noticias-em-destaque/catarina-furtado-tem-ascendencia-indiana-apresentadora-descobre-casa-do-trisavo/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Maria.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
*[[André Lacximicant]] – Footballer for [[G.D. Estoril Praia|Estoril Praia]]
*[[João Leão]] – Former Finance Minister of Portugal
*[[André Pereira dos Reis]] – Portuguese captain, pilot and cartographer
*[[Gabriel Mithá Ribeiro]] – Portuguese politician
*[[Rosendo Ribeiro]] – Portuguese physician and diplomat
*[[António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues|António de Bettencourt Rodrigues]] – doctor, [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] diplomat and politician
*[[Manuel António de Sousa]] – Portuguese merchant
*[[Sabrina De Sousa]] – Portuguese-American ex-[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operative
*[[Teotónio de Souza]] – Portuguese historian and the founder-director of the [[Xavier Centre of Historical Research]] (XCHR), at [[Porvorim|Alto Porvorim]]
*[[Jorge Barreto Xavier]] – Portuguese cultural manager, university professor and politician

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Portugal}}
*[[Hinduism in Portugal]]
*[[Immigration to Portugal]]
*[[Indian diaspora]]
*[[India–Portugal relations]]
*[[Romani people in Portugal]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218220705/http://www.indembassy-lisbon.org/uk/ind_personorigin.html Embassy of India]

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Immigration to Portugal}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Portugal]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Portugal]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Europe|Portugal]]
[[Category:Immigration to Portugal]]
[[Category:Portuguese people of Indian descent| ]]

Gokul (director)

2025-11-29T07:38:58Z

TiaBurwell25: Added.

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gokul
| image = Film_Director_Gokul.jpg
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Gokul
| birth_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| yearsactive = 2011 – present
| occupation =[[Film director]],
[[Screenwriter]]
| education = [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai]]
}}

'''Gokul''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in Tamil cinema. He is known for making films such as ''[[Rowthiram]]'', ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'', ''[[Kaashmora]]'', and ''[[Anbirkiniyal]]''.

==Career==

Gokul's maiden venture, ''[[Rowthiram]]'' (2011), featured [[Jiiva]] and [[Shriya Saran]] in the lead roles. The movie earned praise for its cinematography and stunt choreography. In 2012, the movie was dubbed in Telugu with the climax changed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/dubbing-films-save-the-industry/article3755585.ece|title = Dubbing films save the industry|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 August 2012|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

His second movie, ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' (2013), produced by Leo Visions, was a comedy film and featured a cast including [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Ashwin Kakumanu]], [[Swathi Reddy]], [[Nandita Swetha]], [[Pasupathy]], and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]. The movie won accolades for its quirky dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-idharkuthane-aasaipattai-balakumara-is-a-laugh-riot/20131003.htm|title = Review: Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara is a laugh riot|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Sarawathi|last=S.|date=3 October 2013|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> His next work was the horror film ''[[Kaashmora]]'' (2016) which featured [[Karthi]] in multiple getups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/apr/20/karthis-acting-is-brilliant-in-kashmora-says-director-gokul-926448.html?botrequest=true&|title=Karthi's Acting is Brilliant in Kashmora Says Director Gokul|date=20 April 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=26 February 2024|first=Manigandan|last=K. R.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-gokul-talks-about-karthis-role-in-kaashmora.html|title=KARTHI AS A WIZARD IN KAASHMORA?|date=18 August 2016|first=Arvind|last=Sundaram|work=Behindwoods|access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref> Similar to his first two films, the film was a success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-gokul-talks-to-us-about-kaashmoras-response.html|title=ANOTHER BIGGIE AFTER KAASHMORA?|date=31 October 2016|first=Avinash|last=Pandian|work=Behindwoods|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

He collaborated again with [[Vijay Sethupathi]] for ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]'' (2018), which was mostly shot in France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/junga-director-gokul-on-working-with-vijay-sethupathi-i-just-sit-back-and-watch-him-perform-4846271.html|title=Junga director Gokul on working with Vijay Sethupathi: I just sit back and watch him perform|date=29 July 2018|work=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathi-to-produce-his-next-film-junga-directed-by-gokul.html|title=VIJAY SETHUPATHI'S COSTLIEST BIG FILM OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCED!|date=4 September 2017|last=Sundaram|first=Arvind|work=Behindwoods|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> In 2020, he announced ''Corona Kumar'', a spin-off of ''Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-gokul-to-do-a-new-comedy-film-with-vijay-sethupathi.html|title=NO IDHARKUTHANE AASAIPATTAI BALAKUMARA 2?|first=Arvind|last=Sundaram|date=24 December 2016|work=Behindwoods|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/Jun/18/director-gokuls-next-corona-kumar-an-idharkuthane-aasaipattai-balakumaraspin-spin-off-2157903.html|title=Director Gokul’s next 'Corona Kumar', an 'Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumaraspin' spin-off|first=Gopinath|last=Rajendran|date=18 June 2020|access-date=26 February 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Silambarasan]] was announced as the hero in 2021 and received a ₹1 crore advance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/silambarasan-tr-movie-update-latest-news-corona-kumar-shooting-begins-september-pathu-thala-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-maanadu-mufti-remake-tamil-news-293717|title=Simbu to start shooting for the comedy flick 'Corona Kumar' on this date? - Exclusive|date=25 August 2021|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/i-am-entitled-to-not-return-advance-of-1-crore-received-for-corona-kumar-simbu-tells-madras-high-court/article67321852.ece|title=I’m entitled to not return ₹1 crore advance received for Corona Kumar, T.R. Silambarasan tells Madras High Court|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|date=19 September 2023|first=Mohamed Imranullah |last=S.|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> In 2024, Gokul revealed that he is yet to find a hero for the film and that he has to discuss with [[Vijay Sethupathi]] about the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-gokul-on-singapore-saloon-and-his-experience-working-with-rj-balaji-and-a-slew-of-veteran-actors/article67766117.ece|title=Director Gokul on ‘Singapore Saloon,’ and his experience working with RJ Balaji and a slew of veteran actors|date=23 January 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> He worked on a film with [[RJ Balaji]] titled ''[[Singapore Saloon]]'' (2024), an underdog story about a barber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/jan/14/director-gokulsingapore-saloon-is-the-best-film-of-my-career-51217.html|title=Director Gokul: Singapore Saloon is the best film of my career|date=14 January 2024|first=navein|last=Darshan|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> His next film with [[Vishnu Vishal]] was announced in January of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishnu-vishal-and-director-gokul-join-forces-next-film-badass-entertainer-2485885-2024-01-08|title=Vishnu Vishal and director Gokul join forces, calls film a 'badass entertainer'|date=8 January 2024|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Film
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-

| 2011 || ''[[Rowthiram]]'' || Also actor
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kaashmora]]'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]'' ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Anbirkiniyal]]'' || Also actor; Remake of ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]''
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Singapore Saloon]]'' ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB name|4403137}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokul}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

J.N.N Matriculation & Higher Secondary School

2025-08-26T19:03:45Z

TiaBurwell25: Made redirect

#redirect[[Tiruvallur#Education]]

24 News

2025-07-29T18:40:37Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting a details needs work.

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language television news channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = 24 News (Twenty Four News)
| logo = TwentyFour News logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt = 24 News
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2018
| image =
| parent =
| key_people = {{ubl|Gokulam Gopalan (Chairman, [[Flowers TV]])| Alungal Muhammed (Chairman, 24 News)|[[Sreekandan Nair]] (Managing Director)}}
| headquarters = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| network =
| founder =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2018|12|08|df=yes}}
| owner = [https://www.insightmediacity.com/ Insight Media City]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| picture_format =
| image_size =
| caption =
| type =
| country = [[India]]
| area = International
| sister_channels = [[Flowers TV]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.twentyfournews.com|Twenty Four News}}
| online_serv_1 = [[YouTube]]
| online_chan_1 = World wide
| online_serv_2 = [[Jio TV]]
| online_chan_2 = India
}}

'''24 News''' ''(Twenty Four News)'' is an Indian [[free-to-air]] [[Malayalam|Malayalam language]] [[News broadcasting|news channel]] owned by [https://www.insightmediacity.com/ Insight Media City]. It was initially launched as a pilot in 2016 and officially began operations on December 8, 2018. The channel is headquartered in [[Kochi]] and has studios in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and Kochi. It is the second channel from Insight Media City, after [[Flowers TV]].

==History==
24 News was launched in 2018, initially as a test channel, and was officially launched on 8 December 2018. The channel is promoted by [[Sreekandan Nair]], a prominent Malayalam television anchor. Alungal Muhammed is the chairman of Twentyfour News.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-16 |title=Sreekandan Nair show discusses old-age homes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Sreekandan-Nair-show-discusses-old-age-homes/articleshow/51852719.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Ownership==
24 News is owned by Insight Media City, a media company based in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. Insight Media City also owns the popular Malayalam entertainment channel [[Flowers TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mk |first=Ajmal |date=31 August 2021 |title=ട്വന്‍റി ഫോര്‍ ന്യൂസ് ചാനല്‍ അവതാരകന്‍ അരുണ്‍ കുമാര്‍ ചാനലില്‍ നിന്നും മാറിനില്‍ക്കുന്നു |trans-title=Twenty Four News Channel anchor Arun Kumar is moving away from the channel |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kerala/twentyfour-news-channel-journalist-arun-kumar-has-leaves-from-the-channel-306658.html}}</ref>

==Programming==
Twenty Four News broadcasts a variety of news and current affairs programs. It also has programs on sports, movies, lifestyle, and other topics. The channel also broadcasts live coverage of important events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Haritha |date=2023-07-28 |title=Media vs media: Untangling Reporter TV's story wars in Kerala |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/07/28/media-vs-media-untangling-reporter-tvs-story-wars-in-kerala |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Twenty Four News has received several awards for its journalism, including the Kerala State Television Award for Best News Channel in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KS |first=Anish |date=2020-04-16 |title=24 News Emerged As 2nd Popular In News Segment - Manorama Down To 4th Place |url=https://www.keralatv.in/24-news-2nd-popular-news/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:24 NEWS}}
[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television stations in Kochi]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Vyomika Singh

2025-05-31T13:22:38Z

TiaBurwell25: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]

Dalmadal Cannon

2025-04-15T01:05:19Z

TiaBurwell25: Page.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Dalmadal Cannon
| image = Dalmadol Canon of Bishnupur 03.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = The historic Dalmadal Cannon.
| type = Cannon
| origin = [[Mallabhum kingdom|Mallabhum]], West Bengal, India

| is_ranged = yes
| is_bladed = no
| is_explosive = no
| is_artillery = yes
| is_vehicle = no
| is_missile = no
| is_UK = no

| service = 18th century
| used_by = Malla Dynasty
| wars = Defense against Maratha invasions<ref name="maratha">{{cite book
| editor-last1 = Sengupta
| editor-first1 = Kaustubh Mani
| editor-last2 = Das
| editor-first2 = Tista
| author-link =
| date = 12 August 2021
| title = Rethinking the Local in Indian History: Perspectives from Southern Bengal
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0wg0EAAAQBAJ
| location =
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| page = 
| isbn = 9781000425529
| lccn = 2021007732
| quote = Narrating the legend of Madanmohan, the patron god of Bishnupur, who assumed human form and fired the famous Dalmadal Cannon to oust the bargis (Maratha invaders), she argues that divine myths have deep cultural roots that influenced the production of local histories.}}</ref>

| designer = Jagannath Karmakar<ref name="detail">{{cite news
| last = Chatterjee
| first = Annesha
| date = 27 June 2019
| title = Bengal's artillery
| url = https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/voices/bengals-artillery-1502770581.html
| url-status = live
| work = [[The Statesman (India)]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240927150025/https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/voices/bengals-artillery-1502770581.html
| archive-date = 27 September 2024
| access-date = 27 September 2024
| quote = Jagannath Karmakar, an experienced blacksmith and engineer from the district of Bishnupur was the principle man behind the manufacture of the cannon. Iron was the principle metal used in the casting. It should be mentioned that though the canon remained in an open area for a considerable amount of time, yet no rust or destructive modifications appeared on the body of the cannon. The canon being 12-feet in length and 5972 kilograms in weight is much wider than the Jahan Kosha cannon.
}}</ref>
| design_date = 1742
| developed_from =
| developed_into =
| unit_cost = Rs. 1.25 lakh<ref name = "detail"/> (historical)
| production_date = 1742 <ref name="details">{{cite book
| editor-last1 = Sengupta
| editor-first1 = Kaustubh Mani
| editor-last2 = Das
| editor-first2 = Tista
| author-link =
| year = 2009
| title = Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_0_o9Qj1LOEC
| location =
| publisher = Mittal Publications
| page = 55
| isbn = 9788183242943
| lccn = 2009310777}}</ref>
| number = 1
| variants =

| spec_label =
| mass = 12 MT (296 maund)<ref name ="details"/>
| length = {{convert|3.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter = {{convert|28.5|cm|mm|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book
| author-last1 = Marriott
| author-first1 = Leo
| author-last2 = Forty
| author-first2 = Simon
| author-link =
| year= 2017
| title = Heavyweights: The Military Use of Massive Weapons
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mr1GDwAAQBAJ
| location =
| publisher = Book Sales
| page = 53
| chapter = Indian 16th century cannon
| isbn = 9780785835493}}</ref>
| crew =
| passengers =

| cartridge =
| cartridge_weight =
| caliber =
| barrels = 1
| action =
| rate =
| velocity =
| range =
| max_range =
| feed =
| sights =

| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage = Masonry platform
| elevation =
| traverse =

| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type =

| filling =
| filling_weight =
| detonation =
| yield =

| armour =
| primary_armament =
| secondary_armament =
| engine =
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| payload_capacity =
| drive =
| transmission =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range =
| speed =
| guidance =
| steering =

| wingspan =
| propellant =
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| boost =
| depth =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform =
| transport =

| ref =
}}
The '''Dalmadal Cannon''', also known as the '''Dal Madal Kaman''', was built under the orders of [[Gopal Singha Dev|Raja Gopal Singha]] in 1742 at the cost of Rs. 1.25 lakh, an enormous sum for the time.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Bhattacharya
| first = Snigdhendu
| date = 3 March 2018
| title = Encroachments ruin Bishnupur's chance of making it to the World Heritage List
| url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/encroachments-ruin-bishnupur-s-chance-of-making-it-to-the-world-heritage-list/story-S6XqJVT0Lr6eNp0xYCBTRN.html
| url-status = live
| work = [[Hindustan Times]]
| location = [[Bishnupur (West Bengal)|Bishnupur]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240927155708/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/encroachments-ruin-bishnupur-s-chance-of-making-it-to-the-world-heritage-list/story-S6XqJVT0Lr6eNp0xYCBTRN.html
| archive-date = 27 September 2024
| access-date = 27 September 2024}}</ref> The blacksmith Jagannath Karmakar forged the cannon, which weighs approximately 296 maunds (around 11,840 kg) and has a length of 3.8 meters. The cannon's body was constructed by connecting 63 iron rings together, giving it a rust-proof finish. Its impressive size is marked by a circumference of 6'10" in the middle and front and 8'3.5" at the rear.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sengupta
| first = Somen
| date = 15 March 2023
| title = Every cannon scripts the scientific advancement of its time: Amitabha Karkun
| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/meet-amitabha-karkun-the-septuagenarian-cannon-expert-of-bengal/cid/1922750
| url-status = live
| work = [[The Telegraph (India)]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240927155026/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/meet-amitabha-karkun-the-septuagenarian-cannon-expert-of-bengal/cid/1922750
| archive-date = 27 September 2024
| access-date = 27 September 2024}}</ref><ref name= "details"/>

== Design and Features ==
The Dalmadal Cannon is designed with an opening for inserting gunpowder, located on the upper rear section. A small square groove, known as the Ranjakghar, was used to ignite the cannon by filling it with gunpowder.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Basu
| first = Anasuya
| date = 20 September 2020
| title = The evidence of guns that smoke no more
| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cannons-in-bengal-the-evidence-of-guns-that-smoke-no-more/cid/1792477
| url-status = live
| work = [[The Telegraph (India)]]
| location =
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240927231803/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cannons-in-bengal-the-evidence-of-guns-that-smoke-no-more/cid/1792477
| archive-date = 27 September 2024
| access-date = 28 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="details"/> The middle section of the cannon is fitted with two iron sticks, each about 6 feet long and 4 feet in circumference, that were used to connect it to two iron wheels.<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Griffiths
| first1 = Walter G.
| last2 = Bagchi
| first2 = K. N.
| year = 1947
| title = Introducing India
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3meOhS2hEngC
| volume = 1
| publisher = Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal
| page = 72
| isbn =
}}</ref>

== Legend and Myth ==
A popular local legend surrounds the Dalmadal Cannon, claiming that it was miraculously fired by Lord [[Madanamohana|Madan Mohan]], the tutelary deity of the Malla kings, to protect Bishnupur from the Maratha invader Bhaskar Rao.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/bishnupur-magnolious-bequest-west-bengal
| title = Bishnupur: A magnolious bequest in West Bengal
| date = 17 May 202
| publisher = [[The Sunday Guardian]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240927161306/https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/bishnupur-magnolious-bequest-west-bengal
| archive-date = 27 September 2024
| access-date = 27 September 2024
}}</ref> According to the myth, during a Maratha attack, Lord Madan Mohan himself operated the cannon, causing the invaders to retreat.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx
| title =Dalmadal Gun and the platform on which it is mounted
| website = asikolkata.in
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240927160752/https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx
| archive-date = 27 September 2024
| access-date = 27 September 2024
}}</ref> This divine intervention story has become a cherished part of Bishnupur's cultural lore.

== Tourism and Cultural Importance ==
The Dalmadal Cannon is part of Bishnupur's rich cultural landscape, which includes numerous UNESCO-listed terracotta temples.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1087/
| title = Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal
| website =
| publisher = [[UNESCO]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240508152927/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1087
| archive-date = 8 May 2024
| access-date = 27 September 2024}}</ref> Over the years, the cannon has become a focal point for tourists interested in the military history of the Malla dynasty. The site can be visited year-round, and entry is free. It forms a central piece in Bishnupur's historical tourism circuit, which includes notable sites like the [[Rasmancha]] and [[Madan Mohan Temple, Bishnupur|Madanmohan Temple]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://bankuratourism.com/places-in-bankura/bishnupur-bankura/
| title = Dalmadal Canon
| website = bankuratourism.com
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240927230446/https://bankuratourism.com/places-in-bankura/bishnupur-bankura/
| archive-date = 27 September 2024
| access-date = 28 September 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mallabhum kingdom]]
* [[Temples of Bishnupur]]
* [[Madan Mohan Temple, Bishnupur]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Dalmadal Cannon}}

{{Mallabhum}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Weapons of India]]
[[Category:Mallabhum]]
[[Category:Bankura district]]
[[Category:Cannon]]

Belagavi Assembly constituency

2025-04-09T10:53:37Z

TiaBurwell25: Starting new details w/ infobox.

'''Belagavi Assembly constituency''' may refer to many [[Vidhana Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]].
*[[Belagavi City Assembly constituency]], a defunct constituency
*[[Belgaum Dakshin Assembly constituency]]
*[[Belgaum Uttar Assembly constituency]]
*[[Belgaum Rural Assembly constituency]]
*[[Belgaum I Assembly constituency]], a defunct constituency
*[[Belgaum II Assembly constituency]], a defunct constituency
*[[Uchagaon Assembly constituency]], a defunct constituency
*[[Hire Bagewadi Assembly constituency]], a defunct constituency

==See also==
*[[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Belgaum North Lok Sabha constituency]], a defunct constituency
*[[Belgaum South Lok Sabha constituency]], a defunct constituency

{{disambiguation}}

Peter Carvalho

2025-04-04T03:44:32Z

TiaBurwell25: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian football player|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Peter Carvalho
| image =
| fullname = Peter Carvalho<ref>{{cite web|title=ONGC FC 3-1 Dempo SC: Subrata Bhattacharya's side end reigning champion's unbeaten run|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94687/ongc-fc-vs-dempo-sports-club/report|website=Goal.com|date=16 November 2012|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119023157/https://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94687/ongc-fc-vs-dempo-sports-club/report|archive-date=19 November 2012}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|12|18}}
| birth_place = [[Quepem]], [[Goa]], [[India]]
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| height = {{height|m=1.77}}
| position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Defensive midfielder]]
| years1 = 2004–2016
| clubs1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| caps1 = 349
| goals1 = 14
| years2 = 2014
| clubs2 = → [[FC Goa]] (loan)
| caps2 = 8
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2015
| clubs3 = → [[Kerala Blasters]] (loan)
| caps3 = 2
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2016–2017
| clubs4 = FC Bardez Goa
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2017–2018
| clubs5 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| nationalyears1 = 2011
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate = 08:05, 12 April 2015 (UTC)
}}

'''Peter Carvalho''' (born 18 December 1980) is an Indian [[soccer|football]] player who plays as a [[defensive midfielder]].

==Club career==
In July 2015 Carvalho was drafted to play for [[Kerala Blasters FC]] in the [[2015 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha |first=Anselm |title=Cavin Lobo to Kerala, Keegan Pereira to Mumbai and the comprehensive Indian Super League Draft |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/10/13460302/cavin-lobo-to-kerala-keegan-pereira-to-mumbai-and-the?ICID=SP_HN_1 |work=Goal.com |date=10 July 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref>

==International==
On 10 July 2011 Carvalho played his first match for [[India national football team|India]] against [[Maldives national football team|Maldives]] coming off the bench.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{NFT player|44235}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313153116/http://the-aiff.com/pages/team/players.php?plyrId=494 the-aiff.com]
* {{WorldFootball.net|peter-carvalho}}
* {{Soccerway|peter-carvalho/72799}}
* [http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/21162/peter-carvalho goal.com]

{{FC Goa squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carvalho, Peter}}
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Dempo SC players]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC draft picks]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

State Highway 16 (Kerala)

2025-04-01T17:49:07Z

TiaBurwell25: updated details

{{short description|Highway in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Kerala
| route = 16
| alternate_name = Aluva - Munnar Highway
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=290|type=line|from=State Highway 16 (Kerala).map}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = SH 16 highlighted in red
| spur_type =
| spur_of =
| maint = [[Kerala Public Works Department]]
| length_km = 114.4
| length_notes = 
| established =
| allocation = {{jct|state=Kerala|NH|85|country=IND}} from [[Kothamangalam]] to [[Munnar]]
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Aluva]] 
| junction = 
{{plainlist|
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|1|country=IND}} in [[Perumbavoor]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|NH|85|country=IND}} in [[Kothamangalam]]
}}
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = {{jct|state=Kerala|SH|17|country=IND}} in [[Munnar]] 
| districts = [[Ernakulam]], [[Idukki]]
| previous_type = SH
| previous_route = 15 
| next_type = SH
| next_route = 17 
}}

'''State Highway 16 (SH 16)''' is also known as '''Aluva - Munnar Road''' is a state highway in [[Kerala]] that starts from [[Aluva]] and ends at Northern outlet road in [[Munnar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aluva-Munnar road: Plea to CM to limit width till Andicompany to 13.8m |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/jan/09/aluva-munnar-road-plea-to-cm-tolimit-width-till-andicompany-to-138m-2535924.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The highway is 57.3 km long.<ref name="keralapwd">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|title=Kerala PWD - State Highways|publisher=Kerala State Public Works Department|accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref>

==Route map==
Aluva - Ponjasseri - Kizhakkambalam road starts - Mannoor - Ponjasseri road ends - Perumbavoor - MC Road crosses - Koovapady - (Kuruppumpady - Kootickal) Road Crosses - (Paneli - Muvattupuzha) road crosses - Kothamangalam - Neriamangalam junction - Cheeyappara waterfalls - Deviyar bridge - Adimali junction (Adimali - Chithirapuram road starts) - Kallar river - Pallivasal - Munnar town - Northern outlet road starts

==See also==
* [[List of state highways in Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kerala State Highways Network}}

{{India-road-stub}}
{{Kerala-stub}}

[[Category:Roads in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Roads in Idukki district]]
[[Category:State highways in Kerala]]

Delhi Gate (Red Fort)

2024-11-30T18:55:29Z

TiaBurwell25: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[Delhi Gate, Red Fort]]
{{R to section}}

Muktai Waterfall

2024-11-10T21:50:14Z

TiaBurwell25: put up a page w/ infobox

{{Further|Muktabai}}
'''Muktai Waterfall''' ({{langx|mr|मुक्ताई धबधबा}}) is located in the forest of [[Doma, Chandrapur|Doma]] village at [[Chimur]] Taluka of [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur District]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=मुक्ताई धबधबा : एक मनमोहक ठिकाण |url=https://www.amitborkar.in/2021/07/i-muktai-waterfall-near-chimur.html |access-date=2024-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=मुक्ताबाई धबधब्याला हवा बूस्टर; पर्यटनाला चालना देण्यासाठी निसर्गरम्य परिसर विकसित करण्याची गरज |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/chandrapur/muktabai-water-fall-development-can-be-promoted-as-tourist-destination/articleshow/105804516.cms |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-09 |title=चंद्रपूर जिल्ह्यातील मुक्ताई धबधब्यावर पर्यटकांची तोबा गर्दी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/vidarbha/tourist-rushing-at-muktai-dam-in-chandrapur/437754 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref>
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Muktai Waterfall
| alt_name =
| photo =
| photo_width = 250
| photo_caption =
| map = Maharashtra#India
| map_width = 250
| map_label = Muktai Waterfall
| coordinates = {{coord|20.566782|N|79.531896|E|type:waterbody_scale:50000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Doma, Chandrapur|Doma]], [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]], [[Maharashtra]] [[India]]
| type = Plunge
}}
It is one of the most popular waterfalls in [[Vidarbha]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. This waterfall is known by the name of the [[Muktabai|Muktai]] temple located there and this waterfall flows down from the mountain area from a height of about 57 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-28 |title=List of top 10 most visited places by youngsters for outings in and near Nagpur city - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2022/12/28/list-of-top-10-most-visited-places-by-youngsters-for-outings-in-and-near-nagpur-city/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Tejinder |date=2022-07-11 |title=मुक्ताई वाटरफॉल में दिखा उत्सव सा नजारा, रिमझिम फुहार में झूमे युवा |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/city/news/chandrapur-festive-view-at-muktai-waterfall-youths-danced-in-drizzle-386676 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.bhaskarhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ऑनलाईन |first=सामना |date=2023-07-17 |title=मुक्ताई धबधबा कोसळू लागला; विकेंडला पर्यटकांची तोबा गर्दी {{!}} Saamana (सामना) |url=https://www.saamana.com/muktai-waterfall-began-to-flow-crowded-with-tourists-on-weekends/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=Watch: Man falls into waterfall in Maharashtra while taking selfie, rescued |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ajanta-caves-news-man-falls-70-feet-into-saptakunda-waterfalls-maharashtra-severe-rainfall-alert-aurangabad-latest-news-101690358882326.html |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-23 |title=काय झाडी...काय डोंगार...काय मुक्ताई धबधबा... पर्यटकांसाठी सगळं ओक्केचं ! |url=https://pudhari.news/maharashtra/vidarbha/269681/muktai-waterfall-in-chandrapur-district-is-a-landmark-for-tourists/ar |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=पुढारी |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

== Commutation ==
*Distance from [[Chimur]]: 22 km
*Distance from [[Chandrapur]]: 120 km
*Distance from [[Nagpur]]: 95 km
*Distance from [[Gondia]]: 169 km

===Nearest airports===
*[[Nagpur]]: International
*[[Gondia]]: Domestic

===Nearest railway junctions===
*[[Nagpur Junction railway station]] on Central Railway, 95 km away
*[[Chandrapur railway station]] on Central Railway, 122 km away
*[[Gondia Junction railway station]] on Central Railway, 169 km away

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Maharashtra]]

{{Waterfall-stub}}
{{Maharashtra-stub}}

Battar

2024-09-16T14:06:31Z

TiaBurwell25: Made redirect

#redirect [[bhattaraka]]

Municipal elections in India

2024-08-16T00:48:15Z

TiaBurwell25: put up first info and citations

{{Short description|Type of Indian local government election}}

{{Politics of India}}

'''Municipal Corporation elections''' are conducted to elect [[Municipal councillor (India)|municipal councillors]] and ward representatives for [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]] in India. With the enactment of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act in the [[Constitution of India]], the city municipal corporations were identified as 'institutions of self-government'. With India being a democratic country, elections are the only medium for people to elect governments of their choice.

== History and administration ==

Municipal corporation elections constitute one tier of India's three-tier governance system.<ref name="mce ref8">{{cite news |title=The importance of municipal elections |url=https://www.reachladakh.com/news/opinion/oped-page/the-importance-of-municipal-elections |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Reachladakh}}</ref> These elections are open to both men and women candidates.<ref name="mce ref6">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Subhash C. |last2=Prabhakar |first2=R. K. |title=A Study of Municipal Council Elections in India: Socioeconomic Background of Women Candidates in Rohtak, Haryana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645613 |publisher=Asian Survey |date=1997 |pages=918–926 |doi=10.2307/2645613}}</ref> On average, voter turnout in municipal elections is estimated to be around 52%.<ref name="mce ref7">{{cite news |title=GHMC polls: Why do citizens not care about municipal elections? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ghmc-polls-why-do-citizens-not-care-about-municipal-elections-138317 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=24 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Constitutional compulsions ==

The electoral system within urban local bodies (ULB) was fortified through the 74th Constitutional Amendment.<ref name="mce ref2">{{cite news |title=A dive into the journey of Panchayati Raj Institutions {{!}} IDR |url=https://idronline.org/power-to-the-people-the-journey-of-panchayati-raj-institutions/?gclid=CjwKCAiAwKyNBhBfEiwA_mrUMlxl3oD-hDC6qVB9zp2LpgbE0JSh_0hduwDnv5DNRg51e_FqoFN6UxoCSXYQAvD_BwE |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=India Development Review |date=15 August 2018}}</ref> This Amendment Act officially designated municipal corporations as 'institutions of self-government'.<ref name="mce ref7" />

== Planning body ==

Municipal corporation elections are conducted under the supervision of the State Election Commission.<ref name="mce ref1">{{cite news |title=Local Body Election Process in India |url=https://www.elections.in/political-corner/process-local-body-elections/ |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Political Corner |date=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="mce ref9">{{cite news |title=Civic polls should not be held in a way that will benefit a particular party, Cal HC tells State Election Commission |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/civic-polls-should-not-be-held-in-a-way-that-will-benefit-a-particular-party-cal-hc-tells-state-election-commission/cid/1841628 |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=telegraphindia.com |date=5 December 2021}}</ref> The State Election Commission is an independent body<ref name="mce ref4">{{cite news |title=Profile - Local Government - Know India: National Portal of India |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=knowindia.india.gov.in}}</ref> and consists of individual members who have served as bureaucrats at the state and national level with high reputation, integrity and values.<ref name="mce ref5">{{cite news |title=Poll position: On SC order on local body elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/poll-position-on-sc-order-on-local-body-elections/article34077727.ece |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=16 March 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Qualifications for contesting ==

Qualification for contesting municipal corporation elections in India:<ref name="mce ref11">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

* Citizen of India.
* Has attained the age of 21 years.
* Registered in ward electoral roll.
* Not disqualified under any law for contesting municipal elections.
* Not employed by any municipal corporation in India.

== Important rulings ==

* Municipal corporation elections in Tamil Nadu should not be delayed was the Supreme Court ruling to Tamil Nadu State Election Commission.<ref name="mce ref3">{{cite news |title=SC directs TNSEC to hold local body elections in 9 new districts by Sep 15 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/sc-directs-tnsec-to-hold-local-body-elections-in-9-new-districts-by-sep-15-121062200506_1.html |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=22 June 2021}}</ref>
* Municipal corporation elections in Maharashtra are directed to be conducted under a single-member electoral panel as per the direction of State Election Commission.<ref name="mce ref10">{{cite news |title=2022 local body polls to be under one-member electoral panel; begin delimitation process: State EC to civic bodies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/begin-process-of-delimitation-of-electoral-ward-boundaries-maharashtra-poll-panel-to-18-civic-bodies-7470908/ |access-date=5 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=25 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.example.com www.example.com]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Local elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in India|#]]