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Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin

2026-06-01T14:04:13Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Put Up The Article First Draft...

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Baiji]] (Chinese river dolphin)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin
| image = Pink Dolphin.JPG
| image_caption = At the theme aquarium in [[Pattaya]], Thailand
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Jefferson, T.A.|author2=Smith, B.D.|author3=Braulik, G.T.|author4=Perrin, W.| title = ''Sousa chinensis'' |errata=2018 | volume= 2017 | year = 2017 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T82031425A50372332.en |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Sousa
| species = chinensis
| authority = ([[Pehr Osbeck|Osbeck]], 1765)
| range_map = Cetacea range map Pacific Humpback Dolphin.PNG
| range_map_caption=Combined ranges of ''Sousa chinensis'' and ''[[Sousa sahulensis]]''
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =
*''S. c. chinensis''
*''S. c. taiwanensis''
}}

The '''Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin''' ('''''Sousa chinensis''''')<ref>{{MSW3 Cetacea| id = 14300082 | page = 732 | heading = ''Sousa chinensis''}}</ref> is a species of [[humpback dolphin]] inhabiting coastal waters of the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans.<ref name="Elsevier">{{Citation|last1=Jefferson|first1=Thomas A.|title=Re-assessment of the Conservation Status of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) Using the IUCN Red List Criteria|volume=73|year=2016|journal=Advances in Marine Biology|pages=1–26|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-803602-0|last2=Smith|first2=Brian D.|doi=10.1016/bs.amb.2015.04.002|pmid=26790886}}</ref> This species is often referred to as the '''Chinese white dolphin''' in mainland China, Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan as a common name. Some biologists regard the Indo-Pacific dolphin as a [[subspecies]] of the [[Indian Ocean humpback dolphin]] (''S. plumbea'') which ranges from East Africa to India. However, [[DNA testing]] studies have shown that the two are distinct species.<ref name=iucn/> A new species, the [[Australian humpback dolphin]] (''S. sahulensis''), was split off from ''S. chinensis'' and recognized as a distinct species in 2014.<ref name=jeff/> Nevertheless, there are still several unresolved issues in differentiation of the Indian Ocean-type and Indo-Pacific-type humpback dolphins.

==Taxonomy==
Two subspecies of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin are currently recognized:<ref name="socmammalogy">{{cite web |url=https://www.marinemammalscience.org/species-information/list-marine-mammal-species-subspecies/|title=List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies{{!}}May 1, 2022 |date=13 November 2016 |publisher=[[Society for Marine Mammalogy]] |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref>
*''S. c. chinensis'', or the Chinese humpback dolphin
*''S. c. taiwanensis'', or the Taiwanese humpback dolphin

== Description ==
[[File:Sousa chinensis (3) by Zureks.jpg|thumb|Tail with visible grey and pink colours]]

An adult Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin is grey, white or pink<ref name="Jefferson-2008">{{Cite book|last=Jefferson|first=Thomas A.|title=Marine mammals of the world: a comprehensive guide to their identification|date=2008|publisher=Academic|others=Marc A. Webber, Robert L. Pitman|isbn=978-0-08-055784-7|edition=1st|location=London|page=186|oclc=326418543}}</ref> and may appear as an albino dolphin to some. Populations along the coasts of China<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sustainable Seafood|url=https://www.wwf.org.hk/en/oceans/seafood/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.wwf.org.hk|language=en}}</ref> and Thailand <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2188347/pink-dolphins-spotted-off-samila-beach|title = Pink dolphins spotted off Samila beach|newspaper = Bangkok Post| date=27 September 2021 | last1=Pakkawan | first1=Assawin }}</ref> have been observed with pink skin. The pink colour originates not from a [[pigment]], but from [[blood vessel]]s which were overdeveloped for [[thermoregulation]]. The body length is {{convert|2|to|3.5|m|abbr=on}} for adults, {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} for infants. An adult weighs {{convert|150|to|230|kg|abbr=on}}. Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins live up to 40 years,<ref name="Napier" /> as determined by the analysis of their teeth.

Calves are dark grey or black at birth and measure around 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Their coloration lightens through a mottled grey as they age.<ref name="Jefferson-2008" />

== Behaviour ==
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins live in small groups, generally with fewer than ten individuals. They hunt as a group using [[Echolocation (animal)|echolocation]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-18|title=Indo-Pacific Hump-Backed Dolphins ~ MarineBio Conservation Society|url=https://www.marinebio.org/species/indo-pacific-hump-backed-dolphins/sousa-chinensis/|access-date=2021-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

Adult dolphins come to the water surface to breathe for 20 to 30 seconds before diving deep again, for two to eight minutes. Dolphin calves, with smaller lung capacities, surface twice as often as adults, staying underwater for one to three minutes. Adult dolphins rarely stay under water for more than four minutes.
They sometimes leap completely out of the water. They may also rise up vertically from the water, exposing the dorsal half of their bodies. A pair of protruding eyes allows them to see clearly in both air and water.

== Reproduction ==
{{See also|Dolphin#Reproduction and sexuality}}
Female dolphins reach sexual maturity at around ten years old, while males mature at around 13 years old. They usually mate from the end of summer to autumn, and calves are born after a [[gestation period]] of eleven months. The mother stays with her calf until it can find food for itself, usually when it reaches 3–4 years old.<ref name="Napier">{{Cite web|last=Napier|first=Stephanie|title=Sousa chinensis (Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin)|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sousa_chinensis/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=Animal Diversity Web|language=en}}</ref>

== Threats ==
The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin is threatened by habitat loss, water pollution, coastal development, overfishing and an increase in marine traffic within its range.<ref name="BangkokPost">{{Cite news|title=Hong Kong 'risks losing pink dolphins'|work=Bangkok Post|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/348671/hong-kong-risks-losing-pink-dolphins|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref><ref name="Smith-2015">{{Cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Brian|last2=Braulik|first2=Gillian|last3=Center/NOAA)|first3=Thomas Jefferson (Southwest Fisheries Science|last4=Rla)|first4=William Perrin (IUCN SSC Cetacean|date=2015-06-22|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sousa chinensis|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=2021-05-25|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref>

In 2015, the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin was classed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.<ref name="Smith-2015" />

=== Water pollution ===
In 2013, conservationists in Hong Kong warned that the local population had fallen from 158 individuals in 2003 to just 78 in 2011. Members of Hong Kong Dolphinwatch spotted a group of dolphins helping a mother to support her dead calf above the water in an attempt to revive it. A Dolphinwatch spokeswoman claimed that the calf had died after ingesting toxins from polluted seawater through its mother's milk. The [[Hong Kong Dolphin Conservation Society]] warned of a further decline in dolphin numbers in the area.<ref name="BangkokPost" />

=== Plastic pollution ===

Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins are at particular risk of exposure to [[Persistent organic pollutant|organic pollutants]] because they inhabit shallow coastal waters, which are often impacted by human activities. Anthropogenic pollutants pose a risk to marine mammals that reside in coastal waters. Discharge of organic pollutants into marine environments has been shown to decrease water quality, resulting in habitat loss and a significant reduction in [[species richness]].<ref name="Sanganyado-2018">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.055|title=Bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin: A review on current knowledge and future prospects|year=2018|last1=Sanganyado|first1=Edmond|last2=Rajput|first2=Imran Rashid|last3=Liu|first3=Wenhua|journal=Environmental Pollution|volume=237|pages=111–125|pmid=29477865|bibcode=2018EPoll.237..111S |s2cid=3545603 }}</ref> The loss of key pods has caused species fragmentation, ''also due to habitat loss'', which increases species isolation and decreases connectivity, resulting in population decline.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

[[Plastic pollution]] is widespread across all oceans due to the buoyant and durable properties of plastic, which allow for [[sorption]] of toxicants to plastic while traveling through the environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Teuten|first1=Emma L.|last2=Rowland|first2=Steven J.|last3=Galloway|first3=Tamara S.|last4=Thompson|first4=Richard C.|date=2007-11-01|title=Potential for Plastics to Transport Hydrophobic Contaminants|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=41|issue=22|pages=7759–7764|doi=10.1021/es071737s|pmid=18075085|issn=0013-936X|bibcode=2007EnST...41.7759T}}</ref><ref name="Eriksen-2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Eriksen|first1=Marcus|last2=Lebreton|first2=Laurent C. M.|last3=Carson|first3=Henry S.|last4=Thiel|first4=Martin|last5=Moore|first5=Charles J.|last6=Borerro|first6=Jose C.|last7=Galgani|first7=Francois|last8=Ryan|first8=Peter G.|last9=Reisser|first9=Julia|date=2014-12-10|title=Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=12|article-number=e111913|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4262196|pmid=25494041|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k1913E|doi-access=free}}</ref> This has led researchers to the conclusion that [[List of synthetic polymers|synthetic polymers]] are hazardous to marine life and should be declared as a [[hazardous waste]] type. There are many transit paths that allow for plastics and pollutions to enter oceans: freshwater waste can enter oceans by rivers at the delta or estuary, by humans discarding their waste directly into marine waters, or through photo-degradation and other forms of weathering processes that aid in plastic fragmentation and dispersal. Large quantities of fragmented plastics collect in subtropical [[ocean gyre]]s.<ref name="Eriksen-2014" /> Plastic accumulation is not limited to ocean gyres; closed bays, gulfs and seas surrounded by densely populated coastlines and watersheds are all susceptible.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reisser|first1=Julia|last2=Shaw|first2=Jeremy|last3=Wilcox|first3=Chris|last4=Hardesty|first4=Britta Denise|last5=Proietti|first5=Maira|last6=Thums|first6=Michele|last7=Pattiaratchi|first7=Charitha|year=2013|title=Marine plastic pollution in waters around Australia: characteristics, concentrations, and pathways|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=11|article-number=e80466|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080466|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3842337|pmid=24312224|bibcode=2013PLoSO...880466R|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Bioakkumulation von schadstoffen.png|thumb|Bioaccumulation: plastic pollutants traveling from lower-trophic levels to higher-trophic levels]]

The consumption of plastics causes adverse effects in marine mammals such as disease susceptibility, reproductive and developmental toxicity.<ref name="Sanganyado-2018" /> Constant absorption of organic pollutants like plastic can be transferred into the dolphin's tissues and organs through an ingestion pathway that is impacting [[megafauna]], lower trophic levels and predators (not limited to Indo-Pacific).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Teuten|first1=Emma L.|last2=Saquing|first2=Jovita M.|last3=Knappe|first3=Detlef R. U.|last4=Barlaz|first4=Morton A.|last5=Jonsson|first5=Susanne|last6=Björn|first6=Annika|last7=Rowland|first7=Steven J.|last8=Thompson|first8=Richard C.|last9=Galloway|first9=Tamara S.|last10=Yamashita|first10=Rei|last11=Ochi|first11=Daisuke|date=2009-07-27|title=Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=364|issue=1526|pages=2027–2045|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0284|issn=1471-2970|pmc=2873017|pmid=19528054}}</ref> Organ toxicity can lead to organ failure, loss of offspring and milk toxicity. Even if the dolphin is not consuming plastic directly then it can take in plastic pollutants through [[biomagnification]] and [[Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants|bioaccumulation]]. Bioaccumulation is defined as the uptake of chemicals from the environment through dietary intake, dermal (skin) absorption or respiratory transport in air or water. This is a huge factor in plastic toxicity consumption in this species due to its long lifespan, which makes it susceptible to chronic exposure. Also, these dolphins contain a large quantity of blubber, ''lipids'', which can result in an excess of toxicity storage in their tissues.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

[[File:Sonar Principle EN.svg|thumb|Echolocation, also known as sonar]]

Plastic pollution can also interfere with dolphins' use of echolocation. [[Animal echolocation|Echolocation]] is the main sense that all dolphins use to navigate, as well as to pinpoint prey and predators.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How do dolphins communicate?|url=https://uk.whales.org/whales-dolphins/how-do-dolphins-communicate/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=Whale & Dolphin Conservation UK|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dolphins and whales use echolocation by bouncing high-pitched clicking sounds off underwater objects, similar to shouting and listening for echoes. The sounds are made by squeezing air through nasal passages near the blowhole. These sound-waves then pass into the forehead, where a big blob of fat called the melon focuses them into a beam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/mammals/what-is-echolocation/|title=What is echolocation and which animals use it?|website=Discover Wildlife|language=en|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref> This process can be interrupted by noise pollution, as well as by obstructions in the water such as masses of oil or plastics.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Access to University Library Resources {{!}} The University of New Mexico|journal = Environmental Science and Pollution Research International|volume = 25|issue = 20|pages = 19338–19345|doi=10.1007/s11356-018-2208-7|pmid = 29804251|year = 2018|last1 = Nabi|first1 = G.|last2 = McLaughlin|first2 = R. W.|last3 = Hao|first3 = Y.|last4 = Wang|first4 = K.|last5 = Zeng|first5 = X.|last6 = Khan|first6 = S.|last7 = Wang|first7 = D.|s2cid = 44108995}}</ref> Large blockages in the water can refract sound-waves, misleading the dolphin to falsely detect prey, kin or a predator in the area. This can become confusing and frustrating which can lead to extreme stress and potential health issues.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Clusters of plastic debris can cause noise pollution which interferes with the dolphins' sense of echolocation. As plastic debris is hurled together by ocean currents, sound is produced underwater. An excess of sound waves underwater can render the dolphins' sense of echolocation useless.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==Distributions and watching==
[[File:Chinese white dolphin.jpg|thumb|Adult Chinese white dolphin swimming off the coast of [[Lantau Island]], Hong Kong]]

In Hong Kong, boat trips to visit the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins have been running since the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.hkdolphinwatch.com | title=Hong Kong DolphinWatch Ltd}}</ref> The dolphins mainly live in the waters of [[Lantau]] North, Southeast Lantau, the [[Soko Islands]] and [[Peng Chau]]. A code of conduct regulates dolphin-watching activity in Hong Kong waters.<ref name="Code of Conduct for Dolphin Watching Activities">[http://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/country/cou_vis/cou_vis_mar/cou_vis_mar_mpvs/files/code_of_conduct_dolphin.pdf Code of Conduct for Dolphin Watching Activities, Hong Kong Agricultural and Fisheries Department]. (PDF). Retrieved 2014-05-15.</ref>

There have been some reports of dolphin watching practices that have further endangered the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins, such as in [[Sanniang Bay]] dolphin sanctuary in [[Qinzhou]]<ref>[http://en.showchina.org/01/01/201104/t893356.htm Show China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022856/http://en.showchina.org/01/01/201104/t893356.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}. En.showchina.org. Retrieved 2014-05-15.</ref> and off [[Xiamen]].<ref>[http://www.v2gg.com/lady/hufumeirong/20140413/159956.html 厦门海之风游艇带您来五缘湾看海豚_厦门海之风游艇有限公微信文章_微儿网]. V2gg.com. Retrieved 2014-05-15.</ref> However, these generally are small, locally organised one-off tours or private pleasure boats that do not adhere to the Hong Kong Agricultural and Fisheries Department's voluntary code of conduct.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

[[Nánpēng Islands]] Marine Sanctuary in [[Nan'ao County]] is also home to local pods.<ref>2016. [http://www.xinchaoshang.com/News/Info-42718.html 汕头南澎青罗湾保护区："美人鱼"和精灵们的海域] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195246/http://www.xinchaoshang.com/News/Info-42718.html |date=22 February 2017 }}</ref> The population in Leizhou Bay, [[Leizhou Peninsula]], comprising nearly 1,000 animals and the second largest population in the nation, may also be targeted for future tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://guangdong.kaiwind.com/gdzc/201309/26/t20130926_1117297.shtml |title=近千头中华白海豚栖息广东湛江雷州湾 |access-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080851/http://guangdong.kaiwind.com/gdzc/201309/26/t20130926_1117297.shtml |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> [[Hepu National Sanctuary of Dugongs]], and waters around [[Sanya Bay]] and other coasts adjacent on Hainan Island are home to some dolphins.<ref>2016. [http://www.hnfjz.com/about-op-con-gid-182148398614.html 海南海洋生态保护良好，成为大型珍稀海洋动物的"乐园"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305201126/http://www.hnfjz.com/about-op-con-gid-182148398614.html |date=5 March 2017 }}. Retrieved 5 March 2017</ref> As the environment and local ecosystems recovery, dolphins' presences in nearby waters have been increasing such as vicinity to the nature sanctuary of [[Weizhou Island|Weizhou]] and [[Xieyang Island]]s.<ref>2014. [http://www.cnwzd.com/news_4298.html 涠洲岛景区现海豚殒命：消息不实] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307123655/http://www.cnwzd.com/news_4298.html |date=7 March 2017 }}. 中国涠洲岛网. Retrieved 7 March 2017</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=洱海网|url=https://www.erhainews.com/n4137271.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.erhainews.com}}</ref> [[Gulf of Tonkin]] waters in Vietnam may have unstudied populations that may appear elsewhere such as along [[Xuân Thủy National Park]] and [[Hòn Dáu Island]] in [[Hải Phòng]].<ref>Công An Nhân Dân. 2006. [http://www.vusta.vn/vi/news/Thong-tin-Su-kien-Thanh-tuu-KH-CN/Hai-Phong-Ca-heo-trang-xuat-hien-ca-dan-5293.html# Hải Phòng: Cá heo trắng xuất hiện cả đàn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307204744/http://www.vusta.vn/vi/news/Thong-tin-Su-kien-Thanh-tuu-KH-CN/Hai-Phong-Ca-heo-trang-xuat-hien-ca-dan-5293.html |date=7 March 2017 }}. Retrieved 7 March 2017</ref>

[[Cambodia]]: In December 2023, the [[Marine Conservation Cambodia]] (MCC) estimated between 100 and 200 the number of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins in the region of [[Kampot Province|Kampot]] and [[Koh Kong Province|Koh Kong]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/pink-dolphins-frolic-in-kampot-waters | title=Pink dolphins frolic in Kampot waters }}</ref> During a survey in May of 2024, MCC observed a pod of humpback dolphins with an [[Irrawady dolphin]] mother and calf on the Prek Tnaot River in Kampot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phak |first=Seangly |date=2024-05-31 |title=Mixed dolphin pod raises eyebrows |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/mixed-dolphin-pod-raises-eyebrows |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601005733/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/mixed-dolphin-pod-raises-eyebrows |archive-date=2024-06-01 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.phnompenhpost.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Taiwanese humpback dolphin==
The '''Taiwanese humpback dolphin''' (''S. c. taiwanensis'') is a subspecies of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin found in the Eastern [[Taiwan Strait]]. The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins were first discovered along the west coast of [[Taiwan]] in 2002.{{cn|date=March 2026}} Based on a survey done in 2002 and 2003, they are often found in waters <5m deep, and no evidence shows that they appear in water deeper than 15m.<ref name="iucn-csg.org">Wang, John Y. ''et al''. (eds.) (2007) [http://www.iucn-csg.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/2007-Wang-et-al-ETS-Sousa-Conservation-Action-Plan-ENGLISH.pdf Conservation Action Plan for the Eastern Taiwan Strait Population of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins]. National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium</ref> A study in 2008 found that the population of humpback dolphins, which occupies a linear range of about 500 km^2 along the central west coast of Taiwan, is genetically distinct from all populations living in other areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=John Y.|last2=Hung|first2=Samuel K.|last3=Yang|first3=Shih Chu|last4=Jefferson|first4=Thomas A.|last5=Secchi|first5=Eduardo R.|date=2008-12-01|title=Population differences in the pigmentation of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins, Sousa chinensis, in Chinese waters|journal=Mammalia |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/MAMM.2008.030/html|language=en|volume=72|issue=4|pages=302–308|doi=10.1515/MAMM.2008.030|s2cid=53057721 |issn=1864-1547|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This population is called Eastern [[Taiwan Strait]] population.

Taiwan is a densely populated island and highly developed area, which has many industrial development projects, especially along the west coast, where the Eastern Taiwan Strait populations of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins live. Based on data collected between 2002 and 2005, the Eastern Taiwan Strait population of humpback dolphins was less than 100 individuals.<ref name="iucn-csg.org"/> The newest data released in 2012 shows that only 62 individuals are left. It means during those 7 years, population of humpback dolphins is being destroyed constantly and severely. A preliminary examination revealed that the Eastern Taiwan Strait humpback dolphin population meets the [[IUCN Red List]] criteria for "[[Critically endangered]]".<ref>Sheehy, D.J. (2009) [http://www.aquabio.com/support-files/impacts-to-sousa-chinensis-from-a-land-reclamation.pdf Potential Impacts to Sousa chinensis from a. Proposed Land Reclamation along the West Coast of Taiwan]. aquabio.com</ref> Without further protection and regulation, this population will go extinct quickly. The Eastern Taiwan Strait is listed as [[Endangered species]] Under the [[Endangered Species Act]] by [[NOAA Fisheries]] since 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-29|title=Final Rule to List the Taiwanese Humpback Dolphin as Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/final-rule-list-taiwanese-humpback-dolphin-endangered-under-endangered-species-act|access-date=2021-04-04|website=NOAA|language=en}}</ref>

There are several facts that result in the decreasing number of Eastern Taiwan Strait population of humpback dolphins. First, large-scale modification of the shoreline by industrial development including hydraulic filling for creating industrial or science parks, [[seawall]] construction and [[sand mining]] cause [[habitat fragmentation]] and diminish dolphin's habitats. In addition, exploitation of shoreline also contributes to toxic contamination flows into dolphin's habitats. The chemical pollution from industrial or agricultural and municipal discharge results in impaired health of dolphins, for instance, reproductive disorders, and compromised [[immune system]].<ref>Wang, John Y. ''et al''. (eds.) (2004) [http://www.iucn-csg.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/2004-Wang-et-al-ETS-Sousa-RESEARCH-ACTION-PLAN-English.pdf Research Action Plan for the Humpback Dolphins of Western Taiwan]. The National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium</ref>

Second, fishing activities along the west coast of Taiwan are thriving, and cause many impacts on dolphins. Widespread and intensive use of [[gillnets]] and vessel strikes are potential threats for dolphins. Over exploitation of fish by fisheries' is another threat for the dolphin population. It has led to disturbance of marine [[food web]] or [[trophic level]] and reduces marine biodiversity. Therefore, dolphins have not enough prey to live on.

Still another problem is reduced amount of freshwater flows into [[Estuary|estuaries]] from rivers. Since the Eastern Taiwan Strait population of humpback dolphins is closely associated with estuaries habitat, the elimination of freshwater discharge from rivers significantly decreases the amount of suitable habitats for dolphins.<ref name="iucn-csg.org"/>

[[Hydroacoustics|Hydroacoustic]] disturbance is another critical issue for dolphins. Sources of noise can come from [[dredging]], [[Pile driver|pile driving]], increased vessel traffic, seawall construction, and soil improvement. For all cetaceans, sound is vital for providing information about their environment, communicating with other individuals, and foraging; also, they are very vulnerable and sensitive to the effects of noise. Elevated [[Anthropogenic hazard|anthropogenic]] sound level causes many dysfunctions of their behaviors, and even leads to death.<ref name="iucn-csg.org"/>

In addition to threats from anthropogenic activities, dolphins are potentially at the risk due to the small population size, which may result in [[inbreeding]] and decreased genetic and demographic variability. Finally, [[climate change]] causes more [[typhoon]]s to hit the west coast of Taiwan and cause great disturbance to dolphins' habitats.

John Wang, a professor at Trent University's Biology Department and a researcher at the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, has been monitoring the species and claims that as of 18 July 2025 there are only 45 to 50 surviving Taiwanese humpback dolphins, with about 60% of those showing signs of injury.<ref> [https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202507170241.aspx 台灣白海豚僅約50隻　學者：沿岸開發致族群崩解] ''www.cna.com.tw.'' Retrieved 18 July 2025 </ref>

== Conservation ==

The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin is listed on Appendix II<ref name="Appendices">"[http://www.cms.int/documents/appendix/Appendices_COP9_E.pdf Appendix II] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611112003/http://www.cms.int/documents/appendix/Appendices_COP9_E.pdf |date=11 June 2011 }}" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.</ref> of the convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ([[Bonn Convention|CMS]]). It is listed on Appendix II<ref name="Appendices" /> as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. In the interim of 2003–2013, the number of these dolphins in the bay around Hong Kong has dwindled from a population of 159 to just 61 individuals, a population decline of 60% in the last decade. The population continues to be further threatened by pollution, vessel collision, overfishing, and underwater noise pollution.<ref>[http://gma.yahoo.com/blogs/abc-blogs/hong-kongs-pink-dolphins-dwindle-just-dozens-151655801.html Hong Kong's Striking Dolphins Dwindle to Just Dozens | ABC News Blogs – Yahoo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622043506/http://gma.yahoo.com/blogs/abc-blogs/hong-kongs-pink-dolphins-dwindle-just-dozens-151655801.html |date=22 June 2013 }}. Gma.yahoo.com (21 June 2013). Retrieved 2014-05-15.</ref>

In addition to their natural susceptibility to anthropogenic disturbances, the Chinese white dolphin's late sexual maturity, reduced fecundity, reduced calf survival, and long calving intervals heavily curtails their ability to naturally cope with elevated rates of mortality.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jefferson|first1=Thomas A.|last2=Hung|first2=Samuel K.|title=A Review of the Status of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (''Sousa chinensis'') in Chinese Waters|journal=Aquatic Mammals|volume=30|issue=1|pages=149–158|doi=10.1578/am.30.1.2004.149|year=2004 |bibcode=2004AqMam..30..149J }}</ref>

In recent years, Taiwan launched the largest Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphin sanctuary on the Taiwanese coast, stretching from Miaoli County to Chiayi County.<ref>Perrin F.W., Koch C.C., 2007. Wursig B., Thewissen G.M.J, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. pp609. Academic Press. Retrieved 13-05-2014</ref> The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin is also covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU<ref>[http://www.pacificcetaceans.org/ Pacific Cetaceans MoU]</ref>).

== Timeline of main events ==
{{Globalize|Hong Kong|date=November 2011}}
* '''1637:''' The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin was first documented in English by the adventurer [[Peter Mundy]] in Hong Kong near the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]]. The species are attracted to the Pearl River Estuary because of its brackish waters.
* '''1765:''' [[Pehr Osbeck]] gives the first scientific description of the species.<ref>Carwardine, Mark (2002) ''Sharks and Whales''. DK ADULT. {{ISBN|0789489902}}. p. 362.</ref>
* '''Late 1980s:''' Environmentalists started to pay attention to the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin population.
* '''Early 1990:''' The Hong Kong public started to become aware of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin. This was due to the side effects of the construction of the Chek Lap Kok Airport. It was one of the world's largest single reclamation projects: the reclamation of nine square kilometers of the seabed near Northern Lantau, which was one of the major habitats of the dolphins.
* '''Early 1993:''' Re-evaluation of the environmental effects of the construction of Chek Lap Kok Airport. This alerted eco-activists such as those from the World Wide Fund for Nature in Hong Kong, in turn bringing media attention on the matter. Soon enough, the Hong Kong Government began getting involved by funding projects to research on the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins
* '''Late 1993:''' The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department was founded.
* '''1996:''' Dr. Thomas Jefferson began to conduct research on the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins in hope of discovering more about them.
* '''1997:''' The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin became the official mascot of the 1997 sovereignty changing ceremonies in Hong Kong.
* '''1998:''' The research results of Dr. Thomas Jefferson was published in "Wildlife Monographs".
* '''1998:''' The Hong Kong Dolphinwatch was organized and began to run dolphin watching tours for the general public to raise the public's awareness of the species.
* '''2000:''' The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department started to conduct long-term observation of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins in Hong Kong.
* '''2000:''' The population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins has reached around 80–140 dolphins in the Pearl River waters.
* '''2014:''' Jefferson and Rosenbaum revised the taxonomy of the humpback dolphins (''Sousa'' spp.). They describe a new species, the [[Australian humpback dolphin]] and define the accepted common name for this species, the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin.<ref name=jeff>{{cite journal |first1=Thomas A. |last1=Jefferson |first2=Howard C. |last2=Rosenbaum |year=2014 |title=Taxonomic revision of the humpback dolphins (''Sousa'' spp.), and description of a new species from Australia |journal=Marine Mammal Science |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=1494–1541|doi=10.1111/mms.12152|bibcode=2014MMamS..30.1494J }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Cetaceans|Mammals|Marine life}}
*[[Hong Kong Dolphin Conservation Society]]
*[[Wildlife of China]]
*[[List of endangered and protected species of China]]
*[[List of cetaceans]]
*[[Southwest Lantau Marine Park]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikispecies|Sousa chinensis chinensis}}
{{Commons category|Sousa chinensis}}
*[http://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/conservation/con_mar/con_mar_chi/con_mar_chi_chi/con_mar_chi_chi.html The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department]
*[http://www.hkdolphinwatch.com/ Hong Kong Dolphinwatch]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061011214012/http://hkdcs.org/ Hong Kong Dolphin Conservation Society]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120319002035/http://www.cms.int/reports/small_cetaceans/data/S_chinensis/s_chinensis.htm Convention on Migratory Species page on the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin]
*[http://www.pacificcetaceans.org/ Official webpage of the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region ]

{{Cetacea|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q713853}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Humpback dolphins]]
[[Category:Cetaceans of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Biota of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Regional symbols of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Pearl River Delta]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1765]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pehr Osbeck]]
[[Category:Fauna of Timor-Leste]]
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by habitat loss]]
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by pollution]]

Chandra Kumar Jamatia

2026-05-08T03:58:15Z

ThomasPeterdavid:

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer (born 1965)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandra Kumar Jamatia
| image = Chandra Kumar Jamatia.jpg
| caption = Jamatia in 2025
| office = Executive Member of [[TTAADC]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| term_end =
| 2blankname = Portfolio
| 2namedata = *Education
*Social Welfare & Social Education
*Tourism
*Kokborok Department& other Language Department
| preceded = [[Rabindra Debbarma]]
| office2 = Member, Administrative Reforms Committee of TTAADC
| term_start2 = 25 July 2025
| term_end2 =
| office1 = Member of District Council, [[TTAADC]]
| preceded1 = Samrat Jamatia
| succeeded1 =
| term_start1 = 17 April 2026
| constituency1 = Maharani-Chellagang
| party = [[Tipra Motha Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|05|05}}
| birth_place = Tripura
| profession = Former IAS officer
| occupation = Politician
| country = India
| education =
| alma_mater = [[North-Eastern Hill University| North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU)]] (B.A., M.A.)
}}
'''Chandra Kumar Jamatia''' also known as '''C. K Jamatia'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Tipra Motha Party names new leadership for TTAADC ahead of formal vote |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tipra-motha-party-names-new-leadership-for-ttaadc-ahead-of-formal-vote-1386832-2026-05-04 |work=India Today NE |date=4 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Speculation grows over new CEM of ADC in Tripura, CK Jamatia may strong contender due to his extensive administrative experience |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=6084&title=Speculation-grows-over-new-CEM-of-ADC-in-Tripura-CK-Jamatia-may--strong-contender-due-to-his-extensive-administrative-experience |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref> (born 5 May 1965), is an Indian [[Tripuri people|Tiprasa]] political activist and an Executive Member of [[TTAADC]] since 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Runiel Debbarma new CEM of TTAADC, Bhabaranjan Reang new chairman |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=6288&title=Runiel-Debbarma-new-CEM-of-TTAADC-Bhabaranjan-Reang-new-chairman |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New ADC Chairman sworn in, Tipra leaders invite Guv for swearing in ceremony |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/new-adc-chairman-sworn-in-tipra-leaders-invite-guv-for-swearing-in-ceremony-36945.html/ |work=tripuratimes.com |language=English}}</ref> He is a former civil servant [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer from [[Tripura]] who served as the Chief Executive Officer of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|TTAADC]] till 2025. He is also the first IAS from the Tiprasa [[Jamatia]] people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CK Jamatia Retires, Raval Hamendra Kumar Appointed New CEO of TTAADC |url=https://www.tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=1923 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref> At present, he is a member of the Administrative Reforms Committee of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|TTAADC]] and senior spokesperson<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2026-01-16 |title=TIPRA Motha presses for TTAADC elections, raises kokborok script issue |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/tipra-motha-presses-for-ttaadc-elections-raises-kokborok-script-issue-1604568 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> of the [[Tipra Motha Party|Tipra Motha Party (TMP)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former IAS and Ex-CEO CK Jamatia Appointed to TTAADC Administrative Reforms Committee, Raises Concern Over Pending Smoke House Funds |url=https://www.tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=2647 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
Jamatia finished his school education in Tripura and later completed his B.A. and M.A. in political science at the [[North-Eastern Hill University]], [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] in 1988. He is also known to be the first IAS officer among the [[Jamatia]] people of Tripura.

== Career ==
Chandra Kumar Jamatia initially joined the Tripura Civil Service (TCS) and was later promoted to Indian Administrative Service (IAS) 2006 batch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAS Chandra Kumar Jamatia Biography: Current Posting, Age, Cadre, Batch & More |url=https://thesecretariat.in/bureautrack/chandra-kumar-jamatia-01tr812206 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=The secretariat |language=en}}</ref> Jamatia served as the Director of [[Department of Tribal Welfare (Tripura)|Tribal Welfare Department]], [[District magistrate|District Magistrate and Collector]] of several districts like [[Sipahijala district|Sepahijala]], [[South Tripura district|South Tripura]] and [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]], and Secretary of the General Administration (Printing & Stationery) Department and of the Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Department, Govt. of Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three IAS Officers OF Tripura Transferred |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/movements/ias/three-ias-officers-of-tripura-transferred/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=indianmasterminds.com}}</ref> He retired in May 2025 while serving as CEO of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|TTAADC]] from 2021 and Secretary of Transport Department, Government of Tripura.

Jamatia joined the [[Tipra Motha Party|Tipra Motha Party (TMP)]] in 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Hub |date=2025-10-27 |title=Seven hundred voters from Tripura join Tipra Motha Party |url=https://hubnetwork.in/seven-hundred-voters-from-tripura-join-tipra-motha-party/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref> and was appointed as spokesperson for the party in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TIPRA Motha Appoints Four New Official Spokespersons to Strengthen Organisational Outreach |url=https://www.tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=4303 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Chandra Kumar Jamatia was elected from Maharani-Chellagang constituency in the [[2026 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|2026 TTAADC General election]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamatia, Chandra}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Arun Shankar Prasad

2026-05-07T22:05:18Z

ThomasPeterdavid: put up - done

{{primary sources|date=November 2022}}

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Minister of Tourism [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 20 November 2025 | term_end = 15 April 2026
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor = [[Raju Kumar Singh]]
| successor = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| office1 = Minister of Art, Culture & Youth [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 20 November 2025
| term_end1 = 15 April 2026
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Moti Lal Prasad]]
| successor1 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| office2 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2020
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1952)|Sitaram Yadav]]
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Khajauli Assembly constituency|Khajauli]]
| term_start3 = 2010
| term_end3 = 2015
| predecessor3 = [[Ram Prit Paswan (Indian politician)|Ramprit Paswan]]
| successor3 = [[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1952)|Sitaram Yadav]]
| constituency3 = [[Khajauli Assembly constituency|Khajauli]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|12|31|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/|title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA|website=Vidhansabha.bih.nic.in|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| image = File:Arun Shankar Prasad.jpg
}}

'''Arun Shankar Prasad ''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]] and a two term Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khajauli Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Shankar Prasad(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Khajauli(MADHUBANI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=516 |access-date= |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Shankar Prasad(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KHAJAULI(MADHUBANI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=13553 |access-date= |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Cabinet ministers list 2025: Who are the ministers in Nitish Kumar’s new Cabinet? Check the full list">{{cite news|title=Bihar Cabinet ministers list 2025: Who are the ministers in Nitish Kumar’s new Cabinet? Check the full list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-cabinet-ministers-2025-full-list-of-nitish-kumar-cabinet-portfolios-10375493/|accessdate=21 November 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=21 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121120847/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-cabinet-ministers-2025-full-list-of-nitish-kumar-cabinet-portfolios-10375493/|archivedate=21 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10|title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners|last1=India Today|date=11 November 2020|accessdate=17 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317112503/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10|archivedate=17 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Khajauli">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0433.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Khajauli|date=14 November 2025|work=|access-date=21 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121130312/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0433.htm|archive-date=21 November 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Khajauli Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/khajauli|title=Khajauli Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|date=14 November 2025|access-date=21 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121130330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/khajauli|archive-date=21 November 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He is currently serving as the minister of Tourism, Art, Culture and Youth
of Bihar.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Arun Shankar}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pandurang Pissurlekar

2026-05-07T18:09:20Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Adding New Stub First Draft

{{Short description|Indian historian (1894–1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pandurang Pissurlekar
| image = Dr Pandurang Sakharam Pissurlekar - Konkani Vishwakosh.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Portrait of Pandurang Pissurlekar
| birth_name = Pandurang Sakharam Shenvi Pissurlencar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1894|05|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Pissurlem, [[Sattari]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1969|07|10|1894|05|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Panaji, Goa]], India
| alma_mater = [[Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Ramabai Borkar|1913}}
| other_names =
| occupation = Archivist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Knight of the Military Order of Santiago]] (1935)
}}

'''Pandurang Sakharam Shenvi Pissurlencar''' (30 May 1894 – 10 July 1969) was an Indian historian, [[archivist]], and scholar of [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] history. He is credited with organizing and expanding the Goa State Archives and making rare historical documents accessible to scholars. Due to his contributions, he is often referred to as the "Father of the Goa State Archives."<ref name="VazEminentGoans">{{Cite book |last=Vaz |first=J. Clement |author-link=J. Clement Vaz |url=https://archive.org/details/profilesofeminen0000vazj/ |title=Profiles of eminent Goans, past and present |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Pub. Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-7022-619-2 |location=New Delhi |page=123}}</ref>

== Early and personal life==
Pissurlencar was born on 30 May 1894 in the village of Pissurlem, [[Sattari]], [[Portuguese Goa]]. His mother was named Krishnabai.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |last1=Navelkar |first1=V. R. |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol2.pdf/762 |type= |edition= |series= |volume=2 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref> He received his primary education in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] before pursuing Portuguese studies at the [[Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque]]<ref name="VazEminentGoans" /> in 1913<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> and Escola Normal in [[Nova Goa]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" /> In 1916, obtained a degree of teaching and began working at the Bicholim government school.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

His proficiency in the [[Portuguese language]] enabled him to teach Portuguese and arithmetic at schools in [[Valpoi]], [[Sanquelim]], [[Velha Goa]], and [[Nerul]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

At the age of 19, in 1913, he married Ramabai Borkar.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Besides Portuguese, he was also proficient in French, English, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Sanskrit]] and Marathi. He could also understand the [[Modi script|Modi language]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Career ==
Pissurlencar developed a keen interest in archival research and obtained permission from the Portuguese authorities to access historical records preserved in the Secretariat archives since 1919. In recognition of his expertise, he was appointed in 1931 as the Chief of the General and Historical Archives of [[Portuguese India]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Aniket Ankush Yadav |url=https://archive.org/details/PisurlekarArticleNavprabhaGoa9June2019 |title=Dr. Pandurang Sakharam Shenavi - Pissurlekar |date=2019-06-09 |magazine=Navprabha }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dubhashi |first=P. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GKdAAAAMAAJ |title=Building Up a New University |date=2000 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-008-3 |page=85}}</ref>

Though the Portuguese authorities initially favoured him, his loyalty to them conflicted with his allegiance to [[Goa]] and India. When Portugal took the "Right of Passage" case to the [[International Court of Justice]] at [[The Hague]], Pissurlencar diplomatically refused to support the Portuguese side.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

== Contributions to history and archival work ==
Pissurlencar is credited with systematically organizing the Goa State Archives and making rare documents available to scholars. He worked on the restoration and preservation of rare documents, and published a guide to this collection.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

As he worked on the restoration of these documents, he slowly began his own research. He published articles in ''O Oriente Portuguese'' and in ''[[O Heraldo]]''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> His published books include ''Regimentos das Fortalezas da India'' (1951), ''Agentes da Diplomacia Portuguesa na India'' (1952) and ''Assentos do Conselho do Estado'' (1953–57).<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

He was also a scholar of Maratha history, publishing several articles in the ''Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama'', the publication of the [[Institute Vasco da Gama]]. His research was well regarded among historians, and he received praise for his work.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

== Later career==
Towards the end of his career, Pissurlencar delivered the "N. C. Kelkar Memorial Lectures" in Marathi at the [[University of Poona]] in March 1969. His work in [[historiography]] was widely recognized, and he received awards from various academic institutions in India and abroad.<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

In 1965, he was appointed Honorary Professor of History at a Centre for Post-Graduate Instruction and Research in Goa. His personal collection of books and documents was donated to this institution, which is now a part of [[Goa University]].<ref name="VazEminentGoans" />

== Awards and accolades ==
In 1935, the Portuguese government awarded him the [[Knight of the Military Order of Santiago]]. In 1948, the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal]] awarded him the Sir Judanath Sarkar Gold Medal. In 1953, the [[Asiatic Society]] awarded him the gold medal.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In 1952, the Portuguese government awarded him the position of Conservador do Arquivo ({{Translation|Conservator of Archives}}). He retired from this position in 1961.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

The [[Lisbon University]] conferred the [[DLit]] degree upon him and felicitated him.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In 1979, Brahamaharashtra Mandal awarded him with a gold medal for his research in history.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Death==
Pissurlencar died on 10 July 1969 in [[Panaji]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Works==
* ''Regimentos das Fortalezas da India'' (1951)
* ''Agentes da Diplomacia Portuguesa na India'' (1952)
* ''Assentos do Conselho do Estado'' (1953–57)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pissurlekar, Pandurang}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Bidyut Kumar Roy (Indian politician)

2026-05-06T06:31:47Z

ThomasPeterdavid: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Distinguish|Bidyut Kumar Roy}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bidyut Kumar Roy
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2026
| constituency = [[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat]]
| predecessor = [[Ashok Kumar Lahiri]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Bidyut Kumar Roy''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidyut Kumar Roy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BALURGHAT(DAKHSIN DINAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=217 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidyut Kumar Roy, BALURGHAT constituency, BJP, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/bidyut-kumar-roy-217/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidyut Kumar Roy (BJP) Candidate from BALURGHAT Constituency, Bidyut Kumar Roy Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/west-bengal/candidate-bidyut-kumar-roy-9419 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Bidyut Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

Rohit Shetty's Cop Universe

2026-05-02T13:32:18Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Adding Basic Stub Basic Info

{{short description|Indian action media franchise}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| italic_title = no
| title = Rohit Shetty's Cop Universe
| image = Cop Universe logo.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Official Cop Universe logo
| creator = [[Rohit Shetty]]
| origin = ''[[Singham]]'' (2011)
| owner = {{ubl|[[Reliance Entertainment]]|Rohit Shetty Picturez}}
| years = 2011–present
| films = {{ubl|''[[Singham (2011 film)|Singham]]'' (2011)|''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014)|''[[Simmba]]'' (2018)|''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021)| ''[[Singham Again]]'' (2024)}}
| web_series = ''[[Indian Police Force (TV series)|Indian Police Force]]'' (2024)
| atv = *''Little Singham'' (2018–present)
*''Smashing Simmba'' (2020–present)
*''Baby Little Singham'' (2022–present)
| vgs = {{Plainlist|
* {{nowrap|''Singham''}} (2011)
* {{nowrap|''Singham Returns: The Game''}} (2014)
* {{nowrap|''Little Singham''}} (2018)
* {{nowrap|''Little Singham Cricket''}} (2019)
* {{nowrap|''Little Singham Cycle Run''}} (2020)
* {{nowrap|''Little Singham Super Skater''}} (2021)
* {{nowrap|''Little Singham Ludo''}} (2021)
* {{nowrap|''Smaashhing Simmba - Skate Rush''}} (2021)
}}
| soundtracks = *''[[Singham#Soundtrack|Singham]]''
* ''[[Singham Returns#Soundtrack|Singham Returns]]''
* ''[[Simmba#Soundtrack|Simmba]]''
* ''[[Sooryavanshi#Music|Sooryavanshi]]''
*''[[Singham Again#Music|Singham Again]]''
| otherlabel1 = Budget
| otherdata1 = '''Total (5 films):''' {{Estimation}} ₹735–760 crore
| otherlabel2 = Box office
| otherdata2 = '''Total (5 films):''' {{Estimation}} ₹1,433.54 crore 
([[#Release, reception and revenue|See More details]])
}}
'''Rohit Shetty's Cop Universe''' is an Indian [[media franchise]] and [[shared universe]] created by [[Rohit Shetty]].<ref>[https://www.news18.com/web-stories/entertainment/6-universes-in-indian-cinema-2-3284804/ 6 Universes In Indian Cinema]</ref> Previously known simply as the '''Cop Universe''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sooryavanshi-trailer-akshay-kumar-is-all-guns-blazing-in-rohit-shettys-latest-cop-universe-film/article30961970.ece |title='Sooryavanshi' trailer: Akshay Kumar is all guns blazing in Rohit Shetty's latest 'Cop Universe' film |date=2 March 2020 |website=The Hindu |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302084429/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sooryavanshi-trailer-akshay-kumar-is-all-guns-blazing-in-rohit-shettys-latest-cop-universe-film/article30961970.ece |archive-date=2 March 2020 }}</ref> It consists of media focusing on police officers. The franchise includes films, animated series, video games and television series. The universe was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters.

The first two films, ''[[Singham]]'' (2011) and ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014) focus on Bajirao Singham, a law-abiding [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|DCP]] from Shivgarh who fights for justice. The third, ''[[Simmba]]'' (2018), focuses on Sangram "Simmba" Bhalerao, a corrupt Inspector from the same town as Bajirao, who takes advantage of his job.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rohit-shetty-singham-franchise-copyrights-with-us-4826197/ |title=Rohit Shetty: Singham franchise copyrights are with us |date=3 September 2017 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref> The fourth, ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021), stars [[Akshay Kumar]] as DCP Veer Sooryavanshi. The fifth movie ''[[Singham Again]]'' (2024) brings all the characters together and is loosely based on the Indian epic, ''[[Ramayana]]''.

== Development ==

Seeing the success of the [[Tamil-language]] film, ''[[Singam]]'' (2010), directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]], the film rights for the [[Hindi]] and [[Kannada]] versions were sold by the makers. [[Reliance Big Pictures]], which co-produced the original version, bought the Hindi [[remake]] [[Film rights|rights]] and announced in November 2010 that the version would feature [[Rohit Shetty]] as [[Film director|director]] and [[Ajay Devgn]] in the lead. [[Prakash Raj]] was signed on to reprise his role as the antagonist from the original.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-25 |title=Prakash Raj to play villain in Hindi once again |url=http://sify.com/movies/prakash-raj-to-play-villain-in-hindi-once-again-news-tamil-klyk1tdbgie.html |access-date=2022-01-20 |website= [[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125142420/http://sify.com/movies/prakash-raj-to-play-villain-in-hindi-once-again-news-tamil-klyk1tdbgie.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2011, [[Kajal Aggarwal]] was signed in as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ajay Devgn to romance South actress Kajal... - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ajay-devgn-to-romance-south-actress-kajal-/articleshow/7500764.cms|access-date=2022-01-20|website=The Times of India|date=15 February 2011|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ajay-Devgn-to-romance-South-actress-Kajal-/articleshow/7500764.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was named "[[Singham]]" ({{Translation|Lion}}). The film received mixed critical response but the film was declared a 'super hit' at the box office, collecting {{INRConvert|1,413|m|year=2011}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singham - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=4|access-date=2022-01-20|website=boxofficeindia.com|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918232741/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=4|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the commercial success of Singham, Shetty announced that plans were being made to direct a sequel to Singham.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hurry Singham 2|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131015/entertainment-bollywood/article/hurry-singham-2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195656/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131015/entertainment-bollywood/article/hurry-singham-2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> The movie was named ''[[Singham Returns]]''. Devgn was reprising his role from ''Singham''. However, [[Kareena Kapoor]] was cast as the female lead this time. The film received mixed reviews and just like its predecessor, Singham Returns was declared a 'super hit' at the box office collecting {{INRConvert|2,165.6975|m|year=2014}}.

Following Singham Returns' success, Shetty showed interest in remaking the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' (2015). He stated in an interview, "We have bought the rights of Temper but our film is not exactly a remake. We wanted to take four-five scenes from Temper but we thought it's better to buy the rights."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-07|title=Simmba first look: Ranveer Singh, Rohit Shetty film reminds you of Ram Lakhan, Singham|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/simmba-poster-ranveer-singh-plays-a-quirky-cop-in-first-film-with-rohit-shetty/story-N3NkQhYb8wVrO8MxNNVm0K.html|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202706/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/simmba-poster-ranveer-singh-plays-a-quirky-cop-in-first-film-with-rohit-shetty/story-N3NkQhYb8wVrO8MxNNVm0K.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was named "[[Simmba]]" and [[Ranveer Singh]] was cast as Simmba, along with [[Sara Ali Khan]] for the female lead. The film received positive reviews and was declared as a '[[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]], collecting {{INRConvert|3,916.825|m|year=2018}}.

In the [[post-credits scene]], the filmmakers revealed the next movie in the cop universe, [[Sooryavanshi]], which cast [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Katrina Kaif]] in lead roles. The shooting was wrapped in late 2019, and was heading towards a March 2020 release, however the film was postponed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]], before it finally released after a year, on 5 November 2021.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! Film
! Release date
! Director
! Story By
! Ref.
|-
|''[[Singham]]''||22 July 2011|| rowspan="6" |[[Rohit Shetty]] || [[Hari (director)|Hari]] ||
|-
|''[[Singham Returns]]''||15 August 2014|| [[Renji Panicker]] ||
|-
|''[[Simmba]]''||28 December 2018|| [[Vakkantham Vamsi]] ||
|-
|''[[Sooryavanshi]]''||5 November 2021 ||Rohit Shetty ||
|-
|''[[Singham Again]]''||1 November 2024 || Kshitij Patwardhan ||
|-
|''Mission Chulbul Singham''||{{TBA}} || {{TBA}} ||
|-
|''Shakti'' ||{{TBA}}
|{{TBA}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|-
|''Simmba 2''||{{TBA}}
|{{TBA}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|-
|''Satya''||{{TBA}}
|{{TBA}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|-
|''Sooryavanshi 2''||{{TBA}}
|{{TBA}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|-
|}

=== ''Singham'' (2011 film) ===
{{Main| Singham (2011 film)}}
Bajirao Singham, an honest police officer locks horns with a corrupt politician Jaikant Shikre and decides to bring him to justice.

It is the Hindi remake of the Tamil film ''[[Singam]]''. It stars [[Ajay Devgn]] as Inspector Bajirao Singham, [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Kavya Bhosle, and [[Prakash Raj]] as Jaykant Shikre. It was released on 22 July 2011.

=== ''Singham Returns'' (2014 film) ===
{{Main Article|Singham Returns}}

[[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Bajirao Singham is assigned to investigate the death of an officer from his team, where he finds that Babaji, a god-man with connections to high-profile connections is behind the crime and sets out to expose him.

The plot was inspired by the Malayalam film [[Ekalavyan (film)|''Ekalavyan'']].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rohit-shetty-gets-nostalgic-about-singham |title=Rohit Shetty gets nostalgic about Singham |date=22 July 2018 |website=Telangana Today |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050654/https://telanganatoday.com/rohit-shetty-gets-nostalgic-about-singham |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars Devgn as DCP Bajirao Singham, [[Kareena Kapoor]] as Avni Kamat, and [[Amole Gupte]] as Babaji. It was released on 15 August 2014.

=== ''Simmba'' (2018 film) ===
{{Main|Simmba}}

[[Inspector]] Sangram Bhalerao, a corrupt officer sets out on a crusade against a smuggler named Durva, whose brothers are responsible for assaulting a woman.

The film is a remake of the Telugu film [[Temper (film)|''Temper'']]. It stars [[Ranveer Singh]] as Senior Police Inspector Sangram Bhalerao (Simmba), [[Sara Ali Khan]] as Shagun Sathe, and [[Sonu Sood]] as Durva Ranade. Ajay Devgn and [[Akshay Kumar]] appear in cameo appearances, with the former reprising his role of DCP Bajirao Singham, while the latter played another DCP named Veer Sooryavanshi.<ref name="indtod">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/confirmed-akshay-kumar-will-romance-katrina-kaif-in-rohit-shetty-s-sooryavanshi-1507084-2019-04-22|title=Confirmed: Akshay Kumar will romance Katrina Kaif in Rohit Shetty's Sooryavanshi|website=India Today|access-date=22 April 2019|date=22 April 2019|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422040124/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/confirmed-akshay-kumar-will-romance-katrina-kaif-in-rohit-shetty-s-sooryavanshi-1507084-2019-04-22|url-status=live}}</ref> It was released on 28 December 2018.

Simmba 2 is confirmed to be next installment of the universe <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Rohit Shetty confirms Simmba 2 and Sooryavanshi 2 are in the works: “Aur bhi filmein banengi cop universe mein” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rohit-shetty-confirms-simmba-2-sooryavanshi-2-works-aur-bhi-filmein-banengi-cop-universe-mein/ |url-status=live |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

=== ''Sooryavanshi'' (2021 film) ===
{{Main Article|Sooryavanshi}}

With an upcoming threat of a terrorist attack in [[Mumbai]], [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS]] chief Veer Sooryavanshi embarks on a mission to hunt for 600 kgs of missing [[RDX]] and the conspiring perpetrators named Riyaaz Hafeez, Mukthar Ansari and Bilal Ahmed.

The film sees Kumar reprising his role of DCP Veer Sooryavanshi, in the lead role, with [[Katrina Kaif]] as Ria Sooryavanshi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 April 2019|title=CONFIRMED! Katrina Kaif to play Akshay Kumar's wife in Sooryavanshi; here's EVERYTHING you need to know about her role|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-katrina-kaif-play-akshay-kumars-wife-sooryavanshi-heres-everything-need-know-role/|access-date=22 April 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422052331/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-katrina-kaif-play-akshay-kumars-wife-sooryavanshi-heres-everything-need-know-role/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/akshay-steps-into-salman-s-shoes-2019-01-01-1.677356 |title=Akshay steps into Salman's shoes |date=1 January 2019 |website=Emirates 24/7 |access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref> It was scheduled to release on 30 April 2020 but postponed due to COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sooryavanshi-akshay-kumars-cop-drama-to-release-on-24-march-will-be-screened-247-in-mumbai-theaters-8079211.html |title=Sooryavanshi: Akshay Kumar's cop drama to release on 30th April; will be screened 24/7 in Mumbai theaters |date= 24 February 2020 |website=Firstpost |language=en |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224050231/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sooryavanshi-akshay-kumars-cop-drama-to-release-on-24-march-will-be-screened-247-in-mumbai-theaters-8079211.html |archive-date=24 February 2020 }}</ref> It was released on 5 November 2021 coinciding with [[Diwali]].<ref name="release date">{{Cite news|date=8 September 2021|title=Rohit Shetty confirms 'Sooryavanshi' to release on Diwali after meet with Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rohit-shetty-confirms-sooryavanshi-to-release-on-diwali-after-meet-with-maharashtra-cm-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/86507526.cms|access-date=25 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925120351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rohit-shetty-confirms-sooryavanshi-to-release-on-diwali-after-meet-with-maharashtra-cm-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/86507526.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Singham Again'' (2024 film) ===
{{Main|Singham Again}}

Rohit Shetty confirmed that the shooting of the film began on 16 September 2023. Kareena Kapoor Khan is reprising her role as Avni Kamat Singham. It also introduced [[Deepika Padukone]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Shakti Shetty ("Lady Singham"), [[Tiger Shroff]] as [[Inspector]] Satya Bali, and [[Arjun Kapoor]] as Zubair Hafeez (Danger Lanka), a ruthless criminal in the Cop Universe. [[Jackie Shroff]] has reprising his role of Omar Hafeez from ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021), [[Dayanand Shetty]] as [[Senior Inspector]] Daya Shetty. [[Akshay Kumar]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Veer Sooryavanshi (Surya), [[Salman Khan]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Chulbul Pandey and [[Ranveer Singh]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Sangram Bhalerao (Simmba) appear in cameo appearances. It has been produced by Reliance Entertainment, [[Jio Studios]], Ajay Devgn, Akshay Kumar and Rohit Shetty.

==Television series==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:99%;"
|-
! width="17%" | Name
! Release date
! Director
! width=20%| Story by
! width=26%| Platform
! {{Refh}}
|-
|''[[Indian Police Force (TV series)|Indian Police Force]]''|| 19 January 2024 ||[[Rohit Shetty]] Sushwanth Prakash||Rohit Shetty||[[Amazon Prime Video]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rohit-shetty-to-make-his-next-cop-drama-with-sidharth-malhotra-check-deets-4388804.html|title=Rohit Shetty is ready to Make His Next Cop Drama with Sidharth Malhotra|website=news18.com|date=November 2021|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812205035/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rohit-shetty-to-make-his-next-cop-drama-with-sidharth-malhotra-check-deets-4388804.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

===''Indian Police Force'' (2024)===
[[Indian Police Force (TV series)|Indian Police Force]] stars [[Sidharth Malhotra]] as Kabir Malik, [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Vikram Bakshi and [[Shilpa Shetty]] as Tara Shetty in Delhi Police. The series premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on January 19, 2024 and has seven episodes. Rohit Shetty is the showrunner and producer. Shetty worked closely on the script and action scenes of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-31 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Sidharth Malhotra and Rohit Shetty team up for a cop based web series |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-sidharth-malhotra-and-rohit-shetty-team-cop-based-web-series-930341 |access-date=2021-11-03 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103095833/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-sidharth-malhotra-and-rohit-shetty-team-cop-based-web-series-930341 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Indian Police Force - Rohit Shetty {{!}} Sidharth Malhotra {{!}} New Series Announcement {{!}}Amazon Prime Video |date=19 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qS7mFl75sY |language=en |access-date=2022-04-20 |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420064947/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qS7mFl75sY&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast and characters ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=100%
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Characters
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Actors
! colspan="5" scope="col" style="text-align:center:" | Films
|-
! scope="col" style="width:15%"| ''[[Singham]]'' (2011)
! scope="col" style="width:15%"| ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014)
! scope="col" style="width:15%"| ''[[Simmba]]'' (2018)
! scope="col" style="width:15%"| ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021)
! scope="col" style="width:15%"| ''[[Singham Again]]'' (2024)
|-
! scope="row"|[[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|DCP]] [[Singham|Bajirao Singham]]
| [[Ajay Devgn]]
| colspan="2" {{cMain}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest}}
| {{cMain}}
|-
! [[Inspector]] / [[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|ACP]] [[Simmba|Sangram "Simmba" Bhalerao]]
| [[Ranveer Singh]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest}}
|-
! [[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|DCP]] [[Sooryavanshi|Veer "Surya" Sooryavanshi]]
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest}}
| colspan="1" {{cMain}}
| {{cGuest}}
|-
! [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Satya Bali
| [[Tiger Shroff]]
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest}}
|-
! [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] [[Chulbul Pandey]]
| [[Salman Khan]]
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest}}
|-
! Kavya G. Bhosle
| [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
| {{cMain}}
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! Avni Kamat Singham
| [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
|{{cEmpty}}
|{{cMain}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|{{cMain}}
|-
! Shagun Sathe
| [[Sara Ali Khan]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! Dr. Ria Sooryavanshi
| [[Katrina Kaif]]
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|DCP]] Shakti Shetty alias Lady Singham
| [[Deepika Padukone]]
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest}}
|-
! Jaikant Shikre
| [[Prakash Raj]]
| {{cMain}}
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! Durva Yashwant Ranade
| [[Sonu Sood]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|{{cMain}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! Omar Hafeez
| [[Jackie Shroff]]
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain}}
|-
! Zubair Hafeez / Danger Lanka
| [[Arjun Kapoor]]
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
|-
! Satyaraj "Babaji" Chander
| [[Amole Gupte]]
|{{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! Maulana Kader Usmani
| [[Gulshan Grover]]
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! Riyaz Hafeez / Rajbir Rathod
| [[Abhimanyu Singh]]
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| {{cGuest|Archived footage}}
|-
!Mukhtar Ansari / Vivek Shastri
| [[Nikitin Dheer]]
|colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|{{cMain}}
|{{cEmpty}}
|-
! John Mascarenhas
| [[Sikander Kher]]
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|{{cMain}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! Megha Kadam
| [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
|{{cMain}}
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Inspector]] Rakesh Kadam
| [[Sudhanshu Pandey]]
|{{cGuest}}
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Sub Inspector]] Santosh Tawde
| [[Siddhartha Jadhav]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| {{cGuest}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Joint Commissioner of Police |JCP]] Kabir Shroff
| [[Jaaved Jaaferi]]
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! Gurukant "Guruji" Acharya
| [[Anupam Kher]]
|{{cEmpty}}
|{{cMain}}
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Senior Inspector]] Daya Singh
| [[Dayanand Shetty]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
|-
! Vikram Adhikari
| [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
|{{cEmpty}}
|{{cMain}}
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Head Constable]] Nityanand Mohile
| [[Ashutosh Rana]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Inspector]] Tara Manchandani
| [[Niharica Raizada]]
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Senior Inspector]] Malvika Gupta
| Haelyn Shastri
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Senior Inspector]] Vivaan Singh
| [[Vivan Bhatena]]
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Minister of Home Affairs|Home Minister]] Raj Jaishankar
| [[Ravi Kishan]]
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
|-
! [[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|ACP]] Devika Singh
| [[Shweta Tiwari]]
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
|}

===Web Series===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=100%
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Characters
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Actors
! scope="col" style="text-align:center:" | Web Series
|-
! scope="col" | ''[[Indian Police Force (TV series)|Indian Police Force]]'' (2024)
|-
! [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Kabir Malik
|[[Sidharth Malhotra]]
|{{cMain}}
|-
! [[Joint Commissioner of Police|JCP]] Vikram Bakshi
|[[Vivek Oberoi]]
|{{cMain}}
|-
! [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS Chief]] Tara Shetty
|[[Shilpa Shetty]]
|{{cMain}}
|-
!Rashmi Malik
|[[Isha Talwar]]
|{{cMain}}
|-
! Shruti Bakshi
|[[Shweta Tiwari]]
|{{cMain}}
|-
![[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] agent Jagtap Singh
|[[Sharad Kelkar]]
|{{cMain}}
|-
![[Inspector]] Rana Virk
|[[Nikitin Dheer]]
|{{cMain}}
|}

== Additional crew and production details==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Occupation
! colspan="5" scope="col" style="text-align:center:" | Films
|-
!''[[Singham]]'' (2011)
!''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014)
!''[[Simmba]]'' (2018)
!''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021)
!''[[Singham Again]]'' (2024)
|-
! Director
| colspan="5" |[[Rohit Shetty]]
|-
! Producer(s)
| [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Rohit Shetty]] Reliance Entertainment
| [[Karan Johar]] Hiroo Yash Johar Apoorva Mehta Rohit Shetty Reliance Entertainment
| Karan Johar Hiroo Yash Johar Aruna Bhatia Rohit Shetty [[Akshay Kumar]] Reliance Entertainment
| Ajay Devgn [[Jyoti Deshpande]] Rohit Shetty Reliance Entertainment
|-
! Executive Producer
| Rohit Chaudhury
| George Cameron Romero
| Sadashiv Athule
| Inderjit Chadha
| Ramesh Bokade Inderjit Chadha Anuva Gupte Dipak Mogare
|-
! Story
| [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| [[Shaji Kailas]]
| [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| Rohit Shetty
| Kshitij Patwardhan
|-
! Screenplay
| colspan="2" | Yunus Sajawal
| Yunus Sajawal Sajid Samji
| colspan="2" |Yunus Sajawal
|-
! Dialogue writer(s)
| colspan="3" |[[Sajid-Farhad]]
| [[Farhad Samji]] Sanchit Bedre Vidhi Ghodgaonkar
| [[Milap Zaveri]] Shantanu Shrivastava Viddhi Ghodgaonkar
|-
! Music director(s)
| [[Ajay–Atul]]
| [[Jeet Gannguli]] [[Ankit Tiwari]] [[Meet Bros]] [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| [[Tanishk Bagchi]] Lijo George–DJ Chetas [[S. Thaman]]
| Tanishk Bagchi Lijo George–DJ Chetas [[JAM8]]
|[[Ravi Basrur]] S. Thaman
|-
! Background Score
| colspan="2" | [[Amar Mohile]]
| Amar Mohile S. Thaman Chandan Saxena
| Amar Mohile
| Ravi Basrur
|-
! Director of Photography
| colspan="2" | Dudley
| colspan="2" |Jomon T. John
| Girish Kant Raza Hussain Mehta
|-
! Editor
| colspan="2" | Steven H. Bernard
| colspan="3" | Bunty Nagi
|-
! Production Designer
| colspan="2" | Narendra Rahurikar
| colspan="3" | Swapnil Bhalerao Madhur Madhavan
|-
! Lyricist(s)
| [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| [[Sandeep Nath]] [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] [[Rashmi Virag]] [[Kumaar]] [[Kunaal Vermaa|Kunal Vermaa]]
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] [[Rashmi Virag]]
| [[Swanand Kirkire]]
|-
! Action Director(s)
| Rajesh Kannan Jai Singh Nijjar
| Jai Singh Nijjar Sunil Rodrigues
| colspan="2" | Sunil Rodrigues
| Grant Hulley Sunil Rodrigues
|-
! Choreographer(s)
| Rajesh Kannan [[Ganesh Acharya]]
| Ganesh Acharya Raju Khan [[Chinni Prakash]]
| Ganesh Acharya Raju Khan
| [[Farah Khan]] Ganesh Acharya
| {{dash}}
|-
! Production Companies
| [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| Reliance Entertainment [[Devgn Films]] Rohit Shetty Productions
| Reliance Entertainment [[Dharma Productions]] Rohit Shetty Productions
| Reliance Entertainment Dharma Productions [[Cape of Good Films]] Rohit Shetty Productions
| Reliance Entertainment Devgn Films [[Jio Studios]] Cinergy
|-
! Distribution
| Reliance Entertainment
| [[Eros International]]
| Reliance Entertainment
| Reliance Entertainment [[PVR Pictures]]
| PVR Pictures
|-
! Running Time
|143 minutes
|142 minutes
|158 minutes
|145 minutes
|144 minutes
|}

== Reception ==
'''<big>Box</big> <big>office performance</big>'''
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centr;"| Film
! style="text-align:centr;"| Release date
! style="text-align:centr;"| Budget
! style="text-align:centr;"| Box office revenue
|-
| ''[[Singham#Box office|Singham]]''|| 22 July 2011 || {{INRConvert|40|c|year=2011|mode=historical}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Singham - Movie Budget|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=4|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918232741/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=4|url-status=live}}</ref>|| {{INRConvert|157.89|c|year=2011|mode=historical}}<ref name="BH">{{cite web |title=Singham Box Office Collection till Now |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/singham/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=21 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225143439/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/singham/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Singham Returns#Box office|Singham Returns]]''|| 15 August 2014 || {{INRConvert|70|c|year=2014|mode=historical}}<ref name="BOI Singham finances">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2289|title=Singham Returns - Movie Budget|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052324/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2289|url-status=live}}</ref>||{{INRConvert|220.5|c|year=2014|mode=historical}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140511061646/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/673370 Singham Returns (2014) | Box Office Earnings]. Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved on 12 August 2015.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Simmba#Box office|Simmba]]''|| 28 December 2018 || {{INRConvert|80|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5568 |title=Simmba – Movie – Box Office India |website=Box Office India |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908162057/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5568 |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{INRConvert|400.19|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}<ref name="box1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simmba/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |title=Simmba Box Office Collection till Now |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 December 2018 |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214114148/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simmba/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sooryavanshi#Box office|Sooryavanshi]]''
|5 November 2021
|{{INRConvert|160|c|year=2021|mode=historical}}
|{{INRConvert|294.91|c|year=2021|mode=historical}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sooryavanshi - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6142|access-date=2022-01-22|website=boxofficeindia.com|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229085231/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6142|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Singham Again#Box-office|Singham Again]]''
|1 November
2024
|{{INRConvert|350|c|year=2024}}–{{INRConvert|375|c|year=2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-02 |title=Singham Again box office collection Day 1: Ajay Devgn shatters Cop Universe records, Rohit Shetty's actioner earns Rs 43.5 crore on opening day |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/singham-again-box-office-collection-day-1-ajay-devgn-and-rohit-shetty-shatter-cop-universe-records-9649548/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|{{INRConvert|367|c|year=2024}}–{{INRConvert|389.64|c|year=2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-11-01 |title=Singham Again Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/singham-again/box-office/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:centr;" | Total
! style="text-align:centr;"| {{INRConvert|700|c}}–{{INRConvert|725|c}} ({{small|five films}})
! style="text-align:centr;"| {{INRConvert|1440.49|c}}–{{INRConvert|1463.13|c}} ({{small|five films}})
|}
'''<big>Critical</big> <big>reception</big>'''
{{hatnote|Each film and television series is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
![[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
|''[[Singham#Critical reception|Singham]]''
|57% (5.3/10 average rating) (7 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singham {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/singham |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Singham Returns#Reception|Singham Returns]]''
|31% (4.5/10 average rating) (13 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singham Returns {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/singham_returns |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Simmba#Critical response|Simmba]]''
|27% (4.8/10 average rating) (11 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simmba {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/simmba |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sooryavanshi#Critical response|Sooryavanshi]]''
|36% (5/10 average rating) (11 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sooryavanshi {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sooryavanshi |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Indian Police Force (TV series)#Critical response|Indian Police Force]]''
|17% (3.7/10 average rating) (12 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Police Force: Season 1 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/indian_police_force/s01 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Singham Again#Critical reception|Singham Again]]''
|32% (5.3/10 average rating) (19 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singham Again {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/singham_again |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== In other media ==
=== Animated series ===
An animated series named ''Little Singham'' based on ''Singham'' was released in 2018. Another animated series ''Baby Little Singham'', which was a prequel of the 2018 animated series ''Little Singham'', released in 2022.

{{Excerpt|Simmba|Animated series|inline=yes}}

=== Games ===
''Singham'', a promotional [[mobile video game]] for the 2011 film was released the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singham |url=http://www.java-ware.net/games/download-singham-for-java-131357.html |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=java-ware.net |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926225142/http://www.java-ware.net/games/download-singham-for-java-131357.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A mobile game called ''Singam Returns: The Game'' based on ''[[Singham Returns]]'' was released in 2014 by [[Zapak]] Mobile Games for Android.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rohit-shetty-gets-nostalgic-about-singham |title=Rohit Shetty gets nostalgic about Singham |date=22 July 2018 |website=Telangana Today |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050654/https://telanganatoday.com/rohit-shetty-gets-nostalgic-about-singham |url-status=live }}</ref> Another Android mobile game was released in 2018 based on the television series, ''Little Singham'' in 2018 by Zapak Mobile Games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/reliances-zapak-launches-little-singham-game-garners-over-3-million-downloads/articleshow/65258288.cms |title=Reliance's Zapak launches 'Little Singham'; game garners over 3 mn downloads |date=3 August 2018 |website=The Economic Times |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103061517/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/reliances-zapak-launches-little-singham-game-garners-over-3-million-downloads/articleshow/65258288.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Other games by Zapak have followed including ''Little Singham Cricket'' (2019), ''Little Singham Cycle Race'' (2020), ''Little Singham Super Skater'' (2021), ''Little Singham Ludo'' (2021).

{{Excerpt|Simmba|Game|inline=yes}}

== See also ==
*[[Dhoom (franchise)|Dhoom (film series)]]
*[[Race (film series)]]
*[[YRF Spy Universe]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cop Universe}}
{{Rohit Shetty}}

[[Category:Cop Universe| ]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Action film franchises]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Shared universes]]
[[Category:Indian shared universes]]
[[Category:Fictional universes]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 2011]]

M. Rajeshwar Rao

2026-05-02T07:52:30Z

ThomasPeterdavid:

{{Short description|Indian officer}}
{{ Infobox office holder
| name = M.Rajeshwar Rao
| office = [[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
| term_start = 9 October 2020
| term_end = 8 October 2025
| predecessor = [[ N S Vishwanathan ]]
| successor = Shirish Chandra Murmu
| birth_date = 1961

}}
'''M. Rajeshwar Rao''' (born 1961) is a retired Indian officer who served as [[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]] from 9 October 2020 till 8 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Saikat |last2=Rebello |first2=Joel |date=2020-10-07 |title=Govt appoints M Rajeshwar Rao as new deputy governor of RBI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/govt-appoints-m-rajeshwar-rao-as-new-deputy-governor-of-rbi/articleshow/78539248.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-15 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Moreover, his tenure was extended on September 26, 2023, for another year, and thereafter in 2024 for an additional year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Mimansa |date=2023-09-26 |title=RBI Deputy Governor M Rajeshwar Rao's Tenure Extended By Another Year |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/economy-finance/rbi-deputy-governor-m-rajeshwar-raos-tenure-extended-by-another-year |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[NDTV Profit]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sonu |title=डिप्टी गवर्नर एम राजेश्वर राव का एक साल के लिए बढ़ा कार्यकाल, मंत्रिमंडल की नियुक्ति समिति से मिली मंजूरी |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-rbi-deputy-governor-m-rajeshwar-rao-tenure-extends-for-one-year-appointments-committee-of-the-cabinet-23540062.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, M. Rajeshwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian people in finance]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

Orissa Lok Adalat

2026-05-02T00:15:18Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Adding New Post Added Tags

{{Short description|Alternative dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Orissa State Legal Services Authority
| nativename =
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| federal = No
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| headquarters = Orissa Lok Adalat, High Court Of Odisha, Chandini Chowk, Cuttack, Odisha 753002Email-highcourt.or@nic.in, cpc-ori@aij.gov.in.<ref name="ol ref1">{{cite web |title=Contact Us {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack |url=https://orissahighcourt.nic.in/contact-us/ |website=orissahighcourt.nic.in |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref>
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| chief1name = Hon'ble Dr. Justice S. Muralidhar.
| chief1position = Chief Justice, Orissa High Court and Patron Orissa State Legal Services Authority.
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'''Orissa Lok Adalat''' or Orissa State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is a [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Orissa]]. The Orissa Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at the Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="la ref5">{{cite news |title=e-Lok Adalats settle 2,232 cases in Odisha |url=https://www.orissapost.com/e-lok-adalats-settle-2232-cases-in-odisha/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="la ref6">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

It is recognised as a statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision is deemed to be a civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="la ref6" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate [[jurisdiction]], litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such an award).<ref name="la ref6" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-12-25|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==
Orissa Lok Adalat was formed under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of the Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations.<ref name="la ref2">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr Ashok |title=Alternative Dispute Resolution System in India |date=9 September 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-93-82657-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFCEAAAQBAJ&dq=punjab+lok+adalat&pg=PA189 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

Orissa Lok Adalat is formed with the objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non-biased decisions as laid down in the Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at the following levels:<ref name="la ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.
*High Court.
*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.
*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides a mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from the year 2015, every month on a specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in the state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to another across the country occasionally and help resolve disputes.

Mr Justice [[S. Muralidhar]], Chief Justice, [[Orissa High Court]], is the current patron and Chief of Orissa Lok Adalat.

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relate to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before the Lok Adalat:

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="ol ref3">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Vishal |title=Orissa High Court will organize National Lok Adalat on December 11. |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/latest-news/orissa-high-court-will-organize-national-lok-adalat-on-december-11-180245 |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Latest Laws |date=9 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* It accepts cases pending in regular courts under its jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with the parties agreeing to be bound by it.
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.<ref name="la ref6"/>

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to the recovery of money.<ref name="ol ref5">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat in Odisha: Rs 4.72 crore compensation awarded in insurance cases |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/feb/09/lok-adalat-in-odisha-rs-472-crore-compensation-awarded-in-insurance-cases-2101009.html |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
* Issues under the Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.<ref name="ol ref4">{{cite news |title=First e-Lok Adalat held successfully in Odisha |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/first-e-lok-adalat-held-successfully-in-odisha-886680.html |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=12 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non-compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute planned to be filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to the recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non-compoundable offences.<ref name="ol ref2">{{cite news |title=Only 81 of 744 cases settled in Lok Adalat {{!}} Cuttack News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/only-81-of-744-cases-settled-in-lok-adalat/articleshow/88382527.cms |access-date=26 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* General Maintenance-related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding over the Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in a judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.
The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree to a settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to a compoundable offence.

Orissa Lok Adalat, as per the Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into the merits of the complaint.<ref name="la ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Details of cases Resolved ==
*Orissa Lok Adalat organised the first E-Lok Adalat in September 2020 in which 2061 cases which were at the pre-litigation stage were resolved.<ref name="ol ref4" />
*Orissa Lok Adalat had resolved 2232 cases in E-Lok Adalat organised between June and September 2020.<ref name="la ref5" />

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://orissahighcourt.nic.in/about-orissa-high-court/history/ Official website]


[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]

Tipra Motha Party

2026-04-30T02:28:53Z

ThomasPeterdavid: slightly refine lead additionally

{{short description|Indian political party}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Tipra Motha Party
|logo = Tipra Logo.jpg
|logo_upright = 0.8
|abbreviation = TIPRA / TMP
|colorcode = {{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|leader = [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]]
|general_secretary=[[Brishaketu Debbarma]]|president = [[Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl]]
|presidium = [[Tipra Motha Party#Organisation|Central Working Committee]]
|treasurer=Dr. Sunil Kalai|foundation = 2019
|founder = [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=IPFT puts pet Tipraland demand on the backburner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ipft-puts-pet-tipraland-demand-on-the-backburner/article34185757.ece |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=29 March 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|colours = {{color box |Red}}{{color box|Yellow}} Red and Yellow
|headquarters = Manikya Dynasty Heritage Residential House, [[Ujjayanta Palace]], Palace Compound, [[Agartala]], Tripura 799001
|students = Tipra Indigenous Student's Federation (TISF)<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: TISF holds candle march in Agartala, demanding justice for Angel Chakma |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tripura-tisf-holds-candle-march-in-agartala-demanding-justice-for-angel-chakma20251229110906/ |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|youth = [[Youth Tipra Federation]] (YTF)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banik |first1=Mrinal |title=Tripura: Youth Tipra Federation stages protest outside Bangladesh Assistant High Commission office |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/tripura-youth-tipra-federation-stages-protest-near-bangladesh-assistant-high-commission-office.html |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=NorthEast Now |date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=Tripura police deny permission for Tipra Motha-linked rally in Agartala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tripura/tripura-police-deny-permission-for-tipra-motha-linked-rally-in-agartala/article70232953.ece |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |date=2 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|women = Tipra Women Federation (TWF)<ref>{{cite news |title=TIPRA Women Federation Launches Protest Against Tripura Govt's Plan To Turn Royal Palace Into Hotel |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/tripura/tipra-women-federation-launches-protest-against-tripura-govts-plan-to-turn-royal-palace-into-hotel/ |work=Northeast Live |date=4 December 2024}}</ref>
|ideology = [[Tripuri nationalism|Tripuri Nationalism]]<ref name="Colney">{{Cite web|last=Colney|first=Kimi|author-link=Kimi Colney|title="We want self-rule": Pradyot Debbarma on his party's victory in Tripura tribal council polls|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/pradyot-debbarma-tripura-tipra-victory-polls|access-date=2021-08-28|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref> [[Secularism]]<ref name="Roy Barman">{{Cite web|last=Roy Barman|first=Sourav|author-link=Sourav Roy Barman|title="“For too long, we, the younger generation of Northeast leaders, have spoken about the same issues and concerns of our people, but from different platforms and political spaces. We have realised that our strength lies in unity, and it's time to give our people one collective voice,” the leaders said in a joint statement.":Sangma-led NPP, Pradyot's TIPRA Motha to merge. The aim: to give Northeast 'one collective voice'|url=https://theprint.in/politics/sangma-led-npp-pradyots-tipra-motha-to-merge-the-aim-to-give-northeast-one-collective-voice/2776999/}}</ref> [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] [[Opposition to immigration|Anti-immigration]]
|position =[[Far-right]]
|eci = State Party (Tripura)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14880-recognition-of-tipra-motha-partyas-a-state-party-in-tripura/ | title=Recognition of Tipra Motha Party, as a State Party in Tripura | date=10 April 2023 }}</ref>
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (2024-Present) [[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] (2024-Present)
| state_seats_name = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{composition bar|13|60|hex={{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
|state2_seats = {{Composition bar|24|30|hex ={{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}}}
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Pineapple.png|60px]] Pineapple
|flag = Flag of Tripura State.png
}}

The '''Tipra Motha Party (TMP)''', also known as the '''Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance''', is a regional [[political party]] and previously a social organisation in [[Tripura]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tipra wins Tripura council polls|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/tipra-wins-tripura-council-elections/cid/1812189|access-date=2021-04-18|website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=Tripura: 2 tribal parties merge with Pradyot-led front |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tripura-2-tribal-parties-merge-with-pradyot-led-front-7196286/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The TIPRA is led by [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Royal scion launches 'apolitical' outfit to protect tribal rights |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tripura-royal-scion-kirit-pradyot-kishore-manikya-deb-barman-launches-apolitical-organisation-tipra-to-protect-tribal-rights/cid/1730174 |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=The Telegraph (India) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Barman |first1=Priyanka |title=Tripura royal scion forges alliance with indigenous parties to work on NRC, CAA, empowerment |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/tripura-royal-scion-forges-alliance-with-indigenous-parties-to-work-on-nrc-caa-empowerment/story-XqTqnmyjKNnr60WCa0qiDI.html |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> It is currently the second largest party in [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/tripura-election-2023-result-live-updates-bjp-congress-cpm-manik-saha-tipra-motha-101677718444283.html|title=BJP+ retains power, Tipra Motha 2nd largest|work=Hindustan Times |date=2 March 2023 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:TIPRA Motha.jpg|thumb|left|Tipra Motha Party flags at a [[political demonstration|rally]] in [[Agartala]] in 2022.|216x216px]]
On 25 Feb 2019, Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma was appointed the President of [[Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=Tripura royal scion Pradyot Debburman appointed Pradesh Congress president |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-royal-scion-pradyot-debburman-appointed-pradesh-congress-president-5600947/ |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Royal scion Pradyot Manikya appointed Tripura Congress president |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/royal-scion-pradyot-manikya-appointed-tripura-congress-president.html |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=NORTHEAST NOW}}</ref> Within a few months, Deb Barma resigned from the Pradesh Congress President post, accusing the Congress high command of pressuring him to accommodate 'corrupt people'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Congress chief resigns, accuses party of asking him to accommodate 'corrupt people' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tripura-congress-chief-resigns-accuses-party-of-asking-him-to-accommodate-corrupt-people/cid/1707284 |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=The Telegraph (India) |language=en}}</ref> Almost three months later, he formed a social organisation to work for the rights of the indigenous people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Barman |first1=Priyanka |title=Tripura's royal scion forms apolitical front to fight for indigenous people |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-s-royal-scion-forms-apolitical-front-to-fight-for-indigenous-people/story-PonDANM7st9E6fiMafGKAM.html |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

On 5 February 2021, Deb Barma announced that his organisation had become a political party and would contest the [[2021 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election]].<ref name="TW">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Tanmoy |title=With a Call for 'Greater Tipraland', Tripura Royal Scion's Party to Fight District Polls |url=https://thewire.in/politics/tripura-pradyot-debbarma-greater-tipraland |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Biswendu |title=Will contest upcoming ADC election: Pradyot {{!}} Agartala News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/will-contest-upcoming-adc-election-pradyot/articleshow/80730387.cms |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]] (INPT), [[Tipraland State Party]] (TSP) and IPFT (Tipraha) merged with the TIPRA in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=INPT merged with TIPRA Motha, Bijay Hrangkhal TIPRA Motha new President |url=https://tripurainfo.com/TripuraNews/INPT-merged-with-TIPRA-Motha-Bijay-Hrangkhal-TIPRA-Motha-new-President--11031.html |website=tripurainfo.com |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612093653/https://tripurainfo.com/TripuraNews/INPT-merged-with-TIPRA-Motha-Bijay-Hrangkhal-TIPRA-Motha-new-President--11031.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tripura: INPT announces merger with TIPRA |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/tripura-inpt-announces-merger-with-tipra-1091910 |work=Assam Tribune|date=7 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tripura: INPT merges with Pradyot Kishore Deb Barman's TIPRA |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/tripura-inpt-merges-with-pradyot-kishore-deb-barman-s-tipra-2360493.html |work=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dramatic political twists in Tripura ahead of ADC polls |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/editorial-dramatic-political-twists-in-tripura-ahead-of-adc/cid2512642.htm |work=Northeast Today|date=2 March 2021 }}</ref>

In the 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, TIPRA Motha fielded over 42 candidates in different constituencies. The party won 13 seats and became the first regional party in Tripura to become the main opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tipra Motha, the 2-year-old party that won 13 seats in Tripura |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tipra-motha-2-year-old-party-went-from-0-to-13-in-tripura-election-2341574-2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=India Today |date=2 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, Tipra Motha joined [[Second Saha ministry|Manik Saha-led]] Tripura government and [[Animesh Debbarma]] and [[Brishaketu Debbarma]] were sworn in as minister and Minister of State.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tipra Motha joins BJP-led Tripura government, two ministers take oath |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tipra-motha-joins-bjp-led-tripura-government-two-ministers-take-oath-921987-2024-03-07 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=India Today NE |date=7 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura portfolio allocation: Animesh gets Science & Tech, Forest & Environ, Brishaketu is MoS Commerce & Ind |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/tripura-portfolio-allocation-animesh-gets-science-tech-forest-environ-brishaketu-is-mos-commerce-ind/ |work=Northeast Live |date=16 March 2024}}</ref>

== Ideological positions ==

TIPRA's main objective is the creation of a new state called 'Greater Tipraland' under [[Part I of the Constitution of India|Articles 2 & 3]] of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name="Colney" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=Explained: What is the Greater Tipraland demand raised by royal scion Pradyot Kishore? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-greater-tipraland-demand-raised-by-royal-scion-pradyot-kishore-and-what-does-it-mean-for-tripura-politics-7199420/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TW"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura's TIPRA holds mass gathering, demands 'Greater Tipraland' |url=https://www.aninews.in/videos/national/tripuras-tipra-holds-mass-gathering-demands-greater-tipraland/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=aninews.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura royal scion breaks down in tears during public address over non-participation of IPFT in 'Greater Tipraland' {{!}} english.lokmat.com |url=https://english.lokmat.com/national/tripura-royal-scion-breaks-down-in-tears-during-public-address-over-non-participation-of-ipft-in/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=Lokmat English |date=6 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The Motha emphasises [[Tripuri nationalism|Tipra nationalism]], using the slogans "''Puila Jati, Ulobo Jati''" and "''Puila Jati, Ulo Party''" (Community first, party later).<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-12|title=Tripura: Former Congress state president calls for ethnic unity during anti-CAA protest|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/pradyot-debbarma-tripura-caa-protest-6211870/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It aims to first empower and emancipate the Tiprasa people before anything else. The party sees its activities as a peoples' movement rather than a political one.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tripura: TSF joins 'Greater Tipraland' movement|date=8 August 2021 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/tripura-tsf-joins-greater-tipraland-movement.html|access-date=2021-08-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, [[Union Council of Ministers|Union]] [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] accused Tipra Motha of being allied with [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]].<ref name="Shah">{{Cite news|last=Deb Barman|first=Priyanka|date=7 February 2023|title=Tripura elections: TIPRA Motha in 'secret' alliance with Left, Congress, says Shah|work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-elections-tipra-motha-in-secret-alliance-with-left-congress-says-shah-101675709976163.html|access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref> This was denied by Deb Barma, who claimed he could not be a communist ally due to his royal ancestry, being the son of the last [[Manikya Dynasty|King of Tripura]].<ref name="Shah" />

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Map
!Lok Sabha
!Portrait
!Member of Parliament
!Constituency
!Margin
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[File:2024 Tripura Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Map.svg|thumb]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|[[File:Kriti Singh Debbarma 2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
|[[Kriti Singh Debbarma]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |title=BJP-Tipra Motha names Pradyot Deb Barma's sister Kriti Singh Deb Barma as candidate for LS polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tripura/tipra-motha-founders-sister-named-bjp-nominee-for-tripura-east-in-lok-sabha-2935410 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency]]
|
|}

== List of Ministers ==
'''Cabinet Minister'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr.no.
!Portrait
!Minister
!Ministry
!Duration
!Ministry
!Constituency
|-
|'''1.'''
|[[File:Animesh Debbarma in 2023.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Animesh Debbarma]]
|
* Forests
* General Administration (Printing & Stationery)
* Science, Technology, and Environment
|7 March 2024- Incumbent
|[[Second Saha ministry]]
|[[Asharambari Assembly constituency|Asharambari]]
|}
'''Minister of State(MoS)'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr.no.
!Portrait
!Minister
!Ministry
!Duration
!Ministry
!Constituency
|-
|'''1.'''
|[[File:Brishaketu Debbarma in 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
|[[Brishaketu Debbarma]]
|
* Industries and Commerce
|7 March 2024- Incumbent
|[[Second Saha ministry]]
|[[Simna Assembly constituency|Simna]]
|}

== Elected Representatives ==

'''List of Leader of Opposition'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Assembly
!
!Portrait
!Leader of Opposition
!Duration
!Constituency
|-
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[File:2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|thumb|[[13th Tripura Assembly]]]]
|'''1.'''
|[[File:Animesh_Debbarma_in_2023.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Animesh Debbarma]]
|24 March 2023 – 7 March 2024
|[[Asharambari Assembly constituency|Asharambari]]
|}

'''List of Members of Legislative Assembly'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Assembly
!
!Portrait
!MLA
!Constituency
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| rowspan="13" |[[File:2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|thumb]][[13th Tripura Assembly]]
|'''1.'''
|[[File:Animesh Debbarma speaking.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Animesh Debbarma]]
|[[Asharambari Assembly constituency|Asharambari]]
|-
|'''2.'''
|[[File:Brishaketu Debbarma.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Brishaketu Debbarma]]
|[[Simna Assembly constituency|Simna]]
|-
|'''3.'''
|[[File:Swapna Debbarma.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Swapna Debbarma]]
|[[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]
|-
|'''4.'''
|
|[[Biswajit Kalai]]
|[[Takarjala Assembly constituency|Takarjala Assembly]]
|-
|'''5.'''
|[[File:Ranjit Debbarma in 2023.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Ranjit Debbarma]]
|[[Ramchandraghat Assembly constituency|Ramchandraghat]]
|-
|'''6.'''
|[[File:Philip Kumar Reang.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Philip Kumar Reang]]
|[[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency|Kanchanpur]]
|-
|'''7.'''
|[[File:Manav Debbarma.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Manav Debbarma]]
|[[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]]
|-
|'''8.'''
|[[File:Subodh Debbarma.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Subodh Deb Barma]]
|[[Charilam Assembly constituency|Charilam]]
|-
|'''9.'''
|
|[[Pathan Lal Jamatia]]
|[[Ampinagar Assembly constituency|Ampinagar]]
|-
|'''10.'''
|
|[[Sanjoy Manik Tripura]]
|[[Karbook Assembly constituency|Karbook]]
|-
|'''11.'''
|[[File:Nandita_Debbarma_Reang_MLA.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Nandita Debbarma|Nandita Debbarma (Reang)]]
|[[Raima Valley Assembly constituency|Raima Valley]]
|-
|'''12.'''
|[[File:CR DebBarma.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Chitta Ranjan Debbarma]]
|[[Ambassa Assembly constituency|Ambassa]]
|-
|'''13.'''
|[[File:Paul Dangshu.png|thumb]]
|[[Paul Dangshu]]
|[[Karamcherra Assembly constituency|Karamcherra]]
|}

== Electoral history ==
In 2021, the Tipra Motha Party secured a majority in the 28-member [[2021 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council elections]] along with its ally the [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra|Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra (INPT)]]. TIPRA won 16 seats while the INPT won two seats.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ali|first=Syed Sajjad|date=10 April 2021|title=Big win for TIPRA in Tripura ADC election|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/big-win-for-tipra-in-tripura-tribal-council-election/article34291128.ece|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref>

The result not only ended the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]]’s 15-year rule of the council but also became the only regional party to come into power in the council without an alliance with a national party.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Umanand|first=Jaiswal|date=11 April 2021|title=Tipra wins Tripura council polls|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/tipra-wins-tripura-council-elections/cid/1812189|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Mega Mass Gathering of TIPRA Motha.jpg|thumb|left|Deb Barma and other party leaders addressing the crowd at a rally in 2022.|251x251px]]
Deb Barma reaffirmed his earlier claim that the demand for Greater [[Tipraland]] would not be compromised at any cost and issued a stern call for victory in 2023. A massive gathering of thousands of indigenous people who travelled from all over the state to the Swami Vivekananda Stadium (Astabal Ground) complemented the term "Thansa." "Bubagra is not looking to argue. We abhor all forms of violence. We never oppose any group or faith. Our movement is to demand the rights that the Indian Constitution grants us, and we will succeed in our objectives, he continued.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Mega gathering" of TIPRA Motha in Agartala, Pradyot calls for victory in 2023 |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/“mega-gathering”-of-tipra-motha-in-agartala-pradyot-calls-for-victory-in-2023-4125.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=tripuratimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-12 |title=Tripura: No more compromise with indigenous people, TIPRA Motha chief sounds poll bugle in mass gathering |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tripura-no-more-compromise-indigenous-people-tipra-motha-chief-sounds-poll-bugle-mass-gathering-469768-2022-11-12 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-12 |title=One Last Fight For 'Greater Tipraland' Demand In 2023 Assembly Polls; No Compromise For Tiprasa Communities: TIPRA Motha Chairman |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/11/12/one-last-fight-for-greater-tipraland-demand-in-2023-assembly-polls-no-compromise-for-tiprasa-communities-tipra-motha-chairman/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly elections===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party }};color: purple" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color: purple" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color:purple" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color:purple" | seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color:purple" | seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color:purple" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color:purple" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color: purple" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|'''2023''']]
|498,182
|19.69
|42
|13
| -
| -
|Opposition
Later
Government
|-
|}
In 2026 TTAADC General Election, Tipra Motha Party secured a landslide victory winning 24 out of the total 28 seats. It defeated BJP and retained it's rule in the Tripura Tribal Autonomous Areas District Council for the second time which no other regional parties of [[Tripura]] have done before.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2026-04-17 |title=Tipra Motha Party secures landslide victory in TTAADC polls, wins 24 out of 28 seats |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/tipra-motha-party-secures-landslide-victory-in-ttaadc-polls-wins-24-out-of-28-seats-1610719 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-17 |title=Tripura ADC elections: High hopes for tribal solidarity in Northeast as Tipra Motha sweeps 24 of 28 seats |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tripura-adc-election-results-tipra-motha-bjp-loss-10642130/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC)===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party }};color: purple" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color: purple" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color:purple" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color:purple" | seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color:purple" | seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color:purple" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color:purple" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}};color: purple" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
|-
|'''[[2021 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|2021]]'''
|2,74,565
|37.43%
|23
|16
| -
| -
|Government
|-
|'''[[2026 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|2026]]'''
|4,57,943
|57.62%
|28
|24
|{{increase}}8
|{{increase}}20.19
|Government
|-
|}

==Key Leaders==
{|class="wikitable"
!style="background-color:#FDB200;color:white"|Member
!style="background-color:#FDB200;color:white"|Portrait
!style="background-color:#FDB200;color:white"|Current/ Previous Position
!style="background-color:#FDB200;color:white"|Party Position
|-style="text-align:left; background:#E9F7FB"
|[[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]]
| [[File:Bubagra Pradyot Manikya in Astabal Ground, November 12, 2022 (1).jpg|150x150px]]
|
*[[Manikya Dynasty|Titular King of Tripura]] (2006–Present)
* MDC - Jampuijala-Takarjala (2021–Present)
* '''Chairman of Administrative Reforms Committee, TTAADC''' (2021–present)
*Former President of [[Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee]]
|Chairperson

|-style="text-align:left; background:#E9F7FB"
| [[Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl]]
| [[File:Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl in 2024.jpg|150x150px]]
|
*'''[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|Member of Administrative Reforms Committee, TTAADC]]''' (2021–Present)
* MLA - [[Kulai Assembly constituency|Kulai]], Tripura (1998 - 2013)
* Former President of INPT
| National President, Central Working Committee Member
|- style="text-align:left; background:#E9F7FB"
|[[Jagadish Debbarma]]
|[[File:Jagadish Debbarma.jpg|150x150px]]
|
*'''Chairman (Speaker)'''-Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (2021–Present)
*MLA- Mandwi Bazar, (1988–1993)
|Central Working Committee Member
|- style="text-align:left; background:#E9F7FB"
|[[Purna Chandra Jamatia]]
|[[File:Purna Chandra Jamatia.jpg|150x150px]]
|
* '''Chief Executive Member (CEM)'''- Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (2021–Present)
* MDC Killa-Bagma (2021–Present)
| Central Working Committee Member
|-style="text-align:left; background:#E9F7FB"
| [[Brishaketu Debbarma]]
|[[File:Brishaketu Debbarma in 2023.jpg|150x150px]]
|
* '''Minister of State (MoS) for Industries and Commerce, Tripura Government''' (7 March 2024 – present)
* '''Deputy Leader of Opposition''' - Tripura Legislative Assembly (2023 - 2024)
* MLA - [[Simna Assembly constituency|Simna]] (2018–Present)
* Chairperson, Public Accounts Committee (2023–2024)
| General Secretary (I/C), Organisation, Central Working Committee Member
|- style="text-align:left; background:#E9F7FB"
| [[Rajeshwar Debbarma]]
| [[File:Rajeshwar Debbarma in 2024.jpg|150x150px]]
|
* Member of District Council of '''[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|TTAADC]],''' (2026–present)
*[[Member of Tripura Legislative Assembly]], (2008 - 2014)
|National Political Secretary and Spokesperson, Central Working Committee Member
|- style="text-align:left; background:#E9F7FB"
|[[Animesh Debbarma]]
|[[File:Animesh Debbarma official portrait.jpg|150x150px]]
|
* '''Cabinet Minister of Tripura Government''' (7 March 2024–present)
* '''Leader of the Opposition''' - Tripura Legislative Assembly (2023 - 2024)
* '''Former Deputy CEM of TTAADC''' (2021 - 2023)
*Executive Member-Industries, Cooperative, Agriculture, and Tribal Welfare (2021–2023)
* Former MLA, [[Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar Assembly constituency]] (2003 - 2008)
| Central Working Committee Member
|--style="text-align:left; background:#E9F7FB"
|[[Mevar Kumar Jamatia]]
|[[File:Mevar Kumar Jamatia in 2023.jpg|150x150px]]
|
* Minister of Tribal Welfare, Industries and Commerce, and Fisheries (2018–2022)
* MLA, Ashrambari (2018–2023)
|Central Working Committee Member
|-style="text-align:left; background:#E9F7FB"
|[[Bhaba Ranjan Reang]]
| [[File:Bhaba Ranjan Reang.jpg|150x150px]]
|
*[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|Member of District Council of TTAADC]], (2021–present)
*Executive Member- Agriculture and Land Records & Settlement (2021–Present)
|Central Working Committee Member
|}

==See also==
* [[List of political parties in India]]
*[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
*

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance}}
[[Category:Organisations based in Tripura]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2019]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tripura]]
[[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Vakati Panduranga Rao

2026-04-30T00:41:10Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Starting basic biography and citations

{{Short description|Indian writer and journalist (1934–1999)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vakati Panduranga Rao
| image = Vakati_Panduranga_Rao.tif
| alt =
| caption = A sketch of Vakati Panduranga Rao
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1934
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|04|17|1934}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.obituaries/gffz5K4Q0FY|title=Veteran journalist dead|date=19 April 1999|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref>
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Journalist]]
| known_for = Columns, stories and poetry
}}

'''Vakati Panduranga Rao''' (1934 – 17 April 1999) was an Indian short story writer and [[journalist]] who for a long time edited the [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] weekly, ''[[Andhra Prabha]]''. His editorials, under the name Mitra Vakyam, made him immensely popular.{{by whom|date=May 2019}} A collection of these editorials was published in two volumes. Later, he worked for an [[English language|English-language]] newspaper.

His many short stories were on informative themes, like the ones he wrote in ''Mitra Vakyam'', ''Maranam Oka Kaamaa'', and ''Diksuchi''. Twelve of his short stories were compiled into a book named ''Dvaadasi''.

==History==
He was born in [[Madras]] in 1934 and worked in various journalistic capacities for the likes of Anandavani, Andhra Jyothi, Newstime, A.P. Times and the ''Andhra Prabha Weekly''. He also worked for some time as a [[journalism]] lecturer at [[Potti Sriramulu Telugu University]] and also as the deputy director of [[Visakhapatnam]] Port.

==Literary works==
''Panduranga Rao Kathalu'', ''Mithravakyam'', ''Chetha Venna Mudda'' and ''Diksuchi'' are among Rao's most popular literary works. Twelve of his stories were compiled into a book named ''Dvadasi''.

==Awards==
He was a recipient of the [[Andhra Sahitya Academy]], Gopichand and [[Telugu University]] awards. He also edited literary works for the [[National Book Trust]] and the [[Sahitya Akademi]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Vakati Panduranga}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Journalists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Telugu-language journalists]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Sedapatti Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:00Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Starting first details more to come

{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sedapatti
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Periyakulam]]
| electors = 138,459
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
}}
'''Sedapatti''' was a state assembly constituency in [[Madurai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below. Elections were not held in the years 1957 and 1962.

In 2008, under a Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency Order, Sedapatti Assembly constituency was merged with [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies – 2008|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516071904/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|archive-date=16 May 2019|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Thinakaraswami Thevar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967
| V. T. Thevar
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| V. Thavamani Thevar
| {{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|[[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| A. Athiyaman
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Sedapatti R. Muthiah
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[G. Thalapathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan=2|[[C. Durairaj]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|36.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|63.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.54}}
}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Durairaj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,590 |percentage=43.46% |change=-4.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Thalapathi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,541 |percentage=41.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Samundeeswari |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,099 |percentage=11.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Santhakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,119 |percentage=1.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramadurai |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=745 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vasimalai |party=Independent politician |votes=504 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Dhamotharan |party=Independent politician |votes=366 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Suresh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=365 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sundara Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=273 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohammed Saleem |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. V. Nallathambi |party=TNJC |votes=124 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,049 |percentage=2.09% |change=-17.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,990 |percentage=70.77% |change= 6.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,459 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Durairaj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,393 |percentage=47.51% |change=8.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Bakthavatchalam |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=26,958 |percentage=28.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sedapatti Muthaih|M. Sakunthala]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,301 |percentage=11.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Selvaragavan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,454 |percentage=9.89% |change=-0.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangamudi |party=Independent politician |votes=879 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajuthevar |party=Janata Party |votes=693 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Seenivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=445 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmugaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=425 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,435 |percentage=19.29% |change=8.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,548 |percentage=64.32% |change= -2.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,582 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Thalapathi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,899 |percentage=49.69% |change=18.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sedapatti Muthiah]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,698 |percentage=39.33% |change=-19.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon. Muthu Ramalingam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,785 |percentage=9.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Karuthapandian |party=Independent politician |votes=293 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Maharajan |party=Independent politician |votes=133 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Muthiah Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sankarapandian |party=Independent politician |votes=116 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Alagarsam |party=Independent politician |votes=63 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Annamalai |party=Independent politician |votes=60 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmugaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=58 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. P. K. Appan |party=Independent politician |votes=52 |percentage=0.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,201 |percentage=10.37% |change=-16.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,401 |percentage=66.47% |change= 4.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,268 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sedapatti Muthiah]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,627 |percentage=58.85% |change=34.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Athiyaman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,158 |percentage=31.49% |change=-0.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ravi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,195 |percentage=8.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Victor Samuel Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=423 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kalai Rajan |party=Independent politician |votes=253 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Angappan |party=Independent politician |votes=152 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Thavasi Lingam |party=Independent politician |votes=125 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=108 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Muthiah |party=Independent politician |votes=89 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Athi Narayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=80 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Assan |party=Independent politician |votes=74 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,469 |percentage=27.36% |change=20.35% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=89,430 |percentage=62.16% |change= -8.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,453 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 27.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Athiyaman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,431 |percentage=31.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sedapatti Muthiah]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,895 |percentage=24.56% |change=-22.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. T. Kandasami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,749 |percentage=23.33% |change=-17.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Ganapathi |party=Independent politician |votes=8,237 |percentage=8.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Selvarasu |party=Tamil Nadu Congress (K) |votes=5,111 |percentage=5.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thavamani Thevar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=4,983 |percentage=5.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Pandi |party=Independent politician |votes=299 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. P. K. Appan |party=Independent politician |votes=290 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muniyandi |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,536 |percentage=7.01% |change=0.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,210 |percentage=70.53% |change= -0.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,643 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sedapatti Muthiah]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,808 |percentage=47.29% |change=-12.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Selvaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,810 |percentage=41.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=8,810 |percentage=10.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Thangavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=334 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dorairaj |party=Independent politician |votes=300 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,998 |percentage=6.09% |change=-13.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,062 |percentage=70.72% |change= 10.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,094 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sedapatti Muthiah]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,012 |percentage=59.87% |change=16.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Thangarasan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,157 |percentage=40.13% |change=21.99% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,855 |percentage=19.75% |change=2.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,169 |percentage=60.37% |change= 1.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,078 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sedapatti Muthiah]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,040 |percentage=43.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. P. Alagarsamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,018 |percentage=26.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Thangarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,687 |percentage=18.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankaranayanan |party=Janata Party |votes=4,909 |percentage=7.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Periakaruppan Alias Appan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,775 |percentage=4.31% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,022 |percentage=17.11% |change=8.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,429 |percentage=58.75% |change= -7.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,328 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= 6.86% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thavamani Thevar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=20,334 |percentage=36.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Ramakrishnan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=15,388 |percentage=27.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Naicker Seenivasan M. S |party=Independent politician |votes=14,443 |percentage=26.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Subbaih |party=Independent politician |votes=5,294 |percentage=9.55% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,946 |percentage=8.92% |change=-21.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,459 |percentage=66.17% |change= -11.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,369 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -27.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thavamani Thevar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=41,167 |percentage=63.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. A. Nadar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,553 |percentage=33.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Chinnapan |party=Independent politician |votes=915 |percentage=1.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=471 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Periyakaruppan |party=Independent politician |votes=377 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,614 |percentage=30.42% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,483 |percentage=77.67% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,921 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Swatantra Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sedapatti<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Thinakaraswami Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,792 |percentage=43.54% |change=43.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kamana Thevar |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=7,796 |percentage=18.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Poya Thevar |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=6,410 |percentage=14.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Subbiah |party=Independent politician |votes=6,011 |percentage=13.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. Rajiah |party=Independent politician |votes=3,113 |percentage=7.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,039 |percentage=2.41% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,996 |percentage=25.48% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,161 |percentage=58.33% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,991 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|9.81|77.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madurai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Devu G. Nair v. State of Kerala

2026-04-11T10:26:11Z

ThomasPeterdavid: put up a stub

{{Short description|Indian LGBT Rights Case Law}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Devu G. Nair v. State of Kerala
| judges = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|DY Chandrachud]] {{Abbr|CJI.| Chief Justice of India}}, [[P. S. Narasimha]] {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}, [[J.B. Pardiwala]] {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}
| keywords = [[Cohabitation|Cohabitation Rights]], [[Same-sex relationship|Same-sex Relationship]], [[Conversion therapy|Conversion Therapy]]
| opinions =
| subsequent actions =
| decision by = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|DY Chandrachud]] {{Abbr|CJI.| Chief Justice of India}}, [[P. S. Narasimha]] {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}, [[J.B. Pardiwala]] {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}
| number of judges = 3
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| citations = {{URL|1=|2={{Abbr|S.L.P(Crl.) No.|Special Leave Petition (Criminal) Number}} 1891/2023}} 
{{URL|1=|2={{Abbr|Diary No.|Diary Number}} 5027/2023}}
| date decided = TBA
| full name = Devu G. Nair versus State of Kerala {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}
| appealed from = [[Kerala High Court]]
| prior_actions = {{Abbr|WP(Crl.) No.|Writ Petition (Criminal) Number}} 28 of 2023
*{{URL|1=https://hckinfo.kerala.gov.in/digicourt/orders/interimorder/2023/215800000282023_1.pdf|2=13 January 2023}}
District Legal Services Authority to ascertain the legality of alleged detainee's detention at the residence of alleged detainers.
*{{URL|1=https://hckinfo.kerala.gov.in/digicourt/orders/interimorder/2023/215800000282023_5.pdf |2=2 February 2023}}
Alleged detainee in a same-sex relationship must attend counseling, with option for alleged detainers to accompany her.
}}

'''''Devu G. Nair versus State Of Kerala {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}} (2023)''''' is an ongoing [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] case, poised to examine the legality of [[Conversion therapy|Conversion Therapy]] and addressing whether the High Court should have facilitated the alleged detainee's opportunity to provide their statement in person within the secure confines of the High Court building.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Abraham |date=7 February 2023 |title=Same-sex relationship: SC stays HC order for psychiatric counselling |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/samesex-relationship-sc-stays-hc-order-for-psychiatric-counselling-101675709792988.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207012314/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/samesex-relationship-sc-stays-hc-order-for-psychiatric-counselling-101675709792988.html |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=6 February 2023 |title=SC stays Kerala High Court order directing girl in same-sex relationship to attend counselling sessions |url=https://theprint.in/india/sc-stays-kerala-high-court-order-directing-girl-in-same-sex-relationship-to-attend-counselling-sessions/1357872/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209183231/https://theprint.in/india/sc-stays-kerala-high-court-order-directing-girl-in-same-sex-relationship-to-attend-counselling-sessions/1357872/ |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date= |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=Supreme Court Notice To Same-Sex Couple Who Challenged High Court Order |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-notice-to-same-sex-couple-who-challenged-high-court-order-3757790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206225636/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-notice-to-same-sex-couple-who-challenged-high-court-order-3757790 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date= |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
The petitioner, Devu G. Nair, is engaged in a consensual same-sex relationship with U. Sreerenjini, an alleged detainee of 23 years, who is presently being held by her parents under purported false circumstances to separate her from Devu G. Nair since 9 January 2023. As a response, Devu G. Nair has initiated a legal action by filing a petition in the Kerala High Court, seeking a [[Habeas corpus|writ of Habeas Corpus]] to demand U. Sreerenjini's presence and secure her release.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Kerala High Court ==

=== Proceedings ===
On 13 January 2023, a two-judge Bench of the [[Kerala High Court]], comprising Judge Alexander Thomas and Judge C.S. Sudha, issued an order directing the Secretary of the [[Legal Services Authorities|District Legal Services Authority]] in Kollam to visit the parents' residence of alleged detainee U. Sreerenjini, aiming to record her statement and ascertain the legality of her detention by her parents. The Bench ordered that if the statement suggests U. Sreerenjini's unlawful detention, her presentation before the High Court by 19 January 2023, is required. Conversely, the Bench noted that unless U. Sreerenjini's statement denies unlawful detention, her appearance before the Kerala High Court is unnecessary.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last= |date=8 February 2023 |title=Supreme Court stays Kerala HC order directing a woman in same-sex relationship to undergo counselling |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/02/08/supreme-court-stays-hc-order-directing-a-woman-in-same-sex-relationship-who-was-illegally-detained-by-her-parents-to-undergo-counselling-legal-news-legal-updates/ |access-date= |website=SCC Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Devu G. Nair v. State of Kerala|court=[[Kerala High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 28 of 2023|date=13 January 2023|url=https://hckinfo.kerala.gov.in/digicourt/orders/interimorder/2023/215800000282023_1.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite court|litigants=Devu G v. State of Kerala|opinion=Special Leave Petition (Criminal) 1891 of 2023|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|date=6 February 2023|url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/50272023180641512order06-feb-2023-457634.pdf}}</ref>

When the Secretary of the District Legal Services Authority of Kollam visited the home of U. Sreerenjini's parents, who were the alleged detainers, alleged detainee U. Sreerenjini provided a statement affirming her romantic involvement with the petitioner Devu G. Nair but refuted any claim of unlawful detention by her parents.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2023 |title=Lesbian couple row: Supreme Court stays Kerala HC's order sending woman for gender counselling |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/lesbian-couple-row-supreme-court-stays-kerala-hcs-order-sending-woman-for-gender-counselling-article-97745098 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208231826/https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/lesbian-couple-row-supreme-court-stays-kerala-hcs-order-sending-woman-for-gender-counselling-article-97745098 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date= |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 January 2023, the Bench, without delving into the specifics of U. Sreerenjini's statement to the Secretary of District Legal Services Authority of Kollam, directed the Station House Officer of Kollam West Police Station to ensure U. Sreeranjini's presence before the Secretary of District Legal Services Authority of Kollam on 2 February 2023, for a direct video conference between the Kerala High Court and U. Sreeranjini.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Devu G. Nair v. State of Kerala|court=[[Kerala High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 28 of 2023|date=31 January 2023|url=https://hckinfo.kerala.gov.in/digicourt/orders/interimorder/2023/215800000282023_4.pdf}}</ref>

The petitioner Devu G. Nair asserted that during U. Sreerenjini's virtual appearance before the Kerala High Court, U. Sreerenjini explicitly conveyed her romantic affection for Devu G. Nair and expressed a desire to reside with her.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Ashish |title=SC stays Kerala HC order for counselling of woman in same-sex relationship |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sc-stays-kerala-hc-order-for-counselling-of-woman-in-same-sex-relationship-1188533.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831130212/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sc-stays-kerala-hc-order-for-counselling-of-woman-in-same-sex-relationship-1188533.html |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Interim Order ===
On 2 February 2023, a two-judge Bench of the [[Kerala High Court]], comprising Judge Alexander Thomas and Judge C.S. Sudha, without examining the content of the statement furnished by the alleged detainee U. Sreerenjini to the Kerala High Court, found it suitable for U. Sreerenjini to receive counseling at an authorized center. Accordingly, the Bench directed the Secretary of the [[Legal Services Authorities|District Legal Services Authority]] of Kollam to facilitate U. Sreerenjini's counseling sessions with a psychologist attached to a Kollam counseling center over the next four or five days. Furthermore, the Bench ruled that U. Sreerenjini's parents, who are the alleged detainers, could accompany her to the counseling center.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Devu G. Nair v. State of Kerala|court=[[Kerala High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 28 of 2023|date=2 February 2023|url=https://hckinfo.kerala.gov.in/digicourt/orders/interimorder/2023/215800000282023_5.pdf}}</ref>

== Supreme Court ==

=== Special leave to appeal ===
The special leave to appeal does not grant an automatic right to appeal but rather provides the right to request special leave to appeal. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], recognizing its exceptional and supreme authority in granting special leave to appeal, employs this [[discretionary jurisdiction]] with care, preserving it for rare and exceptional situations to prevent the continuation of injustice.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Dalal |first=Dormaan Jamshid |date=11 October 2020 |editor-last=Indulia |editor-first=Bhumika |title=Special Leave under Article 136 of the Constitution and keeping the question of law open |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2020/10/11/special-leave-under-article-136-of-the-constitution-under-article-136-of-the-constitution-and-keeping-the-question-of-law-open/ |access-date= |website=SCC Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Khoday Distilleries Limited v. Shri Mahadeshwara Sahakara Sakkare Karkhane Ltd.|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|opinion=2019 INSC 298|date=1 March 2019|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/pdfdate/index1.php?filename=supremecourt/2011/39068/39068_2011_Judgement_01-Mar-2019.pdf&dno=390682011&dt=2019-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901205456/https://main.sci.gov.in/pdfdate/index1.php?filename=supremecourt/2011/39068/39068_2011_Judgement_01-Mar-2019.pdf&dno=390682011&dt=2019-03-01|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> To qualify for the special leave to appeal, the [[Question of law|legal question]] raised in the petition must be of significant importance, either with broad public implications or with a direct and substantial impact on the rights of the parties involved.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Sir Chunilal V. Mehta And Sons, Ltd. versus The Century Spinning And Manufacturing Co., Ltd.|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|opinion=Civil Appeal No. 417 of 1957|date=5 March 1962|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/3942.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127053027/https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/3942.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Additionally, the Supreme Court's intervention becomes necessary when different High Courts hold conflicting views on the same legal question.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite court|litigants=State Bank of India v. Shri N. Sundara Money|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|opinion=Civil Appeals No. 933 and 934 of 1975|date=16 January 1976|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/5747.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901190255/https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/5747.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==== Petition ====
The petitioner's counsel has filed a special leave petition, seeking to contest the interim orders issued by the Kerala High Court on 13 January 2023, and 2 February 2023, raising [[Question of law|legal questions]] concerning the validity of '[[conversion therapy]],' and whether the High Court should have facilitated the alleged detainee's opportunity to provide their statement in person within the secure confines of the High Court building. Furthermore, the counsel argued that interim orders deprived the petitioner and the alleged detainee of fundamental rights, spanning from 9 January 2023, to the present.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

===== Conversion therapy =====
The counsel contested an interim order issued by the Kerala High Court on 2 February 2023, which mandated that the alleged detainee involved in a same-sex relationship must participate in counseling sessions with a psychologist. The counsel argued that it was inherently flawed and in conflict with legal principles. The petitioner's argument was based on the claim that the counseling sessions provided to a detainee in a same-sex relationship essentially intended to alter the detainee's sexual orientation.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

The counsel pointed out a notable discrepancy between two interim orders issued by the [[Kerala High Court]] and the [[Madras High Court]] concerning the legality of 'conversion therapy.'<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> In the Madras High Court case of ''[[S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police (2021)]]'', a ruling on 7 June 2021, declared that any attempts to medically change the sexual orientation or gender identity of queer individuals to heterosexual and cisgender identities should be prohibited. The Madras High Court instructed the [[National Medical Commission]] to take measures against professionals engaged in any form of 'conversion therapy,' which could involve revoking their license to practice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sajeev |first=Upasana |date=10 June 2022 |title="Conversion Therapy" For LGBTQ+ Persons Must Be Treated As Professional Misconduct: Madras High Court Directs National Medical Commission |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/madras-high-court-conversion-therapy-as-professional-misconduct-lgbtq-community-203383 |access-date= |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition No. 7284 of 2021|date=7 June 2021|url=https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_07062021_177.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607064921/https://www.mhc.tn.gov.in/judis/madras-do/index.php/casestatus/viewpdf/WP_7284_2021_XXX_0_0_07062021_177.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Consequently, on 2 September 2022, the National Medical Commission formally classified the practice of 'conversion therapy' as a type of professional misconduct, thereby granting State Medical Councils the authority to take punitive measures against medical professionals engaging in 'conversion therapy.'<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=2022-09-02 |title='Conversion therapy' is misconduct, declares National Medical Commission |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nmc-declares-conversion-therapy-to-be-professional-misconduct/article65842557.ece |access-date=2022-09-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=22 February 2022 |title=Conversion therapy for LGBTQIA+ persons banned in India, medical council tells HC |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/conversion-therapy-lgbtqia-persons-banned-india-medical-council-tells-hc-161228 |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref>

In light of these circumstances, the counsel sought a definitive determination regarding the legality of 'Conversion Therapy.'<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

===== Habeas Corpus =====
The counsel contested an interim order issued by the Kerala High Court on 13 January 2023, instructing the [[Legal Services Authorities|District Legal Service Authority]] to record the statement of the detainee, at the residence of alleged detainers. The counsel contended that this approach did not serve the purpose and invoked the principle of habeas corpus. According to the detainee's statement to the District Legal Service Authority, she confirmed her romantic relationship with the petitioner while denying any illegal detention. However, the counsel alleged that the detainee had made the statement under duress and requested her physical presence in court.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" />

Consequently, the counsel sought a legal determination on whether the [[High courts of India|High Court]] should have facilitated the alleged detainee's opportunity to provide their statement in person within the secure confines of the [[High courts of India|High Court]] building.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

===== Fundamental Rights =====
The counsel contests interim orders, asserting that they have infringed upon the fundamental rights of both the petitioner and the detainee, specifically their safety and liberty. The counsel emphasized interim orders have prolonged the deprivation of safety and liberty for the detainee, spanning from 9 January 2023, to the present day. The counsel argued that the interim orders are in conflict with a binding precedent set by the Supreme Court in the case of [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|''Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)'']], which established that sexual orientation is an intrinsic aspect of constitutional rights, including liberty, dignity, privacy, personal autonomy, and equality.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

==== Proceedings ====
On 6 February 2023, a three-judge Bench of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], comprising Chief Justice of India [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]], Justice [[P. S. Narasimha|P.S. Narasimha]] and Justice [[J.B. Pardiwala]], heard the petitioner's argument and issued notice to the respondents, including the [[Government of Kerala|State Government of Kerala]]. The Bench directed the parents of the alleged detainee to bring her before the [[Judiciary of India#District / Subordinate courts|Family Court]] in Kollam on 8 February 2023. Additionally, the Principal Judge of the Family Court was instructed to arrange an interview between the alleged detainee and Ms. Saleena V G Nair, a senior judicial officer from Kerala and a Member of the E-Committee of the Supreme Court. Ms. Saleena V G Nair was responsible for preparing a confidential report to determine the preferences of the alleged detainee and whether she resided with her parents voluntarily or was unlawfully detained after interacting with the detainee. Crucially, both the Principal Judge of the Family Court and Ms. Saleena V G Nair were responsible for ensuring that the detainee's statement was recorded without any coercion or duress from her parents, prioritizing a fair and unbiased process.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" />

==== Interim Order ====
In consideration of the [[Kerala High Court]]'s interim order from 13 January 2023, which directed the District Legal Services Authority to determine the legality of the alleged detainee's detention at the residence of the alleged detainers, as well as the petitioner's argument that the alleged detainee's statement recorded under the supervision of the alleged detainers would not effectively establish the legality of the detention, the Bench, on 6 February 2023, stayed the Kerala High Court Interim order from 13 January 2023 until the next day of the hearing of the special leave petition.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" />

Additionally, in consideration of the [[Kerala High Court]]'s interim order from 2 January 2023, which directed the alleged detainee in a same-sex relationship to attend counseling sessions over the next four or five days, as well as the petitioner's argument that directing the alleged detainee to attend counseling sessions is fundamentally erroneous, the Bench, on 6 February 2023, stayed the Kerala High Court Interim order from 2 January 2023 until the next day of the hearing of the special leave petition.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" />

Finally, the Bench stayed further proceedings in the case before [[Kerala High Court]] until the next day of until the next day of the hearing of the special leave petition.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[LGBT rights in India]]
* [[Adhila Nasarin v. State Commissioner of Police|Adhila Nasarin v. State Commissioner of Police (2022)]]
* [[S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police (2021)]]
* [[Ujjawal v. State of Haryana|Ujjawal v. State of Haryana (2021)]]
* [[Queerala v. State of Kerala|Queerala v. State of Kerala (2020)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{LGBT Rights Case Law in India|state=expanded}}{{LGBT in India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights case law]]
[[Category:2023 in case law]]
[[Category:2023 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:Legality of conversion therapy]]
[[Category:High courts of India cases]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2023]]

Joginder Singh (police officer)

2026-04-09T23:35:42Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Creating A Bio...

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| office = [[Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation]]
| image = Joginder.webp
| caption =
| predecessor = [[K. Vijayarama Rao]]
| successor = R.C. Sharma
| office2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1940|}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2017|02|03|1940}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| website = {{URL|https://cbi.gov.in}}
| term_start = 31 July 1996
| term_end = 30 June 1997
| appointer = [[Prime Minister]] [[H.D. Deve Gowda]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| appointer1 =
| appointer2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| appointer3 =
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}}

'''Joginder Singh''' ({{Circa|1940}} – 3 February 2017) was an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of the 1961 Karnataka cadre, who served as the Director of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) from 31 July 1996, to 30 June 1997. Known for leading high-profile investigations into the Bofors scandal, [[Fodder Scam|Bihar fodder scam]], and JMM bribery case, he was a vocal critic of political interference in the CBI. Singh authored over 25 books, including ''Inside CBI'' and ''Make a Way Where There is None'', and wrote columns on corruption, terrorism, and governance. His tenure was marked by controversy, including his premature dismissal in 1997.

== Early life ==
Joginder Singh was born around 1940 in [[India]]. He joined the Indian Police Service in 1961 at the age of 20, selected for the Karnataka cadre.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-03 |title=Former CBI chief Joginder Singh passes away after prolonged illness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-cbi-chief-joginder-singh-passes-away-after-prolonged-illness/articleshow/56960165.cms |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh held several significant roles during his IPS career. He served as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] in [[Bihar]], [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General]] and [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] in [[Karnataka]], [[Director general of police|Director General]] of the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP), and Director General of the [[Narcotics Control Bureau]]. He also acted as Special [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] in [[Karnataka]] and Special Secretary in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Ministry]], leading delegations to the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States|USA]], [[Germany]], and [[France]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-03 |title=Former CBI director Joginder Singh dies after prolonged illness |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-cbi-director-joginder-singh-dies-after-prolonged-illness/story-qfQ3Xob81vT1x8FlCzjfrN.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601152737/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-cbi-director-joginder-singh-dies-after-prolonged-illness/story-qfQ3Xob81vT1x8FlCzjfrN.html |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

Appointed CBI Director on July 31, 1996, by [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[H. D. Deve Gowda|H.D. Deve Gowda]], Singh led investigations into major cases, including the [[Bofors scandal]], Bihar [[Fodder Scam|fodder scam]] involving [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu Prasad]], JMM bribery case, securities scam, and urea scam. He secured critical [[Swiss bank]] documents in [[Bern]] for the Bofors case in 1997, a significant milestone in the investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-04 |title=Ex-CBI chief Joginder Singh dies at 77 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-cbi-director-joginder-singh-passes-away-after-prolonged-illness-4506655/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

His tenure was controversial, with critics alleging government loyalty and procedural errors in the [[St Kitts]] and JMM cases. He was sacked on June 30, 1997, before completing his term, amid political pressures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-20 |title=CBI a puppet in hands of government, says former director Joginder Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/cbi-a-puppet-in-hands-of-government-says-former-director-joginder-singh/story-QlogS4jFMIyIaXDJbtn5YO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222150033/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/cbi-a-puppet-in-hands-of-government-says-former-director-joginder-singh/story-QlogS4jFMIyIaXDJbtn5YO.html |archive-date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Colvin |first=Ross |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=Satarupa |date=2013-05-10 |title=A "caged parrot" - Supreme Court describes CBI |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/a-caged-parrot-supreme-court-describes-cbi-idUSDEE94901X/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=Reuters |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: CBI chief Joginder Singh sacked |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/jun/30cbi.htm |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Authorship and advocacy ==
Singh authored over 25 books, including ''Inside CBI'', ''Make a Way Where There is None'', ''50 Days to Top'', ''Some Untold Tales'', and ''Without Fear and Favour''. His book ''Corruption: A Threat to Indian Bureaucracy'' (2014) compiled articles on CBI’s operational challenges and governance issues, advocating for agency autonomy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-27 |title=Peppered with controversy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/joginder-singh-former-cbi-director-has-a-habit-of-cooking-up-a-storm/article6357093.ece |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He wrote columns for national dailies, addressing corruption, terrorism, and police reforms, and delivered lectures, such as at [[Arya Group Of Colleges|Aryans Group of Colleges]] in 2016, sharing his experiences on integrity in public service.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-18 |title=Former CBI director Joginder Singh shares his life experiences with students of Aryans Group of Colleges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/former-cbi-director-joginder-singh-shares-his-life-experiences-with-students-of-aryans-group-of-colleges/articleshow/51459282.cms |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on February 3, 2017, at the age of 77 after a prolonged illness, and was cremated in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |date=2017-02-03 |title=Former CBI director Joginder Singh dies at 77 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/828481/former-cbi-director-joginder-singh-dies-at-77 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian police officers]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian police officers]]

Women in agriculture in India

2026-04-07T01:35:58Z

ThomasPeterdavid:

{{short description|none}}
[[File:NP Himachal Pradesh 68 (6348260166).jpg|thumb|Pic by Neil Palmer (CIAT). Women farmers at work in their vegetable plots near Kullu town, Himachal Pradesh, India. Previously, the area was a major producer of high-value apples, but rising temperatures in the last few decades have forced almost all apple producers there to abandon their crop. For these farmers, switching to vegetable production has resulted in a major boost in incomes and livelihoods, illustrating that [[climate change adaptation]] can be effective and highly profitable.|alt=Pic by Neil Palmer (CIAT). Women farmers at work in their vegetable plots near Kullu town, Himachal Pradesh, India. Previously, the area was a major producer of high-value apples, but rising temperatures in the last few decades have forced almost all apple producers there to abandon their crop. For these farmers, switching to vegetable production has resulted in a major boost in incomes and livelihoods, illustrating that climate change adaptation can be effective and highly profitable.|350x350px]]

[[India]] has an economy bound to historical agricultural tradition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=Sheetal |last2=Reidsma |first2=Pytrik |last3=Shah |first3=Pratik |last4=Purushothaman |first4=Seema |last5=Wolf |first5=Joost |date=March 2014 |title=Comparing conventional and organic agriculture in Karnataka, India: Where and when can organic farming be sustainable? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837712000087 |journal=Land Use Policy |language=en |volume=37 |pages=40–51 |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.01.006|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the North, the [[Indus River|Indus valley]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra region]] are critical agricultural areas with water supplied by the [[Ganges]] and monsoon season. Agriculture is a way of life for the majority of India's population; based on 2011 [[World Bank]] data, only 17.5% of India's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) is accounted for by agricultural production. Women are an important but often overlooked population in India's agricultural production—they represent the majority of the agricultural labor force.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Altenbuchner |first=Christine |last2=Vogel |first2=Stefan |last3=Larcher |first3=Manuela |date=September 2017 |title=Effects of organic farming on the empowerment of women: A case study on the perception of female farmers in Odisha, India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277539517301206 |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |language=en |volume=64 |pages=28–33 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2017.09.001|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Women's participation in the agrarian labor force plays out in various ways, impacting their economic independence, their decision-making abilities, their agency and access to education and health services. Many women in farming communities suffer poverty and marginalization, and issues of gender inequality.<ref name=":1" />

==Indian agriculture==
{{main|Agriculture in India}}
Based on 2012 data, India is home to the fourth-largest [[agricultural sector]] in the world. India has an estimated 180 million hectares of farmland with 140 million of which are planted and continuously cultivated. Yet India's agricultural profile is shadowed by the controversial impacts of [[Green Revolution]] policies that were adopted in the 1960s and 70s with pressure from the [[United States Agency for International Development]] and the [[World Bank]].

The Green Revolution brought a modern approach to agriculture by incorporating [[irrigation]] systems, [[Genetically modified crops|genetically modified seed variations]], [[insecticide]] and [[pesticide]] usage, and numerous land reforms. It had an explosive impact, providing unprecedented agricultural productivity in India and turned the country from a food importer to an exporter. Yet the Green Revolution also caused agricultural prices to drop, which damaged India's small farmers. Over the years, Green Revolution technology has caused decreases in agricultural yields. This problem was particularly grave for smallholder farmers, because intensification of synthetic inputs and more advanced agricultural technology is required from year to year in order to maintain the same high levels of production on the same plot of land.<ref name=":0" /> Small holder farmers cultivate less than 2 hectares of lands; the majority of all Indian farmers are smallholders and produce the majority of India’s produce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hazareesingh |first=Sandip |date=May 2021 |title=‘Our Grandmother Used to Sing Whilst Weeding’: Oral histories, millet food culture, and farming rituals among women smallholders in Ramanagara district, Karnataka |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026749X20000190/type/journal_article |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=938–972 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X20000190 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vinaya Kumar |first=H. M. |last2=Shivamurthy |first2=M. |last3=Govinda Gowda |first3=V. |last4=Biradar |first4=G. S. |date=May 2017 |title=Assessing decision-making and economic performance of farmers to manage climate-induced crisis in Coastal Karnataka (India) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-017-1928-x |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=142 |issue=1-2 |pages=143–153 |doi=10.1007/s10584-017-1928-x |issn=0165-0009|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Smallholder farmers face the largest negative impact from green revolution technology–the synthetic inputs have adversely impacted their soil, decreasing yields. Due to the smaller scales of their operations, they are unable to afford more synthetic inputs to compensate for poor [[soil quality]] caused by the initial introduction of off-farm inputs.<ref>Münster, Daniel. ''Agro-Ecological Double Movements? Zero Budget Natural Farming and Alternative Agricultures after the Neoliberal Crisis in Kerala.'' 2016, pp. 222–44.</ref> This leads to a “treadmill of technology dependence,” which continues to speed up as soil health declines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Purushothaman |first=Seema |last2=Patil |first2=Sheetal |last3=Patil |first3=Iswar |last4=Francis |first4=Ierene |last5=Nesheim |first5=Ingrid |last6=Purushothaman |first6=Seema |last7=Patil |first7=Sheetal |last8=Patil |first8=Iswar |last9=Francis |first9=Ierene |last10=Nesheim |first10=Ingrid |date=2013 |title=Research Note: Policy and Governance for Sustaining Livelihoods and Natural Resources in Small Farms - A Case Study in Karnataka |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/206333 |language=en |doi=10.22004/AG.ECON.206333}}</ref> In addition to the financial issue, there are also the environmental impacts of the Green revolution which all farmers, big and small, must contend with. Intensification of synthetic fertilizer and pesticide inputs leads to a loss in biodiversity which continues to degrade the environmental quality of cultivated land.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mone |first=Shamika |last2=Kusha |first2=K.M. |last3=Jathanna |first3=Devcharan |last4=Ali |first4=Mustakh |last5=Goel |first5=Anurag |date=2014-08-26 |title=Comparison of insect biodiversity between organic and conventional plantations in Kodagu, Karnataka, India |url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/1575 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=6186–6194 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3778.6186-94}}</ref> Groundwater depletion, soil health decline, a loss of crop genetic diversity all make the created environment continually more inhospitable to introduced crop varieties that have not had the advantage of years of evolution to make them best suited to the changing conditions.<ref name=":2" />

India's agricultural sector today still faces issues of efficiency due to lack of mechanization with poorer conditions of farmers, as well as small farm sizes. In India, traditional agriculture is still dominant as many farmers depend on livestock in crop production, for manure as fertilizers, and the use of animal-powered ploughs. According to 2011 statistics, the average farm in India is about 1.5 acres, minuscule when compared the average of 50 hectares in France and or 178 hectares in United States and 273 hectares in Canada.<ref name="Ramesh Chand, P A Lakshmi Prasanna, Aruna Singh">June 25, 2011.[http://www.syngentafoundation.org/__temp/Chand_smallholders_article_Jul_11.pdf "Farm Size and Productivity: Understanding the Strength of Smallholders and Improving Their Livelihoods."]</ref>

The [[small farm]]er tradition of India can be drawn back to the first farm reforms of independent India. Known as the Laws of Divided Inheritance, the reforms were meant to limit the conglomeration of land, by mandating redistribution as land was divided among male inheritors from the prior generation. The perpetuation of these laws not only limits farm size but also bars women from ownership or inheritance. Furthermore, as small farmers face increasing competition with larger farm operations an increasing number of men migrate to city centers for higher wages and employment. Women are in turn left to support the family structure and support small farm lifestyle. In 2011, the agricultural sector workforce in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] was 75% women.<ref name="Singh2009">Singh, Roopam; Sengupta, Ranja (2009). [http://www.in.boell.org/downloads/Summary_agr.pdf "EU FTA and the Likely Impact on Indian Women Executive Summary."]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Centre for Trade and Development and Heinrich Boell Foundation.</ref>

=== Feminization of Indian agriculture ===
With the advent of The Green Revolution, and then liberalization, male labor was increasingly drawn towards urban centers, leading to an increased number of women involved in agricultural labor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pattnaik |first=Itishree |last2=Lahiri-Dutt |first2=Kuntala |date=2022-04-16 |title=Do women like to farm? Evidence of growing burdens of farming on women in rural India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2020.1867540 |journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=629–651 |doi=10.1080/03066150.2020.1867540 |issn=0306-6150|hdl=1885/220400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==A statistical profile==
In rural India, the percentage of women who depend on agriculture for their livelihood is as high as 84%. Women make up about 33% of cultivators and about 47% percent of agricultural labourers.<ref name="Krishna2006">Rao, E. Krishna (2006). [http://ideas.repec.org/a/jge/journl/224.html "Role of Women in Agriculture: A Micro Level Study."]</ref> These statistics do not account for work in livestock, fisheries and various other ancillary forms of food production in the country. In 2009, 94% of the female agricultural labour force in crop cultivation were in cereal production, while 1.4% worked in vegetable production, and 3.72% were engaged in fruits, nuts, beverages, and spice crops.<ref name="Singh2009"/>

Women's participation rate in the agricultural sectors is about 47% in tea plantations, 46.84% in cotton cultivation, 45.43% growing oil seeds and 39.13% in vegetable production.<ref name="Roopam Singh and Ranja Sengupta">2009.Centre for Trade and Development and Heinrich Boell Foundation. [http://www.in.boell.org/downloads/Summary_agr.pdf “EU FTA and the Likely Impact on Indian Women Executive Summary." ]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
While these crops require labor-intensive work, the work is considered quite unskilled. Women also heavily participate in ancillary agricultural activities. According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], Indian women represented a share of 21% and 24% of all fishers and fish farmers, respectively.

Despite their dominance of the [[labor force]] women in India still face extreme disadvantage in terms of pay, [[land rights]], and representation in local farmers organizations. Furthermore, their lack of [[empowerment]] often results in negative [[externalities]] such as lower educational attainment for their children and poor familial health.

==Gendered division of agrarian labor==
In India, the typical work of the female agricultural laborer or cultivator is limited to less skilled jobs, such as sowing, transplanting, weeding and harvesting, that often fit well within the framework of domestic life and child-rearing. In cotton seed production, they are engaged in pollination activity which requires patience and a little bit of precision. Many women also participate in agricultural work as unpaid subsistence labor. According to United Nations Human Development Report only 32.8% of Indian women formally participate in the labor force, a rate that has remained steady since 2009 statistics. By comparison, men constitute 81.1%.<ref>UNHDR-2011</ref>

=== Literacy among women in farming communities ===
An estimated 52–75% of Indian women [[Literacy in India|engaged in agriculture are illiterate]], an education barrier that prevents women from participating in more skilled labor sectors. Women generally face low access to agricultural information that is generated outside their own families. This is primarily due to lower rates of literacy and a lack of mobility–but women will readily disperse information to women of other households, even other villages. Some district governments in Karnataka are looking into establishing self-help groups for women to create larger social networks through which women may disseminate information about agricultural practices, circumventing the low literacy rates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Govil |first=Richa |last2=Rana |first2=Garima |last3=Govil |first3=Richa |last4=Rana |first4=Garima |date=2017 |title=Demand for Agricultural Information among Women Farmers: A Survey from Karnataka, India |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/308363 |language=en |doi=10.22004/AG.ECON.308363}}</ref> In all activities, there is an average [[Gender pay gap|gender wage disparity]], with women earning only 70 percent of men's wage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women Empowerment (SAFE) - Roshni Sanstha - NGO in India |url=https://roshnisanstha.com/women-empowerment-safe/ |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=Roshni Sanstha |language=en-US}}</ref>
Additionally, many women participate in agricultural work as unpaid subsistence labor. The lack of employment mobility and education render the majority of women in India vulnerable, as dependents on the growth and stability of the agricultural market.<ref name="Satyavathi2010">Satyavathi, C. Tara; Bharadwaj, Ch.; Brahmanand, P.S. (2010). [http://gtd.sagepub.com/content/14/3/441.full.pdf+html "Role of Farm Women In Agriculture: Lessons Learned."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101235400/http://gtd.sagepub.com/content/14/3/441.full.pdf+html |date=2016-01-01 }} SAGE Gender, Technology, and Development</ref>

=== Arranged marriages and caste ===
In rural India, women's role in the household is greatly defined by social structure and familial ties. [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|Arranged marriages]] specific to [[Caste system in India|each caste system]], determine their economic worth, and are expected early on in a woman's life. Depending on caste and economic class a woman's role can be determined as one of more in the public eye or predominantly of seclusion; a life in which women are expected to care for children and maintain the household. The typical rural Indian household is a [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] and [[patrilocal residence|partilocal]] one, in which a husband, or in his stead the oldest son will make the decisions for a family.

==Time allocation==
In addition to rigorous agricultural work that is undervalued and underpaid, women are also responsible for the well-being of the household. They care for their children, provide nutrition or usually take part in subsistence agriculture, and do chores around the house.<ref name="Satyavathi2010"/> Based on time allocation studies, which pinpoint exactly how a woman's hours are spent throughout the week, Indian women spend about 25 hours in a week doing household chores and five hours in caring and community work.<ref name="Satyavathi2010"/>

Besides the 30 hours of unpaid work, women spend the same amount of time as men carrying out agricultural work.<ref>TNN, [https://archive.today/20130615211017/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-24/pune/31392008_1_agriculture-women-working-rural-women "Pay Parity Sought for Women in Agriculture."] ''The Times of India.'' April 24, 2012.</ref> Daughters typically supplement or substitute for mother's unpaid work around the household. Considered female tasks, the [[opportunity cost]] of girls' time for school is higher than that of sons. Girls do significantly more housework than boys, which compromises their schooling.

While some studies in Orissa suggest that organic farming could increase the amount of labor and time spent on agricultural duties for women, more research needs to be done to expand conclusions across India.<ref name=":1" />

==Access to land and resources==
Critical resources such as land are also unevenly distributed by gender. Women seldom enjoy [[women's property rights|property ownership rights]] directly in their names. They have little control over decisions made in reference to land. Even with land in their names, they may not have actual decision-making power in terms of cropping patterns, sale, mortgage and the purchase of land. In India, only 14.9% of households are female headed. Access to credit is difficult, since women lack many of the prerequisites for lending such as assets or ownership of property.<ref name="Meenakshi N. Dalal">{{Cite book |last=Rives |first=Janet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLaLm4dfRMMC&dq=gender+division+of+labor+in+india&pg=PA203 |title=Economic Dimensions of Gender Inequality: A Global Perspective |last2=Yousefi |first2=Mahmood |date=1997-08-26 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-275-95618-9 |language=en}}</ref> Without access to capital or household decision making abilities women lack the resources that are necessary for their labor stability and stability of their households.<ref name="Satyavathi2010"/>

Furthermore, without access to support from the [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]], banks, and cooperative societies, women are excluded from information that would make their production more competitive in the agricultural markets.<ref name = ICAR>Indian Council of Agricultural Research. “Women in Agriculture”: DARE/ICAR Annual Report." 2003-04. http://www.icar.org.in/files/ar0304/12-WOMEN%20IN%20AGRICULTURE.pdf</ref> The traditional systematic denial of women as key producers in India's agriculture causes them to often be overlooked in the research and study, thus further entrenching the exclusion of women in roles of agency. According to [[Amartya Sen]], and [[Martha Nussbaum]]’s [[Capability Approach]], equality in access is critical step to economic empowerment to create [[gender equality]].<ref name="Satyavathi2010"/> In conjunction, the early access to education and health services is critical to the capabilities and self-actualization of girls. The attainment of these necessary life structures is determined by cultural norms as well as the economic standing of the family.

Land ownership opportunities also have a critical impact on human development with freedom from violence. According to a 2005 study of marital violence and property ownership, 49% of propertyless women experience physical violence and 84% experienced psychological abuse. Ownership rights saw a drastic decrease in violence. Among women who owned both land and house there was only 7% physical violence and 16% psychological abuse.<ref name="Panda 2005)">Pradeep Panda and Bina Agarwal. "Marital Violence, Human Development and Women’s Property Status in India."</ref>

==Women farmers and the environment==
[[File:Woman harvesting wheat, Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, India ggia version.jpg|thumb|Woman harvesting wheat, Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, India]]
Extreme climatic changes are among the factors that have begun to jeopardize agricultural production globally. India's agricultural sector which depends greatly on the variations in climate and weather is defined mainly by the monsoon season. The appropriate levels of precipitation that last from June to September, predicate a bountiful agricultural yield later on in the year. Monsoon seasons with insufficient or excessive precipitation, hurts the agricultural sector.<ref name=Momagri>"Agricultural in India: Both Weak and Strong." http://www.momagri.org/UK/focus-on-issues/Agriculture-in-India-Both-Weak-and-Strong_249.html</ref> Increasing temperatures and erratic precipitation has begun to exhaust agricultural land and create high variations of land. In the past couple of years, these trends have made a noticeable impact in India, causing droughts and unpredictable rainfall. Just one season of such weather patterns can be devastating to the livelihood of farmers, who can find no resilience in small farms.<ref name=Paul>"Inequality Deepens Climate Challenge for India's Women Farmers." http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/inequality-deepens-climate-challenge-for-indias-women-farmers/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101034246/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/inequality-deepens-climate-challenge-for-indias-women-farmers/ |date=2012-11-01 }}</ref>

The loss of [[biodiversity]] in India and specifically food crops is a serious concern of food security and sustainability of the agricultural sector in India. The connection between women farmers and environmental health is not simply for subsistence and survival. It also stems from a long-existing cultural valuation of India's agricultural fertility in ritual and practice. Women's connection to land is reflected in their almanac-like knowledge of plant varieties. Rituals and ceremonies in various parts of the country show this close relationship. There is [[Lohri]], the harvest festival of [[Punjab]] or ''navadhanya puja'', which translates to the worship of nine cereals, celebrations that take place in southern India. Both ceremonies celebrate the role of women in agriculture and fertility and importance of environment and [[biodiversity]].<ref name="Satyavathi2010"/>

Furthermore, traditional agricultural methods heavily utilized by women subsistence farmers boast environmentally friendly features, such as seed preservation, natural fertilizers and [[crop rotation]] techniques that do not exhaust delicate soil. In the wake of Green Revolution's reforms, it is clear that many of the high yield recommendations had severe environmental impacts.<ref name= Pepper>Daniel Pepper. US News. "Toxic Consequences of the Green Revolution." 2008. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2008/07/07/the-toxic-consequences-of-the-green-revolution</ref>
The negative environmental impacts of the [[Green Revolution]] are barely beginning to show their full affect. The widespread chemical pollution in communities that utilize pesticides and herbicides is creating a public health problem, which has disproportionately impacted women.<ref name=Radio>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103569390/|title = In Punjab, Crowding Onto the Cancer Train| website=[[NPR]] }}</ref>

In the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], which was touted as a success of Green Revolution, cancer rates have skyrocketed. A 2008 study by [[Punjabi University]] a high rate of genetic damage among farmers, which was attributed to pesticide use. Ignorance on the appropriate use of pesticides, resulting in the heavy use, improper disposal, the use of pesticides as kitchen containers, and contamination of drinking water with heavy metals are contributing factors. In reaction to the health and monetary costs of inorganic farming many women are turning to organic farming practices. On a micro level women are organizing into collectives to exchange knowledge, organize organic seed sharing, to pursue organic and sustainable agricultural practices.<ref name=Paul/>

==Cooperatives==
[[Women in cooperatives|Cooperatives]] have been long seen as a social institution providing partnership, solidarity and resources to women farmers as well as tackle gender inequality. In India they have had quite a success. In many instances in which women are barred from participation, women only cooperatives are critical in empowering and educating. Yet female participation in cooperatives is still relatively low and some argue because men are still seen as primarily in charge of agriculture and income generation. Only 7.5% of women participate in cooperatives as compared to 92.5% of men. Of India's 450,000 cooperatives with a membership of 204.5 million, there are only 8,171 women cooperatives with a total membership of 693,000 women.<ref name=Prakash>Daman Prakash. "Rural Women, Food Security, and Agricultural Cooperatives." 2003.</ref>

Despite that, women-only cooperatives, which include cooperative banks, stores, food vendors, have done quite well and provided a whole range of services to their members. In India, with a view to involve women in the process of decision-making in local self-governing bodies including cooperatives, a 33% representation has been instituted and in a number of states all boards of directors have women serving on them. International organizations such as the [[Self-Employed Women's Association]] (SEWA) have been working quite successfully in India with partners to form a membership of 1.24 million women in India. Fifty-four percent of members are agricultural workers.<ref name=SEWA>Self-Employed Women's Association. (2011) http://www.sewa.org/</ref>

==India-EU Free Trade Agreement==
Since 2007, India and the [[European Union]] have been in negotiation over a [[free trade agreement]] between the two bodies.<ref name="Singh2009"/>
It is an extension of the neoliberal policies posed by the [[International Monetary Fund]] and [[World Bank]] as developmentally advantageous to India. However, in the long run it is predicted that the EU-India FTA will not bring gains to the agricultural sector of India. Rather it is predicted by a study conducted by the Centre for Trade and Development in 2009, that the EU will benefit at the expense of the small Indian agricultural laborers and farmers. It is predicted there will be a small increase in agricultural exports that will be dwarfed by larger increase in agricultural imports. In addition, agricultural employment will decline in India. Furthermore, there is concern about the social impacts of opening up of the Indian market to European Unions agricultural goods such as general and specialty food crops.<ref name="Singh2009"/>

The Free Trade Agreement may lead to increased imports of the products that women are typically involved in, such as cereal production, tea or coffee, confections, and oil seeds. With the EU's competitive advantage this will hurt a number of women farmers and laborers that are employed in these sectors. For example, EU dairy products, a heavily protected industry in the EU, will most likely enter Indian markets competing with smaller animal husbandry production methods specifically attached to women. Competition may threaten women's and their families’ livelihoods and create problems of food security and deepen gender inequality by stifling the expansion of capabilities for girls and women. Agro processing, the creation of cereals and grains mixtures, in India is a large employer of women workers and strong competition can adversely affect them. In addition, since the EU has considerably lower tariffs than those in India, the FTA will induce a loss of tariff revenue in India, which will have to reduce tariffs. This will bring about a loss of revenue source generally used by the government on social spending.<ref name=Indian >{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/germany-voices-support-for-fta-between-india-and-eu/1100889/|title = Germany voices support for FTA between India and EU|date = 11 April 2013}}</ref>

The FTA, as insisted by the EU, will also remove export restrictions and increase the liberalization of investment in agriculture in India. This does not bode well for smaller Indian agricultural production industries that have thus far been insulated from such rough competition for resources. As foreign investors begin to vye for power over agricultural or natural resources in India, women's access to resources and decision-making abilities will be further threatened. Women who do agricultural work for subsistence will be at risk of losing the basic resources such as water, seeds and other natural resources used to feed their families.<ref name="Singh2009"/>

The Free Trade Agreement is still under negotiations. Since initial discussion of the free trade agreement, there has been a major public outcry due to problems, besides those agricultural cited above, that are predicted to arise. In April 2013, Germany supported the free trade agreement. Progress on the FTA has been delayed due to EU demands that India open its markets further. Europe currently waits on India to raise its cap on "FDI by foreign insurance companies from 26 to 49 per cent" and also decrease import duties for luxury items such as cars, wine and spirits.<ref name=Indian/>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Domestic violence in India]]
* [[Dowry system in India]]
* [[Female foeticide in India]]
* [[Gender inequality in India]]
* [[Gender pay gap in India]]
* [[Men's rights movement in India]]
* [[National Commission for Women]]
* [[Rape in India]]
* [[Welfare schemes for women in India]]
* [[Women in India]]
* [[Women in Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Women's Reservation Bill]]
* [[Women's suffrage in India]]
* [[Women in Asia]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Agriculture in India}}

[[Category:Agriculture in India]]
[[Category:Women in India]]
[[Category:Women in agriculture]]

A. J. W. Kitchin

2026-04-03T19:17:10Z

ThomasPeterdavid: new - done

{{Cleanup|reason=article says he performed a horrible duty but doesn't really explain exactly what he did or ordered to be done that was so controversial|date=February 2026}}
'''Arthur James Warburton Kitchin''' [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (1870{{snd}}1957) was a British officer in the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS), who served mainly in Punjab, where he held the post of commissioner of the [[Lahore Division|division of Lahore]].

Kitchin was delegated by [[Michael O'Dwyer|Sir Michael O'Dwyer]] to manage the Punjab disturbances in April 1919. He was later censured by the [[British Raj|Government of India]], following the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] and the Hunter Inquiry, for his actions in Amritsar on 10 April 1919 and for allowing Dyer to assume authority. He later gave evidence in support of O’Dwyer during the 1924 ''[[O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case]]''.

==Early life and family==
Arthur Kitchin was born in 1870, the youngest son of Rev. Joseph Laxton Kitchin of [[Teignmouth]], Devon.<ref name=Cambridge>{{cite web |title=Kitchin, Arthur James Warburton (1870–1957) civil servant in India|url=https://trin-2.maxarchiveservices.co.uk/index.php/kitchin-arthur-james-warburton-1870-1957-civil-servant-in-india|website=trin-2.maxarchiveservices.co.uk|access-date=31 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131170127/https://trin-2.maxarchiveservices.co.uk/index.php/kitchin-arthur-james-warburton-1870-1957-civil-servant-in-india|archive-date=31 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Local News |work=Devon and Exeter Gazette |date=9 July 1907 |page=8}}</ref> He was educated at [[Clifton College]], and subsequently gained a maths scholarship to [[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]], University of Cambridge, passing the ICS examination in 1892.<ref name=IOBOL1928>{{cite book |title=The India Office and Burma Office List for 1928 |date=1928 |publisher=Harrison and sons, Limited |location=London |page=684 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVkKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA684|language=en}}</ref><ref name=JES1888>{{cite book |title=Journal of Education and School World |date=1888 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI9IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA99|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge University Calendar|date=1891|page=557|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E985AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA557|language=en|publisher=Deighton, Bell & Co.|location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref name=Pembroke>{{cite news |title=Pembroke College |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000421/18871216/109/0004 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=Cambridge Chronicle and Journal |date=16 December 1887 |page=4|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Kitchin married Mildred Sarah Maria Murray on 21 November 1907.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage|date=1934 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpHySDcAmU8C&pg=PA168 |language=en|location=London}}</ref>

==Career==
Kitchin joined the ICS in November 1893 and reached India on 4 January 1894.<ref name=civil1897>{{cite book |title=History of Services of Gazetted Officers Employed in the Punjab |date=1897 |publisher="Civil & Military Gazette" Press |pages=81-82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDlFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA81 |language=en}}</ref> He served in Punjab as assistant commissioner in [[Rawalpindi]], [[Jhelum]], and [[Murree]], and became assistant commissioner on settlement duty from November 1901 before becoming Deputy Commissioner in March 1904.<ref name=IOBOL1928/> He was made a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1917.<ref name=IOBOL1928/> The following year he was appointed secretary to the Punjab Publicity Bureau.<ref name=IOBOL1928/>

===Punjab disturbances===
As commissioner of the [[Lahore Division]] (included Amritsar) in 1919, Kitchin supervised Amritsar's deputy commissioner, [[Miles Irving]], and was delegated by [[Michael O'Dwyer|Sir Michael O'Dwyer]] to handle the Punjab disturbances in April 1919.<ref name=Collett2011>{{cite journal |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel A. |author-link=Nigel Collett |date=2011 |title=The O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case of 1924: New Evidence Concerning Indian Attitudes and British Intelligence During the 1919 Punjab Disturbances |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41490046 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=469–483 |doi=10.1017/S1356186311000435 |jstor=41490046 |issn=1356-1863 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Wagner.68>Wagner, p.68</ref> In response, Kitchin made his own assessment of Amritsar and on 11 April 1919 called [[William Beynon (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Beynon]] to recruit an officer "not afraid to act".<ref name=Collett2011/> At Beynon's instruction Lieutenant-Colonel [[Mountiford Hickman Llewellyn Morgan|M. H. L. Morgan]] was dispatched from the city of Lahore, but [[Reginald Dyer]] reached Amritsar first and took control, side-lining Morgan.<ref name=Collett2011/> On 13 April 1919, Kitchin was back in Lahore but following Dyer's actions at the [[Jallianwalla Bagh]], where without warning Dyer ordered the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre|shooting of a large unarmed crowd]], Kitchin was ordered back to Amritsar the following day.<ref name=Collett2011/> Dyer then told him: "'I have done my duty. It was a horrible duty. I haven't slept all night but it was the right thing to do."<ref name=Collett2011/><ref name=Wagner.176>Wagner, p.176</ref> Kitchin was censured by the [[British Raj|Government of India]] following the release of the [[Hunter Report]], for his role in Amritsar, when he handed control of the city to the military without giving clear instructions,<ref name=Collett2011/><ref name=Wagner.116>Wagner, pp.116-117</ref> and letting Dyer take over authority.<ref name=Wagner.247>Wagner, p.247</ref> Kitchin told the court that fears about the loyalty of Indian troops partly shaped his interpretation of Dyer’s conduct at Jallianwala Bagh, an explanation that neither Dyer nor [[Havelock Hudson|Sir Havelock Hudson]], Adjutant-General in India, endorsed.<ref name=Collett2011/> Kitchin stated "I am content to put it forward as a factor operating on my own mind. It was an argument put forward by practically every Indian who came to us. They all said that we could not trust the troops."<ref name=Collett2011/>

==Later life==
Kitchin retired in 1921 and returned to England.<ref name=IOBOL1928/><ref name=Collett2011/> In 1924 he gave testimony on behalf of O'Dwyer in the ''[[O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case]]''.<ref name=IOBOL1928/><ref name=Collett2011/> He died in 1957.<ref name=Cambridge/>

==Selected publications==
*{{cite book |title=Final report of the revision of the settlement of the Rawalpindi district in the Punjab |date=1909 |publisher=Lahore, Civil and Military Gazette Press |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4208}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A. |title=Amritsar 1919: An empire of fear & the making of a massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee Appointed in the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab, Etc |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cE1AQAAMAAJ|language=en}}
*{{cite web |title=Note by A. J. W. Kitchin - File marked ‘Private File’ - Telegraphic correspondence with Lord Chelmsford, and related papers - Papers of Edwin Montagu - Papers of Edwin Montagu, Part II - Archives Hub |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/2d0a15db-b565-3902-b47a-17e34d274579?component=adca85da-bcc1-310a-b7ce-71efba550983 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk |access-date=1 February 2026}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kitchin, A. J. W.}}

[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Clifton College]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People from Teignmouth]]
[[Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge]]

Tashi Tshering (Sikkimese politician)

2026-04-02T22:07:11Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Starting new entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Inadequate lead|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name= Tashi Tshering
| office = [[List of heads of government of the Kingdom of Sikkim|Chief Minister of Kingdom of Sikkim]]
| term_start = 8 May 1949
| predecessor = ''New office''
| term_end = 6 June 1949
| successor = Harishwar Dayal
| monarch = [[Tashi Namgyal]]
| party = [[Sikkim State Congress]]
}}

'''Tashi Tshering''' ([[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]: {{bo-textonly|བཀྲ་ཤིས་ཚེ་རིང་}}; [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ''bkra-shis tshe-ring'') was the first [[Chief Minister]] in erstwhile [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] from 8 May 1949 to 6 June 1949. He was the President of [[Sikkim State Congress]].<ref name="ide.go.jp">{{cite web |language=en |website=www.ide.go.jp |access-date=2023-04-20 |url=https://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/pdf/133_10.pdf |title=Chapter 8: Sikkim |author=AC Sinha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/eras/annexation-of-sikkim|title=How Sikkim Became a Part of India|first=Akshay|last=Chavan|date=16 May 2021|website=www.livehistoryindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/1/3337/1/Sikkim.pdf|title=Chapter 8: Sikkim|author=AC Sinha}}</ref>

==Career==

Tashi Tshering founded the Praja Sudharak Samaj in 1940s. [[Sikkim State Congress]] was formed on 7 December 1947 after localised organisations Praja Sudharak Samaj, Praja Sammelan and Praja Mandal jointly decided to form a unified party. He along with Gobardhan Pradhan, DB Tiwari, [[Chandra Das Rai|CD Rai]], DS Lepcha, Sonam Tshering, [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee|LD Kazi]], Roy Choudhary and Helen Lepcha are the founder members of the [[Sikkim State Congress]]. Tshering was also the President of the newly formed party. After the formation of the Congress, Tshering organised its first public meeting on 7 December 1947 at Gangtok demanding abolishing landlordism, forming an interim government and accession to [[India]]. In 1949, Sikkim State Congress led a statewide agitation for democracy leading to formation of Sikkim's first interim government led by Chief Minister Tashi Tshering and his popular ministry. However the government was dismissed within 29 days by the Indian Political Officer Harishwar Dayal.<ref name="ide.go.jp"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Improve categories|date=February 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tashi Tshering}}
[[Category:Government of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Heads of government of former countries]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Sikkim State Congress politicians]]

{{Sikkim-politician-stub}}

Mudhalvar Mahatma

2026-04-02T20:14:52Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Started Basic Pg W/ Refs

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by A. Balakrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mudhalvar Mahatma
| image = Mudhalvar Mahatma.jpg
| alt = "The theme of the movie Welcome Back Gandhi is set like the father of the nation revisits his motherland and resumes his 'Sathyagraha Movement' while dealing with various social, economical and political issues existing in the country even today."
| caption = DVD cover
| director = A. Balakrishnan
| producer =
| writer = A. Balakrishnan
| starring = A. Kanagaraj [[Anupam Kher]] [[Krishnammal Jagannathan]] [[V. S. Raghavan]]
| music = [[Illayaraja]]
| cinematography = J. Mohan Subu
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| distributor = Ramana Communications
| released = {{film date|df=y|2012|1|30}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mudhalvar Mahatma''''' is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language biographical film directed by A. Balakrishnan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=18 December 2011 |title=Anna Hazare watches film on Gandhi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article2726867.ece |access-date=24 January 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The film, released on 30 January 2012 in India, stars S. Kanagaraj as [[Mohandas Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2011 |title=Tamil film 'Welcome Back Gandhi' launched |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k11/aac967.php |access-date=24 January 2014 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indian Television}}</ref> The movie's music was written by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by Bharat Acharya, and the movie's plot explores how Gandhi might react if he was still alive and visited modern day India.<ref name="N">{{Cite web |title=Anna 'Welcome(s) Back Gandhi' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article236643.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222001034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article236643.ece?service=print |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=24 January 2014 |website=New Indian Express}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Hindi as ''Welcome Back Gandhi''.<ref name="N" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2012 |title=Shot Cuts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shot-cuts/article3024639.ece |website=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Filming for ''Mudhalvar Mahatma'' took place over a 40-day period in [[Chennai]] during 2012, and was produced on a budget of ₹3 crore.<ref name="tnie">{{Cite web |title=Reliving the Mahatma |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Reliving-the-Mahatma/2014/01/18/article2006371.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121011549/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Reliving-the-Mahatma/2014/01/18/article2006371.ece |archive-date=21 January 2014 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=TNIE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sah |first=Purnima |date=22 November 2018 |title=This film touches upon the Ayodhya dispute and Ram Mandir issue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/tamil/this-film-touches-upon-the-ayodhya-dispute-and-ram-mandir-issue/articleshow/66747475.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190326100910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/tamil/this-film-touches-upon-the-ayodhya-dispute-and-ram-mandir-issue/articleshow/66747475.cms |archive-date=26 March 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==

After a 60-year absence, Gandhi (S. Kanagaraj) returns to India to resume his [[Satyagraha]] Movement. While there, he must deal with the various social, economical and political issues that exist within the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2013 |title=Shotcuts: Big plans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-big-plans/article5482767.ece |access-date=24 January 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Cast ==

*S. Kanagaraj as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
*[[Anupam Kher]] as the Chief Minister of a State in India
**Sundar as the younger version
*Manvi Gagroo
*[[V. S. Raghavan]]
*[[S. Sathyendra]]
*Deenadhayalan
*[[Krishnammal Jagannathan]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and features a promotional song in Hindi titled "Ekla Chalo Re" by [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2021 |title=Welcome Back Gandhi - Movie Promotional Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3ggyeWNTOI?si=osD8hAjmZ7rjmQwa |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a positive review for ''Mudhalvar Mahatma'', commenting that "It's a noble, valiant effort that needs to be seen and promoted just so that another filmmaker is encouraged to invest in a film as honest as this, one that will invoke and appeal to the patriot in you, despite its idealistic failings."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2011 |title=A Welcome Effort |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-welcome-effort/article1496255.ece |access-date=24 January 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mudhalvar Mahatma Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mudhalvar-mahatma/movie-review/12470365.cms |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2195066|Mudhalvar Mahatma}}

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

[[Category:Films about Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]

{{2010s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Ottaal

2026-03-22T18:42:51Z

ThomasPeterdavid: basic rework content for consistency additionally and improved wording per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ottaal
| image = File:Ottaal ver4 xlg.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Jayaraj]]
| producer = {{unbulleted list|K. Mohan (Seven Arts Mohan)|Vinod Vijayan}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = [[Joshy Mangalath]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Vanka''|[[Anton Chekhov]]}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Ashanth K. Sha|Kumarakom Vasudevan|[[Shine Tom Chacko]]|Sabitha Jayaraj|Thomas J. Kannampuzha}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]], [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]] (Background music)
| cinematography = [[M. J. Radhakrishnan]]
| editing = [[B. Ajithkumar]]
| studio = Director Cutz Film Company Ltd
| distributor = Qube India Reelmonk
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|11|06|India}}
| runtime = 81 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam English
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

''''' Ottaal''''' (English: ''The Trap'') is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam film]] directed by [[Jayaraj]], an adaptation of the [[Anton Chekhov]] 1886 short story [[Vanka (short story)|"Vanka"]].<ref name="YTalkies">{{cite news|title = 'OTTAAL': JAYARAJ ADAPTS CHEKHOV'S STORY|url = http://www.ytalkies.com/mollywood-film-news/ottaal-jayaraj-adapts-chekhovs-story|access-date = 2 November 2015|publisher = YTalkies|date = 16 February 2015}}</ref> The film stars Ashanth K Sha and Kumarakom Vasudevan, as well as [[Shine Tom Chacko]], Sabitha Jayaraj and Thomas G. Kannampuzha.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title = When a photo inspired a film|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/when-a-photo-inspired-a-film/article7030356.ece|access-date = 2 November 2015|work = The Hindu|date = 27 March 2015}}</ref>

It became the first movie in [[India]] to be released online on the same day as its theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ottaal-to-have-simultaneous-release-in-theatres-online-115110501216_1.html|title='Ottaal' to have simultaneous release in theatres, online|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=5 November 2015|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> The film made history, becoming the first ever Malayalam movie to sweep all the top awards in the 20-year history of the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref name="Malayalam Manorama Online">{{cite news|title = Jayaraj's 'Ottaal' sweeps top honours|url = http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/iffk-2015/iffk-news/iffk-2015-ottaal-jayaraj-suvarna-chakoram-award-kerala-film-festival.html|access-date = 22 November 2015|publisher = Manorama Online|date = 11 November 2015}}</ref> It was one of four [[Malayalam films]] selected to be a part of the ''Indian Panorama'' at the [[International Film Festival of India]] in [[Goa]] in November 2015.<ref name="New India Express">{{cite news|title = Four Malayalam Films to be Screened at International Film Festival|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Four-Malayalam-Films-to-be-Screened-at-International-Film-Festival/2015/11/04/article3112335.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151106014504/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Four-Malayalam-Films-to-be-Screened-at-International-Film-Festival/2015/11/04/article3112335.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 6 November 2015|access-date = 4 November 2015|publisher = New Indian Express|date = 4 November 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
This film tells the story of a young boy (Ashanth K Sha) and his relationship with his grandfather (Kumarakom Vasudevan), his only living relative in the world. Actor Kumarakom Vasudevan is a fisherman in real life, whom Director Jayaraj found during his hunt for actors to play the role. Shine Tom Chacko's character, Mesthri, also has a pivotal role in the story.<ref name="Manorama Online">{{cite news|title = 'Ottal' is more than an environmental film: Jayaraj|url = http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/jayaraj-national-award-film-ottal-is-more-than-an-environmental-film.html|access-date = 2 November 2015|publisher = Manorama Online|date = 30 March 2015}}</ref> ''Ottaal'' is an adaptation of one of Anton Chekhov's timeless works, Vanka. A story of the 18th century, but one that has travelled the time and space to be retold in the present day at a small village in the South of India.

==Cast==
* Master Ashanth K Sha as Kuttappai
* Kumarakaom Vasudevan as Vallyappachayi
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Mesthri
* Thomas J Kannampuzha as Betty
* Sabitha Jayaraj as Moly
* Master Hafis Muhammed as Tinku
* Vavachan as Outha

==Soundtrack==
The film has one song, "Aa Manathilirrunnu",<ref name="Aa Manathilirrunnu video song- Youtube">{{cite news|title = Ottaal Multiple Award Winning Movie Review|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAv4Ou03lAo/|access-date = 10 November 2015|publisher = Youtube|date = 8 November 2015}}</ref> composed by Padma Bhushan [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]].<ref name="Ottaal Multiple Award Winning Movie Review">{{cite news|title = Ottaal Multiple Award Winning Movie Review|url = http://www.sajmedia.in/reviews/ottaal-review/|access-date = 10 November 2015|publisher = Saj Media|date = 8 November 2015|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043324/http://www.sajmedia.in/reviews/ottaal-review/|url-status = dead}}</ref> The background score composed by [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]] was praised by the jury when the film won the [[Crystal Bear]] at the [[Berlinale]] 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/malayalam-film-wins-crystal-bear-at-berlinale/article8263067.ece|title=Malayalam film wins Crystal Bear at Berlinale|work=The Hindu|date=21 February 2016|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>

==Release and reception==

The film was released in theatres and online on 6 November 2015. The online platform was Reelmonk. It was the first Indian film to be released simultaneously in theaters and on the internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/exploring-online-market-for-movie-release/article7844516.ece|title=Exploring online market for movie release|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 November 2015|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janmabhumidaily.com/news341886|title=Ottaal releasing this Friday|publisher=JanmaBhumi Daily|date=5 November 2015|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.india.com/showbiz/malayalam-film-ottaal-to-release-in-theatres-online-on-same-day-685663/|title = Malayalam film Ottaal to release in theatres, online on same day|date = 5 November 2015|access-date = 5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Ottaal-First-Indian-Film-to-be-Released-Online-in-Real-time/2015/11/06/article3115527.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151106024948/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Ottaal-First-Indian-Film-to-be-Released-Online-in-Real-time/2015/11/06/article3115527.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 6 November 2015|title = 'Ottaal' First Indian Film to be Released Online in Real-time|date = 6 November 2015|access-date = 8 November 2015}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{{Anchor|Awards}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width:25%;"| Award / Film Festival
! scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width:35%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width:25%;"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width:15%;"| Result
|- style="border-top:2px solid gray;"
! scope="row" rowspan=2|[[National Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/national-awards-kangana-ranaut-collects-best-actress-award-760191|title=National Awards: Kangana Ranaut Collects Best Actress Award|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=3 May 2015|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref>
|Best Screenplay Writer (Adapted)
|[[Joshy Mangalath]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation
|Ottaal
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=1|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/kerala-state-film-awards-2014-winners-list/111260/story.htm|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2014 - Winners List|publisher=Now Running|date=10 August 2015|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref>
|[[Best Film]]
|[[Jayaraj]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2|[[Mumbai Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jio-mami-2015-haraamkhor-chauthi-koot-bag-top-honours-complete-list-winners-653521|title=JIO MAMI 2015: 'Haraamkhor', 'Chauthi Koot' bag top honours; complete list of winners|publisher=[[IB Times]]|date=6 May 2015|access-date=8 November 2015}}</ref>
|Golden Gateway of India Award
|Ottaal
|{{won}}
|-
|Film for Social Impact Award
|Ottaal
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4|[[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-malayalam-film-ottaal-sweeps-all-awards-ar-international-film-festival-of-kerala-2154722|title=Malayalam film 'Ottaal' sweeps all awards ar International Film Festival of Kerala|publisher=[[DNA India]]|date=11 May 2015|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref>
|Suvarna Chakoram (Best Film)
|Ottaal
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Film - International Federation of Film Critics (FIPRESCI) jury
|Ottaal
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Malayalam film - Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema (NETPAC) jury
|Ottaal
|{{won}}
|-
|Rajatha Chakoram - Audience Prize
|Ottaal
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=1|[[Berlin Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/malayalam-film-wins-crystal-bear-at-berlinale/article8263067.ece|title=Malayalam film wins Crystal Bear at Berlinale|work=The Hindu|date=21 February 2016|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>
|[[Crystal Bear]]
|Ottaal
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt4625196}}
{{Jayaraj}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about child labour]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]

Govindan Sundararajan

2026-03-21T17:22:32Z

ThomasPeterdavid: created data

{{short description|Indian materials engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Govindan Sundararajan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|12|11}}
| birth_place = Andhra Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Materials engineer
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] Best Metallurgist Award FICCI Materials Science Award [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] Fellow [[Indian National Science Academy]] Fellow [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] Fellow [[National Academy of Sciences]] Fellow [[Indian Institute of Metals]] Fellow [[ASM International (society)|ASM International]] Fellow [[J. C. Bose]] Fellow
}}
'''Govindan Sundararajan''' is an Indian materials engineer, known for his contributions in the areas of [[Surface Engineering]] and [[Ballistics]].<ref name="SS Bhatnagar Prize">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=83 | title=SS Bhatnagar Prize | publisher=SS Bhatnagar Prize | date=1994 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences" /> The [[Government of India]] honoured him, in 2014, by awarding him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of science and technology.<ref name="Padma 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma 2014 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302065134/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=2 March 2014 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Govindan Sundararajan was born in Andhra Pradesh on 11 December 1953.<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Sundararajan&intials=G&year=11-12-1953 | title=Indian Academy of Sciences | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> He graduated in metallurgical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] in 1976, followed by master's degree (MS) in 1979 and doctoral degree of PhD from the [[Ohio State University]], Columbus, USA in 1981.<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences" /><ref name="Indian Institute of Science">{{cite web | url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/centenary-conf/sundar.html | title=Indian Institute of Science | publisher=Indian Institute of Science | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> He returned to India the next year to start his career as a scientist with the [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]] (DMRL), in 1982.<ref name="Indian Institute of Science" /> In 1997, he joined the International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI) as its Director<ref name="ARCI">{{cite web | url=http://www.arci.res.in/organization-structure | title=International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials | publisher=International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014 | archive-date=2 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102070048/http://www.arci.res.in/organization-structure | url-status=dead }}</ref> and currently holds the position.<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences" /><ref name="Indian Institute of Science" />

==Legacy==
[[File:GTX-35VS Kaveri.jpg|thumb|240px|GTX-35VS Kaveri]]
Sundararajan is credited with extensive research on [[tribological]] behavior of materials and composites.<ref name="SS Bhatnagar Prize" /> An expert in specialty coatings, Govindarajan's research findings have assisted in developing advanced thermal spray coating for the [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri|Kaveri Engine Programme]] (GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri).<ref name="Indian Institute of Science" /> He has been instrumental in the establishment of many advanced research facilities such as the ARCI Center for Laser Processing of Materials, ARCI Surface Engineering Division, Center for Fuel Cell Technology, Chennai and the ARCI Centre for Sol-Gel Nanocomposite Coatings, all of which bear testimony to Govindarajan's design and fabrication abilities.<ref name="Indian Institute of Science" /> It was under his leadership, the Advanced Materials Technology Incubator (AMT), an ARCI venture which at present, is home to five companies, was established. He is reported to have been successful in commercializing the technologies on behalf of ARCI, all the five companies under the Incubator programme being beneficiaries of technology transfer from ARCI.<ref name="Indian Institute of Science" />

Govindarajan is credited with many inventions for which he holds 5 patents.<ref name="Patent Buddy">{{cite web | url=http://www.patentbuddy.com/Inventor/Sundararajan-Govindan/2192148 | title=Patent Buddy | publisher=Patent Buddy | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Fresh Patents">{{cite web | url=http://www.freshpatents.com/Govindan-Sundararajan-Hyderabad-invdirs.php | title=Fresh Patents | publisher=Fresh Patents | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014 | archive-date=2 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102064740/http://www.freshpatents.com/Govindan-Sundararajan-Hyderabad-invdirs.php | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Justia Patents">{{cite web | url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/govindan-sundararajan | title=Justia Patents | publisher=Justia Patents | date=2014 | access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>

* {{cite press release | url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/govindan-sundararajan | title=Process for continuous coating deposition and an apparatus for carrying out the process | publisher=International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI) | date=14 October 2009 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Lingamaneni Rama Krishna |author2=Nitin Pandurang Wasekar |author3=Govindan Sundararajan }}
* {{cite press release | url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/govindan-sundararajan | title=Process for Continuous Coating Deposition and an Apparatus for Carrying Out the Process | publisher=International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI) | date=17 August 2012 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Lingamaneni Rama Krishna |author2=Nitin Pandurang Wasekar |author3=Govindan Sundararajan }}
* {{cite press release | url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/govindan-sundararajan | title=Process for Continuous Coating Deposition and an Apparatus for Carrying Out the Process | publisher=International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI) | date=14 October 2009 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Lingamaneni Rama Krishna |author2=Nitin Pandurang Wasekar |author3=Govindan Sundararajan }}
* {{cite press release | url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/govindan-sundararajan | title=Process for forming coatings on metallic bodies and an apparatus for carrying out the process | publisher=International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI) | date=2 August 2002 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Lingamaneni Rama Krishna |author2=Alexander Vasilyevich Rybalko |author3=Govindan Sundararajan }}
* {{cite press release | url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/govindan-sundararajan | title=Process for forming coatings on metallic bodies and an apparatus for carrying out the process | publisher=International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI) | date=2 August 2002 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Lingamaneni Rama Krishna |author2=Alexander Vasilyevich Rybalko |author3=Govindan Sundararajan }}

Sundararajan has attended many seminars and conferences where he has delivered keynote addresses.<ref name="Indian Institute of Science" /><ref name="speech">{{cite web | url=http://ceramics.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/symposium7.pdf | title=speech | publisher=Ceramics.org | date=2011 | access-date=1 November 2014 | archive-date=24 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624202043/http://ceramics.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/symposium7.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also published several articles, over 170 in number,<ref name="Indian Institute of Science" /> in national and international peer-reviewed journals.<ref name="Article">{{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Govindan+Sundararajan | title=Chemisorption of phosphoric acid and surface characterization of As passivated AlN powder against hydrolysis. | publisher=Langmuir | date=2008 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Ibram Ganesh |author2=Susana M Olhero |author3=Aurora B Araújo |author4=Maria R Correia |author5=Govindan Sundararajan |author6=José M F Ferreira }}</ref><ref name="Hydrolysis-Induced Aqueous Gelcasting of β-SiAlON–SiO2 Ceramic Composites: The Effect of AlN Additive">{{cite journal | title=Hydrolysis-Induced Aqueous Gelcasting of β-SiAlON–SiO2 Ceramic Composites: The Effect of AlN Additive | date=7 June 2010 |author1=Ibram Ganesh |author2=Govindan Sundararajan | doi=10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03885.x | volume=93 |issue = 10| journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society | pages=3180–3189}}</ref><ref name="Preparation and characterization of Cu-doped TiO2 materials for electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic applications">{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/5696280 | title=Preparation and characterization of Cu-doped TiO2 materials for electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic applications | journal=Applied Surface Science | volume=293 | pages=229–247 | date=2013 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Ibram Ganesh |author2=Polkampally P. Kumar |author3=Ibram Annapoorna |author4=Jordan M. Sumliner |author5=Mantripragada Ramakrishna |author6=Neha Y. Hebalkar |author7=Gade Padmanabham |author8=Govindan Sundararajan | doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.12.140}}</ref><ref name="Optical Diagnostics Study of Gas Particle Transport Phenomena in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying and Comparison with Model Predictions">{{cite journal | title=Optical Diagnostics Study of Gas Particle Transport Phenomena in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying and Comparison with Model Predictions |journal = Journal of Thermal Spray Technology|volume = 17|issue = 4|pages = 551–563| date=2008 |author1=Sudharshan Phani Pardhasaradhi | doi=10.1007/s11666-008-9206-0|s2cid = 137592983}}</ref>

* {{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Govindan+Sundararajan | title=Chemisorption of phosphoric acid and surface characterization of As passivated AlN powder against hydrolysis. | publisher=Langmuir | date=2008 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Ibram Ganesh |author2=Susana M Olhero |author3=Aurora B Araújo |author4=Maria R Correia |author5=Govindan Sundararajan |author6=José M F Ferreira }}
* {{cite journal | title=Hydrolysis-Induced Aqueous Gelcasting of β-SiAlON–SiO2 Ceramic Composites: The Effect of AlN Additive | date=7 June 2010 |author1=Ibram Ganesh |author2=Govindan Sundararajan | doi=10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03885.x | volume=93 |issue = 10| journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society | pages=3180–3189}}
* {{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/5696280 | title=Preparation and characterization of Cu-doped TiO2 materials for electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic applications | journal=Applied Surface Science | volume=293 | pages=229–247 | date=2013 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Ibram Ganesh |author2=Polkampally P. Kumar |author3=Ibram Annapoorna |author4=Jordan M. Sumliner |author5=Mantripragada Ramakrishna |author6=Neha Y. Hebalkar |author7=Gade Padmanabham |author8=Govindan Sundararajan | doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.12.140}}
* {{cite journal | title=Optical Diagnostics Study of Gas Particle Transport Phenomena in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying and Comparison with Model Predictions |journal = Journal of Thermal Spray Technology|volume = 17|issue = 4|pages = 551–563| date=2008 |author1=Sudharshan Phani Pardhasaradhi | doi=10.1007/s11666-008-9206-0|s2cid = 137592983}}

==Awards and recognitions==
Govindan Sundararajan is a winner of many awards and honours including the Government of India honour of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in 1994.<ref name="SS Bhatnagar Prize" /> He has also received Best Metallurgist award in 1995 and the FICCI award for Materials Science in 2004.<ref name="Indian Institute of Science" /> Institutions such as [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 1992, [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1996, [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] in 1999, [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 2002, [[Indian Institute of Metals]] in 2002, and [[ASM International (society)|ASM International]] in 2005, honoured Sundararajan with fellowships. He has also received J. C. Bose fellowship during 2006–2011.<ref name="Indian Institute of Science" /> The [[Government of India]] honored Sundararajan again with the [[Padma Shri]] by including him in the 2014 [[Republic Day of India|Republic Day]] Honours.<ref name="Padma 2014" />

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri]]
* [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Govindan+Sundararajan | title=Chemisorption of phosphoric acid and surface characterization of As passivated AlN powder against hydrolysis. | publisher=Langmuir | date=2008 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Ibram Ganesh |author2=Susana M Olhero |author3=Aurora B Araújo |author4=Maria R Correia |author5=Govindan Sundararajan |author6=José M F Ferreira }}
* {{cite journal | title=Hydrolysis-Induced Aqueous Gelcasting of β-SiAlON–SiO2 Ceramic Composites: The Effect of AlN Additive | date=7 June 2010 |author1=Ibram Ganesh |author2=Govindan Sundararajan | doi=10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03885.x | volume=93 |issue = 10| journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society | pages=3180–3189}}
* {{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/5696280 | title=Preparation and characterization of Cu-doped TiO2 materials for electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic applications | journal=Applied Surface Science | volume=293 | pages=229–247 | date=2013 | access-date=1 November 2014 |author1=Ibram Ganesh |author2=Polkampally P. Kumar |author3=Ibram Annapoorna |author4=Jordan M. Sumliner |author5=Mantripragada Ramakrishna |author6=Neha Y. Hebalkar |author7=Gade Padmanabham |author8=Govindan Sundararajan | doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.12.140}}
* {{cite journal | title=Optical Diagnostics Study of Gas Particle Transport Phenomena in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying and Comparison with Model Predictions |journal = Journal of Thermal Spray Technology|volume = 17|issue = 4|pages = 551–563| date=2008 |author1=Sudharshan Phani Pardhasaradhi | doi=10.1007/s11666-008-9206-0|s2cid = 137592983}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://ceramics.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/symposium7.pdf | title=Speech | publisher=Ceramics.org | date=2011 | access-date=1 November 2014 | archive-date=24 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624202043/http://ceramics.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/symposium7.pdf | url-status=dead }}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{authority control}}
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundararajan, Govindan}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Indian metallurgists]]
[[Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Indian Railways organisational structure

2026-03-21T13:27:49Z

ThomasPeterdavid:

{{Short description|none}}
'''[[Indian Railways]]''' is a [[statutory body]] under the [[ownership]] of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] of the [[Government of India]] that operates India's national railway system. It is headed by a [[Railway Board]] whose [[Chairperson of the Railway Board|chairman]] reports to the Ministry of Railways. It is organized into separate functional groups or verticals while divided into 19 operational zones geographically. Each zone, headed by a General Manager, is semi-autonomous thus creating a matrix organization where the functional branches are under dual control.

==Railway Board==
In March 1905, the railway branch of the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] was transferred to the newly established railway board under the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry|department of commerce and industry]] by the Indian Railway Board Act.<ref>{{cite act|url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1905-4.pdf|title=The Indian Railway Board Act, 1905|legislature=Parliament of India|year=1905}}</ref> In 1908, the set up was re-organized on the recommendations of the Railway Finance Committee (1908) by constituting the [[Railway Board]] headed by a president as a separate department.<ref name="IR">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/irfc1/chapter%20-%201%20(R).pdf|title=IRFC|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Pursuant to the [[William Mitchell Acworth|Acworth]] committee's recommendations in 1921, the railway board was expanded to four members with the addition of a financial commissioner in 1924 apart from the chief commissioner, one commissioners responsible for ways and works, projects and stores and the other responsible for general administration, staff and traffic.<ref name="IR"/> In 1929, an additional member was added to the board and was assigned the responsibility for staff, so that the member in charge of traffic could focus solely on transport and commercial matters.<ref name="IRFCA">{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|title=History of Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|work=IRFCA}}</ref> In 1950, the railway board was re-constituted to four members with the senior-most functional member appointed the chairman of the board with no absolute over riding power.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369298618-general%20overview.pdf|title=Overview of Indian Railways|publisher=National Academy of Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="IRFCA1">{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html|title=History of Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|work=IRFCA}}</ref> In October 1954, the [[Chairperson of the Railway Board|chairman]] of the board was made responsible for decisions on technical and policy matters, with the status of a principal secretary to the [[Government of India]] with an additional member added.<ref name="IRFCA1"/> The board was expanded with an additional member responsible for electrical engineering in 1972 and a further member responsible for health in 1976.<ref name="IRFCA2">{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html|title=History of Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|work=IRFCA}}</ref> In 2004, the board is expanded by the introduction of two new members responsible for signalling & telecom and for stores respectively.<ref name="IRFCA3">{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history6.html|title=History of Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|work=IRFCA}}</ref> In December 2019, the [[Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]] decided to reduce the size of the board from eight to five.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cabinet-approves-restructuring-of-railway-board-11577181494500.html|title=Cabinet approves restructuring of Railway Board|date=24 December 2019|work=Livemint|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
The chairman of the railway board reports to the Ministry of Railways and act on behalf of the ministry. The following report to the railway board:<ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=M.A.|year=1988|title=Indian Railways|location=New Delhi|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-8-1237-2589-5|pages=49–54}}</ref><ref name="OC">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Org_Chart_1.pdf|title=Organization chart|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
* General managers of various zones
* Heads of functional divisions
* Heads/Managers of production units
* Heads of [[Public Sector Undertaking]]s
* Heads of railway institutes
* Heads of special divisions

== Functional division ==
The organization is divided into separate functional groups of [[Railway electric traction|traction]], [[Railway engineering|engineering]], [[traffic]], [[rolling stock]], [[Railway signalling|signalling]], [[materials]], [[human resources|personnel]], [[Railway Protection Force|RPF]], [[finance]], [[health]] and [[safety]].<ref name="ZR">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Org_Chart_1.pdf|title=Organization Chart|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Zonal management ==
In 1944, all the railway companies in existence at the time were taken over by the Government.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm|title=Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved the plan for re-organizing Indian Railways into six [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|regional zones]] which were divided subsequently to create newer zones. As of 2025, there are 19 operational zones of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/Circulars/List_Zones-Divisions.pdf|title=List of zones and divisions|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref> The zones are headed by a General manager and are further sub-divided into divisions. Each division is headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM), who are responsible for the operation and maintenance in the respective divisions.<ref name="DM"/>

The 19 operational zones and their divisions are listed below. [[South Coast Railway zone]] is the newest railway zone.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189105|title=Cabinet approves South Coast Railway zone|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=20 May 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402144738/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189105|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Indianrailwayzones-numbered.png|thumb|300px|Indian Railway Zones|alt=1]]
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Indian Railway zones
!rowspan=2|{{tooltip|Number|Number corresponding to the map}}
!rowspan=2|Railway zone
!rowspan=2|Code
!rowspan=2|Headquarters<ref name="IRYB">{{cite report|url=https://iritm.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1680252282408-PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf|title=Year book 2021-22|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103050732/https://iritm.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1680252282408-PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!rowspan=2|Established<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|title=Indian railway zones|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Route length{{efn|as of March 2023}}<ref name="Route-map">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/PDF/Railway%20Map%20of%20india_Corrected%20up%20to%2031_03_2023.pdf|title=Route map, 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>
!rowspan=2|Stations
!rowspan=2|Divisions<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/Circulars/List_Zones-Divisions.pdf|title=List of zones and divisions|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>
|-
!km
!miles
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | NR
| [[Delhi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1952
| {{convert|7363|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 1013<ref>{{cite report|url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1686654402287-Table1_NR%20SYS%20MAP_2023.pdf|title=System map, NR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211021214/https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1686654402287-Table1_NR%20SYS%20MAP_2023.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Ambala railway division|Ambala]], [[Delhi railway division|Delhi]], [[Firozpur railway division|Firozpur]], [[Lucknow NR railway division|Lucknow]], [[Moradabad railway division|Moradabad]], [[Jammu railway division|Jammu]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | NER
| [[Gorakhpur]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1952
| {{convert|3470.5|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 537<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1541144028517-smap.pdf|title=System map, NER|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329003343/https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1541144028517-smap.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Izzatnagar railway division|Izzatnagar]], [[Lucknow NER railway division|Lucknow]], [[Varanasi railway division|Varanasi]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | NFR
| [[Guwahati]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1958
| {{convert|4348|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 547<ref>{{cite report|url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1607579974323-cos.pdf|title=Station classification, NFR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905004729/https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1607579974323-cos.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]], [[Katihar railway division|Katihar]], [[Lumding railway division|Lumding]], [[Rangiya railway division|Rangiya]], [[Tinsukia railway division|Tinsukia]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ER
| [[Kolkata]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1952
| {{convert|2823.2|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 587<ref>{{cite report|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624521405374-.4%20Category_wise%20Stations%20ZZZ.pdf|title=Category wise stations, ER|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Asansol railway division|Asansol]], [[Howrah railway division|Howrah]], [[Malda railway division|Malda]], [[Sealdah railway division|Sealdah]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SER
| [[Kolkata]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1955
| {{convert|2758.6|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 363<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,2,406,2246,2247|title=Category of stations, SER|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| [[Adra railway division|Adra]], [[Chakradharpur railway division|Chakradharpur]], [[Kharagpur railway division|Kharagpur]], [[Ranchi railway division|Ranchi]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SCR
| [[Secunderabad]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1965
| {{convert|6560.5|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 701<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of stations, SCR |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>
| [[Secunderabad railway division|Secunderabad]], [[Hyderabad railway division|Hyderabad]], [[Nanded railway division|Nanded]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SR
| [[Chennai]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1950
|{{convert|5093|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 727<ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf|title=List of stations, SR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Chennai railway division|Chennai]], [[Madurai railway division|Madurai]], [[Palakkad railway division|Palakkad]], [[Salem railway division|Salem]], [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Tiruchirappalli railway division|Tiruchirappalli]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | CR
| [[Mumbai]] ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CSMT]])
| style="text-align:center;" | 1951
|{{convert|4203.3|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 486<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,287,396,593|title=Divisions of CR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|[[Bhusawal railway division|Bhusawal]], [[Mumbai CR railway division|Mumbai CR]], [[Nagpur CR railway division|Nagpur]], [[Pune railway division|Pune]], [[Solapur railway division|Solapur]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | WR
| [[Mumbai]] ([[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate]])
| style="text-align:center;" | 1951
| {{convert|6156.6|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 1046<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1631706743442-System%20Map%20-%20ENGLISH.pdf|title=System map, WR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Ahmedabad railway division|Ahmedabad]], [[Bhavnagar railway division|Bhavnagar]], [[Mumbai WR railway division|Mumbai WR]], [[Rajkot railway division|Rajkot]], [[Ratlam railway division|Ratlam]], [[Vadodara railway division|Vadodara]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | NWR
| [[Jaipur]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
| {{convert|5705.6|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 578<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=About us, NWR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Ajmer railway division|Ajmer]], [[Bikaner railway division|Bikaner]], [[Jaipur railway division|Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur railway division|Jodhpur]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SWR
| [[Hubli|Hubballi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003
| {{convert|3692.34|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 388<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,800,802|title=Category wise stations, SWR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=4 February 2026}}</ref>
| [[Bangalore railway division|Bengaluru]], [[Hubli railway division|Hubballi]], [[Mysore railway division|Mysuru]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | WCR
| [[Jabalpur]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003
| {{convert|3060|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 247<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,368,836,848,854|title=Category wise list of stations, WCR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Bhopal railway division|Bhopal]], [[Jabalpur railway division|Jabalpur]], [[Kota railway division|Kota]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | NCR
| [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003
| {{convert|3522.6|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 411<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1657609148892-System_map_2022_A4_Final-13.pdf|title=System map, NCR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329003403/https://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1657609148892-System_map_2022_A4_Final-13.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Agra railway division|Agra]], [[Jhansi railway division|Jhansi]], [[Allahabad railway division|Prayagraj]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SECR
| [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1998
| {{convert|2396.6|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 358<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in//downloadfile_2.jsp?filename=1686829825066-SECR%20System%20Map-23%20(%20A-1).pdf|title=System map, SECR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Bilaspur railway division|Bilaspur]], [[Nagpur SEC railway division|Nagpur]], [[Raipur railway division|Raipur]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ECoR
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003
| {{convert|3017.2|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 133<ref>{{cite report|url=https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1542885436800-Classification%20of%20stations%20ofcomm.pdf|title=Classification of stations, ECoR|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Khurda Road railway division|Khurda Road]], [[Sambalpur railway division|Sambalpur]], [[Rayagada railway division|Rayagada]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 16
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ECR
| [[Hajipur]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1996
| {{convert|4238|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 340<ref>{{cite report |url=https://ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1338377427418-UTS,%20UTS%20cum%20PRS%20&%20PRS%20locations.pdf |title=UTS locations, ECR |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[Danapur railway division|Danapur]], [[Dhanbad railway division|Dhanbad]], [[Mughalsarai railway division|Mughalsarai]], [[Samastipur railway division|Samastipur]], [[Sonpur railway division|Sonpur]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 17
| [[Konkan Railway zone|Konkan Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | KR
| [[Navi Mumbai]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1984
| {{convert|756.25|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 72<ref>{{cite web |title=Konkan Railway Map |url=https://konkanrailway.com/kr_map |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=Konkan Railway Map |publisher=[[Konkan Railway]]}}</ref>
| [[Ratnagiri railway division|Ratnagiri]], [[Karwar railway division|Karwar]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 18
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SCoR
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2019
| {{convert|3062|km|1|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|
| [[Visakhapatnam railway division|Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijayawada railway division|Vijayawada]], [[Guntur railway division|Guntur]], [[Guntakal railway division|Guntakal]]
|}
{{notelist}}

== Structure ==
In every zone, the functional verticals are represented by head of departments (HODs) responsible for the respective functions in the zone.<ref name="OC1">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/secretary_branches/Office_Order_2022/Organization%20Chart%20of%20Zonal%20Railway%20PDF.pdf|title=Organization chart, Zonal railway|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Each division has functional staff who report to the geographical divisional managers and functional HODs in a matrix organization and are tasked with the operation and maintenance of assets.<ref name="DM">{{cite book|title=India's railway history : a research handbook|date=3 August 2012|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-0042-3003-3|pages=270|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPB5RTODBJAC|access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Indian Railways Departments & Roles.png|800px|center|Departments & Roles]]
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+Zonal administration<ref name="OC1"/>
! Department
! HOD
! Divisional manager
!Function
|-
| Stores
| Principal Chief Materials Manager (PCMM)
| Sr. Divisional Material Manager
| Material stores for maintenance of infrastructure
|-
| rowspan="2"|Mechanical
| rowspan="2"| Principal Chief Mechanical Engineer (PCME)
| Sr. Divisional Mechanical Engineer (Diesel)
| Maintenance of [[diesel locomotive]]s
|-
| Sr. Divisional Mechanical Engineer (Carriage & Wagon)
| Maintenance of [[rolling stock]]
|-
| rowspan="3"| Electrical
| rowspan="3"| Principal Chief Electrical Engineer (PCEE)
| Sr. Divisional Electrical Engineer (General)
| Maintenance of station lighting and power supply
|-
| Sr. Divisional Electrical Engineer (Traction distribution)
| Maintenance of overhead equipment
|-
| Sr. Divisional Electrical Engineer (Traction rolling stock)
| Maintenance of [[electric locomotive]]s and [[Multiple unit]]s
|-
| Signal & Telecommunication
| Principal Chief Signal & Telecom Engineer (PCSTE)
| Sr. Divisional Signal & Telecommunication Engineer (DSTE)
| Management of the signalling and telecommunication infrastructure
|-
| rowspan="2"| Engineering
| rowspan="2"| Principal Chief Engineer (PCE)
| Sr. Divisional Engineer
| rowspan="2"| Maintenance of fixed assets
|-
| Sectional Sr. Divisional Engineer
|-
| Operations
| Principal Chief Operations Manager (PCOM)
| Sr. Divisional Operations Manager
| Train operations
|-
| Accounts
| Principal Financial Advisor (PFA)
| Sr. Divisional Finance Manager
| Accounting and financials
|-
| Commercial
| Principal Chief Commercial Manager (PCCM)
| Sr. Divisional Commercial Manager
| Passenger ticketing, checking, freight booking and fare collection
|-
| Medical
| Principal Chief Medical Director (PCMD)
| Chief Medical Superintendent
| Providing medical facilities
|-
| Safety
| Principal Chief Safety Officer (PCSO)
| Sr. Divisional Safety Officer
| Safety of train operations
|-
| Personnel
| Principal Chief Personnel Officer (PCPO)
| Sr. Divisional Personnel Officer
| Human resources
|-
| Security
| Principal Chief Security Commissioner (PCSC)
| Sr. Divisional Security Commissioner
| Security of railway material, passenger and belongings
|-
| Management
| Additional General Manager (AGM)
| Divisional Railway Manager
| Management of all departments
|-
|}

== Human resources ==
{{see also|Indian Railways Management Service|Railway Recruitment Control Board}}

Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C and D) employees with gazetted employees carrying out executive/managerial level tasks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railway Board Directorates |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,388|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530064841/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,388|archive-date=30 May 2012|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref> As of March 2022, Groups A & B constitute 1.5% of the total workforce, while Group C & D account for 98.5%.<ref name="IRYB"/> 80% of Group-A employees are recruited through [[Indian Railways Management Service]] (IRMS) with remaining through promotions.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Recruitment to Indian Railway Management Service (IRMS) to be done through a specially designed examination (IRMS Examination)|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1880524|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
The various Group A cadres are as below include:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,530,1525|title=Railway board|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref>
* Central Civil Services recruitment through Civil Services Examination (CSE)
** [[Indian Railway Traffic Service]] (IRTS)
** [[Indian Railway Personnel Service]] (IRPS)
** [[Indian Railway Accounts Service]] (IRAS)
** [[Railway Protection Force|Indian Railway Protection Force Service]] (IRPFS)
* Central Engineering Services recruitment through Engineering Services Examination (ESE)
** [[Indian Railway Service of Engineers]] (IRSE)
** [[Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers]] (IRSEE)
** [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers]] (IRSME)
** [[Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers]] (IRSSE)
** [[Indian Railway Stores Service]] (IRSS)
* Central Health Science Services recruitment through Combined Medical Services Examination (CMSE)
** [[Indian Railway Health Service]] (IRHS)

Group B employees are recruited by departmental promotional exams of Group C employees. Recruitment of Group C employees are through exams conducted by the [[Railway Recruitment Control Board]] (RRCB) and Group D staffs are recruited by zonal Railway Recruitment Cells (RRC).<ref>{{cite report|title=Indian Railways Establishment Manual|url=http://rrcb.gov.in/rrbs.html |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525103317/http://rrcb.gov.in/RRBS.HTML|archive-date=25 May 2012 |publisher=RRCB|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Indian Railways operates [[Centralised Training Institutes of the Indian Railways|seven centralized training institutes]] and 295 training centers.<ref name="IRYB"/>

==See also==
* [[Centralised Training Institutes of the Indian Railways]]
{{Indian Railways}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Railways|organisational structure]]

Kargil War

2026-03-16T21:47:56Z

ThomasPeterdavid: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|1999 conflict between India and Pakistan}}
{{Redirect|Operation Vijay (1999)|the 1961 Indian operation|Annexation of Goa}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Kargil War
| partof = [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
| image = [[File:Kargil war.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Indian soldiers after capturing a hill from Pakistani forces during the Kargil War.
| date = 3 May – 26 July 1999 ({{Age in months, weeks and days|1999-05-03|1999-07-26}})
| place = [[Kargil district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], (now [[Ladakh]], India)
| territory = ''[[Status quo ante bellum]]''
| result = Indian victory<ref>{{multiref| {{cite book |last1=Praagh |first1=David Van |title=The Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China |date=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=9780773526396 |page=253 |quote=By then, India had won decisively in the mountains of Kashmir.}} {{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Myra |title=Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-858-3 |pages=27, 53, 64, 66 |quote=p. 27: It was not so much that India won the Great South Asian War but that Pakistan lost it.{{pb}}p. 53: The story of the Kargil War—Pakistan's biggest defeat by India since 1971—is one that goes to the heart of why it lost the Great South Asian War.{{pb}}p. 64: Afterwards, Musharraf and his supporters would claim that Pakistan won the war militarily and lost it diplomatically. In reality, the military and diplomatic tides turned against Pakistan in tandem.{{pb}}p. 66: For all its bravado, Pakistan had failed to secure even one inch of land.{{pb}} Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear-armed power, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily.}}{{cite book |editor1-last=Lavoy |editor1-first=Peter René |title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76721-7 |page=180 |quote=The false optimism of the architects of the Kargil intrusion, colored by the illusion of a cheap victory, was not only the main driver of the operation, and hence the crisis, it also was the cause of Pakistan's most damaging military defeat since the loss of East Pakistan in December 1971.}} {{cite book |last1=Dettman |first1=Paul R. |title=India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium |date=2001 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-275-97308-7 |pages=130, 131, 140, 177 |quote=p. 130: the BJP could go to the people as the party that had undergirded India's victory over Pakistan in the Kargil 'war'.{{pb}}p. 131: Another of India's institutions that had benefited from India's victory in the Kargil war was its military establishment.{{pb}}p. 140: He went on to take credit for the conduct of a 'war' effort that had led to a diplomatic as well as a military victory.{{pb}}p. 177: For India, Vajpayee had led the military and diplomatic effort that had won the Kargil 'war'. For the world, he had done so while keeping India's armed forces on their own side of the LOC in Kashmir and he had prevented the outbreak of a multi-front general war with Pakistan.}} {{cite book |last1=Perkovich |first1=George |title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation |date=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-23210-5 |page=479 |quote=The Kargil war ended as had previous wars, with an Indian victory.}}}}</ref>
*India regains possession of [[Kargil District|Kargil]]
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[United Jihad Council]]}}<ref>Kumar, Sumita. "Pakistan's Jehadi Apparatus: Goals and Methods." Strategic Analysis, vol. 24, no. 12, 2001, https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_mar01kus01.html.</ref> {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Taliban.svg}} [[Afghan mujahideen|Afghan mercenaries]]}}<ref name="Militant" /><ref name="CLAWS" />
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[V.P. Malik]] {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Anil Yashwant Tipnis|Yashwant Tipnis]] {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Nirmal Chander Vij|Nirmal Vij]] {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} Krishnan Pal {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} Mohinder Puri {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} O. P. Nandrajog
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Nawaz Sharif]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Pervez Musharraf]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Aziz Khan (general)|Aziz Khan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Ashraf Rashid]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Tauqir Zia]]
| strength1 = 30,000
| strength2 = 5,000
| casualties1 = '''Indian figures:'''
* 527 killed<ref name=pib>{{cite web|last=Chakraborty|first=A. K.|date=21 July 2000|title=Kargil War Brings into Sharp Focus India's Commitment to Peace|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/FEATURE/2000-FEATURES%20SERVICE%20JAN%20DEC/PDF/FEA-2000-07-21_201.pdf|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]], Government of India|access-date=26 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726061145/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/FEATURE/2000-FEATURES%20SERVICE%20JAN%20DEC/PDF/FEA-2000-07-21_201.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Fernandes2009">{{cite web|url=http://164.100.24.208/lsq/quest.asp?qref=51302 |first=George |last=Fernandes |author-link=George Fernandes |id=Starred Question No 160 |title=Soldiers Killed in Kargil War |website=Parliamentary Questions, Lok Sabha |publisher=[[Parliament of India]] |date=28 November 2002 |access-date=20 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202045832/http://164.100.24.208/lsq/quest.asp?qref=51302|archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="rollofhonor">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/martyrs/home.jsp?operation=28&hidrecord=10&FormBugs_Page=1#Form|title=Complete Roll of Honour of Indian Army's Killed in Action during Op Vijay|work=Indian Army|publisher=|access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071222013826/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/martyrs/home.jsp?operation=28&hidrecord=10&FormBugs_Page=1#Form |archive-date = 22 December 2007}}</ref>
* 1,363 wounded<ref>{{cite web| url=http://164.100.24.219/rsq/quest.asp?qref=3798 |id=Unstarred Question No 793 |first=George |last=Fernandes |author-link=George Fernandes |title=Soldiers Killed During Indo Pak Wars |date=8 December 1999 |website=Parliamentary Questions, Lok Sabha |publisher=[[Parliament of India]] |access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080216231524/http://164.100.24.219/rsq/quest.asp?qref=3798 |archive-date = 16 February 2008}}</ref>
* 1 [[Kambampati Nachiketa|POW]]
* 1 [[MiG-27]] shot down
* 1 [[MiG-21]] shot down
* 1 [[Mil Mi-17]] shot down
<hr/>
'''Pakistani claims:'''
* 1,600 (per Musharraf)<ref>{{cite news|title=Musharraf claims Kargil was a big success militarily for Pakistan|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Feb/1/musharraf-claims-kargil-was-a-big-success-militarily-for-pak-46.asp|date=1 February 2013|access-date=6 April 2013|newspaper=Greater Kashmir|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529140050/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Feb/1/musharraf-claims-kargil-was-a-big-success-militarily-for-pak-46.asp|archive-date=29 May 2013}}</ref>
| casualties2 = '''[[U.S. Department of State|U.S. estimate]] figures:'''
*~700 killed <ref name="700killed">{{cite news |title=Kargil probe body had sought Musharraf's court martial |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/410307-kargil-probe-body-had-sought-musharraf%E2%80%99s-court-martial |publisher=The News |agency=AFP |access-date=22 March 2021 |date=13 January 2013 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227103550/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/410307-kargil-probe-body-had-sought-musharraf%E2%80%99s-court-martial |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<hr/>
'''Pakistani figures:'''
* 453 killed<ref>{{cite news|title=Pak quietly names 453 men killed in Kargil war |website=Rediff News |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-pak-quietly-names-453-men-killed-in-kargil-war/20101118.htm|access-date=6 April 2013|date=18 November 2010|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173200/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-pak-quietly-names-453-men-killed-in-kargil-war/20101118.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV Shuhada's Corner">{{cite web| url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/pakistan-army-admits-to-kargil-martyrs-67190| title=Pakistan Army admits to Kargil martyrs| work=[[NDTV]]| publisher=| access-date=19 November 2010| archive-date=21 November 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121130055/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/pakistan-army-admits-to-kargil-martyrs-67190| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PAKISTAN ARMY |url=https://pakistanarmy.gov.pk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428164717/https://pakistanarmy.gov.pk/ |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=pakistanarmy.gov.pk |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 665+ wounded<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/musharraf-now-has-paks-kargil-toll-357/14208/ |title=Musharraf now has Pak's Kargil toll: 357 |last1= |last2= |date=7 October 2006 |publisher=indianexpress.com |accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>
* 8 [[Prisoner of War|POWs]]<ref name="tribpow"/>
<hr/>
'''Other Pakistani figures:'''
* 4,000 killed (per Nawaz Sharif)
* 3,000 killed ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] white paper)<ref name="auto2">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?151668 Ill-conceived planning by Musharraf led to second major military defeat in Kargil: PML-N] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022085431/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?151668 |date=22 October 2006 }} 6 August 2006, PakTribune</ref>
* 357 killed (per Musharraf)<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
<hr/>
'''Indian claims:'''
* 737–1,200 killed (at least 249 bodies recovered in Indian territory){{sfn|Malik|2006|p=342}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |title=Kargil: Pak suffered most casualties at Batalik |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/kargil-pak-suffered-most-casualties-at-batalik/lite/ |access-date=27 June 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2010 |quote=Indian records say a total of 249 bodies of Pakistani soldiers were recovered during the battle but estimates of total enemy casualties is put around 1000–1200. |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627180505/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/kargil-pak-suffered-most-casualties-at-batalik/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kanwal |first1=Gurmeet |title=Pakistan's Strategic Blunder at Kargil |journal=CLAWS Journal |date=2009 |page=72 |url=http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1400824835Gurmeet%20Kanwal%20CJ%20SSummer%202009.pdf |access-date=27 June 2018 |quote=The army recovered 249 dead bodies of Pakistani regular soldiers from the area of operations in Kargil; 244 dead bodies were buried as per military norms with religious rites; five bodies were accepted by Pakistan and taken back |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818124051/https://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1400824835Gurmeet%20Kanwal%20CJ%20SSummer%202009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Kargil War}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
| units3 = '''See [[Kargil War order of battle|order of battle]]'''
}}
The '''Kargil War''', also known as the '''Kargil conflict''', was fought between India and Pakistan from May to July 1999 in the [[Kargil district]] of [[Ladakh]], then part of the Indian-administered state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and along the [[Line of Control]] (LoC). In India, the conflict is also referred to as '''Operation Vijay''' ({{langx|sa|विजय}}, {{Literal translation|Victory}}), which was the codename of the Indian military operation in the region.<ref name=":2">It is also sometimes referred to as '''Operation Vijay Kargil''' so as to distinguish it from [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]], the 1961 operation by the [[Indian Armed Forces|military of India]] that led to the capture of Goa, Daman and Diu and Anjidiv Islands.</ref> The [[Indian Air Force]] acted jointly with the [[Indian Army]] to flush out the [[Pakistan Army]] and paramilitary troops from vacated Indian positions along the LoC,<ref name="indianairforce.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/content/op-safed-sagar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806002413/http://indianairforce.nic.in/content/op-safed-sagar |archive-date=6 August 2021 |title= Op Safed Sagar: Understanding Air Operations in Kargil |publisher=Indian Air Force}}</ref> in what was designated as [[Operation Safed Sagar]] ({{langx|hi|ऑपरेशन सफेद सागर}}, {{Literal translation|White Sea}}).

The conflict was triggered by the infiltration of Pakistani troops—disguised as [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmiri militants]]—into strategic positions on the Indian side of the LoC,<ref name="Qadir" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Musharraf |first=Pervez |title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir |title-link=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir |publisher=Free Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-7432-8344-9 |pages=90–91 |language=en |author-link=Pervez Musharraf}}</ref> which serves as the ''de facto'' border between the two countries in the [[Kashmir conflict|disputed region of Kashmir]]. During its initial stages, Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents, but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] and [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] showed the involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces, led by General [[Ashraf Rashid]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Battle Ready | publisher=Grosset & Dunlap | year=2004 | isbn=0-399-15176-1 |first1=Tom |last1=Clancy |author1-link=Tom Clancy |first2=Tony |last2=Zinni |author2-link=Anthony Zinni |first3=Tony |last3=Koltz |author3-link=Tony Koltz }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |page=420 |year=2007}}</ref> The Indian Army, later supported by the Indian Air Force, recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LoC; facing international diplomatic opposition, Pakistani forces withdrew from all remaining Indian positions along the LoC.

The Kargil War is the most recent example of [[mountain warfare|high-altitude warfare in mountainous terrain]], and as such, posed significant logistical problems for the combatting sides. It also marks one of only two instances of [[conventional warfare]] between [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-armed states]] (alongside the [[Sino-Soviet border conflict]]). India had conducted its first successful test [[Smiling Buddha|in 1974]]; Pakistan, which had been developing its nuclear capability in secret since around the same time, conducted its first known tests [[Chagai-I|in 1998]], just two weeks after [[Pokhran-II|a second series of tests by India]].

==Location==
Before the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Kargil was a [[tehsil]] of [[Ladakh]], a sparsely populated region with diverse linguistic, ethnic and religious groups, living in isolated valleys separated by some of the world's highest mountains. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948]] concluded with the Line of Control bisecting the Ladakh district, with the [[Baltistan|Skardu tehsil]] going to Pakistan (now part of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]).<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/21/ed.htm#4 |first=Javed |last=Hussain |title=Kargil: what might have happened |date=21 October 2006 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202060619/http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/21/ed.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008 }}</ref> After Pakistan's defeat in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the two nations signed the [[Simla Agreement]] promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary.<ref>{{cite book | first=Pervaiz Iqbal |last=Cheema | title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan | publisher=Allen & Unwin | year=2003 |isbn=1-86508-119-1|page=4}}</ref>

The town of [[Kargil]] is located {{convert|205|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Srinagar]], facing the [[Northern Areas]] across the LOC.<ref>[http://kargil.nic.in/profile/profile.htm "Profile of Kargil District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518031923/http://kargil.nic.in/profile/profile.htm |date=18 May 2009 }}, Official website of Kargil District</ref> Like other areas in the [[Himalayas]], Kargil has a continental climate. Summers are cool with frigid nights, while winters are long and chilly with temperatures often dropping to {{cvt|-48|C|||}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kargil.nic.in/profile/climate.htm|title=Climate & Soil conditions|work=Official website of Kargil District|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410042319/http://kargil.nic.in/profile/climate.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>

An Indian [[National highways of India|national highway]] ([[National Highway 1 (India)|NH 1]]) connecting Srinagar to [[Leh]] cuts through Kargil. The military outposts on the ridges above the highway were generally around {{cvt|5000|m||}} high, with a few as high as {{cvt|5485|m||}}.<ref name="Summary">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf |title=War in Kargil – The CCC's summary on the war |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120658/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref> The rough terrain and narrow roads slowed down traffic, and the high altitude, which affected the ability of aircraft to carry loads, made control of NH 1 (the actual stretch of the highway which was under Pakistani fire) a priority for India. From their 130+ covertly occupied [[observation post]]s, the occupants had a clear line-of-sight.<ref name="NLI">{{cite web |date=5 May 2003 |title=Indian general praises Pakistani valour at Kargil |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_5-5-2003_pg7_14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116123416/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_5-5-2003_pg7_14 |archive-date=16 January 2009 |access-date=20 May 2009 |work=Daily Times}}</ref>

Kargil was targeted partly because the terrain was conducive to the [[Preemptive war|preemptive seizure]] of several unoccupied military positions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-LimitedWarwithPakistanWillItSecureIndiasInterests.html|title=Limited War with Pakistan: Will It Secure India's Interests?|work=ACDIS Occasional Paper|publisher=Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois|first=Suba|last=Chandran|year=2004|access-date=20 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705081726/http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-LimitedWarwithPakistanWillItSecureIndiasInterests.html|archive-date=5 July 2010}}</ref> With tactically vital features and well-prepared defensive posts atop the peaks, a defender on the high ground would enjoy advantages akin to that of a fortress. Any attack to dislodge a defender from high ground in [[mountain warfare]] requires a far higher ratio of attackers to defenders,<ref>Against the [https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR638/ "accepted 3:1 ratio for attacking troops vs defending troops"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122125130/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR638/ |date=22 November 2008 }}, the ratio over mountain terrain is estimated at 6:1. [http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19990726/cover3.html "Men At War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206183309/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19990726/cover3.html |date=6 December 2008 }}, ''[[India Today]]''</ref> and the difficulties would be exacerbated by the high altitude and freezing temperatures.<ref>Acosta, Marcus P., CPT, U.S. Army, [http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/Acosta03.pdf "High Altitude Warfare: The Kargil Conflict & the Future"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128055321/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/Acosta03.pdf |date=28 November 2007 }}, June 2003. [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA417318 Alternate Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020190328/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA417318 |date=20 October 2021 }}</ref>

Kargil is just {{convert|173|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Pakistani-controlled town of [[Skardu]], which was capable of providing logistical and artillery support to Pakistani combatants. A [[Skardu–Kargil Road|road between Kargil and Skardu exists]], which was closed in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/kargil-skardu-road-only-connect/|title=Kargil-Skardu Road: Only Connect|date=24 May 2015|website=Greater Kashmir|access-date=17 June 2019|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430145637/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/kargil-skardu-road-only-connect/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Kargil town, India panorama.jpg|thumb|The [[Kargil town|town of Kargil]] is strategically located.]]

After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]], there had been a long period with relatively few direct armed conflicts involving the military forces of the two neighbours—notwithstanding the efforts of both nations to control the [[Siachen Glacier]] by establishing military outposts on the surrounding mountains ridges and the resulting military skirmishes in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://outside.away.com/outside/features/200302/200302_siachen_7.html|title=The Coldest War|work=Outside Magazine|access-date=20 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402185925/http://outside.away.com/outside/features/200302/200302_siachen_7.html|archive-date=2 April 2009}}</ref> During the 1990s, however, escalating [[Low intensity conflict|tensions and conflict]] due to [[Terrorism in Kashmir|separatist activities in Kashmir]], some of which were supported by Pakistan,<ref>{{cite news|title=Pervez Musharraf admits Pakistan nurtured terrorism|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/pervez-musharraf-admits-pakistan-nurtured-terrorism/|date=28 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=The Free Press Journal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029154400/http://www.freepressjournal.in/pervez-musharraf-admits-pakistan-nurtured-terrorism/|archive-date=29 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pak backed terror groups like LeT to fan militancy: Musharraf|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pak-backed-terror-groups-like-let-to-fan-militancy-musharraf-115102800590_1.html|date=28 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829155010/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pak-backed-terror-groups-like-let-to-fan-militancy-musharraf-115102800590_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Supported, Trained Terror Groups Like LeT to Fan Militancy: Pervez Musharraf|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-like-let-to-fan-militancy-pervez-musharraf/918376|date=28 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|archive-date=31 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131122518/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-like-let-to-fan-militancy-pervez-musharraf/918376|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan trained terrorists against India: Pervez Musharraf|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/laden-zawahiri-haqqani-taliban-lashkar-are-pakistans-heroes-says-musharraf-270088-2015-10-27|date=27 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|work=India Today|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012064844/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/laden-zawahiri-haqqani-taliban-lashkar-are-pakistans-heroes-says-musharraf/1/508852.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Supported, Trained Terror Groups: Pervez Musharraf|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-1237173|date=28 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|work=NDTV|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430160226/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-1237173|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pervez Musharraf's confession on Pakistan terror groups: Truth finally out, say Indian political parties|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pervez-musharraf-s-confession-on-pakistan-terror-groups-truth-finally-out-say-indian-political-parties-2139590|date=28 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=DNA India|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430160521/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pervez-musharraf-s-confession-on-pakistan-terror-groups-truth-finally-out-say-indian-political-parties-2139590|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Musharraf equates Bal Thackeray with Hafiz Saeed|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Musharraf-equates-Bal-Thackeray-with-Hafiz-Saeed/articleshow/49560785.cms|date=28 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430145642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Musharraf-equates-Bal-Thackeray-with-Hafiz-Saeed/articleshow/49560785.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the conducting of [[Nuclear testing|nuclear tests]] by both countries in 1998, led to an increasingly belligerent atmosphere. In an attempt to defuse the situation, both countries signed the [[Lahore Declaration]] in February 1999, promising to provide a peaceful and bilateral solution to the [[Kashmir conflict]].

During the winter of 1998–1999, some elements of the [[Pakistani Armed Forces]] were covertly training and sending Pakistani troops and paramilitary forces, some allegedly in the guise of [[mujahideen]], into territory on the Indian side of the LOC. The infiltration was [[codename]]d "Operation Badr";<ref name="VP Malik">[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12 "Kargil: where defence met diplomacy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216074135/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12 |date=16 December 2012 }}, India's then [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]] VP Malik, expressing his views on Operation Vijay. Hosted on ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]''</ref><ref>Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang, [https://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html "The Fate of Kashmir"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052440/http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html |date=18 December 2012 }}, ''Stanford Journal of International Relations''</ref><ref>[http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102 "Book review of ''The Indian Army: A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo''"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108040104/http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102 |date= 8 January 2009 }}, Hosted on IPCS</ref> its aim was to sever the link between Kashmir and Ladakh, and cause Indian forces to withdraw from the [[Siachen Glacier]], thus forcing India to negotiate a settlement of the broader Kashmir dispute. Pakistan also believed that any tension in the region would internationalise the Kashmir issue, helping it to secure a speedy resolution. Yet another goal may have been to boost the morale of the decade-long rebellion in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] by taking a proactive role.

Pakistani [[Lieutenant General]] [[Shahid Aziz]], and then head of [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] analysis wing, has confirmed there were no mujahideen but only regular Pakistan Army soldiers who took part in the Kargil War.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130128/world.htm#6 |title=No mujahideen, our soldiers took part in Kargil: Pak ex-Gen |work=The Tribune (Online Edition) |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513034735/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130128/world.htm#6 |url-status=live }}</ref> "There were no Mujahideen, only taped wireless messages, which fooled no one. Our soldiers were made to occupy barren ridges, with hand held weapons and ammunition", Lt Gen Aziz wrote in his article in ''The Nation'' daily in January 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/06-Jan-2013/putting-our-children-in-line-of-fire |title=Putting our children in line of fire |work=The Nation |date=6 January 2013 |author=Shahid Aziz |access-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113151140/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/06-Jan-2013/putting-our-children-in-line-of-fire |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref>

Some writers have speculated that the operation's objective may also have been retaliation for India's [[Operation Meghdoot]] in 1984 that seized much of Siachen Glacier.<ref>{{cite book | author=Robert G. Wirsing | title=Kashmir in the Shadow of War: regional rivalries in a nuclear age | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | year=2003 |isbn=0-7656-1090-6|page=38}}</ref>

According to India's then [[Chief of the Army Staff of Indian Army|army chief (COAS)]] [[Ved Prakash Malik]], and many scholars,<ref>{{cite book |title=Operation Badr:Mussharef's contribution to Pakistan's thousand years war against India |last= Ludra |first=Kuldip S. |year=2001 |publisher=Institute for Strategic Research and Analysis [[Chandigarh]] }}</ref><ref>Low Intensity Conflicts in India By Vivek Chadha, United Service Institution of India Published by SAGE, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7619-3325-5}}</ref> much of the background planning, including construction of logistical supply routes, had been undertaken much earlier. On several occasions during the 1980s and 1990s, the army had given Pakistani leaders ([[Zia ul Haq]] and [[Benazir Bhutto]]) similar proposals for infiltration into the Kargil region, but the plans had been shelved for fear of drawing the nations into all-out war.<ref name="Hassan Abbas">{{cite book | author=Hassan Abbas | title=Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | year=2004 | isbn=0-7656-1497-9 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_2-7-2003_pg7_19 Musharraf advised against Kargil, says Benazir] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120723125533/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_2-7-2003_pg7_19 |date=23 July 2012 }}, 'Musharraf planned Kargil when I was PM' : Bhutto – Previous interview to ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 30 November 2001.</ref><ref name=swords>{{cite book|last=Nawaz|first=Shuja|title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195476972}}</ref>

Some analysts believe that the blueprint of attack was reactivated soon after Pervez Musharraf was appointed [[:Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan|chief of army staff]] in October 1998.<ref name="VP Malik" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Dangerous Deterrent |last= Kapur |first=S. Paul |year=2007 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-5550-4 |page=118}}</ref> After the war, [[Nawaz Sharif]], Prime Minister of Pakistan during the Kargil conflict, claimed that he was unaware of the plans, and that he first learned about the situation when he received an urgent phone call from [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], his counterpart in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1581473.cms|title=Nawaz blames Musharraf for Kargil|work=The Times of India|date=28 May 2006|access-date=20 May 2009|archive-date=13 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113062703/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1581473.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sharif attributed the plan to Musharraf and "just two or three of his [[Cronyism|cronies]]",<ref name=sharifunaware>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/05/29/nat1.htm |title=I learnt about Kargil from Vajpayee, says Nawaz |publisher=Dawn |date=29 May 2006|access-date=29 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222852/http://www.dawn.com/2006/05/29/nat1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> a view shared by some Pakistani writers who have stated that only four generals, including Musharraf, knew of the plan.<ref name="Hassan Abbas" /><ref name="Qadir">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/JA00199.pdf|title=An Analysis of the Kargil Conflict 1999|date=April 2002|last=Qadir|first=Shaukat|work=RUSI Journal|access-date=20 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120655/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/JA00199.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref> Musharraf, however, asserted that Sharif had been briefed on the Kargil operation 15 days ahead of Vajpayee's journey to [[Lahore]] on 20 February.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=71008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102134734/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=71008|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2013|title=Kargil planned before Vajpayee's visit: Musharraf|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 July 2006|access-date=20 May 2009}}</ref> Analysts highlighted Vajpayee’s leadership during the conflict as balancing military firmness with diplomatic restraint, contributing to India’s ability to maintain international support while defending its territorial integrity.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/atal-bihari-vajpayee-epitome-leadership-resilience-vijay-singh/ |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The Epitome of Leadership and Resilience |last= Singh |first=Vijay |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-s-kargil-diplomacy-the-strength-and-limits-of-diplomacy-matters-in-war |title=India’s Kargil diplomacy: Strengths and limits of diplomacy in war |last= Bommakanti |first=Kartik |year=2024}}</ref>

== Occupation by Pakistan ==
[[File:Kargil.map.buildup.gif|thumb|Infiltration and military build-up]]

During February 1999, the [[Pakistan Army]] sent forces to occupy some posts on the Indian side of the LOC.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=12 July 1999 |title=How I Started A War |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,991457,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914151255/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,991457,00.html |archive-date=14 September 2012 |access-date=20 May 2009 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> Troops from the elite [[Special Services Group]] as well as four to seven [[battalion]]s<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=The Northern Light Infantry in the Kargil Operations |url=http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/nli_kargil1999.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628181523/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/nli_kargil1999.html |archive-date=28 June 2009 |access-date=20 May 2009}} by Ravi Rikhye 1999 August 25, 2002 – [[ORBAT]]</ref> of the [[Northern Light Infantry]] (a paramilitary regiment not part of the regular Pakistani army at that time) covertly and overtly set up bases on 132 vantage points of the Indian-controlled region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2014 |title=Guns and Glory Episode 7: 1999 Indo-Pak War in Kargil, Part 1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ti_xPBoC8hY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Ti_xPBoC8hY |archive-date=21 December 2021 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to some reports, these Pakistani forces were backed by Kashmiri [[guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]] and Afghan [[Mercenary|mercenaries]].<ref name="Militant">It is estimated that around 2,000 "Mujahideen" might have been involved as Musharraf stated on 6 July 1999, to Pakistan's ''The News''; [https://web.archive.org/web/20010708024310/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/AG08Df01.html online article], ''[[Asia Times]]'' quoting the General's estimate. An Indian Major General (retd) too puts the [http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/15ashok.htm "Number of guerrillas at 2,000"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106040520/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/15ashok.htm|date=6 January 2006}}, apart from the NLI [[Infantry]] Regiment.</ref> According to General [[Ved Prakash Malik|Ved Malik]], the bulk of the infiltration occurred in April.<ref name="CLAWS">{{citation |last=Malik |first=V.P. |title=The Kargil War: Some Reflections |date=Summer 2009 |journal=CLAWS Journal |url=http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1400824315V%20P%20Malik%20%20CJ%20SSummer%202009.pdf |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809144256/https://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1400824315V%20P%20Malik%20%20CJ%20SSummer%202009.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Pakistani intrusions took place in the heights of the lower Mushkoh Valley, along the [[Marpo La Peak|Marpo La]] ridgeline in Dras, in Kaksar near Kargil, in the Batalik sector east of the [[Indus River]], on the heights above of the [[Chorbat La]] sector where the LOC turns North and in the [[Turtuk]] sector south of the [[Siachen]] area.

== Discovery of infiltration and mobilisation ==
Initially, these incursions were not detected for a number of reasons: Indian patrols were not sent into some of the areas infiltrated by the Pakistani forces and heavy artillery fire by Pakistan in some areas [[Suppressive fire|provided cover]] for the infiltrators. But by the second week of May, the ambushing of an Indian patrol team led by Captain [[Saurabh Kalia]], who acted on a tip-off by a local shepherd in the Batalik sector, led to the exposure of the infiltration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saurabh Kalia's parents waging a lone battle to highlight war crimes |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/06/stories/2009070655650700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713030728/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/06/stories/2009070655650700.htm |archive-date=13 July 2009 |access-date=15 June 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Initially, with little knowledge of the nature or extent of the infiltration, the Indian troops in the area assumed that the infiltrators were jihadis and claimed that they would evict them within a few days.<ref name="Qadir" /><ref name="Memoirs">{{cite book |author=Musharraf |first=Pervez |author-link=Pervez Musharraf |title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir |title-link=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir |publisher=Free Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-7432-8344-9 |pages= |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">[http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf "War in Kargil"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120658/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf|date=27 March 2009}} [http://www.tni.org/archives/bidwai/danger.htm "Islamabad Playing with Fire by Praful Bidwai"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607151609/http://www.tni.org/archives/bidwai/danger.htm|date=7 June 2011}}, ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 7 June 1999</ref> At the time of the discovery of these attacks, COAS of Indian Army Gen V. P. Malik was on a visit to [[Poland]] and was receiving information regarding the discoveries. On 12 May, the estimate reported by the DGMO to Gen Malik was "some militants" but by 15 May, the estimate had risen to 250-300. The 8 Mountain Division under the command of Maj Gen Mohinder Puri was mobilised to be ready for engagement.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=64}} The estimate grew to over 1000 by 21 May.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=70}}

The true scale of the incursions was only recognised by the high command after the [[Cabinet Committee on Security|CCS]] meeting on 18 May after which heavy mobilisation began and division level movement was ordered. Several divisions were ordered to halt counterinsurgency activity and position to engage the infiltrators.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=81}} The total area seized by the ingress is generally accepted to between {{cvt|130|and|200|km2|-1}}.<ref name="Qadir" /><ref name="Memoirs" /><ref name=":1" />

The clear line of sight provided by the ridges was a serious problem for the Indian Army as the highway was the main logistical and supply route.<ref>Kashmir in the Shadow of War By Robert Wirsing Published by M.E. Sharpe, 2003 {{ISBN|0-7656-1090-6}} p. 36</ref> The Pakistani shelling of the [[arterial road]] threatened to cut Leh off, though an alternative (and longer) road to Leh existed via [[Himachal Pradesh]], the [[Leh–Manali Highway]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

The infiltrators, apart from being equipped with [[small arms]] and [[grenade launcher]]s, were also armed with [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[artillery]] and [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft guns]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kargil War reiterated India's supremacy over Pakistan |url=http://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/kargil-war-reiterated-indias-supremacy-pakistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309093223/http://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/kargil-war-reiterated-indias-supremacy-pakistan/ |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Many posts were also heavily [[Land mine|mined]], with India later stating to have recovered more than 8,000 [[anti-personnel mines]] according to an [[International Campaign to Ban Landmines|ICBL]] report.<ref>{{cite web |title=Landmine monitor – India |url=http://www.icbl.org/lm/2000/india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202122453/http://www.icbl.org/lm/2000/india |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=15 June 2012 |publisher=Icbl.org}}</ref> Pakistan's [[reconnaissance]] was done through [[unmanned aerial vehicles]] and [[AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar]]s supplied by the US.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Army gets hostile weapon locating capability |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20060718/394515.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103905/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20060718/394515.html |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=9 January 2015 |work=webindia123.com}}</ref>
[[File:Indian soldiers in combat during operation vijay.jpg|thumb|Indian forces in combat during Operation VIjay]]
The [[Government of India]] responded with Operation Vijay, a mobilisation of 200,000 Indian troops. However, because of the nature of the terrain, [[division (military)|division]] and [[corps]] operations could not be mounted; subsequent fighting was conducted mostly at the brigade or [[battalion]] level. In effect, two [[Division (military)|divisions]] of the Indian Army,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gen VP Malik |title=Lessons from Kargil |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-6/malik.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408082728/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-6/malik.html |archive-date=8 April 2009 |access-date=20 May 2009}}</ref> numbering 20,000, plus several thousand from the [[Paramilitary forces of India]] and the air force were deployed in the conflict zone. The total number of Indian soldiers that were involved in the [[military operation]] on the Kargil-Drass sector was thus close to 30,000. The number of infiltrators, including those providing logistical backup, has been put at approximately 5,000 at the height of the conflict.<ref name="Qadir" />

The [[Indian Air Force]] launched [[Operation Safed Sagar]] in support of the mobilisation of Indian land forces on 26 May. The Indian government cleared limited use of Air Power only on 25 May, for fear of undesirable escalation, with the fiat that IAF fighter jets were not to cross the LOC under any circumstance.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |title=All you need to know about Kargil War |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-planned-to-bomb-targets-in-pakistan-during-kargil-war/indias-restraint/slideshow/59769657.cms |url-status=live |journal=The Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329101347/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-planned-to-bomb-targets-in-pakistan-during-kargil-war/indias-restraint/slideshow/59769657.cms |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> This was the first time any air war was fought at such high altitudes globally, with targets at altitudes between {{convert|6000|to|18000|ft|m|order=flip}} [[AMSL|above sea level]]. The rarified air at these altitudes affected ballistic trajectories of air to ground weapons, such as rockets, dumb and laser guided bombs. There was no opposition at all by the Pakistani Air Force, leaving the IAF free to carry out its attacks with impunity.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=How The IAF Dominated the Skies During Kargil War |url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2016/07/how-iaf-dominated-skies-during-kargil.html |url-status=live |journal=Indian Defence News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329090109/http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2016/07/how-iaf-dominated-skies-during-kargil.html |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> The total air dominance of the IAF gave the aircrew enough time to modify aiming indices and firing techniques, increasing its effectiveness during the high altitude war. Poor weather conditions and range limitations intermittently affected bomb loads and the number of [[airstrip]]s that could be used, except for the [[Mirage 2000]] fleet, which commenced operations on 30 May.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Mirage 2000 in Kargil |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/kargil/1056-pcamp.html |url-status=dead |journal=Bharat Rakshak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084357/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Kargil/PCamp.html |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Naval action ===
The [[Indian Navy]] also prepared to blockade the [[:Category:Ports and harbours of Pakistan|Pakistani ports]] (primarily the [[Port of Karachi|Karachi port]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Grare |first=Frédéric |title=The Resurgence of Baluch nationalism |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/CP65.Grare.FINAL.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420061901/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/CP65.Grare.FINAL.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2009 |access-date=20 May 2009 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}</ref> to cut off supply routes under [[Operation Talwar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sea Power |url=http://www.forceindia.net/SeaPower.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818112456/http://www.forceindia.net/SeaPower.aspx |archive-date=18 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |newspaper=Force India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Azam Khan |first=Cdr (Retd) Muhammad |title=Exercise Seaspark – 2001 |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/seaspark.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216075557/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/seaspark.htm |archive-date=16 December 2012 |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=Defence Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 November 2005 |title=Indian Navy celebrates its silent Kargil victory |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/12113/report-indian-navy-celebrates-its-silent-kargil-victory |access-date=17 August 2013 |newspaper=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=General Ashok K Mehta |date=5 August 2005 |title=The silent sentinel |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/05ashok.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210030822/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/05ashok.htm |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=17 August 2013 |newspaper=Rediff}}</ref> The Indian Navy's [[Western Naval Command|western]] and [[Eastern Naval Command|eastern fleets]] joined in the North [[Arabian Sea]] and began aggressive patrols and threatened to cut Pakistan's sea trade. This exploited Pakistan's dependence on sea-based oil and trade flows.<ref name="navy">{{cite news |author=General Ashok K Mehta |date=5 August 1999 |title=The silent sentinel |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/05ashok.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210030822/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/05ashok.htm |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> Later, then–[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] Nawaz Sharif disclosed that Pakistan was left with just six days of fuel to sustain itself if a full-scale war had broken out.<ref>{{cite book |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130428/jsp/7days/story_16836328.jsp |title=Avoiding Armageddon |date=2 May 2013 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-9350299944 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061345/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130428/jsp/7days/story_16836328.jsp |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Lambeth |first=Benjamin |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/kargil.pdf |title=Airpower at 18,000': The Indian Air Force in the Kargil War |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |year=2012 |page=54 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030023123/http://carnegieendowment.org/files/kargil.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hiranandani |first=G. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2snz5Cfb0gC&q=a%20leander%20class%20frigate%20barrier&pg=PA1924 |title=Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991–2000 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1935501268 |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208123643/https://books.google.com/books?id=w2snz5Cfb0gC&q=a%20leander%20class%20frigate%20barrier&pg=PA1924 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}}

==Overview==
{{Further|Kargil order of battle |Kargil Air War}}

=== Indian military operations ===

=== Mushkoh valley sector ===
The task of repelling the Pakistani forces was given to the [[XV Corps (India)|15th Corps]] under the command of Lt Gen Kishan Pal.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=94}} The Kargil area, before the commencement of the engagement, was primarily enforced by 121 (I) infantry brigade commanded by Brig. Surinder Singh but Brig Singh was dismissed of his position when the infiltrations were discovered. In his place, Brig O. P. Nandrajog took command of the brigade. The 56 Mountain Brigade under the command of Brig A. N. Aul of the 8 Mountain Division was also inducted into the area.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=67}}{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=107}}

==== Battle of Tololing ====
The Indian Army's first priority was to recapture peaks that were in the immediate vicinity of NH 1. This resulted in Indian troops first targeting the Tiger Hill and Tololing complex in Dras, which dominated the Srinagar-Leh route.<ref name="frankcass">{{cite book|title=Managing Armed Conflicts in the 21st Century|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=London|isbn=0714681369|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKF05qekf9gC|editor=Adekeye Adebajo and Chandra Lekha Sriram|pages=192–193|year=2001|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208123643/https://books.google.com/books?id=tKF05qekf9gC|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Battle of Tololing]], amongst other assaults, slowly tilted the combat in India's favour. By 22 May 18 Grenadiers, 1 Naga and Garhwal under the command of Col Kushal Thakur had begun an assault on Tololing and were awaiting reinforcements. The battle lasted till 14 May. Along with reinforcements from 2 Rajputana Rifles under Lt Col M.B. Ravindranath and 16 Grenadiers, the Indian forces had to carry out several assaults in difficult terrain. Several senior Indian army officers were killed in action but the Tololing peak and surrounding points like points P4590 were captured.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19990705-tololing-peak-the-battle-that-probably-changed-the-course-of-kargil-war-824608-1999-07-04 |title= Tololing peak: The battle that probably changed the course of Kargil war |date= 5 July 1999 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> The recapture of Point 4590 on Tololing by Indian troops on 14 June was significant, notwithstanding the fact that it resulted in the Indian Army suffering the most casualties in a single battle during the conflict.<ref name="pradeep">{{cite book|last=Barua|first=Pradeep P.|title=The State at War in South Asia|date=2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9|page=261|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116054856/https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Operation Safed Sagar ====
{{Main|Operation Safed Sagar}}

The [[Indian Air Force]] was tasked to act jointly with [[ground troops]] on 25 May.<ref name="auto1" /> The [[code name]] assigned to their role was [[Operation Safed Sagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Op Safed Sagar | Indian Air Force | Government of India |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/content/op-safed-sagar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329115807/http://indianairforce.nic.in/content/op-safed-sagar |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=24 March 2019 |website=indianairforce.nic.in}}</ref> It was in this type of terrain that [[Aerial warfare|aerial attacks]] were used, initially with limited effectiveness. On 27 May, the IAF lost a [[MiG-27]] aircraft piloted by Flt. Lt. [[Kambampati Nachiketa|K Nachiketa]], which it attributed to an [[Flameout|engine failure]], and a [[MiG-21]] [[Fighter aircraft|fighter]] piloted by Sqn Ldr [[Ajay Ahuja]] which was shot down by the Pakistani army, both over Batalik sector.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |title=BBC News | South Asia | India loses two jets |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/354120.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617203651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/354120.stm |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{cite web |title=Flyer pushes frontier again – Nachiketa returns to area where his plane was shot down |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060522/asp/frontpage/story_6254165.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630215528/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1060522/asp/frontpage/story_6254165.asp |archive-date=30 June 2007 |access-date=18 September 2006 |publisher=Telegraph India}}</ref> Initially Pakistan said it shot down both jets after they crossed into its territory.<ref name="jet">{{cite news |date=27 May 1999 |title=India loses two jets |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/354120.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101230237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/354120.stm |archive-date=1 January 2008 |access-date=15 June 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> According to reports, Ahuja had bailed out of his stricken plane safely but was apparently killed by his captors as his body was returned riddled with bullet wounds.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=85}} One Indian [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]] helicopter was also lost due to [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]] [[Surface-to-air missile|SAMs]]. French made [[Dassault Mirage 2000#India|Mirage 2000H]] of the IAF were tasked to drop [[laser-guided bomb]]s to destroy well-entrenched positions of the Pakistani forces{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} and flew its first sortie on 30 May.<ref name="Bharat-rakshak.com">{{Cite web |title=The Kargil Operations. The Mirage-2000 at Kargil. Bharat-rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Kargil/PCamp.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084357/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Kargil/PCamp.html |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> The effects of the pinpoint non-stop bombing by the Mirage-2000, by day and by night, became evident with almost immediate effect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=20 years after Kargil War: Man who bombed Tiger Hill tells how the War was won from the air |url=http://www.sps-aviation.com/interviews/?id=48&h=20-years-after-Kargil-War-Man-who-bombed-Tiger-Hill-tells-how-the-War-was-won-from-the-air |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418051941/http://sps-aviation.com/interviews/?id=48&h=20-years-after-Kargil-War-Man-who-bombed-Tiger-Hill-tells-how-the-War-was-won-from-the-air |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>

By 15 June, India had mobilised a huge portion of its army near the international border and Indian commanders were on order to be ready for crossing the International border. The Pakistani DGMO Tauqir Zia communicated to the Indian DGMO [[Nirmal Chander Vij]] that Pakistan was uncomfortable with the escalations. According to then COAS of India VP Malik, Pakistan did not want to escalate further.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=99}}

==== Capture of point 5140 ====
{{Main|Battle of point 5140}}

On 17 June 13 JnK Rifles was tasked with [[Battle of point 5140|capturing points 5140]]. Under the command of [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi|Lt Col YK Joshi]], the battalion carried the operation out on 20 June and successfully captured the point after an intense [[close-quarters battle]]. Gen Malik called Lt Vikram Batra's for his contribution to the battle and success signal - "''Yeh Dil mange More''" became legendary.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=113-114}} Area adjacent to point 5140, namely and Area Rocky and Black tooth were captured by 1 Naga by 22 June.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=115}}

The infiltrators evicted from 5140 and Tololing had regrouped at point 4700 and 18 Grenadiers were tasked with removing them. This attack was successfully carried out from 28 to 30 June. This attack enabled the Indian forces to finally focus on point 5100 and Area three pimples.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=115}}

==== Capture of Three Pimples ====
[[File:Sheeju mig21.JPG|thumb|IAF [[MiG-21]]s were used extensively in the Kargil War.]]
As the operation was fully underway, about 250 artillery guns were brought in to clear the infiltrators in the posts that were in the [[wikt:line of sight|line-of-sight]]. The [[Bofors]] [[Haubits FH77/A|FH-77B field howitzer]] played a vital role, with Indian gunners making maximum use of the terrain. However, its success was limited elsewhere due to the lack of space and depth to deploy it.

Area three pimples consisted of the Knoll, Lone Hill and Three Pimples. 2 Rajputana Rifles of Lt. Col. Ravindranath was tasked to recapture it on 28 June. Gen Malik personally talked with Ravindranath before the battle. The battle began 2 hours later and lasted 2 days. Area three pimples was captured on 29 June.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=118}}

==== Battle of Tiger Hill ====
{{Main|Battle of Tiger Hill}}

By last week of June, most of fire power was concentrated to the highest peak in the surrounding, Tiger Hill. 18 Grenadiers was placed under 192 Mountain brigade commanded by Brig. MPS Bajwa and 41 Field regiment was given the primary responsibility of artillery operations. The air force also concentrated its strikes within Tiger hill. This was the first battle in India to be telecasted live.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=119}} The [[Battle of Tiger Hill]] began on 3 July. After 2 days of intense warfare, it was deemed impossible to just conclude the attack with one battalion so 8 Sikh was ordered to move from the west into Tiger Hill. By 5 July, several objectives were completed and major Pakistani commanders were killed. By 8 July the entire Tiger Hill feature was captured by 18 Grenadiers and 8 Sikh and Gen VP Malik addressed the media informing the world.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=122}}

Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached upon by the infiltrators;<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Tariq |author-link=Tariq Ali |title=Bitter Chill of Winter |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001175541/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=20 May 2009 |newspaper=[[London Review of Books]]=}}</ref><ref name="Colonel Ravi Nanda 1999">{{cite book |author=Colonel Ravi Nanda |title=Kargil: A Wake Up Call |publisher=Vedams Books |year=1999 |isbn=81-7095-074-0}} [https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm Online summary of the Book] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055430/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm|date=28 September 2007}}</ref> according to the official count, an estimated 75–80% of the intruded area and nearly all the high ground were back under Indian control.<ref name="VP Malik" />

==== Battle of point 4875 ====
{{Main|Battle of Point 4875}}

After the battle of Tiger Hill, the next important objective was to capture point 4875 North-West of Mashkoh. The 13 JnK Rifles was assigned to 79 Mountain brigade of Brig. Ramesh Kakar. Lt. Col. Joshi regrouped in the Mashkoh valley on 1 July and the Battle began on 4 July. After hours of intense battle, Lt. Col. Joshi was unable to capture the point due to the fortification disadvantage and two companies of the battalion found themselves stuck in daylight.

An injured [[Vikram Batra|Lt. Vikram Batra]] volunteered to reinforce the companies and was deployed as a platoon commander. Throughout the night 5 July, the battle raged in close-quatres. "The opposing troops were so close that, besides the staccato of small arms, verbal exchanges carried on throughout the night." noted Gen Malik. While assaulting the peak, Capt. Naveen Nagappa was injured. It then became clear that the point directly north of 4875 was also to be captured. Capt. Batra led the final assault on this point, rescuing Capt. Nagappa but himself succumbed to Sniper and RPG fire on 7 July. Capt Batra's attack ensured an Indian victory at point 4875.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=125-128}}

==== First Ceasefire ====
Between 4 and 12 July 17 Jat and 2 Naga continued to attack peaks adjacent to 4875 and had success. 6 and 7 Para SF attacked point 4700 but had to suspend their operations on 12 July when the ceasefire came into effect.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=130}} After the Pakistani forces failed to honour the ceasefire and withdraw forces, the Indian forces resumed operations and point 4700 was captured by Para SF.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=130-132}}

==== Battle of Zulu Spur ====
After the Pakistani forces refused to withdraw, Indian forces under the command of Brig MPS Bajwa of 192 Mountain Brigade launched an attack on the Zulu Spur on 22 July. The 3 Gurkha Rifles and 9 Para SF carried the operation out and forced the Pakistani forces to retreat by 25 July.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=130-132}}

=== Operations in Batalik sector ===

==== Battle of point 5203 ====
On 29 May, operations in Batalik sector began as 1 Bihar regiment from 70 Infantry Brigade captured several posts including point 5203 in the western portion of the frontier but had to eventually retreat. The forces then had to focus on the eastern side. Operations resumed on 1 June when 12 JnK Rifles and 5 Para SF attacked and captured point 5390 and then decided to attack 5203 again. The assault was launched on 6 June. It resulted in an intense battle with heavy casualties. The battled continued till 21 June, when Ladakh Scouts had to join the Indian side and the point was captured. The brigade commander Brig. Devinder Singh was also injured in this assault.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=137-139}}

==== Battle of point 4812 ====
The next most important objective was to capture Point 4812, which was an important dominating position of Pakistani forces. Four battalions of the 70 Infantry Brigade was tasked with a multidirectional attack on 30 June. By 6 July, all these forces completed their individual objectives and linked up.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=140-143}}

==== Battle of Jubar ====
The final objective in the Batalik frontier was the Jubar peak which was isolated from the neighbouring dominating structures. Attack was launched by 1 Bihar on 29 June and with the assistance of Air force and artillery, the peak was captured on 7 July.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=143-146}}

=== Final Ceasefire ===
On 27 July, the Pakistani forces requested for a flag meeting and sought permission to collect dead bodies. Maj Gen Mohinder Puri granted this request. At the end of this venture, the Pakistani forces stood down and agreed to abide by the terms of the ceasefire in full.{{Sfn|Malik|2006|p=135}}

===Washington Accord and final battles===
Following the outbreak of armed fighting, Pakistan sought American help in de-escalating the conflict. [[Bruce Riedel]], who was then an aide to President [[Bill Clinton]], reported that US intelligence had imaged Pakistani movements of nuclear weapons to forward deployments for fear of the Kargil hostilities escalating into a wider conflict. However, President Clinton refused to intervene until Pakistan had removed all forces from the Indian side of the LOC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1989886.stm |title=Pakistan 'prepared nuclear strike' |publisher=BBC News |date=16 May 2002 |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=12 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112044143/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1989886.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the Washington accord of 4 July 1999, when Sharif agreed to withdraw Pakistani troops, most of the fighting came to a gradual halt, but some Pakistani forces remained in positions on the Indian side of the LoC. In addition, the [[United Jihad Council]], an umbrella organisation of pro-Pakistani Kashmiri separatists rejected Pakistan's plan for a climb-down, instead deciding to fight on.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/386537.stm| title=Pakistan and the Kashmir militants| work=BBC News| access-date=20 May 2009| date=5 July 1999| archive-date=28 February 2003| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030228190044/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/386537.stm| url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian army launched its final attacks in the last week of July in co-ordination with relentless attacks by the IAF, both by day and night, in their totally successful [[Operation Safed Sagar]]; as soon as the Drass subsector had been cleared of Pakistani forces, the fighting ceased on 26 July. The day has since been marked as ''Kargil Vijay Diwas'' (Kargil Victory Day) in India. In the wake of its successive military defeats in Kargil, diplomatic isolation in the international arena, its precarious economic situation, and the mounting international pressure, the [[Pakistani establishment]] was compelled to negotiate a face saving withdrawal from the residual areas on the Indian side of the LoC, thereby restoring the sanctity of the LoC, as was established in July 1972 as per the [[Simla Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/26071999/cover.html|title=Kargil War – Pakistan: Face-Saving Retreat|work=india-today.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042405/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/26071999/cover.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Amarinder |year=2001 |title=A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999 |publisher=Motibagh Palace |isbn=9788193107416 |page=xii }}</ref>

== Timeline of events ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:10%;" | '''Date (1999)'''
! style="width:90%; text-align:center;" | '''Event'''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Opinions |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110726/edit.htm#6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308123358/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110726/edit.htm#6 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |access-date=15 June 2012 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>V. P. Malik, "Kargil War: Need to learn strategic lessons", ''India Tribune'', 26 July 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 July 1999 |title=Kargil conflict timeline |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/387702.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129170557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/387702.stm |archive-date=29 January 2012 |access-date=15 June 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2011 |title=Factfile |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110726/edit.htm#6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205233521/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110726/edit.htm#6 |archive-date=5 December 2011 |access-date=26 July 2011 |newspaper=The Tribune (Chandigarh)}}</ref>
|-
| 3 May || A Pakistani intrusion in the [[Kargil district]] is reported by local shepherds.
|-
| 5 May || [[Indian Army]] patrols are sent out in response to earlier reports; 5 Indian soldiers are captured and subsequently killed.
|-
| 9 May || Heavy [[Artillery|shelling]] by the [[Pakistan Army]] damages Indian ammunition dumps in [[Kargil]].
|-
| 10 May || Multiple infiltrations across the [[Line of Control|LoC]] are confirmed in [[Dras]], Kaksar, and [[Mushkoh Valley|Mushkoh]] sectors.
|-
|18 May
|Heavy mobilisation and troop movement ordered after 18 May CCS meeting.
|-
|22 May
|Indian forces attack Tololing.
|-
|24 May
|CCS meeting on 24 May approves use of Air Force.
|-
| 26 May || The [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) begins [[airstrike]]s against suspected infiltrator positions.
|-
| 27 May || One IAF [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] and one [[Mikoyan MiG-27|MiG-27]] aircraft are shot down by [[Anza (missile)|Anza]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s of the Pakistan Army's [[Anti-aircraft warfare|Air Defence]] Corps;<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 1999 |title=SA-7 GRAIL |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-7.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203110123/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-7.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |access-date=9 February 2009 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists|FAS]]}}</ref> [[Flight lieutenant|Flt. Lt.]] [[Kambampati Nachiketa]] (pilot of the MiG-27) is captured by a Pakistani patrol and given [[Prisoner of war|POW]] status (released on 3 June 1999).
|-
| 28 May || One IAF [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]] is shot down by Pakistani forces; four crew members are killed.
|-
| 1 June || The Pakistan Army begins shelling operations on India's [[National Highway 1 (India)|National Highway 1]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]].
|-
| 5 June ||India releases documents recovered from three Pakistani soldiers that officially indicate Pakistan's involvement in the conflict.
|-
| 9 June || Indian troops re-capture two key positions in the [[Batalik]] sector.
|-
| 11 June || India releases intercepts of conversations between Pakistani [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|COAS]] [[General officer|Gen.]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] (on a visit to China)
[[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|CGS]] [[Lieutenant general|Lt. Gen.]] [[Aziz Khan (general)|Aziz Khan]] (in [[Rawalpindi]]) as proof of the Pakistan Army's involvement in the infiltrations.
|-
| 13 June || Tololing is captured by India.
|-
| 15 June ||[[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Bill Clinton]] forces then-[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], [[Nawaz Sharif]]
to immediately pull all Pakistani troops and [[Irregular military|irregulars]] out from Kargil.
|-
|20 June
|Point 5140 is captured by India.
|-
|3 July
|Indian forces surround Tiger Hill.
|-
| 5 July || Nawaz Sharif officially announces the Pakistan Army's withdrawal from Kargil following a meeting with President Clinton.
Indian forces subsequently take control of Dras.
|-
| 7 July || Indian troops recapture Jubar Heights in Batalik.
Tiger Hill is captured by India.
|-
| 11 July || India retakes key peak points in Batalik.
|-
|12 July
|Pakistani agrees to stand down but fails to withdraw troops. India resumes operations.
|-
| 14 July ||[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] declares Operation ''Vijay'' a success.
The [[Government of India|Indian government]] sets conditions for talks with Pakistan.
|-
| 26 July || Kargil War officially comes to an end. Indian Army announces the complete withdrawal of Pakistani irregular and regular forces.
|}

==World opinion==
Pakistan was heavily criticised by other countries for instigating the war, as its [[paramilitary]] forces and [[Insurgency|insurgents]] had crossed the LOC ([[Line of Control]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Hassan Abbas|title=Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, The Army, And America's War on Terror|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=2004|isbn=0-7656-1497-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass/page/173 173]|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass/page/173}}[http://www.ipcs.org/whatsNewArticle11.jsp?action=showView&kValue=1647&status=article&mod=b Revisiting Kargil: Was it a Failure for Pakistan's Military?, IPCS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808080703/http://www.ipcs.org/whatsNewArticle11.jsp?action=showView&kValue=1647&status=article&mod=b |date=8 August 2006 }}</ref> Pakistan's primary diplomatic response, one of [[plausible deniability]] linking the incursion to what it officially termed as "Kashmiri [[freedom fighter]]s", was in the end not successful.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/cowas/990711.htm |title=Lesson learnt? |newspaper=Dawn |date=24 July 2006 |access-date=2 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725055002/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/cowas/990711.htm |archive-date=25 July 2008 }}</ref> Veteran analysts argued that the battle was fought at heights where only seasoned troops could survive, so poorly equipped "freedom fighters" would neither have the ability nor the wherewithal to seize land and defend it. Moreover, while the army had initially denied the involvement of its troops in the intrusion, two soldiers were awarded the [[Nishan-E-Haider]] (Pakistan's highest military honour). Another 90 soldiers were also given [[wikt:gallantry|gallantry]] awards, most of them [[posthumous recognition|posthumously]], confirming Pakistan's role in the episode. India also released [[Telephone tapping|taped]] phone conversations between the Army Chief and a senior Pakistani general where the latter is recorded saying: "the scruff of [the militants] necks is in our hands",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/kargil/audio.html|title=Transcripts of conversations between Lt Gen Mohammad Aziz, Chief of General Staff and Musharraf|work=India Today| access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701220255/http://www.india-today.com/kargil/audio.html |archive-date = 1 July 2008}}</ref> although Pakistan dismissed it as a "total fabrication". Concurrently, Pakistan made several contradicting statements, confirming its role in Kargil, when it defended the incursions saying that the LOC itself was disputed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/AG07Df01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000925124418/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/AG07Df01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=25 September 2000 |title=U.S. brokers Kargil peace but problems remain |publisher=Atimes.com |date=7 July 1999 |access-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Pakistan also attempted to internationalise the Kashmir issue, by linking the crisis in Kargil to the larger [[Kashmir conflict]], but such a diplomatic stance found few backers on the world stage.<ref name="ASEAN">{{cite news| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul25/world.htm#6| title=ASEAN backs India's stand| newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]| date=24 July 2006| access-date=20 May 2009| archive-date=2 December 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202050338/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul25/world.htm#6| url-status=live}}</ref>

As the Indian counter-attacks picked up momentum, Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif flew to meet US President Bill Clinton on 4 July to obtain support from the United States. Clinton rebuked Sharif, however, and asked him to use his contacts to rein in the militants and withdraw Pakistani soldiers from Indian territory. Clinton would later reveal in [[My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)|his autobiography]] that "Sharif's moves were perplexing" since the Indian Prime Minister had travelled to Lahore to promote bilateral talks aimed at resolving the Kashmir problem and "by crossing the Line of Control, Pakistan had wrecked the [bilateral] talks".<ref>{{cite book | author=Bill Clinton | title=My Life | publisher=Random House | year=2004 | isbn=0-375-41457-6 | page=[https://archive.org/details/mylifecl00clin/page/865 865] | title-link=My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography) }}</ref> On the other hand, he applauded Indian restraint for not crossing the LOC and escalating the conflict into an all-out war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/399897.stm|title=BBC News – South Asia – Kashmir: Dialogue call amid fresh fighting|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=9 January 2006|archive-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043125/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/399897.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[G8]] nations supported India and condemned the Pakistani violation of the LOC at the [[Cologne]] summit. The [[European Union]] also opposed Pakistan's violation of the LOC.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9907/02/kashmir.pakistan/|title=India encircles rebels on Kashmir mountaintop|work=[[CNN]]| access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080614150423/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9907/02/kashmir.pakistan/ |archive-date = 14 June 2008}}CNN</ref> [[China]], a long-time ally of Pakistan, insisted on a pullout of forces to the pre-conflict positions along the LOC and settling border issues peacefully. Other organisations like the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations#The ASEAN Regional Forum|ASEAN Regional Forum]] too supported India's stand on the inviolability of the LOC.<ref name="ASEAN" />

Faced with growing international pressure, Sharif managed to pull back the remaining soldiers from Indian territory. The joint statement issued by Clinton and Sharif conveyed the need to respect the LOC and resume bilateral talks as the best forum to resolve all disputes.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9907/05/kashmir.02/|title=Text of joint Clinton-Sharif statement|work=CNN| access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516134001/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9907/05/kashmir.02/ |archive-date = 16 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd39/39kash.htm| title=Disarmament Diplomacy: Complete texts of Indian and Pakistani statements following Pakistan's decision to withdraw its troops in Kargil| access-date=20 May 2009| archive-date=5 December 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205044657/http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd39/39kash.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallantry awards==
===India===
[[file:Operation Vijay Medal.png|thumb|Operation Vijay Medal – Awarded to armed forces of India who were deployed during Operation Vijay]]

A number of Indian soldiers earned awards for gallantry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/PVC/pvc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815195436/http://indianarmy.nic.in/PVC/pvc.html|url-status=dead|title=Indian Army Param Vir Chakra Winners|archive-date=15 August 2013}}|</ref> Four [[Param Vir Chakra]]s and eleven [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s were awarded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/460870/1/7759.pdf|title=Gallantaryawards To Fighters Of Kargil Conflict|date=|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227090020/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/460870/1/7759.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Unit
! scope="col" | References

|-
| [[Param Vir Chakra]] || [[Grenadier]] || [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]] || [[The Grenadiers|18 Grenadiers]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=YOGENDER SINGH YADAV {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/yogender-singh-yadav |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811064623/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/yogender-singh-yadav |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Param Vir Chakra (PVC), Awardee: Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav, PVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1078 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330024915/http://twdi.in/node/1078 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Param Vir Chakra]] || [[Lieutenant]] || [[Manoj Kumar Pandey]] || [[11th Gorkha Rifles|1/11 Gorkha Rifles]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=MANOJ KUMAR PANDEY {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/manoj-kumar-pandey |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812205011/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/manoj-kumar-pandey |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Param Vir Chakra (PVC), Awardee: Lt Manoj Kumar Pandey, PVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1067 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307235409/http://twdi.in/node/1067 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Param Vir Chakra]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || [[Vikram Batra]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=VIKRAM BATRA {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/vikram-batra |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812204913/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/vikram-batra |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Param Vir Chakra (PVC), Awardee: Capt Vikram Batra, PVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1059 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308082043/http://twdi.in/node/1059 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Param Vir Chakra]] || [[Rifleman]] || [[Sanjay Kumar (soldier)|Sanjay Kumar]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SANJAY KUMAR {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/sanjay-kumar |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812213413/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/sanjay-kumar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Param Vir Chakra (PVC), Awardee: Rfn Sanjay Kumar, PVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1072 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901072821/http://twdi.in/node/1072 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || [[Anuj Nayyar]] || [[Jat Regiment|17 Jat]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=ANUJ NAYYAR {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/anuj-nayyar |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901072812/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/anuj-nayyar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Capt Anuj Nayyar, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1434 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720060432/http://twdi.in/node/1434 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || [[Rajesh Singh Adhikari]] || [[The Grenadiers|18 Grenadiers]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=RAJESH SINGH ADHIKARI {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/rajesh-singh-adhikari |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901071218/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/rajesh-singh-adhikari |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Maj Rajesh Singh Adhikari, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1302 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620012250/http://twdi.in/node/1302 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]]|| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Gurjinder Singh Suri || [[Bihar Regiment|12 Bihar]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=GURJINDER SINGH SURI {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/gurjinder-singh-suri |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914054931/http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/gurjinder-singh-suri |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Capt Gurjinder Singh Suri, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1493 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809045009/http://twdi.in/node/1493 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]]|| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] || [[Digendra Kumar]] || [[Rajputana Rifles|2 Rajputana Rifles]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=DIGENDRA KUMAR {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/digendra-kumar |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901072822/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/digendra-kumar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Nk Digendra Kumar, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1356 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809051220/http://twdi.in/node/1356 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]]|| [[Lieutenant]] || [[Balwan Singh]] || [[The Grenadiers|18 Grenadiers]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=BALWAN SINGH {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/balwan-singh |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901074132/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/balwan-singh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Maj Balwan Singh, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1319 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901071139/http://twdi.in/node/1319 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]] || [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] || Imliakum Ao || [[Naga Regiment|2 Naga]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=IMLIAKUM {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/imliakum |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901065706/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/imliakum |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Nk Imliakumao, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1390 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901073718/http://twdi.in/node/1390 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || [[Keishing Clifford Nongrum]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry|12 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=KEISHING CLIFFORD NONGRUM {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/keishing-clifford-nongrum |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901072741/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/keishing-clifford-nongrum |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Lt Keishing Clifford Nongrun, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1435 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901080222/http://twdi.in/node/1435 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || [[Neikezhakuo Kenguruse]] || [[Rajputana Rifles|2 Rajputana Rifles]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=NEIKEZHAKUO KENGURUSE {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/neikezhakuo-kenguruse |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901065656/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/neikezhakuo-kenguruse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Capt Neikezhakuo Kenguruse, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1401 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901072140/http://twdi.in/node/1401 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || [[Padmapani Acharya]] || [[Rajputana Rifles|2 Rajputana Rifles]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=PADMAPANI ACHARYA {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/padmapani-acharya |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811002218/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/padmapani-acharya |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Maj Padmapani Acharya, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1301 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901064140/http://twdi.in/node/1301 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || [[Sonam Wangchuk (soldier)|Sonam Wangchuk]] || [[Ladakh Scouts]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SONAM WANGCHUK {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/sonam-wangchuk |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901072832/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/sonam-wangchuk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Lt Col Sonam Wangchuk, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1489 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901071534/http://twdi.in/node/1489 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahavir Chakra]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || [[Vivek Gupta (major)|Vivek Gupta]] || [[Rajputana Rifles|2 Rajputana Rifles]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=VIVEK GUPTA {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/vivek-gupta |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901071229/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/vivek-gupta |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Maj Vivek Gupta, MVC @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1374 |website=twdi.in |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812072822/http://twdi.in/node/1374 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

The following units were awarded the ''COAS' unit citations'' for their exemplary role in the war{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=64}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2017/jun16-17/h16.htm|title=Pedongi, the Brave|date=16 June 2017|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227090020/http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2017/jun16-17/h16.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> -
*[[Infantry of the Indian Army|Infantry]]
**2 Rajputana Rifles
**8 Sikh
**17 Jat
**18 Grenadiers
**1 Bihar
**13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
**18 Garhwal Rifles
**12 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry
**2 Naga
**1/11 Gorkha Rifles
**Ladakh Scouts
*[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Artillery]]
**108 Medium Regiment
**141 Field Regiment
**197 Field Regiment
*[[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]]
**663 (Reconnaissance and Observation) Squadron
**666 (Reconnaissance and Observation) Squadron
*[[Indian Army Service Corps|Army Service Corps]]
**874 Animal Transport Battalion

=== Pakistan ===
Two Pakistani soldiers received the [[Nishan-e-Haider]], Pakistan's highest military gallantry award:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaheedfoundation.org/NishaneHaider.asp |title=Shaheed Foundation Pakistan |publisher=Shaheed Foundation |access-date=15 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211253/http://www.shaheedfoundation.org/nishanehaider.asp |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref>
* Capt. [[Karnal Sher Khan]], 27th Battalion, [[Sind Regiment]]: Nishan-e-Haider (posthumous)
* Hav. [[Lalak Jan]], [[Northern Light Infantry]]: Nishan-e-Haider (posthumous)

==Impact and influence of media==
The Kargil War was significant for the impact and influence of the mass media on public opinion in both nations. Coming at a time of exploding growth in [[electronic journalism]] in India, the Kargil news stories and war footage were often telecast live on TV, and many websites provided in-depth analysis of the war.<ref name=perk>{{cite book|last=Perkovich|first=George|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|date=2001|page=473|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=978-0520232105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC|edition=Updated Edition with a New Afterword|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208123643/https://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC|url-status=live}}</ref> The conflict became the first "live" war in South Asia and it was given such detailed media coverage that one effect was the drumming up of [[Jingoism|jingoistic]] feelings.<ref>{{cite web |first=A.K. |last=Sachdev |title=Media Related Lessons From Kargil |url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-jan00-10.html |date=January 2000 |volume=XXIII |issue=10 |access-date=24 May 2014 |archive-date=24 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524065856/http://www.idsa-india.org/an-jan00-10.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The conflict soon turned into a [[news propaganda]] war, in which press briefings given by government officials of each nation produced conflicting claims and counterclaims. The Indian government placed a temporary [[News Embargo]] on information from Pakistan, banning the telecast of the [[Government-owned corporation|state-run]] Pakistani channel [[Pakistan Television Corporation|PTV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990603/ige03090.html|title=Centre bans PTV|access-date=20 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202051334/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990603/ige03090.html|archive-date=2 December 2008}} [[Indian Express]] 3 June 1999</ref> and blocking access to online editions of the ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' newspaper.<ref>[http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/17jul99.html#delh "Delhi lifts ban on ''Dawn'' website, PTV broadcasts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202074127/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/17jul99.html#delh |date=2 December 2008 }}, ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' wire service 17 July 1999</ref> The Pakistani media criticised this apparent curbing of [[freedom of the press]] in India, while India media claimed it was in the interest of [[national security]]. The Indian government ran advertisements in foreign publications including ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' detailing Pakistan's [[State-sponsored terrorism#Pakistan|role in supporting extremists]] in Kashmir in an attempt to garner political support for its position.

As the war progressed, media coverage of the conflict was more intense in India than in Pakistan.<ref>Rasheeda Bhagat, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202110814/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1619/16191300.htm "A different view of Kargil"]}}, Volume 16 – Issue 19, 11–24 Sep 1999 ''[[The Frontline]]''</ref> Many Indian channels showed images from the battle zone in a style reminiscent of [[CNN]]'s coverage of the [[Gulf War]] (one of the shells fired by Pakistan troops even hit a [[Doordarshan]] transmission centre in Kargil; coverage continued, however).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/newsletter/070699/dd070699.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201202918/http://www.indiantelevision.com/newsletter/070699/dd070699.htm|url-status=dead|title=Pak TV ban gets good response|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref> Reasons for India's increased coverage included the greater number of privately owned electronic media in India compared to Pakistan and relatively greater [[Media transparency|transparency]] in the [[Mass media in India|Indian media]]. At a seminar in [[Karachi]], Pakistani journalists agreed that while the Indian government had taken the press and the people into its confidence, Pakistan had not.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/20media.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT: Pak media lament lost opportunity|work=rediff.com|access-date=31 January 2006|archive-date=6 January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106041056/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/20media.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The print media in India and abroad was largely sympathetic to the Indian cause, with editorials in newspapers based in the west and other neutral countries observing that Pakistan was largely responsible for the conflict. Some analysts believe that Indian media, which was both larger in number and more credible, may have acted as a [[force multiplier]] for the Indian military operation in Kargil and served as a morale booster.<ref name=pib/><ref>Sultan M. Hali, [http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/aug/role-media-war.htm "The role of media in war"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706045959/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/aug/role-media-war.htm |date=6 July 2009 }}, ''Defence Journal'', August 2000.</ref> As the fighting intensified, the Pakistani version of events found little backing on the world stage. This helped India gain valuable [[Diplomatic recognition#Other meanings|diplomatic recognition]] for its position.

==WMDs and the nuclear factor==
Since Pakistan and India each had [[weapons of mass destruction]], many in the international community were concerned that if the Kargil conflict intensified, it could lead to [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]]. Both countries had tested their nuclear capability in 1998, marking India's second nuclear test and Pakistan's first. Many [[Pundit (politics)|political pundits]] believed the tests to be an indication of the escalating stakes in the scenario in South Asia. When the Kargil conflict started just a year after the nuclear tests, many nations desired to end it before it intensified.

International concerns increased when Pakistani [[Foreign Secretary of Pakistan|foreign secretary]] [[Shamshad Ahmad]] made a statement on 31 May warning that an escalation of the limited conflict could lead Pakistan to use "any weapon" in its arsenal.<ref>Quoted in News Desk, "Pakistan May Use Any Weapon", ''The News'', 31 May 1999.</ref> This was immediately interpreted as a threat of nuclear retaliation by Pakistan in the event of an extended war, and the belief was reinforced when the leader of [[Senate of Pakistan|Pakistan's senate]] noted, "The purpose
of developing weapons becomes meaningless if they are not used when they are needed".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~krocinst/ocpapers/op_18_2.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112015736/http://www.nd.edu/~krocinst/ocpapers/op_18_2.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program|archivedate=12 November 2008}}</ref> Many such ambiguous statements from officials of both countries were viewed as warnings of an impending nuclear crisis where the combatants would consider use of their limited nuclear arsenals in "tactical" nuclear warfare in the belief that it would not have ended in [[mutual assured destruction]], as could have occurred in a nuclear conflict between the United States and the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. Some experts believe that following nuclear tests in 1998, the Pakistani military was emboldened by its nuclear deterrent to markedly increase coercion against India.<ref>George Perkovich, [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=17967 "Options Available to the United States to Counter a Nuclear Iran"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112075840/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=17967 |date=12 January 2008 }}, Testimony before the [[United States House Committee on Armed Services]], 1 February 2006.</ref>

The nature of the India-Pakistan conflict took a more sinister turn when the United States received intelligence that Pakistani nuclear [[warhead]]s were being moved towards the border. Bill Clinton tried to dissuade Pakistan prime minister Nawaz Sharif from nuclear [[brinkmanship]], even threatening Pakistan of dire consequences. According to a [[White House]] official, Sharif seemed to be genuinely surprised by this supposed missile movement and responded that India was probably planning the same. In an article published in a defence journal in 2000, Sanjay Badri-Maharaj, a security expert, claimed while quoting another expert that India too had readied at least five nuclear-tipped [[ballistic missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/154298/|title=India had deployed Agni during Kargil – Expert|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 August 2020|date=19 June 2000|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208123645/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/india-had-deployed-agni-during-kargil-expert/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sensing a deteriorating military scenario, diplomatic isolation, and the risks of a larger conventional and nuclear war, Sharif ordered the Pakistani army to vacate the Kargil heights. He later claimed in his official biography that General Pervez Musharraf had moved nuclear warheads without informing him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/july-2006/6/index16.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223045736/http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/july-2006/6/index16.php|archive-date=23 December 2007|title=Musharraf moved nuclear weapons in Kargil war|work=The Nation|access-date=27 May 2009}}</ref> Recently however, Pervez Musharraf revealed in his memoirs that Pakistan's nuclear delivery system was not operational during the Kargil war;<ref name="Memoirs" /> something that would have put Pakistan under serious disadvantage if the conflict went nuclear.

The threat of [[Weapons of mass destruction|WMD]] included [[chemical weapon|chemical]] and even [[biological weapon]]s. Pakistan accused India of using chemical weapons and [[Incendiary device|incendiary weapons]] such as [[napalm]] against the Kashmiri fighters. India, on the other hand, showcased a cache of [[gas mask]]s as proof that Pakistan may have been prepared to use non-conventional weapons. US official and the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] determined that Pakistani allegations of India using banned chemicals in its bombs were unfounded.<ref>[http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Chemical/2324_2698.html "NTI: Country Overview"], [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080820033051/http://nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Chemical/2324_2698.html Archive] on the [[Wayback Machine]])</ref>

==Aftermath==
===India===

From the end of the war until February 2000, the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|Indian stock market]] rose by more than 30%. The next [[Union budget of India|Indian national budget]] included major increases in military spending.

There was a surge in patriotism, with many celebrities expressing their support for the Kargil cause.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0410/india.kargil.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001214215900/http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0410/india.kargil.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2000|title=The Spoils of War|date=10 April 2000|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> Indians were angered by media reports of the death of pilot [[Ajay Ahuja]], especially after Indian authorities reported that Ahuja had been murdered and his body [[Mutilation|mutilated]] by Pakistani troops. The war had produced higher than expected fatalities for the Indian military, with a sizeable percentage of them including newly [[Officer's commission|commissioned officers]]. One month after conclusion of the Kargil War, the [[Atlantique Incident]], in which a [[Pakistan Navy]] plane was shot down by India, briefly reignited fears of a conflict between the two countries.

After the war, the Indian government severed ties with Pakistan and increased defence preparedness. India increased its defence budget as it sought to acquire more state of the art equipment.<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Centre-files-second-affidavit-in-Kargil-scam/131793/ Centre files second affidavit in Kargil scam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206131936/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Centre-files-second-affidavit-in-Kargil-scam/131793/ |date=6 December 2008 }} [[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] 14 April 2005</ref> Media reported about military procurement irregularities<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011212/edit.htm#2 |title=Kargil coffin scam |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102024451/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011212/edit.htm#2 |url-status=live }}</ref> and criticism of [[Intelligence agency|intelligence agencies]] like [[Research and Analysis Wing]], which failed to predict the intrusions or the identity and number of infiltrators during the war. An internal assessment report by the armed forces, published in an Indian magazine, showed several other failings, including "a sense of complacency" and being "unprepared for a [[conventional war]]" on the presumption that [[nuclearism]] would sustain peace. It also highlighted the lapses in [[Command and Control (Military)|command and control]], the insufficient troop levels and the dearth of large-[[caliber|calibre]] guns like the Bofors.<ref>''War Against Error'', Cover story on [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]], 28 February 2005 ([http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20050228&fname=Cover%20Story%20%28F%29&sid=1 Online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216153407/https://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20050228&fname=Cover%20Story%20%28F%29&sid=1 |date=16 December 2023 }})</ref> In 2006, retired [[Air Chief Marshal]], A. Y. Tipnis, alleged that the Indian Army did not fully inform the government about the intrusions, adding that the army chief Ved Prakash Malik, was initially reluctant to use the full strike capability of the Indian Air Force, instead requesting only [[helicopter gunship]] support.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2115734.cms "Army was reluctant to tell govt about Kargil: Tipnis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012160203/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2115734.cms |date=12 October 2007 }}, 7 October 2006, ''[[The Times of India]]''.</ref> Soon after the conflict, India also decided to complete the project, previously stalled by Pakistan, to fence the entire LOC.<ref>[http://www.india-today.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20010421/vinayak.html "Fencing Duel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027052910/http://www.india-today.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20010421/vinayak.html |date=27 October 2006 }}, ''[[India Today]]''</ref>

The end of the Kargil conflict was followed by the [[Indian general elections 1977-1999#1999|13th Indian General Elections]] to the [[Lok Sabha]], which gave a decisive [[Mandate (politics)|mandate]] to the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) government. It was re-elected to power in September–October 1999 with a majority of 303 seats out of 545 in the Lok Sabha. On the diplomatic front, [[Indo-US relations]] improved, as the United States appreciated Indian attempts to restrict the conflict to a limited geographic area.<ref>Paul R. Dettman, "India Changes Course" (Greenwood Publishing Group: 2001), {{ISBN|0-275-97308-5}}, pp. 117–118</ref> [[India-Israel relations|Relations with Israel]]—which had discreetly aided India with ordnance supply and [[materiel]] such as [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, laser-guided bombs, and [[satellite imagery]]—also were bolstered.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-7-2002_pg7_37 News reports from ''Daily Times'' (Pakistan)] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120730012210/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-7-2002_pg7_37 |date=30 July 2012 }} and [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3088780.stm BBC] mentioning the [[Military of Israel|Israeli military]] support to India during the conflict.</ref>

The end and victory of the Kargil War is celebrated annually in India as [[Kargil Vijay Diwas]].

===Kargil Review Committee===
[[file:Kargil war-Captured weapons of Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Prime minister Vajpayee checking the guns captured from Pakistani intruders during Kargil war]]
{{main|Kargil Review Committee}}

Soon after the war the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] [[Government of India|government]] set up an inquiry into its causes and to analyse perceived Indian intelligence failures. The high-powered committee was chaired by eminent strategic affairs analyst [[K. Subrahmanyam]] and given powers to interview anyone with current or past associations with Indian security, including former [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Ministers]]. The committee's final report (also referred to as the "Subrahmanyam Report")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.indiamart.com/news-analysis/kargil-subrahmanyam--6975.html |title=Kargil : Subrahmanyam Committee's Report |work=Indian News |access-date=20 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019174555/http://news.indiamart.com/news-analysis/kargil-subrahmanyam--6975.html |archive-date=19 October 2006 }}</ref> led to a large-scale restructuring of [[List of Indian Intelligence agencies|Indian Intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000320/ied20064.html|title=Kargil report shows the way|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=20 October 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It, however, came in for heavy criticism in the Indian media for its perceived avoidance of assigning specific responsibility for failures over detecting the Kargil intrusions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUC |title=Pg 56–60 Dixit, JN, "India-Pakistan in War & Peace", Routledge, 2002 |date= 2 August 2003|access-date=15 June 2012|isbn=9780203301104 |last1=Dixit |first1=J. N. |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> The committee was also embroiled in controversy for indicting [[Brigadier]] Surinder Singh of the Indian Army for his failure to report enemy intrusions in time, and for his subsequent conduct. Many press reports questioned or contradicted this finding and claimed that Singh had in fact issued early warnings that were ignored by senior Indian Army commanders and, ultimately, higher government functionaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1813/18130410.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010908024051/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1813/18130410.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 September 2001|title=The sacking of a Brigadier|work=Frontline|access-date=20 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/01/stories/05011344.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104060144/http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/01/stories/05011344.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Scapegoat for the system|access-date=20 October 2009|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 July 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/16kargil.htm|title=Army's Kargil inquiry indicts Brig Surinder Singh|work=Rediff|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-date=5 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905194652/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/16kargil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a departure from the norm the final report was published and made publicly available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1722/17220240.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011220052833/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1722/17220240.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 December 2001|title=The Kargil Story|work=The Hindu|access-date=20 October 2009}}</ref> Some chapters and all annexures, however, were deemed to contain classified information by the government and not released. K. Subrahmanyam later wrote that the annexures contained information on the development of India's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons program]] and the roles played by Prime Ministers [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] and [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V. P. Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041229/edit.htm#6|title=P. V. Narasimha Rao and the Bomb|work=The Tribune|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-date=29 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829123450/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041229/edit.htm#6|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Pakistan===

[[File:Nawaz Sharif1.jpg|thumb|[[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]] at that time, after a few months a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup d'état]] was initiated that ousted him and his government.]]

Shortly after declaring itself a nuclear weapons state, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily.<ref name="Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIXlDQAAQBAJ |title=Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War |last=Macdonald |first=Myra |publisher=Random House India |year=2017 |isbn=978-9385990830|quote=Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear-armed power, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily}}</ref> Faced with the possibility of [[international isolation]], the already fragile [[Economy of Pakistan|Pakistan economy]] was weakened further.<ref name="Samina Ahmed">Samina Ahmed, [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1209/diplomatic_fiasco.html "Diplomatic Fiasco: Pakistan's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804180723/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1209/diplomatic_fiasco.html |date=4 August 2011 }}, Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Harvard Kennedy School]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html |title=Coup d'itat: Pakistan gets a new sheriff |author=Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery |work=salon.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220041521/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html |archive-date=20 December 2009 }}</ref> The morale of Pakistan forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the [[Northern Light Infantry]] suffered heavy casualties.<ref name="Summary" /><ref>Samina Ahmed, [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1002/friend_for_all_seasons.html "A Friend for all Seasons"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114856/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1002/friend_for_all_seasons.html |date=4 March 2016 }}, (Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Harvard Kennedy School]])</ref> The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11karg1.htm |title=Pakistan refuses to take even officers' bodies |work=Rediff.com |date=11 July 1999 |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224181953/https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11karg1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html|title=Sorry for the inconvenience.|access-date=23 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615050107/http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html|archive-date=15 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas.<ref>Second-Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan, [[The Herald (Pakistan)|The Herald]], July 2000. [http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf Online scanned version of the article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181806/http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110503214522/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006092505001100.htm&date=2006%2F09%2F25%2F&prd=th& "Musharraf and the truth about Kargil"]}}, ''[[The Hindu]]'', 25 September 2006</ref> Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties, but Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation.<ref name="Hindu Sharif">{{cite news|title=Over 4,000 soldiers killed in Kargil: Sharif|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003114303/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> Responding to this, Pervez Musharraf said, "It hurts me when an ex-premier undermines his own forces", and claimed that Indian casualties were more than that of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |author=Press Trust of India |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=34665 |title=India suffered more casualties in Kargil than Pakistan, claims Musharraf |publisher=Expressindia.com |date=5 August 2004 |access-date=28 August 2013 |archive-date=24 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524074730/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=34665 |url-status=live }}</ref> The legacy of Kargil war still continues to be debated on Pakistan's news channels and television political correspondents, which Musharraf repeatedly appeared to justify.<ref name="ARY News TV">{{cite news|last=Badmi|first=Vaseem|title=11th Hour|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7G5GDa_jE8|access-date=30 January 2013|newspaper=ARY News TV|date=30 January 2013}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Dunya News">{{cite news|last=Bacha|first=Sana|title=Top Story|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2013/01/30/some-people-trying-to-scandalize-pakistan-army-over-kargil-war-pervez-musharraf/|access-date=30 January 2013|newspaper=Dunya News|date=30 January 2013|archive-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203131642/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2013/01/30/some-people-trying-to-scandalize-pakistan-army-over-kargil-war-pervez-musharraf/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Many in Pakistan had expected a victory over the [[Military of India|Indian military]] based on Pakistani official reports on the war,<ref name="Samina Ahmed" /> but were dismayed by the turn of events and questioned the eventual retreat.<ref name="Hassan Abbas" /><ref>K. Ratnayake, [http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/aug1999/pak-a07.shtml "Pakistani opposition presses for Sharif's resignation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027225617/https://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/aug1999/pak-a07.shtml |date=27 October 2012 }}, 7 August 1999, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/389884.stm Can Sharif deliver?] , [http://www.stimson.org/southasia/?SN=SA20041217738 Michael Krepon. "The Stability-Instability Paradox in South Asia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202155136/http://www.stimson.org/southasia/?SN=SA20041217738 |date=2 December 2008 }} – Hosted on [[Henry L. Stimson]] Centre.</ref> The military leadership is believed to have felt let down by the prime minister's decision to withdraw the remaining fighters. However, some authors, including Musharraf's close friend and former American [[CENTCOM]] Commander General [[Anthony Zinni]], and former Prime minister Nawaz Sharif, state that it was General Musharraf who requested that Sharif withdraw Pakistani troops.<ref>{{cite book | title=Battle Ready | publisher=[[Grosset & Dunlap]] | year=2004 | isbn=0-399-15176-1 |author1=Tom Clancy |author2=Tony Koltz |author-link1=Tom Clancy |author-link2=Tony Koltz }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011135734/http://www.weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66|url-status=dead|title=Musharraf Vs. Sharif: Who's Lying?|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> In 2012, Musharraf's senior officer and retired major-general [[Majeed Malik|Abdul Majeed Malik]] maintained that Kargil was a "total disaster" and bitterly criticised General Musharraf.<ref name="The News International, 2012">{{cite news|last=Tariq Butt|title=Kargil was a total disaster|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-142768-Kargil-war-was-a-total-disaster-claims-Gen-Majeed-Malik|access-date=30 January 2013|newspaper=The News International, 2012|date=14 November 2012|archive-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201054012/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-142768-Kargil-war-was-a-total-disaster-claims-Gen-Majeed-Malik|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pointing out the fact that Pakistan was in no position to fight India in that area; the Nawaz Sharif government initiated the diplomatic process by involving the US President [[Bill Clinton]] and got Pakistan out of the difficult scenario.<ref name="The News International, 2012"/> Malik maintained that soldiers were not "Mujaheddin" but active-duty serving officers and soldiers of the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="The News International, 2012"/>

In a national security meeting with Prime minister Nawaz Sharif at the [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|Joint Headquarters]], General Musharraf became heavily involved with serious altercations with [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]] who ultimately called for a court-martial against General Musharraf.<ref name="Daily Times">{{cite news|last=Daily Times Report|title=Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12: Fasih Bokhari|url=http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm|access-date=18 May 2012|newspaper=Daily Times|date=9 October 2002|quote=Navy chief says the general feared court martial for masterminding Kargil|archive-date=15 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315013903/http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> With Sharif placing the onus of the Kargil attacks squarely on the army chief Pervez Musharraf, there was an atmosphere of uneasiness between the two. On [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|12 October 1999]], General Musharraf staged a bloodless ''coup d'état'', ousting Nawaz Sharif.

[[Benazir Bhutto]], an [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|opposition leader]] in the [[Pakistan Parliament|parliament]] and former prime minister, called the Kargil War "Pakistan's greatest blunder".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://farjinews.blogspot.com/2009/07/kargil-was-success-only-for-pervez-only.html |title=Kargil Was Success Only For Pervez |publisher=Farjinews.blogspot.com |date=24 July 2009 |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316234357/http://farjinews.blogspot.com/2009/07/kargil-was-success-only-for-pervez-only.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Many ex-officials of the military and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (Pakistan's principal [[intelligence agency]]) also believed that "Kargil was a waste of time" and "could not have resulted in any advantage" on the larger issue of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/PakMedia05-UAug04.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304101954/http://www.ipcs.org/PakMedia05-UAug04.pdf|url-status=dead|title=IPCS | Institute Of Peace & Conflict Studies|archivedate=4 March 2006|website=www.ipcs.org}}</ref>
A retired Pakistan Army's Lieutenant-General [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]], lambasted the war as "a disaster bigger than the [[East Pakistan]] tragedy",<ref name="kuli">[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1056536 Kargil was a bigger disaster than 1971] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406092138/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1056536 |date=6 April 2008 }} – Interview of Lt Gen [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak]].</ref> adding that the plan was "flawed in terms of its conception, tactical planning and execution" that ended in "sacrificing so many soldiers".<ref name="kuli" /><ref>[http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2006-weekly/books&people-19-10-2006/index.html Review of Musharraf's memoirs by S. A. Haleem] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124225759/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2006-weekly/books%26people-19-10-2006/index.html |date=24 November 2006 }} Jang, 19 October 2006</ref> The Pakistani media criticised the whole plan and the eventual climbdown from the Kargil heights since there were no gains to show for the loss of lives and it only resulted in international condemnation.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990709.htm "Victory in reverse: the great climbdown"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217075137/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990709.htm |date=17 February 2007 }}, ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''</ref><ref>[[Ayaz Amir]], [http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990723.htm "For this submission what gain?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029184219/http://dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990723.htm |date=29 October 2006 }}, ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''</ref>

Despite calls by many,{{who|date=January 2019}} no public commission of inquiry was set up in Pakistan to investigate the people responsible for initiating the conflict. The [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML(N)) published a [[white paper]] in 2006, which stated that Nawaz Sharif constituted an inquiry committee that recommended a [[court martial]] for General Pervez Musharraf, but Musharraf "stole the report" after toppling the government, to save himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=2382|title=Today's Newspaper – The News International|work=The News International, Pakistan|access-date=9 August 2006|archive-date=6 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206125830/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=2382|url-status=dead}}</ref> The report also claims that India knew about the plan 11 months before its launch, enabling a complete victory for India on military, diplomatic and economic fronts.<ref>[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?151668 Ill-conceived planning by Musharraf led to second major military defeat in Kargil: PML-N] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022085431/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?151668 |date=22 October 2006 }} Pak Tribune, 6 August 2006</ref> A statement in June 2008 by a former [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] commander and [[Director General|Director-General]] of [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence (M.I.)]] that time, [[Lieutenant-General]] (retired) [[Jamshed Gulzar Kiani]] said that: "As Prime minister, Nawaz Sharif "was never briefed by the army" on the Kargil attack,<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7434427.stm Call for Musharraf treason trial By M Ilyas Khan] [[BBC News]] 3 June 2008</ref> reignited the demand for a probe of the episode by legal and political groups.<ref>[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40288&Itemid=2 Lawmakers demand probe into Kargil debacle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202121602/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40288&Itemid=2 |date=2 December 2008 }} Associated Press of Pakistan 3 June 2008</ref><ref>[https://www.nation.com.pk/04-Jun-2008/mnas-seek-probe-into-kargil-debacle MNAs seek probe into Kargil debacle By Naveed Butt] The Nation</ref>

Though the Kargil conflict had brought the Kashmir dispute into international focus, which was one of Pakistan's aims, it had done so in negative circumstances that eroded its credibility, since the infiltration came just after a peace process between the two countries had been concluded. The sanctity of the LOC too received international recognition. President Clinton's move to ask Islamabad to withdraw hundreds of armed militants from Indian-administered Kashmir was viewed by many in Pakistan as indicative of a clear shift in US policy against Pakistan.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/371945.stm "Analysis: Shift in US Kashmir stance?"] , [[BBC]] 17 June 1999</ref>

After the war, a few changes were made to the Pakistan armed forces. In recognition of the Northern Light Infantry's performance in the war, which even drew praise from a retired Indian Lt. General, the regiment was incorporated into the regular army.<ref name="NLI" /> The war showed that despite a tactically sound plan that had the element of surprise, little groundwork had been done to gauge the political ramifications.<ref>Irfan Husain, [http://www.dawn.com/weekly/mazdak/20000429.htm "Kargil: the morning after"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808141333/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/mazdak/20000429.htm |date=8 August 2007 }}, 29 April 2000 Dawn</ref> And like previous unsuccessful infiltrations attempts, such as ''[[Operation Gibraltar]]'', which sparked [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|the 1965 war]], there was little co-ordination or information sharing among the branches of the [[Pakistani Armed Forces]]. One US Intelligence study is reported to have stated that Kargil was yet another example of Pakistan's (lack of) [[grand strategy]], repeating the follies of the previous wars.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_19-7-2004_pg3_1 "Editorial: Kargil: A blessing in disguise?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120731003704/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_19-7-2004_pg3_1 |date=31 July 2012 }}, ''Daily Times'', 19 July 2004, Pakistan</ref> In 2013, General Musharraf's close collaborator and confidential subordinate [[Lieutenant General]] (retired) [[Shahid Aziz]] revealed to Pakistan's [[Television in Pakistan|news televisions]] and [[electronic media]], that "[Kargil] adventure' was India's intelligence failure and Pakistan's miscalculated move, the Kargil operation was known only to General Parvez Musharraf and four of his close collaborators".<ref name="National Turk English">{{cite news|last=APP|title=Kargil adventure was India's intelligence failure, Pakistan's miscalculated move: Ex-Pak General|url=http://www.nationalturk.com/en/kargil-adventure-was-indias-intelligence-failure-pakistans-miscalculated-move-ex-pak-general-33029|access-date=30 January 2013|newspaper=National Turk English|date=30 January 2013|archive-date=31 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131114957/http://www.nationalturk.com/en/kargil-adventure-was-indias-intelligence-failure-pakistans-miscalculated-move-ex-pak-general-33029|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GEO News">{{cite news|title=Ex General reveals details about Kargil fiasco|url=http://www.geo.tv/GeoDetail.aspx?ID=85798|access-date=30 January 2013|newspaper=GEO News|date=29 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207014934/http://www.geo.tv/GeoDetail.aspx?ID=85798|archive-date=7 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dawn News">{{cite news|last=Khalid Kaikani|title=Kargil adventure was four-man show: general|url=http://dawn.com/2013/01/29/kargil-adventure-was-four-man-show-general/|access-date=30 January 2013|newspaper=Dawn News|date=29 January 2013|archive-date=29 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129230009/http://dawn.com/2013/01/29/kargil-adventure-was-four-man-show-general/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Casualties==
[[File:KargilWarMemorial2.JPG|thumb|Memorial of Operation Vijay]]

Pakistani casualties have been difficult to determine due to multiple figures being provided by various sources. [[Pervez Musharraf]] stated that 357 soldiers were killed. The [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] had made an early, partial estimate of close to 700 fatalities.

According to numbers stated by Nawaz Sharif, there were over 4,000 fatalities. His PML (N) party in its "white paper" on the war mentioned that more than 3,000 soldiers, officers and mujahideens were killed.<ref name="auto2"/>

Another major Pakistani political party, the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]], also said that "thousands" of soldiers and [[Irregular military|irregulars]] died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ppp.org.pk/articles/article30.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153208/http://ppp.org.pk/articles/article30.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007|title=Indo-Pak summit 2001|date=12 October 2007|access-date=27 May 2009|work=Pakistan Peoples Party}}</ref>

Indian estimates stand at 1,042 Pakistani soldiers killed.<ref name="ht">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/archive-news/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035001/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1805833%2C0008.htm|url-status=dead|title=Hindustan Times – Archive News|archive-date=30 September 2007|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
Musharraf, in his [[Hindi]] version of his memoirs, titled "Agnipath", differs from all the estimates stating that 357 troops were killed with a further 665 wounded.<ref name="Indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/14208.html |title=President Musharaffs disclosure on Pakistani Casualties in his book |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522152015/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/14208.html |archive-date=22 May 2008 }}</ref>

Apart from General Musharraf's figure on the number of Pakistanis wounded, the number of people injured in the Pakistan camp is not yet fully known although they are at least more than 400 according to Pakistan army's website.<ref name="Shuhadas Corner">[http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/modules/shuhadascorner/embed_shuhada_list.aspx Pakistan army publishes list of army regulars who died in various conflicts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824193749/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/modules/shuhadascorner/embed_shuhada_list.aspx |date=24 August 2010 }}, November 2010</ref>

In case of the [[Prisoner of War|PoW]]s, One Indian pilot was officially captured during the fighting, while there were eight Pakistan army personnel who were captured during the war, and were repatriated on 13 August 1999.<ref name="tribpow">{{cite web| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug15/nation.htm#9| title=Tribune Report on Pakistani POWs| access-date=20 May 2009| archive-date=18 January 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118031055/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug15/nation.htm#9| url-status=live}}</ref>

The official casualty figures of India were given to be 527 dead and 1,363 wounded.<ref name=pib/><ref name="Fernandes2009"/><ref name="rollofhonor"/>

==Kargil War Memorial, India==
{{main|Dras War Memorial}}

[[File:KargilWarMemorial main gate.JPG|thumb|The main entrance of [[Kargil War Memorial]] by the [[Indian Army]] at [[Dras]], India]]

The Kargil War memorial, built by the Indian Army, is located in Dras, in the foothills of the Tololing Hill. The memorial, located about 5 km from the city centre across the Tiger Hill, commemorates the martyrs of the Kargil War. A poem "Pushp Kii Abhilasha"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_/_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80|title=पुष्प की अभिलाषा / माखनलाल चतुर्वेदी – कविता कोश|website=kavitakosh.org|language=hi|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308145409/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_/_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80|url-status=live}}</ref> (Wish of a Flower) by [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]], a renowned 20th century [[Chhayavaad|neo-romantic]] Hindi poet, is inscribed on the gateway of the memorial greeting visitors. The names of the soldiers who lost their lives in the War are inscribed on the Memorial Wall. A museum attached to the Kargil War Memorial, which was established to celebrate the victory of Operation Vijay, houses pictures of Indian soldiers, archives of important war documents and recordings, Pakistani war equipments and gear, as well as official emblems of the Army from the Kargil war.

A giant national flag, weighing 15 kg was hoisted at the Kargil war memorial on [[Kargil Vijay Diwas]] to commemorate the 13th anniversary of India's victory in the war.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120728074315/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/274490/15kg-tricolour-hoisted-at-kargil-war-memorial.html 15-kg Tricolour hoisted at Kargil war memorial Jammu and Kashmir Videos-IBNLive]. Ibnlive.in.com (25 July 2012). Retrieved on 12 July 2013.</ref>

==Popular culture==
* ''[[Lord John Marbury (The West Wing)|Lord John Marbury]]'' is a 1999 episode in the first season of ''The West Wing'' which depicts a fictionalised representation of the Kargil conflict.
* [[Pentagram (Indian band)|Pentagram's]] single, 'Price of Bullets', released in 1999 dealt with the Kargil War.
* ''[[Shaheed-E-Kargil]]'' (2001), a Hindi movie directed by Dilip Gulati was released in 2001, based on the incident of Kargil conflict.
* ''[[LOC Kargil|LOC: Kargil]]'' (2003), a Hindi movie which depicts many incidents from the war was one of the longest in Indian movie history, running for more than four hours.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0347416/ LOC: Kargil main page on] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130171447/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0347416/ |date=30 November 2017 }} the website [[The Internet Movie Database|IMDb]].</ref>
* ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004), another Hindi movie portraying a fictionalised account of the conflict. [[Movie critic]]s have generally appreciated the realistic portrayal of characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lakshya/?show=all|title=Lakshya|date=18 June 2004|work=rottentomatoes.com|access-date=17 February 2006|archive-date=1 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001011325/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lakshya/?show=all|url-status=live}}</ref> The film also received good reviews in Pakistan because it portrays both sides fairly.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?page=2004%5C06%5C24%5Cstory_24-6-2004_pg3_3 Bollywood's Kargil – Ihsan Aslam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930183001/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?page=2004%5C06%5C24%5Cstory_24-6-2004_pg3_3 |date=30 September 2007 }} Daily Times</ref>
* ''Sainika'' (2002),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kannadaaudio.com/Songs/FilmStories/home/Sainika.php |title=Sainika Film Story |publisher=KannadaAudio.com |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310111352/http://www.kannadaaudio.com/Songs/FilmStories/home/Sainika.php |archive-date=10 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Kannada film directed by Mahesh Sukhdhare depicted the life of a soldier with Kargil war as one of the events. Starring C.P.Yogishwar and [[Sakshi Shivanand]].
* ''[[Dhoop]]'' (2003), Hindi film directed by Ashwini Chaudhary depicted the life of [[Anuj Nayyar]]'s parents after his death. Anuj Nayyar was a captain in the Indian army and was awarded [[Maha Vir Chakra]] posthumously. [[Om Puri]] plays the role of S.K. Nayyar, Anuj's father.
* ''Mission Fateh – Real Stories of Kargil Heroes'', a TV series telecast on [[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara]] channel chronicling the Indian Army's missions.
* ''Fifty Day War'' – A theatrical production on the war, directed by [[Aamir Raza Husain]], the title indicating the length of the Kargil conflict. This was claimed to be the biggest production of its kind in Asia, budget of Rs. 15 million, involving real aircraft and explosions in an outdoor setting.<ref>{{cite news|title=The larger than life director |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000219/fle13016.html |publisher=Financial Express |date=19 February 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514234312/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000219/fle13016.html |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref>
* ''[[Kurukshetra (2008 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' (2008) – A Malayalam film directed by a former Indian Army Major Ravi (Retd) based on his experience of Kargil War.
* ''[[Laag (TV series)|Laag]]'' (2000) – A Pakistani film-drama based on the armed intrusions and struggle of Pakistan army soldiers in the conflict.
* ''Kargil Kartoons'' (1999) – With the support of eight leading cartoonists, [[Shekhar Gurera]] compiled a collection of cartoons dedicated to the Indian defence forces.<ref>Kargil Kartoons [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUZHllsiexI. a collection of cartoons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309053800/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUZHllsiexI. |date=9 March 2021 }}</ref> He also coordinated ''Kargil Kartoons'' (A Collection of Cartoons and a chain of Cartoon Exhibition), the solidarity gesture of drawing on-the-spot cartoons of ''army men'' who passing through the New Delhi railway station on their way to Kargil. The cartoons on Kargil War were later exhibited at The Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi. 25–31 July 1999, followed by the chain exhibition of cartoons at [[Jaipur]], Chandigarh, [[Patna]] and [[Indore]].<ref>[http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19990714/ige14012.html "Humour for warriors up front,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020953/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19990714/ige14012.html |date=28 September 2013 }} Indian Express, 14 July 1999.</ref>
* ''[[Stumped (2003 film)|Stumped]]'' (2003) – A film expressing the mixed emotions of [[1999 Cricket World Cup]] celebrations and mourning associated with individual's casualty in the Kargil war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/03/02/stories/2003030201300200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727090731/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/03/02/stories/2003030201300200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Bowled over by the star of 'Stumped'}}</ref>
* ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]'' (2011), romantic drama film directed by [[Pankaj Kapoor]], spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events.
* ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]'' (2020) – An Indian biographical film was based on life of Indian Air Force pilot [[Gunjan Saxena]], the first Indian female air force pilot in combat during Kargil War.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/angad-bedi-joins-star-cast-gunjan-saxenas-biopic-kargil-girl/|title=Angad Bedi joins the star cast of Gunjan Saxena's biopic, Kargil Girl|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 February 2019|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302152531/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/angad-bedi-joins-star-cast-gunjan-saxenas-biopic-kargil-girl/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Shershaah]]'' (2021) – An Indian war film based on life of Indian army captain [[Vikram Batra]], recipient of the [[Param Vir Chakra]].<ref name="rd">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shershaah-on-birthday-sidharth-malhotra-shares-first-look-posters-of-the-vikram-batra-biopic-2164768|title=Shershaah: On Birthday, Sidharth Malhotra Shares First Look Posters Of The Vikram Batra Biopic|publisher=NDTV|date=16 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214115656/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shershaah-on-birthday-sidharth-malhotra-shares-first-look-posters-of-the-vikram-batra-biopic-2164768|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]'' (2022) an Indian remake of ''[[Forrest Gump]]''.
The impact of the war in the sporting arena was visible during the India-Pakistan clash in the [[1999 Cricket World Cup]], which coincided with the Kargil timeline. The game witnessed heightened passions and was one of the most viewed matches in the tournament.<ref name="huffingtonpost">{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/uzair-hasan-rizvi/india-vs-pakistan-a-match_b_6671130.html |title=India vs. Pakistan: A Match Made in Heaven And Hell |last=Hasan |first=Uzair |access-date=30 May 2017 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=14 February 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012062112/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/uzair-hasan-rizvi/india-vs-pakistan-a-match_b_6671130.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[Gudiya, Kargil war victim]]
* [[Kambampati Nachiketa]], Prisoner of war
* [[Battle of Point 4875]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Ashwani Shrotriya. [http://dbvideos.bhaskar.com/interesting_weird/26453 "Operation Vijay: Everything You Need To Know In 4 Minutes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727095532/http://dbvideos.bhaskar.com/interesting_weird/26453 |date=27 July 2016 }}, ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]''

==Footnotes==
{{refbegin}}
* {{note|fn_(I)| Note (I):}} Names for the conflict: There have been various names for the conflict. During the actual fighting in Kargil, the Indian Government was careful not to use the term "war", calling it a "war-like situation", even though both nations indicated that they were in a "state of war". Terms like Kargil "conflict", Kargil "incident" or the official military assault, "Operation Vijay", were thus preferred. After the end of the war however, the Indian Government increasingly called it the "Kargil War", even though there had been no official declaration of war. Other less popularly used names included "Third Kashmir War" and Pakistan's codename given to the infiltration: "Operation Badr".
{{refend}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=V. P. |title=Kargil: From Surprise to Victory |date=2006 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9788172236359}}
{{refend}}

==References==
* [http://www.cambridge.org/aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521767217&ss=fro Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Cause and Consequences of the 1999 Limited War in Kargil] the CCC Kargil Project.
* [https://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1450/ Limited Conflict Under the Nuclear Umbrella] ([[RAND Corporation]])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120658/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf War in Kargil] (Center for Contemporary Conflict) (PDF)
* [http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives1999/99august05.html Essay on the outcomes of the Kargil War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712042543/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives1999/99august05.html |date=12 July 2009 }}
* {{Cite book | author=Stephen P. Cohen | title=The Idea of Pakistan | publisher=Brookings Institution Press | year=2004 | isbn=0-8157-1502-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe | author-link=Stephen P. Cohen }}
* {{Cite book | author=Kargil Review Committee | title=From Surprise to Reckoning: The Kargil Review Committee Report | publisher=SAGE Publications | year=2000 | isbn=0-7619-9466-1}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031720/https://fas.org/news/india/2000/25indi1.htm (Executive summary of the report, Online)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100705081726/http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-LimitedWarwithPakistanWillItSecureIndiasInterests.html ''Limited War with Pakistan: Will It Secure India's Interests?''] ACDIS Occasional Paper by Suba Chandran, Published 2004 by Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120655/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/JA00199.pdf An Analysis of the Kargil Conflict 1999], by [[Shaukat Qadir]], RUSI Journal, April 2002

==Further reading==
===Indian literature on Kargil war===
* {{Cite book | author=M.K. Akbar | title=Kargil Cross Border Terrorism | publisher=South Asia Books | year=1999 | isbn=81-7099-734-8}}
* {{Cite book |author=Amarinder Singh| title=A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999| year=2001| publisher=Motibagh Palace, Patiala| asin =B0006E8KKW| author-link=Amarinder Singh}}
* {{Cite book | author=Jasjit Singh|author-link=Jasjit Singh (IAF officer) | title=Kargil 1999: Pakistan's Fourth War for Kashmir | publisher=South Asia Books | year=1999 | isbn=81-86019-22-7}}
* {{Cite book | author=J.N. Dixit | title=India–Pakistan in War & Peace | publisher=Books Today | year=2002 | isbn=0-415-30472-5| author-link=J.N. Dixit }}
* {{Cite book |author=Ranjan Kumar Singh| title= Sarhad Zero Mile| year= 2006|publisher= Parijat Prakashan.|isbn=81-903561-0-0}}
* {{Cite book |author=Mona Bhan| title= Counterinsurgency, Democracy and the Politics of Identity in India|publisher= Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series| author-link= Mona Bhan| title-link= Counterinsurgency, Democracy and the Politics of Identity in India}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.saag.org/papers13/paper1231.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012085214/http://www.saag.org/papers13/paper1231.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2007|title=Pakistan's Lessons from its Kargil War (1999): An Analysis|last=Kapila|first=Subhash|date=12 October 2007|access-date=25 May 2018|publisher=South Asia Analysis Group}}

===Pakistan literature on Kargil theatre===
* {{Cite book |author=Muhammad Ayub |title=An Army; Its role and Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army From Independence to Kargil 1947–1999) |publisher=Rosedog Books |isbn=0-8059-9594-3 |location=Pittsburgh, PA |date=January 2005}}
* {{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Ashfaq |title=Witness to Blunder |year=2008 |publisher=Idara Matbuaat-e-Sulemani |isbn=978-81-87330-51-6 |author-link=Ashfaq Hussain (Pakistan Army officer) |url=https://www.amazon.com/Witness-Blunder-Kargil-Story-Unfolds/dp/B003EB5S72 |access-date=1 February 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Mazari |first=Shireen M. |author-link=Shireen Mazari |title=The Kargil conflict, 1999 : separating fact from fiction |year=2003 |publisher=[[Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad]] |location= |isbn=978-9698772000 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |last=Aziz |first=Shahid |author-link=Shahid Aziz |title=Yeh Khamoshi Kahan Tak? |year=2008 |publisher=Army Press Publications |location=Islamabad}}
* {{cite book |last=Musharraf |first=Pervez |title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir |year=2006 |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] |location=New York |isbn=074-3283449 |author-link=Pervez Musharraf |url=https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush}}
* {{cite book |last=Hilali |first=A.Z. |title=US–Pakistan relationship : Soviet invasion of Afghanistan |year=2005 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishers|Ashgate]] |location=Burlington, VT |isbn=978-0754-642206 |chapter=Renewal of US–Pakistan Partnership: President Bill Clinton in Kargil War}}
* {{cite book |last=Aziz |first=Mazhar |title=Military control in Pakistan: The parallel state |year=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-203-93357-2 |chapter=L'État, c'est militaire'}}
* {{cite web |last=Kiani |first=Jamshed Gulzar |author-link=Jamshed Gulzar Kiani |title=Making an example |url=http://www.geo.tv/6-3-2008/18848.htm |publisher=[[GEO TV|GEO Television Press Publishers]] |access-date=1 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606010200/http://www.geo.tv/6-3-2008/18848.htm |archive-date=6 June 2008}}
* {{cite book |last=Siddiqa |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Siddiqa |title=[[Military Inc.]] |year=2007 |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |location=London |isbn=978-0745325453}}
* {{cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |year=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Karachi |isbn=978-0195476606 |title-link=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zehra |first=Nasim |author-link=Nasim Zehra |url=https://www.vanguardbooks.com/book/from-kargil-to-the-coup/ |title=From Kargil to the Coup: Events that Shook Pakistan |publisher=[[Sang-e-Meel Publications]] |year=2018 |isbn=9789693531374 |location=Lahore |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Kargil War.ogg|date=10 August 2006}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051228051143/http://indianarmy.nic.in/arkargil/welcome.html Indian Armed Forces site on Kargil]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/401931.stm Impact of the conflict on civilians] – [[BBC]]
* [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/759370/1/lsd_13_04_27-07-2000.pdf Full list of gallantry awards (India) - page 106-118]
{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}
{{Military history of Pakistan}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Post-Cold War Asian conflicts}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kargil War| ]]
[[Category:1999 in India]]
[[Category:1999 in international relations]]
[[Category:1999 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1999]]
[[Category:History of mass media in Pakistan|Kargil]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:May 1999 in India]]
[[Category:June 1999 in India]]
[[Category:May 1999 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:June 1999 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:July 1999 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nawaz Sharif administration]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:Airstrikes conducted by India]]

Joopaka Subhadra

2026-03-15T09:35:38Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Creating New Details...

{{Short description|Indian Telugu Dalit writer (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Joopaka Subhadra
| image = Jupaka Subhadra in Aazadi ka Kavi Sammelanam in Ravindra Bharathi (03.04.2021).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Damaranchepalle, Warangal, Telangana
| alma_mater = Kakatiya University, Warangal
| occupation = Author, social activist
| known_for = Writings on Dalit women
}}
'''Joopaka Subhadra''' (also '''Jupaka''' and '''Jūpāka'''; born 1962){{Sfn|Zare|Mohammed|2013|p=78}} is a Telugu Dalit [[activist]], poet and writer. She writes poems and short stories that shed light on the lives of Dalits, specifically [[Dalit]] women.<ref name="Monash">{{cite web|title=Subhadra Joopka|url=http://future.arts.monash.edu/literary-commons/joopaka-subhadra/|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> She is currently working at the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat.<ref name="Outcaste" /><ref name="Dalit Camera">{{cite web|title=Rape Caste Feminism Dalit Movement|url=http://www.dalitcamera.com/joopaka-subhadra-rape-caste-feminism-dalit-movement/|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011232724/http://www.dalitcamera.com/joopaka-subhadra-rape-caste-feminism-dalit-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Subhadra was born in Damaranchepalle, Warangal district (present [[Telangana]]). She is youngest of 12 siblings, born to Narasimha and Kanaka Veeramma.{{cn|date=June 2020}} While studying she lived in a social welfare hostel.<ref name="Outcaste" /> Subhadra has been writing poetry since childhood, beginning with subjects like nature, beauty, and friendship.

Subhadra holds [[Master of Arts]] and [[Master of Philosophy|Masters of Philosophy]] degrees in Telugu Literature.<ref name="Outcaste">{{cite web|title=Outcaste Interview|date=21 March 2008 |url=http://out-caste.blogspot.in/2008/03/interview-with-joopaka-subhadra.html|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> She is an alumnus of Kakatiya University, Telangana.{{cn|date=June 2020}} She has also written numerous political essays, book reviews, songs and journalistic pieces. Through her work, she has been instrumental in establishing Mattipoolu (SC, ST, BC and Minority) Women Writers’ Forum. She has also contributed a column to a well-known feminist journal, ''Bhoomika'',<ref name="Monash" /> and also in journals such as ''Andhra Jyoti, Ekalavya,'' ''Vaartha'', and ''Udyoga Kranti.''{{Sfn|Zare|Mohammed|2013|p=78}} After starting work at the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat in 1988, she started a Woman's Association for the female employees.{{cn|date=May 2019}} In 2015, she was awarded the Amruthala award from the [[Apuroopa Awards Foundation]] for her work as a columnist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/award-for-novelist/article7166471.ece|title=Award for novelist|date=2015-05-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Works==
Subhadra's work is based on her own life experiences.<ref name="Monash" />
Her work includes:
*''Rayakka Manyam,'' A collection of short stories on different aspects of Dalit life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://future.arts.monash.edu/literary-commons/joopaka-subhadra/|title=Subhadra Joopaka|date=2016-01-19|website=Literary Commons|language=en|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>
*{{Cite book|title=Ayyayyō dammakkā|publisher=Haidarābād|year=2009|language=te|oclc=463973219}}
*{{Cite book|title=Kaitunakala daṇḍeṃ|publisher=Haidarābād|others=with Kr̥pākar Mādiga Ponugōṭi|year=2008|language=te|oclc=313020449}}
*{{Cite book|title=Nallarēgaṭi sāllu|publisher=Haidarābād|others=with Gōgu Śyāmala|year=2008|language=te|oclc=170206399}}
*''Shuddi Cheyyali'' depicting the hard work done by Dalit women

==References==

=== Citations ===
<references />

=== Sources ===

* {{Cite journal|last1=Zare|first1=Bonnie|last2=Mohammed|first2=Afsar|date=2013|title=Burn the Sari or Save the Sari? Dress as a Form of Action in Two Feminist Poems|url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ariel/article/download/35065/28960|journal=Ariel: A Review of International English Literature|volume=43|pages=69–86}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbKNzDiWhVc Dalit Women Poet Jupaka Subhadra] (2016 video)
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subhadra, Joopka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Telangana]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:Dalit women writers]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Nagaon Express

2026-03-12T02:04:02Z

ThomasPeterdavid:

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in the Northeast Frontier Railway zone, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}

{{Infobox rail service
| name = Nagaon Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status = Operating
| locale =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| start = Silghat Town (SHTT)
| stops = 47
| end = {{stnlnk|Tambaram}} (TBM)
| first =
| distance= 2969 km
| journeytime = 60 hours
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier (2A), AC 3 Tier (3A), Sleeper (SL)
| catering = Available
| seating = Available
| baggage = Available
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = [[Broad gauge]]
| trainnumber = 15629/15630
| speed = 51 km/h
| map = [[File:(Guwahati - Chennai) Express Route map.png|300px|Guwahati–Chennai Tambaram Express route map]]
}}

'''Nagaon Express''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=NAMING OF SILIGHAT – TAMBARAM EXPRESS AS 'NAGAON'|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=7698&did=15512440006852CFB81774A0E2E580672829AE5CB5FE9|website=indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>(earlier '''Tambaram–Silghat Town Express'''), is a weekly Express train belonging to [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] that connects [[Silghat|Silghat Town]] of [[Assam]] and [[Chennai]] {{stnlnk|Tambaram}} in the South Indian metropolis of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] via [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]] , [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] , [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] , [[Asansol Junction railway station|Asansol]].
The train was extended to Tambaram on a trial basis from August 2017.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=10279&did=1514635536971AF3E245980CFF39493FB9C4E25518C14.web107 Extension of Four Express Trains to Tambaram]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=9867&did=1509599438336F758D5C239DE6E4B6388A375E3BC5816.web91 No.566/2017-18 Extension of Four Express Trains from Chennai Egmore to Tambaram]</ref> The train was also extended from Guwahati to Silghat Town.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam: Rajen Gohain flags off Silghat-Tambaram Express|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-rajen-gohain-flags-off-silghat-tambaram-express.html|website=nenow.in|date=22 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Survey for bridge over Brahmaputra at Silghat almost complete: Rajen Gohain|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/survey-bridge-brahmaputra-silghat-almost-complete-rajen-gohain.html|website=nenow.in|date=2 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Changes in the pattern of train services|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=11636&did=1646648375583E8490607C0EAFB00A186ED9E452CA5F2|website=indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

== Time-table ==
Train No. 15629 from Tambaram to Silghat Town. 
The train leaves Tambaram (TBM) on every Monday at 9:45 P.M. and arrives Silghat Town (SHTT) on Thursday at 9:45 A.M. traversing a distance of 2965 kilometers in 60 hours.

Train no. 15630 from Silghat Town to Tambaram. 
The train leaves Silghat Town (SHTT) on every Friday at 8:30 A.M. and arrives Tambaram (TBM) on Sunday at 20:50 P.M. traversing a distance of 2965 kilometres in 60 hours & 20 minutes.

==Major halts==
The train travels the total distance of 2798 kilometres in 55 hours. The major halts of this train are as follows-

'''TAMIL NADU (02 stops)'''
# {{stnlnk|Tambaram}} (Starts)
# '''{{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}}'''.

'''ANDHRA PRADESH (06 stops)'''
# {{stnlnk|Nellore}}
# {{stnlnk|Ongole}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Vijayawada}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Eluru}}
# {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}'''.

'''ODISHA (05 stops)'''

# {{stnlnk|Brahmapur}}
# {{stnlnk|Khurda Road}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Cuttack}}
# {{stnlnk|Balasore}}.

'''WEST BENGAL (17 stops)'''

# {{stnlnk|Hijli}}
# {{stnlnk|Purulia}}
# {{stnlnk|Joychandi Pahar}}
# {{stnlnk|Burnpur}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Andal}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Durgapur}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Siuri}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}'''
# {{stnlnk|New Farakka}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Malda Town}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Dalkhola}}
# '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]'''
# {{stnlnk|New Maynaguri}}
# {{stnlnk|Dhupguri}}
# {{stnlnk|New Cooch Behar}}
# {{stnlnk|New Alipurduar}}.

'''JHARKHAND (02 stops)'''

# {{stnlnk|Pakur}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Tatanagar}}'''.

'''BIHAR (02 stops)'''
# {{stnlnk|Barsoi}}
# {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}}.

'''ASSAM (12 stops)'''

# {{stnlnk|Fakiragram}}
# {{stnlnk|Kokrajhar}}
# {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon}}
# {{rws|Bijni}}
# {{stnlnk|Rangiya}}
# {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Guwahati}}'''
# [[Jagiroad]]
# {{stnlnk|Chaparmukh}}
# [[Nagaon]]
# Jakhalabandha
# [[Silghat]] (Ends).

Note: Bold letters indicates Major Railway Stations/Major Cities.

==Traction==
The train is hauled by [[WAP-7]] Locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode]] from {{rws|Tambaram}} to {{rws|Visakhapatnam}}.

From {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} to {{rws|Durgapur}}, the train is hauled by [[WAP-7]] locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam]].

Finally from {{rws|Durgapur}} to [[Silghat|Silghat Town]] the train is hauled by [[WAP-4]] Locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah]] and vice versa.

==Major bridges==
The train passes over some important rivers of India:
#[[wikt:creek|Creek]] in [[Ennore]] near [[Chennai]]
#[[Penna River|Penna]] river in [[Nellore]]
#[[Paleru]] river in [[Ongole]]
#[[Krishna River]] in [[Vijayawada]]
#[[Godavari River]] in [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]]
#[[Nagavali River]] in [[Srikakulam]]
#[[Vamsadhara River]] in [[Srikakulam]]
#[[Rushikulya River]] in [[Ganjam]]
#[[Mahanadi]] river in [[Cuttack]]
#[[Kathjori]] river (Mahanadi distributary) in [[Cuttack]]
#[[Kuakhai River]] (Mahanadi distributary) near Barang
#Birupa River (Mahanadi distributary) near [[Kendrapara]]
#[[Brahmani River]] in Jenapur
#[[Baitarani River]] in [[Jajpur Keonjhar Road railway station|Jajpur Keonjhar Rd.]]
#[[Budhabalanga River]] in [[Balasore]]
#[[Subarnarekha River]] near [[Jaleswar]]
#[[Kangsabati River]] near [[Kharagpur]]
#[[Dwarakeswar River]] near [[Bankura]]
#[[Damodar River]] near [[Asansol]]
#[[Mayurakshi River]] near [[Sainthia]]
#[[Ganges]] via [[Farakka Barrage]] in [[Farakka]]
#[[Mahananda River]] near [[Dumdangi railway station|Dumdangi]]
#[[Teesta River]] near [[Jalpaiguri]]
#[[Jaldhaka River]] near [[Altagram railway station|Altagram]]
#[[Torsa river]] near [[Ghoksadanga railway station|Ghoksadanga]]
#[[Tipkai River]] near [[Chautara railway station|Chautara]]
#[[Gaurang|Gaurang River]] at [[Kokrajhar]]
#[[Champabati River]] near [[Bongaigaon]]
#[[Manas River]] near [[Bongaigaon]]
#[[Beki River]] at [[Barpeta Road]]
#[[Baralia River]] near [[Rangiya]]
#[[Saraighat Bridge]] over [[Brahmaputra]] near [[Kamakhya railway station|Kamakhya]]

==See also==
*[[Dibrugarh–Tambaram Express]]
*[[Chennai–New Jalpaiguri SF Express]]
*[[Guwahati–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express]]
*[[New Tinsukia–Bengaluru Weekly Express|New Tinsukia–Bengaluru Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tambaram-Guwahati Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

JRD Tata

2026-03-10T13:04:57Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Creating Pg

{{Short description|French-born Indian industrialist, philanthropist and aviator (1904–1993)}}
{{distinguish|text= Indian industrialist and founder of Tata Group, [[Jamsetji Tata]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = J.R.D. Tata (1955).jpg
| caption = Tata in 1955
| office = 4th [[Chair (officer)|chair]] of [[Tata Sons]] and the [[Tata Group]]
| term = 1938 – 1991
| predecessor = [[Nowroji Saklatvala|Sir Nowroji Saklatvala]]
| successor = [[Ratan Tata|Ratan Naval Tata]]
| birth_name = Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|7|29}}
| birth_place = [[Paris]], France
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1993|11|29|1904|7|29}}
| death_place = [[Geneva]], Switzerland
| resting_place = [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = [[Cambridge University]]
| occupation = [[Industrialist]]
[[Philanthropist]]
| spouse =
| father = [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]]
| mother = [[Suzanne RD Tata]]
| relatives = See [[Tata family]]
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1955) [[Legion of Honour]] (1982) [[Daniel Guggenheim Medal]] (1988) [[Bharat Ratna]] (1992)
| known_for = Founder of [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Titan Industries]], [[Voltas]] and [[Air India]]
}}
'''Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata''' (29 July 1904 – 29 November 1993) was a French-born Indian industrialist, philanthropist, aviator and former chairman of [[Tata Sons]] and the [[Tata Group]].

Born into the [[Tata family]], he was the son of noted businessman [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]] and his wife [[Suzanne RD Tata]]. He is best known for being the founder of several industries under the Tata Group, including [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Titan Industries]], [[Tata Salt]], [[Voltas]] and [[Tata Airlines]]. In 1982, he was awarded the French [[Legion of Honour]] and in 1955 and 1992, he received two of India's highest civilian awards: the [[Padma Vibhushan]] and the [[Bharat Ratna]]. These honours were bestowed on him for his contributions to Indian industry.<ref>A report in Vohuman.org {{cite web|title=Vohuman|url=http://www.vohuman.org/Article/JRD%20Tata%20--%20On%20the%20Islands%20of%20Tata,%20In%20the%20Ocean%20of%20India.htm|author=Amalsad, Meher Dadabhoy|access-date=11 April 2007|archive-date=4 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504020037/http://www.vohuman.org/Article/JRD%20Tata%20--%20On%20the%20Islands%20of%20Tata,%20In%20the%20Ocean%20of%20India.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
{{See also|Tata family}}
Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata was born on 29 July 1904 in Paris, France. He was the second child of notable [[Parsis|Parsi]] Indian businessman, [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]], and his French wife, [[Suzanne RD Tata|Sooni Tata]] ([[birth name|née]] Brière).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/biographies/15%20jrdtata.htm |title=J. R. D. TATA |publisher=Tata Central Archives |access-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202535/http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/biographies/15%20jrdtata.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> His father was the first cousin of [[Jamsetji Tata]], a pioneer industrialist in India. He had one elder sister Sylla, a younger sister Rodabeh and two younger brothers Darab and Jamshed (called Jimmy) Tata. His sister, Sylla, was married to [[Petit baronets#Petit Baronets, of Petit Hall (1890)|Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]], the third baronet of Petits.

He spent much of his childhood in the erstwhile [[French Third Republic]] and the [[French language]] was his native language. He attended [[Lycée Janson-de-Sailly]] in Paris,{{sfn|Pai|2004|p=3}} where one of the teachers there mistook him for an [[Egypt|Egypt]]ian and used to call him ''L'Égyptien''. Tata's family also purchased a house on the beach in [[Neufchâtel-Hardelot]] where the family would sometimes live until 1917. Tata was also neighbors with [[Louis Blériot]].{{sfn|Pai|2004|p=7}}

Tata attended the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. In 1917 he and his family moved to [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]] and lived there for two years while he attended an American school.{{sfn|Pai|2004|p=6}} When his father joined the [[Tata Group|Tata]] company he moved the whole family to [[London]]. During this time, JRD's mother died at the age of 43 while his father was in India and his family was in England.

After his mother's death, [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]] decided to move his family to India and sent JRD back to England for higher studies in October 1923. He attended a [[grammar school]], and later enrolled at [[Cambridge University]] and was interested in studying Engineering.

However, as a citizen of France, JRD had to enlist in the [[French Army]] for at least a year. In between grammar school and his time in the army, he spent a brief spell at home in Bombay. After joining the French Army he was posted into a regiment of [[spahis]].{{sfn|Pai|2004|p=9}} Upon discovering Tata could not only read and write French and English,<ref>R.M. Lala: Beyond the Last Blue Mountains, Life of J. R. D. Tata</ref> but could type as well, a colonel had him assigned as a secretary in his office. After his time in the French Army, Tata planned to return to Cambridge and complete his studies, but his father decided to bring him back to India and he joined the Tata Company.

In 1929, Tata renounced his [[French nationality law|French citizenship]] and became an [[Indian nationality law|Indian citizen]]. In 1930 Tata married Thelma Vicaji, the niece of Jack Vicaji, a colourful lawyer whom he hired to defend him on a charge of driving his [[Bugatti]] too fast along Bombay's main promenade, [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]]. Previously he had been engaged to Dinbai Mehta, the future mother of ''[[The Economist]]'' editor [[Shapur Kharegat]].

While he was born to a Parsi father, and his French mother converted to [[Zoroastrianism]], JRD was [[agnostic]]. He found some Parsi religious customs like their funeral rites and their exclusiveness irksome. He adhered to the three basic tenets of Zoroastrianism, which were good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, but he did not profess belief or disbelief in God.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Ashit |title=For J.R.D, service was religion – Industry icon died 10 years ago, but legacy lives on |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/for-jrd-service-was-religion-industry-icon-died-10-years-ago-but-legacy-lives-on/cid/789637 |website=The Telegraph |date=23 November 2003 |access-date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428041020/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/for-jrd-service-was-religion-industry-icon-died-10-years-ago-but-legacy-lives-on/cid/789637 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
When Tata was in tour, he was inspired by his friend's father, aviation pioneer [[Louis Blériot]], the first man to fly across the English Channel, and took to flying. On 10 February 1929, Tata obtained the first license issued in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bombay Flying Club First Annual Report |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929-1%20-%200670.html |work=[[Flight Global]] |date=1 August 1929 |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306101309/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929-1%20-%200670.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2026-01-25|title=Obituary: J. R. D. Tata|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-j-r-d-tata-1464628.html|date=1 December 1993|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2026-01-25|title=When JRD Tata Piloted The First Air India Flight, All He Carried Was...|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/when-jrd-tata-piloted-the-first-air-india-flight-all-he-carried-was-2760518|newspaper=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>
He later came to be known as the "Father of Indian [[civil aviation]]". He founded India's first commercial airline, Tata Airlines in 1932, which became [[Air India]] in 1946, now India's national airline. He and [[Nevill Vintcent]] worked together in building [[Tata Airlines]]. They were also good friends. In 1929, JRD became one of the first Indians to be granted a [[commercial pilot licence]]. In 1932 Tata Aviation Service, the forerunner to Tata Airline and Air India, took to the skies.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} That same year he flew the first commercial mail flight to [[Juhu]], in a [[de Havilland Puss Moth]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Juhu aerodrome: Is India's first civil set to rise again? | website=Yahoo News India | url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/juhu-aerodrome-indias-first-civil-075449079.html | access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref>

He piloted India’s first scheduled commercial air transport service in 1932.<ref name=Moult>{{cite journal |last1=Tata |first1=J. R. D. |last2=E. S. |first2=Moult |title=The Story of Indian Air Transport |journal=The Aeronautical Journal |date=January 1961 |volume=65 |issue=601 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1017/S0001924000063545 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/aeronautical-journal/article/abs/story-of-indian-air-transport/D31F1A2686F972D20FD72D15F654F203 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |language=en |issn=0368-3931|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It lifted off from [[Drigh]] in [[Karachi]] to [[Madras]] with JRD at the controls of a Puss on 15 October 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air India needs JRD Tata's legacy once again to get back in shape|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/air-india-needs-jrd-tatas-legacy-once-again-to-get-back-in-shape/article36904875.ece|access-date=15 October 2021|website=@businessline|date=8 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009045322/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/air-india-needs-jrd-tatas-legacy-once-again-to-get-back-in-shape/article36904875.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> JRD nourished and nurtured his airline baby through to 1953, when the government of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] nationalised Air India along with several other private Airlines and appointed JRD as its first Chairman. JRD continued as chairman for 25 years before being removed by [[ Morarji Desai]] in 1978.

He joined Tata Sons as an unpaid apprentice in 1925. In 1938, at the age of 34, Tata was elected Chairman of Tata Sons making him the head of the largest industrial group in India. He took over as Chairman of [[Tata Sons]] from his second cousin [[Nowroji Saklatwala]]. For decades, he directed the huge Tata Group of companies, with major interests in steel, engineering, power, chemicals and hospitality. He was famous for succeeding in business while maintaining high [[Business ethics|ethical standards]] – refusing to bribe politicians or use the [[black market]].

Under his chairmanship, the assets of the Tata Group grew from US$100 million to over US$5 billion. He started with 14 enterprises under his leadership and half a century later on 26 July 1988, when he left, Tata Sons was a conglomerate of 95 enterprises which they either started or in which they had controlling interest.

He was the trustee of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust from its inception in 1932 for over half a century. Under his guidance, this Trust established Asia's first cancer facility, the Tata Memorial Centre for Cancer, Research and Treatment, Bombay in 1941. He also founded the Tata Institute of Social Sciences ([[Tata Institute of Social Sciences|TISS]], 1936), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ([[TIFR]], 1945), and the National Center for Performing Arts.

In 1945, he founded [[Tata Motors]]. In 1948, Tata launched Air India International as India's first international airline. In 1953, the Indian Government appointed Tata as Chairman of [[Air India]] and a director on the Board of [[Indian Airlines]] – a position he retained for 25 years. For his crowning achievements in aviation, he was bestowed with the title of Honorary Air Commodore of India.

Tata cared greatly for his workers. In 1956, he initiated a programme of closer 'employee association with management' to give workers a stronger voice in the affairs of the company. He firmly believed in employee welfare and espoused the principles of an eight-hour working day, free medical aid, workers' provident scheme, and workmen's accident compensation schemes, which were later, adopted as statutory requirements in India.

He was also a founding member of the first Governing Body of NCAER, the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi, India's first independent economic policy institute established in 1956. In 1968, he founded [[Tata Consultancy Services]] as Tata Computer Centre. In 1979, [[Tata Steel]] instituted a new practice: a worker being deemed to be "at work" from the moment he leaves home for work until he returns home from work. This made the company financially liable to the worker for any mishap on the way to and from work. In 1987, he founded [[Titan Industries]]. [[Jamshedpur]] was also selected as a UN Global Compact City because of the quality of life, conditions of sanitation, roads and welfare that were offered by Tata Steel.<ref>{{citation |work=UN Global Compact Cities Programme |url=http://citiesprogramme.com/cities/asia/india/jamshedpur |title=The glory of J. R. D |access-date=25 July 2013 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626142055/http://citiesprogramme.com/cities/asia/india/jamshedpur |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

=== Support of emergency powers in 1975 ===
Tata was also supportive of the declaration of [[The Emergency (India)| emergency powers]] by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], in 1975. He is quoted to have told a reporter of the [[The Times of India|Times]], "things had gone too far. You can't imagine what we've been through here—strikes, boycotts, demonstrations. Why, there were days I couldn't walk out of my house into the streets. The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs."<ref>{{cite book|title=The glory of J. R. D.|last1=Guha|first1=Ramachandran|publisher=Pan Books|location=India|isbn=978-0-330-54022-3|page=110|edition=2007|date=25 July 2013}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
[[File:JRD Tata 1994 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Tata on a 1994 stamp of India]]
Tata received a number of awards. He was conferred the honorary rank of [[group captain (India)|group captain]] by the [[Indian Air Force]] in 1948, was promoted to the [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] rank (equivalent to [[Brigadier]] in the army) on 4 October 1966,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Air Branch) |page=634 |date=15 October 1966 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> and was further promoted on 1 April 1974 to the [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] rank.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 June 2010|title=IAF confers honorary Group Captain rank on Tendulkar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/IAF-confers-honorary-Group-Captain-rank-on-Tendulkar/article16266599.ece|access-date=24 June 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626082659/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/IAF-confers-honorary-Group-Captain-rank-on-Tendulkar/article16266599.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Several international awards for aviation were given to him – the [[Tony Jannus Award]] in March 1979, the Gold Air Medal of the {{lang|fr|[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]|italic=no}} in 1985, the Edward Warner Award of the International Civil Aviation Organisation, Canada in 1986 and the [[Daniel Guggenheim Medal]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sachin in IAF blues |url=http://www.stratpost.com/blog-honorary-commissions-in-the-iaf |title=Blog: Honorary commissions in the IAF |publisher=StratPost |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204233643/http://www.stratpost.com/blog-honorary-commissions-in-the-iaf |url-status=live }}</ref> He received the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1955. The French [[Legion of Honour]] was bestowed on him in 1983. In 1992, because of his selfless humanitarian endeavours, Tata was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the [[Bharat Ratna]].<ref name=":0" /> In his memory, the Government of Maharashtra named its first double-decker bridge the ''Bharatratna JRD Tata Overbridge'' at Nasik Phata, [[Pimpri Chinchwad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Deputy CM to inaugurate flyover today {{!}} Pune News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Deputy-CM-to-inaugurate-flyover-today/articleshow/30421359.cms |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2014 |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914102448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Deputy-CM-to-inaugurate-flyover-today/articleshow/30421359.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's [[The Emergency (India)|1975-1977 Emergency]], in which she controversially pursued [[Compulsory sterilization|forced sterilizations]] as a form of [[Human population planning|population control]], Tata built on these efforts by ordering Tata Steel to open nine [[Family planning in India|family planning]] centers in 1984.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kling |first=Blair B. |date=1998 |title=Paternalism in Indian Labor: The Tata Iron and Steel Company of Jamshedpur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27672457 |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |volume=53 |issue=53 |pages=69–87 |doi=10.1017/S0147547900013673 |jstor=27672457 |s2cid=144626670 |issn=0147-5479|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Employees and their non-employee partners were compensated for undergoing sterilization, and factory plant departments were awarded for achieving the lowest fertility rate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Clayton |date=30 July 1982 |title=Industry Fosters 'Two is Enough' in Family Planning |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0730/073066.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0882-7729 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116173633/https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0730/073066.html |archive-date= Nov 16, 2023 }}</ref> While such incentives arguably violated the [[medical ethics]] principle of [[Bodily integrity|personal bodily autonomy]], Tata was awarded the 1992 [[United Nations Population Award]] for his efforts.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=20 November 2010 |title=Industrialists:JRD Tata – Made Tatas the largest Business House in India of his times |url=http://ewritersportal.com/jrdtata20thnov2010.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150326/http://ewritersportal.com/jrdtata20thnov2010.html |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=ewritersportal.com}}</ref>

==Death ==
Tata died in [[Geneva]], Switzerland of a kidney infection on 29 November 1993, at the age of 89.{{sfn|Pai|2004|p=32}} He said a few days before his death: ''"Comme c'est doux de mourir"'' ("How gentle it is to die").<ref>{{Cite book|last=LALA|first=R. M.|title=Beyond the last blue mountains|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=1993|isbn=0-14-016901-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlDMYezkchMC&pg=PA1 |location=India|pages=1}}</ref>

Upon his death, the [[Indian Parliament]] was adjourned in his memory, an honour not usually given to persons who are not members of parliament. He was buried at the [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] in Paris.

In 2012, Tata was ranked the sixth "[[The Greatest Indian]]" in an ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook magazine]]'' poll, "conducted in conjunction with CNN-IBN and History18 Channels with BBC."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Uttam |title=A Measure Of The Man |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=Outlook |date=20 August 2012 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724075649/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Business|India|Biography}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}
*[[The Greatest Indian]]
*[[R. M. Lala]]
*[[Jamsetji Tata]]
*[[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]]
*[[Rattanbai Petit]]
*[[Dorabji Tata]]
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{cite book|last1=Pai|first1=Anant|title=JRD Tata: The Quiet Conqueror|date=2004| publisher=India Book House|location=Mumbai|isbn=8175084200}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhai Tata}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100205064010/http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/family_tree/family_tree.pdf Tata Family Tree]
* [http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index-jrd.asp Brief Lifestory of JRD Tata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030193637/http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index-jrd.asp |date=30 October 2019 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Lala|first=R. M.|title=Beyond the Last Blue Mountain: the Authorised Biography of J.R.D. Tata|publisher=Viking|year=1992|isbn=0-670-84430-6}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Mambro|editor-first=Arvind|title=J.R.D. Tata Letters|publisher=Rupa|year=2004|isbn=81-291-0513-6}}
* [http://www.newindiadigest.com/lala.htm Biography at newindiadigest.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113011733/http://www.newindiadigest.com/lala.htm |date=13 January 2020 }}
* [http://www.tata.com/aboutus/articles/inside.aspx?artid=UxG8Uwjyiks= Biography at tata.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814171946/http://www.tata.com/aboutus/articles/inside.aspx?artid=UxG8Uwjyiks= |date=14 August 2013 }}
*{{cite book|last=Lala|first=R.M.|title=Beyond the last blue mountain : a life of J.R.D. Tata|year=1993|publisher=Viking|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-0-14-016901-0|edition=New & updated}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-bus}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Nowroji Saklatwala]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Chairman of [[Tata Group]]|years=1938-1991}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Ratan Tata]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Chairmen of Tata Group}}
{{Bharat Ratna}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Tata Group}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tata, JRD}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Aviation history of India]]
[[Category:Aviation pioneers]]
[[Category:Indian people of French descent]]
[[Category:Indian aviators]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian agnostics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in trade & industry]]
[[Category:Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion]]
[[Category:Tata family|Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the steel industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in information technology]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the coffee industry]]
[[Category:Chief executives in the automotive industry]]
[[Category:Indian founders of motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Bessemer Gold Medal]]
[[Category:Tata Group people]]
[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Paris]]
[[Category:Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni]]
[[Category:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Freemasons]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in aviation]]
[[Category:French emigrants to India]]

Rattan Lal Hangloo

2026-03-10T02:33:59Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Adding The Details Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian academician and historian}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=July 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2024}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Rattan Lal Hangloo
| occupation = Professor
| alma_mater = University of Kashmir,
Jawaharlal Nehru University
| discipline = History
| honorific_prefix = Professor
| birth_date = January 2, 1954
| website = https://rattanlalhangloo.wordpress.com/
| birth_place = Hangalgund, Anantnag District, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| period = Vice Chancellor, University of Kalyani (2013 - 2015),
Vice Chancellor, University of Allahabad (2015 - 2020)
Honorary Vice Chancellor, Noble International University (2020 - till date)
| spouse = Smt. Sharika Kaul Hangloo
| children = Arkapratim (son) and Arkaprava (daughter)
| doctoral_advisor = Harbans Mukhia
| workplaces = University of Hyderabad
| citizenship = Indian
| image = Rattan Lal Hangloo pic with suit.jpg
}}

'''Rattan Lal Hangloo''' (born January 2, 1954) is an [[India]]n historian and academic. He is formerly a professor and the head of the history department at the [[University of Hyderabad]]. He served as vice-chancellor of the [[University of Allahabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Short CV of Professor Rattan Lal Hangloo |url=https://allduniv.ac.in/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Bio-Data.pdf |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=rlhangloo}}</ref> and [[University of Kalyani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Vice Chancellors |url=https://klyuniv.ac.in/vice-chancellors/# |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=[[University of Kalyani]]}}</ref> Born to a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family in [[Kashmir]], Hangloo completed his postgraduate studies at the [[University of Kashmir]] in Srinagar and the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in New Delhi. After completing his post-doctoral studies, he worked at the University of Kashmir, the [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]], the [[University of Hyderabad]], and the [[Central University of Punjab]]. He also served as a teaching faculty in several other universities outside India. Presently, he is an Honorary Vice Chancellor at Noble International University.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2015-02-02 |title=Contact Us |url=https://niuniversity.org/?page_id=456 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Noble International University |language=en-US}}</ref> He has written a number of books on history and provided his expertise on topics such as the nature of the [[State (polity)|state]], agrarian economy, society and technology, political conflict, and the [[material culture]] of Kashmir and other [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] communities.

Hangloo is also an [[Urdu language]] poet<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2017 |title=Poetry Reading by Eminent Urdu Poet, Rattan Lal Hangloo at Sahitya Akademi Conference Hall |url=https://www.delhievents.com/2017/09/poetry-reading-by-eminent-urdu-poet.html |access-date=July 27, 2024 |website=}}</ref> who is additionally fluent in Persian, Sanskrit,<ref>{{YouTube|id=AQV8j2pW8_A|title=Khaas Mulaqat - Prof. Rattan Lal Hangloo - Vice Chancellor - The University of Allahabad On 10th Sep}}, Retrieved July 27, 2024</ref> Hindi, English, and Kashmiri. The Government of India has bestowed upon him the honorary rank of Colonel in recognition of his outstanding contributions as an academic and administrator.<ref>{{Cite web |last1= Excelsior|first1= Daily|date=2020-08-09 |title=Dr Hangloo awarded honorary rank of Colonel |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dr-hangloo-awarded-honorary-rank-of-colonel/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
Rattan Lal Hangloo was born on January 2, 1954, to a [[Kashmiri Pandits|Pandit family]] at Hangalgund village, [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]] district in [[Kashmir Valley]], India. His mother was Rupa Pandita Hangloo, and his father was Radha Krishna Hangloo. Both of his parents were farmers. He finished his early studies in the Kashmir Valley. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts from the Government Degree College, Anantnag <ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Historian Hangloo |url=https://kashmirlife.net/historian-hangloo-vol-14-issue-1-289600/ |access-date=July 27, 2024 |work=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref> and Master of Arts from the University of Kashmir. In 1978 he then joined the [[Master of Philosophy]] course at the Centre for Historical Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi and completed it in 1979, the title of his thesis was 'History of Agrarian System of Kashmir -1846-1900.' In 1980 he was registered for the [[Doctor of Philosophy]] course at the Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, [[New Delhi]] and completed it in 1982. His Doctor of Philosophy thesis title was ' History of Rural Economy of Kashmir - 1846-1900.' Following his doctorate in philosophy, he was awarded a Jawaharlal Nehru University post-doctoral fellow at the Centre for Historical Studies. He finished the post-doctoral course in 1982–1983 with a thesis titled 'Indo-Central Asians Relations 1800-1900.

== Career ==

=== Historian ===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
After receiving his doctorate in history, Rattan Lal Hangloo worked as an assistant professor in the history department at the University of Kashmir from April 1980 until September 1982. After that, from September 1982 to August 1984, he worked as a Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. He relocated to the Northeastern region of India in September 1984, where he served as an assistant professor in the history department at [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]] in [[Shillong]], Meghalaya, until December 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Historian Hangloo |url=https://kashmirlife.net/historian-hangloo-vol-14-issue-1-289600/ |access-date=July 27, 2024 |website=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref> From January 1989 to July 1998, he was an Associate Professor in the Department of History, [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Masood |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Historian Hangloo |url=https://kashmirlife.net/historian-hangloo-vol-14-issue-1-289600/ |access-date=July 27, 2024 |website=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref> He was appointed Professor in the Department of History at the University of Hyderabad in August 1998, and he retired in January 2019 upon reaching superannuation.

=== Administrative experience ===
Hangloo served as the University of Hyderabad's Dean of Students' Welfare from 2002 to 2005. From 2004 to 2006 and from 2010 to 2012, he was the head of the history department. From 2005 to 2007 he worked for the University of Hyderabad as the Chief Coordinator of the "UGC with Potential for Excellence Program." He then left India to serve in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] from 2007 to 2009 as the [[University of the West Indies|University of West Indies]]'s Chair of Indian Studies. Following that, he returned to India, he served as Chief Proctor at the University of Hyderabad from 2009 to 2011. From January to June 2010, he was offered the chance to serve as Dean of [[Central University of Punjab|the Central University of Punjab]]'s School of Social Sciences and Languages while he was still Chief Proctor. He left India once more to work as the ICCR Chair of Contemporary Indian Studies at the [[Tbilisi State University]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] from 2011 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2023 |title=India-Georgia Bilateral Relations |url=https://eoiyerevan.gov.in/pdf/India-Georgia%20Bilateral%20Relations.pdf |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Embassy of India]]}}</ref> He returned to India and resumed his work as a professor at the Department of History, University of Hyderabad. From 2013 to 2015, he served as the Vice Chancellor of the University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-06 |title=Prof Hangloo appointed Kalyani University VC |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/prof-hangloo-appointed-kalyani-university-vc/article23154338.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> The [[President of India]] appointed Hangloo as Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India from 2015 to 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-19 |title=Rattan Lal Hangloo appointed Vice-Chancellor of Allahabad University |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/rattan-lal-hangloo-appointed-vicechancellor-of-allahabad-university/article8007985.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> From 2022 to the present, he has served as a Distinguished Visiting Professor (Social Sciences) at SRM University in Andhra Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-10-10 |title=Prof Rattan Lal Hangloo |url=https://srmap.edu.in/faculty/prof-rattan-lal-hangloo/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=SRM University AP, Andhra Pradesh |language=en-US}}</ref> Currently, he is working in the Noble International University as an Honorary Vice Chancellor.

== Invited lecture ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
* In September 1997, the President of the [[Turkmenistan]] invited Professor Rattan Lal Hangloo to give the First Bairam Khan Memorial Lecture at Maktum Quli University in Ashkabad, Turkmenistan.
* In August 1998, he accepted an invitation from the Gadhar Heritage Foundation of California, USA, to give the First Budh Singh Dillon (Founder of the Gadhar Party in the USA) Memorial Lecture at the famed Gadhar Memorial Hall in San Francisco, California.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://rattanlalhangloo.wordpress.com/ |access-date=July 27, 2024 |website=Rattan Lal Hangloo}}</ref>
* In 1998, he received an invitation to give a lecture on Kashmir in Pre-Modern and Modern Times from the Kashmiri Overseas Association in Washington, D.C.
* In July 1998, he received an invitation from Michigan University's Asian Studies Center to provide a talk on Kashmir and South Asia.
* He delivered a speech on Human Rights, Islam, and Kashmir at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1998 under invitation from the 14th International Congress of Ethnology and Anthropological Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://rattanlalhangloo.wordpress.com/ |access-date=July 27, 2024 |website=Rattan Lal Hangloo}}</ref>
* He was invited to give a speech on the study of the urbanization of the Ladakh region in July 2002 at the XIII International Congress of the Economic History Association in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
* He was invited to an international conference in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, in October 2000 by the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Turkmen Foreign Ministry.
* He was invited to deliver K.P. Jayaswal memorial lecture on 'Periodizing Medieval India' at K.P.Jayaswal Research Institute Patna on 5 December 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Sachchidanad |date=December 5, 2010 |title=Prof. R L Hangloo of Hyderabad University delivering K P Jaiswal Memorial Lecture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/prof-r-l-hangloo-of-hyderabad-university-while-delivering-k-p-jaiswal-memorial-lecture-on-periodising-medieval-india-here-on-sunday-said-in-india-society-and-state-were-deliberately-perceived-by-britishers-to-be-islamic-a-label-that-satisfied-their-innate-craving-to-get-rid-of-the-islamic-spectre-that-had-haunted-them-in-europe-this-vision-helped-justify-english-standpoint-justified-later-in-history-writings-that-mughal-rule-in-india-was-authoritarian-hence-needed-to-be-followed-by-european-rule-said-hangloo-/articleshow/7049282.cms |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
* He delivered a lecture on 'Reflections on Kashmir,' a lecture Series: Challenges before Indian Society organized by G.B Pant Social Science Institute, Jhunsi, Prayagraj on July 8, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Lecture Series: Challenges before Indian Society |url=https://www.gbpssi.in/admin/documents/L08.pdf |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=[[Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute]]}}</ref>
* He delivered the first Zind Lal Jalla Memorial Lecture at Ibn-e-Khaldoon Auditorium of the University of Kashmir which was organized by the Department of History, University of Kashmir, in association with the Office Dean, Social Sciences of the varsity on March 30, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Zind Lal Jalla Memorial Lecture delivered by Prof Hangloo |url=https://www.knskashmir.com/zind-lal-jalla-memorial-lecture-delivered-by-prof-hangloo-at-kashmir-university-126832 |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=[[Kashmir News Service|KNS]]}}</ref>

== Awards, Fellowships and honours ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
* Bioved Honorary Fellowship Award 2017 by Bioved Research Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad on 18 February 2017.
* Mother Teresa International Award for Eminent Academician, presented by the Archbishop of Kolkata in 2016.
* Dewang Mehta National Foundation Award for outstanding contribution to Education as the best Vice-Chancellor of the Country, 28 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shridar |first=G Naga |date=January 22, 2018 |title=Hangloo bags Dewang Mehta award |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/hangloo-bags-dewang-mehta-award/article7944438.ece |access-date=July 27, 2024 |website=[[Businessline]]}}</ref>
* Chair of Contemporary Indian Studies at Tbilisi State University at Georgia by the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India (Through Indian Council of Cultural Relations, New Delhi), 2011-2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2023 |title=India-Georgia Bilateral Relations |url=https://eoiyerevan.gov.in/pdf/India-Georgia%20Bilateral%20Relations.pdf |access-date=July 27, 2024 |website=[[Embassy of India]]}}</ref>
* Visiting Fellowship by Foundation Maison de Sciences Del homme of Paris France, 2010.
* Visiting Chair of Indian Studies, at the University of West Indies, St Augustine campus, Trinidad and Tobago by Indian Council of Cultural Relations, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, 2007-2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2009 |title=Education Through Community |url=https://sta.uwi.edu/news/releases/release.asp?id=214 |access-date=July 27, 2024 |website=[[University of the West Indies]]}}[https://sta.uwi.edu/news/releases/release.asp?id=214 =214]</ref>
* Fulbright Fellowship by the Fulbright American Studies Institute to participate in the Institute’s Modern South Asia program at the University of Delaware, USA, 2003.
* Visiting Fellowship by Maison de Sciences del Homme of Paris France in 1997.
* DAAD Fellowship by the Federal Republic of Germany to pursue research on the Economic History of India (With special reference to silk route trade) at the South Asian Institute of the Heidelberg University, Germany. in 1997.
* Research Scientist ship by University Grants Commission of India with affiliation to History Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1984.
* Senior Post-Doctoral Fellowship by the University Grants Commission of India to pursue Post-Doctoral Research on Indo-Central Asian History, 1982 at Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
* Research Fellowship by Indian Council of Historical Research in 1980 to pursue Ph.D. at Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
* Merit Scholarship by Kashmir University, Srinagar, India to pursue Post-Graduate Studies from 1975-1977.

== Personal life ==
Rattan Lal Hangloo is married to Smt. Sharika Kaul Hangloo and they have two children Arkapratim (son) and Arkaprava (daughter).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Rattan Lal Hangloo |url=https://rattanlalhangloo.wordpress.com/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Prof. Rattan Lal Hangloo |language=en}}</ref>

== Books ==
* [https://primusbooks.com/enquiries-in-medieval-india-religion-society-culture-and-polity-by-rattan-lal-hangloo/#:~:text=About%20this%20book&text=It%20examines%20the%20role%20of,state%20in%20a%20pluralistic%20society. Enquires in Medieval India: Religion, Society, Culture and Polity], Primus publishers, New Delhi, 2022 {{ISBN|978-93-5572-183-9}}
* [https://www.routledge.com/The-State-in-Medieval-Kashmir/Hangloo/p/book/9781032292144 The State in Medieval Kashmir (Second Edition)], Routledge Publishers, London, 2021 {{ISBN|9781032292144}}
* [https://primusbooks.com/kashmir-before-the-accession-and-after-by-rattan-lal-hangloo/ Kashmir: Before the Accession and After], Primus publishers, New Delhi, 2021 {{ISBN|978-93-91144-70-8}}
* [https://primusbooks.com/indian-diaspora-caribbean/#:~:text=About%20this%20book,half%20of%20the%20nineteenth%20century. Indian Diaspora in the Caribbean: History, Culture and Identity], Primus publishers, New Delhi, 2012 {{ISBN|978-93-80607-38-2}}
* [https://www.rawatbooks.com/development/history-of-science-and-technology-exploring-new-themes History of Science and Technology in India: Exploring new themes], Rawat Publishers, 2011 {{ISBN|9788131604267}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=nwVuAAAAMAAJ New Themes in Indian History, Politics, Gender Environment and Culture], Black & White publishers, New Delhi, 2007 {{ISBN|8189320157}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=jCXYAAAAMAAJ Approaching Islam], Black & White publishers, New Delhi, 2005 {{Isbn|8189320092|9788189320096}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=BybtAAAAMAAJ Agrarian System of Kashmir], Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi, 1995 {{ISBN|8171693512|9788171693511}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=FYRHAAAAMAAJ Situating Medieval Indian State], Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi, 1995 {{ISBN|8171693229}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rangeelay

2026-03-08T02:56:08Z

ThomasPeterdavid: minor edit

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2013}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rangeelay
| image = Official movie poster for Rangeelay.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Navaniat Singh]]
| producer = Sunil Lulla [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
| story = Dheeraj Rattan
| narrator =
| starring = Jimmy Sheirgill [[Neha Dhupia]]
| music = Jaidev Kumar
| cinematography = Yashaswi Bhargava
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2013|5|16}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rangeelay''''' is a 2013 Punjabi movie directed by [[Navaniat Singh]], featuring [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] and [[Neha Dhupia]] in the lead roles. The movie is produced by Jimmy Shergill in association with Eros International, and it marks Neha Dhupia's debut in Punjabi cinema. The movie was released on 16 May 2013. The film opened to average opening in India and poor opening overseas. Rangeelay was also a critical failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canindia.com/2013/05/movie-review-rangeelay-is-overstretched-and-low-on-entertainment/ |title=Movie Review: 'Rangeelay' is overstretched and low on entertainment | CanIndia NEWS |accessdate=2013-05-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608005408/http://canindia.com/2013/05/movie-review-rangeelay-is-overstretched-and-low-on-entertainment/ |archivedate=8 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

After ''Dharti'' (2011) and ''Taur Mittran Di'' (2012), ''Rangeelay'' is the third production of Jimmy Sheirgill Productions.<ref name="Punjabiportal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/rangeelay-jimmy-shergill-punjabi-movie|title=Rangeelay – Jimmy Shergill Punjabi Movie|accessdate=2013-03-21|work=Punjabiportal.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Sunny
*[[Neha Dhupia]] as Simmi
*Diljit Singh as dj
*Pankesh Mann as Maan
*[[Jaswinder Bhalla]] as DSP
*Shivinder Mahal as Major Saab
*[[Binnu Dhillon]] as Titli
*[[Rana Ranbir]] as Shotgun
* Jassi Kaur as Jassi
*[[Angad Bedi]] as Ricky And Vicky(Double Role)

==Songs==
* "Rangeelay" (Title Song) by [[Babbal Rai]]
* "Headache" by [[Mika Singh]]
* "Tere Bina Din Mere" by Feroz Khan
* "Yaara Tu" by Ashim Kemson & Shipra Goyal
* "Dil De Kutte" by Jashan Singh
* "Boloyaan" by Nishawn Bhullar & Simran-Tripat
* "Dil De Kutte" by [[Sonu Nigam]]

Bollywood celebrity Neha Dhupia made her debut in Punjabi films with ''Rangeelay''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Punjabi-language films]]
{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Albeli (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:30:37Z

ThomasPeterdavid: stub

{{short description|1974 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Albeli
| image =

| caption =
| director = R. C. Talwar
| producer = Talwar Productions
| writer = J. S. Casshyap
| starring = [[Vinod Mehra]] [[Rehana Sultan]] [[Nazima]]
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography = G. K. Mehta
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1974|11|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Albeli''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in 1974.<ref name=gomolo>{{cite web|last1=gomolo|title=Albeli 1945|url=http://www.gomolo.com/albeli-movie/1273|website=gomolo.com|accessdate=30 June 2014|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204112349/http://www.gomolo.com/albeli-movie/1273|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref> The film was directed by R. C. Talwar for Talwar Productions. It starred [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Rehana Sultan]], [[Nazima]], [[Sujit Kumar]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]. The music was composed by [[Kalyanji-Anandji]].

==Cast==
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Vikas Chandra Verma
*[[Rehana Sultan]] as Chameli
*[[Nazima]] as Kamla
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Thakur
*[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
!Lyrics
|-
| "Tanik Tum Hamri Nazar Pehchano"
| [[Suman Kalyanpur]], Kanchan
|[[Prabha Thakur]]
|-
| "Baar Baar Mera Pyar"
| [[Nazima]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|
|-
| "Ka Kari, Ka Kari"
| [[Manna Dey]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
| "Maina O Maina"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id = |title =Albeli }}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:1974 romance films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Devadasu (2006 film)

2026-03-03T18:04:14Z

ThomasPeterdavid: clean up

{{short description|2006 film by Y. V. S. Chowdary}}
{{For|other films with the same title|Devadasu (disambiguation){{!}}Devadasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devdasu
| image = YVS Devadasu 01.tif
| writer = Y. V. S. Chowdary [[Chintapalli Ramana]] (Dialogues)
| starring = [[Ram Pothineni]] [[Ileana D'Cruz]] [[Sayaji Shinde]]
| director = [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]]
| producer = Y. V. S. Chowdary
| distributor =
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|01|11|India}}
| runtime = 174 minutes
| country = India
| cinematography = Bharani K. Dharan
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| budget = {{INR|7 crore|link=yes}}<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-few-hits-and-many-flops/article3231882.ece | title=A few hits and many flops | date=29 December 2006 | first=M. L. | last=Narasimham | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=23 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808145256/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3231882.ece |archive-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>
| gross = ₹14 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-few-hits-and-many-flops/article3231882.ece | title=A few hits and many flops | date=29 December 2006 | first=M. L. | last=Narasimham | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=23 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808145256/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3231882.ece |archive-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''''Devadasu''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed and produced by [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]]. The film features the debutants [[Ram Pothineni]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] in the lead roles while [[Sayaji Shinde]] plays the supporting role.

Released on 11 January 2006, the film was commercially successful.<ref name="Hindu" /> Both Ram and Ileana won [[Filmfare Awards South]] for Best Debut. The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Loveyatri]]'' (2018). It was also dubbed into Malayalam under the same name.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-S5VdCI_oe8 | title=Devadasu (Film) || Malayalam Full Movie | Malayalam Movie Online | Ram | Ileana | Sayaji Shinde | website=[[YouTube]] | date=3 February 2016 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Devdas is a poor student, while Bhanumati is a rich [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] girl whose father Katamraju is the senator of New York. They fall in love when Bhanu comes to India to learn classical [[Carnatic music]]. Coming to know about their love, Katamraju hatches a plan to separate them. He promises to get them married but takes his daughter and mother-in-law back to the USA. The rest of the story is how Devdas makes it to the USA and succeeds in attaining his girl.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ram Pothineni]] as Devdas, Dev is called by friends
* [[Ileana D'Cruz]] as Bhanumati
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Katamraju
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Bhanu's grandmother
* [[Bhargavi (actress)|Bhargavi]] as SRR College student
* Sameer Ali Khan as Bobby
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Dev's friend
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* Manuel Drieschmanns as Embassy employee
* [[Shriya Saran]] as herself (Cameo)
* [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]] as himself (Cameo)
* [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]] as himself (Cameo)
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]] and released by [[Aditya Music]] with lyrics written by [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela]] and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Devadasu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 27 November 2005
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 49:19
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| prev_title = [[Bhageeratha (film)|Bhageeratha]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 49:19
| title1 = Bangaram
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], Revathi
| length1 = 5:19
| title2 = Kshaminchu
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| extra2 = [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length2 = 5:19
| title3 = Nuvvantene Istham
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = Chakri
| length3 = 5:55
| title4 = Adigi Adagaleka
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length4 = 5:18
| title5 = Kurrallu
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| extra5 = [[Malathy Lakshman]]
| length5 = 4:45
| title6 = Telusa
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| extra6 = Cherri, Revathi
| length6 = 1:30
| title7 = Oka Nestham
| lyrics7 =Chandrabose
| extra7 =Karthik , Tina Kamal
| length7 = 4:40
| title8 = Aye Babu
| lyrics8 = Chandrabose
| extra8 = [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| length8 = 4:54
| title9 = Gundelni Pindedhi
| lyrics9 = Chandrabose
| extra9 = Chakri , [[Vishwa]]
| length9 = 4:12
| title10 = Idigidigo
| lyrics10 =Chandrabose
| extra10 = Simha, Venu
| length10 = 2:18
| title11 = Mayadari Chinnodu
| lyrics11 = [[Viswa]]
| extra11 = Vijaya Lakshmi
| length11 = 5:09
}}

==Box office==
The film grossed around {{INR|40 crore}}.<ref name="Hindu" /> and had a 175-day run in 17 theatres,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://idlebrain.com/trade/index.html |title=Telugu cinema trade report for the first half of year 2006 - idlebrain.com |access-date=21 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805054518/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/index.html |archive-date=5 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> including a 205-day run in Odeon 70 mm, [[Hyderabad]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Awards==
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut - South]] - [[Ram Pothineni|Ram]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut - South]] - [[Ileana D'Cruz]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0884855|title=Devadasu}}

{{YVS Chowdary}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Y. V. S. Chowdary]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]

Nissim Ezekiel

2026-03-03T07:13:10Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Adding The Post First Draft

{{Short description|Indian poet (1924–2004)}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Nissim Ezekiel
| image = Nissim-ezekiel.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|12|16|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|01|09|1924|12|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Poet, playwright, art critic, editor
| period = 1952–2004
| notablework = ''Night of the Scorpion''; ''Latter Day Psalms''
| awards = [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English|Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1983) [[Padma Shri]] (1988)
| genre = Modern Indian English Poetry
| influences =
| influenced =
| website =
| citizenship = • British India (1924–1947) • India (1947–2004)
}}

'''Nissim Ezekiel ''' (16 December 1924 – 9 January 2004) <ref>{{cite web |title='Nissim Ezekiel' by R. Raj Rao |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/20000515-book-review-nissim-ezekiel-by-r.-raj-rao-777553-2000-05-15 |website=indiatoday.in |date=15 May 2000 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> was an [[History of Jews in India|Indian]] [[poet]], [[actor]], [[playwright]], [[editor in chief|editor]], and [[art]] [[critic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joffe |first1=Lawrence |title=Obituary: Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/09/guardianobituaries.india |work=The Guardian |date=9 March 2004 }}</ref> He was a foundational figure<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel Biography and latest books by Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://www.pcds.co.in/celeb-author-nissim-ezekiel.php |website=pcds.co.in |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> in [[postcolonial]] India's literary history, specifically for Indian poetry in English.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Life in Verse: Honouring Nissim Ezekiel on His Birth Anniversary |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/art-and-culture/bombay-poet-nissim-ezekiel-family-shares-anecdotes-on-93-birth-anniversary |website=thequint.com |date=15 December 2017 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>

He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1983 for his collection, "''Latter-Day Psalms''", by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi Award - English (Official listings) |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10304.htm#english |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611080633/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10304.htm |archive-date=11 June 2010 }}</ref> Ezekiel has been applauded for his subtle, restrained and well crafted diction, dealing with common and mundane (everyday) themes in a manner that manifests both cognitive profundity, as well as an unsentimental, realistic sensibility, that has been influential on the course of succeeding Indian English poetry.
Ezekiel enriched and established Indian English language poetry through his modernist innovations and techniques, which enlarged Indian English literature, moving it beyond purely spiritual and orientalist themes, to include a wider range of concerns and interests, including familial events, individual angst and skeptical societal introspection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Writing in English- Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Indian-Writing-in-English-Nissim-Ezekiel-P3WNXYE36YZS |website=bartleby.com |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ezekiel was born on 16 December 1924 in [[Bombay]] ([[Mumbai]]) in [[Maharashtra]]. His father was a professor of [[botany]] at [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]], and his mother was the principal of her own school. The Ezekiels belonged to [[Mumbai]]'s [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking [[Jewish community]] known as the [[Bene Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Nissim Ezekiel |first=Lawrence |last=Joffe |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=9 March 2004 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/09/guardianobituaries.india |access-date=2013-09-26}}</ref>

In 1947, Ezekiel earned a BA in Literature from [[Wilson College, Mumbai]], [[Bombay University]]. In 1947–48, he taught [[English literature]] and published [[literary]] articles.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} After dabbling in politics for a while, he sailed to [[England]] in November 1948. He studied [[philosophy]] at [[Birkbeck College, London]]. After three and a half years, Ezekiel worked his way home as a deck-scrubber aboard a ship carrying arms to Indochina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel's biography: Second edition to be launched on 92nd birth anniversary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/nissim-ezekiels-biography-second-edition-to-be-launched-on-92nd-birth-anniversary-4427632/ |website=indianexpress.com |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>

==Career==

Ezekiel's first book,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel Biography |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/literature/nissim-ezekeil.html |website=mapsofindia.com |access-date=18 August 2018|date=2018-01-30 }}</ref> ''A Time to Change'', appeared in 1952 which changed the trajectory of Indian poetry as it was a new form of poetry, [[Indian poetry in English|Indian English Poetry]]. The book serves as a declaration of transformation, encompassing the poet's personal life and surroundings. It brings about a significant shift with deep implications for society, intellectual thought, and moral values. Most importantly, it introduces a transformation in the way poetry is written. Written in 1952, it emphasizes the cultural context of the post colonial period. Ezekiel uses his poetry as a way to make remarks on the period emphasizing his approach to modernity and encompassing his personal life. A Time to Change may be a small volume with just around thirty-five pages, but it holds great significance in terms of its quality and historical importance. The title of the book indicates change embracing all aspects of Ezekiel's writing or poetry and his aesthetics. A Time To Change marks the onset of a unique form of poetry and the start of a noteworthy career. The opening lines of the poem are "We who leave the house in April, Lord,/How shall we return?/Debtors to the whore of Love"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Nissim |chapter=A Time to Change |pages=3–6 |id={{ProQuest|2147744366}} |title=Collected Poems, 1952–1988 |date=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562366-6 }}</ref> suggesting that Ezekiel is expressing deep regret for leaving home during a season associated with renewal. In addition, A Time To Change represents Ezekiel's talent for presenting an incident in dew stanzas and his ability to use gentle irony with sadistic humor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verghese |first1=Paul |title=The Poetry of Nissim Ezekiel |journal=Indian Literature |date=1972 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=63–75 |jstor=23329802 }}</ref> This departure is symbolic, representing a shift away from a life of natural happiness and spontaneity. A Time to Change depicts a book that fights larger concerns such as power, communication and the limitations of languages in the world. In addition, Ezekiel touches upon sexuality, human nature, and religion.

Ezekiel has distinctive views of his language when it comes to his poetry. In Ezekiel's earlier works much of the collection was defined by large language with a focus on rhyme, meter, and poetic form. In Ezekiel's poetry the quality of the heart is evident through his undertones, irony, and self mockery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agarwal |first1=Smita |title=Marginalized: Indian Poetry in English |date=2014 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-94-012-1033-1 }}{{pn|date=December 2023}}</ref> Within his poetry the lines are a similar length and if the poem has stanza, the stanza will have a similar number of lines. This demonstrates Ezekiel's attention to detail with his writing by using symmetry, further emphasizing Ezekiel's early dependence for structure in poetry. Ezekiel follows what [[René Wellek|Rene Wellek]] and [[Austin Warren (scholar)|Austin Warren]] use in their Theory of Literature or the "extrinsic" approach which examines literature in the broader context as it understands the relationship to society. It also looks at how literature has an impact by other influences in the world. The "extrinsic" approach follows closely to how Ezekiel writes because he writes about society, personal experiences, and human connections. Ezekiel also uses the "intrinsic" approach which focuses on the elements of the literature in itself such as using metaphors, similes, images, and the techniques that are found in the text. Ezekiel emphasizes the importance of creating literature that connects on a global scale. He references Berdyaev's ideological approaches with creativity and how the poet should not imitate other cultures but should be genuine in their writing. The poet should prioritize their integrity and own experiences in poetry. Ezekiel believes the cultural roles are secondary which leads him to believe that poetry has a universal likening. For instance, Ezekiel emphasizes the significance of humanity in the universe in his poem "Morning Prayer".<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Satpute |first1=Sfuti P.V. |title=A Stylistic Analysis of Some Poems of Nissim Ezekiel |date=1989 |url=http://ir.unishivaji.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1867 }}</ref>

He published another volume of poems, ''The deadly man'' in 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=Themes Of Postmodernism In Nissim Ezekiels Poems English Literature Essay |url=https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-literature/themes-of-postmodernism-in-nissim-ezekiels-poems-english-literature-essay.php |website=ukessays.com |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> After working as an advertising copywriter and general manager of a picture frame company (1954–59), he co-founded the literary monthly ''Jumpo'', in 1961. He became [[art critic]] of ''The Times of India'' (1964–66) and edited ''Poetry India'' (1966–67). From 1961 to 1972, he headed the English department of [[Mithibai College]], [[Bombay]]. ''The Exact Name'', his fifth book of poetry, was published in 1965. During this period he held short-term tenure as visiting professor at [[University of Leeds]] (1964) and University of Pondicherry (1967). In 1969, at the [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], Ezekiel<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/Remembering-Nissim-Ezekiel/article15402545.ece# |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=thehindu.com |access-date=18 August 2018|date=2008-09-06 }}</ref> published his ''Three Plays'' which includes ''Nalini, Marriage Poem, The Sleep-walkers''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blackwell |first1=Fritz |title=Four Plays of Nissim Ezekiel |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |date=1976 |volume=11 |issue=3/4 |pages=265–272 |jstor=40873478 }}</ref> A year later, he presented an art series of ten programmes for Indian television. In 1976, he translated Jawaharlal Nehru's poetry from English to [[Marathi language|Marathi]], in collaboration with Vrinda Nabar, and co-edited a fiction and poetry anthology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summary of "Poet, Lover, Birdwatcher" by Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://www.shareyouressays.com/knowledge/summary-of-poet-lover-birdwatcher-by-nissim-ezekiel/118170 |website=shareyouressays.com |access-date=18 August 2018|date=2013-05-17 }}</ref> His poem ''The [[Night of the Scorpion]]'' is used<ref>{{cite web |title=Analysis of "Night of the Scorpion" by Nissim Ezekiel |url=https://poemotopia.com/nissim-ezekiel/night-of-the-scorpion/ |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=poemotopia.com |date=17 July 2022 |publisher=Poemotopia}}</ref> as study material<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel's Night of the Scorpion: Summary & Analysis |url=https://www.iluenglish.com/nissim-ezekiels-night-of-the-scorpion-summary-analysis/ |website=iluenglish.com |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> in Indian and Colombian schools. Ezekiel also penned poems in 'Indian English' <ref>{{cite web |title=Indianness in the poetry of Nissim Ezekiel |url=http://www.yabaluri.org/Web%20(1978%20-%202008)/indiannessinnissimezekielspoetryjan2004.htm |website=yabaluri.org |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> like the one based on instruction boards in his favourite [[Irani café]]. His poems are used<ref>{{cite web |title=Night of Scorpion – Nissim Ezekiel |url=http://www.scholarspark.com/night-of-scorpion-ndash-nissim-ezekiel.html |website=scholarspark.com |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818182112/http://www.scholarspark.com/night-of-scorpion-ndash-nissim-ezekiel.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[NCERT]] and [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] English textbooks. His poem 'Background, Casually' is considered to be the most defining poem of his poetic and personal career.

Nissim Ezekiel is often considered the father of Modern Indian English poetry by many critics.<ref>{{cite journal |title=NISSIM EZEKIEL and the Evolution of Modern Indian English Poetry : A Chronology |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=35 |issue=1/2 |pages=178–191 |jstor=40873767 |last1=Dulai |first1=Surjit S. |year=2000 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Poetry of Nissim Ezekiel |journal=Indian Literature |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=63–75 |jstor=23329802 |last1=Verghese |first1=C. Paul |year=1972 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Modernity in Nissim Ezekiel's Poetry |journal=World Literature Today |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=432–434 |jstor=40148360 |last1=Dwivedi |first1=A. N. |year=1992 |doi=10.2307/40148360 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=NISSIM EZEKIEL : The Father of Contemporary Indian English Poetry |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=35 |issue=1/2 |pages=123–177 |jstor=40873766 |last1=Dulai |first1=Surjit S. |year=2000 }}</ref>

He was honoured with the [[Padmashri]] award by the President of India in 1988 and the Sahitya Akademi cultural award in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poets who took Indian poetry to the next level |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/poets-who-took-indian-poetry-to-the-next-level/sri-aurobindo-ghosh/photostory/57747696.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=24 August 2018|date=2017-03-21 }}</ref>

==Editor==

He was the founding editor of [[Quest (Indian magazine)|''Quest'']] in 1954.

==Death==
After a prolonged battle with [[Alzheimer's disease]], Nissim Ezekiel died in [[Mumbai]], on 9 January 2004 (aged 79).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profkvdominic.com/?page_id=384|title = Prof. K V DOMINIC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011100111100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324204834/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011100111100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 March 2005 |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-01-11 |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Life in Verse: Honouring Nissim Ezekiel on His Birth Anniversary |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/art-and-culture/bombay-poet-nissim-ezekiel-family-shares-anecdotes-on-93-birth-anniversary |website=thequint.com |date=15 December 2017 |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>

==Recent Discussion of Ezekiel's Work==

* Balaga Venkata Ramana's ''Nissim Ezekiel's Poetry- A thematic study'' (Scholars' Press, India, 2015; {{ISBN|978-3639767902}})
* Subrat Kumar Samal's ''Postcoloniality and Indian English Poetry: A Study of the Poems of Nissim Ezekiel, Kamala Das, Jayanta Mahapatra and A.K.Ramanujan'' (Partridge, India, 2015; {{ISBN|978-1482848670}})
* Shakuntala Bharvani's ''Makers of Indian Literature: Nissim Ezekiel'' (Sahitya Akademi, India, 2017; ASIN: B09ZBB2M6S)
* Apara Sharma's ''Nissim Ezekiel and Jyant Mahapatra : A Comparative Reading in Phenomenology'' (New Era, India, 2017; 978-8129001559)
* Sandeep K. Thorat's ''Indian Ethos and Culture in Nissim Ezekiel's Poetry: A Critical Study'' (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2018; {{ISBN|978-8126927531}})
* A. Raghu's ''The Poetry Of Nissim Ezekiel'' (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2019; {{ISBN|978-8126900862}})
* Satish Kumar and Anupama Tayal's Indian English Poetry - A critical study of the poets Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Kamala Das, Jayanta Mahapatra, K.N. Daruwalla, Arun Balkrishnan Kolatkar and R. Parthasarthy (Sahitya Saroward, India, 2020; ASIN: B08DHTQ9TL)
* Rinkoo Wadhera's ''Existentialism, Upanishadic Perception and Via-Negativa in Indian English Poetry: The Oeuvre of Nissim Ezekiel'' (Authorspress, India, 2020; ASIN: B0893TP3KW)
* K.K. Singh's ''Different Thematic Perceptions in Poetry of Nissim Ezekiel'' (Aadi Publications, India, 2021; {{ISBN|978-8195250165}})
* Shirish Chindhade's ''Five Indian English Poets: Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, R. Parthasarathy'' (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2022; {{ISBN|978-8171565856}})

==Books by Ezekiel==
* [[1952 in poetry|1952]]: ''Time To Change''<ref name=Kumar20040326>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20040326/ai_n12775727 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322050447/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20040326/ai_n12775727 |archive-date=22 March 2008 |last1=Kumar |first1=Jai |title=Obituary: Nissim Ezekiel |work=[[The Independent]] |date=26 March 2004 }}</ref>
* [[1953 in poetry|1953]]: ''Sixty poems''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1956 in poetry|1956]]: ''The Discovery of India''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1959 in poetry|1959]]: ''The Third''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1960 in poetry|1960]]: ''The Unfinished Man''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1965 in poetry|1965]]: ''The Exact Name''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1974 in poetry|1974]]: ''Snakeskin and Other Poems'', translations of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] poet [[Indira Sant]]
* [[1976 in poetry|1976]]: ''Hymns in Darkness''
* [[1982 in poetry|1982]]: ''Latter-Day Psalms''
* [[1989 in poetry|1989]]: ''Collected Poems 1952-88'' [[OUP]]

==Plays==
* [[1969 in literature|1969]]: ''The Three Plays'' [[Kolkata]]: [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Three Plays by Nissim Ezekiel |journal=Indian Literature |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=92–94 |jstor=23329837 |last1=Verghese |first1=C. Paul |year=1971 }}</ref>
* ''Do Not Call it Suicide'' [[Madras]]: Macmillan [[India]], 1993.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=Zoya |chapter=Don't Call it Suicide: An Application of the Absurd Theatre Form to Indian Theatre |pages=190–241 |title=Tradition and Modernity in the Plays of Nissim Ezekiel |date=2012 |oclc=1012389402 |hdl=10603/55611 }}</ref>

==Prose==
* {{cite book |last1=Ezekiel |first1=Nissim |title=Selected prose |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562866-1 |oclc=624466913 |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedprose00ezek }}
* Naipaul's India and mine- an essay<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel's classic review of V. S. Naipaul's An Area of Darkness |url=http://raiot.in/archival-pleasures-nissim-ezekiels-take-down-of-v-s-naipaul/ |website=raiot.in |date=12 August 2018 |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142305/http://raiot.in/archival-pleasures-nissim-ezekiels-take-down-of-v-s-naipaul/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Editor===
* [[1965 in literature|1965]]: ''An Emerson Readers''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1969 in literature|1969]]: ''A Joseph King Reader''<ref name=Kumar20040326/>
* [[1990 in poetry|1990]]: ''Another India'', anthology of fiction and poetry<ref name=Kumar20040326/>

==Poems==

* ''The Couple''
* ''Enterprise''<ref>{{cite web |title=Enterprise by Nissim Ezekiel |url=http://writetoscore.com/2017/07/27/icse-poem-enterprise-nissim-ezekiel/ |website=writetoscore.com |access-date=18 August 2018 |date=2017-07-27 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214500/http://writetoscore.com/2017/07/27/icse-poem-enterprise-nissim-ezekiel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''A Time to Change''
*Philosophy
* ''Island''
* ''For Elkana''
* ''Soap''
* ''Marriage''
* ''In the country cottage''
* ''How the english lessons ended ''
* ''The Paradise Flycatcher''
* ''[[Night of the Scorpion|Night of The Scorpion]]''
*'' The Professor''
* ''Goodbye party for Miss Pushpa T.S.''
* ''Entertainment (was the best of one)''
* "Background, Casually"
* ''Poet, Lover and Birdwatcher''<ref>{{cite web |title=Nissim Ezekiel's Poet, Lover, Birdwatcher |url=https://sotosay.wordpress.com/2009/10/03/nissim-ezekiels-poet-lover-birdwatcher/ |website=sotosay.wordpress.com
|access-date=18 August 2018|date=2009-10-03 }}</ref>

== Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies ==
* ''The Golden Treasure of [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] Poetry'' (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mandal |first1=Somdatta |last2=University |first2=Visva-Bharati |title=Rubana Huq, ed. The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry |journal=Asiatic |date=15 June 2009 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=126–129 |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/ajell/article/view/82 }}</ref>
* ''Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets'' (1976) ed. by [[R. Parthasarathy]] and published by [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ten 20th Century Indian Poets |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/parthasarathy-1976-ten-20th-century.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>
* ''The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets'' (1992) ed. by [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]] and published by [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/mehrotra-1993-oxford-india-anthology.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Book review: 'Twelve Modern Indian Poets' by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920815-book-review-twelve-modern-indian-poets-by-arvind-krishna-mehrotra-766731-2013-01-03 |website=indiatoday.in |date=3 January 2013 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>

==Further reading==
*[[R. Raj Rao]], ''Nissim Ezekiel: The Authorized Biography'' (Viking, 2000)
* Sanjit Mishra, ''The Poetic Art of Nissim Ezekiel '' ( Atlantic, 2001)

==See also==
{{portal|Biography|India|Literature|Poetry|}}
*[[Indian English Poetry]]
*[[Indian poetry in English]]
*[[Indian English Literature]]
*[[Indian literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{lists of poets |state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezekiel, Nissim}}
[[Category:Bene Israel]]
[[Category:Jewish poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian humorous poets]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Mithibai College]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Leeds]]

Mod (film)

2026-03-02T09:58:49Z

ThomasPeterdavid: further adjust content as per guidelines for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mod
| image = Mod - 2011 Indian Movie Poster.png
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]
| story = Nagesh Kukunoor
| based_on = {{Based on|Keeping Watch|Cheng Fen-fen}}
| producer = Sujit Kumar Singh Elahe Hiptoola Nagesh Kukunoor
| starring = [[Ayesha Takia]] [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]] [[Raghubir Yadav]]
| cinematography = Chirantan Das
| editing = Sanjib Datta
| music = [[Tapas Relia]]
| studio =
| distributor = Kukunoor Movies Shreya Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|10|14|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|63 [[lakh]]}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=875|title=Mod - Movie - Box Office India|website=[[Boxofficeindia.com]]|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315133554/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=875|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mod''''' ({{IPA|hi|'moːɽ}}; {{Translation|''Turn''}}) is a 2011 Hindi [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama]] film directed by [[Nagesh Kukunoor]].<ref>{{cite interview|last=Kukunoor|first=Nagesh|subject-link=Kukunoor|interviewer=Nishat Bari|title=Nagesh Kukunoor talks about his film 'Mod'|date=8 October 2011|publisher=[[India Today]]|location=[[Noida, Uttar Pradesh]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20111017-nagesh-kukunoor-mod-interview-747959-2011-10-08|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315141601/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20111017-nagesh-kukunoor-mod-interview-747959-2011-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Ayesha Takia]] and [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]], [[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Tanvi Azmi]], and [[Anant Mahadevan]]. The film was released on 14 October 2011. The film is a remake of the 2007 Taiwanese film ′'Keeping Watch.′′<ref name=tai>{{Cite news|first=Harshikaa|last=Udasi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-mod-file/article2481925.ece|title=The Mod File|date=24 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315111549/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-mod-file/article2481925.ece|archive-date=15 March 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=September 2020}}
A 25-year-old woman named Ananya lives in a beautiful hill station called Ganga in [[Nilgiris district]] with her father, Ashok Mahadeo, and aunt, Gayatri Garg. Ashok is the head of the local [[Kishore Kumar]] fan club, while Gayatri runs a restaurant. Ananya's mother left home years ago to pursue her dreams. Ashok still waits for her to return. A local shopkeeper, Gangaram, to whom they owe money, has feelings for Ananya.

In order to support herself and her father, Ananya runs a watch repair store, where she meets a stranger named Andy. He comes every day to get his waterlogged watch repaired and leaves a ₹100 note in the form of an Origami swan. Andy claims to be her classmate from school and admits that he had a crush on her and had agreed to wait for 10 years to see her. She takes a liking to him and both hang out together while she attempts to deal with her creditor, Gangaram, and increasing pressure from R.K. Constructions, who want to build a resort in the area. Eventually, Ananya and Andy fall in love. However, Ananya's world shatters when she finds out that the real Andy died several years ago, and the man claiming to be him is actually an inmate at the local mental institute. The rest of the film traces the truth about the man impersonating Andy and Ananya's tribulations.

==Cast==
* [[Ayesha Takia]] as Ananya Mahadeo<ref>{{cite interview |last=Takia |first=Ayesha |subject-link=Ayesha Takia |interviewer=Navdeep Kaur Marwah|title=I am not ambitious: Ayesha Takia Azmi|date=11 October 2011|publisher= [[Hindustan Times]]|location=[[New Delhi]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-am-not-ambitious-Ayesha-Takia-Azmi/Article1-756083.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017165013/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-am-not-ambitious-Ayesha-Takia-Azmi/Article1-756083.aspx|archive-date=17 October 2011|access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]] as Andy/Abhay
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] as Ashok Mahadeo
* [[Tanvi Azmi]] as Gayatri Garg
* [[Anant Mahadevan]] as Dr. Reddy
* [[Gulfam Khan]] as Nurse Kutty
* [[Prateeksha Lonkar]] as Mrs. Raymond
* [[Nakul Roshan Sahdev]] as young Andrew Raymond

==Music==
The music for the film was composed by [[Tapas Relia]].

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tu Hi Tu
| length1 = 5:32
| extra1 = [[Shivam Pathak]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title2 = Ai Meri Jaaniya
| length2 = 4:14
| extra2 = [[Shivam Pathak]]
| title3 = Chand Pal Ke Hamsafar
| length3 = 6:20
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]] & Shreya Ghoshal
| title4 = Aaj Main Ho Gayi Jawaan
| length4 = 4:49
| extra4 = Raghubir, Shreya Ghoshal & Hrishikesh
| title5 = Tu Hi Tu
| note5 = Unplugged
| length5 = 4:48
| extra5 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title6 = Aaj Main Ho Gayi Jawaan
| note6 = Remix
| length6 = 4:38
| extra6 = Raghubir & Shreya Ghoshal
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
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| total_length = 29:01
| length = no
}}

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 2 out of 5, writing, ″Ayesha Takia Azmi sparkles yet again in MOD. A truly wonderful performance! Contrary to his image, Rannvijay is cast as a sweet, quirky, sensitive, geeky guy here. And not just the character, but also his performance takes you by surprise. He nails it right this time. Raghubir Yadav is, as always, dependable. Tanvi Azmi shines as well. Anant Mahadevan is first-rate. Rushad Rana does well. Nikhil Ratnaparkhi excels. Prateeksha Lonkar appears in a cameo. On the whole, MOD appeals in bits and spurts. That's about it!″<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mod/critic-review/mod-movie-review/|title=Mod Movie Review|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|author-link=Taran Adarsh|date=14 October 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315110519/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mod/critic-review/mod-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> A. Ganesh Nadar of Rediff.com gave the film 2 out 5, writing ″It's a lovely story with great actors, and great scenery. What screws it up is the slow movement. You really have to have patience to watch the movie or be happy just to watch Ayesha. Wish director Nagesh Kukunoor had someone to tell him that slow and steady doesn't win races any more. You have to be fast and racy. A must-see for Ayesha fans; the rest can give it a miss.″<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mod-is-only-for-ayesha-takia-fans/20111014.htm|title=Review: Mod is only for Ayesha Takia fans|first=A. Ganesh|last=Nadar|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=14 October 2011|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315135454/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mod-is-only-for-ayesha-takia-fans/20111014.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aniruddha Guha]] of [[Daily News & Analysis|DNA]] gave the film 2 out of 5, writing ″Mod doesn’t work in totality, but has its moments. What it does, really, is remind you of the fact that Kukunoor is a filmmaker you can't ignore. Shunning technical flamboyance, he continues to tell stories in the more conventional mould, some which work, some which don't. You can expect him to stun you in the future.″<ref>{{Cite web|first=Aniruddha|last=Guha|author-link=Aniruddha Guha|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-mod-shows-only-glimpses-of-kukunoor-s-mastery-1598833|title=Review: 'Mod' shows only glimpses of Kukunoor's mastery|website=[[Daily News & Analysis|DNA India]]|date=15 October 2011|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315135454/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-mod-shows-only-glimpses-of-kukunoor-s-mastery-1598833|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of [[The Indian Express]] gave the film 1.5 out of 5, writing, ″It's so obvious that Andy is not who he says he is that you wonder why Kukunoor takes so long to get to the point. But then, he needs to pause to show off all the nice waterfalls and the rocks and the winding roads. The scenery is fine only for a bit, but then gets overtaken by situations which you can see a mile off. You know that that Andy is disturbed much before the doctor (Mahadevan) pronounces his diagnosis. The reason for his being the way he is unspools with no surprises. Takia is her familiar wholesome-girl-next-door but has to shoulder too much of the film, and Rannvijay is one-tone.″<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mod/860009/|title=Mod - Indian Express|website=[[The Indian Express]]|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|author-link=Shubhra Gupta|date=14 October 2011|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315110518/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mod/860009/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Komal Nahta]], editor of Koimoi.com quoted, "Mod will not be able to score at the ticket windows" and gave it one star.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/mod-review/|title=Mod Review|first=Komal|last=Nahta|author-link=Komal Nahta|date=14 October 2011|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315110837/https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/mod-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2043923|Mod}}

{{Nagesh Kukunoor}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nagesh Kukunoor]]
[[Category:Films scored by Tapas Relia]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of foreign films]]
[[Category:Films about dissociative identity disorder]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Taiwanese films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav

2026-03-01T16:53:53Z

ThomasPeterdavid:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav''' (born 1968)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav(RJD):Constituency- HUSSAINABAD(PALAMU ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=11158 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is a three-time MLA from [[Hussainabad Assembly constituency]] in [[Palamu district|Palamu District]]. He won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Rashtriya Janata Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2024 |title=Jharkhand result signals RJD revival as party bags 4 of 6 seats it contested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-result-signals-rjd-revival-as-party-bags-4-of-6-seats-it-contested-9686887/ |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2024 |title=Jharkhand election results 2024: Constituency-wise full winners list and key highlights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jharkhand-election-results-2024-constituency-wise-full-winners-list-and-key-highlights/articleshow/115585742.cms |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Yadav is from [[Hussainabad, Jharkhand|Hussainabad]], Palamu District, Jharkhand. He is the son of Krishna Chandra Prasad. He passed Class 10 at Harvey High School, Japla, [[Bihar]].<ref name="myneta"/>

== Career ==
Yadav won from Hussainabad Assembly constituency representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in the 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 81,476 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Kamlesh Kumar Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 34,364 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Hussainabad, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: RJD's Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav defeats BJP's Kamlesh Kumar Singh with 34364 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/hussainabad-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638499-2024-11-23 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hussainabad Election Result 2024 LIVE: Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav of RJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/hussainabad-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130317.html |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hussainabad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hussainabad-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> but lost the next election in [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] to Kamlesh Kumar Singh of [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]. He regained the seat for RJD winning the [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Hussainabad 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2009/jharkhand/hussainabad/53/31279/209 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hussainabad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hussainabad-jharkhand-assembly-constituency |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He won for the third time in the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]], also on RJD seat.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Sanjay Kumar Singh}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Palamu district]]

Siege of Skardu

2026-02-26T20:02:53Z

ThomasPeterdavid: updated

{{Short description|Siege during the First Kashmir War of 1947}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Skardu
| partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
| image = THOMSON(1852) p232 ISKARDO FORT.jpg
| caption = A painting of [[Skardu Fort]]
| place = [[Skardu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| date = 11 February 1948 – 14 August 1948 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=2|day1=11|year1=1948|month2=8|day2=14|year2=1948}})
| territory = [[Skardu]] becomes part of [[Gilgit Baltistan|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]
| result = Pakistani victory<ref name=":0"/><ref name=khanduri/>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Dominion of India]]
*[[File: Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|22px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*{{air force|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
*[[File:Flag of State of Chitral.svg|25px]] [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = {{plainlist|[[Colonel|Col.]] [[Sher Jung Thapa]]{{Surrendered}} Capt. Ganga Singh{{Surrendered}}<ref name="Surrender at Skardu—1948"/> Capt. Parhdal Singh{{Surrendered}}<ref name="Surrender at Skardu—1948" /> Lt. Ajit Singh{{Surrendered}}<ref name="Surrender at Skardu—1948" />}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|[[Major (rank)|Maj.]] Ehsan Ali Khan [[Colonel|Col.]] [[Burhan-ud-Din of Chitral|Burhan-ud-Din]] [[Colonel|Col.]] [[Mata-ul-Mulk]] Lt. [[Babar Khan (officer)|Babar Khan]]}}
| commander3 =
| units1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] {{air force|India}}<ref name=":0"/>
| units2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Ibex Force]] {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Chitral Scouts]] [[File:Flag of State of Chitral.svg|25px]] [[Chitral Bodyguard|Chitral State Bodyguards]]
| units3 =
| strength1 = 285<ref name=":0" />
| strength2 = ~ 400 {{small|([[Ibex Force]], February – April 1948)}}<ref name="Surrender at Skardu—1948" />
~ 300 {{small|([[Chitral Bodyguard|Chitral Forces]], June – August 1948)}}<ref name="Surrender at Skardu—1948" />
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = 250 captured<ref name="Surrender at Skardu—1948" />
| casualties2 = Unknown
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

The '''siege of Skardu''' was a prolonged military [[blockade]] carried out by the pro-Pakistani forces of [[Ibex Force]], [[Chitral Scouts]] and [[Chitral Bodyguard|Chitral State Bodyguards]], against the [[Jammu & Kashmir Rifles|Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] and the [[Indian Army]] in the town of [[Skardu]], during the [[First Kashmir War]] of 1947–48.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ |title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective |date=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8-170-62301-4 |pages=82-89 |language=en}}</ref> The victory of pro-Pakistani forces resulted in Skardu becoming part of modern-day [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].
==Background==
[[Gilgit Scouts]], the British-officered force of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir stationed in Gilgit for frontier defence, launched [[Operation Datta Khel]] on 31 October 1947 after hearing the news of Jammu and Kashmir's [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accession]] to India. They were joined by rebels from the 6th battalion of the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] stationed at [[Bunji, Pakistan|Bunji]], annihilated the rest of the battalion and imprisoned its commander Col. Abdul Majid. The combined forces of the Gilgit Scouts and rebels were placed under the command of Lt. Col. [[Aslam Khan (Pakistani brigadier)|Aslam Khan]] by the Azad Kashmir provisional government.{{Efn|Lt. Col. Aslam Khan was a decorated officer of the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces, who moved to the British Indian Army and later Pakistan Army. Officially on leave from the Pakistan Army, he described himself as a "deserter" and joined the service of the Azad Kashmir provisioinal government, .}} Aslam Khan divided the troops into three forces of 400 men each, and deployed one of them, the "[[Ibex Force]]" under Major Ehsan Ali Khan, to take Skardu.<ref name="Surrender at Skardu—1948">{{cite web |last1= Khan |first1=Masud Ahmed |title=Surrender at Skardu—1948 |date=27 September 2020 |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/28-Sep-2020/surrender-at-skardu-1948|newspaper= The Nation}}</ref>

Skardu, the political centre of [[Baltistan]], was the headquarters of a [[tehsil]] of the [[Ladakh Wazarat]]. The administration of the wazarat was stationed at Skardu for six months in each year and at [[Leh]] for the other six months. At the time of the rebellion, a company of the 6th battalion of Jammu and Kashmir State Forces under the command of a [[Gurkha]] officer, Major [[Sher Jung Thapa]] was at Leh.

== Siege of Skardu ==
When the news of the Gilgit rebellion was received, Sher Jung Thapa was promoted to Lieut. Colonel and made commander of the remainder of the 6th battalion. He was asked to proceed to Skardu for its defence. On reaching Skardu on 3 December, he realised that his position was untenable and sought permission to withdraw the garrison and the civil administration to [[Kargil]] and also requested reinforcements. The request for withdrawal was turned down and he was reportedly asked "to hold to last man and last round".<ref name=":0" /> The Indian forces, along with the non-Muslim civil population of Skardu, withdrew into the Skardu Fort.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tsw5AQAAIAAJ |title=External affairs |date=1959-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Poplai |editor-first=Sundar Lal |series=India, 1947–50 |volume=2 |page=493 |language=en |oclc=361810}}</ref> On 1 February, 1948 the leading column of the Ibex force left [[Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains|Harmosh]], 25 miles east of Gilgit and reached Tsari on 9 February where it quickly [[Action at Tsari|overpowered the two Indian platoons]] left by Col. Thapa. Skardu was besieged on 11 February.<ref name="Surrender at Skardu—1948" />

Meanwhile in [[Srinagar]], under the control of the Indian Army, a Skardu relief column consisting of two companies was assembled, which crossed [[Zoji La|Zoji La Pass]] and reached Skardu on 10 February.<ref name=":0" /> On 11 February, the Ibex Force battled with the Indian garrison. After a six-hour-long battle between the two, the besiegers retreated. They came again on 14 February directing "harassing fire into the fort".<ref name="Chakravorty">{{cite book |author1=Chakravorty |first=B. L. |title=Stories of Heroism: PVC & MVC Winners |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-8-170-23516-3 |pages=352–353}}</ref>

In mid-March a second Indian relief column consisting of 350 men and 600 coolies under the command of Brig. Faqir Singh was [[Battle of Thorgo|ambushed and destroyed at Thorgo]] by Ibex Force, 10 miles away from Skardu. Renewed attacks were carried on the besieged garrison on March 24 and half of the Indian positions were captured.<ref name="Surrender at Skardu—1948" /> A third Indian relief column consisting of two battalions under the command of Lt. Col. Sampuran Singh and Lt. Col. Kirpal Singh was sent in April and ambushed at Parkutta by the Ibex Force on 20 April, which developed into a full scale battle by the mid-May. As a result the siege of Skardu was lifted and the responsibility of blockade was handed over to the local volunteers as the rest of force was sent to Parkutta.<ref name="Surrender at Skardu—1948" /> On 29 April Major Ehsan Ali left Skardu, giving the charge to Lt. [[Babar Khan (officer)|Babar Khan]].{{Sfn|Dani|1991|p=387}}

In June the prince of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] [[Mata-ul-Mulk]] arrived in Skardu with his brother [[Burhan-ud-Din (Indian National Army officer)|Burhan-ud-Din]] and a contingent of Chitral bodyguards. He took charge after Babar Khan was sent to Ladakh on 12 June. His arrival was instrumental in turning the tide of war as he brought with him four pieces of light artillery. On 17 June Mata-ul-Mulk communicated with Thapa through a captured Indian POW:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Tikoo |first=Tej Kumar |title=1947-48 Indo-Pak War: Fall of Gilgit and Siege and Fall of Skardu |date=2013 |publisher=[[Vivekananda International Foundation]] |pages=15–16}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=You have done your duty as every soldier should do ... I therefore advise you to lay down arms and I take full responsibility to give protection to one and all. You must trust me and believe me as I am not only a soldier but also possess royal blood ... as a proof of my goodwill I wish to inform you that not a single [[Sikh]] or [[Hindu]] resident of Chitral has been hurt and not a single non-Muslim property looted or damaged and up till now they carry on their business as if nothing at all has happened. I therefore advise you again to lay down arms and thus save your lives. An Officer should accompany back the white flag if you consider my words sincere and honest.}}

Thapa however treated the prince's message with contempt and refused.<ref name=":1" /> From 19 June till the end the Indian garrison had the continuous support of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]].{{Sfn|Dani|1991|pp=387–388}} By mid-August 1948, the Indian garrison was in beggarly shape and the Kashmir forces began to leave the fort in small batches on 13 August 1948. On 14 August 1948 and with the last box of the reserve ammunition used, the garrison capitulated to col. Mata-ul-Mulk.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=Spare a thought for those defenders of Skardu |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/spare-a-thought-for-those-defenders-of-skardu/121327.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820000228/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/spare-a-thought-for-those-defenders-of-skardu/121327.html |archive-date=20 August 2016 |website=Tribune India |publication-date=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="khanduri">{{Cite book |last=Khanduri |first=Chandra B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXfAAAAMAAJ |title=Thimayya: An Amazing Life |date=2006 |publisher=Knowledge World |isbn=978-8-187-96636-4 |pages=123-129 |language=en}}</ref> All the remaining men were reportedly killed, except for Col. Thapa and his Sikh orderly.<ref name="Chakravorty" /> Col. Thapa, who had earned his respect from Mata-ul-Mulk due to his last stand, was released a few weeks later, and was awarded [[Maha Vir Chakra]] by the Indian government.

== See also ==

* [[Kashmir conflict]]
** [[1947 Gilgit rebellion]]
** [[1948 military operations in Ladakh]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Saraf |first=M. Yusuf |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |url= |title=Kashmiris Fight For Freedom (1819–1946) |date=2015|orig-date=1979 |publisher=[[Ferozsons]] |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3541/page/n292/mode/1up?q= |volume=II |location=Lahore |pages=279–286 |chapter=XXVII. Liberation of Gilgit |oclc=917824524}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |url= |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan |date=1991 |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Quaid-i-Azam University |isbn=978-969-415-016-1 |edition=2nd |location=Islamabad |pages=380–390 |language=en |chapter= Struggle for Freedom (1947–1948)|orig-date=1989}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Skardu 1948}}
[[Category:Battles of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:History of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]
[[Category:Skardu District]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Sieges involving India]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century sieges]]
[[Category:February 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:March 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:April 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:May 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:June 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:July 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:August 1948 in Asia]]

Sukhmani Sadana

2026-02-20T07:03:03Z

ThomasPeterdavid:

{{Short description|Indian writer and actress (b. 1990)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sukhmani Sadana
| image = Sukhmani Sadana in 2020.jpg
| caption = Sadana in 2020
| other names =
| birth_date = 
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| occupation = Actor, Writer, [[Screenplay writer]]
}}
'''Sukhmani Sadana''' is an Indian writer and actress from [[Amritsar]]. She is the editor-in-chief of a digital magazine called ''F.A.C.E''. She played the role of Uttara Bakshi in the TV series ''[[Khotey Sikkey]]'' that aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/apr/250413-telly-show-khotey-sikkey-actress-sukhmani-sadana-turns-writer.htm | title=Telly show 'Khotey Sikkey' actress Sukhmani Sadana turns writer | publisher=[[Mid-Day]] | date=25 April 2013 | access-date=16 January 2014 | author=Shah, Kunal}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sadana attended [[Welham Girls' School]], [[Dehradun]] and graduated from [[Lady Shri Ram College]], [[Delhi University]].<ref name="ET_2017">{{cite news |date=17 September 2017 |title=Sukhmani Sadana shares her Doon days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sukhmani-sadana-shares-her-doon-days/articleshow/49001094.cms |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=Entertainment Times}}</ref> She also studied at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]], [[Mumbai]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==Career==
She worked as a copywriter in [[Ogilvy India (agency)|Ogilvy]], [[Mumbai]] writing ads for brands such as [[Vodafone]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/swinging-into-action/757033/0 | title=Swinging into Action | publisher=[[Indian Express]] | date=3 March 2011 | access-date=16 January 2014 | author=Kapoor, Jaskiran}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2011
|''Ishq Holiday''
|Payal
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
|Lovely Singh
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[Ishq Kills]]''
|Sabrina Fernandes
|Episode 13
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Khotey Sikkey]]''
|Uttara Bakshi
|
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2018
|''The Story''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Parchhayee''
|Suzie
|
|
|-
|''Sacred Games''
|Mikki (Bunty's sister)
|
|
|-
|2021
|[[Tandav (TV series)|''Tandav'']]
|Divya Ahluwalia, Doctor
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=Jan 17, 2021|title=A.R. Rahman adapts Dhakka Laga Bukka for Tandav|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-r-rahman-adapts-dhakka-laga-bukka-for-tandav/articleshow/80308753.cms|access-date=2021-01-21|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Debnath|first=Neela|date=2021-01-13|title=How many episodes are in Tandav?|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1383483/Tandav-How-many-episodes-are-in-Tandav-series-evg|access-date=2021-01-21|website=Express.co.uk|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[The Broken News]]''
|Arunima Sanyal
|
|
|-
|''[[Tanaav]]''
| Nusrat Farooqui
|
|
|-
|}

===As writer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
|2012
|''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]''
|Dialogue revisor
|-
|2013
|''[[Horror Story (film)|Horror Story]]''
|Dialogue writer
|-
|2014
|''[[Creature 3D]]''
| rowspan="2" |Screenplay
|-
|2016
|''[[1920 London]]''
|-
|2018
|''[[Phir Se...]]''
|Dialogue/ Screenplay
|-
|2022
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
|Additional screenplay writer
|-
|2022
| ''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]''
| Co-writer
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadana, Sukhmani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Welham Girls' School alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Muslim Students Federation (IUML)

2026-02-09T12:30:18Z

ThomasPeterdavid: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Muslim Students Federation (Indian Union Muslim League)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from acronym}}
}}

Govindram Seksaria

2026-02-07T19:31:21Z

ThomasPeterdavid: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Govindram Seksaria
|image = Govindram Seksaria.jpg
|image_size = 220px
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1888|10|19}}
|birth_place = [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date ={{Death date|df=yes|1946|05|22}}
|death_place =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|citizenship =
|other_names =
|known_for = Commodities Business,Real Estate, Educational Institutes
|education =
|alma_mater =
|employer =
|occupation = Businessman
|years_active =
|spouse =
| family = [[Seksaria]]
|callsign =
|website =
|footnotes =
| awards =
|signature =
}}
'''Govindram Seksaria''' was an Indian industrialist of the Seksaria family. He is known as the Cotton King of India. He was among the most successful industrialist of pre-independence India.

== Birth and early life ==
Govindram Seksaria was born on 19 October 1888. In [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]] in a marwari family. He lost both his parents at an early age and took responsibility of his wife, brothers Bholaram, Ramnath, Makhanlal & two sisters. He moved from [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]] to [[Mumbai]] (formerly [[Mumbai|Bombay]]) in the early 1900s and started operating under the name of Messrs. Govindram Seksaria. [[India]] was under the [[British Raj]] at that time, and every major industry was owned or managed by foreign firms that had the full support of the government. For Indian firms and businessmen, survival and growth was difficult and risky under a government that was both unsupportive and bleak. It was in such a hostile environment that Govindram Seksaria started his career as an operator on the Bombay Cotton Exchange. Within a few years, the Cotton Contract Board accepted his membership. Later, he became one of the original members of the East India Cotton Association. He went on to become a very famous name in the cotton market.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Merchant |first=Minhaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGTPDwAAQBAJ |title=Govindram Sakseria |date=2019 |publisher=Manjul Publishing |isbn=978-93-88241-88-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Entry into other businesses==
After his success in the cotton market, Seksaria soon entered into bullion and other commodity markets. He also delved in various stock exchanges in India including the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]. He also became a founding member of the Indian Stock Exchange. Seksaria was a member of the following boards and chambers:

* Marwari Chambers of Commerce
* The Bombay Bullion Exchange
* The Bombay Seeds Brokers' Association
* The [[Indian Merchants' Chamber]]

==Entry in International Market==
Though Seksaria was very successful in Indian markets, there was not much growth potential in the country at the time. So, in 1934, Seksaria became a member of the [[New York Cotton Exchange]], a rare thing for an Indian in those days. Seksaria retained his membership till his death. He was also a member of the [[Liverpool Cotton Exchange]] and, later, the copper, sugar and wheat exchanges of various British and American cities.

==Establishment of Industries==
Seksaria ventured into industry in 1937 by establishing Govindram Brothers Pvt. Ltd. Under this company he started a vegetable oil business and soon diversified into sugar, textile, minerals, mining, banking, printing and motion pictures. He also entered into real estate by establishing Estate Investment Co. Ltd. to manage his vast real estate holdings. In banking, he founded the [[Bank of Rajasthan]]. He also helped in Indian motion picture development through his close association with the [[Bombay Talkies]] studio. Seksaria was also a principal donor in the establishment of [[Bombay Hospital]].

==His Family==
His successors were his grandsons, Rajkumar Seksaria and Nandkumar Seksaria. Today, they manage his business. Family member [[Narotam Sekhsaria]] went onto found [[Ambuja Cements]].

==Death and legacy==
Govindram Seksaria died in 1946 at the age of 58. All the major markets in Mumbai, including the bullion exchange, cotton exchange and stock exchange remained closed that day as a tribute to this leader of industry. He established many schools and colleges. This trend continued with his son, the late Kudilalji Seksaria, who donated toward the [[Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science]]. His sons, Rajkumar Seksaria and Nandkumar Seksaria, in turn, went on to establish the Govindram Seksaria Institute of Management and Research.
He was a great person till date.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*http://seksaria.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814234543/http://seksaria.org/ |date=14 August 2011 }}

==External links==
*http://www.sgsits.ac.in/
*https://web.archive.org/web/20110713221540/http://www.gssbgm.org/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seksaria, Govindram}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:People from Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]

Anuradha Patel

2026-02-06T05:45:21Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Page updated with additional details

{{short description|Indian film actress (born 1965)}}
{{for|the sculptor|Anuradha Patel (sculptor)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anuradha Patel
| image = Shri_Amit_Kumar,_son_of_the_Legendary_film_personality_late_Kishore_Kumar_and_Ms._Anooradha_Patel_(Grand_daughter_of_Dadasaheb_Phalke_Awardee_late_Ashok_Kumar)_showing_a_painting_by_Ashok_Kumar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Anuradha with her uncle [[Amit Kumar]] at an event
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|03|14}}<ref name="Tabassum Talkies">{{cite web|title=Anuradha Patel|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thhTP1Md1NA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/thhTP1Md1NA |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|time=1:27|website=YouTube |date=9 November 2020 |accessdate=19 December 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]]|1988}}
| children = {{ubl|Siddharth Singh (son)|Aditya Singh (son)|Mariam Singh (adopted daughter)}}
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actress
| parents = {{ubl|Dr. Veerendra Patel (father)|Bharati Jaffrey (mother)}}
| relatives = {{ubl|Rahul Patel (brother)|Sahil Jaffrey (stepbrother)|Hameed Jaffrey (stepfather)|[[Amit Kumar]] (maternal uncle)|[[Ashok Kumar]] (maternal grandfather)|Shobha Ganguly (maternal grandmother)}}
}}

'''Anuradha Patel''' (born 14 March 1965) is an Indian actress of the famous [[Ganguly family]].

==Early life==
Anuradha was born on 14 March 1965
in [[Mumbai]]. Her maternal grandfather is the veteran actor [[Ashok Kumar]] and her grand-uncle is [[Kishore Kumar]].

==Personal life==
She is married to actor [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] since 1988. They have two sons Sidharth and Aditya.

==Career==
Patel made her film debut in the 1983 film ''[[Love in Goa]]'' paired opposite former child actor Mayur Verma. She went on to appear in successful films like ''[[Utsav]]'' (1984), ''Phir Aayee Barsat'' (1985), ''[[Dharm Adhikari]]'', ''[[Sadaa Suhagan]]'' (1986), ''[[Ijaazat]]'' (1987),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-three-classic-films-by-gulzar-insights-into-the-films/story-KTOJhHw5tVY3MVjdLdrgWJ.html|title=Review: Three Classic Films by Gulzar - Insights Into the Films|date=2019-05-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> ''[[Rukhsat]]'' (1988).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/simi-garewal-on-hindrance-in-her-acting-career-5858545/|title=Simi Garewal: If I would have come in now, I would have fit in well|date=2019-07-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> But then she did not get lead roles in films from 1989 and chose to do Television and advertisements. She took a hiatus from acting from the early 1990s to focus on her family and sons, yet continued her career in modeling. After a 10-year break, she returned to films in the late 2000s, appearing in films like ''[[Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na]]'' (2008) Khaap with Om Puri, ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' (2011) Aisha, Dhantya Open and more.

Apart from being an actor, she is also the director of Dynamic Finishing Academy for Personality Development, Public Speaking, Grooming, and Confidence Building, which she conceptualized in 1987. She also played cameos in the [[Star Plus]] serials [[Dekho Magar Pyaar Se]] and [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]] opposite [[Jeetendra]]. She presently continues to act in selected films and for advertisements such as Samsung, Aashirwad Atta, Milton, PC Chandra Jewelers, and more, which leaves her time to focus on her family too. She recently acted in the 2021 Amazon fashion advertisement along with her husband, Kawaljit Singh''.''

==Honours==
Anuradha was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for [[Ijaazat]] (1987) besides others.
Received Perfect Achievers Award For “Best Personality Development” Classes (2018) given by Gurubhai Thakkar the organizer.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2019|title=Perfect Woman|url=https://www.perfectwomanpvtltd.com/files/shares/Magazine-pdf/MAGAZINE%20MARCH%202019.pdf|journal=Perfect Woman Limited|volume=3|pages=73|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925051450/https://www.perfectwomanpvtltd.com/files/shares/Magazine-pdf/MAGAZINE%20MARCH%202019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Love in Goa]]'' (1983)
*''[[Utsav]]'' (1984)
*''[[All Rounder (1984 film)|All Rounder]]'' (1984)
*''Phir Aayee Barsat'' (1985)
*''Bandhan Anjana'' (1985)
*''Anantyatra'' (1985)
*''[[Paththar]]'' (15 March 1985) as Gomti Resham singh
*''[[Jaan Ki Baazi]]'' (25 October 1985)
*''[[Dharam Adhikari]]'' (1986)
*''[[Sadaa Suhagan]]'' (1986)
*''[[Duty (1986 film)]]'' (19 September 1986)
*''Kaun Kitney Pani Mein'' (13 March 1987)
*''[[Ijaazat]]'' (1987) as Maya
*''[[Rukhsat]]'' (10 June 1988)
*''[[Tohfa Mohabbat Ka]]'' (1988)
*''[[Dayavan]]'' (1988)
*''Mera Naseeb'' (1989)
*''[[Gharwali Baharwali (1988 film)]]''
*''Eina Mina Dika''(1989) Special Appearance in ''Marathi Film''
*''[[Jyoti (1988 film)|Jyoti]]'' (1988)
*''[[Apne Begaane]]'' (1989)
*''[[Gentleman (1989 Film)|Gentleman]]'' (1989)
*''Lohe Ke Haath'' (1990)
*''Abu Kaliya'' (1990)
*''[[Deewane]]'' (1991)
*''Benaam Rishte'' (1992)
*''[[Manvini Bhavai (film)|Manvini Bhavai]] '' (Gujarati) (1994)
*''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' (2003)
*''Hamari Beti'' (2006)
*''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'' (2007)
*''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' (2008)
*''[[Aisha (2010 film)|Aisha]]'' (2010)
*''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' (2011)
*''[[Rabba Main Kya Karoon]]'' (2013)
*''[[It's My Life (film)|It's My Life]]'' (2020)
*''[[Radhe Shyam]]'' (2022)
*''[[Tuesdays and Fridays]]'' (2023)
*''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]'' (2023) as Rasna Kapadia
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0665351}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Anuradha}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-film-actor-1960s-stub}}

Baagli

2026-02-05T04:13:25Z

ThomasPeterdavid: new

{{other places|Bagli (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baagli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Baaglee
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Bagli tehsil within Dewas district.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Baagli Tehsil within Dewas District
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.65|N|76.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1130
| population_total = 10,310 <ref name=census2011>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802254-bagli-madhya-pradesh.html|title = Bagli Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2021 | Madhya Pradesh}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ,
[[Malvi language|Malvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 455227
| registration_plate = MP55
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baagli''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in the [[Malwa]] region of [[Dewas district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. Bagli is around {{cvt|66|km}} from [[Dewas]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref name=census2011/> Bagli had a population of 10,310. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bagli has an average literacy rate of 79.94%, higher than state average of 69.32%. Male literacy is around 87.86% while female literacy rate is 71.63%.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-24|title=काेराेना वायरस का असर...चंद्रकेश्वर तीर्थ में अाज भूतड़ी अमावस्या पर हाेने वाले स्नान पर प्रतिबंध|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/dewas/news/mp-news-effect-of-kareena-virus-ban-on-bathing-on-the-new-moon-day-in-the-chandrakeshwar-pilgrimage-062557-6903079.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-03|title=बागली में डेढ़ इंच और देवास में भी रुक रुककर रिमझिम, जिले में 31 इंच बारिश|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/dewas/news/mp-news-one-and-a-half-inches-in-bagli-and-rimjhim-in-dewas-also-stopped-31-inches-of-rain-in-the-district-063505-5391000.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>

As per current estimates, the population of Bagli Nagar Panchayat in 2025 is approximately 15,000. The scheduled 2021 [[2011 census of India|Census]] was postponed due to the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, and updated official figures are expected after the next census. According to available data, Scheduled Tribes (ST) constitute 14.17% and Scheduled Castes (SC) 11.80% of the total population. Out of the working population, 3,568 residents are engaged in economic activities, of which 75.14% are main workers and 24.86% are marginal workers.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

==Geography==
One of the most important rivers of MP & Rajasthan, [[Kali Sindh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dewas-dewas-bagli-rain-kalisindh-river-1825842|title=रुक-रुककर हो रही बारिश कालीसिंध नदी अभी भी सूखी|date=20 July 2018}}</ref> flows through the south of the town.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-13|title=बागली में युवाओं ने अलग-अलग जगह की नाकाबंदी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/dewas/news/blockade-of-different-places-by-youth-in-bagli-127157306.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-12|title=VIDEO श्रावण सोमवार : गौमुख से निकल रही अखंड जलधारा से हो रहा भगवान शंकर का अभिषेक|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dewas-water-comes-from-gaumukh-in-jata-shankar-mandir-near-bagli-dewas-district-3098046|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Nai Dunia|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-20|title=कोरोना वायरस से बचाव के लिए न्यायालय भी सजग|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dewas-dewas-rural-bagli-pipalrawa-corona-effect-5427040|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Nai Dunia|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-20|title=कांटाफाेड़-पुंजापुरा मार्ग पर अामने-सामने भिड़ीं दाे बाइक, 3 युवकाें की माैत, दाे किशाेरी गंभीर|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/dewas/news/mp-news-two-bikes-collided-head-on-in-front-of-the-forkafed-punjapura-road-3-youngsters-being-beaten-up-073057-6219837.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-31|title=ब्लॉक के सभी 306 गांव होंगे कोरेंटाइन जनता भी हो रही जागरुक|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dewas-dewas-corona-lockdown-karfew-bagli-5444716|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Nai Dunia|language=hi}}</ref>

It is the largest tehsil of Dewas district. Parts of [[Vindhya Range]] are seen in and around Bagli.

==Religion==
The Hindu temple of ''Jata-Shankar'' dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]] is located at the outskirts of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brandbharat.com/english/mp/districts/Dewas/Dewas_BAGLI_JATASHANKAR_JATASHANKAR.html |title=JATASHANKAR Village JATASHANKAR Panchayat BAGLI Block Dewas, Madhya Pradesh}}</ref> People from all over the state visit this religious site.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-15|title=In Kailash Joshi's memory, Bagli to be made district, says Madhya Pradesh CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/in-kailash-joshis-memory-bagli-to-be-made-district-says-madhya-pradesh-cm-shivraj-singh-chouhan-861339.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The name "Bagli" comes from the Hindi word "Bagh", meaning "tiger". In the years after the 1857 revolt in India, it was merged with the Gwalior state. Bagli was one of the petty states under the Indore agency. It is situated 36 miles to the south of Indore. The chiefs of Bagli belong to the Jodhpur family of Rathore Rajputs, the state was founded by Thakor ur Gokul Das who was originally and subsequently an adherent of both Malhar Rao Holkar and Ranoji Scindia. Thakor Gokul Das had four sons - Beri Sal, Bharat Singh, Sher Singh and Salam Singh of whom Salam Singh was in position of Bagli state on the occasion of the settlement of Malwa by Sir John Malcolm in 1819 AD. Salam Singh was successfully followed by his son and grandson Bhim Singh and Kishore Singh respectively. Then, later at his death left his second son incharge of the estate. Thakor Raghunath Singh grandson of Kishore Singh who followed him, died suddenly in the year 1896 AD and was succeeded by his son Thakor Ranjit Singh. The chief had received his education at Daly College, Indore. The installation ceremony of the chief was performed by Captain LS Newmarch, who was the first assistant to the agent of the Governor General in India. 1897 AD since that time Raja Ranjit Singh had been conducting the affairs of his estate. Raja Sajjan Singh younger brother of Raja Ranjit Singh succeeded him till the eve of independence.

==Language==
The most spoken language of Bagli is [[Malvi language|Malwi]], a local dialect spoken in [[Malwa]] region of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-24|title=सरपंच-सचिव संगठन ने कलेक्टर-एसपी के नाम दिया ज्ञापन, बागली टीअाई ने की अभद्रता|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/dewas/news/sarpanch-secretary-organization-gave-memorandum-to-collector-sp-bagli-ti-committed-indecency-127546527.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=बागली उपजेल में एक कैदी निकला कोरोना पॉजिटिव, मचा हड़कंप |url=https://mpbreakingnews.in/madhya-pradesh/dewas/prisoner-corona-positive-found-in-bagli-sub-jail/ |access-date=2020-08-18 |website=MP Breaking News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pal|first=Deepika|title=हादसा : नदी पार करते समय बही वैन, एक ने कूदकर बचाई जान, 3 की खोज जारी|url=https://www.rajexpress.co/india/central-india/madhya-pradesh/dewas-news-maruti-van-swept-away-while-crossing-river-in-bagli-police-station-area|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Raj Express|language=hi}}</ref>

==District Demand==
The demand to make Bagli a district is also raised by the people and the local government. Former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh [[Kailash Joshi]] also wanted to make Bagli a district. There is a continuous demand for a district in Bagli due to its distance from the district headquarters and for the convenience of the citizens. There is a demand to include Bagli, [[Kannod]], [[Satwas]] and [[Udainagar]] tehsils in this district. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=बागली जिला बनाओ अभियान की डॉक्यूमेंट्री फिल्म का गांधी चौक पर हुआ प्रदर्शन|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/dewas/news/documentary-film-of-bagli-district-banao-abhiyan-performed-at-gandhi-chowk-127494259.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dewas district}}
{{Ujjain Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dewas district]]

Nara Rohith

2026-01-19T20:31:03Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Started First Info More To Come

{{Short description|Indian actor and producer}}
{{Family name hatnote|Nara|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nara Rohith
| image = Nara Rohith.jpg
| caption = Rohith in 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|7|25}}{{cn|date=October 2024}}
| birth_place = [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Anna University]] [[New York Film Academy]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|playback singer}}
| parents = [[Nara Ramamurthy Naidu]] (father)
| family = See [[Nandamuri–Nara family]]
| yearsactive = 2009–2018 2024–present
}}
'''Nara Rohith''' (born 25 July 1984) is an Indian actor in, and producer of, [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. An alumnus of [[New York Film Academy]], he is known for works such as ''[[Baanam]]'' (2009), ''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]'' (2011), ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' (2014), ''[[Rowdy Fellow]]'' (2014), ''[[Asura (2015 film)|Asura]] (2015)'' and ''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]'' (2016). He owns the production house [[Aran Media Works]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Rohith contributed a voice-over to ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' (2013) and ''[[Okkadu Migiladu]]'' (2017).<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6L4IgMGps2E</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Nara Rohit’s voice-over for Manoj in Okkadu Migiladu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/Nov/09/rohiths-voice-over-for-manoj-2981.html |access-date=28 February 2025 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=9 November 2017 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nara Rohith is the son of [[Nara Ramamurthy Naidu]], the brother of [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh. He did his schooling in Hyderabad and Intermediate in Vignan College at Vadlamudi. He did his [[B.Tech]] in Industrial Bio Technology at [[Anna University]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nararohith.html|title= Interview with Nara Rohith |publisher = [[idlebrain.com]] |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> He then did a course in acting from [[New York Film Academy]], New York, and a film making course in [[Los Angeles]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}

== Personal life ==
On 13 October 2024, Rohith got engaged to his ''[[Prathinidhi 2]]'' co-star Siree Lella in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-14 |title=Nara Rohit gets engaged to his 'Prathinidhi 2' co-star Siree Lella |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nara-rohit-gets-engaged-to-his-prathinidhi-2-co-star-siree-lella/articleshow/114188559.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rohith made his acting debut with ''[[Baanam]]'' (2009), directed by Chaitanya Dantuluri.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/banam_moviereview.php |title= Banam - Movie Review |publisher= telugucinema.com |access-date= 7 December 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120423184337/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/banam_moviereview.php |archive-date= 23 April 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> The film was released to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-telugu-movie-review-baanam/20090916.htm|title=''Baanam'' is interesting|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=16 September 2009}}</ref> He got moderate success with his second film ''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]'', which was released in 2011 and directed by [[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-solo.html |title= Solo Telugu Movie review |publisher= [[idlebrain.com]] |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref> In 2012, he did a supporting role in [[Ravi Teja]]'s ''[[Sarocharu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sarocharu/movie-review/17706613.cms|title=Sarocharu Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2013, he worked with director Srinivas Raga on ''[[Okkadine]]'', co-starring [[Nithya Menon]]. The film was not successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-okkadine/20130214.htm|title =Okkadine isn't appealing | work= rediff.com |access-date=4 March 2013 }}</ref> He made a comeback with the political film ''[[Pratinidhi]]'' (2014), which revolved around his character kidnapping the chief minister. The film was well received.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratinidhi review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/pratinidhi.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pratinidhi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/pratinidhi-movie-review/movie-review/34231120.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On the eve of Rohith's birthday, the movie ''[[Balakrishnudu]]''{{'}}s motion poster was released, which featured him in a toned body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/news/impressive-new-look-nara-rohith | title= Impressive new look of Nara Rohith |publisher= Telugu Cinema}}</ref> Shutting out all the body shaming comments against him, the actor revealed his fit and healthy transformed body.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The poster received a positive response. A great support and encouragement from director Pavan Mallela helped him to lose weight, said the actor in an interview with [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBqfQ5JVOkI | title= Reason behind Nara Rohit's Six Pack Body ! - TV9 |publisher= [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]]}}</ref>

After a six year gap, the movie ''[[Prathinidhi 2]]'', directed by Murthy Devagupthapu, was released in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-04-01 |title=Rupali Ganguly talks about her iconic character Monisha: 'I was being myself, wasn't acting' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/rupali-ganguly-talks-about-her-iconic-character-monisha-i-was-being-myself-wasnt-acting-869299 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2009||''[[Baanam]]''|| Bhagat Panigrahi ||
|
|-
|2011||''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]'' || Gautam ||
|
|-
|2012||''[[Sarocharu]]''||Gautam||
|
|-
|2013||''[[Okkadine]]''||Surya||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014||''[[Prathinidhi]]''||Srinu ||
|
|-
|''[[Rowdy Fellow]]''||Rana Prathap Jayadev||
|
|-
|2015||''[[Asura (2015 film)|Asura]] ''|| N. Dharma Teja || Also presenter
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2016||''[[Tuntari]]'' ||Raju||
|
|-
|''[[Savitri (2016 film)|Savitri]]'' || Rishi ||Also singer of "Teenmaar" song
|
|-
|''[[Raja Cheyyi Vesthe]]''||Raja Ram||
|
|-
|''[[Nayaki]]'' || Aravind || Simultaneously shot in Tamil as ''Nayagi''; cameo appearance || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Nayaki-A-futile-effort/article14492652.ece/|title=Nayaki: A futile effort|date=15 July 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]''||Achyut||
|
|-
|''[[Shankara (2016 film)|Shankara]]''||Shankar||
|
|-
|''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]'' || Imtiyaz Ali ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017||''[[Shamanthakamani]]'' || Ranjith Kumar ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kathalo Rajakumari]]''|| Arjun Chakravarthy ||
|
|-
| ''[[Balakrishnudu]]''||Balakrishna aka Balu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mental Madhilo]]'' || Bus passenger || Cameo appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018 || ''[[Needi Naadi Oke Katha]]'' || Philanthropist || Cameo appearance
|
|-
|| ''[[Aatagallu]]'' ||Siddharth||
|
|-
| ''[[Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu (film)|Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu]]''|| Deepak Reddy ||
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Prathinidhi 2]]''
|Chetan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/prathinidhi-2-movie-review-in-telugu-starring-nara-rohit-160630|title=ప్రతినిధి 2 రివ్యూ: నారా రోహిత్ పొలిటికల్ కాంట్రవర్సీనా? లేదంటే ఇది థ్రిల్లర్ సినిమానా?|first=Satya|last=Pulagam|date=10 May 2024|website=telugu.abplive.com|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628213343/https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/prathinidhi-2-movie-review-in-telugu-starring-nara-rohit-160630|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Bhairavam]]''
|Varada
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-11-04 |title=First look of Bellamkonda Srinivas starrer Bhairavam unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/04/first-look-of-bellamkonda-srinivas-starrer-bhairavam-unveiled#:~:text=The%20makers%20of%20Bellamkonda%20Sreenivas,Naresh%20in%20the%20lead%20role. |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sundarakanda (2025 film)|Sundarakanda]]''
|Siddharth
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/25/nara-rohit-starrer-sundarakandas-teaser-to-be-unveiled-on-this-date|title=Nara Rohit-starrer Sundarakanda’s teaser to be unveiled on this date|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=25 August 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|}

=== As narrator ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
|-
| 2013
|''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]''
|-
| 2017
|''[[Okkadu Migiladu]]''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3611091}}
* {{Twitter|IamRohithNara}}
* {{Facebook|nararohith}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nara Rohit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Anna University alumni]]
[[Category:New York Film Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Tirupati]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Savitaben Parmar

2026-01-16T23:43:51Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Starting a article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Savitaben Parmar
| other_names = Savitaben Kolsawallah
| occupation = Entrepreneur
}}

'''Savitaben Parmar''' is an Indian social entrepreneur from [[Ahmedabad]], India. She is known for starting a successful business despite her background of poverty and [[Caste discrimination in India|caste discrimination]] as a member of the [[Dalit]] community. Her biography was profiled as one of the fifteen stories in the book ''Dalit Millionaires: 15 Inspiring Stories'' by Milind Khandekar.

== Biography ==
Parmar lives in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat. She belongs to a [[Dalit]] community. Her husband worked as a bus conductor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1994-04-30 |title=Breaking the Barriers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19940430-breaking-the-barriers-755537-1994-04-29 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Parmar began her business career to support her family due to financial constraints.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-07 |title=Business unusual |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/business-unusual/article5985663.ece |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> She initially gathered and sold half-burnt coals (cinders) discarded by textile mills in Ahmedabad, a trade which earned her the name "Savitaben Kolsawala" (Savitaben the coal-seller).<ref name="BusinessStandard3">{{cite news |date=6 May 2014 |title=Inspiring stories of Dalit millionaires |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/inspiring-stories-of-dalit-millionaires-114050600460_1.html |access-date=19 November 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Khandekar|2013|p=|loc=Chapter 5}} She eventually expanded her operations from trading coal to manufacturing.<ref name=":0" /> She established a business producing ceramic tiles in 1991, which grew into a profitable enterprise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman started with selling coal now owns a huge business empire. What does it take? |url=https://bookofachievers.com/articles/sold-coal-for-a-while-and-now-how-did-she-own-a-huge-business-empire |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=BookOfAchievers |language=en-IN}}</ref> As of 2015, her tile manufacturing business had an annual turnover of [[Indian rupee|₹]]50 crore and employed over 200 people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=वर्गीज |first=Anil Varghese अनिल |date=2015-10-14 |title=Fighting the Brahmin and Baniya raj |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2015/10/fighting-the-brahmin-and-baniya-raj/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Ashok Khade]]
* [[Kalpana Saroj]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Books ===

* {{cite book |last=Khandekar |first=Milind |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dalit_Millionaires/t2ZBAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Dalit Millionaires: 15 Inspiring Stories |date=December 15, 2013 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-583-3 |access-date=November 17, 2025}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Savitaben}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dalit businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shahriyar

2026-01-15T01:37:11Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Put Up Some Article W/ Infobox...

{{wikt|Shahriyar|Shahryar|Shahriyar|Şəhriyar}}
'''Shahriyar''' or variants may refer to:
{{toc right}}
==Places==
*[[Shahriar, Tehran province]], Iran
**[[Shahriar County]]
*[[Shahriar, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari]], Iran
*[[Shahriar, Fars]], Iran
*[[Shahriar-e Tavakkoli]], Fars Province, Iran
*[[Shahriar, Lorestan]], Iran
*[[Shagriar (disambiguation)]], various towns in Armenia
*[[Shahryar (crater)]], on Saturn's moon Enceladus

==People==
*[[Abu Hasan Shahriar]], Bangladeshi poet
*[[Akhlaq Mohammed Khan]] (1936-2012), mostly known by his poetic pen name [[Shahriyar]] of [[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|1981 film Umrao Jaan]] fame in India and Pakistan
*[[Masum Shahriar]], Bangladeshi television director and screenwriter
*[[Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar]], Mohammed Hussein Behjet, who uses the pen name Shahriar
*[[Munim Shahriar]], Bangladeshi cricketer
*[[Md. Nasser Shahrear Zahedee Mohul|Nasser Shahrear Zahedee Mohul]], Bangladeshi politician
* [[Hassan Shahriar]], Bangladeshi columnist and political analyst
* [[Hossain Mokbul Shahriar]], Bangladeshi politician
*[[Ishaq Shahryar]], Afghan ambassador to the United States
*[[Ivan Shahriar]], Bangladeshi choreographer
*[[Rezwan Shahriar Sumit]], Bangladeshi filmmaker
* [[Shahriyar (son of Khosrow II)]], Sassanid prince and the father of Yazdegerd III, the last king of the Sassanid Persia
* [[Shahriar Alam (politician)|Shahriar Alam]], Bangladeshi state minister
* [[Shahriar Akhter Bulu]], Bangladeshi politician
* [[Shahriar Hossain]], Bangladeshi cricketer
* [[Shahriar Kabir]], Bangladeshi journalist
* [[Shahryar Khan]], Pakistani former diplomat
* [[Shahriar Komol]], Bangladeshi cricketer
*[[Shakhriyar Mamedyarov]], Azerbaijani chess player
*[[Shahriar Manzoor]], Bangladeshi computer scientist
* [[Shahryar Mirza]], Mughal prince, younger brother of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan
* [[Shahriar Nafees]], Bangladeshi cricketer
*[[Shahriar Nazim Joy]], Bangladeshi actor, writer, and director
* [[Al Sahariar|Al Sahariar Rokon]], Bangladeshi cricketer
* [[Shahriar Shafiq]], assassinated Iranian navy officer and Ashraf Pahlavi's son
* [[Shahriar Shahriari]], American mathematician and professor at [[Pomona College]]
*[[Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan]], Bangladeshi army officer

==Fictional characters==
* Shahryar, [[List of One Thousand and One Nights characters#Shahryar|a character in ''One Thousand and One Nights'']]

==Other uses==
* [[Shahryar (horse)]]

==See also==
* [[Shahriar (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|given name|geo}}
[[Category:Persian masculine given names|Shahryar]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names|Shahryar]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahryar}}

Keslur Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:14:34Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Creating New Info...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Keslur
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 127,467
| mla = Baiduram Kashyap
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Keslur Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Baiduram Kashyap || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Keslur<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Baiduram Kashyap |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=39,222 |percentage=50.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mannu Ram Kachcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,164 |percentage=19.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramnath Sarfe |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,304 |percentage=11.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harishankar Kashyap |party=Independent politician |votes=5,482 |percentage=7.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonsing Kashyap |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,772 |percentage=3.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sada |party=Independent politician |votes=2,337 |percentage=3.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonsai Kashyap |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,334 |percentage=2.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,058 |percentage=30.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,941 |percentage=61.15% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,467 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Mallika Dutt

2026-01-01T05:24:05Z

ThomasPeterdavid: small changes

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2018}}[[File:Mallika Dutt at the World Economic Forum on India 2012.jpg|thumbnail|Mallika Dutt at the World Economic Forum on India 2012]]
'''Mallika Dutt''' leads Inter-Connected, a new initiative that uplifts the independent nature of self, community and planet to advance collective wellbeing. She brings together the power of ancient wisdom and spiritual practices with contemporary technologies and storytelling. Dutt is the founder of [[Breakthrough (human rights)|Breakthrough]], a human rights organization dedicated to making violence against women unacceptable.

Dutt served as Founder, President and CEO of Breakthrough until March 2017. Dutt has twice been named one of [[Verve (Indian magazine)|''Verve's'']] Top 50 most influential women<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://verveonline.com/74/people/powerlist05.shtml|title=Verve's 50 Power Women 2009|last=|first=|date=June 2009|website=verveonline.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> and has received multiple awards in recognition of her human rights activism, including the 2016 [[Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://skoll.org/2016/04/11/skoll-foundation-announces-skoll-awards-for-social-entrepreneurship/|title=Skoll {{!}} Announcing the 2016 Skoll Awards for Social Entrepreneurship|last=|first=|date=11 April 2016|website=skoll.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> Dutt is co-founder of [[Sakhi for South Asian Women]], a women's rights organization.

==Early life and education==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
Dutt was born in [[Kolkata]], India in 1962, and grew up in Kolkata and Mirzapur. She received a Bachelor of Arts in International Affairs at [[Mount Holyoke College]]. Dutt also received a Masters in International Affairs and South Asian Studies from [[Columbia University]] in 1986, and graduated with a Juris Doctor from [[New York University Law School]] in 1989. In May 2012, Dutt received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from Mount Holyoke College.

== Career ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}

=== Breakthrough ===
In 2000, Dutt founded Breakthrough with [[Mann ke Manjeeré]], an album and music video on women's rights. Launched as an experiment in using pop culture and media for social justice, Mann ke Manjeeré remained on the Indian pop charts for six weeks, going on to win the 2001 [[Screen Award|National Screen Award]] in India for Best Music Video. Breakthrough produced various multimedia campaigns including social change video games, ICED and America 2049, that addressed immigrant rights in the United States. Breakthrough's highly successful Bell Bajao (Ring the Bell) campaign, calling on men and boys to get engaged in the movement for women's equality, won the 2010: Silver Lion at Cannes International Advertising Film Festival. Working from centers in India and the United States, Breakthrough's mission is to build a world in which violence against women is unacceptable and all beings can thrive.

===Early career and activism===

==== Sakhi for South Asian Women ====
In 1989, Dutt co-founded SAKHI for South Asian Women, an organization providing community support to end violence against women of South Asian origin. SAKHI creates a safe space for education and other support services, while also engaging a broader South Asian community against domestic violence.

==== Norman Foundation and Hunter College ====
From 1992-1994, Dutt worked as a director at the Norman Foundation, a New York-based organization supporting efforts of communities to determine their own economic, environmental and social well-being.

==== Rutgers University Center for Women's Global Leadership ====
In 1994 -1996, Dutt served as the Associate Director of Rutgers University, [[Center for Women's Global Leadership]]. In this role, Dutt directed the Center's contributions to UN World Conferences including Hearings and Tribunals at World Summit on Social Development, [[International Conference on Population and Development]], and
[[World Conference on Women, 1995|World Conference on Women]].

==== Ford Foundation ====
From 1996 to 2000, Dutt served as Program Officer for Human Rights at the [[Ford Foundation]] in New Delhi. Dutt initiated the Foundation's work in police reform and forged partnerships among police, NGOs, and civil society groups.

==Boards and committees==
Dutt has served on several boards and committees, including:

*Global Agenda Council on Social Media, [[World Economic Forum]] 2014
*Board of Directors, Peace is Loud 2014
*Board of Advocates, [[Planned Parenthood Federation of America]] 2014
*Global Agenda Council on India, World Economic Forum 2014
*Board of Directors, NEO Philanthropy 2014
*Advisory Board, Unitarian Universalist Holdeen India Fund 2013
* Board of Directors, Public Interest Projects 2012
* U.S. Programs Board, [[Open Society Foundations]] 2011
* Global Agenda Council on Human Rights, World Economic Forum 2011
* Regional Agenda Council on India, World Economic Forum; current focus on governance and transparency 2010 – 2011
* Advisory Board, [[Games for Change]] 2011
* Board of Directors, WITNESS: video and technology for human rights 2001 – 2011
* Member, [[Council on Foreign Relations]] 2011
* Advisory Committee, [[Human Rights Watch]] Asia 2011
* Visiting Social Activist, Twink Frey, Center for the Education of Women, [[University of Michigan]] Spring 2009
* Scholar in Residence, Human Rights Program, [[College of New Rochelle]], School of Arts and Sciences Spring 2002
* International Advisory Committee, [[Association for Women's Rights in Development]] Conference, Reinventing Globalization, Mexico 2002
* Social Action Committee, MediaRights.org 2002
* Visiting Scholar, Center for the Study of Human Rights, [[Columbia University]] 2001
* Member, New Delhi Lt. Governor Committee on Public Police Relations 2000

==Awards and honors==
*Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship, The Skoll Foundation, 2016
*21 Leaders for the 21st Century, [[Women's eNews]] 2016
*[[India Abroad]] Gopal Raju Award for Service to the Community, India Abroad 2014
*Lipman Family Prize, [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania]] 2014
*50 Fearless Minds Changing the World, [[The Daily Muse|Daily Muse]], 2013
*International Humanitarian Award, Yo Dona (Spain), 2013
* Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters, Mount Holyoke College, 2012
* Distinguished Service, Diversity & Progress Award, South Asian Law Students Association of New York Law School, 2010
* Karmaveer Puraskar: National Award for Social Justice & Citizen Action, Indian Confederation of NGOs, 2009
* American Courage Award, Asian American Justice Center, 2009
* Trailblazer Award, South Asians in Media Marketing Association (SAMMA), 2008
* The Woman of Color, Woman of Courage Award, IUP Women's Studies Program, 2008
* Award for Distinguished Service, New York University School of Law BLAPA Alumni Association, 2006

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.mallikadutt.com Official website]
*[http://www.mallikadutt.com/bio/ Official biography]
*[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/041902/dutt.shtml Breaking through Barriers to Equality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630094557/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/041902/dutt.shtml |date=30 June 2016 }} – Mount Holyoke College
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070426154448/http://www.law.nyu.edu/alumni/almo/2003_2004/dutt.html Alumna of the month] – [[New York University]]
*[http://www.sajaforum.org/2007/07/immigration-ice.html SAJAforum on Dutt's ICED project]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091017211045/http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/hearing_notice.asp?id=1124 U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Mallika}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Mount Holyoke College alumni]]
[[Category:Activists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Anti-domestic violence activists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:New York University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]

Hardev Singh Laddi

2025-12-08T20:55:52Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Creating A Bio...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Hardev Singh Laddi''' '''Sherowalia''' (born 1968)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hardev Singh Laddi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SHAHKOT(JALANDHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=146 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Punjab]]. He is an MLA from [[Shahkot Assembly constituency]] in [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar District]]. He won the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahkot Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Hardev Singh Laddi of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/shahkot-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4853192.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Shahkot, Punjab Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Shahkot विधानसभा सीट पर Hardev Singh Laddi ने Bachitar Singh Kohar को हराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/shahkot-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-punjab-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425350-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Laddi is from [[Shahkot, India|Shahkot]], Jalandhar District, Punjab. He is the son of Harjinder Singh. He passed Class 10 in 1984 in the examinations conducted by Punjab School Education Board.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Laddi won from Shahkot Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election. He polled 51,661 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bachitar Singh Kohar of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], by a margin of 12,079 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Shahkot (Punjab) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/shahkot-punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7810206/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-03-10 |title=Shahkot Punjab Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: INC Candidate HARDEV SINGH LADDI wins from Shahkot, Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/shahkot-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-winpunjab-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-1518723 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Shahkot, Punjab Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: INC's Hardev Singh Laddi with 51661 defeats SAD's Bachitar Singh Kohar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/shahkot-punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1922874-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the 2018 Punjab Legislative Assembly by election, defeating Naib Singh Kohar of the Shiromani Akali Dal, by a margin of 38,801 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-01 |title=Shahkot Bye-Election Result 2018: Congress wrests Akali bastion after 21 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/shahkot-bye-election-result-2018-congress-wrests-shahkot-assembly-seat-from-sad-5198484/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:laddi, Hardev Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]

Vandalur Reserve Forest

2025-11-14T15:36:46Z

ThomasPeterdavid: improved article

{{Short description|Protected area of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2015}}
[[File:Reserve Forest PGR6.JPG|thumb|upright=0.90|right|South-Eastern side of Vandalur Hill]]

'''Vandalur Reserve Forest''' is a protected area located in the suburb of [[Vandalur]] to the southwestern part of [[Chennai]], about 30 km from the city centre. It is bordered by the [[Grand Southern Trunk Road|Grand Southern Trunk (GST) Road]] in the west and Suddhanandha Bharathi Street on the northern and the eastern sides and is intersected by the Vandalur–Kelambakkam Road on the southern side. The reserve forest contains [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]], the largest [[zoological garden]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].

==History==
In 1976, a portion of the reserve forest covering {{Convert|1265|acre}} was demarcated by the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] as the new location for the Madras Zoo, initially located in [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]].<ref name="behindindia">{{Cite web
|url = http://www.behindindia.com/india-news-stories/aug-10-02/vandalur-16-08-10.html
|title = Vandalur zoo gets ready to celebrate
|work = behindindia.com
|publisher = Behind India
|date = 16 August 2010
|access-date = 18 Jul 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120322084046/http://www.behindindia.com/india-news-stories/aug-10-02/vandalur-16-08-10.html
|archive-date = 22 March 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Work started in 1979 at an initial cost of {{INR}} 75 million, and the zoo was opened to public on 24 July 1985 as the Arignar Anna Zoological Park. In 2001, another {{Convert|92.45|ha}} of land from the reserve forest, located adjacent to the zoo, was augmented with the zoo to build a rescue and rehabilitation center for confiscated and abandoned wild animals, increasing the zoo's size to {{Convert|602|ha}}.

==See also==
* [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]]
* [[Nanmangalam Reserve Forest]]
{{Portal bar|India|Environment|Geography}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics|left}}

{{coord|12.894268|80.096684|display=title}}

[[Category:Geography of Chennai]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Reserved forests of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas with year of establishment missing]]

Kampili kingdom

2025-11-04T16:28:04Z

ThomasPeterdavid: fixed issues

{{Short description|14th century Hindu kingdom in South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Map of Kampili kingdom.png|thumb|The map of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in 1320 CE, with Kampili kingdom shown in the southern parts of [[Karnataka]].]]
[[File:Shiva temple on Hemakuta hill 3.JPG|thumb|right|A Shiva temple on Hemakuta hill in [[Hampi]] was built by [[Kampilideva]], the last king of the Kampili Kingdom.]]
The '''Kampili kingdom''' was a short-lived Hindu kingdom in the 14th century CE in South India.<ref name="Stein1989p18"/><ref name=talbot281/> The kingdom existed near [[Ballari]] in the [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] river in the northeastern parts of the present-day [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]].<ref name=talbot281>{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281 |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|pages=281–282}}</ref> It was destroyed after a defeat by the armies of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] and a ''[[Jauhar]]'' (mass war suicide by immolation) in 1327 CE when it faced a defeat.<ref name="Storm2015p311">{{cite book|author=Mary Storm|title=Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-32556-7|page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kanhaiya L Srivastava|title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206-1526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=202|isbn=9788121502245}}</ref> The Kampili kingdom in some historical accounts is called the Basnaga kingdom, and it is the kingdom which inspired and ultimately led to the Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=gilmartin300>{{cite book|author1=David Gilmartin|author2=Bruce B. Lawrence|title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-3099-9|pages=300–306, 321–322}}</ref>

==History==
The founder of the kingdom was a Hoysala commander, Singeya Nayaka-III (1280 CE–1300 CE), who declared independence after the Turkish forces of the Dehli Sultanate was killed by the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]] in their territories in 1294 CE. Nayaka-III was succeeded by his son [[Kampilideva]] in 1300 CE, who remained in dispute with the territorial claims of the Delhi Sultanate's forces. The Kampili kingdom then [[Siege of Kampili|fell to the invasion]] in 1327 CE from the north by the forces of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], the Tughlaq king of Delhi.<ref name="Stein1989p18"/> The army led by Malik Zada sent the news of its victory over Kampili kingdom to Muhammad bin Tughluq in Delhi by sending the straw-stuffed beheaded head and body of the dead Hindu king Kampilideva.<ref name="Storm2015p311"/> The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] emerged in 1336 CE from the remains of this kingdom and it ruled over South India for 310 years.<ref name="Stein1989p18">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA18 |year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=18–19}}</ref><ref name=gilmartin300/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Old Kannada inscription (1326 AD) of Kampili Raya in Shiva temple on Hemakuta hill in Hampi.JPG|Old Kannada inscription (1326 CE) of Kampilideva, the Raja of the Kampili Kingdom, in [[mandapa]] of a Shiva temple built by him on Hemakuta hill in [[Hampi]].
File:Old Kannada inscription (1326 AD) of Kampili Raya on rock face of Hemakuta hill in Hampi.JPG|Old Kannada inscription (1326 CE) of Kampilideva, the Raja of the Kampili Kingdom, on a rock face of the Hemakuta hill in Hampi.
File:Old Kannada inscription (1309 A.D.) of Kampili Raya on rockface of Hemakuta hill in Hampi.JPG|Old Kannada inscription dated 1309 CE, of Kampilideva, the Raja of the Kampili Kingdom, on a rock face of the Hemakuta hill in Hampi.
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Kammata Durga]], the capital of the Kampili kingdom
* [[Kampilideva]], the last Kampili king, the father of [[Kumara Rama]]
* [[Kumara Rama]], a Kampili prince

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hoysala Kingdom]]
[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]

Vijay Award for Best Actress

2025-11-01T04:09:36Z

ThomasPeterdavid: brief rework content after review also and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Vijay Award for Best Actress''' is given by [[STAR Vijay]] as part of its annual [[Vijay Awards]] ceremony for [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[Kollywood]]) films. It was given from the second ceremony onwards.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Actress
! Film
|-
|2017
|[[Nayanthara]]
|''[[Aramm]]''
|-
| 2014
| [[Amala Paul]]
| ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
|-
| 2013
| [[Nayanthara]]
| ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''
|-
| 2012
| [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
| ''[[Neethane En Ponvasantham]]''
|-
| 2011
| [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]]
| ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]''
|-
| 2010
| [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]]
| ''[[Angadi Theru]]''
|-
| 2009
| [[Pooja Umashanker]]
| ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''
|-
| 2008
| [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]''
|-
| 2007 || [[Priyamani]]
| ''[[Paruthiveeran]]''
|}

==Multiple wins==
The following individuals have received two or more Best Actress awards:

{| class="wikitable"
!Wins
!Actress
|-
|2
|{{cslist|[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]|[[Nayanthara]]}}
|}

==Winners and nominations==
* '''2007 [[Priyamani]] – ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'''''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starboxoffice.com/kollywood/vijayawards/about.html |title=Star Vijay Awards 2007 |work=Star Box Office |access-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726022319/http://www.starboxoffice.com/kollywood/vijayawards/about.html |archive-date=26 July 2008}}</ref>
** [[Asin]] – ''[[Pokkiri]]''
** [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] – ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]''
** [[Jyothika]] – ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]''
** [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] – ''[[Mirugam]]''
* '''2008 [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] – ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'''''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47587.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618072752/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47587.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2009 |title=Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref>
** [[Asin]] – ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
** [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] – ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]''
** [[Genelia D'Souza]] – ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]''

* '''2009 [[Pooja Umashanker]] – ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'''''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article441682.ece |title='Pasanga' steals show at Vijay awards |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 May 2010 |last1=Lakshmi |first1=K. |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129122805/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article441682.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Vijay Awards 2009 full event |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaRFLHWxWYw |language=ta |publisher=Vijay Television |location=India |date=5 June 2012 |type=Television production |time-caption=Nominees for Best Actress are announced in the video at the time stamp |time=03:31:26 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=22 January 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122112815/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaRFLHWxWYw |url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] – ''[[Pokkisham]]''
** [[Sindhu Menon]] – ''[[Eeram]]''
** [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] – ''[[Kandein Kadhalai]]''
** [[Vega Tamotia]] – ''[[Pasanga]]''
* '''2010 [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]] – ''[[Angadi Theru]]'''''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2135142.ece?homepage=true |title=Legends steal the show at Close up Vijay Awards |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 June 2011 |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630213813/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2135142.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[Amala Paul]] – ''[[Mynaa]]''
** [[Reema Sen]] – ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]''
** [[Aishwarya Rai]] – ''[[Ravanan]]''
** [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] – ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
* '''2011 [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]] – ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'''''
** [[Nithya Menen]] – ''[[Nootrenbadhu]]''
** [[Anushka Shetty]] – ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]''
** [[Ineya|Iniya]] – ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
** [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] – ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]''

* '''2012 [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] – ''[[Neethane En Ponvasantham]]'''''
**[[Kajal Aggarwal]] - ''[[Thuppakki]]''
**[[Shruti Haasan]] - ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
**[[Sunaina]] - ''[[Neerparavai]]''
**[[Viji Chandrasekhar]] - ''[[Aarohanam (2012 film)|Aarohanam]]''
* '''2013 [[Nayanthara]] – ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'''''
**[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] - ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]''
**[[Pooja Umashanker]] - ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]''
**[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] - ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]''
**[[Vedhicka]] - ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''
* '''2014 [[Amala Paul]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'''''
**[[Nithya Menen]] - ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]''
**[[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] - ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]''
**[[Sridivya]] - ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]''
**[[Vedhicka]] - ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''

==Multiple Nominations==
The following individuals have received two or more Best Actress nominations:

{| class="wikitable"
!Wins
!Actress
|-
|2
|{{cslist|[[Asin]], [[Padmapriya]], [[Sneha]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], [[Sneha]], [[Pooja Umashankar]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Vedhicka]]}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Tamil cinema]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vijay Awards|Actress]]
[[Category:Film awards for lead actress]]

Punya Nagari

2025-10-12T21:54:23Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Adding New Data W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Punya Nagari पुण्य नगरी
| logo = File:Punya Nagari logo.jpg
| image = Punya Nagari Newspaper.jpg
| caption = Front page, 2023
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = Punya Nagari Newsgroup
| founder = Muralidhar Shingote<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai: Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray offers condolences|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=738597|website=Daiji World}}</ref>
| founded = 1999;23 years ago
| language = Marathi
| publishing_country = India
| circulation = 416,625
| sister_newspapers = {{plainlist|
*''Mumbai Choufer''
*''Aapla Vartahar''
*''Yashobhoomi''
*''Karnataka Malla''
*''Tamil Times''
*''Hindmata''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muralidhar Shingote, founder-editor of Dainik Punyanagari passed away|url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/mumbai/murdhilar-shingote-founder-of-dainik-punyanagari-passed-away/207663/|website=My Mahanagar}}</ref>
}}
| website = http://www.epunyanagari.com/
}}

'''''Punya Nagari''''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language daily [[newspaper]] published in [[Maharashtra]]. It was established in 1999 by Muralidhar Shingote.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-06 |title='दैनिक पुण्यनगरी'चे संस्थापक-संपादक बाबा शिंगोटे यांचे निधन |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/latest-news/dainik-punyanagari-founder-editor-baba-shingote-dies-252913.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-08 |title=Baba Shingote, the Marathi school dropout who sold fruits and set up Kannada and Tamil newspapers in Mumbai, passes away |url=https://indianjournalismreview.com/2020/08/08/baba-shingote-the-marathi-school-dropout-who-sold-fruits-and-set-up-kannada-and-tamil-newspapers-in-mumbai-passes-away/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821100634/https://indianjournalismreview.com/2020/08/08/baba-shingote-the-marathi-school-dropout-who-sold-fruits-and-set-up-kannada-and-tamil-newspapers-in-mumbai-passes-away/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 August 2020 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=IJR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पुण्यनगरीचे संस्थापक मुरलीधर (बाबा) शिंगोटे यांचे निधन |url=https://www.esakal.com/pune/murlidhar-baba-shingote-founder-punyanagari-newspaper-passed-away-330560 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Sakal |language=mr-IN}}</ref> According to the [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]], its average circulation is 416,625.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punya Nagari Newspaper Ads {{!}} Rate Card Online {{!}} Adinnewspaper |url=https://www.adinnewspaper.com/punya-nagari/newspaper |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.adinnewspaper.com}}</ref> ''Punya Nagari'' newspaper is published from [[Mumbai]], [[Nashik]], [[Nanded]], [[Pune]], [[Ahilyanagar]], [[Thane]], [[Nagpur]], [[Dhule]], [[Jalgaon]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Latur]], [[Akola]], [[Amravati]], [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]] and [[Solapur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=punyanagari |url=http://www.epunyanagari.com/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.epunyanagari.com}}</ref>

== History ==
Baba Shingote (Murlidhar Shingote), the founder of Punya Nagari, reached [[Mumbai]] for work and business after dropping out school. Initially he selling fruit, then worked with Buwasheth Dangat and sell newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-06 |title='दैनिक पुण्यनगरी'चे संस्थापक-संपादक बाबा शिंगोटे यांचे निधन |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/latest-news/dainik-punyanagari-founder-editor-baba-shingote-dies-252913.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>

In 1994, Shingote started an evening daily newspaper named ''Mumbai Chaufer''. Followed by ''Aapala Vartahar'', ''Yasobhoomi'', ''Karnataka Malla'', ''Tamil Times'', ''Hindmata'' and in 1999 he started ''Punya Nagari''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-07 |title=वृत्तपत्र विक्रेता ते संस्थापक : 'पुण्यनगरी'चे अध्वर्यू मुरलीधर शिंगोटे यांचे निधन |url=https://www.lokmat.com/pune/adhvaryu-muralidhar-shingote-punyanagari-passes-away-a601/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.epunyanagari.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Newspapers published in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Marathi-language newspapers]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Sayaji Baug

2025-10-10T07:15:16Z

ThomasPeterdavid: Starting some post and citations

{{Short description|Garden in Vadodara, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2011}}

'''Sayaji Baug''' (also known as '''Kamati Baug''') is a garden located in [[Vadodara, Gujarat]], India. it was built by [[Maharaja]] [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao Gaekwad]] - a great visionary ruler of [[Baroda State|Baroda]]. It is the biggest garden in [[Western India]] with the area surrounding more than {{cvt|100|acres}}.

==Description==
[[File:Sayaji Baug.jpg|thumb|Sayaji Baug Main Gate]]
[[File:Baroda Museum exterior.jpg|thumb|right|Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery]]
[[File:Sayaji Baug planetarium.jpg|thumb|right|Planetarium]]
[[File:Vadodara Planetarium-2.jpg|thumb|Planetarium]]
[[File:Sayaji Baug Toy Train.jpg|thumb|right|Toy Train]]
[[File:Sayaji Baug Zoo.jpg|thumb|right|Zoo]]
[[File:Sayaji Baug Floral Clock.jpg|thumb|right|Floral Clock]]
[[File:Joy Train Station.jpg|thumb|Joy Train Station]]

Sayaji Baug was dedicated to the citizens of Vadodara by [[Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaekwad III]] in 1879. Sayajirao III built Sayaji Baug, well known as Kamati Baug, on the river Vishwamitri. It is one of the largest public gardens in Western India, sprawling over {{convert|113|acre|km2}}. It has a rich flora of more than 98 species of trees. It is one of the finest gardens in India, and is maintained by Vadodara Municipal Corporation. Thousands of citizens of the city come here for their morning walk as well as for pleasant view of the garden. The garden is home to the [[Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery]], the Sardar Patel Planetarium, and the Sayaji Baug Zoo.

There are three entrance gates. The main gate is at Sayaji Circle (informally known as "Kala Ghoda Chowk" or "black horse circle" because of an equestrian statue standing there). This gate is only {{convert|800|m}} from the main city railway station and even less from the city bus stand. The third gate is at Rana Pratap square in Fatehganj area, and the second gate stands somewhere in between first and third gates.

==Highlights==
===''Statues of the Two brave boys of Dhari''===
The '''Arjan Koli''' and '''Hari Koli''' were two [[Koli people|Koli]] brothers from [[Dhari, Gujarat|Dhari]] town. They saved the life of [[Maharaja]] Sayajirao Gaekwad III of [[Baroda State]] from a lion during hunting in 1933. After that both brothers were respected in open court (Baroda state darbar) and their bronze statues were established in royal Sayaji Baug (Kamati Baug) by Sayajirao Gaekwad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Know Your City: How Baroda’s bronze statues will regain their black sheen in Rs 1.10 crore restoration project |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/know-your-city-how-barodas-bronze-statues-will-regain-their-black-sheen-in-rs-1-10-crore-restoration-project-9167612/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery===
{{main|Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery}}
[[File:Baroda Museum1.jpg|thumb|Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery]]
The museum was built in 1894 to resemble the [[Victoria & Albert Museum]] of London. The building was designed by Major Mant and R.F. Chisholm. It preserves a rich collection of art, sculpture, ethnography and ethnology. The picture gallery has diverse works of art from both India and abroad, including works by British painters [[J. M. W. Turner]] and [[John Constable]], a gallery of Tibetan art, Akota bronzed dating to the fifth century AD, and a collection of [[Mughal miniature painting]]s.

===Sardar Patel Planetarium===
{{main|Sardar Patel Planetarium}}
The planetarium is situated near the main gate of Sayaji Baug. It is a pyramid-shaped building with a capacity of 200 spectators. It has daily public shows as well as offering special shows to educational institutions. it has shows in Hindi, English and Gujarati. The planetarium also gives you information about a variety of planets and stars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vmc.gov.in/PlanetariumDetail.aspx|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation|access-date=31 March 2019|archive-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819174212/https://vmc.gov.in/PlanetariumDetail.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Show Name :- Saur Pradshan

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Monday to Sunday (closed Thursdays) !! Language
|-
| 4:00 pm to 4:30 pm|| [[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]]
|-
| 5:00 pm to 5:30 pm || English
|-
| 6:00 pm to 6:30 pm || [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]
|}

===Toy train===
[[File:Joy train.jpg|thumb|Joy train]]

The toy train ride used to run on a track of width {{convert|10|in|mm}} covering a distance of {{cvt|3.5|km}} giving the entire view of the garden to riders. The ride was a gift to the children of Vadodara from the royal [[Gaekwad]] dynasty.

Now a new train has been introduced instead of this small toy train. Its name is joy train in which even adults can sit. Joy train is bigger than the toy train. A new platform "Swami Vivekananda Station" is created for this train. The train timings are from 10 A.M. to 10 P.M. and it is closed on Thursdays. During the full journey of about 20 minutes the people are informed about the heritage of Vadodara and that of Kamati baug(garden) through speakers in the train.

The video for the popular song "Chakke pe Chakka, Chakke pe Gadi..." by [[Shankar Jaikishan]] from the film ''[[Brahmachari (Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'' was shot on this train.

===The zoo and aquarium===
The Sayaji Baug Zoo, situated on both the banks of the [[Vishwamitri river]], was opened as part of the original park in 1879. The zoo offers 167 types of 1103 animals of various sizes and shapes. Asiatic lions are the most popular of the attractions. it also has a different bird zoo which has many different types of birds.

An aquarium was added to the zoo in 1962. It contains 45 species of fish.

===Floral clock===
The floral clock was the first of its kind in the state. It consists of an hour, minute and seconds hand that move on the {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} diameter dial. The machinery moving the clock is underground, giving the clock a natural look.

The floral clock was designed by Ar. Prakash Pethe, who later served as the Town Development Officer for the Vadodara Municipal Corporation.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/photo/18468662.cms new joy train at kamati baug]

{{coord|22.3115|73.1900|type:landmark_region:IN_source:enwiki|display=title}}

{{Vadodara topics}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Baroda State]]
[[Category:1879 establishments in India]]

Cusrow Baug

2025-09-30T01:32:53Z

ThomasPeterdavid: put up data.

{{short description|Residential colony in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox housing project
| building name = Cusrow Baug
| image = Cusrow Baug Gate.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Gate of Cusrow Baug
| caption = Gate of Cusrow Baug
| mapframe =yes
|mapframe-caption = Location in Mumbai
| location = [[Colaba Causeway]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9204|72.8291|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| status = Completed
| category =
| demolished =
| area = {{convert|84000|sqyd|sqm}}
| population date =
| population =
| blocknumber = 17
| units =
| density =
| built =
| construction period =
| constructed =
| construction architect = [[Claude Batley]]
| construction contractors =
| construction style =
| construction date = 1934–1959
| construction authority =
| construction influence =
| refurbishment architect =
| refurbishment contractors =
| refurbishment style =
| refurbishment method =
| refurbishment image =
| refurbishment caption =
| refurbishment proposal date =
| refurbishment units =
| refurbished =
| refurbishment authority =
| listing date =
| listing type =
| succession =
| governing body = R. N. Wadia Trust
| famous residents =
}}

'''Cusrow Baug''' is a [[Parsi]] residential colony on [[Colaba Causeway]], [[Mumbai]], India. Its residential blocks were completed between 1934 and 1959. The colony houses a [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] temple, computer centre, gymnasium, and sports club. It was designed by [[Claude Batley]].

== History ==

Following his death, Parsi businessman [[Nowrosjee N. Wadia]] left a large amount of money to his wife Jerbai Wadia. She used it to build five residential colonies, known as ''baugs'', and create funds for Parsis who were unable to afford housing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-05 |title=Insider's guide to... Colaba |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/insider-s-guide-to-colaba/story-FthLruNtabAPnRAhZW2YcO.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404143813/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/insider-s-guide-to-colaba/story-FthLruNtabAPnRAhZW2YcO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vevaina |first=Leilah |url=https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/29787/chapter/251871311 |title=Handbook of Religion and the Asian City: Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century |date=2015-05-19 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-28122-6 |editor-last=van der Veer |editor-first=Peter |pages=157, 166–167 |language= |chapter=8. Good Thoughts, Good Words, and Good (Trust) Deeds: Parsis, Risk, and Real Estate in Mumbai |doi=10.1525/california/9780520281226.003.0008}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Vevaina |first=Leilah |year=2018 |title=Good Deeds: Parsi trusts from 'the womb to the tomb' |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language= |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=254–255 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X17000336 |s2cid=149285701 |issn=0026-749X |doi-access=free }}</ref> These five baugs, created in honour of her husband and three sons, are called Cusrow Baug, Ness Baug, Rustom Baug, Jer Baug, and Nowroze Baug. They contain a total of 1545 apartments.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shinde |first=Rupali |date=2017 |title="The younger generation in Mumbai no longer believes in community housing" - Abigail McGowan |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/infrastructure/the-younger-generation-in-mumbai-no-longer-believes-in-community-housing-abigail-mcgowan-12923 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Mumbai Live |language= |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406062122/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/infrastructure/the-younger-generation-in-mumbai-no-longer-believes-in-community-housing-abigail-mcgowan-12923 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6" /> The baugs are maintained by N. N. Wadia and R. N. Wadia Trusts under the [[Bombay Parsi Punchayet]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> The managing committee is chaired by a member of the [[Wadia family]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />

Cusrow Baug was designed by English architect [[Claude Batley]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Marfatia |first=Meher |date=2023-01-29 |title=Carrom and camaraderie in the colony |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/carrom-and-camaraderie-in-the-colony-23267775 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404151658/https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/carrom-and-camaraderie-in-the-colony-23267775 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first residential blocks of the colony were completed in 1934, after two years of construction.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Teotia |first=Sweta |date=2008-10-26 |title=Tales from Cusrow Baug |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tales-from-cusrow-baug/378098/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Indian Express |archive-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208092321/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tales-from-cusrow-baug/378098 |url-status=live }}</ref> The S and T blocks were completed in 1959.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Sports |url=http://www.cusrowbaug.org/sports.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717082717/http://www.cusrowbaug.org/sports.html |archive-date=2007-07-17 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Cusrow Baug}}</ref> It is one of the oldest Parsi colonies in Mumbai.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=2020-07-05 |title=One of India's richest minority groups enjoys some of Mumbai's best rents. Here's why |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/04/india/india-parsi-colony-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406062120/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/04/india/india-parsi-colony-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The houses in the colony are not for sale and are only available to be rented.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-12 |title=Migrated but kept flat? Parsis must give 'em up |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/migrated-but-kept-flat-parsis-must-give-em-up/articleshow/70184894.cms |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410162910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/migrated-but-kept-flat-parsis-must-give-em-up/articleshow/70184894.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 1950s, because the colony was located near a swamp, it had only a few tenants even at a minimal rent of {{INRconvert|40|year=1950}} per month.<ref name=":1" />

The Seth Nusserwanji Hirji Karani Agiary, a Zoroastrian [[fire temple]], is located in the colony.<ref name=":2" /> The holy fire of the temple was originally lit at Nizam Street on 16 March 1847. It was later moved to Sodawaterwalla Agiary for some time, and then moved to the colony on the night of 22–23 February 1935.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1999-08-01 |title=Sheth N. H. Karani Agiary |url=http://www.cusrowbaug.org/agiary.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717082647/http://www.cusrowbaug.org/agiary.html |archive-date=2007-07-17 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Cusrow Baug}}</ref> On 21 March 1959, Sir [[Cusrow Wadia]] Pavilion was opened for sporting activities.<ref name=":5" />

== Features ==

The residential blocks of the colony are labelled in alphabetical order, beginning from A to U, except for I, L, N, and O, which are absent.<ref name=":3" />

The colony covers an area of {{convert|84000|sqyd|sqm}} and can house more than 500 families.<ref name=":2" /> It has a computer centre, a gymnasium, and a sports club called Cusrow Baug United Sports and Welfare League. The social activity cell of the colony conducts religious classes and provides scholarships.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-08 |title=Cusrow Baug Inaugurates 'Power Gym' |url=https://parsi-times.com/2020/02/cusrow-baug-inaugurates-power-gym/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Parsi Times |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406090647/https://parsi-times.com/2020/02/cusrow-baug-inaugurates-power-gym/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Seth Nusserwanji Hirji Karani Agiary is built on a plot measuring {{convert|1400|sqyd|sqm}}.<ref name=":4" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1934 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Residential buildings in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Art Deco architecture in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1959]]
[[Category:Wadia family]]

18th Royal Garhwal Rifles

2025-09-20T17:06:54Z

ThomasPeterdavid: general updated formatting per standard format also and improved wording per sources

{{infobox military unit
|unit_name=18th Royal Garhwal Rifles
|image=
|caption=
|dates=1922–1947
|country={{flag|British India|23px}}
|allegiance=
|branch={{army|British India|23px}}
|type=Infantry
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|motto=
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|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=[[World War II]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|battle_honours_label=
|disbanded=
|flying_hours=
|website=

|commander1=
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The '''18th Royal Garhwal Rifles''' was an infantry regiment of the [[British Indian Army]]. It was formed in 1922, after the Indian government decided to reform the army, moving away from single-battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments. They were the only Indian Infantry regiment to remain intact without being amalgamated. They were renumbered 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles with three active battalions and the 4th battalion becoming the 10th training battalion. After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, it was allocated to the new [[Indian Army]] and renamed [[The Garhwal Rifles]].

== World War II (1939–45) ==
During [[World War II]], five more battalions of the Garhwal Rifles were raised. These were: the 4th (re-raised having been converted into a training battalion and designated 10th Battalion earlier), the 5th, 6th, 7th and 25th (Garrison) battalion.<ref name=Sharma252>Sharma, p. 252</ref> The Regiment saw active service in almost all of the theatres of the war, including: Burma, Malaya, Egypt, Iraq, Eritrea, Abyssinia.<ref name=Sharma248>Sharma, p. 248</ref> Many soldiers of 5/18 Garhwal Rifles deployed in Malaya, left and joined Indian National Army and fought in Burma against the British from 1942 to 1945.

The 2nd and 5th Battalions were captured in the [[fall of Singapore]] and remained in captivity until the end of the war.

The Regiment's casualties during the war were high, with some 350 killed and approximately 1,400 wounded.<ref name=Sharma252>Sharma, p. 252</ref>

Following the war the 1st and 3rd Battalions served briefly in a garrison role in Sumatra and Italy before returning to India. The 4th Battalion was used to reconstitute the 2nd Battalion in May 1946. The 5th Battalion was not raised again and the 6th Battalion was disbanded at war's end.<ref name=Sharma252>Sharma, p. 252</ref>

== Formation ==
*1st battalion ex 1/[[39th Garhwal Rifles]]
*2nd battalion ex 2/39th Gahwal Rifles
*3rd battalion ex 3/39th Gahwal Rifles
*10th (Training) battalion ex 4/39th Gahwal Rifles

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Regiments/Punjab.html |title=Punjab Regiment |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408083610/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Regiments/Punjab.html |archivedate=8 April 2009}}
*{{cite web |url=http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/inf-pak/punjab.htm |title=The Punjab Regiment [Pakistan] |publisher=regiments.org |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011104532/http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/inf-pak/punjab.htm |archivedate=11 October 2007}}
* Sharma, Gautam. 1990. ''Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army''. Allied Publishers. {{ISBN|81-7023-140-X}}.

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1922]]
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in British Malaya in World War II|R]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1947]]