Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian presidential elections

2026-05-07T07:18:42Z

ThomasEl: Starting first pg added tags.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
The election of the [[President of India]] is an [[indirect election]] in which an [[Electoral College (India)|electoral college]] consisting of the elected [[Members of Parliament (India)|members]] of both houses of [[Parliament of India|parliament]] (M.P.s), the elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members of the state legislative assemblies]] ([[Vidhan Sabha]]s) of all states and the elected members of the legislative assemblies (MLAs) of union territories with legislatures, i.e., [[Delhi|National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] elect the president. The election process of the president is a more extensive process than of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] who is also elected indirectly (not elected by people directly) by the [[Lok Sabha]] members only. Whereas President being the constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and [[rule of law]] in a [[constitutional democracy]] with [[Ouster clause|constitutional supremacy]], is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislative assemblies]] in a secret ballot procedure.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livelaw.in/know-the-law/explainer-how-the-president-of-india-is-elected-202038 | title=Explainer : How the President of India is Elected? | date=21 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-the-president-is-elected-7961048/ | title=Explained: How the President of India is elected | date=23 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-process-of-electing-indias-president/article65314652.ece | title=How is the president of India elected? | newspaper=The Hindu | date=13 April 2022 | last1=Munjal | first1=Diksha }}</ref>

==Electoral college results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2|Year
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" |Alliance
! colspan="2" |Presidential candidate
! colspan="2" data-sort-type="number"|Electoral votes
!States Carried
! rowspan=2|Result
|-
! Portrait
! Name
! Votes
! %
!
|-
![[1950 Indian presidential election|1950]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:Rajendra Prasad (Indian President), signed image for Walter Nash (NZ Prime Minister), 1958 (16017609534).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Rajendra Prasad]]'''
| colspan="2" | '''Unopposed'''
|'''20'''
|{{won}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian presidential election|1952]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:Rajendra Prasad (Indian President), signed image for Walter Nash (NZ Prime Minister), 1958 (16017609534).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Rajendra Prasad]]'''
|'''507,400'''
|'''83.81%'''
|'''20'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:K.T. Shah.jpg|100px]]
|[[K. T. Shah]]
|92,827
|15.33%
|0
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian presidential election|1957]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:Rajendra Prasad (Indian President), signed image for Walter Nash (NZ Prime Minister), 1958 (16017609534).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Rajendra Prasad]]'''
|'''459,698'''
|'''98.99%'''
|'''20'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|
|[[Chaudhary Hari Ram]]
|2,672
|0.43%
|0
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[1962 Indian presidential election|1962]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]'''
|'''553,067'''
|'''98.2%'''
|'''25'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|
|[[Chaudhary Hari Ram]]
|6,341
|1.1%
|0
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[1967 Indian presidential election|1967]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:President Zakir Husain 1998 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]'''
|'''471,244'''
|'''56.2%'''
|'''21'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:Justice K. Subba Rao.jpg|100px]]
|[[Koka Subba Rao]]
|363,971
|43.4%
|5
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[1969 Indian presidential election|1969]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:VV Giri 1974 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[V. V. Giri]]'''
|'''420,077'''
|'''50.9%'''
|'''21'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.jpg|100px]]
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|405,427
|49.1%
|7
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[1974 Indian presidential election|1974]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 1977 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]'''
|'''754,113'''
|'''79.9%'''
|'''26'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| {{dash}}
|
|[[Tridib Chaudhuri]]
|189,196
|20.1%
|2
|{{lost}}
|-
![[1977 Indian presidential election|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]'''
| colspan="2" | '''Unopposed'''
|'''28'''
|{{won}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[1982 Indian presidential election|1982]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:Giani Zail Singh 1995 stamp of India (cropped).png|100px]]
|'''[[Zail Singh]]'''
|'''754,113'''
|'''72.7%'''
|'''26'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|
|[[Hans Raj Khanna]]
|282,685
|27.3%
|2
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[1987 Indian presidential election|1987]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:R Venkataraman (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]'''
|'''740,148'''
|'''72.3%'''
|'''27'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:V.R.Krishna Iyer.jpg|100px]]
|[[V. R. Krishna Iyer]]
|281,550
|27.5%
|4
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[1992 Indian presidential election|1992]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:Shankar Dayal Sharma 36.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]'''
|'''675,864'''
|'''65.9%'''
|'''25'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|
|[[George Gilbert Swell]]
|346,485
|33.8%
|6
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[1997 Indian presidential election|1997]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:President Clinton with Indian president K. R. Narayanan (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[K. R. Narayanan]]'''
|'''956,290'''
|'''95.0%'''
|'''31'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
| {{dash}}
|[[File:T.N. Seshan in 1994 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[T. N. Seshan]]
|50,631
|5.0%
|0
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[2002 Indian presidential election|2002]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|[[File:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]'''
|'''922,884'''
|'''89.6%'''
|'''28'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
|[[File:With Namvar Sinha and Capt Laxshmi of INA (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[Lakshmi Sahgal]]
|107,366
|10.4%
|2
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[2007 Indian presidential election|2007]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]'''
|'''638,116'''
|'''65.8%'''
|'''23'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|[[File:BS Shekhawat.jpg|100px]]
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|331,306
|34.2%
|7
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[2012 Indian presidential election|2012]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|[[File:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Pranab Mukherjee]]'''
|'''713,763'''
|'''69.3%'''
|'''22'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|[[File:The former Lok Sabha Speaker Shri P.A. Sangma met the Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in New Delhi on January 18, 2004 (cropped).png|100px]]
|[[P. A. Sangma]]
|315,987
|30.7%
|8
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[2017 Indian presidential election|2017]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|[[File:Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Ram Nath Kovind]]'''
|'''702,044'''
|'''65.65%'''
|'''21'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|[[File:The Speaker, Lok Sabha, Smt. Meira Kumar in 2010.jpg|100px]]
|[[Meira Kumar]]
|367,314
|34.35%
|10
|{{lost}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |[[2022 Indian presidential election|2022]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|[[File:President of India Droupadi Murmu official portrait (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Droupadi Murmu]]'''
| '''676,803'''
|'''64.03%'''
|'''22'''
|{{won}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[United Opposition (India)|UO]]
|[[File:Yashwant Sinha IMF.jpg|100px]]
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|380,177
|35.97%
|8
|{{lost}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Elections in India]]
* [[Electoral College (India)|Electoral College]]
* [[List of Indian vice presidential elections]]
* [[List of Rajya Sabha elections]]
* [[List of Indian general elections]]
* [[List of Indian state legislative assembly elections]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://eci.gov.in/presidential-election/index/ Presidential Elections]
* [https://presidentofindia.nic.in/ President of India]
* [https://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm Former Presidents of India]

{{Indian presidential elections}}

[[Category:Lists of elections in India]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in India]]

Arch of the Viceroys

2026-04-25T10:33:51Z

ThomasEl:

{{use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Historic building
| image = Viceroy%27s_Arch.jpg
| caption =
| name = Arch of the Viceroys
| native_name = Arco dos Vice-Reis
| location_town = [[Goa]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| architect =
| client =
| engineer =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 1599
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| structural_system =
| architectural_style = [[Roman triumphal arch]]
| size =
}}

The '''Arch of the Viceroys''' (Portuguese: ''Arco dos Vice-Reis''), also known as '''Viceroy's Arch''', was erected in 1599 in [[Goa]], India, by [[Viceroy]] {{ill|Francisco da Gama|pt}}. It was erected to commemorate [[Vasco da Gama]]’s arrival in India in 1498. The arch was located near the [[Mandovi River]]. It acted as a ceremonial gate for [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Portuguese viceroys]] entering their capital of [[Portuguese India]], the [[City of Goa]]. It is constructed with black [[Laterite|laterite stone]] and stands at 12 meters tall with a statue of Vasco da Gama above the key stone. It was one of the ancient gates to the fortified city. On these fortifications was situated the '''palace of the fortress''' or the Vice-Reis palace, a lofty edifice that lied directly above this arch. The fortifications along with the palace fell into ruins following the abandonment of the city, and were demolished during the late 1820’s. Today nothing hints at the presence of that magnificent edifice, as is the case of most civil buildings in the city.

The arch collapsed in 1948 and was rebuilt in 1954. It is now guarded by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as a national treasure and is located alongside Old Goa’s [[World Heritage Site]] with churches as part of [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Goa|Monument of National Importance in Goa]].

== History ==
[[File:Arch of the Viceroys, Velha Goa 1940s.jpg|thumb|Viceroy's Arch in the 1940s]]
The '''Arch of the Viceroys''' was constructed in 1599 AD under Francisco da Gama, who was a [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Viceroy]] of [[Portuguese India]] from 1597 to 1600. It replaces existing Adil Shah arch which acts as a gateway for Adil Shah palace.<ref name="palace">{{Cite book |last=Declercq |first=Nico F. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Desclergues_of_la_Villa_Ducal_de_Mon/pzUQEQAAQBAJ |title=The Desclergues of la Villa Ducal de Montblanc, Second Edition Omnibus |date=2024-06-23 |publisher=Nico F. Declercq |isbn=978-90-831769-4-9 |page=1167 |language=en}}</ref> It was erected to commemorate his grandfather [[Vasco da Gama]], who discovered [[Cape Route|ocean route]] to India in 1498.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=Archeological Ruins in Old Goa |url=https://panjim.org/archeological-ruins-in-old-goa/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Goa through Maps |language=en-US}}</ref> Old Goa was the capital of Portuguese India, and every viceroy entering India will walk through this arch in a ceremonial parades.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nunes |first=Judilia |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Monuments_in_Old_Goa/0WBXAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=The Monuments in Old Goa: A Glim[p]se Into the Past and Present |date=1979 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Viceroy's Arch: A Gateway Through Time in Old Goa – GOA – Then & Now |url=http://goathenandnow.barretomiranda.com/viceroys-arch/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |language=en}}</ref> It was later integrated into the Adil Shah Palace gates, it linked Portugal’s rule to the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur Sultanate]]’s reign before them.<ref name="palace"/> A carving was marked on the arch date back to 1640, which marks the Portugal was bifurcated from Spain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Esteves |first=Sarto |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/This_is_Goa/NsFBAAAAYAAJ |title=This is Goa |last2=Sousa |first2=Vatsala de |date=1983 |publisher=Source Publishers |page=16 |language=en}}</ref>
The material used for the construction of arch is [[Laterite|laterite stone]] with green granite facing the river, on the top of the arch, there is Baroque flair with carvings like a deer from Vasco’s crest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viceroy's Arch Goa, India (Entry Fee, Timings, History, Built by, Images & Location) - Goa Tourism |url=https://goa-tourism.org.in/viceroys-arch-goa |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=goa-tourism.org.in}}</ref> A statue of Vasco da Gama in kingly robes topped it. A St. Catherine figure, tied to Portuguese triumphs was added to the arch but were later removed.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Purabhilekh_puratatva/N6RPAQAAMAAJ |title=Purabhilekh-puratatva: Journal of the Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Panaji, Goa |date=2001 |publisher=The Directorate |page=37 |language=en}}</ref> The arch got crumbled in 1948, worn down by monsoons and time. The Portuguese government patched it up in 1954, keeping the core design, though St. Catherine’s statue moved to a museum.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Maurice |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Window_on_Goa/dhtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Window on Goa: A History and Guide |date=1995 |publisher=Quiller Press |isbn=978-1-870948-98-2 |page=79 |language=en}}</ref>

== Recent Developments ==
[[File:Inscription on Viceroys' Arch, Old Goa, India in Portuguese (Arco dos Vice-Reis).jpg|thumb|Portuguese inscription on the Arch of the Viceroys, Old Goa, stating Vasco da Gama's role in establishing the city of [[Old Goa|Velha Goa]].]]
The '''Arch of the Viceroys''' has been taken over by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1954 after its renovation and it was made part of Old Goa’s UNESCO zone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prakrit Inscriptions of Bihar and Orissa: Volume 3 |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/35569.pdf |website=ignca.gov.in |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) |access-date=19 June 2025 |format=PDF}}</ref> The 2010 [[Historic preservation|Ancient Monuments Act]] banned building within 300 meters, locking in its protection.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venugopal |first=Vasudha |date=2022-07-18 |title=ASI to get more powers on encroachments once bill becomes law |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/asi-to-get-more-powers-on-encroachments-once-bill-becomes-law/articleshow/92964476.cms |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2022, ASI renovated the arch and its surroundings with {{INR convert|20|l}}, adding weatherproofing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=Restoring Basilica of Bom Jesus, and the Role of Archaeological Survey of India {{!}} Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/restoring-basilica-bom-jesus-and-archaeological-survey-india |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.epw.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Inscriptions ==
The arch has a few epigraph inscriptions written in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Latin]]. An inscription on a long horizontal plaque reads:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sá |first=Francisco Xavier Valeriano de |title=Património Heráldico Português em Goa, Damão, Diu e Cochim |date=2013 |publisher=Modocromia |year=2013 |isbn=978-989-8601-34-6 |publication-date=2013 |language=Pt}}</ref>

„REINANDO ELREI D. PHELIPE 1º POS A CIDADE AQUI DOM VASCO DA GAMA 1º CONDE ALMIRANTE DESCOBRIDOR E CONQVISTADOR DA INDIA, SENDO VIZO‑REI O CONDE DOM FRANCISCO DA GAMA SEV BISNETO O ANO DE 97”
[[File:Inscription Epigraph on Viceroys' Arch, Old Goa, India in Portuguese (Arco dos Vice Reis).jpg|thumb|An epigraph in Latin on the Viceroys' Arch, Old Goa]]
Translation: ''"During the reign of King [[Philip II of Spain|Dom Philip I]], Dom Vasco da Gama, first Count, Admiral, discoverer and conqueror of India, established the city here; while his great-grandson, the Count Dom Francisco da Gama, was Viceroy, in the year (15)97."''

The name of the architect is also mentioned:

„IVLIVS SIMON ING. MAG. INV.” (Julius Simon, Chief Engineer, designed [this arch]).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|15.505811|73.913681|display=title}}

[[Category:Old Goa]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Goa]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1599]]
[[Category:Arches and vaults in India]]

Hosadu

2026-04-21T12:38:16Z

ThomasEl: Created new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hosadu
| other_name = ಹೊಸಾಡು
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Kundapura]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3261
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =KA
| website =
}}

'''Hosadu''' is a village in the [[Byndoor]] taluk of [[Udupi|Udupi district]]. Before 2018, the village was part of the [[Kundapur]] taluk.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-15 |title=Thimmappa inaugurates three new taluks in Udupi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/thimmappa-inaugurates-three-new-taluks-in-udupi/article22758000.ece |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Population ==
As of 2011, Hosadu has a total population of 3261 people consisting of 1735 male and 197 female residents. The village occupies a total area of 539.40 hecatres with a population density of 6.046 people per hectare. As of 2011, the total literacy rate was 75.77% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.<ref name="udupi-census">{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 2011, Hosadu has an employment rate of over 37.38%, 98.36% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year.<ref name="udupi-census" />

== Violence ==
In 2017, the village saw an outbreak of violence due to disagreements over the [[Cattle slaughter in India|slaughter of cattle]] in violation of the [[Cattle slaughter in India|Karnataka Prevention of Cow Slaughter and Preservation of Animals Act, 1964]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-28 |title=Gau rakshaks attack three tribals in Udupi over 'cow slaughter' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gau-rakshaks-attack-three-tribals-in-udupi-over-cow-slaughter-karnataka-4631177/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
The village is located close to the [[Souparnika River|Sauparnika]] river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundapur: Villagers stage protests urging to stop dredging in Sauparnika river |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=951777 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kundapura]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India

2026-04-17T19:20:02Z

ThomasEl: Created new details

{{Short description|Landmark decision of Supreme Court of India}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| full name = Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India
| start date = 09 January 2019
| date decided = 07 November 2022
| citations = WP (C) 55/2019
| ECLI =
| transcripts =
| judges = Justice [[Uday Umesh Lalit]] (CJI), [[Dinesh Maheshwari|Justice Dinesh Maheshwari]], Justice [[Bela Trivedi|Bela M Trivedi]], Justice [[J. B. Pardiwala|J B Pardiwala]], and Justice [[Shripathi Ravindra Bhat]]
| number of judges = 5
| keywords = 
}}
'''Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India''', {{Abbr|WP (C)|Writ Petition (Civil)}} 55/2019, also known as the '''EWS Reservation case''', was a [[List of landmark court decisions in India|landmark decision]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] upholding the validity of the [[One Hundred and Third Amendment of the Constitution of India|One Hundred and Third Amendment]] Act of 2019.

== Background ==

On January 9, 2019, the Parliament introduced amendments to [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|Articles 15]] and [[Fundamental rights in India|Article 16]] of the Constitution India, incorporating clauses 15(6) and 16(6) to extend reservation in educational institutions and employment opportunities to [[Economically Weaker Section|economically weaker section]]s of society. This amendment, known as the [[One Hundred and Third Amendment of the Constitution of India|One Hundred and Third (103rd) Constitutional Amendment]], has been a subject of controversy since its enactment. It empowered the state to introduce specific provisions for economically disadvantaged sections in education and employment, thus expanding the scope of reservations.

Following the enactment of the [[One Hundred and Third Amendment of the Constitution of India|One Hundred and Third Amendment]] Act of 2019, several writ petitions were filed, seeking to declare the amendment unconstitutional and in violation of the basic structure concept. By adding Articles 15(6) and 16(6) to the Indian Constitution, the state acquired the authority to impose specific restrictions on reservations for economically weaker sections, with a maximum of 10%. The Superem court compiled all the writ under the case Janhit Abhiyan Vs Union of India.

== Primary issue in the case ==

# The sole reliance on economic criteria for determining reservations is deemed to be in violation of the fundamental principles enshrined in the Constitution.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India : Tracing the History of 103rd Constitutional Amendment |url=https://primelegal.in/2022/11/13/janhit-abhiyan-v-union-of-india-tracing-the-history-of-103rd-constitutional-amendment/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Prime Legal |language=en-US}}</ref>
# The exclusion of socially and educationally backward groups (SEBCs), including [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] (SCs), [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (STs), and [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBCs), from the provisions for [[economically weaker sections]] is perceived as discriminatory and contradictory to the core principles of the Constitution.<ref name=":0" />
# Denying reservation benefits to classes mentioned in [[Fundamental rights in India|Articles 15(4), 15(5), and 16(4)]] based on economic considerations is argued to be in violation of the Equality Code and the basic structure theory.<ref name=":0" />

== Decision ==

The [[Supreme Court of India]], in its Judgment delivered on November 7, 2022, upheld the legality of the [[One Hundred and Third Amendment of the Constitution of India|One Hundred and Third Amendment]] Act of 2019 with a majority decision of 3:2<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-07 |title='Does not violate basic structure of Constitution': Supreme Court upholds 10% EWS quota in 3-2 verdict |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ews-quota-supreme-court-103rd-constitutional-amendment-8253955/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Majority Judgement ===
The majority judgement was authored by Justice(s) [[Dinesh Maheshwari]], [[Bela Trivedi|Bela M Trivedi]], and [[J.B. Pardiwala|J B Pardiwala]]. The court observed that the reservation for the [[Economically weaker sections|EWS]] is a valid classification and does not infringe upon the existing reservations for the socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs), Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Scheduled Tribes (STs). It was noted that the EWS category is based on economic backwardness and not on caste or social backwardness, which are the criteria for existing reservations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KM |first=Ashok |date=2022-11-07 |title="Basic Structure Not Violated" : Supreme Court Upholds Application Of EWS Quota To Private Unaided Educational Institutions |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-ews-quota-private-educational-institution-janhit-abhiyan-vs-union-of-india-2022-livelaw-sc-922-213522 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

The court further held that the reservation for the [[Economically weaker sections|EWS]] is a legitimate means to achieve the goal of providing equal opportunities and social justice to all sections of society. It recognized that economic inequality and poverty can also be a form of social disadvantage and that the reservation for the [[Economically weaker sections|EWS]] is a step towards addressing this aspect of inequality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EWS Reservation |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/janhit-abhiyan-union-of-india-ews-reservation-case-background/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Minority Judgement ===
Justice(s) [[Uday Umesh Lalit]], and [[Shripathi Ravindra Bhat]] authored the dissenting opinion and held that the 103rd amendment to the constitution was violative of the basic structure on two grounds. First, they argued that the exclusion of SCs/STs/OBCs/SEBCs from the 10% quota of EWS reservation was against the equality code and discriminated against the historically disadvantaged and deprived communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LawBhoomi |date=2022-12-10 |title=Janhit Abhiyan vs. Union of India, 2022: Case comment |url=https://lawbhoomi.com/janhit-abhiyan-vs-union-of-india-2022-case-comment/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=LawBhoomi |language=en-US}}</ref> Second, they argued that reservation under Article 16 could not be based solely on economic criteria, as it would go against the purpose of providing representation to the socially and educationally backward classes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KM |first=Ashok |date=2022-11-08 |title=[EWS Quota] Why Supreme Court's Minority Judgment Did Not Read Down 103rd Constitutional Amendment ? |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-ews-judgment-minority-read-down-constitution-amendment-janhit-abhiyan-vs-union-of-india-2022-livelaw-sc-922-213535 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Improve categories|date=November 2023}}
{{SCI-cases}}
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:2019 in case law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2022]]

Chhabra Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:52Z

ThomasEl: Post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chhabra
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-196-Chhabra.svg
| mla = [[Pratap Singh Singhvi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Baran district|Baran]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency|Jhalawar–Baran]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:244570}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2023/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2023 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 7 December 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 196
}}
'''Chhabra Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Baran district|Baran]] district and is a segment of [[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Ved Pal Tayagi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Prem Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977(bypoll)]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Pratap Singh
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=3|[[Pratap Singh Singhvi]]
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Karan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|rowspan=3 |[[Pratap Singh Singhvi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Chhabra]]<ref name="election2023"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Singh Singhvi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65000}}
|percentage = 32.73
|change = {{decrease}}11.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Karan Singh Rathore
|votes = {{formatnum:59892}}
|percentage = 30.16
|change = {{decrease}}11.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Naresh Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:43921}}
|percentage = 22.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Upendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:13386}}
|percentage = 6.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gopal Bajara
|votes = {{formatnum:4167}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Giriraj Prasad Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:2918}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jaynrayan
|votes = {{formatnum:2115}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3101}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change = {{decrease}}0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5108}}
|percentage = 2.57
|change = {{increase}}0.5
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198583}}
|percentage = 81.2
|change = {{increase}}1.38
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Increase}}0.50
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Chhabra]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2018|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Singh Singhvi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79707}}
|percentage = 44.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Karan Singh Rathore
|votes = {{formatnum:75963}}
|percentage = 42.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Veerbhadra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:14252}}
|percentage = 7.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rekha Rani
|votes = {{formatnum:2796}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3343}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3744}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180486}}
|percentage = 79.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Decrease}}37.31
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Chhabra]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Singh Singhvi]]
|votes = 88,193
|percentage = 56.58%
|change = +14.92%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Mansingh Dhanoriya
|votes = 26,808
|percentage = 17.20%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prakashchand Nagar
|votes = 25,350
|percentage = 16.26%
|change = -29.85%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,315
|percentage = 2.15%
|change = +2.15%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhanwar Singh
|votes = 2,467
|percentage = 1.58%
|change = -0.04%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Radheshyam Meena
|votes = 1,812
|percentage = 1.16%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 61,385
|percentage = 39.38%
|change = +33.93%
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,55,879
|percentage = 81.46%
|change = +5.53%
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{Increase}}39.38
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Chhabra]]<ref name="delimitation2008"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Karan Singh Rathore
|votes = 58,771
|percentage = 46.11%
|change = -0.21%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Singh Singhvi]]
|votes = 51,823
|percentage = 40.66%
|change = -7.02%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Devaki Nandan
|votes = 9,828
|percentage = 7.71%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lal Singh Maran
|votes = 3,190
|percentage = 2.50%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rafees Ahmad
|votes = 2,069
|percentage = 1.62%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Jan Shakti
|candidate = Prahalad
|votes = 1,773
|percentage = 1.39%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 6,948
|percentage = 5.45%
|change = +4.09%
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,27,454
|percentage = 75.53%
|change = +6.37%
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Increase}}5.45
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Baran district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.66|76.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Baran district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Satyanarayan Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-12T01:01:05Z

ThomasEl: biography!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Other people|Satyanarayan Singh|Satyanarayan Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Satyanarayan Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Satyanarayan Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name=" Members Bioprofile ">{{cite news|title= Members Bioprofile|publisher=Lok Sabha website|accessdate=24 December 2013|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1984.htm}}</ref>
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member]] of the [[India Parliament]] for [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]
| term = [[4th Lok Sabha]]<ref name=" Members Bioprofile " />
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1971
| predecessor = [[Raghunath Singh (politician)|Raghunath Singh]]
| successor = [[Rajaram Shastri]]
| constituency2 =
| office2 =
| term2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1923}}<ref name=" Members Bioprofile " />
| birth_place = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|06|15|1923|01|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_cause = [[COVID-19]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=" Members Bioprofile " />
| other_party = 
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| data2 =
| blank3 =
| data3 =
| blank4 =
| data4 =
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| data5 = 
| nickname =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| service_years =
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| awards =
| military_blank1 =
| military_data1 =
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| military_data4 =
| military_blank5 =
| military_data5 =
}}
'''Satyanarayan Singh''' (1923—15 June 2020), also written as '''Satya Narain Singh''', was an Indian politician.

He served as the Member of Parliament for [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]], from 1967 to 1971, and was a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] political party.<ref name=" Members Bioprofile " />

==Early life and education==
Satyanarayan Singh was born in Khajurahvan, [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]] district in [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]]. His father was Aditya Narayan Singh.

Singh received his early education in [[Deoband]] (UP) but soon quit his education to become a full-time politician.<ref name=" Members Bioprofile " />

==Political life==

Singh was associated with the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|Hindustan Socialist Republican Army]] and the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]. Both pre and post-[[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence]], owing to his political activities and affiliation, he was imprisoned on various occasions. He also had to remain underground for a considerable time.<ref name=" Members Bioprofile " />

Singh was elected to the Lok Sabha in the [[1967 Indian general election|1967 general election]]. He received 105,784 votes (37.55% of the votes) in the Varanasi constituency.<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1967 TO THE FOURTH LOK SABHA]''</ref>

Singh died from [[COVID-19]] on 15 June 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-cpi-head-dies-of-covid-19/article32260877.ece | title=Bihar CPI head dies of COVID-19 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=3 August 2020 }}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 01 || 1967 || 1971 || Member [[4th Lok Sabha]]
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[4th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Politics of India]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Government of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Satyanarayan}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

1979 Indian vice presidential election

2026-04-01T10:29:43Z

ThomasEl:

{{Short description|Vice-presidential election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1979 Indian vice presidential election
| country = India
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1974 Indian vice presidential election
| previous_year = 1974
| next_election = 1984 Indian vice presidential election
| next_year = 1984
| election_date = 27 August 1979
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hidayatullah.png|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=08|oTop=05}}
| nominee1 = '''[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]'''
| party1 = Independent politician
| home_state1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| electoral_vote1 = '''Unopposed'''
| color1 = D532FC
| title = [[Vice President of India|Vice President]]
| before_election = [[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Danappa Jatti]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress (R)
| after_election = [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
| after_party = Independent politician
}}
The '''1979 Indian vice presidential election''' was held in mid-1979 to elect the [[vice president of India]]. Former [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice]] [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] was elected unopposed for the post.<ref name=eci>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/President_VP_Elec2012/Vice%20Presidentail%20Election%20Background.pdf BACKGROUND MATERIAL REGARDING FOURTEENTH ELECTION TO THE OFFICE OF THE VICE-PRESIDENT, 2012, ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA]</ref> Had the election been contested by more than one candidate, it would have occurred on 27 August 1979.

==Schedule==
The election schedule was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 23 July 1979.<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6926-background-material-related-to-election-to-the-office-of-vice-president-of-india-2017/ |title=Background material related to Election to the office of Vice-President of India, 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.No.
!Poll Event
!Date
|-
!1.
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 6 August 1979
|-
!2.
| Date for Scrutiny of nomination
| 7 August 1979
|-
!3.
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 9 August 1979
|-
!4.
| Date of Poll
| 27 September 1979
|-
!5.
| '''Date of Counting'''
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center| '''NA'''
|-
|}

==Result==
Mohammad Hidayatullah was declared as elected unopposed to the office of the Vice-President on 9 August 1979. He was sworn in to the office on 31 August 1979.<ref name=election2017/>

==See also==
* [[1977 Indian presidential election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian vice presidential elections}}

[[Category:Vice-presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:1979 elections in India|India]]

Adult

2026-03-24T23:34:33Z

ThomasEl: correct article after review and updated info

{{Short description|Fully grown animal}}
{{redirect|Adulthood|other uses|Adult (disambiguation)|and|Adulthood (disambiguation)}}

An '''adult''' is an [[animal]] that has reached [[Developmental biology|full growth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult organism |url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_0007023 |access-date=2022-11-05 |archive-date=2022-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105061316/https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007023 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[biological]] definition of ''adult'' is an [[organism]] that has reached [[sexual maturity]] and thus capable of [[reproduction]].

In the human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with [[law|legal]] and [[social]] concepts. In contrast to a non-adult or "[[minor (law)|minor]]", a '''legal adult''' is a [[person]] who has attained the [[age of majority]] and is therefore regarded as independent, [[self-sufficient]], and [[:wikt:responsible|responsible]]. They may also be regarded as "majors". The typical age of attaining adulthood for humans is 18 years, although definition may vary by country. A person may be physically mature and a biological adult by age 16 or so, but not defined as an adult by law until older ages. For example, in the US, you cannot join the armed forces or vote until age 18, and you cannot take on many legal and financial responsibilities until age 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=23.8: Adulthood |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.8%3A_Adulthood |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Biology LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref>

Human adulthood encompasses [[Adult development|psychological adult development]]. Definitions of adulthood are often inconsistent and contradictory; a person may be biologically an adult, and have adult behavior, but still be treated as a [[child]] if they are under the legal age of majority. Conversely, one may legally be an adult but possess none of the [[Maturity (psychological)|maturity]] and responsibility that may define an adult character.

In different cultures, there are events that relate passing from being a child to becoming an adult or [[coming of age]]. This often encompasses passing a series of tests to demonstrate that a person is prepared for adulthood, or reaching a specified age, sometimes in conjunction with demonstrating preparation. Most modern societies determine legal adulthood based on reaching a legally specified age without requiring a demonstration of physical maturity or preparation for adulthood.

==Biological adulthood==
Historically and cross-culturally, adulthood has been determined primarily by the start of [[puberty]] (the appearance of [[secondary sex characteristics]] such as [[menstruation]] and the development of breasts in women, [[ejaculation]], the development of facial hair, and a deeper voice in men, and pubic hair in both sexes).<ref name="McNamara">{{Cite book |last=McNamara |first=Thomas Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeLmG7HP_U0C&pg=PA262 |title=Evolution, Culture, and Consciousness: The Discovery of the Preconscious Mind |publisher=[[University Press of America]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-7618-2765-X |pages=262–263 |access-date=December 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=SETTERSTEN |first=RICHARD |date=2015 |title=Becoming adult: Meanings of markers to adulthood |url=https://health.oregonstate.edu/sites/health.oregonstate.edu/files/faculty-staff/profilepubs/settersten_et_al-becoming_adult-emerging_trends.pdf |journal=Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource |pages=1–16 |via=umnikizdes}}</ref> In the past, a person usually moved from the status of child directly to the status of adult, often with this shift being marked by some type of coming-of-age test or ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marantz Henig |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Marantz Henig |date=2010-08-18 |title=What Is It About 20-Somethings? |page=10 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/magazine/22Adulthood-t.html |access-date=2010-09-24 |quote=The Discovery of adolescence is generally dated to 1904, with the publication of the massive study "Adolescence," by G. Stanley Hall, a prominent [[psychologist]] and first president of the American Psychological Association. |archive-date=2011-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204449/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/magazine/22Adulthood-t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[Industrial Revolution]], children went to work as soon as they could in order to help provide for their family. There was not a huge emphasis on school or [[education]] in general. Many children could get a job and were not required to have experience as adults are nowadays. In recent years, studies of adulthood have identified characteristic traits that go far beyond mere physical maturity.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1983 |title=Has Fecundability been Declining in Recent Years in Developed Countries? |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1017/s0021932000006349 |issn=0021-9320}}</ref> These markers for a full, mentally developed, adult include traits of personal responsibilities in multiple aspects of life.

Although few or no established dictionaries provide a definition for the two-word term ''biological adult'', the first definition of ''adult'' in multiple dictionaries includes "the stage of the life cycle of an animal after reproductive capacity has been attained".<ref>{{Cite book |title=International dictionary of medicine and biology |date=1986 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-01849-X |editor-last=Becker |oclc=801872498 |editor-last2=Landau |editor-first2=Sidney I.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Churchill's illustrated medical dictionary |date=1989 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |isbn=0-443-08691-5 |location=New York |oclc=19322374}}</ref> Thus, the base definition of the word ''adult'' is the period beginning at physical sexual maturity, which occurs sometime after the onset of puberty. Although this is the primary definition of the base word "adult", the term is also frequently used to refer to social adults. The two-word term ''biological adult'' stresses or clarifies that the original definition, based on physical maturity (i.e. having reached reproductive competency), is being used.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gluckman |first1=Peter D. |last2=Hanson |first2=Mark A. |date=January 2006 |title=Evolution, development and timing of puberty |journal=Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=7–12 |doi=10.1016/j.tem.2005.11.006 |pmid=16311040 |s2cid=26141301}}</ref>

The time of [[puberty]] varies from child to child, but usually begins between 10 and 12 years old. Girls typically begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11, and boys at age 11 or 12.<ref name="Kail">{{Cite book |last1=Kail |first1=RV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-n5E7oyCgoC&pg=PA296 |title=Human Development: A Lifespan View |last2=Cavanaugh JC |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-495-60037-4 |edition=5th |page=296 |access-date=2018-03-20 |archive-date=2023-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110011825/https://books.google.com/books?id=E-n5E7oyCgoC&pg=PA296 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Schuiling">{{Cite book |last1=Schuiling |first1=Kerri Durnell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTDFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |title=Women's Gynecologic Health |last2=Likis |first2=Frances E. |publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Learning]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-284-12501-6 |page=22 |quote=The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually occurs around age 12 or 13. |access-date=March 20, 2018 |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110011825/https://books.google.com/books?id=QTDFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Phillips">{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84StBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4833-6475-9 |pages=18–19 |quote=On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on average). |access-date=March 20, 2018 |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110011826/https://books.google.com/books?id=84StBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref> Girls generally complete puberty by 15–17, and boys by age 16 or 17.<ref name="Phillips" /><ref name="Solomon">{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Jean W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E87sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |title=Pediatric Skills for Occupational Therapy Assistants – E-Book |last2=O'Brien |first2=Jane Clifford |publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-323-29163-7 |page=103 |access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref> Nutrition, genetics and environment also usually play a part in the onset of puberty.<ref name="xia">{{Cite journal |last1=Ge |first1=Xiaojia |last2=Natsuaki |first2=Misaki N. |last3=Neiderhiser |first3=Jenae M. |author-link3=Jenae Neiderhiser |last4=Reiss |first4=David |year=2007 |title=Genetic and Environmental Influences on Pubertal Timing: Results From Two National Sibling Studies |journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=767–788 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00546.x}}</ref> Girls will go through a growth spurt and gain weight in several areas of their body. Boys will go through similar spurts in growth, though it is usually not in a similar style or time frame. This is due to the natural processes of puberty, but genetics also plays a part in how much weight they gain or how much taller they get.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-26 |title=Stages of puberty: what happens to boys and girls |url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/sexual-health/stages-of-puberty-what-happens-to-boys-and-girls/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204165948/https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/sexual-health/stages-of-puberty-what-happens-to-boys-and-girls/ |archive-date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref>

One recent area of debate within the science of [[Development of the nervous system|brain development]] is the most likely chronological age for full [[Maturity (psychological)|mental maturity]], or indeed, if such an age even exists. Common claims repeated in the media since 2005 (based upon interpretations of imaging data) have commonly suggested an "end-point" of 25, referring to the [[prefrontal cortex]] as one area that is not yet fully mature at the age of 18. However, this is based on an interpretation of a brain imaging study by Jay Giedd, dating back to 2004 or 2005, where the only participants were aged up to 21 years, and Giedd assumed this maturing process would be done by the age of 25 years, whereas more recent studies show prefrontal cortex maturation continuing well past the age of 30 years, marking this interpretation as incorrect and outdated.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Henig |first=Robin Marantz |date=18 August 2010 |title=What is It About 20-Somethings? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/magazine/22Adulthood-t.html |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226112204/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/magazine/22Adulthood-t.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petanjek |first1=Zdravko |last2=Judaš |first2=Miloš |last3=Šimić |first3=Goran |last4=Rašin |first4=Mladen Roko |last5=Uylings |first5=Harry B. M. |last6=Rakic |first6=Pasko |last7=Kostović |first7=Ivica |year=2011 |title=Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=32 |pages=13281–13286 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10813281P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1105108108 |pmc=3156171 |pmid=21788513 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2019 |title=People don't become 'adults' until their 30s, say scientists |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-47622059 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614054155/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-47622059 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=Daniel |year=2010 |title=Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: implications for prevention |journal=Developmental Psychobiology |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=263–276 |doi=10.1002/dev.20442 |pmc=3445337 |pmid=20175097}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Casey |first1=BJ |author-link=BJ Casey |last2=Caudle |first2=Kristina |year=2013 |title=The Teenage Brain: Self Control |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=82–87 |doi=10.1177/0963721413480170 |pmc=4182916 |pmid=25284961}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Epstein |first=Robert |date=2007-06-01 |title=The Myth of the Teen Brain |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-myth-of-the-teen-brain-2007-06/ |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=2021-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213152824/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-myth-of-the-teen-brain-2007-06/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moshman |first=David |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203835111/adolescent-rationality-development-david-moshman |title=Adolescent Rationality and Development |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-203-83511-1 |doi=10.4324/9780203835111 |access-date=2021-12-07 |archive-date=2021-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207055923/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203835111/adolescent-rationality-development-david-moshman |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legal adulthood==
{{Main|Age of majority}}

Legally, ''adulthood'' typically means that one has reached the age of majority – when parents lose parental rights and responsibilities regarding the person concerned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Vivian |title=Adulthood in Law and Culture |publisher=Faculty Publications. |year=2016 |location=College of William & Mary Law School |pages=55–97}}</ref> Depending on one's [[jurisdiction]], the age of majority may or may not be set independently of and should not be confused with the minimum ages applicable to other activities, such as engaging in a [[contract]], [[marriage]], [[voting]], having a [[employment|job]], serving in the [[military]], buying/possessing [[firearm]]s, [[driving]], traveling abroad, involvement with [[alcoholic beverages]], [[Tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[Human sexual activity|sexual activity]], [[gambling]], being a model or actor in [[pornography]], running for [[President (government title)|president]], etc. Admission of a young person to a place may be restricted because of danger for that person, concern that the place may lead the person to immoral behavior, or because of the risk that the young person causes damage (for example, at an exhibition of fragile items).

One can distinguish the legality of acts of a young person, or of enabling a young person to carry out that act, by selling, renting out, showing, permitting entrance, allowing participation, etc. There may be distinction between commercially and socially enabling. Sometimes there is the requirement of supervision by a [[legal guardian]], or just by an adult. Sometimes there is no requirement, but rather a recommendation.

Using the example of [[pornography]], one can distinguish between:
* being allowed inside an adult establishment
* being allowed to purchase pornography
* being allowed to possess pornography
* another person being allowed to sell, rent out, or show the young person pornography, see [[disseminating pornography to a minor]]
* being a [[pornographic actor]]: rules for the young person, and for other people, regarding production, possession, etc. (see [[child pornography]])

With regard to films with violence, etc.:
* another person being allowed to sell, rent out, or show the young person a film; a cinema being allowed to let a young person enter

The age of majority ranges internationally from ages 15 to 21, with 18 being the most common age. [[Nigeria]], [[Mali]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] and [[Cameroon]] define adulthood at age 15, but marriage of girls at an earlier age is common.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spooner |first=Samantha |date=July 14, 2014 |title=Legal ages of marriage across Africa: Even when it's 18, they are married off at 12! |url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-07-14-legal-ages-of-marriage-across-africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070858/http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-07-14-legal-ages-of-marriage-across-africa |archive-date=January 24, 2018 |website=Mail & Guardian Africa }}</ref>

In most of the world, the [[legal]] adult age is 18 for most purposes, with some notable exceptions:

# The legal age of adulthood in [[British Columbia]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Nunavut]], and [[Yukon]] in [[Canada]] is 19 (though there are some exceptions in which Canadians may be considered legal adults in certain situations like [[sexual consent]], which is age 16, and [[criminal law]], federal elections and the military, which is at 18);<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellemare |first=Steven |date=July 2008 |title=Age of consent for sexual activity in Canada |journal=Paediatrics & Child Health |volume=13 |issue=6 |page=475 |doi=10.1093/pch/13.6.475 |pmc=2532909 |pmid=19436429 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B. A. |first=Political Science |title=What Does Age of Majority Mean in Canada? |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/age-of-majority-in-canada-510008 |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108045725/https://www.thoughtco.com/age-of-majority-in-canada-510008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
#The legal age of adulthood in [[Nebraska]] and [[Alabama]] in the [[United States]] is 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Age of Majority by State as of 2020 |url=https://www.policygenius.com/retirement/age-of-majority-by-state/ |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=Policygenius |language=en |archive-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207220904/https://www.policygenius.com/retirement/age-of-majority-by-state/ }}</ref>
#The legal age of adulthood in [[South Korea]] is 19.
# The legal age of adulthood in [[Mississippi]] and [[Puerto Rico]] in the U.S. and [[Bahrain]] is 21.

Prior to the 1970s, young people were not classed as adults until 21 in most western nations. For example, in the United States, young citizens could not vote in many elections until 21 until July 1971 when the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|26th Amendment]] passed mandating that the right to vote cannot be abridged for anyone 18 or older. The voting age was lowered in response to the fact that young men between the ages of 18 and 21 were drafted into the army to fight in the Vietnam War, hence the popular slogan "old enough to fight, old enough to vote".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birnbaum |first=Gemma R. |title="Old Enough to Fight, Old Enough to Vote": The WWII Roots of the 26th Amendment |date=28 October 2020 |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/voting-age-26th-amendment |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613050349/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/voting-age-26th-amendment |url-status=live }}</ref>

Young people under 21 in the US could also not purchase alcohol, purchase handguns, sign a binding contract, or marry without permission from parents. After the voting age was lowered, many states also moved to lower the drinking age (with most states having a minimum age of 18 or 19) and also to lower the age of legal majority (adulthood) to 18. However, there are legal activities where 18 is not the default age of adulthood. There are still some exceptions where 21 (or even higher) is still the benchmark for certain rights or responsibilities. For example, in the US the Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibits those under 21 from purchasing a handgun from a federally licensed dealer (although federal law makes an exception for individuals between the ages of 18 and 20 to obtain one from a private dealer if state law permits.) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statute 82 Page 1213-2 PDF file |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-82/pdf/STATUTE-82-Pg1213-2.pdf |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515103902/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-82/pdf/STATUTE-82-Pg1213-2.pdf |url-status=live }}{{full citation needed|date=June 2021}}</ref>

As of July 1984, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act mandated that all states raise their respective drinking ages to 21 to create a uniform standard for legally purchasing, drinking, or publicly possessing alcohol with exceptions made for consumption only in private residences under parental supervision and permission. This was done in response to reducing the number of drunk driving fatalities prevalent among young drivers. States that choose not to comply can lose up to 10% of highway funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1984 National Minimum Drinking Age Act | APIS - Alcohol Policy Information System |url=https://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/the-1984-national-minimum-drinking-age-act |website=alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613050745/https://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/the-1984-national-minimum-drinking-age-act |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Credit CARD Act of 2009|Credit Card Act of 2009]] imposed tougher safeguards for young adults between the ages of 18 and 20 obtaining a credit card. Young adults under the age of 21 must either have a co-signer 21 or older or show proof (usually a source of income) that they can repay their credit card balance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeMatteo |first=Megan |date=22 July 2020 |title=My first unsecured credit card came with a $20,000 limit—here's why that is rare today |url=https://www.cnbc.com/select/card-act-protections-for-young-people/ |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613075716/https://www.cnbc.com/select/card-act-protections-for-young-people/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Unless that requirement is met, one must wait until 21 to be approved for a credit card on their own.

The [[Affordable Care Act|Affordable Care Act of 2010]] expands the age that young adults can remain on their parent's [[health insurance]] plan up to age 26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Adults and the Affordable Care Act: Protecting Young Adults and Eliminating Burdens on Families and Businesses | CMS |url=https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Files/adult_child_fact_sheet |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613194817/https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Files/adult_child_fact_sheet |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{as of|2019|December|}}, the federal government raised the legal age to purchase tobacco and vaping products from 18 to 21.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=22 February 2021 |title=Tobacco 21 |url=https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/retail-sales-tobacco-products/tobacco-21 |journal=FDA |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622161350/https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/retail-sales-tobacco-products/tobacco-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> In states where recreational marijuana is legalized, the default age is also 21, though those younger may be able to obtain medical marijuana prescriptions or cards upon seeing a physician.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2018 |title=What is the Age Limit of Medical Cannabis in California? |url=https://americancannabisconsulting.com/california-medial-cannabis-age-limit/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613052219/https://americancannabisconsulting.com/california-medial-cannabis-age-limit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Gambling]] also varies from 18 to 21 depending on the state and many [[Car rental|rental car]] companies do not rent cars to those under 21 and have [[Surcharge (payment systems)|surcharges]] for drivers under 25 (although this is not codified, and is company policy).

In Quebec, Canada the Quebec legislature in 2020 raised the age one could purchase recreational marijuana from 18 to 21 stepping out of line with most of the country that set a minimum age of 19 (except Alberta, which is 18.) The Quebec government cited the risk that marijuana poses to the brain development of people under 21 as justification for the age raise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindeman |first=Tracey |date=30 October 2019 |title=Quebec raises legal consumption age for cannabis to 21 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/30/quebec-cannabis-legal-age-21 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524064107/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/30/quebec-cannabis-legal-age-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2021, the state of Washington in a 5–4 decision, justices in the Supreme Court of the State of Washington tossed the life without parole sentences of a 19-year-old and a 20-year-old convicted in separate cases of [[First-degree murder|first-degree]] aggravated murder decades ago, saying, as with juveniles, the court must first consider the age of those under 21 before sentencing them to die behind bars. This comes at a time when there are ongoing debates about whether those between 18 and 20 should be exempted from the death penalty.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2021 |title=Mandatory life without parole prohibited for young WA adults |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/crime/article249861893.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613194824/https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/crime/article249861893.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Michaels |first=Andrew |date=9 June 2016 |title=A Decent Proposal: Exempting Eighteen- to Twenty-Year-Olds from the Death Penalty |url=https://socialchangenyu.com/review/a-decent-proposal-exempting-eighteen-to-twenty-year-olds-from-the-death-penalty/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613195154/https://socialchangenyu.com/review/a-decent-proposal-exempting-eighteen-to-twenty-year-olds-from-the-death-penalty/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kentucky Trial Judge Rules Death Penalty Unconstitutional for Offenders Younger Than Age 21 |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/kentucky-trial-judge-rules-death-penalty-unconstitutional-for-offenders-younger-than-age-21#:~:text=A%20Kentucky%20trial%20court%20has,were%20younger%20than%20age%2021.&text=The%20decision%20extends%20the%20U.S.%20Supreme%20Court's%202005%20ruling%20in%20Roper%20v. |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613195156/https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/kentucky-trial-judge-rules-death-penalty-unconstitutional-for-offenders-younger-than-age-21#:~:text=A%20Kentucky%20trial%20court%20has,were%20younger%20than%20age%2021.&text=The%20decision%20extends%20the%20U.S.%20Supreme%20Court's%202005%20ruling%20in%20Roper%20v. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Should 18- to 21-year-olds be eligible for execution? |date=19 September 2019 |url=https://www.wpsdlocal6.com/news/should-18--to-21-year-olds-be-eligible-for-execution/article_14d28bc2-db18-11e9-9b36-2be43bde91a3.html |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613195154/https://www.wpsdlocal6.com/news/should-18--to-21-year-olds-be-eligible-for-execution/article_14d28bc2-db18-11e9-9b36-2be43bde91a3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Germany, courts largely sentence defendants under the age of 21 according to [[juvenile law]] in a bid to help them reintegrate into society and mete out punishments that fit the crime as well as the offender.

In May 2021, the state of Texas raised the age that one can be an exotic dancer and work and patronize [[sexually oriented business]]es from 18 to 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |title=Texas bill aims to crack down on human trafficking |url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/texas/texas-bill-crack-down-human-trafficking/285-17725873-40f7-491e-910a-06dceb9f3c2b |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613194815/https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/texas/texas-bill-crack-down-human-trafficking/285-17725873-40f7-491e-910a-06dceb9f3c2b |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the UK, there have been many proposals to raise the age that one can buy tobacco from 18 to 21 in an attempt to curb teen and young adult use to get to a "smoke-free" UK by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Raise age for sale of cigarettes to 21 and stop 'tobacco epidemic', say UK MPS |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jun/09/uk-smoking-raise-age-cigarettes-sale-to-21-mps |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613194824/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jun/09/uk-smoking-raise-age-cigarettes-sale-to-21-mps |url-status=live }}</ref>
All of these laws made over the years reflect the growing awareness that young adults, while not children, are still in a transitional stage between adolescence and full adulthood and that there should be policy adjustments or restrictions where necessary, especially where it pertains to activities that carry certain degrees of risk or harm to themselves or others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arain |first1=Mariam |last2=Haque |first2=Maliha |last3=Johal |first3=Lina |last4=Mathur |first4=Puja |last5=Nel |first5=Wynand |last6=Rais |first6=Afsha |last7=Sandhu |first7=Ranbir |last8=Sharma |first8=Sushil |year=2013 |title=Maturation of the adolescent brain |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=9 |pages=449–461 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S39776 |pmc=3621648 |pmid=23579318 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

At the same time, however, even though the generally accepted age of majority is 18<ref>{{Cite web |title=age of majority |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/age_of_majority |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> in most nations, there are rights or privileges afforded to adolescents who have not yet reached legal adulthood. In the United States, youth are able to get a part-time job at 14 provided they have a work permit. At 16, one is able to obtain a driver's permit or license depending on state laws and is able to work most jobs (except ones requiring heavy machinery) and consent to sexual activity (depending on the state). At 17, one is able to enlist in the armed forces with parental consent although they cannot be deployed to be in combat roles until age 18.

The voting age for local elections in most American cities is 18. But in five localities nationwide — four of which are in Maryland — 16 and 17-year-olds are eligible to vote. The cities are Takoma Park, Riverdale, Greenbelt, and Hyattsville.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niel |first=Clara |date=October 2020 |title=Takoma Park is one of five cities where minors can vote. And young voters are turning out |url=https://dbknews.com/2020/10/01/takoma-park-young-voters-greenbelt-montgomery-county-riverdale-park/ |access-date=2021-06-13 |archive-date=2021-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510104801/https://dbknews.com/2020/10/01/takoma-park-young-voters-greenbelt-montgomery-county-riverdale-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, students 16 or older in Oakland, California gained the right to vote in school board elections. There is a growing movement to lower the voting age in the US and many other countries from 18 to 16 in hopes of engaging the youth vote and encouraging greater electoral participation. Some countries already have a voting age of 16 which include Austria, Scotland, Argentina, Brazil, Wales, Cuba, and Ecuador.

In Germany, one can purchase beer and wine at the age of 16 although they cannot purchase spirits or hard liquor until 18. The age of consent in Germany is 14 if both partners are under 18. Sexual activity with a person under 18 is punishable if the adult is a person of authority over the minor in upbringing, education, care, or employment.

==Social construction of adulthood==
In contrast to biological perspectives of aging and adulthood, social scientists conceptualize adulthood as socially constructed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Settersten |first=Richard A. Jr. |title=Lives in time and place: the problems and promises of developmental science |date=2 December 2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-78421-4 |oclc=1121019775}}{{page needed|date=June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Life course dynamics: trajectories and transitions, 1968-1980 |date=1985 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0-8014-9323-4 |editor-last=Elder |editor-first=Glen H. |pages=23–49 |chapter=Perspectives on the life course |oclc=469306035}}</ref> While aging is an established biological process, the attainment of adulthood is social in its criteria. In contrast to other perspectives that conceptualize aging and the attainment of adulthood as a largely universal development, regardless of context, nation, generation, gender, race, or social class. Social scientists regard these aspects as paramount in cultural definitions of adulthood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ryff |first=Carol D. |title=Gender and the life course |isbn=978-1-351-32902-6 |editor-last=Rossi |editor-first=Alice S. |pages=97–113 |chapter=The Subjective Experience of Life-Span Transitions |date=16 January 2018 |publisher=Routledge |oclc=1028167964}}</ref>

Further evidence of adulthood as a [[Social constructionism|social construction]] is illustrated by the changing criteria of adulthood over time. Historically, adulthood in the U.S. has rested on completing one's [[education]], moving away from the family of origin, and beginning one's career.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnett |first=Jeffrey Jensen |year=1998 |title=Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context |journal=Human Development |volume=41 |issue=5/6 |pages=295–315 |doi=10.1159/000022591 |jstor=26763368 |s2cid=143862036}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Levinson |first=Daniel J. |title=The Seasons of a man's life |year=1979 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=0-345-29727-X |oclc=9162079}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=Michael J. |date=August 2000 |title=Pathways to Adulthood in Changing Societies: Variability and Mechanisms in Life Course Perspective |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=667–692 |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.667 |jstor=223461}}</ref> Other key historical criteria include entering a [[marriage]] and becoming a [[parent]]. These criteria are social and subjective; they are organized by gender, race, ethnicity, and social class, among other key identity markers. As a result, particular populations feel adult earlier in the life course than do others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnett |first=Jeffrey Jensen |year=2003 |title=Conceptions of the Transition to Adulthood Among Emerging Adults in American Ethnic Groups |journal=New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development |volume=2003 |issue=100 |pages=63–76 |doi=10.1002/cd.75 |pmid=12955983}}</ref><ref name="Aronson, Pamela 2008">{{Cite journal |last=Aronson |first=Pamela |date=February 2008 |title=The Markers and Meanings of Growing Up: Contemporary Young Women's Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood |journal=Gender & Society |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=56–82 |doi=10.1177/0891243207311420 |pmc=2312095 |pmid=18418470}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barrett |first=Anne E. |date=March 2003 |title=Socioeconomic Status and Age Identity: The Role of Dimensions of Health in the Subjective Construction of Age |journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=S101–S109 |doi=10.1093/geronb/58.2.s101 |pmid=12646599 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barrett |first=Anne E. |date=May 2005 |title=Gendered experiences in midlife: Implications for age identity |journal=Journal of Aging Studies |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=163–183 |doi=10.1016/j.jaging.2004.05.002}}</ref>

Contemporary experiences of and research on young adults today substitute more seemingly subjective criteria for adulthood which resonate more soundly with young adults' experiences of aging.<ref name="Aronson, Pamela 2008" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=On the frontier of adulthood: theory, research, and public policy |isbn=978-0-226-74890-0 |editor-last=Settersten |editor-first=Richard A. Jr. |pages=3–25 |chapter=On the Frontier of Adulthood: Emerging Themes and New Directions |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |oclc=191752480 |editor-last2=Furstenberg |editor-first2=Frank F. |editor-last3=Rumbaut |editor-first3=Rubén G.}}</ref> The criteria are marked by a growing "importance of individualistic criteria and the irrelevance of the demographic markers of normative conceptions of adulthood."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shanahan |first1=Michael J. |title=On the frontier of adulthood: theory, research, and public policy |last2=Porfeli |first2=Erik J. |last3=Mortimer |first3=Jeylan T. |last4=Erickson |first4=Lance D. |isbn=978-0-226-74890-0 |editor-last=Settersten |editor-first=Richard A. Jr. |pages=225–255 |chapter=Subjective Age Identity and the Transition to Adulthood: When do Adolescents Become Adults? |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |oclc=191752480 |editor-last2=Furstenberg |editor-first2=Frank F. |editor-last3=Rumbaut |editor-first3=Rubén G.}}</ref> In particular, younger cohorts' attainment of adulthood centers on three criteria: gaining a sense of responsibility, independent decision-making, and [[financial independence]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arnett |first=Jeffrey Jensen |title=Emerging adulthood: the winding road from the late teens through the twenties |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-992938-2 |oclc=945977734}}{{page needed|date=June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Waters |first1=Mary C. |title=On the frontier of adulthood: theory, research, and public policy |last2=Carr |first2=Patrick J. |last3=Kefalas |first3=Maria J. |last4=Holdaway |first4=Jennifer |isbn=978-0-226-74890-0 |editor-last=Settersten |editor-first=Richard A. Jr. |pages=169–190 |chapter=Becoming Adult: Meanings and Markers for Young Americans |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |oclc=191752480 |editor-last2=Furstenberg |editor-first2=Frank F. |editor-last3=Rumbaut |editor-first3=Rubén G.}}</ref>

[[Jeffrey Arnett]], a psychologist and professor at [[Clark University]] in Massachusetts, studied the development of adults and argues that there is a new and distinct period of development in between adolescence and adulthood. This stage, which he calls "[[Emerging adulthood and early adulthood|emerging adulthood]]", occurs between the ages of 18 and 25.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, PhD |url=https://www.apa.org/action/careers/improve-lives/jensen-arnett |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=apa.org |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102110025/https://www.apa.org/action/careers/improve-lives/jensen-arnett |url-status=live }}</ref> Arnett describes these individuals as able to take some responsibility for their lives, but still not completely feeling like an adult. Arnett articulates five distinct features that are unique to this period of development: identity exploration, feeling in between, instability, self-focus, and having possibilities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Munsey |first=Christopher |date=June 2006 |title=Emerging adults: The in-between age |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/jun06/emerging |magazine=Monitor on Psychology |publisher=American Psychological Association |volume=37 |page=68 |access-date=2020-12-13}}</ref> Arnett makes it clear that these 5 aspects of emerging adulthood are only relevant during the life stage of emerging adulthood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnett |first=Jeffrey Jensen |date=December 2007 |title=Emerging Adulthood: What Is It, and What Is It Good For? |url=https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x |journal=Child Development Perspectives |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=68–73 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x |issn=1750-8592|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The first feature, identity exploration, describes [[Emerging adulthood and early adulthood|emerging adults]] making decisions for themselves about their career, education, and love life. This is a time of life when a young person has yet to finalize these decisions but are pondering them, making them feel somewhere in between adolescent and adult. This leads into a second feature of this phase of life—feeling in between. Emerging adults feel that they are taking on responsibilities but do not feel like a 'full' adult quite yet. Next, the instability feature notes that emerging adults often move around after their high school years whether that is to college, friends' houses, or living with a romantic partner, as well as moving back home with their parents/guardians for a time. This moving around often ends once the individual's family and career have been set. Tagging along with the instability feature is having self-focus. Emerging adults, being away from their parental and societal routines, are now able to do what they want when they want and where they want before they are put back into a routine when they start a marriage, family, and career. Arnett's last feature of emerging adulthood, an age of possibilities, characterizes this stage as one where "optimism reigns".<ref name=":0" /> These individuals believe they have a good chance of turning out better than their parents did.<ref name=":0" />

==Religion==
According to [[Jewish]] tradition, adulthood is reached at age 13 for Jewish boys and 12 for Jewish girls in accordance with the [[Bar or Bat Mitzvah]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bar Mitzva in Peninei Halakha by rabbi Eliezer Melamed |date=July 2000 |url=https://ph.yhb.org.il/07-02-09/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |archive-date=2022-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018072239/https://ph.yhb.org.il/07-02-09/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bat Mitzva in Peninei Halakha by rabbi Eliezer Melamed |date=July 2000 |url=https://ph.yhb.org.il/07-02-11/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |archive-date=2022-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018072512/https://ph.yhb.org.il/07-02-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref> they are expected to demonstrate preparation for adulthood by learning the [[Torah]] and other Jewish practices. The Christian [[Bible]] and [[Jewish scripture]] contain no age requirement for adulthood or [[marriage|marrying]], which includes engaging in sexual activity.

The 1983 Code of Canon Law states, "A man before he has completed his sixteenth year of age, and likewise a woman before she has completed her fourteenth year of age, cannot enter a valid marriage".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Code of Canon Law: Table of Contents |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/cic_index_en.html |website=vatican.va |access-date=2022-12-23 |archive-date=2021-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822161637/https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/cic_index_en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''The Disappearance of Childhood'' by [[Neil Postman]], the [[Christian Church]] of the [[Middle Ages]] considered the age of accountability, when a person could be tried and even [[execution|executed]] as an adult, to be age 7. While certain religions have their guidelines on what it means to be an adult, generally speaking, there are trends that occur regarding religiosity as individuals transition from adolescence to adulthood. The role of religion in one's life can impact development during adolescence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donelson |first=Elaine |year=1999 |title=Psychology of religion and adolescents in the United States: Past to present |journal=Journal of Adolescence |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=187–204 |doi=10.1006/jado.1999.0212 |pmid=10089119}}</ref> The National Library of Medicine (NCBI) highlights some studies that show rates of religiosity declining as people move out of the house and live on their own. Oftentimes when people live on their own, they change their life goals and religion tends to be less important as they discover who they are. Other studies from the NCBI show that as adults get married and have children they settle down, and as they do, there tends to be an increase in religiosity. Everyone's level of religiosity builds at a different pace, meaning that religion relative to adult development varies across cultures and time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Bo Hyeong Jane |last2=Pearce |first2=Lisa D. |last3=Schorpp |first3=Kristen M. |date=September 2017 |title=Religious Pathways from Adolescence to Adulthood |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=678–689 |doi=10.1111/jssr.12367 |pmc=5912683 |pmid=29706663}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Adultism]]
* [[Overparenting]]
* [[Manhood]]
* [[Womanhood]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Humandevelopment}}
{{Psychology|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Adulthood| ]]
[[Category:Biological concepts]]
[[Category:Juvenile law]]

National Film Award for Best Screenplay

2026-03-12T11:32:56Z

ThomasEl:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Screenplay
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best screenplay for a feature film for a year
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1967 (Original screenplay) 2009 (Adapted screenplay and Dialogue)
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Sai Rajesh]], Ramkumar Balakrishnan and Deepak Kingrani
}}

The ''' National Film Award for Best Screenplay''' is one of the categories in the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with ''Rajat Kamal'' (Silver Lotus). The award is announced for films produced in a year across the country, in all Indian languages. {{As of|2024}}, the award comprises a ''Rajat Kamal'', a certificate, and a cash prize of {{INR}}2,00,000.<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |date=14 December 2023 |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |access-date=25 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

The National Film Awards were established in 1954 to "encourage production of the films of a high aesthetic and technical standard and educational and culture value" and also planned to include awards for regional films.<ref name="1staward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm1stNFAAward.aspx|title=1st National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517062641/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm1stNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="1stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/1st_nff_1954.pdf|title=1st National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref> The awards were instituted as the "State Awards for Films" but were renamed to "National Film Awards" at the [[15th National Film Awards]] in 1967 and a new category of award for Best Screenplay was introduced, presented with a plaque and a cash prize.<ref name="15thawardPDF"/> At the [[57th National Film Awards]] in 2009, the [[Screenplay]] award was reclassified into three different awards: Screenplay Writer (Original), Screenplay Writer (Adapted), and [[Dialogue]]s.<ref name="57thawardPDF"/> Although the Indian film industry produces films in around twenty [[Languages of India|languages and dialects]],<ref name=NFA>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/nfa.asp|title=About National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals]|access-date=13 May 2017}}</ref> as of 2022 edition, the seventy-three unique writers who have been awarded, have worked in nine major languages: [[Bollywood|Hindi]] (twenty awards), [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] (twelve awards), [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] (eleven awards), [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] (nine awards), [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] (seven awards), [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] (five awards), [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] (three awards), English (two awards), [[Sanskrit]] and [[Assamese cinema|Assamese]] (one award each).

The inaugural award, in 1967, of this category was presented to [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]] for the Malayalam film ''[[Agniputhri]]''.<ref name="15thawardPDF"/> No award was presented at the [[23rd National Film Awards]] (1975).<ref name="23rdawardPDF"/> {{As of|2016}}, Malayalam author and screenplay writer [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] holds the record of winning maximum awards in category with four wins for the films: ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragadha]]'' (1989), ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]'' (1991),<ref name="39thawardPDF"/> ''[[Sadayam]]'' (1992),<ref name="40thawardPDF"/> and ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]'' (1994).<ref name="42ndawardPDF"/> Bengali filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]] was presented the award in 1993 posthumously for the film ''[[Uttoran]]'';<ref name="41stawardPDF"/> he had earlier received awards for ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' (1970) and ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (1974).<ref name="18thawardPDF"/><ref name="22ndawardPDF"/> At the [[59th National Film Awards]] in 2011, [[Girish Kulkarni]] was awarded both the [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and Best Dialogue Awards for the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] ''[[Deool]]''. The film was itself was adjudged the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]].<ref name="59thaward"/> In 2015 at the [[63rd National Film Awards|63rd ceremony]], the awards for both Original Screenplay and Dialogue were jointly presented to [[Juhi Chaturvedi]] and [[Himanshu Sharma]] for their films ''[[Piku]]'' and ''[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns]]'', respectively.<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

{{As of|2022}}, sixty-nine awards have been presented for Original Screenplay writing, eighteen for Adapted Screenplay writing, and fourteen for dialogue.

== Award ==
The first recipient of the award, [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]], was presented with a plaque and {{INR}} 5000 cash prize.<ref name="15thawardPDF"/> The award was revised in 1973 at the [[21st National Film Awards|21st ceremony]] to include {{INR}} 10,000 cash, a silver medal and a certificate. It was shared by [[Mrinal Sen]] and Ashish Burman for their Bengali film ''[[Padatik (1973 film)|Padatik]]''.<ref name="21stawardPDF"/> At the [[54th National Film Awards|54th awarding ceremony]] in 2006, the next revision of the award was declared to include cash remuneration of {{INR}}50,000 which was presented to [[Abhijat Joshi]], [[Rajkumar Hirani]] and [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] for their Hindi film ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' in which [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s philosophy of non-violence was depicted.<ref name="54thawardPDF"/> At the [[70th National Film Awards]] (2022), the cash prize was revised to {{INR}}2,00,000.<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |date=14 December 2023 |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |access-date=25 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

For fourteen times, multiple writers were awarded for their work in a single film; [[Mrinal Sen]] and Ashish Burman for ''[[Padatik (1973 film)|Padatik]]'' (1973), [[Satyadev Dubey]], [[Shyam Benegal]], and [[Girish Karnad]] for ''[[Bhumika]]'' (1977), T. S. Ranga and [[T. S. Nagabharana]] for ''[[Grahana (film)|Grahana]]'' (1978), [[Ashok Mishra]] and [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]] for ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]]'' (1995), [[Manoj Tyagi]] and Nina Arora for ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]'' (2004), [[Prakash Jha]], Shridhar Raghavan, and [[Manoj Tyagi]] for ''[[Apaharan]]'' (2005), [[Abhijat Joshi]], [[Rajkumar Hirani]], and [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] for ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006), [[Gopalakrishna Pai|Gopal Krishan Pai]] and [[Girish Kasaravalli]] for ''[[Kanasemba Kudureyaneri]]'' (2009), [[P. F. Mathews]] and Harikrishna for ''[[Kutty Srank]]'' (2009), [[Anant Mahadevan]] and Sanjay Pawar for ''[[Mee Sindhutai Sapkal]]'' (2010), [[Vikas Bahl]], [[Nitesh Tiwari]], and [[Vijay Maurya]] for ''[[Chillar Party]]'' (2011), Bhavesh Mandalia and [[Umesh Shukla]] for ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' (2012), [[Sriram Raghavan]], Arijit Biswas, Yogesh Chandekar, [[Hemanth Rao]], Pooja Ladha Surti for ''[[Andhadhun]]'' (2018), [[Sudha Kongara]] and Shalini Ushadevi for ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Shyamoli Banerjee Deb, one of the jury members at the [[53rd National Film Awards]], filed a petition objecting to the selections in five awards categories; the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]], the [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]], the [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], the Best Screenplay, and the [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]. Deb challenged the decision to confer the award to [[Prakash Jha]], Shridhar Raghavan, and [[Manoj Tyagi]] for the Hindi film ''[[Apaharan]]'' and claimed that the film was not in the primary selection list. The [[Delhi High Court]] put a [[Stay of execution|stay]] on the announcement and requested a reply from the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=86222|title=Delhi HC stays National Films Awards|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=9 May 2007|access-date=13 May 2017}}</ref> Fourteen months later, Justice B. D. Ahmed removed the stay and the award was announced for ''Apaharan''.<ref name="53rdawardPDF"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-awards-Big-B-Sarika-win-top-honours/articleshow/2263775.cms|title=National awards: Big B, Sarika win top honours|newspaper=The Times of India|location=New Delhi|date=8 August 2007|access-date=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hc-nod-for-presentation-of-national-film-awa/207928/|title=HC nod for presentation of National Film Awards|newspaper=The Indian Express|location=New Delhi|date=1 August 2007|access-date=13 May 2017}}</ref>

== Winners ==
Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="width:40%"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background-color:#E6E6FA;width:20px;"|
| {{small|Screenplay Writer (Original)}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EBEBE0;width:20px;"|
| {{small|Screenplay Writer (Adapted)}}
|-
| style="background-color:#E0EAEA;width:20px;"|
| {{small|Dialogue}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award recipients, showing the year (award ceremony), film(s) and language(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:25%;"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Language(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center"| [[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]]
| ''[[Agniputhri]]''
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| align="center" |<ref name="15thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|title=15th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Pandit Anand Kumar
| ''[[Anokhi Raat]]''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="16thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=22 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Puttanna Kanagal]]
| ''[[Gejje Pooje]]''
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref name="17thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Satyajit Ray]]
| ''[[Pratidwandi]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| align="center" |<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Tapan Sinha]]
| ''[[Ekhoni|Ekhonee]]''
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-1972.html|title=19th National Film Awards 1972|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]] 
! scope="row" | [[Gulzar]]
| ''[[Koshish]]''
| Hindi
| align="center" |<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Mrinal Sen]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Padatik (1973 film)|Padatik]]''
| rowspan="3" | Bengali
| align="center" rowspan="2"|<ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Ashish Burman
|-
| align="center"| [[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Satyajit Ray]]
| ''[[Sonar Kella]]''
| align="center" |<ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf|title=22nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Vijay Tendulkar]]
| ''[[Manthan]]''
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-19/pune/27764342_1_marathi-playwright-vijay-tendulkar-noted-marathi-priya-tendulkar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103144050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-19/pune/27764342_1_marathi-playwright-vijay-tendulkar-noted-marathi-priya-tendulkar|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Marathi playwright Vijay Tendulkar passes away|date=19 May 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Satyadev Dubey]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Bhumika: The Role|Bhumika]]''
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shyam Benegal]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Girish Karnad]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
! scope="row" | T. S. Ranga
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Grahana (film)|Grahana]]''
| rowspan="2" | Kannada
| align="center" rowspan="2"|<ref name="26hawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFa.pdf|title=26th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
|-
| align="center"| [[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Sai Paranjpye]]
| ''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]''
| Hindi
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-1980.html|title=27th National Film Awards|access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Mrinal Sen]]
| ''[[Akaler Sandhane]]''
| Bengali
| align="center" |<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[K. Balachander]]
| ''[[Thanneer Thanneer]]''
| Tamil
| align="center" |<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|title=29th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Mrinal Sen]]
| ''[[Kharij]]''
| Bengali
| align="center" |<ref name="30thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf|title=30th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[G. V. Iyer]]
| ''[[Adi Shankaracharya (film)|Adi Shankaracharya]]''
| [[Sanskrit]]
| align="center" |<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| ''[[Mukhamukham]]''
| Malayalam
| align="center" |<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| ''[[Agnisnaan]]''
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| align="center" |<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
| ''[[Phera]]''
| Bengali
| align="center" |<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| ''[[Anantaram]]''
| Malayalam
| align="center" |<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Arundhati Roy]]
| ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''
| Malayalam
| align="center" |<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| ''[[Marupakkam]]''
| Tamil
| align="center" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''
| rowspan="2" | Malayalam
| align="center" |<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| ''[[Sadayam]]''
| align="center" |<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Satyajit Ray]] {{small|(Posthumously)}}
| ''[[Uttoran]]''
| Bengali
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]''
| Malayalam
| align="center" |<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Ashok Mishra]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]]''
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
| align="center" rowspan="2"|<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
|-
| align="center"| [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Agathiyan]]
| ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''
| Tamil
| align="center" |<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
| ''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''
| Bengali
| align="center" |<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Ashok Mishra]]
| ''[[Samar (1999 film)|Samar]]''
| Hindi
| align="center" |<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]]
| ''[[Karunam]]''
| Malayalam
| align="center" |<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Bharathiraja]]
| ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]''
| Tamil
| align="center" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[G. Neelakanta Reddy]]
| ''[[Show (film)|Show]]''
| Telugu
| align="center" |<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Aparna Sen]]
| ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Gautam Ghose]]
| ''[[Abar Aranye]]''
| Bengali
| align="center" |<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Manoj Tyagi]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
| rowspan="9" | Hindi
| align="center" rowspan="2"|<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Nina Arora
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Prakash Jha]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Apaharan]]''
| align="center" rowspan="3" | <ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Shridhar Raghavan
|-
! scope="row" | [[Manoj Tyagi]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Abhijat Joshi]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Lage Raho Munnabhai]]''
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
|-
| align="center"| [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Feroz Abbas Khan]]
| ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''
| align="center" |<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Sachin Kundalkar]]
| ''[[Gandha (film)|Gandha]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="5" | [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA"| [[P. F. Mathews]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kutty Srank]]''
| rowspan="2" | Malayalam
| align="center" rowspan="5"|<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA"| Harikrishna
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0"| [[Gopalakrishna Pai]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kanasemba Kudureyaneri]]''
| rowspan="2" | Kannada
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0"| [[Girish Kasaravalli]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | [[Pandiraj]]
| ''[[Pasanga]]''
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
| align="center" rowspan="4" | [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Vetrimaaran]]
| ''[[Aadukalam]]''
| align="center" rowspan="4" |<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | [[Anant Mahadevan]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Mee Sindhutai Sapkal]]''
| rowspan="3" | Marathi
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | Sanjay Pawar
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | Sanjay Pawar
| ''[[Mee Sindhutai Sapkal]]''
|-
| align="center" rowspan="5" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Vikas Bahl]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Chillar Party]]''
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
| align="center" rowspan="5" |<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Nitesh Tiwari]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Vijay Maurya]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | Avinash Deshpande Nigdi
| ''[[Shala (film)|Shala]]''
| rowspan="2" | Marathi
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | [[Girish Kulkarni]]
| ''[[Deool]]''
|-
| align="center" rowspan="4" | [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Sujoy Ghosh]]
| ''[[Kahaani]]''
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
| align="center" rowspan="4" |<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0"| Bhavesh Mandalia
| rowspan="2" | ''[[OMG - Oh My God!]]''
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | [[Umesh Shukla]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | [[Anjali Menon]]
| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]''
| Malayalam
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[P. Sheshadri]]
| ''[[December-1]]''
| rowspan="2" | Kannada
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | Panchakshari
| ''Prakruti''
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | [[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]]
| ''[[Astu]]''
| Marathi
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| ''[[Chotushkone]]''
| Bengali
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | [[Joshy Mangalath]]
| ''[[Ottaal]]''
| Malayalam
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Juhi Chaturvedi]]
| ''[[Piku]]''
|
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Himanshu Sharma]]
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''
|
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]''
|
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Syam Pushkaran]]
| ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''
| Malayalam
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | Sanjay Krishnaji Patil
| ''[[Dashakriya]]''
| Marathi
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | [[Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam]]
| ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
| Telugu
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Sajeev Pazhoor]]
| ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''
| rowspan="2" | Malayalam
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="Hello arsi">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odia-film-hello-arsi-wins-big-at-65th-national-film-awards/articleshow/63785182.cms|title=Odia film Hello Arsi wins big at 65th National Film Awards - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | [[Jayaraj]]
| ''[[Bhayanakam]]''
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | Sambit Mohanty {{small|(posthumously)}}
| ''[[Hello Arsi]]''
| Oriya
|-
| align="center" rowspan="7" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Rahul Ravindran]]
| ''[[Chi La Sow]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | [[Sriram Raghavan]]
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Andhadhun]]''
| rowspan="5" | Hindi
| align="center" rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|access-date=9 August 2019|title=66th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | Arijit Biswas
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | Yogesh Chedekar
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | [[Hemanth Rao]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | Pooja Ladha Surti
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | [[Churni Ganguly]]
| ''[[Tarikh (film)|Tarikh]]''
| rowspan="3" | Bengali
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| ''[[Jyeshthoputro]]''
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.nic.in/images/News/1098_winners_for_67th.pdf|title=67th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| ''[[Gumnaami]]''
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | [[Vivek Ranjan Agnihotri]]
| ''[[The Tashkent Files]]''
| Hindi
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA"| [[Sudha Kongara]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
| rowspan="3" | Tamil
| rowspan="3"|
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA"| Shalini Ushadevi
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | Madonne Ashwin
| ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Shahi Kabir]]
| ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]''
| Malayalam
| rowspan="4" align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0"| [[Utkarshini Vashishtha]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA"| Prakash Kapadia
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" |[[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Anand Ekarshi]]
|''[[Aattam]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA"| Arpita Mukherjee
| rowspan="2" |''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]''
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA"| Rahul V. Chittella
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | [[Sai Rajesh]]
| ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''
|Telugu
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E6E6FA" | Ramkumar Balakrishnan
| ''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]''
|Tamil
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | Deepak Kingrani
| ''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]''
|Hindi
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{National Film Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Film Award For Best Screenplay}}
[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Screenplay]]
[[Category:Screenwriting awards for film]]

Jorwe culture

2026-03-12T07:24:02Z

ThomasEl: improve structure based on references and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Chalcolithic culture in India}}
{{History of South Asia}}

The '''Jorwe culture''' was a [[Chalcolithic]] [[archaeological culture]] which existed in large areas of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region in what is now [[Maharashtra]] state in Western [[India]], and also reached north into the [[Malwa]] region of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is named after the [[type site]] of [[Jorwe]]. The early phase of the culture is dated to {{circa}} 1400-1000 BCE, while the late phase is dated to {{circa}} 1000-700 BCE.{{Sfn|Singh|2008|p=232}}

Over 200 settlements of the Jorwe culture have been found, ranging from several large and medium-sized farming villages, to many small villages, as well as temporary and seasonal camp-sites used by pastoralists. It likely reflects a [[chiefdom]] level of social organization. The largest settlement was [[Daimabad]], which had a mud fortification during this period, as well as an elliptical temple with fire pits. Some settlements show evidence of planning in the layout of rectangular houses and streets or lanes. Most dwellings were small, single-room dwellings, but the chiefs lived in large houses with multiple rooms, and had granaries to store grain.{{sfn|Basant|2012|p=92-96}}{{Sfn|Singh|2008|p=232-236}}

The pottery is red and orange, and painted with geometric patterns in black. Agriculture was largely the same as the earlier [[Malwa culture]], including wheat, barley, and legumes, but with the addition of new kinds of [[millet]]. The people traded with [[Karnataka]] for gold and ivory, and with coastal India ([[Gujarat]] and [[Konkan]]) for fish, [[conch]] shell, and [[haematite]]. Their dead were typically buried with the feet cut off, in [[urn]]s which were placed under house floors or courtyards. Most Jorwe culture sites were abandoned around 1000 BCE, possibly due to famine or drought, and the remaining sites show signs of increased poverty until their abandonment c. 700 BCE.{{sfn|Basant|2012|p=92-96}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=232-236}}

Sites of the Jorwe culture include [[Jorwe]], [[Daimabad]], [[Inamgaon]], [[Prakasha|Prakashe]], Navdatoli (near [[Maheshwar]]), Walki (in [[Pune District]]).

The Jorwe culture was preceded by the [[Malwa culture]] and succeeded by the [[Iron Age India|Iron Age]] [[megalith]]ic culture of the [[Deccan]], and the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture.
==See also==
*[[History of Maharashtra]]
*[[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|last=Singh|first=Upinder|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131711200|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/citycountryinear0000basa|url-access=registration|title=The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa|last=Basant|first=P. K.|date=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607153|language=en}}

[[Category:Chalcolithic cultures of Asia]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures in India]]

Muharram

2026-03-08T18:18:55Z

ThomasEl: general enhance references further and updated info

{{Short description|First month of the Islamic calendar}}
{{About|the first month of the [[Islamic calendar]]|the annual commemoration of [[Husayn ibn Ali]]|Mourning of Muharram|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox month
| image = Ashura 2016 mourning in Imam Hossein Square, Tehran 02.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ashura procession in Iran, 2016
| native_name = {{Native name|ar|ٱلْمُحَرَّم}}
| calendar = [[Islamic calendar]]
| num = 1
| days = 29–30 (depends on actual observation of the moon's crescent)
| season =
| gregorian =
| holidays = [[Ashura]]
| prev_month = [[Dhu al-Hijja]]
| next_month = [[Safar]]
}}
{{IslamicMonths sidebar}}
'''Al-Muharram''' ({{langx|ar|ٱلْمُحَرَّم|translit=al-Muḥarram}}) is the first month of the [[Islamic calendar]]. It is one of the four sacred months of the year when warfare is banned. It precedes the month of [[Safar]]. The tenth of Muharram is known as [[Ashura]], an important day of commemoration in [[Islam]]. For [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]], the day commemorates the [[Crossing the Red Sea|parting of the Red Sea]] by [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] and the salvation of the [[Israelites]], observed through voluntary [[fasting]] and other permissible expressions of gratitude. By contrast, Ashura is a day of mourning for [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslims, who annually commemorate the death of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], grandson of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and the third [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]]. Husayn was killed, alongside most of his relatives and his small retinue, in the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680 [[Common Era|CE]] against the army of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I|Yazid ibn Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|680|683}}). The Shia rituals span the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on Ashura with mourning processions in Shia cities. Also in Muharram, the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Aqsa]] mosque in [[Jerusalem]] was initially set as the direction of prayer for early Muslims.

==Origins==
Muharram ({{Lit|sacred}}) is the first month of the [[Islamic calendar]], with (at most) thirty days. Warfare in Muharram is forbidden, and it has been so since before the advent of [[Islam]].{{sfn|Plessner|2012}} The word {{Transliteration|ar|Muharram}} is short for "Muharram Safar" ({{Lit|sacred Safar}}), which distinguishes in the ancient [[Arabs|Arab]] calendar between Safar I, which was sacred, and Safar II, which was not. Over time, however, the adjective {{Transliteration|ar|Muharram}} itself became the name of the first month of the year.{{sfn|Plessner|2012}}

== Ashura ==
{{Main|Ashura}}
{{See also|Battle of Karbala|Mourning of Muharram|Ashura in Algeria}}
The tenth of Muharram is known as [[Ashura]], an important day of commemoration in Islam. For [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Muslims]], Ashura marks the [[parting of the Red Sea]] by [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] and the salvation of the [[Israelites]].{{sfn|Newman|2024}}{{sfn|Katz|2007|p=149}} Also on this day, [[Noah]] disembarked from the [[Noah's Ark|Ark]],{{sfn|Katz|2007|p=149}} God forgave [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], and [[Joseph in Islam|Joseph]] was released from prison, among various auspicious events on Ashura in Sunni tradition.{{sfn|Reid|2011}} Ashura is celebrated in Sunni Islam through supererogatory [[fasting]], and also other pious acts and acceptable expressions of joy.{{sfn|Reid|2011}}{{sfn|Reid|2011}} In some Sunni communities, the annual Ashura festivities include carnivals, bonfires, and special dishes,{{sfn|Wensinck|Marçais|2012}}{{sfn|Katz|2007|p=113}} even though some Sunni scholars have criticized such practices.{{sfn|Reid|2011}}{{sfn|Katz|2007|pp=115{{ndash}}116}}

By contrast, for [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslims, Ashura is a day of mourning as they commemorate the martyrdom of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], grandson of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] and the third [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]].{{sfn|Aghaie|2013}}{{sfn|Beverley|2011|p=48}} Husayn refused on moral grounds to pledge his allegiance to the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I|Yazid ibn Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|680|683}}) and was subsequently killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, by the Umayyad army in the [[Battle of Karbala]] on Ashura 61 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (680 [[Common Era|CE]]).{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=|pp=28{{ndash}}31}} Among the Shia, mourning for Husayn is viewed as an act of protest against oppression, and as such a struggle for God ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jihad]]}}).{{sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=|pp=142{{ndash}}143}}{{sfn|Nakash|1993|p=165}} Mourners also hope to secure the intercession of Husayn in the afterlife.{{sfn|Blank|2001|p=84}}{{sfn|Munson|1988|p=24}} Ashura is observed annually through mourning gatherings, processions, and reenactments.{{sfn|Calmard|1987}}{{sfn|Calmard|2004}} [[File:Muharram mourning, Hussainia TZ.jpg|thumb|Muharram mourning gathering in [[Tanzania]]]]
[[File:عزاداری شیعیان در ماه محرم 07.jpg|thumb|Muharram mourning procession in [[Iran]]]]

==Timing==
{{main|Islamic calendar#Hilal}}
{{hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg}}
The Islamic calendar is lunar, and months begin when the first crescent (''hilal'') of a new moon is sighted. Since the lunar year (of twelve [[lunar months]]) is eleven or twelve days shorter than the [[Tropical year|solar year]].{{sfn|Seidelmann|1992|page=577}} Muharram days are different in consecutive solar years.{{sfn|Gent|n.d.}}

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:right"
|+Muharram dates between 2024 and 2028
|-
!scope="col"|Islamic calendar
!scope="col"|First day ([[Common Era|CE]])
!scope="col"|Last day (CE)
|-
!scope="row"|1446
|{{0}}7 July 2024
|{{0}}4 August 2024
|-
!scope="row"|1447
|{{0}}26 June 2025
|{{0}}25 July 2025
|-
!scope="row"|1448
|{{0}}16 June 2026
|{{0}}16 July 2026
|-
!scope="row"|1449
|{{0}}6 June 2027
|{{0}}4 July 2027
|-
!scope="row"|1450
|25 May 2028
|23 June 2028
|}

== Battle of Karbala ==

* 2 Muharram: Arrival of Husayn ibn Ali in [[Karbala]], [[Lower Mesopotamia|Iraq]], in 680. On their way to the nearby [[Kufa]], Husayn and his small caravan were intercepted by the Umayyad army and eventually forced to camp in the desert lands of Karbala, away from water and fortifications.{{sfn|Madelung|2004}}
* 7 Muharram: The Umayyad army cut off Husayn's access to the drinking water of the nearby [[Euphrates]] river.{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2019|p=106}} Under the siege, Husayn's camp suffered from thirst and hunger in the coming days.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}}{{sfn|Pinault|2000|p=71}}{{sfn|Hamdar|2009|pp=85{{ndash}}86}}
* 9 Muharram ([[Tasu'a]]): Negotiations between Husayn and the Umayyads failed on this day in 680. The Umayyad commander [[Umar ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|686}}) was set to attack after the afternoon prayer on Tasu'a but was persuaded to delay the confrontation until the following day.{{sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}{{sfn|Madelung|2004}} Husayn and his men spent the night in prayer.{{sfn|Munson|1988|pp=23}}{{sfn|Sindawi|2002|p=91}}
* 10 Muharram (Ashura): The Battle of Karbala was fought on this day in 680. Husayn and most of his male relatives and his small retinue were slaughtered by the Umayyad army by the end of the day. After the battle, the women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched to the Umayyad capital [[Damascus]] in [[Syria]].{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=30{{ndash}}31}}

==Other Islamic events==
* 1 Muharram: Death of Caliph [[Umar]] ({{Reign|634|644}}) by injuries from the attack of Persian slave [[Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz]].{{Sfn|Litvak|2021|p=132}} Sunnis carry rallies on 1 Muharram to commemorate Umar.{{Sfn|''Dawn''|2014}}
* 2{{Ndash}}10 Muharram: Most mourning rituals for Karbala take place during the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on the tenth with processions in major Shia cities.{{sfn|Osman|2014|p=133}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=240}}
* 5 Muharram: [[Baba Farid]], a [[Punjab]]i [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint, died on this day in 1266. His death is celebrated (''[[urs]]'') for six days during Muharram, in [[Pakpattan]], [[Pakistan]].{{sfn|Nizami|1955|page=1}}
* 8 Muharram: In what became known as the 1782 [[Muharram Rebellion]], on this day [[Bengali Muslims]] in [[Sylhet]] staged one of the earliest anti-British uprisings in the [[the subcontinent|Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Riaz|2013}}{{sfn|Islam|2016}}
*16 Muharram: On this day, the Islamic prophet Muhammad set the [[al-Aqsa Mosque|Aqsa]] mosque in [[Jerusalem]] as the {{Transliteration|ar|[[qibla]]}}, towards which early Muslims prayed.{{sfn|Plessner|2012}} This was superseded later by the ancient [[Kaaba|Ka'ba]] sanctuary in [[Mecca]] in connection with verse 2:144 of the [[Quran]], the central religious text in Islam.{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|2012}}
* 17 Muharram: Arrival of the "people of the elephant" in Mecca, a reference to al-Fil ({{Lit|the elephant}}), a {{Transliteration|ar|[[surah]]}} (chapter) in the Quran.{{sfn|Plessner|2012}}

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* {{Annotated link |Solar Hijri Calendar}}
* {{Annotated link |Day of Tasu'a|Tasu'a}}
* {{Annotated link |Mourning of Muharram}}
* {{Annotated link |Farvardin}}
}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

*{{cite encyclopedia |year=2013 |title='Āshūrā' (Shī'ism) |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855 |editor1-last=Fleet |editor1-first=K. |edition=Third |isbn=9789004252684 |author-last=Aghaie |author-first=K.S. |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855 |editor2-first=G. |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=D. |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=J. |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=D.J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite book |title=Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism |author-first=M.M. |author-last=Ayoub |author-link=Mahmoud M. Ayoub |year=1978 |isbn=9789027979438 |publisher=De Gruyter}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Muharram|year=1997 |short=x}}

{{IslamicMonths}}
{{Public holidays in Indonesia}}
{{Public holidays in Malaysia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Months of the Islamic calendar|1]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Husayniyyas]]
[[Category:Crossing the Red Sea]]

Sati (film)

2026-03-07T06:12:29Z

ThomasEl: quick expand lead based on references and fixed typos for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sati
| image = Sati poster.jpg

| caption = Poster
| story = [[Kamal Kumar Majumdar]]
| screenplay = Aparna Sen Arun Banerjee
| starring = [[Shabana Azmi]]
| producer = NFDC
| director = [[Aparna Sen]]
| music = Chidananda Das Gupta Chandan Raichaudhri
| editing = Shaktipada Roy
| distributor =
| cinematography = [[Ashok Mehta]]
| released = {{film date|1989|11|23|df=yes|India}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| runtime = 140 minutes
}}
'''''Sati''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film released in [[1989 in film|1989]] written and directed by [[Aparna Sen]]. Based on a story by [[Kamal Kumar Majumdar]],<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC | title = Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema: historical record, the business and its future, narrative forms, analysis of the medium, milestones, biographies | author = [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]], [[Govind Nihalani]], Saibal Chatterjee | publisher = Popular Prakashan | year = 2003 | isbn = 81-7991-066-0 | page = 337 | access-date = 2009-01-10}}</ref> the film is about A mute orphan girl who is married to a [[Banyan tree]] because her horoscope suggests that she would be a [[Sati (practice)|sati]], and her husband would die. The film had [[Shabana Azmi]] and Arun Banerjee in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | title = Aparna Sen Profile | publisher = Chaosmag, Indian Cinema Database | url = http://www.chaosmag.in/aparna.html | access-date = 2014-06-06 | archive-date = 22 June 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150622123105/http://www.chaosmag.in/aparna.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Along with her previous films, ''[[Parama (film)|Parama]]'' (1984), Aparna Sen became the first female director in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] to explore gender issues and feminist perspective.<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA420|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|pages=420–}}</ref><ref name="Ramanathan2006">{{cite book|author=Geetha Ramanathan|title=Feminist Auteurs: Reading Women's Films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QOXkTIkLZwC&pg=PA110|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Wallflower Press|isbn=978-1-904764-69-4|pages=110–}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The young Brahmin girl ([[Shabana Azmi]]) in this story has a disastrous horoscope. In an Indian village in 1828, this can be a real handicap. The fact that she is mute only compounds her difficulties. Her horoscope predicts that she will become a widow at an early age. If this turns out as predicted, in addition to being bad luck for her prospective husbands, it is bad luck for her, as she will, according to the customs of the time, have to commit ''suttee'', [[Sati (practice)|sati]]. That means she will have to be burned alive on her husband's funeral pyre. To avoid this fate, her family has hit upon the appealing stratagem of having her marry a banyan tree.

==Cast==
* [[Shabana Azmi]] — Uma (Umi)
*Arun Banerjee
* [[Kali Banerjee]]
* Pradip Mukherjee
* Arindam Ganguli
* [[Shakuntala Barua]]
* [[Laboni Sarkar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0098255|title=Sati}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NOyT5ndPAE Sati (YouTube)]
{{Aparna Sen}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1828]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Marriage in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:1989 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aparna Sen]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]

Kaadan

2026-03-03T09:20:21Z

ThomasEl: update article also

{{short description|2021 Indian film by Prabu Solomon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaadan Aranya Haathi Mere Saathi
| alt =
| image = Kaadan Poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster (Tamil version)
| director = [[Prabhu Solomon]]
| producer = [[Eros International]]
| writer = Prabhu Solomon [[Vanamali]] (Telugu dialogues) Niranjan Iyengar (Hindi dialogues)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rana Daggubati]]|[[Vishnu Vishal]] (Tamil and Telugu)|[[Pulkit Samrat]] (Hindi)|[[Zoya Hussain]]|[[Shriya Pilgaonkar]]}}
| music = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cinematography = A. R. Ashok Kumar
| editing = Buvan
| studio = [[Eros International]]
| distributor = {{ubl|Eros International|'''Hindi version''': [[Zee Cinema]] [[Eros Now]]}}
| released = {{film date|df=y|2021|03|26|Tamil and Telugu|2021|09|18|Hindi}}
| runtime = 178 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Tamil|Telugu|Hindi}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kaadan''''' ({{translation|Forester}}) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], '''''Aranya''''' ({{translation|Forester}}) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and '''''Haathi Mere Saathi''''' in [[Hindi]] ({{translation|Elephants are my friends}}), is a 2021 Indian [[action adventure film]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=22 March 2021 |title=How Rana Daggubati lost weight and gained new insights into nature for 'Haathi Mere Saathi' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/990218/how-rana-daggubati-lost-weight-and-gained-new-insights-into-nature-for-haathi-mere-saathi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202053702/https://scroll.in/reel/990218/how-rana-daggubati-lost-weight-and-gained-new-insights-into-nature-for-haathi-mere-saathi |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-02 |website=Scroll.in |quote=All of this is delivered in an action-adventure tone, the most fun way to consume this story.}}</ref> written and directed by [[Prabhu Solomon]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Haathi Mere Saathi' completes second schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/haathi-mere-saathi-completes-second-schedule/articleshow/64455673.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906073033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/haathi-mere-saathi-completes-second-schedule/articleshow/64455673.cms |archive-date=6 September 2018 |access-date=9 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Produced by [[Eros International]], the film stars [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Vishnu Vishal]] (Tamil and Telugu), [[Pulkit Samrat]] (Hindi), [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]], and [[Zoya Hussain]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ians |date=2 January 2018 |title=Rana unveils his new look in "Haathi Mere Saathi" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/rana-unveils-his-new-look-in-haathi-mere-saathi/article22349566.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524144935/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/rana-unveils-his-new-look-in-haathi-mere-saathi/article22349566.ece |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=9 August 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> It was filmed simultaneously in Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi languages, each with slightly different cast members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Shriram |title=Haathi Mere Saathi first look: Rana Daggubati is intense, fierce as Bandev |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jan/2/10161/haathi-mere-saathi-first-look-rana-daggubati-is-intense-fierce-as-bandev |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829213636/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jan/2/10161/haathi-mere-saathi-first-look-rana-daggubati-is-intense-fierce-as-bandev |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=9 August 2018 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

''Kaadan'' and ''Aranya'' were released on 26 March 2021, delayed from the initial release of 2 April 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The theatrical release of ''Haathi Mere Saathi'' was put on hold which subsequently opted for a [[direct-to-video]] release on [[Zee Cinema]] and [[Eros Now]] on 18 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Rana Daggubati's Haathi Mere Saathi to premiere on TV on September 18 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rana-daggubati-s-haathi-mere-saathi-to-premiere-on-tv-on-september-18-1848771-2021-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903100243/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/rana-daggubati-s-haathi-mere-saathi-to-premiere-on-tv-on-september-18-1848771-2021-09-03 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> The film was promoted as a comic strip by famous children's magazine, [[Tinkle]] as Little Bandev.

==Plot==
{{more plot|section|date=February 2022}}
Kaadan (Tamil)/Aranya (Telugu)/Bandev (Hindi) is a true-blue animal film signifying a deep and strong bond between humans and animals.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Cast (Tamil/Telugu)
!Cast (Hindi)
!Role (Tamil)
!Role (Telugu)
!Role (Hindi)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Rana Daggubati]] ||style="text-align:center;"| Veerabharathi "Kaadan" ||style="text-align:center;"| Narendra Bhupathi "Aranya" ||style="text-align:center;"| Sumitranandan "Bandev"
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Vishnu Vishal]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Pulkit Samrat]] || style="text-align:center;"|Maaran || style="text-align:center;" |Singa || style="text-align:center;" |Shankar
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Zoya Hussain]] ||style="text-align:center;"| Aruvi || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Arvi
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Arundhati
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Ravi Kale]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Superintendent of Police
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Anant Mahadevan]] || style="text-align:center;"|Kurinjinathan ||style="text-align:center;"| Kanakamedala Raja Gopalam || style="text-align:center;"|Jagannath Sevak
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Sheeba Chaddha]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Judge
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] || style="text-align:center;"| Paristosh Sand || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Attorney
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bose Venkat]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Divisional Forest Officer
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Raghu Babu]] || style="text-align:center;"|Ankit Sagar || style="text-align:center;"|Maaran's uncle ||style="text-align:center;"| Singa's uncle || style="text-align:center;" | Shankar's uncle
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Bhuvan Arora]] || style="text-align:center;"|Maadan || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Aarav
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Rayala Harishchandra || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Village Head<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2021 |title=Exclusive: #BehindTheCamera! Except for the personal make-up of the star actor, all others have no importance on the film sets: Make-up designer turned actor Rayala Harishchandra. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/exclusive-behindthecamera-except-for-the-personal-make-up-man-of-the-star-actor-all-others-are-ill-treated-on-the-film-sets-make-up-designer-turned-actor-rayala-harishchandra-/articleshow/88209788.cms |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sampath Ram]] || style="text-align:center;"| Alok Gagdekar || style="text-align:center;"| Moorthy ([[Indian Forest Service|DFO]]) || style="text-align:center;"|Aadi (DFO) || style="text-align:center;"| Ajit (DFO)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[TSR Srinivasan]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| District Collector
|-
|}

== Production ==
The film was announced on 13 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rana Daggubati on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/RanaDaggubati/status/941017563856646144 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101192622/https://twitter.com/ranadaggubati/status/941017563856646144 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |via=Twitter}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=December 2021}} [[Prabhu Solomon]] wanted to bring the issue of elephant abuse to the light.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2020 |title=Kaadan is a soulful film: Rana Daggubati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaadan-is-a-soulful-film-rana-daggubati/articleshow/74098181.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621161747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaadan-is-a-soulful-film-rana-daggubati/articleshow/74098181.cms |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=18 April 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Unnikrishnan, an elephant who played a role in ''[[Kumki (film)#Sequel|Kumki 2]]'', also plays a pivotal role in the film. Hindi actress [[Zoya Hussain]] was signed to play a role.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2018 |title=Mukkabaaz actress Zoya Hussain to star in Haathi Mere Saathi? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020218/zoya-hussain-in-haathi-mere-saathi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115185313/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020218/zoya-hussain-in-haathi-mere-saathi.html |archive-date=15 January 2019 |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Rana Daggubati]] shed 15 kilograms for this film by eating vegetarian food for six weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2018 |title=Rana Daggubati sheds 15 Kg for his upcoming film Haathi Mere Saathi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/040118/rana-daggubati-sheds-15-kg-for-his-upcoming-film-haathi-mere-saathi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829150809/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/040118/rana-daggubati-sheds-15-kg-for-his-upcoming-film-haathi-mere-saathi.html |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=9 August 2018 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2020 |title=Jungle Book: Rana Daggubati spends 200 days in different forests for 'Kaadan' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/feb/18/jungle-book-rana-daggubati-spends-200-days-in-different-forests-for-kaadan-2104852.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219124716/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/feb/18/jungle-book-rana-daggubati-spends-200-days-in-different-forests-for-kaadan-2104852.html |archive-date=19 February 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2 March 2020 |title=Into the wild: Rana Daggubati on 'Kaadan' and running with herds of elephants |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/into-the-wild-rana-daggubati-on-kaadan-and-running-with-herds-of-elephants/article30963293.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306222731/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/into-the-wild-rana-daggubati-on-kaadan-and-running-with-herds-of-elephants/article30963293.ece |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The makers initially announced [[Kalki Koechlin]] to play a role in the film, however, she was replaced by [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shriya Pilgaonkar replaces Kalki Koechlin in Rana Daggubati's Haathi Mere Saathi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/jan/12/shriya-pilgaonkar-replaces-kalki-koechlin-in-haathi-mere-saathi-1923884.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622180555/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/jan/12/shriya-pilgaonkar-replaces-kalki-koechlin-in-haathi-mere-saathi-1923884.html |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Vishnu Vishal]] was signed to play a role in the Tamil and Telugu versions while [[Pulkit Samrat]] reprised his role in the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2019 |title=Vishnu Vishal wraps up 20-day schedule for Kaadan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-wraps-up-20-day-schedule-for-kaadan/articleshow/67626872.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124144136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-wraps-up-20-day-schedule-for-kaadan/articleshow/67626872.cms |archive-date=24 January 2019 |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2020 |title=Vishnu Vishal's look from Kaadan released |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/feb/11/vishnu-vishals-look-from-kaadan-released-16988.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063305/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/feb/11/vishnu-vishals-look-from-kaadan-released-16988.html |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Release ==

Initially scheduled for release on 2 April 2020, the film release was then indefinitely postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref name="rdpost">{{Cite news |date=16 March 2020 |title=Haathi Mere Saathi postponed due to coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/16/haathi-mere-saathi-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak-17569.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805134445/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/16/haathi-mere-saathi-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak-17569.html |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2020 |title=Makers of Kaadan announces the film's postponement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-kaadan-announces-the-films-postponement/articleshow/74653172.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318122034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-kaadan-announces-the-films-postponement/articleshow/74653172.cms |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=18 April 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> before being rescheduled to be released on 15 January 2021 to coincide with [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal festival]].<ref name="toi:reld">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=Vishnu Vishal-Rana-starrer Kaadan slated for a Pongal release in theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-rana-starrer-kaadan-slated-for-a-pongal-release-in-theatres/articleshow/78783873.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029141313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-rana-starrer-kaadan-slated-for-a-pongal-release-in-theatres/articleshow/78783873.cms |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In January 2021, the film has been announced to release on 26 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2021 |title=Rana Daggubati and Vishnu Vishal's 'Kaadan' to release on 26 March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rana-daggubati-and-vishnu-vishals-kaadan-to-release-on-march-26/articleshow/80130776.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106081722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rana-daggubati-and-vishnu-vishals-kaadan-to-release-on-march-26/articleshow/80130776.cms |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In March 2021, owing to the COVID-19 situation, the release of Hindi version ''Haathi Mere Saathi'' has been postponed. Tamil and Telugu versions, however, are released as scheduled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2021 |title=Rana Daggubati's Haathi Mere Saathi theatrical release postponed due to rise in COVID-19 cases |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rana-daggubatis-haathi-mere-saathi-theatrical-release-deferred-due-to-rise-in-covid-19-cases-7241489/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323211712/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rana-daggubatis-haathi-mere-saathi-theatrical-release-deferred-due-to-rise-in-covid-19-cases-7241489/ |archive-date=23 March 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The Hindi version is set to have a [[direct-to-video]] release on the television channel [[Zee Cinema]] followed by the streaming platform [[Eros Now]] on 18 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Rana Daggubati's Haathi Mere Saathi to premiere on TV on September 18 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rana-daggubati-s-haathi-mere-saathi-to-premiere-on-tv-on-september-18-1848771-2021-09-03 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaadan Aranya Haathi Mere Saathi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 17 March 2021 (All languages)<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2020 |title=Kaadan (Tamil) - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kaadan/Yobb0NSWSTY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919105055/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kaadan/Yobb0NSWSTY_ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aranya (Telugu) - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aranya/tTdEp83gHbo_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418045225/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aranya/tTdEp83gHbo_ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haathi Mere Saathi (Hind) - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/haathi-mere-saathi/rrXU0j5ywu4_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417185930/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/haathi-mere-saathi/rrXU0j5ywu4_ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2019–20
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Hindi]]
| length = {{plainlist|
*{{Duration|m=14|s=23}} ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])
*{{Duration|m=14|s=22}} ([[Telugu language|Telugu]])
*{{Duration|m=14|s=25}} ([[Hindi]])
}}
| label = [[Eros Music]]
| producer = [[Eros International]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music for the film has been composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]] and lyrics written by [[Swanand Kirkire]] (Hindi version) and [[Vanamali]] (Tamil and Telugu versions).

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| total_length = 14:23
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thaalaattu Paadum
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]]
| length1 = 4:53
| title2 = Chinna China
| extra2 = Haricharan
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Idhayame
| extra3 = Javed Ali
| length3 = 5:06
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| total_length = 14:22
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chitike 'Se' Aa Chirugaali
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]]
| length1 = 4:53
| title2 = Vellu Vellu
| extra2 = Haricharan
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Hrudayame
| extra3 = Javed Ali
| length3 = 5:06
}}
{{Track listing
| headline= Hindi
| total_length= 14:25
| extra_column=Singer(s)
| title1 = Shukriya
| extra1 = [[Rituraj Mohanty]]
| length1 = 4:53
| title2 = Dheeme Dheeme
| extra2 = Adriz Gosh
| length2 = 4:26
| title3 = Ae Hawa
| extra3 = [[Javed Ali]]
| length3 = 5:06
}}

== Reception ==

=== ''Aranya'' ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' critic Suhas Yelupantla rated the film 3.5 stars of 5 and calling it an "engaging ride." He added that, "The first few minutes of the film are among the best. The visual effects, backed by the background score is spot on. The portrayal of the elephants is even better."<ref>{{Citation |title=Aranya Movie Review: An engaging ride |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aranya/movie-review/81697089.cms |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325211652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aranya/movie-review/81697089.cms |archive-date=25 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt that the film could have been better, and added "Rana singularly tries to hold things together, trying to save the elephants as well as the film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=26 March 2021 |title='Aranya'/'Kaadan' movie review: The jungle giants deserved better |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/aranyakaadan-review-the-jungle-giants-deserved-better/article34167925.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326070411/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/aranyakaadan-review-the-jungle-giants-deserved-better/article34167925.ece |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar, in his review for the ''[[Firstpost]]'', also echoed the same, stating that: "Rana Daggubati's film on ecosystem conservation, is educational but exceptionally insipid."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Aranya movie review: Rana Daggubati and the elephants deserve a better film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aranya-movie-review-rana-daggubati-and-the-elephants-deserve-a-better-film-9465651.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118135426/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aranya-movie-review-rana-daggubati-and-the-elephants-deserve-a-better-film-9465651.html |archive-date=18 January 2022 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' journalist Manoj Kumar rated the film 2/5 and called it "sub-standard." He added that ''Aranya'' was redeemed by its cinematography, [[Resul Pookutty]]'s sound design, and Daggubati's acting."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Aranya movie review: Rana Daggubati and a worthy cause let down by a sub-standard film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aranya-movie-review-rana-daggubati-and-a-worthy-cause-let-down-by-a-sub-standard-film-7246559/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326111413/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aranya-movie-review-rana-daggubati-and-a-worthy-cause-let-down-by-a-sub-standard-film-7246559/ |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== ''Kaadan'' ===
A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' called it a "noble attempt." They termed "Rana and his earnest performance as Kaadan" and "AR Ashok Kumar's splendid cinematography" as the film's main highlights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaadan review: Watch it for Rana's earnest performance |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kaadan-review-watch-it-for-ranas-earnest-performance-review-tamil-vd0feSfcjecif.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326063713/https://www.sify.com/movies/kaadan-review-watch-it-for-ranas-earnest-performance-review-tamil-vd0feSfcjecif.html |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' opined that the film was predictable and added: "its grandeur merely used as a gimmick to project the film on epic scale." Pudipeddi appreciated Daggubati's performance, calling it "one of his best till date."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Kaadan movie review: Rana Daggubati's film does a disservice to noble story |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kaadan-movie-review-rana-daggubati-s-film-does-a-disservice-to-noble-story-101616759223556.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326121954/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kaadan-movie-review-rana-daggubati-s-film-does-a-disservice-to-noble-story-101616759223556.html |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> M. Sugandh in his ''[[The Times of India]]'' review wrote: "Prabu Solomon is more interested in telling us a story. It is only in the climax that the filmmaker starts to sermonise, which feels unnecessary given that we get the movie's 'message' even without the need for any underscoring."<ref>{{Citation |title=Kaadan Movie Review: Earnest storytelling keeps Kaadan engaging |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaadan/movie-review/81688040.cms |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326070456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaadan/movie-review/81688040.cms |archive-date=26 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Haathi Mere Saathi'' ===
''[[NDTV]]''{{'s}} Saibal Chatarjee rated the film 2/5 and opined that the film rode on Daggubati's shoulders. He added that Solomon delivered the message on increasing deforestation in a gratuitously high-pitched manner, completely devoid of nuance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=Haathi Mere Saathi Review: Rana Daggubati's Film Is In Desperate Need Of A Rescue Act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/haathi-mere-saathi-review-rana-daggubatis-film-is-in-desperate-need-of-a-rescue-act-2-stars-2545044 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001142650/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/haathi-mere-saathi-review-rana-daggubatis-film-is-in-desperate-need-of-a-rescue-act-2-stars-2545044 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Writing for the ''[[Rediff.com]]'', Sukanya Verma gave a negative review and said: "Between bad writing, hysterical acting and a shoddy blend of CGI and the real deal, ''Haathi Mere Saathi'' completely neglects the message of saving our elephants."<ref>{{Cite web |last=VERMA |first=SUKANYA |date=20 September 2021 |title=Haathi Mere Saathi review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/haathi-mere-saathi-review/20210920.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001142658/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/haathi-mere-saathi-review/20210920.htm |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=Rediff}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11773212}}
* {{IMDb title|7822758|Hathi Mere Saathi}}
*''[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/haathi-mere-saathi-2/ Haathi Mere Saathi]'' on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Prabhu Solomon}}

[[Category:2021 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 action adventure films]]
[[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Elephants in India]]
[[Category:Films about animal rights]]
[[Category:Films about elephants]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhu Solomon]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]

Pudhu Vasantham

2026-03-03T05:00:14Z

ThomasEl: made - done

{{Short description|1990 film by Vikraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pudhu Vasantham
| image = Pudhu Vasantham.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vikraman]]
| writer = Vikraman
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]] [[Shogun Films|R. Mohan]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]|[[Anand Babu]]|[[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]]|[[Charle]]|[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]}}
| cinematography = A. Haribabu
| editing = K. Thanigachalam
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|04|14}}
| runtime = 144 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=128}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pudhu Vasantham''''' ({{translation|New Spring}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], written and directed by [[Vikraman]]. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Anand Babu]], [[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]], [[Charle]] and [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]. It revolves around a woman who, due to circumstances, ends up cohabitating with four men in a platonic friendship.

''Pudhu Vasantham'' is the directorial debut of Vikraman.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=129}} The film was produced by [[R. B. Choudary]] and R. Mohan under [[Super Good Films]]. It was released on 14 April 1990, and became major commercial success, running for over 25 weeks in theatres. The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Shruthi (film)|Shruthi]]'' the same year, and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Baharon Ke Manzil (1991 film)|Baharon Ke Manzil]]'' a year later.<ref name="dinamalar" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 |pages=9–10}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Friends Balu, Michael, Raja and Manohar are street musicians who aim to achieve big in life despite leading a below poverty life. Balu sings, Michael dances and plays the [[tabla]], Raja plays the guitar while Manohar plays the flute. One day, the friends come across Gowri, a seemingly mute girl. They help Gowri to find an address which she is looking for, however, the person Gowri intended to meet has left to London and will return only after a year. The four pity Gowri as she is helpless and allows her to stay with them.

Friendship blossoms for Gowri with four men and she does the household activities while the men seek opportunities to prove their talents. One day, they see Gowri negotiating with a vegetable vendor and the four get furious knowing Gowri has cheated them by acting as a mute girl. Gowri apologises to them and tells them her past.

Gowri is a rich girl born and brought up in [[Ooty]]. She is the only daughter of a rich estate owner, however her parents died when she was young following which Vishwam was appointed as her caretaker. Vishwam is greedy and plans to abduct Gowri's wealth. Gowri is in love with her schoolmate Suresh who hails from [[Chennai|Madras]].

Suresh has plans to leave to London for higher education. Meanwhile, Vishwam comes with a plan of marrying Gowri, so that he can inherit all her wealth. Gowri retaliates and runs away from Ooty to Madras with the hope of meeting Suresh. However, Suresh has already left for London before she could find his house.

Gowri says that the four men are so genuine and she liked their friendship which made her feel safe. Just to get their sympathy, she pretended to be mute. The four men are convinced and allow her to stay with them until Suresh returns. Gowri, with the help of her old business acquittance, gets an opportunity for the four men to perform at a music competition.

Meanwhile, Suresh returns from London and unites with Gowri. Now Gowri leaves to Suresh's home. Suresh does not like Gowri befriending these four poor men. Also, Suresh takes Gowri to a doctor to check her virginity which shatters Gowri. The four men visit Suresh's home requesting Gowri and Suresh to attend the competition, but Suresh turns down and insults them. The four men feel devastated and leave.

At the competition, the four men, to their surprise, find Gowri seated among audience during the competition. Post their performance, they enquire about Suresh, for which Gowri responds that she has broken up with Suresh as he has no trust on her. The four men win the competition and a chance to compose for a film. Gowri joins their troupe as a singer.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Balu<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Anand Babu]] as Michael<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]] as Raja<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=6 November 2019 |title=From 'Kadalora Kavithaigal' to 'Adithya Varma': Tamil cinema's quintessential 'soft-spoken hero' Raja returns after a 20-year exile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-raja-profilefrom-kadalora-kavithaigal-to-adithya-varma-tamil-cinemas-quintessential-soft-spoken-hero-raja-returns-after-a-20-year-exile/article29900048.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191107062826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-raja-profile/article29900048.ece |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*[[Charle]] as Manohar<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Gowri<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Suresh<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Balu's father<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as Gopikrishnan
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy]] as Srinivasan
*R. P. Viswam as Vishwam{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=128}}
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Kannaiya
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as Rangarajan
*Vijaya Chandrika as Janaki
*Super Good Kannan as Ravi
*Kumaresan as Kumar
*Veeraraghavan as Kesavan
*Sridurga as Balu's mother
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] as the security guard (uncredited)<ref name="moviefone" />
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack were composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] and S. A. Rajkumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pudhu Vasantham (1990) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000356 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120203546/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000356 |archive-date=20 January 2012 |access-date=19 January 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Paattu Onnu Paada" is set in [[Shivaranjani]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=28 September 2012 |title=Sivaranjani for pathos |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sivaranjani-for-pathos/article3945587.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201050204/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sivaranjani-for-pathos/article3945587.ece |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aayiram Thirunal" || [[K. S. Chithra]], Kalyan || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] || 4:16
|-
| "Gowrikku Thirumanam" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:27
|-
| "Idhu Mudhal Mudhala" || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || rowspan=3|[[S. A. Rajkumar]] || 4:32
|-
| rowspan="2" | "Pattu Onnu Naan Paadattuma" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 4:36
|-
| [[P. Susheela]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 3:48
|-
| "Podu Thalam" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Muthulingam || 4:11
|-
| "Vaarungal Vaarungal" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || rowspan="2" | Vaali || 4:18
|-
| "Adaludan Padalai Kettu" || P. Susheela, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 2:12
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Pudhu Vasantham'' was released on 14 April 1990, alongside another Murali starrer ''Silambu''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=நா |first=வருண். |date=2020-01-22 |title=சந்தானம் மட்டுமில்ல... ரஜினி, கமல், விஜயகாந்த் முதல் பரத் வரை இந்த லிஸ்ட்ல இருக்காங்க! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/list-of-actors-whose-two-movies-released-on-same-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240429145614/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/list-of-actors-whose-two-movies-released-on-same-day |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> On 28 April 1990, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote that the friendship between four aspiring musicians and Gowri had been shown in a grand manner without diluting its purity. The reviewer also praised Rajkumar's music, and said the film proved that with a strong script, audiences would be engaged well even if there is no artiste value.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=129}} On 13 May 1990, P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for portraying the younger generation in a new light.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=13 May 1990 |title=புது வசந்தம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/may/13-05-1990/p59.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220801044551/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/may/13-05-1990/p59.jpg |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=13 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=59 |language=ta}}</ref> Despite the lack of stars and its director being a newcomer, the film was a major commercial success, running for over 25 weeks in theatres, and was reported by Kavitha Shetty of ''[[India Today]]'' to be the "biggest success" of 1990.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=25 June 2020 |title=Lasting icons of showbiz: A look at Tamil Nadu's most iconic cinema halls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lasting-icons-of-showbiz-a-look-at-tamil-nadus-most-iconic-cinema-halls/article31914992.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827180822/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lasting-icons-of-showbiz-a-look-at-tamil-nadus-most-iconic-cinema-halls/article31914992.ece |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Kavitha |date=28 February 1991 |title=With most films flopping, Tamil film industry faces a bleak future |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19910228-with-most-films-flopping-tamil-film-industry-faces-a-bleak-future-814116-1991-02-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201007065847/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19910228-with-most-films-flopping-tamil-film-industry-faces-a-bleak-future-814116-1991-02-28 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Event
!Category
!Awardee
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Pudhu Vasantham''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="dinamalar" /> <ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1992 |title=Chinnathambi bags six awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Vikraman]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[38th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|''Pudhu Vasantham''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=11 July 2021 |title=The 38th Annual Filmfare Awards (South Indian Films) |url=https://archive.org/details/38th-annual-filmfare-awards-winners-south-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231123051433/https://archive.org/details/38th-annual-filmfare-awards-winners-south-tamil |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=22 September 2021 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? - புது வசந்தம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/90795/old-movies/Marakka-Mudiyuma---pudhuvasantham.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830102425/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/90795/old-movies/Marakka-Mudiyuma---pudhuvasantham.htm |archive-date=30 August 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="moviefone">{{Cite web |title=Pudhu Vasantham Cast and Crew |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/pudhu-vasantham/20019757/credits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007083830/https://www.moviefone.com/movie/pudhu-vasantham/20019757/credits/ |archive-date=7 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=[[Moviefone]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Vikraman}}
{{Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

[[Category:1990 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 musical films]]
[[Category:1990s buddy drama films]]
[[Category:1990s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about composers]]
[[Category:Films about musical groups]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vikraman]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Indian buddy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language musical drama films]]

Unpaused

2026-03-02T05:00:30Z

ThomasEl: further cleaned up section as per guidelines and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unpaused
| image = Unpaused film poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.|Raj & DK]] [[Nitya Mehra]] [[Nikkhil Advani]] [[Avinash Arun]]
| producer = Raj & DK Madhu Bhojwani Monisha Advani Baisakhi Nair Sanjeevkumar Nair
| writer = [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.|Raj & DK]] [[Devika Bhagat]] Nitya Mehra Reshu Nath Vidur Nauriyal Shubham Sanyuktha Chawla Shaikh
| starring = [[Gulshan Devaiah]] [[Sumeet Vyas]] [[Saiyami Kher]] [[Richa Chadda]] [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] [[Ishwak Singh]] [[Geetika Vidya Ohlyan]] [[Rinku Rajguru]] [[Lillete Dubey]]
| music = [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Payal Dev]] Parth Parekh Shishir A Samant Gaurav Kadu
| cinematography = [[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]] [[Jay Pinak Oza]] John Jacob Payyapalli Navagat Prakash Kaushal Shah
| editing = [[Sanyukta Kaza]] Sachin Kunal Sagar Manik Sumeet Kotian Dharmendra Kakarala Antara Lahiri Manas Mittal
| studio = d2r Films [[Emmay Entertainment]] Pritish Nandy Communications Reverie Entertainment Pink Window Productions
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|12|18}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Unpaused''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[anthology film]] consisting of five short segments directed by [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.|Raj & DK]], [[Nitya Mehra]], [[Nikkhil Advani]], [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] and [[Avinash Arun]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/dec/09/watch--unpaused-trailer-friendship-hope-in-amazons-anthology-2233595.html |title=WATCH: 'Unpaused' trailer: Friendship, hope in Amazon's anthology |website=The New Indian Express |date=9 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218181550/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/dec/09/watch--unpaused-trailer-friendship-hope-in-amazons-anthology-2233595.html |url-status=live}}</ref> With an ensemble cast, the stories revolved around lives of people impacted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/unpaused-on-amazon-prime-actors-creators-of-the-anthology-discuss-using-the-lens-of-hope-in-telling-their-stories-9129111.html |title=Unpaused on Amazon Prime: Actors, creators of the anthology discuss using the 'lens of hope' in telling their stories |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |website=Firstpost |date=20 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220045655/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/unpaused-on-amazon-prime-actors-creators-of-the-anthology-discuss-using-the-lens-of-hope-in-telling-their-stories-9129111.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It premiered on 18 December 2020 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/amazon-prime-video-unpaused-critics-review-anthology-finds-hope-in-the-covid19-pandemic#read-more |title='Unpaused' Critics' Review: Anthology Finds Hope in a Pandemic |website=The Quint |date=19 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530134327/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/amazon-prime-video-unpaused-critics-review-anthology-finds-hope-in-the-covid19-pandemic#read-more |url-status=live}}</ref>

A sequel series titled ''[[Unpaused: Naya Safar]]'', with segments directed by [[Nupur Asthana]], Ayappa KM, Ruchir Arun, [[Shikha Makan]], and [[Nagraj Manjule]], and produced by Pink Window Productions, Early Man Film, Chalkboard Entertainment, The Three Film Company, and Aatpat Films, was released on Prime Video in January 21, 2022.

==Cast==
'''Glitch ([[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.|Raj & DK]])'''
*[[Gulshan Devaiah]] as Ahan Awasthi
*[[Saiyami Kher]] as Ayesha Hussain
'''Apartment ([[Nikkhil Advani]])'''
*[[Richa Chadda]] as Devika Khanna
*[[Ishwak Singh]] as Chirag
*[[Sumeet Vyas]] as Sahil Khanna
'''Rat A Tat ([[Tannishtha Chatterjee]])'''
*[[Rinku Rajguru]] as Priyanka
*[[Lillete Dubey]] as Archna
'''Vishaanu ([[Avinash Arun]])'''
*[[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Manish
*[[Geetika Vidya Ohlyan]] as Seema
'''Chaand Mubarak ([[Nitya Mehra]])'''
*[[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Uma
* Shardul Bharadwaj as Rafique (Auto Driver)<ref>{{Cite web |title=An anthology film, Unpaused, relives the pandemic |work=Tribuneindia News Service |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/an-anthology-film-unpaused-relives-the-pandemic-183621 |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714182554/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/an-anthology-film-unpaused-relives-the-pandemic-183621 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Unpaused
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Payal Dev]], Parth Parekh, Shishir A Samant and Gaurav Kadu
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 11 December 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.amazon.in/albums/B08Q8483G7 |title=Unpaused (Music from the Prime Original Series) |publisher=Amazon Music |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211101901/https://music.amazon.in/albums/B08Q8483G7 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Original Movie]] [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 19:42
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Amazon Music]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|1f1s6IULbgc|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

The music was composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Payal Dev]], Parth Parekh, Shishir A Samant and Gaurav Kadu with lyrics written by [[Rashmi Virag]], [[Kunaal Vermaa]], Ginny Diwan, Traditional and Gaurav Kadu.

{{Tracklist
| headline=Track listing
| total_length=19:42
| extra_column=Singer(s)
| title1 = Nayi Dhoop
| extra1 = Zara Khan
| music1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics1 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length1 = 3:21
| title2 = Ummeed Hai
| extra2 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| music2 = [[Payal Dev]]
| lyrics2 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| length2 = 2:42
| title3 = Badarva
| extra3 = [[Madhubanti Bagchi]]
| music3 = Parth Parekh
| lyrics3 = Ginny Diwan
| length3 = 1:57
| title4 = [[Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni|Chaap Tilak]]
| extra4 = Shishir A Samant, Sunil Kamath
| music4 = Shishir A Samant
| lyrics4 = Traditional ([[Amir Khusrau]])
| length4 = 3:10
| title5 = Nayi Dhoop
| note5 = Reprise
| extra5 = Zara Khan
| music5 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics5 = Rashmi Virag
| length5 = 3:19
| title6 = Mujh Mai Hai Tu
| extra6 = Fiddlecraft, Gaurav Kadu
| music6 = Gaurav Kadu
| lyrics6 = Gaurav Kadu
| length6 = 3:15
| title7 = Rastey
| extra7 = Fiddlecraft, Gaurav Kadu
| music7 = Gaurav Kadu
| lyrics7 = Gaurav Kadu
| length7 = 1:58
}}

==Critical reception==
Debasree Purkayastha of ''[[The Hindu]]'' mentioned that the film has "a stirring ensemble of slice-of-life tales that dwell on the common themes of loneliness, love and hope."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/unpaused-review-fighting-the-pandemic-one-feel-good-story-at-a-time/article33371283.ece |title='Unpaused' review: Fighting the pandemic, one feel-good story at a time |last=Purkayastha |first=Debasree |work=The Hindu |date=19 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219150559/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/unpaused-review-fighting-the-pandemic-one-feel-good-story-at-a-time/article33371283.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee from [[NDTV]] wrote: "As a freewheeling rumination on loneliness, distress and lingering hope, the anthology, buoyed by a slew of terrific performances, is a pertinent commentary on a pandemic and its depredations."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/unpaused-review-anthology-of-lockdown-stories-is-highly-recommended-3-stars-out-of-5-2340300 |title=Unpaused Review: Anthology Of Lockdown Stories Is Highly Recommended |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |publisher=NDTV |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219184624/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/unpaused-review-anthology-of-lockdown-stories-is-highly-recommended-3-stars-out-of-5-2340300 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] praised the performances in the film but was critical of the treatment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/981356/unpaused-review-amazon-prime-video-anthology-film-finds-the-rainbow-in-the-covid-19-storm |title='Unpaused' review: Amazon Prime Video anthology film finds the rainbow in the Covid-19 storm |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |website=Scroll.in |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219172525/https://scroll.in/reel/981356/unpaused-review-amazon-prime-video-anthology-film-finds-the-rainbow-in-the-covid-19-storm |url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Shubhra Gupta noted that the film mixes different themes like loneliness and isolation "with news that has made headlines in this terrible virus-laden year, with average results."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/unpaused-review-a-middling-anthology-7109676/ |title=Unpaused review: A middling anthology |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=19 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218073715/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/unpaused-review-a-middling-anthology-7109676/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] wrote: "''Unpaused'' is important because it serves to chronicle this slice of history. It helps that it is also an enjoyable, insightful affair."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/unpaused-movie-review-young-and-old-poor-migrants-and-the-lonely-rich-share-space-in-a-pleasant-pandemic-anthology-9123731.html |title=Unpaused movie review: Young and old, poor migrants and the lonely rich share space in a pleasant pandemic anthology |last=MM Vetticad |first=Anna |publisher=Firstpost |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218181834/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/unpaused-movie-review-young-and-old-poor-migrants-and-the-lonely-rich-share-space-in-a-pleasant-pandemic-anthology-9123731.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt13491620}}
[[Category:2020 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.]]
[[Category:Indian films about the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Meira Kumar

2026-02-26T12:24:49Z

ThomasEl:

{{Short description|15th Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 2009 to 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Meira Kumar
| image = Meira Kumar in 2013.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2013
| office = 15th [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2009
| term_end = 4 June 2014
| president = *[[Pratibha Patil]]
*[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| 1blankname = [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy]]
| 1namedata = [[Kariya Munda]]
| 2blankname = [[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]]
| 2namedata = *[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
*[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| predecessor = [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
| successor = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation|Union Minister of Water Resources]]
| primeminister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| 1blankname1 = Cabinet
| 1namedata1 = [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
| term_start1 = 22 May 2009
| term_end1 = 25 May 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Saifuddin Soz]]
| successor1 = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Union Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| primeminister2 = Manmohan Singh
| term_start2 = 22 May 2004
| term_end2 = 22 May 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| successor2 = [[Selja Kumari]]
| 1blankname2 = Cabinet
| 1namedata2 = [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 2004
| term_end3 = 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Muni Lall]]
| successor3 = [[Chhedi Paswan]]
| constituency3 = [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram, Bihar]]
| term_start4 = 1996
| term_end4 = 1999
| predecessor4 = [[Kalka Dass]]
| successor4 = [[Anita Arya]]
| constituency4 = [[Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency|Karol Bagh, Delhi]]
| term_start5 = 1985
| term_end5 = 1989
| predecessor5 = Chowdhary Girdhari Lal
| successor5 = [[Mayawati]]
| constituency5 = [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|03|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Arrah]], [[Bihar Province|Bihar]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Bihar]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence = [[South East Delhi district|Kalkaji, South East Delhi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[United Progressive Alliance]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Manjul Kumar|1968}}
| relations = [[Sumitra Devi (politician)|Sumitra Devi]] (mother-in-law)
| children = 3 (1 son and 2 daughters)
| alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]
| father = [[Jagjivan Ram]]
}}

'''Meira Kumar''' (born 31 March 1945) is an Indian politician and former diplomat. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], she was the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]] from 2004 to 2009, the [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of Water Resources]] for a brief period in 2009. She served as the [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|15th Speaker of Lok Sabha]] from 2009 to 2014, being the first woman to hold the post. Kumar became just the second woman to be nominated for [[President of India]] by a major political block when she secured the [[United Progressive Alliance]]'s nomination in 2017.

Prior to being a member of the [[15th Lok Sabha]], Kumar had been elected earlier to the [[8th Lok Sabha|8th]], [[11th Lok Sabha|11th]], [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]] and [[14th Lok Sabha]]. Kumar was the joint presidential candidate by the leading opposition parties for [[2017 Indian presidential election|2017 presidential election]] and lost the election to the NDA nominee [[Ram Nath Kovind]]. Meira Kumar's vote share is the third highest for a losing candidate, behind that of [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] in the [[1969 Indian presidential election|1969 Presidential elections]] and [[K. Subba Rao]] in [[1967 Indian presidential election|1967 Presidential elections]].

==Early life==
Meira Kumar was born on 31 March 1945, in [[Bihar|Bhojpur district]], [[Bihar]] of the [[British India]] (present day [[Bihar, India]]) to [[Jagjivan Ram]], a [[Dalit]] [[Chamar]] leader and former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] and Indrani Devi, a prominent leader of the [[Indian freedom struggle]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.oneindia.in/2009/06/03/profile-meira-kumar-first-woman-dalit-speaker.html | title=Profile: Meira Kumar, first female Dalit Speaker | publisher=Oneindia | date=3 June 2009 | access-date=10 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222030615/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/06/03/profile-meira-kumar-first-woman-dalit-speaker.html | archive-date=22 February 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Growing up, Kumar shared a close relationship with her mother, with whom she spent most of her time. She has described her as the biggest influence from her childhood.<ref name="dd">{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=UvES-YsdQmU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/UvES-YsdQmU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Manoj Tibrewal Aakash interviewed Meira Kumar for DD News's Ek Mulaqat (Full Interview)|publisher=[[DD News|Doordarshan News]]|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=14 October 2019|date=26 December 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Kumar attended the [[Welham Girls' School]], [[Dehradun]] and [[Maharani Gayatri Devi Girls' Public School]] in [[Jaipur]].<ref name="toi_2017_Kumar">{{cite news |title=Oppn prez nominee Meira Kumar an acclaimed rifle shooter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/oppn-prez-nominee-meira-kumar-an-acclaimed-rifle-shooter/articleshow/59277814.cms |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=Times of India |date=23 June 2017 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410042244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/oppn-prez-nominee-meira-kumar-an-acclaimed-rifle-shooter/articleshow/59277814.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She studied at [[Banasthali Vidyapith]] for a short duration. She completed her [[Master's degree]] and [[Bachelors of Law]] from [[Indraprastha College]] and the [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] respectively. She also received an honorary doctorate from [[Banasthali Vidyapith]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Banasthali-created-a-force-of-empowered-women/articleshow/16718163.cms|title=Banasthali created a force of empowered women – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 October 2012 |access-date=15 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104094126/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Banasthali-created-a-force-of-empowered-women/articleshow/16718163.cms|archive-date=4 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.134/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3066|title=Biography] [Lok Sabha|access-date=2 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412003819/http://164.100.47.134/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3066|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kumar worked as a [[social work]]er during her youth, actively participating in movements supporting [[social reform]]s, [[human rights]], and [[democracy|democratic ideas]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She was appointed as the Chairperson of National Drought Relief Committee constituted by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] during [[Famine in India#Bihar drought|1967 famine in region of Bihar]]. As the head of the commission, Kumar launched a Family Adoption Scheme under which drought-affected families were provided support from volunteering households.<ref name="goi"/>

==Career==

===Foreign Service===
Kumar joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1973 and was posted as language trainee at the Embassy of India [[Spain]]. During this period, she obtained a diploma in [[Spanish (language)|Spanish]].<ref name="goi">{{cite web|url=https://archive.inndia.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3066|title=Detailed profile: Smt. Meira Kumar|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=13 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Later, she was posted at the [[High Commission]] of India, United Kingdom .<ref name="goi"/> After working as a diplomat for a decade, Kumar quit the Indian Foreign Services in 1985 and decided to enter politics after being encouraged by her father Jagjivan Ram and later Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi .<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meira-Kumar|title=Meira Kumar|website=[[Britannica]]|language=en-GB|access-date=13 October 2019|last=Mariet D'Souza|first=Shanthie|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419170825/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meira-Kumar|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Political career===

[[File:The Speaker, Lok Sabha, Smt. Meira Kumar meeting Daw Aung Suu Kyi, in Naypyitaw, Myanmar on February 13, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Kumar meeting [[Myanmar|Burmese]] leader [[Aung Suu Kyi]] in 2013.]]

Kumar entered electoral politics in 1985, when she received an [[Indian National Congress]]' nomination for the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor constituency]] bye-poll in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She defeated, as a newcomer, two veteran [[dalit]] leaders including [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] of the [[Janata Dal]] and [[Mayawati]] of the [[Bahujan Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/law-foreign-service-politics-all-about-oppn-s-presidential-candidate-meira-kumar/story-d4tkzWlzU6aXkUSL3uEvSI.html|title=Law, foreign service, politics: Know Oppn's presidential candidate Meira Kumar|date=22 June 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2018-01-17|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190923/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/law-foreign-service-politics-all-about-oppn-s-presidential-candidate-meira-kumar/story-d4tkzWlzU6aXkUSL3uEvSI.html|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/bijnor.html|title=Bijnor(Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 with Sitting MP and Party Name|website=Elections.in|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314061142/http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/bijnor.html|archive-date=14 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Following her election to the Lok Sabha, Kumar was appointed as member of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]' Consultative Committee in 1986.<ref name="goi"/>

Meera Kumar lost elections for 9th Lok Sabha (1989) and 10th Lok Sabha from [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]], but went on to win elections for the [[11th Lok Sabha|11th]] (in 1996) and the [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]] [[Lok Sabha]]s from [[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh]] in Delhi. She lost her seat to the candidate from the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] in 1999 election, but was able re-elected with a significant majority from her father's former constituency of Sasaram in Bihar in 2004 and 2009. In the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] and in 2019, Kumar contested from Sasaram and lost both times to her nemesis [[Chhedi Paswan]] who has defeated her in Sasaram four times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf|title=Election Commission of India, General Elections, 2014 (16th Lok Sabha)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the Congress party's win in the [[2004 Indian general elections]], Kumar served in the [[United Progressive Alliance]]'s Government as the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (India)|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]] from 2004 to 2009, under the premiership of [[Manmohan Singh]].{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

She entered active politics in the year 1985. She has been a Lok Sabha MP five times. She has also been a minister in the central government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2017 |title=Know few things about veteran politician Meira Kumar. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/national/1023474- |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

In 2009, the United Progressive Alliance returned to power after an improved performance in the [[2009 Indian general election|general election]] and Kumar was, on 22 May 2009, briefly inducted as member of the centre's cabinet as the Minister for Water Resources.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

However, she was later nominated for the position of the [[Speaker of Lok Sabha]] and she submitted her resignation three days after assuming ministerial office. Kumar was then elected as the first ever woman speaker of Lok Sabha and remained in office from 2009 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/world/asia/04briefs-indiaelection.html?ref=global-home|title=India: Woman Wins Post of Speaker|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 June 2009|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302141031/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/world/asia/04briefs-indiaelection.html?ref=global-home|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Meira-Kumar-brings-Jagjivan-to-fore/articleshow/4614252.cms|title=Meira Kumar brings Jagjivan to fore|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 June 2009|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524190438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-04/india/28196365_1_meira-kumar-jagjivan-ram-dalit-agenda|archive-date=24 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2017 presidential election====
{{main|2017 Indian presidential election}}
Kumar secured the [[United Progressive Alliance]]'s nomination for the [[2017 Indian presidential election]], becoming just the third woman to be nominated for president of India by a major [[political alliance|political bloc]],{{efn|While [[Lakshmi Sahgal]] was also nominated by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] during the 11th presidential election, she secured only 10 percent of the total votes polled.}} after [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Presidential election: Meira Kumar to file nomination on June 27, thanks Opposition parties for nominating her|last=Bhardwaj|first=Supriya|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/presidential-nominee-meira-kumar-ram-nath-kovind-upa-nda-nitish-kumar-984405-2017-06-23|access-date=12 October 2019|website=[[India Today]]|date=23 June 2017|archive-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012190133/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/presidential-nominee-meira-kumar-ram-nath-kovind-upa-nda-nitish-kumar-984405-2017-06-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Although she received support from most of the major opposition parties for her election to the office, she went on to lose to the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] nominee [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name="presidential">{{cite news|title=Kovind first President from Sangh, cross-voting boosts margin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kovind-first-president-from-sangh-cross-voting-boosts-margin/articleshow/59691040.cms|access-date=23 July 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723104644/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kovind-first-president-from-sangh-cross-voting-boosts-margin/articleshow/59691040.cms|archive-date=23 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kovind received a total of 2,930 votes (which included both Members of Parliament and [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Members]] of the [[Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative Assemblies]]) amounting to electoral college votes of 702,044.<ref name="presidential"/> He defeated Kumar, who received a total of 1,844 votes amounting to 367,314 votes in terms of electoral college.<ref name="prabhu">{{cite news|last1=Sunil Prabhu|title=In Defeat, Opposition's Meira Kumar Breaks 50-Year-Old Record|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-defeat-too-oppositions-meira-kumar-breaks-50-year-old-record-1727452|access-date=23 July 2017|website=[[NDTV]]|date=July 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721144932/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-defeat-too-oppositions-meira-kumar-breaks-50-year-old-record-1727452|archive-date=21 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/presidential-elections-meira-kumar-will-challenge-ram-nath-kovind-bsp-and-sp-go-with-opposition-choice-4717559/|title=Presidential Polls: Meira Kumar will challenge Ram Nath Kovind, BSP and SP go with Opposition choice|date=2017-06-23|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=23 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623025234/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/presidential-elections-meira-kumar-will-challenge-ram-nath-kovind-bsp-and-sp-go-with-opposition-choice-4717559/|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!Party (Alliance)
!Candidate
!Electoral Votes
!Vote Percentage
!States carried
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ([[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]])
| data-sort-value="Kovind" |[[File:Ram_Nath_Kovind_official_portrait.jpg|120x120px]] <big>'''[[Ram Nath Kovind]]'''</big>
|702,044
|65.65%
|21
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] ([[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]])
| data-sort-value="Kumar" |[[File:Meira_Kumar.jpg|120x120px]] <big>'''Meira Kumar'''</big>
|367,314
|34.35%
|10
|-
|}

====National Legislators' Conference====
* In September 2022, Meira Kumar was appointed a key patron of [[NLC Bharat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-LS Speakers hold round table discussion to promote PM's mantra to "reform, perform and transform" |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ex-ls-speakers-hold-round-table-discussion-to-promote-pms-mantra-to-reform-perform-and-transform20221108093605/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204135656/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ex-ls-speakers-hold-round-table-discussion-to-promote-pms-mantra-to-reform-perform-and-transform20221108093605/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Lok Sabha electoral history==
Meira Kumar has been elected 5 times as [[Lok Sabha]] MP.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3066&lastls=15 |title=Member Profile |work=Lok Sabha |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004141013/https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3066&lastls=15 |url-status=live }}</ref> She lost from Sasaram in 2019.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! # !! Term start !! Term end !! Position !! Party
|-
| 1. || 1985 || 1989 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in [[8th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor]] (by-poll) || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 2. || 1996 || 1998 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[11th Lok Sabha]] from [[Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency|Karol Bagh]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 3. || 1998 || 1999 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in [[12th Lok Sabha]] from [[Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency|Karol Bagh]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 4. || 2004 || 2009 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (4th term) in [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 5. || 2009 || 2014 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (5th term) in [[15th Lok Sabha]] from [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
*[[List of Jatav|List of Jatavs]]
*[[Navtej Sarna]]
*[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
*[[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]
*[[List of politicians from Bihar]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3066 Meira Kumar Biography] [[Govt. of India]] Portal
* [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/kamal-nath-gives-clean-chit-to-lok-sabha-speaker-meira-kumar-in-bungalow-controversy/articleshow/13066276.cms Kamal Nath gives clean chit to Lok Sabha Speaker Meira Kumar in bungalow controversy]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=Chowdhary Girdhari Lal}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]] |years=1985–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mayawati]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Kalka Dass]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh]] |years=1996–1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Anita Arya]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Muni Lall]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]] |years=2004–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chhedi Paswan]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Union Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]|years=22 May 2004 – 22 May 2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Selja Kumari]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Saifuddin Soz]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Union Minister of Water Resources]]|years=22 May 2009 – 25 May 2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Somnath Chatterjee]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]|years=4 June 2009 – 4 June 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sumitra Mahajan]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics}}{{Speakers of the Lok Sabha}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Meira}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of India]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indraprastha College for Women alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bhojpur district, India]]
[[Category:People from Central Delhi district]]
[[Category:People from Sasaram]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Women in Bihar politics]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Welham Girls' School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women legislative speakers in India]]

Johann Ernst Hanxleden

2026-02-22T01:32:36Z

ThomasEl: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|German Jesuit priest (1681–1732)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person | name = Johann Ernst Hanxleden | image = Johann Ernst von Hanxleden.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Arnos Pathiri | birth_name = | other_names = Arnos Pathiri | birth_date = {{Birth year|1681}} | birth_place = [[Ostercappeln]], [[Lower Saxony]], Germany | death_date = {{Death year and age|1732|1681}} | death_place = [[Pazhuvil]], present day [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] | restingplace = Pazhuvil | occupation = [[Jesuit]] [[Catholic priesthood|priest]], [[missionary]], poet, [[grammar]]ian, [[lexicographer]], [[philologist]] | notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Puthen Pana]]''|''Malayalam–Portuguese Dictionary''|''Malayalavyaakaranam''|''Sidharoopam''}} | relatives = | website = }}
'''Johann Ernst Hanxleden''' (1681–1732), also known as '''[http://www.arnospathiri.in/ Arnos Pathiri]''', was a German [[Jesuit]] [[Catholic priesthood|priest]] and [[missionary]], best known for his contributions as a [[Malayalam]] and [[Sanskrit]] poet, [[grammar]]ian, [[lexicographer]], and [[philologist]]. He lived in India for most of his life and became a scholar of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Malayalam]] languages before authoring ''[[Puthen Pana]]'', a poem on the life of [[Jesus Christ]], ''Malayalam–Portuguese Dictionary'', the first dictionary in Malayalam as well as two linguistic treatises, ''Malayalavyaakaranam'' and ''Sidharoopam''.

Arnos Pathiri lived in [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur]] and is said to have written ''Puthen Pana'', a poem which deals with the life of Jesus Christ. He also established [[Pazhayangadi Church]], which is a church under [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur]]. He is also very prominent in [[Pazhuvil]].

One theory suggests that Arnos Pathiri escaped from [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur]] due to some locals who were trying to kill him. A woman worker in a toddy shop overheard and reported this to Arnos, leading him to escape from the church and go to Pazhuvil, where he eventually died.

==Early life==
Johann Ernst Hanxleden was born at [[Ostercappeln]], near [[Osnabrück]], in [[Lower Saxony]], Germany in 1681.<ref name="Arnos Padre commemoration">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/17/stories/2010031750850200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411021239/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/17/stories/2010031750850200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Arnos Padre commemoration |date=2010-03-17 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Some reports mention the year of birth as 1680.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/ArnosPathiri/Html/Arnosgraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-19 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>}} While studying philosophy at his home town of Osnabrück, he met Wilhelm Weber, a [[Jesuit priest]] to whom he volunteered for service in India as a part of the then Jesuit mission in [[Malabar region|Malabar]].<ref name="Arnos Pathiri: The German Jesuit Who Compiled A Sanskrit Grammar Book">{{Cite web |url=https://madrascourier.com/biography/arnos-pathiri-the-german-jesuit-who-compiled-a-sanskrit-grammar-book/ |title=Arnos Pathiri: The German Jesuit Who Compiled A Sanskrit Grammar Book |last=Vijayakrishnan |first=K. |date=2018-10-23 |website=Madras Courier |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> On 30 October 1699 he set out on a long journey to India, along with Wilhelm Weber and another Jesuit priest, Wilhelm Meyr, travelling through present day Italy, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Syria]], [[Armenia]], and [[Persian Empire|Persia]] to reach [[Surat]] (of present-day [[Gujarat]]), India on 13 December 1700.{{Refn|group=note|Franz Kaspar Schillinger, a doctor and fellow passenger later gave the account of this dangerous journey and reported that Weber and Meyr died during the transit.<ref name="Arnos Pathiri: The German Jesuit Who Compiled A Sanskrit Grammar Book" />}} During the journey, he entered into a [[novitiate]] and proceeded to [[Goa]] where there was a large community of [[Jesuits]].<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-times-and-life-of-arnos-paathiri/article7512463.ece |title=The times and life of Arnos Paathiri |first=K.|last=Pradeep |date=2015-08-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

==In India==
[[File:Sampaloor Church - സമ്പാളൂർ പള്ളി.JPG|thumb|left|220px|Sampaloor Church]]
[[File:Velur church.jpg|thumb|235px|St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur founded by Arnos Pathiri]]
After completing his spiritual formation ([[Novitiate]]) in Goa, Hanxleden was sent to a [[Jesuit]] Seminary at [[Sampaloor]] in [[Thrissur District]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].{{Refn|group=note|The remains of the seminary where Hanxleden did his priestly studies in Sampaloor and the church are preserved as a historical monument at [[:ml:സമ്പാളൂർ പള്ളി|St. Francis Xavier's Church, Sampaloor]]. The word Sampallor has got its origin from 'san-paul-ur', means land of St. Paul. It was the Jesuit priests who have given this name to this land which is called as [[Ambazhakad]] to commemorate St. Paul the Apostle of Jesus who travelled at length from middle East to the western Europe to preach the Gospel. It is also assumed that Jesuits had great reverence to Pope Paul III who approved the Plan of St. Ignatius of Lyola to form a congregation by name "Society of Jesus"in 1540 by the bull "Formula of the Institute".<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri" />}} It is at St. Paul's Seminary in Sampaloor, he did his theological studies for preparing himself to receive priesthood.<ref name="Sampaloor Church at Thrissur">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/sampaloor-church-thrissur/62 |title=Sampaloor Church at Thrissur |date=2019-04-19 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> He took time also to initiate himself to the local language, [[Malayalam]] and more importantly studied the [[Syriac language|Syriac]], the [[liturgical]] language of the [[Thomas Christians]] of [[Kerala]]. He was ordained priest in 1706. In addition to his mother tongue German, and his mastery of [[Malayalam]], he also had a good command over [[Latin]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="Arnos Padre commemoration" />

After moving to [[Palayoor]], Hanxleden studied [[Sanskrit]] too and improved his [[Malayalam]], learning under the tutelage of Namboodiri scholars such as Kunjan and Krishnan from Angamaly and Thekkemadom from Thrissur.<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri" /> From 1707 to 1711, he served as secretary to [[John Ribeiro]], the then [[Archbishop]] of [[Cranganore]] and visited many places in [[Kerala]] on tasks such as preaching and [[Catechesis]]. It is recorded that he also served as the vicar of the main church in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]]. Later, he moved to [[Velur, Thrissur]], a small village near [[Thrissur]] District in 1712 and built the [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur|Velur Forane Church]].<ref name="Rich tributes paid to Arnos Padre">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/21/stories/2010032151050200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330034202/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/21/stories/2010032151050200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 March 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Rich tributes paid to Arnos Padre |date=2010-03-21 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> From 1729 onward, he spent his time between Velur, Sampaloor, [[Palayoor]] and [[Pazhuvil]] and it was at [[Pazhuvil]] he suffered a snake bite which resulted in his death on 20 March 1732, at the age of 51.<ref name="Remembering the man who wrote ‘Puthen Pana’">{{Cite web |url=http://india.ucanews.com/news/remembering-the-man-who-wrote-puthen-pana/33869/daily |title=Remembering the man who wrote 'Puthen Pana' |website=india.ucanews.com |access-date=2019-04-19 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419135740/http://india.ucanews.com/news/remembering-the-man-who-wrote-puthen-pana/33869/daily |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was buried there but, later, when a memorial was built outside the church, his mortal remains were transferred to it; the memorial also houses a historical museum.<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri" />

The church and his home in Velur have since been declared as a protected monument by the Government of Kerala.<ref name="Sanskrit work: 300-year-old Sanskrit work by German released in Belgium">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/300-year-old-Sanskrit-work-by-German-released-in-Belgium/articleshow/19540570.cms |title=Sanskrit work: 300-year-old Sanskrit work by German released in Belgium |date=April 14, 2013|website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> Among various exhibits at the museum are the bed used by Hanxleden and the ''[[Chaturanga|chathurangam]]'' (which Hanxleden used to play) columns marked on the floor of his home. [[Mar Francis Vazhapilly]], [[Metropolitan Archbishop of Thrissur]] from 1921 to 1942, used to stay at the [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur|Velur Forane Church]] for a few days during [[Lent]] so that he could sleep on the bed used by Arnos Paathiri and drink from the well dug during his times.<ref name="Set Puthen Pana to new tunes: Minister" />

His life has been documented in many books; ''Arnos Pathiri - a Biography'', written by A. Adappur, a Catholic priest<ref name="The times and life of Arnos Paathiri" /> ''Arnos Pathiri'', written by Mathew Ulakamthara<ref name="Ulakamthara1982">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLsWAAAAIAAJ |title=Arnos Pathiri |first=Mathew |last=Ulakamthara |author-link=Mathew Ulakamthara|publisher=Kerala History Association |year=1982 |oclc=17608738}}</ref> ''Arnos Pathiri - Jeevacharithram'' of N. K. Jos<ref name="Arnos Pathiri - Jeevacharithram">{{Cite book |title=Arnos Pathiri - Jeevacharithram |last=Jos |first=N. K. |date=1982 |publisher=Prakasam Publications |location=Kōṭṭayaṃ |language=Malayalam |oclc=13121660}}</ref> and ''Arnos Padri'', written by C. K. Mattam count among them.<ref name="Arnose Padri">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=204425&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520c%2520k%2520mattam |title=Arnose Padri |date=1957 |publisher=C. K. Mattam |location=C. K. Mattam}}</ref>

==How Did Johann Ernst Hanxleden became Arnose Pathiri?==

===1.Ernst → Arnose===
German: Johann Ernst Hanxleden

In German, “Ernst” is pronounced something like “AIRNST” (with a slightly rolled R).

When rendered in Malayalam, with Dravidian phonology and the limitations of local script and tongue, it would often become:

Ernst → Arnos / Arnose / Arnas
The final “t” sound often gets softened or omitted.
"r" and "n" can blur due to Malayalam phonetics.
"s" endings are more natural than abrupt consonants like “t” in Malayalam speech.
Conclusion: The transformation from Ernst to Arnose is both phonetically plausible and culturally natural.

===2. Father → Pathiri===
In Malayalam:
പാതിരി (Pathiri) is the commonly used word for “Father” in the Catholic Christian context.
Derived from the Portuguese “Padre” (as were many early ecclesiastical terms in Kerala).
The pronunciation naturally evolved to Pathiri in Malayalam due to local phonetics.

===Combined Name: Arnose Pathiri===
Arnose = local rendering of his given name (Ernst)
Pathiri = his title, or how people addressed him as a priest
Thus, “Arnose Pathiri” simply means “Fr. Ernst” in the affectionate, localized voice of 18th-century Kerala.
It wasn't a formal name he chose—it was a name the people gave him, much like a form of inculturation or linguistic baptism.

==Legacy==
Arnos Paathiri's oeuvre comprises poems, dictionaries and grammar books and two of his prominent literary works are ''[[Puthen Pana]]'' and ''Chathuranthyam''.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/ArnosPathiri/Html/Arnospathiribooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-19 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref><ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA229|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=229–}}</ref>

===''[[Puthen Pana]]''===
The ''[[Puthen Pana]]'', a Malayalam epic on the life of Jesus Christ, is Arnos Pathiri's most popular poem and it is one of the earliest poems written in simple Malayalam.<ref name="Velur church and Arnos Pathiri">{{Cite web |url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/places-pilgrimage-malayalam/വേലൂരിലെ-പള്ളിയും-അര്‍ണോസ്-പാതിരിയും-109100500043_1.htm |title=Velur church and Arnos Pathiri|website=malayalam.webdunia.com |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> It has been an inalienable part of Christian (not restricted to [[Catholic]]) life in Kerala since the time of its composition; its ''paadham''s are sung in a characteristic manner in Christian households on various solemn occasions, the most notable ones being [[Maundy Thursday|Holy Thursday]], [[Good Friday]], and other days of [[Holy Week]] and [[Lent]] and evenings preceding funerals.<ref name="Set Puthen Pana to new tunes: Minister">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3011268.ece |title=Set Puthen Pana to new tunes: Minister |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Choreography on `Puthenpana' staged">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Choreography-on-%60Puthenpana-staged/article14709559.ece |title=Choreography on 'Puthenpana' staged |date=2007-01-22 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> It is reported that he wrote ''[[Puthen Pana]]'' sitting by the well of [[Pazhuvil]] Forane church.

The poem which follows a similar style to the noted work, [[Jnanappana]] of [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]],<ref name="Set Puthen Pana to new tunes: Minister" /> consists of fourteen ''Paadhams''; the couplets are written in the ''Sarppini'' ''Vruththam'', except for those in the twelfth ''Paadham'', which are in the ''Nathonnatha'' metre.<ref name="Choreography on `Puthenpana' staged" /> The twelfth ''Paadham'' on the lament of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]] at the [[crucifixion]] and death of Jesus is the heart of the poem. Other important ''Paadham''s are concerned with the [[The Fall of Man|Fall of Man]] (second), the [[Annunciation]] (fourth), the [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]] (fifth), the [[Sermon on the Mount]] (seventh), the [[The Last Supper|Last Supper]] (tenth), the trial and [[Crucifixion]] (eleventh), the [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] (thirteenth), and the [[Ascension of Jesus Christ|Ascension]] (fourteenth). The first ''paadham'' has the poet telling us that the poem is being written on request from Antonio Pimental, the Archbishop of Cranganore; Pimental held the ecclesiastical office from 1721 to 1752, the poem is estimated to have been composed some time during the period 1721–1732.<ref name="Choreography on `Puthenpana' staged" />

===''Chathuranthyam''===
The ''Chathuranthyam'' is a mystic poem on the four ends of man: ''Maranam'', ''Vidhi'', ''Moksham'' and ''Narakam'' parts of the poem are sung on occasions similar to the ''Puththenpaana'' recitals. While his poems are written works, they also have a strong [[oral tradition]]; many pious Christians learn his poetical works by heart for recitals.<ref name="Arnospathiriyude chathuranthyam oru vimarshanatmaka padanam">{{Cite book |url=http://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=2902 |title=Arnospathiriyude chathuranthyam oru vimarshanatmaka padanam |last=Jose T L |date=1998 |publisher=Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit |location=Kalady}}</ref>

===''Malayalam–Portuguese Dictionary''===
Arnos Pathiri was the first to compile a [[Malayalam]] [[Dictionary]] and his [[lexicon]] described [[Malayalam]] words in both [[Sanskrit]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref name="CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Johann Ernest Hanxleden">{{Cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07131a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Johann Ernest Hanxleden |date=2019-04-19 |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

=== Others ===
Pathiri was the first European to write a [[Sanskrit]] grammar ''Grammatica grandonica'' and also the first European to compose Sanskrit [[Poetry|verse]].<ref name="Sanskrit work: 300-year-old Sanskrit work by German released in Belgium" /> He also wrote a short and succinct [[grammar]] for the [[Malayalam]] language. Along with his predecessor, [[Heinrich Roth]], he was one of the pioneering European [[Sanskrit]] scholars, and he has written several essays on [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], in Latin.<ref name="Sanskrit work: 300-year-old Sanskrit work by German released in Belgium" /> ''Marana Parvam'', ''Vidhi Parvam'', ''Moksha Parvam'', ''Naraka Parvam'', ''Umma Parvam'', ''Misiha Charitham'', and ''Jehova Parvam'' are some of his other works.<ref name="Arnos Pathiri and Malayalam Literature">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/arnos-pathiri/39 |title=Arnos Pathiri and Malayalam Literature |date=2019-04-19 |website=Christianity |language=en |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

Arnos Padre Academy is an eponymous organization based in Velur, established in memory of Hanxleden<ref name="Arnos Padiri Academy - Offitial Website">{{Cite web |url=http://www.arnosacademy.com/index.html |title=Arnos Padiri Academy - Offitial Website |date=2019-04-19 |website=www.arnosacademy.com |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> and the academy has taken steps to get his writings translated into English with the help of European scholars.<ref name="Academy to translate Arnos Pathiri’s works to English">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140114/news-current-affairs/article/academy-translate-arnos-pathiri%E2%80%99s-works-english |title=Academy to translate Arnos Pathiri's works to English |date=January 14, 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

==Selected works==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=224855&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520arnos%2520pathiri |title=Puthan pana |last=Arnos Pathiri |date=1966}}
* ''Chathuranthyam''
* ''Genevieva Punyacharithram''
* ''Ummaadaey Dhukhkham''
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=81747&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520arnos%2520pathiri |title=Malayalam Portuguese nighandu |last=Arnos Pathiri |date=1988 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Academy}}
* ''Malayalavyaakaranam''
* ''Samskrutham – Portuguese'' Dictionary
* ''Samskruthavyaakaranam''
* ''Ave Maris Stella''
* {{Cite book |title=Koodāśappāna |last1=Arṇos Pāthir̲i |last2=Rāghavan Piḷḷa |first2=K. |date=1960 |publisher=Ōr̲iental Mānuscr̲ipt̲s Library |location=Thiruvananthapuraṃ |language=Malayalam |oclc=7276032}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/ArnosePathiyudePadhyakrithikal/Arnose_Pathiyude_Padhyakrithikal.pdf |title=Arnos Pathiriyude Padya Krithikal |last=Arnos Pathiri |publisher=Fr. S. Thermadam }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.malayalampdfbooks.com/18571/Narakaparvam/Arnos-Pathiri.pdf |title=Narakaparvam |last=Arnos Pathiri |publisher=Bharathavilasam Press and Book Depot |year=1931 |access-date=19 April 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419172422/http://www.malayalampdfbooks.com/18571/Narakaparvam/Arnos-Pathiri.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.malayalampdfbooks.com/18484/Umaparvam/Arnos-Pathiri.pdf |title=Umaparvam |last=Arnos Pathiri |publisher=Bharathavilasam Press and Book Depot |page=63 |access-date=19 April 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419172343/http://www.malayalampdfbooks.com/18484/Umaparvam/Arnos-Pathiri.pdf |url-status=dead }}
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
*[[Hermann Gundert]]
*[[V. Nagel]]
*[[George Mathan]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |title=The Jesuits in Malabar |last=Ferroli |first=D |date=1939 |publisher=King & Co |location=Bangalore |language=English |oclc=612088429}}
* [[P. J. Thomas, Parakunnel|P. J. Thomas]]: ''Malayalasaahithyavum Kristhyaanikalum'', D. C. Books, Kottayam, 1989.
* M. Mundadan, ''An Unknown Oriental Scholar: Ernest Hanxleden'', ''Indian Church History Review'' 23 (1989) 39–63.
* J. J. Pallath, Ed.: ''Arnos Padiri: the first Malayalam poet scholar orientalist'', Arnos Padiri publications, Calicut, 1994.
* {{Cite thesis |last=Palackal |first=Joseph J. |title=Puthen Pana: A musical study |date=1995 |degree=Master's |publisher=[[Hunter College]] City University of New York, Christian Musicological Society of India |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/3d5155a2983cbb973b13db43b638abee/ |author-link=Joseph J. Palackal}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/136158 |title=A Critical Study of Arnos Pathiri's Chathuranthyam |last=Jose |first=T. L. |date=1998 |website=Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit |language=ml |access-date=2019-04-19}}

==External links==
*[https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/en/object/boreal%3A127831 ''Grammatica Grandonica: The Sanskrit Grammar of Johann Ernst Hanxleden s.j. (1681-1732), introduced and edited, with a photographical reproduction of the original manuscript'' by Vielle, Christophe; Van Hal, Toon; Muller, Jean-Claude]
* {{Cite web |url=http://christianmusicologicalsocietyofindia.com/ |title=Christian Musicological Society of India |date=2019-04-19 |website=christianmusicologicalsocietyofindia.com |language=en-gb |access-date=2019-04-19}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/ArnosPathiri/Html/Arnospathiri.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-15 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-15}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hanxleden, Johann Ernst}}
[[Category:1681 births]]
[[Category:1732 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century German Jesuits]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:German lexicographers]]
[[Category:German orientalists]]
[[Category:German philologists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Ostercappeln]]
[[Category:People from Osnabrück (district)]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Clergy from Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:18th-century lexicographers]]
[[Category:German missionary linguists]]
[[Category:17th-century German linguists]]
[[Category:18th-century German linguists]]
[[Category:German expatriates in India]]
[[Category:18th-century German male writers]]

Mary Frances Scott-Siddons

2026-02-19T18:22:49Z

ThomasEl: Starting a details added tags

{{short description|British actress, dramatic reader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:MARY FRANCES SCOTT-SIDDONS A woman of the century (page 666 crop).jpg|thumb|Mary Frances Scott-Siddons, "A woman of the century"]]
[[File:Mary Frances Scott-Siddons (1903).png|thumb|Mary Frances Scott-Siddons]]
'''Mary Frances Scott-Siddons''' (1844 – 8 November 1896), frequently referred to as '''Mrs. Scott-Siddons''', was a British actress and dramatic reader. Her paternal great-grandmother was [[Sarah Siddons]].

After a struggle, Scott-Siddons secured an engagement and made her professional debut at [[Nottingham]], in 1866 as [[Portia (The Merchant of Venice)|Portia]] in ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]''. She was well received there and in [[Edinburgh]], and in the following year, attained a great success as a Shakespearean reader in [[London]], where in 1867 she played the part of [[Rosalind (As You Like It)|Rosalind]] in ''[[As You Like It]]'' at the [[Theatre Royal Haymarket]], and afterward appeared as [[Juliet]], drawing immense audiences. Her beauty and grace of person contributed more to her success than her histrionic talent, and though a spirited and thoroughly natural actress, she lacked the technical training and necessary vigor. In her readings she was more successful.

She appeared in [[New York City]] in 1868, where one source states she "played successfully in a long line of characters.{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=656}} while others are critical of this and her subsequent appearances in London. In 1872, she starred in the United States and Australia with one report describing her "mediocre success{{sfn|Appleton|1897|p=613}}."

It was as a dramatic reader that Scott-Siddons achieved her greatest fame. Her work was characterized by vast intelligence and clearness of interpretation.{{sfn|Appleton|1897|p=613}} Her utterance was rapid, and in a clear, musical voice of great flexibility of expression. In scenes, she made little attempt to differentiate characters by vocal changes; she gestured little.{{sfn|Werner|1896|p=1170}}

==Early years and education==
Mary Frances Siddons was born in [[Bengal Presidency]], British India in 1844.<ref name="npg.org.uk">{{cite web |title=Mary Frances Scott-Siddons – Person |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp83794/mary-frances-scott-siddons |publisher=National Portrait Gallery |access-date=1 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Her father was Capt. William Young Siddons, of the [[Bengal Native Infantry|65th Bengal Light Infantry]]. Her mother, Susan Mary Earle, was a daughter of Col. Earle, of the British army. Her paternal great-grandmother was [[Sarah Siddons]].{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=656}}{{sfn|Pascoe|1880|p=298}}

Upon the death of her father, her mother returned to England with her children, settling in [[Somersetshire]], from whence she proceeded to Germany, her two daughters being educated in [[Bonn]].{{sfn|Nixon|1903|p=151}} It was here that she made her stage-debut in a German comedy, when she distinguished herself by her elocutionary ability.{{sfn|Werner|1896|p=1170}} At the age of eleven years, she astonished her teachers and friends by her striking performance of a part in a French play, ''Esther''. She became fascinated with the stage and was constantly acting in French and German plays, playing the most difficult roles in the dramas of Schiller, Racine, Molière and Corneille. Her performance of the young Mortimer in [[Friedrich Schiller]]'s ''[[Mary Stuart (Schiller play)|Mary Stuart]]'' exhibited so much ability as to induce one of the principals of her school to consult with [[Charles Kean]] as to the desirability of educating her for the stage. He, however, advised on account of her extreme youth that this be deferred for a few years.{{sfn|Nixon|1903|p=151}}{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=656}}

==History and career==
In 1862, at [[Hythe, Kent]], at the age of eighteen, she married Thomas Scott-Chanter, son of Thomas Barnard Chanter and Isabella Scott. Scott-Chanter had entered the Royal Navy in 1852; served as Assistant Paymaster in 1856 and Paymaster in 1864. At marriage, he took the surname of Scott-Siddons, owing to the objection of the groom's father to the use of the family name on the stage.{{sfn|Werner|1896|p=1170}}{{sfn|Appleton|1897|p=613}}{{sfn|Elizabeth college, Guernsey|1898|p=146}}
[[File:Mary Frances Scott-Siddons as "Lady Macbeth".png|thumb|Mary Frances Scott-Siddons as "Lady Macbeth" (from an old wood cut.)]]
In 1865, using the [[stage name]] Mary Frances Scott-Siddons, and, against the wishes of her family, she joined the company of the [[Theatre Royal, Nottingham]]. She made her debut as Portia in ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' alongside [[Walter Montgomery (actor)|Walter Montgomery]] as Shylock and [[Madge Kendal|Madge Robertson]] as Nerissa.<ref>{{cite news|title= Nottingham Theatre Royal|newspaper= Nottinghamshire Guardian |date= 3 November 1865|page= 9}}</ref>

In 1866, she appeared as Juliet in ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', in Edinburgh, Scotland.{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=656}} Also in 1866, in Nottingham, England, she played the role of [[Lady Macbeth]]. This seems to have been an error in judgment, for her physique was not suited to the part, nor had she the necessary stage training for the performance of so difficult a role.{{sfn|Nixon|1903|p=151}}

In January 1867, she appeared at the Concert room, Imperial Hotel, Cork, where she read selections from [[Shakespeare]], [[Tennyson]] and Scott.<ref>{{cite news|title= Mrs Siddons|newspaper= Southern Reporter and Cork Commercial Courier |date= 16 January 1867|page= 2}}</ref>
On 1 April 1867, she made her first appearance in London in the [[Hanover Square Rooms]], where she again read selections from Shakespeare and Tennyson. These proved so popular that she was early sought after by theatrical managers.{{sfn|Werner|1896|p=1170}} On 8 April, she played Rosalind in [[As you like it]] at the Theatre Royal Haymarket for the first of eight nights.{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=656}} <ref>{{cite news|title= Mrs Scott-Siddons |newspaper= The Era |date= 7 April 1867|page= 11}}</ref> Critics praised her highly.{{sfn|Werner|1896|p=1170}} Her later performances included Juliet, and as Katherine in [[The Taming of the Shrew]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Theatre Royal, Haymarket|newspaper= Morning Post |date= 11 October 1867|page= 4}}</ref>

Her husband retired from the Royal Navy in 1868.{{sfn|Elizabeth college, Guernsey|1898|p=146}} He accompanied her when she made her American debut as a reader at [[Newport, Rhode Island]], during the summer of 1868. She first appeared in New York City as a reader from Shakespeare on October 26, 1868, at [[Steinway Hall]].<ref>{{cite news|title= American Theatricals|newspaper= The Era |date= 22 November 1868|page= 10}}</ref>
Her first American appearance as an actress was at the [[Boston Museum (theatre)|Boston Museum]], and her metropolitan debut on the dramatic stage occurred November 30, 1868, at the New York Theatre, as Rosalind.{{sfn|Nixon|1903|p=151}} Her theatrical debut in that city was made in the [[Fifth Avenue Theatre]], with one report saying she was "coldly received.{{sfn|Werner|1896|p=1170}}" while another states that she "played successfully in a long line of characters.{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=656}}" During this engagement she appeared also in ''Romeo and Juliet'', ''The Taming of the Shrew'', and ''[[King René's Daughter]]''. In the December Scott-Siddons continued an engagement at the New York Theatre in "As You Like It", "Romeo and Juliet", and "[[The School for Scandal]]".<ref>{{cite news|title= New York Theatre|newspaper= The Era |date= 13 December 1868|page= 6}}</ref>
On her return to England her early appearances included one with gentlemen amateurs at the Theatre Royal, Exeter.<ref>{{cite news|title= Theatre Royal, Exeter|newspaper= Exeter and Plymouth Gazette Daily Telegrams |date= 23 August 1869|page= 2}}</ref>
Leaving Liverpool in September for America, she had an engagement at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in November 1869, including appearing as Beatrice in "Much Ado" and "As you like it".<ref>{{cite news|title= American Theatricals|newspaper= The Era |date= 28 November 1869|page= 6}}</ref>

In July, 1870, she played Pauline in ''[[The Lady of Lyons]]'' at the Haymarket Theatre following with other impersonations before travelling to America. {{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=656}} <ref>{{cite news|title= Haymarket |newspaper= The Era |date= 17 July 1870|page= 11}}</ref> In September she starred in [[Tom Taylor]]'s new drama "Twixt Axe and Crown" at the theatre attached to Wood's Museum, New York.<ref>{{cite news|title= American Theatricals|newspaper= The Era |date= 25 September 1870|page= 16}}</ref> On 28 October Scott-Siddons appeared as Juliet in "Romeo and Juliet" at the Music Hall, [[New Haven, Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite news|title= American Theatricals|newspaper= The Era |date= 20 November 1870|page= 6}}</ref>

In November 1871 at the opening of John and [[Michael Ralph Thomas Gunn|Michael Gunn]]'s [[Gaiety Theatre, Dublin]] she delivered the prologue by John Francis Wall.{{sfn|McAsey|1969|p=51}}
On 4 May 1872, at the [[Sondheim Theatre|Queen's Theatre]] in London was the occasion, "in the first original piece in which she had ever acted," viz. ''Ordeal by Touch'' (Richard Lee); she played the part of Coralie. The piece was not a satisfactory success. Following the last-mentioned date, Scott-Siddons was engaged on a "starring" tour in the United States and Australia in 1872, with some sources critical of her performance{{sfn|Werner|1896|p=1170}}
In July 1873 she gave a recital before [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyle]] at Grosvenor House.<ref>{{cite news|title= Mrs Scott-Siddons|newspaper= Thanet Advertiser |date= 26 July 1873|page= 3}}</ref>
In September 1873 her starring role in "Romeo and Juliet" was not as well received as her Rosalind in "As you like it" both performed at the Theatre-Royal, Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite news|title= Theatre-Royal|newspaper= North Briton |date= 27 September 1873|page= 4}}</ref>
Scott-Siddons accompanied by "Seraphael" the well-known pianist Harry Walker arrived in New York in November 1873.<ref>{{cite news|title= |newspaper= Hastings and St Leonards Observer |date= 7 November 1874|page= }}</ref>
Mrs. Scott-Siddons and her protege "Seraphael" (Master Harry Walker) performed at Fulton Hall, Lancaster City, Pennsylvania on Monday, December 7, 1874. "She was followed by "Seraphael," a fair-haired, blue-eyed, sunny-faced Scotch boy, dressed in splendid crimson velvet suit.<ref>{{cite news|title= Mrs Scott-Siddons|newspaper= Hastings and St Leonards Observer |date= 2 January 1875|page= 6}}</ref>
Scott-Siddons and her husband returned to Liverpool, from a tour in the United States, in April 1875.<ref>{{cite news|title= Scott-Siddons|newspaper= Cambridge Independent Press |date= 17 April 1875|page= 2}}</ref>
She toured Australia and New Zealand in 1877.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 1877 |title=Mrs Scott-Siddons |work=Geelong Advertiser |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/150469583?searchTerm=Scott%20Siddons# |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 1877 |title=Latest Telegrams |page=2 |work=Christchurch Star |issue=2745 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TS18770116.2.7 |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> On 21 June 1879, she reappeared on the London stage at the [[Olympic Theatre (London)|Olympic Theatre]] for the benefit of George Coleman, and recited two lyrical pieces.{{sfn|Pascoe|1880|p=300}}

In September 1881, she assumed in London the management of the Haymarket Theatre for a short season.{{sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893|p=656}}<ref>{{cite news|title= Mrs Scott-Siddons|newspaper= Western Times |date= 3 May 1881|page= 8}}</ref> The first production was Walter S. Raleigh's "Queen and Cardinal"<ref>{{cite news|title= Mrs Scott-Siddons|newspaper= Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle |date= 29 October 1881|page= 11}}</ref> In the next production "King Rene's Daughter" the character of Iolanthe, the blind girl, whose sight is restored during the action of the play, had been a favourite with Mrs Scott-Siddons both in America and in this country.<ref>{{cite news|title= Haymarket |newspaper= The People |date= 27 November 1881|page= 6}}</ref> By December she had taken the company to the Gaiety Theatre putting on "Romeo and Juliet' and "As you like it"<ref>{{cite news|title= Gaiety|newspaper= Glasgow Evening Post |date= 6 December 1881|page= 1}}</ref>

Scott-Siddons gave a final recitation at St. George's Hall, Belfast prior to leaving for America.<ref>{{cite news|title= Mrs Scott-Siddon's Farewell|newspaper= Northern Whig |date= 24 September 1887|page= 8}}</ref>
On 23 April 1888, she made her appearance as a reader at Steinway Hall, New York, accompanied by her adopted son, the child prodigy, Henry Waller, formerly known as "Seraphael".{{sfn|Nixon|1903|p=151}}
In 1889 she gave a recital in the Association Hall, Toronto.<ref>{{cite news|title= Mrs Scott-Siddons|newspaper= Toronto Daily Mail |date= 13 April 1889|page= 7}}</ref>

While Mrs. Scott-Siddons lived to act, her husband was devoted to alcohol. This caused their separation, and eventually his death in Australia in 1903.{{sfn|Nixon|1903|p=155}} After 1891 she lived in semi-retirement.{{sfn|Appleton|1897|p=613}}
A DRAMATIC recital was given by Scott-Siddons before the Emperor and Empress at Berlin, including the sleep walking scene from - Macbeth," a sketch "Western Life in America," and other pieces.<ref>{{cite news|title= A Dramaric Recital|newspaper= Glasgow Herald |date= 20 December 1895|page= 5}}</ref>

She died at [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]], Paris, France, on November 19, 1896,{{sfn|Nixon|1903|p=155}} and was buried at [[Brookwood Cemetery]], in [[Brookwood, Surrey]], England.

==Reception==
[[File:Mary Frances Scott-Siddons as "Rosalind".png|thumb|Mary Frances Scott-Siddons as "Rosalind"]]
Her 8 April 1867 performance as Rosalind was thus noticed in the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' (April 10, 1867):—{{sfn|Pascoe|1880|p=299}}{{blockquote|text="The favourable opinion of the histrionic qualifications of Mrs. ScottSiddons formed by the distinguished auditory who listened last week with so much satisfaction to that lady's Shakespearian readings at the Hanover Square Rooms, was on Monday evening fully confirmed by a fashionable and crowded audience, assembled to witness her dibut on the metropolitan stage as Rosalind A lady who can boast of a direct descent from the most illustrious of our actresses, comes accredited with the strongest recommendation to all who hold in reverence the names which adorn our Thespian annals; but Mrs. Scott-Siddons has a fair claim to theatrical distinction apart from hereditary honours. Well-trained in the business of the stage through a course of provincial practice, there is nothing in the dibutante which betrays the inexperience of the novice. Possessed of a fine expressive face, which may be called classical in its profile, and endowed with the advantages of a neat symmetrical figure, Mrs. Scott-Siddons effectively supplies the external requisites for this most fascinating of Shakespeare's heroines. Her delivery of the text, on which she has manifestly bestowed much thoughtful study, is characterized by earnestness and intelligence, and her action is appropriate and unrestrained. Judging by the enthusiastic plaudits so frequently bestowed through the evening, her performance would seem to have exceeded the most sanguine expectations her friends had entertained; but the good sense of the actress may be safely trusted to discriminate between the liberal applause which is intended to encourage a young aspirant, and a fervent spontaneous acknowledgment of a great triumph fairly won in the world of art. It is when Rosalind dons the doublet and hose that Mrs. Scott-Siddons gives her impulses full play; and the bantering of Orlando in the forest and the vivacious raillery of the imitative wooing were as effective as could be desired. That the young actress who has been received with so warm a welcome is deservedly entitled to the highest position on the metropolitan boards, it would be too much to affirm; but Mrs. Scott-Siddons is unquestionably a valuable acquisition to any theatre in which comedy is performed, and there may be latent powers which only need time and opportunity to favourably develop."}}

Further, he Daily News (April 9, 1867) expressed the opinion that:—{{sfn|Pascoe|1880|p=299}} {{blockquote|text="Mrs. Scott-Siddons's neat figure, pretty face, and pleasing arch delivery, qualified her for light comedy, and her ease, confidence, and freedom of gesture showed that she had an aptitude for acting. Her reading of Rosalind was saucy and attractive. She lacked the grand air of the tragddienne, which is not always an agreeable air, and many persons, missing this, will vote her unequal to the embodiment of Shakespeare's lighter heroines. Her reception last night by a friendly audience will doubtless encourage her to adopt the stage as a profession, and her sprightliness and evident intelligence will make her path easy. Her future will depend upon herself, her capacity for instruction, and the discretion of her advisers. If she is not exactly the shining star we were led to expect, she is a very lively and promising actress, who may be as easily spoilt as improved."}}

Also, ''Bell's Life'' in London, April 13, 1867, said:—{{sfn|Nixon|1903|p=151}}{{blockquote|text="Shakespere's lovely pastoral play of 'As You Like It' has been acted here every evening this week for the purpose of affording Mrs. Scott-Siddons an opportunity of appearing before a London audience. The lady bears a striking likeness to her great ancestress, though her form and figure may be pronounced neat and graceful rather than majestic. Her conception of a character, confessedly one of the most beautiful in the catalogue of Shakespere's heroines, was marked by great intelligence, and in the forest scenes, by vivacity and sprightliness of the most effective kind. The house has been crowded, and the applause bestowed of the most enthusiastic nature."}}

A criticism of her November 30, 1868 performance as Rosalind at the New York Theater appeared in the ''[[New-York Tribune]]'', December 1, 1868:— {{sfn|Nixon|1903|p=151}}{{blockquote|text="She was greeted with frank and cordial applause on the occasion of her entrance, and she aroused real enthusiasm before making her final exit. As a woman she is all that can be deemed delightful. Her figure is slight, but full of roundness and grace. Her countenance is bright, sensitive, intellectual and very handsome. Her voice is clear and pleasant. She is full of intelligence. She wins immediately upon the heart as well as the mind. She is not a great actress, but she is largely gifted with talents, and more than all, with that spark of vital earnestness which makes talent magnetic. Nothing could be sweeter than her interpretation of Rosalind's capricious moods— her gladness in the presence of her lover, her veiled joy in him, and in her love of him, and her tantalizing assumption of whole-hearted levity. The graciousness and sweetness of womanhood in its best state of innocence glared in her acting throughout these scenes. In the scene in which Rosalind bids Orlando to woo her, and the later scene of the mock marriage, she attained the climax as well of her revelation of talent and mental quality as of her popular success, in these she sparkled. With so much beauty, with delicate sensuousness of temperament, brilliancy of animal spirits, and sunny, breezy clearness of intellect, it cannot be but experience will make her an actress of the first class in comedy character."}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Attribution===
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|last=Appleton|first=D.|title=Appletons' Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events of the Year ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2t0bAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA613|edition=Public domain|year=1897|publisher=D. Appleton & Company}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|author=Elizabeth college, Guernsey|title=Elizabeth College Register, 1824–1873: With a Record of Some Earlier Students. A Chapter of Island History|url=https://archive.org/details/elizabethcolleg00brocgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/elizabethcolleg00brocgoog/page/n151 146]|edition=Public domain|year=1898|publisher=F. Clarke}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|last=Nixon|first=Charles Elston|title=The Muse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jw3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA151|edition=Public domain|volume=3|year=1903|publisher=The Philharmonic co.}} }}
*{{citation |title=Dubliners and Opera |last=McAsey |first=Carmel C. |journal=Dublin Historical Record |volume=23 |issue=2/3 |date=December 1969 |pages=45–55 |publisher=Old Dublin Society|jstor=30087165 }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|last=Pascoe|first=Charles Eyre|title=Our actors and actresses. The dramatic list|url=https://archive.org/details/ouractorsandact00pascgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/ouractorsandact00pascgoog/page/n303 298]|edition=Public domain|year=1880|publisher=Bogue}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|last=Werner|first=Edgar S.|title=Werner's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUU9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1170|edition=Public domain|volume=18|year=1896|publisher=E.S. Werner}} }}
* {{Source-attribution| {{cite book|last1=Willard|first1=Frances Elizabeth|last2=Livermore|first2=Mary Ashton Rice|title=A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zXEEAAAAYAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zXEEAAAAYAAJ/page/n660 656]|edition=Public domain|year=1893|publisher=Moulton}} }}

{{Portal|Biography}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scott-Siddons, Mary Frances}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1896 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English actresses]]
[[Category:English stage actresses]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Rameswaram–Bhubaneswar Express

2026-02-17T10:38:32Z

ThomasEl:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rameswaram−Bhubaneswar Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|05|21}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Rameswaram}} (RMM)
| stops = 39
| end = {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}} (BBS)
| distance = {{convert|1896|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 35 hours approx.
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 20849 / 20850
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Bhubaneswar - Rameswaram) Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 20849 / 20850 '''Rameswaram–Bhubaneswar Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Rameswaram}} and {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}} in India.

It operates as train number 18495 from Rameswaram to Bhubaneswar and as train number 18496 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Odisha]].

==Coaches==

The 20850/49 Rameswaram–Bhubaneswar Express has one AC 2 tier, Four AC 3 tier, 11 Sleeper Class, 4 General Unreserved & 2 EOG Coaches. It carries a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 20850 Rameswaram–Bhubaneswar Express covers the distance of {{convert|1896|km|0|abbr=on}} in 35 hours 00 mins (55 km/h) and in 35 hours 40 mins as 18496 Bhubaneswar–Rameswaram Express (54 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is lower than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes an [[Express trains in India|express]] surcharge.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=158014], ''pib.nic.in'', 17 July 2017</ref>

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 20850 || RMM || Rameswaram || 8:50 || Sunday || Bhubaneswar || 18:10 || Monday
|-
| 20849 || BBS || Bhubaneswar || 12:10 || Friday || Rameswaram || 22:30 || Saturday
|}

==Routeing==

The 20850/49 Rameswaram–Bhubaneswar Express runs from Rameswaram via,{{stnlnk|Manamadurai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Sivaganga}}, {{stnlnk|Devakottai Road}}, {{stnlnk|Karaikkudi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kumbakonam}},{{rws |Viluppuram Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}}, {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}, Vizianagaram, Brahmapur.

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

The train gets reversed in {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}} in both the directions.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/rameswaram-bhubaneshwar-weekly-express-18495/199/1507/238 18495 Rameswaram Bhubaneswar Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/bhubaneswar-rameswaram-weekly-express-18496/1366/238/1507 18496 Bhubaneswar Rameswaram Express] at India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rameswaram-Bhubaneswar Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Rameswaram]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhubaneswar]]

2010 Chennai Super Kings season

2026-02-13T19:56:13Z

ThomasEl: Added Some Details First Draft

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Chennai Super Kings
| season = 2010
| coach = [[Stephen Fleming]]
| captain = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]
| comp1 = [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = Champions
| comp2 = [[Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Champions
| most runs = [[Suresh Raina]] (520)
| most wickets = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (15)
| most catches = [[Murali Vijay]] (11)
| most dismissals = [[MS Dhoni]] (11)
| prevseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2009|2009]]
| nextseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2011|2011]]
}}

[[Chennai Super Kings]] were one of the eight teams that took part in the [[2010 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by Indian skipper [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] for the third year in succession. They won the tournament after beating [[Mumbai Indians]] by 22 runs in the finals. With this, they qualified for the [[2010 Champions League Twenty20]], which they won by beating the [[Warriors (cricket team)|Warriors]] in the finals.

==Background==
Chennai Super Kings had finished as semifinalists in the 2009 edition of the IPL held in South Africa. They had failed to qualify for the inaugural [[Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]] as the other losing semifinalists, [[Delhi Daredevils]], progressed to the event having a better record than CSK in the group stages.

==Pre-season player signings==
The Super Kings added [[Justin Kemp]] and [[Thisara Perera]] to their roster, the former filling an empty slot while the latter serving as a substitute to [[Andrew Flintoff]], who had planned to skip that season. They also signed former [[Indian Cricket League|ICL]] cricketer [[Hemang Badani]] and local all-rounder [[C. Ganapathy|Chandrasekar Ganapathy]]. Australian pacer [[Doug Bollinger]] was drafted as the replacement player for all-rounder [[Jacob Oram]] who was injured before the start of the tournament.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/452411.html Chennai replace Oram with Bollinger]</ref>

==Squad==
Players with international caps before the start of the 2010 IPL season are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
!No.<ref name="esp2">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2011/content/squad/495836.html|title=Indian Premier League 2011 / Chennai Super Kings Squad|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!Name<ref name="esp2"/>
!Nationality<ref name="esp2"/>
!Birth date<ref name="esp2"/>
!Batting style<ref name="esp2"/>
!Bowling style<ref name="esp2"/>
!Notes<ref name="esp2"/>
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Batsmen
|-
|01||'''[[Murali Vijay]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|03|15|1984|4|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|03|| '''[[Suresh Raina]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1986|11|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice-captain]]
|-
|09|| [[Arun Karthik]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1986|2|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|10|| [[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1982|9|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|28|| '''[[Matthew Hayden]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1971|10|29|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|33|| '''[[Subramaniam Badrinath]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1980|8|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|48|| '''[[Michael Hussey]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1975|5|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|77|| [[Anirudha Srikkanth]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|03|15|1987|4|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|90|| [[Abhinav Mukund]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1990|1|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| All-rounders
|-
||| '''[[Jacob Oram]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2009|04|15|1978|7|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Medium pace bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas. Player withdrew from the tournament.
|-
|81|| '''[[Albie Morkel]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1981|6|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[Medium pace bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
||| '''[[Thisara Perera]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|03|15|1989|4|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
||| '''[[Justin Kemp]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1977|10|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
||| '''[[Hemang Badani]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1976|11|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
||| [[C. Ganapathy|Chandrasekar Ganapathy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1981|6|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Wicket-keepers
|-
|07|| '''[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1981|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|42|| '''[[Parthiv Patel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1985|3|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || – ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Bowlers
|-
|14|| [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1986|9|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|16|| '''[[Makhaya Ntini]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1977|7|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|17|| '''[[Sudeep Tyagi]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1987|9|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|23|| '''[[Joginder Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1983|10|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
|24|| '''[[Doug Bollinger]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1981|7|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|27|| [[Shadab Jakati]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1980|11|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|55|| '''[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1981|8|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
|76|| '''[[Manpreet Gony]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1984|1|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|97|| '''[[Thilan Thushara]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1981|3|1|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|800|| '''[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|15|1971|4|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|}

==Indian Premier League==
The Chennai Super Kings began the 2010 season with a 31-run defeat against the defending champions [[Deccan Chargers]]. In their second match, they beat the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] by 55 runs, as captain [[MS Dhoni]] scored an unbeaten 66 off 33 balls. During the match Dhoni picked up an injury after he was hit on the arm by a rising delivery from [[Shane Bond]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/452270.html Chennai hit by MS Dhoni injury]</ref> The injury forced Dhoni to sit out of the tournament for a week during which [[Suresh Raina]] took over the captaincy of the team. Then they also managed to beat [[Delhi Daredevils]] comfortably by 5 wickets as [[Matthew Hayden]] struck 93 off 43 deliveries. Their fourth match of the season, against [[Kings XI Punjab]], went to the [[Super Over]] after the match ended in a tie. In the Super Over, CSK set Punjab a target of 10, which the latter chased down comfortably with two balls to spare. They lost to the [[Royal Challengers]] in the next match after RCB batsman [[Robin Uthappa]] scored an unbeaten 68 to help his team put up a big total on the board. At [[Mumbai]], Suresh Raina scored an unbeaten 83 to take his team to 180/2 in 20 overs. But, the home team [[Mumbai Indians]] chased down this total, thanks to their openers [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Shikhar Dhawan]], both of whom struck fifties. This game also marked the return of their skipper Dhoni who missed the three previous games due to injury. They lost their fourth game on trot after they went down to [[Rajasthan Royals]] by 17 runs at [[Ahmedabad]]. The losing streak came to an end after [[Murali Vijay]] made a 39-ball 78 against the Royal Challengers to help his team chase down the target of 162. Vijay continued his good form in the next game against Rajasthan Royals, scoring 127 (56 balls) including eight fours and 11 sixes. He combined with [[Albie Morkel]] (62 off 34 balls) to set up the biggest total in the history of IPL (246/5). Chennai managed to win the game by 23 runs despite Rajasthan batsmen [[Naman Ojha]]'s 94* and [[Shane Watson]]'s quickfire 60. The match also witnessed the IPL debut of pacer [[Doug Bollinger]], who became a vital cog in their bowling attack. He impressed with figures of 2/15 (4 overs) in the high-scoring match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketdawn.com/ipl/chennai-super-kings-road-to-the-2010-ipl-championship.html|title=Chennai Super Kings- Road to victory|date=2 April 2012 |publisher=Cricketdawn|access-date=14 June 2012}}</ref> They could beat the consistent [[Mumbai Indians]] at [[Chepauk]] with an all-round performance by Suresh Raina. Raina impressed again in the next game against Deccan Chargers by scoring 52, but this knock could not save CSK from a 6-wicket defeat. In another home game, the Super Kings beat the Kolkata Knight Riders by 9 wickets with 39 balls to spare. Spinner [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], who had a good season with the ball, delivered once again with figures of 4-0-16-3. His effort was ably supported by the CSK batsmen Vijay (50* from 40) and Raina (78* from 39). However, they lost to Delhi Daredevils by 6 wickets after poor showing by the batsmen. Delhi skipper [[Gautam Gambhir]] won the Man of the Match for his unbeaten 57. Their last league match, a do-or-die for Chennai, was at the picturesque [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] against [[Kings XI Punjab]]. The match is remembered for CSK skipper Dhoni's innings of 54* (29) that turned the match on its head to give Chennai an improbable win. He was well supported by Raina's 46 (27) and [[Subramaniam Badrinath]], who scored 53 (36) to set up the chase of 192. They ended their league fixtures with 14 points from as many matches, finishing with the same number of points as three other teams with two semi-final spots at stake. Chennai got the third place as they had the best [[Net run rate]] of the four teams which finished on 14 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/45664801.html |title=Dhoni blasts Chennai to semi-finals. Punjab v Chennai, IPL 2010, Dharamsala Report. Cricket News |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date= |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>

In the semi-final at [[Navi Mumbai]], the Super Kings bowled out the [[Deccan Chargers]] for 102 after setting them a target of 143, winning the game by 38 runs to book their place in the finals. Bollinger won the Man of the Match for his bowling effort of 4-1-13-4.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/456926.html |title=Bollinger charges Chennai into final. Deccan v Chennai, IPL 2010, 2nd semi-final, Mumbai Report. Cricket News |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date= |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> The win also assured them a place in the [[2010 Champions League Twenty20]]. At the IPL final, the Chennai Super Kings took on the tournament favorites [[Mumbai Indians]]. Chennai, electing to bat first after winning the toss, were struggling at one stage with the score of 68/3 after 12 overs. But then, Raina produced, what turned out to be a match-winning innings, 57* (35), as his team put up 168/5 in 20 overs. Mumbai Indians kept losing wickets in their run-chase and eventually lost the match by 22 runs. Chennai Super Kings were crowned champions of the tournament for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/457227.html |title=Raina, Dhoni star in Chennai triumph. Chennai Super Kings v Mumbai Indians, IPL 2010 final, Mumbai Report. Cricket News |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date= |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> Raina won the Man of the Match award in the final while Mumbai skipper [[Sachin Tendulkar]] was named Player of the Tournament.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===Season standings===
{{2010 Indian Premier League Points table|team=CSK}}

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||1 || 14 March || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Chennai]] || Lost by 31 runs || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419110.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||2 || 16 March || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Kolkata]] || Won by 55 runs, MoM – [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 66* (33) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419113.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||3 || 19 March || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Delhi]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM – [[Matthew Hayden]] 93 (43) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419116.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||4 || 21 March || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Chennai]] || Match tied, Lost the Super Over || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419121.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||5 || 23 March || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Bangalore]] || Lost by 36 runs ||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419123.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||6 || 25 March || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Mumbai]] || Lost by 5 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419125.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||7 || 28 March || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Ahmedabad]] || Lost by 17 runs || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419129.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||8 || 31 March || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Chennai]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM – [[Murali Vijay]] 78 (39) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419133.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||9 || 3 April|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Chennai]] || Won by 23 runs, MoM – [[Murali Vijay]] 127 (56) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419137.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||10 || 6 April || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Chennai]] || Won by 24 runs, MoM – [[Suresh Raina]] 23 (18) and 1/12 (2.3 overs) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419142.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||11 || 10 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Nagpur]] || Lost by 6 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419147.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||12 || 13 April || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Chennai]] || Won by 9 wickets, MoM – [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 3/16 (4 overs) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419153.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||13 || 15 April || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Chennai]] || Lost by 6 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419155.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||14 || 18 April || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM – [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 54* (29) ||[http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419159.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||15 || 22 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] (semi-final) || [[Navi Mumbai]]|| Won by 38 runs, MoM – [[Doug Bollinger]] 4/13 (4 overs) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419163.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||16 || 25 April || [[Mumbai Indians]] (final) || [[Navi Mumbai]] || Won by 22 runs, MoM – [[Suresh Raina]] 57 (35), 1/21 || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419165.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#FFE87C;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 9–7. Champions. Qualified for 2010 Champions League Twenty20.
|}

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; width:80%"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! [[Strike rate]] !! Highest Score !! [[Century (cricket)|100s]] !! [[Century (cricket)#Half-century|50s]]
|-
| {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}} || 16 || '''520''' || 47.27 || 142.85 || 83* || 0 || 4
|-
| {{sortname|Murali|Vijay}} || 15 || '''458''' || 35.23 || 156.84 || 127 || 1 || 2
|-
| {{sortname|Subramaniam|Badrinath}} || 15 || '''356''' || 32.26 || 117.49 || 55* || 0 || 2
|-
| {{sortname|Matthew|Hayden}} || 16 || '''346''' || 21.62 || 124.01 || 93 || 0 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}} || 11 || '''287''' || 31.88 || 136.66 || 66* || 0 || 2
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; width:80%"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Wicket (cricket)|Wickets]] !! [[Bowling average|Average]] !! [[Economy rate]] !! Best Bowling !! 4w
|-
| {{sortname|Muttiah|Muralitharan}} || 12 ||'''15''' || 21.93 || 6.85 || 3/16 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Shadab|Jakati}} || 11 || '''13''' || 22.38 || 7.65 || 2/17 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}} || 12 || '''13''' || 22.53 || 6.10 || 3/16 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Doug|Bollinger}} || 8 || '''12''' || 17.25 || 6.67 || 4/13 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Albie|Morkel}} || 14 || '''11''' || 36.81 || 8.49 || 2/23 || 0
|}

==Champions League T20==

They topped Group A with 6 points (3 wins and 1 loss) to qualify for the semi-finals where they had to face [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] at [[Kingsmead, Durban]]. After a comprehensive victory of 52 runs by (D/L) method against the [[Royal Challengers|Challengers]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/content/story/478597.html |title=CLT20: Ruthless Raina takes Chennai to final. Bangalore v Chennai, CLT20, 1st semi-final, Durban Report. Cricket News. |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date= |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> they played their first CLT20 final at [[Johannesburg]]. They beat the [[Chevrolet Warriors]] by 8 wickets in the final, becoming the first IPL side to win the [[CLT20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/content/story/478788.html |title=Warriors v Chennai: Dominant Chennai seal title. Warriors v Chennai, CLT20 2010, Johannesburg Report. Cricket News. |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date= |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> [[Murali Vijay]] won the Golden Bat for scoring the maximum runs in the tournament and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] was the leading wicket-taker and he was awarded the Man of the Series.

===Season standings===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; width:80%"
|-
| W | Teams
!{{Tooltip |Pld|Played}}
!{{Tooltip |W|Win}}
!{{Tooltip |L|Loss}}
!{{Tooltip |NR|Win}}
!{{Tooltip |PTS|Points}}
!{{Tooltip |NRR|Net Runrate}}
|- style="background:#dfd;"
|style="text-align:left;"| '''Chennai Super Kings'''
| 4
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 6
| +2.050
|- style="background:#dfd;"
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Warriors (cricket team)|Warriors]]
| 4
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 6
| +0.588
|-
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Victoria cricket team|Victorian Bushrangers]]
| 4
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 6
| +0.366
|-
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Wayamba cricket team|Wayamba Elevens]]
| 4
| 1
| 3
| 0
| 2
| −1.126
|-
|style="text-align:left;"| [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts Stags]]
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
| −1.844
|}

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 September || [[Central Districts Stags|Central Stags]] || [[Durban]] || Won by 57 runs, MoM – [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] 52* (42) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465121.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 15 September || [[Wayamba cricket team|Wayamba Elevens]] || [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] || Won by 97 runs, MoM – [[Suresh Raina]] 87 (44) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/current/match/465127.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 18 September || [[Victorian Bushrangers]] || [[Port Elizabeth]] || Lost by Super Over || [http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465131.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 22 September || [[Warriors (cricket team)|Warriors]] || [[Port Elizabeth]] || Won by 10 runs, MoM – [[Michael Hussey]] 50 (39) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465138.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 24 September || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] (semi-final) || [[Durban]] || Won by 52 runs(D/L), MoM – [[Suresh Raina]] 94* (48) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465139.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 26 September || [[Warriors (cricket team)|Warriors]] (final) || [[Johannesburg]] || Won by 8 wickets, MoM – [[Murali Vijay]] 58 (53) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465141.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#FFE87C;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Overall record: 5– 1. Champions.
|}

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! [[Strike rate]] !! Highest Score !! [[Century (cricket)|100s]] !! [[Century (cricket)#Half-century|50s]]
|-
| {{sortname|Murali|Vijay}} || 6 || '''294''' || 49.00 || 122.50 || 73 || 0 || 3
|-
| {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}} || 6 || '''203''' || 40.60 || 167.76 || 94* || 0 || 2
|-
| {{sortname|Michael|Hussey}} || 4 || '''132''' || 44.00 || 105.60 || 51* || 0 || 2
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Wicket (cricket)|Wickets]] !! [[Bowling average|Average]] !! [[Economy rate]] !! Best Bowling !! 4w
|-
| {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}} || 6 || '''13''' || 11.69 || 6.51 || 4/18 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Muttiah|Muralitharan}} || 6 || '''12''' || 11.00 || 5.69 || 3/16 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Doug|Bollinger}} || 6 || '''9''' || 17.33 || 7.03 || 3/27 || 0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Chennai Super Kings}}

[[Category:Chennai Super Kings seasons]]
[[Category:2010 Indian Premier League]]

Gangaram (TV series)

2026-02-05T18:09:04Z

ThomasEl: Done

{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| creator = [[Blues Productions]]
| developer = [[Blues Productions]]
| writer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| producer = Snehashish Chakraborty
| runtime = 22 minutes
| channel = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2020|12|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|07|15|df=y}}
| screenplay = Snehasish Chakraborty
| story = Snehashish Chakraborty
| director = Akash Sen
Rajat Paul
| voices = Joy Bhattacharya
| composer = Snehasish Chakraborty
| starring = Abhishek Bose Sohini Guha Roy
| company = [[Blues Productions]]
| executive_producer = Runa, Sudip & Shuvo (Blues Productions) Samajita, Saptara & Shruti (Star Jalsha)
| cinematography = Amitabha Chakraborty
| editor = Bapon Pramanik
| image = Gangaram serial.jpg
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 402 
}}

'''''Gangaram''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama]] television series<ref>{{Cite news|title=Abhishek Bose to play a passionate music lover in 'Gangaram'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/abhishek-bose-to-play-a-passionate-music-lover-in-gangaram/articleshow/79603553.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|date=7 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='নেতাজি' এ বার লোকগীতি শিল্পী, মাটির গানে মন ভরাতে আসছেন শহরে|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/new-mega-gangaram-is-coming-soon-dgtl-1.1239170|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Anandabazar}}</ref> which premiered on 28 December 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Promo: Gangaram|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NX6X3Pmk3ck|access-date=2021-07-31|website=[[YouTube]]|language=en}}</ref> on Bengali Entertainment Channel [[Star Jalsha]]. It is also available on the digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The show is produced by Snehashish Chakraborty under the banner of ''[[Blues Productions]]''. It stars [[Abhishek Bose]] and Sohini Guha Roy in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhishek Bose and Sohini Guha Roy starrer 'Gangaram' set for an interesting episode - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/abhishek-bose-and-sohini-guha-roy-starrer-gangaram-set-for-an-interesting-episode/articleshow/80750721.cms|access-date=2021-07-31|website=The Times of India|date=8 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> This show replaced one of the longest running Bengali Daily Soap ''[[Ke Apon Ke Por]]'' from 28 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pallavi Sharma-Biswajit Ghosh starrer Bengali TV show 'Ke Apon Ke Por' to end soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pallavi-sharma-biswajit-ghosh-starrer-bengali-tv-show-ke-apon-ke-por-to-end-soon/articleshow/79775905.cms|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Times of India|date=18 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story involves Gangaram Roy, a charming simpleton guy from a village whose life revolves around music. He is the son of Band Master Nepal Roy, who runs a famous musical band named "Surjhankar." Gangaram possesses extraordinary musical skills. He finds music in everything and dreams big about becoming a successful singer.

Once he steps into the city of Kolkata to perform in the marriage ceremony of a rich girl named Tayra Chatterjee. She is a spoiled brat who lives in world of fantasies and considers life as cinema. She loves a Tollywood superstar named Samar Kumar, a.k.a. Sammy and prepares herself to get married with him.

However things get turned around on the day of marriage when Gangaram gets accidentally married to Tayra in a major twist of events. Tayra accepts on the proposal to live with Gangaram for thirty days.

At the beginning, Tayra doesn't like Gangaram because he is illiterate and poor, but their relationship takes a major turn when Renee Sen, the daughter of famous musician Jhontu Sen, meets Gangaram.

Renee becomes the mentor of Gangaram and gets a herculean task to groom Gangaram to help him achieving his musical ambitions. With time passes, Renee starts falling in love with Gangaram. The growing intimacy between Renee and Gangaram disturbs Tayra and she begins to realise that she starts falling in love with Gangaram.

Thirty days passes away and Tayra is still in dilemma about her relationship with Gangaram. Later she finally acknowledges her love for Gangaram and decides to live with him. While Renee gets devastated on hearing the truth of Gangaram's marriage.

Gangaram and Tayra get separated again due to misunderstandings arise between them. Tayra gets upset and leaves Gangaram. She gives thirty days deadline to Gangaram to prove his worth. Gangaram vows not to confront Tayra until he becomes successful in the field of music.

Gangaram qualifies for the main event of a singing reality show. To patch up with Tayra again, Sammy hatches conspiracy to disqualify Gangaram at the later rounds.

Gangaram wins the singing competition. Even after Gangaram rises to fame, the egoist and arrogant Tayra is unwilling to accept him. She keeps on insulting Gangaram's singing and challenges him to become superstar like Sammy. Gangaram assures Tayra that one day he will surprass Sammy's popularity and she will bow down to his fame of success.

After being disheartened by Tayra's behaviour, Gangaram decides to shift Mumbai to establish himself as a singing superstar. He bids adieu to Tayra and says he wants to pave his own way to success with hard work. He doesn't need Sammy's support to become successful in field of music. Thus he turns down Sammy's offer to sing for his upcoming movies.

Gangaram begins his musical journey in Mumbai. Meanwhile, he befriends a struggling junior artist named Munna. Gangaram also meets Jeena who is a popular actress. To settle old scores with Sammy, Jeena decides to provide Gangaram a big break in music industry.

Sammy gets frustrated on Gangaram's initial success. He thinks he will lose Tayra if Gangaram gets immense popularity. So he tries to harass Gangaram in every possible way with help of his illegal sources. Meanwhile, after hearing that Jeena is helping Gangaram to fulfill his musical ambitions, Tayra gets emotional and feels insecure about losing Gangaram.

Sammy goes berserk and attempt to shoot Gangaram with help of his henchmen Kapoor. After knowing that Jeena sacrifices her life to save Gangaram, Tayra realises that Jeena and Gangaram might be in love with each other. She gets upset and decides to break her marriage with Gangaram.

Backed by Jeena's immense support, Gangaram rises to fame in music. Tayra decides to marry Sammy as she thinks Gangaram is in love with Jeena. Gangaram lost consciousness after Rawal Seth attempts to kill him. Meanwhile, Tayra arrives to Mumbai to console the injured Gangaram.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Abhishek Bose]] as Gangaram Roy, A charming simpleton guy from a village who dreams big about becoming a successful singer; Tayra's husband
* Sohini Guha Roy as Tayra Roy (née Chatterjee), A girl who compares life with cinema and dreams big about her marriage with a superstar; Gangaram's wife

=== Recurring ===
* [[Samrat Mukherji]] as Samar Kumar a.k.a. Sammy (Main Antagonist)
* [[Surabhi Mallick]] as Renee Sen
* Priyanka Rati Pal as Priyanka
* [[Kushal Chakraborty]] as Nepal Roy, Gangaram's Father
* [[Mousumi Saha]] as Biraj Roy, Gangaram's Mother
* Srabanti Malakar as Sandhya Roy, Gangaram's Aunt
* Sagarika Roy as Gangaram's Aunt
* Raja Chatterjee as Hubba, Gangaram's Uncle
* Brinda Mukherjee as Bulti, Gangaram's Cousin
* Jayanta Das as Shiringi
* [[Basanti Chatterjee]] as Tayra's Grandmother
* [[Supriyo Dutta]] as Shibnath Chatterjee, Tayra's Father
* [[Subhadra Mukherjee]] as Sunita Chatterjee, Tayra's Mother
* [[Rupsha Chakraborty]] as Sakshi Chatterjee, Tayra's Sister-in-Law
* Mahua Haldar as Mohona Chatterjee, Tayra's Sister-in-Law
* Mishty Das as Pico, Tayra's Sister
* [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay|Sujan Neel Mukherjee]] as Bablu, Tayra's Elder Brother
* [[Dipanjan Bhattacharya]] as Tublu, Tayra's Brother
* Sougata Dasgupta as Lattu, Tayra's Younger Brother
* Joy Badlani
* Arun Saha as Chandranath, Shibnath's Assistant
* Susmita Chanda as Susmita, Sammy's Assistant
* Palash Adhikari as Munna
* Ayeashrya Chatterjee as Jeena

== Reception ==
=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 16
|2021
|4.0
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=হুড়মুড়িয়ে TRP রেটিং পড়ল সব ধারাবাহিকের! প্রথম স্থান কি ধরে রাখতে পারল মিঠাই?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-rating-of-bengali-tv-serials-seen-a-major-downfall-due-to-ipl-but-mithai-manages-to-hold-onto-the-number-1-spot-31619098395411.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122154/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-rating-of-bengali-tv-serials-seen-a-major-downfall-due-to-ipl-but-mithai-manages-to-hold-onto-the-number-1-spot-31619098395411.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|date=22 April 2021|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2021
|3.9
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 17 - DATA: Saturday, 24th April 2021 To Friday, 30th April 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325044546/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-03-25|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|2021
|3.3
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 18 - DATA: Saturday, 1st May 2021 To Friday, 7th May 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325044546/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-03-25|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2021
|3.9
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 19 - DATA: Saturday, 8th May 2021 To Friday, 14th May 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325044546/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-03-25|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2021
|3.5
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 22 - DATA: Saturday, 29th May 2021 To Friday, 4th June 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325044546/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2021-03-25|url-status=live|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/gangaram/1260050528 ''Gangaram''] on [[Hotstar]]

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Hari (disambiguation)

2026-02-02T04:38:47Z

ThomasEl: Created new pg

{{wiktionary|Hari|hari}}
'''[[Hari]]''' is a color adjective with strong religious symbolism in Hindu religion.

'''Hari''' may also refer to:

{{TOC right}}

==Religion==
*A name of [[Vishnu]]
*A generic name of God in [[Hindu monotheism]]
A word for "day" in various languages in the [[Greater India|Indian cultural sphere]], and as such part of the name of a number of festivals
*''Hari Raya Idul Fiotri'', name of [[Eid al-Fitr]] in Southeast Asian Islam
*''Hari Raya Haji'', name of [[Eid al-Adha]] in Southeast Asian Islam

==Given name==
*[[Hari (director)]], Indian film director
*[[Hari Kondabolu]] (born 1982), Indian American comedian
*[[Hari Nef]] (born 1992), American actress, model, and writer
*[[Hari Sreenivasan]] (born 1974), Indian-American journalist

==Surname==
*[[Badr Hari]] (born 1984), Dutch-Moroccan professional heavyweight kickboxer and martial artist
*[[Erwin Hari]] (1933–2024), Swiss cross-country skier
*[[Fritz Hari]] (1928–2024), Swiss politician
*[[Johann Hari]] (born 1979), British journalist
*[[Mata Hari]] (1876–1917), born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle, Dutch World War I spy
*[[Vani Hari]] (born 1979), American author and activist known for her criticism of the food industry

==Stage name==
*[[Hari (singer)]] (born 1990), stage name of Jeong Sung-kyung, a South Korean singer
*[[Hajrudin Varešanović|Hajrudin "Hari" Varešanović]], vocal soloist, composer, and leader of the musical group Hari Mata Hari
*[[Hari (actor)]], Indian Malayalam film actor and dubbing artist

==Toponymy==
*''Hari'', the Hungarian name for Heria village, [[Fărău]] Commune, Alba County, Romania
*[[Hari, Iran]], a village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
*[[Hari River, Afghanistan]], Afghanistan, Iran and Turkmenistan
*[[Haryana]] also Hariyana, a state in northern India, from Hari (Vishnu) and Ayana (abode)

==Fictional works==
*[[Hari Seldon]], the fictional founder of psychohistory
*Hari, character in the Japanese animated series ''[[Inuyasha]]''
*Hari Koo, protagonist in the animated series ''[[The Haunted House (TV series)|The Haunted House]]''
*''Hari'', a 1982 Filipino stop motion animated short film by the [[Philippine animation|Alcazaren brothers]]
*[[Hari (film)|''Hari'' (film)]], a 2018 Nepalese film

==See also==
* [[Hara (disambiguation)]]
* [[Har (disambiguation)]]
* [[Harita (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|surname|given name}}

Santaji Ghorpade

2026-02-01T01:06:49Z

ThomasEl: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Senapati of the Maratha Empire from 1690 to 1696}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Santaji Ghorpade
| title = [[Senapati]] Mamlakat Madar
| image = Senapati Santaji Ghorpade Samadhi.png
| caption = Samadhi of Santaji Rao Ghorpade
| succession = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|33x30px]] 7th [[Senapati of the Maratha Empire|Senapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| reign = 1690 - 1695
| reg-type = Monarch
| regent = [[Rajaram I]]
| coronation =
| predecessor = Maloji Ghorpade
| successor = [[Dhanaji Jadhav]]
| spouse =
| issue = Ranoji Piraji Naro Mahadeo (adopted son) 
| royal house = [[Ghorpade]]
| father = Mhaloji Ghorpade
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 1660
| birth_place = Bhalavani, [[Maratha Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Sangli district|Sangli]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1696|||1660|||df=yes}}
| death_place = Karkhel, [[Maratha Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}
}}

'''Santaji Ghorpade''' (Santaji Mhaloji Ghorpade, {{IPA|mr|sənt̪aːd͡ʒiː ɡʱoːɾpəɖeː}}; 1660–1696) was a [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] general and statesman who served as the 7th [[Senapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] during the reign of Chattrapati [[Rajaram I]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=On the history trail: The heroism of Sarsenapati Santaji Ghorpade |url=https://sahasa.in/2022/06/17/on-the-history-trail-the-heroism-of-santaji-ghorpade/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |language=en}}</ref> He is widely regarded as one of the foremost experts in [[Guerrilla warfare]]. Santaji Ghorpade, in collaboration with [[Dhanaji Jadhav]], conducted a series of successful campaigns against the [[Mughals]] from 1689 to 1696. His strategic acumen was demonstrated through the adept utilization of tactics such as guerrilla warfare, ambushes, and swift mobility, ultimately resulting in effective defeats of the [[Mughal Army]]. In recognition of his valor, Rajaram bestowed upon him the title of ''Mamlakat-Madar'' in 1690.

== Early life ==
Santaji belonged to the [[Ghorpade|Ghorpade clan]], a senior branch of the Bhosale clan. The Ghorpades were initially known as Bhosales. Santaji was the eldest son of Mhaloji Ghorpade of [[Bhalavani]], who served as the [[Senapati]] during the reign of [[Chhatrapati]] [[Sambhaji]] for a brief period following the unexpected demise of [[Hambirrao Mohite]].<ref name="archive.org">A History of the Maratha people
Vol. II, CA Kincaid and DB Parasnis, pg 45 [https://archive.org/details/historyofmaratha02kinc/page/n59/mode/2up]</ref> Santaji had two younger brothers named Bahirji and Maloji. His father was the half-brother of Baji Ghorpade of [[Mudhol]], who was executed by [[Chhatrapati]] [[Shivaji]] for betraying [[Shahaji]] when [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] imprisoned him.

In the initial stages of his career, Santaji ascended through the ranks under the guidance of Hambirrao Mohite. Santaji and his younger brother Bahirji accompanied Shivaji Maharaj in his campaign of [[Jalna district|Jalna]] in 1679. Subsequently, Santaji assumed a prominent role as a commander during the reign of chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj . In 1686, Sambhaji raje dispatched Santaji and Keshav Pingale with an army of 12,000 cavalry to procure food supplies from the [[Gingee|Jinji]] region. In 1689, Santaji found himself in the company of his father when Sambhaji raje was captured by the [[Mughals]]. Instead of making an escape, Mhaloji met his demise while protecting Sambhaji Raje at [[Sangameshwar]].<ref name="archive.org"/> Santaji received orders to proceed ahead, while Sambhaji raje devised a plan to divert the invading [[Mughal Army]]. Following the untimely and unceremonious demise of Mhaloji, his sons and brothers steadfastly remained loyal to Chhatrapati [[Rajaram I]], ultimately securing the future of the [[Maratha Empire]].

==Campaign against the Mughals==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
In the beginning of the Rajaram's reign in 1689, Santaji had attained the rank of ''Pancha Hajari'' officer i.e. commander of 5,000 soldiers. In September 1689, along with Dhanaji, Santaji attacked [[Aurangzeb]]'s General Sheikh Nizam who had placed a siege around the fort of [[Panhala fort|Panhala]]. Nizam's army was severely beaten and his treasure, horses and elephants were captured.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Pratik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqYiBAAAQBAJ&q=santaji+sheikh+nizam |title=Maratha Generals and Personalities |date=August 2014 |publisher=Pratik Gupta |pages=39 |language=English}}</ref> Then during 1689–1690 period, Santaji and Dhanaji were directed to prevent Mughal army in Maharashtra from chasing and entering [[Karnataka]] after Rajaram's flight to [[Gingee|Jinji]]. They succeeded in this task and were able to slow down and engage the Mughals in harassing skirmishes. In December 1690, Santaji and Dhanaji were promoted as leading Maratha generals, and were placed respectively under the supervision of [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]] and [[Shankraji Narayan Sacheev]].

On 25 May 1690, Sarza Khan Alias Rustam Khan, a Mughal nobleman and commander, was soundly defeated and captured near [[Satara (city)|Satara]] jointly by Ramchandra Pant Amatya, Shankraji Narayan, Santaji and Dhanaji in and this proved to be a major setback to emperor Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&q=santaji+rustam+khan |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand |isbn=9788121903646 |pages=325 |language=English}}</ref> In July 1692, for his great victory, Rajaram rewarded him with the Deshmukhi (fiefdom) of [[Miraj]].

In the last quarter of 1692, Santaji and Dhanaji were sent south to alleviate the Mughal pressure on Jinjee. And on the way there they managed to capture Dharwad on 8 October 1692, [[Dharwad]] with an army consisting of 7000 Maratha foot soldiers under the duo's command.

On 14 December 1692, Santaji defeated Aurangzeb's General Ali Mardan Khan, captured him and brought him back to fort [[Gingee Fort|Jinjee]]. In December 1692, the Mughal army under [[Zulfikhar Ali Khan]] around fort Jinjee was blocked and beaten by Santaji and Dhanaji as a result of which Zulfikar Khan had to sue King Rajaram for peace and was forced to compromise. Then on 5 January 1693, Santaji attacked the Mughal camp at [[Desur]] and looted their treasure, weapons and livestock.

Santaji was praised for his bravery by Queen [[Tarabai]] as he attacked Aurangzeb's camp and sacked it completely. Maratha troops thought that Aurangzeb died in this attack, but Aurangzeb escaped by spending night in his daughter's Tent.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of Marathas |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1946 |isbn=8121500664 |pages=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505237}}</ref> A drama 'Bhangale Swapn Maharashtra' written by [[Bashir Momin Kavathekar]] depicts the thrill and adventures raid on Aurangzeb's camp at Tulapur and also brings out how stringently the guidelines laid down by Shivaji Maharaj were being followed by maratha soldiers (which spared Aurangajeb's life because he was offering religious prayers).<ref>Khanduraj Gaykwad, [http://www.navakal.org/images/epaper/20-jan-2019.pdf लेखणीतून ग्रामीण लोककला संपन्न करणारे- बशीर मोमीन कवठेकर!], “Navakal, 20-Jan-2011”</ref><ref>Prof. Suhas Joshi, [भंगले स्वप्न महाराष्ट्रा - एक चांगला नाट्यप्रयोग], “विशाल सह्याद्री, पुणे, 27-Feb-1977”</ref>

Attacking Aurangzeb's camp was really hard task, but Santaji's motivational speech gave Maratha troops will to do so, Santaji told that-

<blockquote>we are the warriors who attacked Shaista Khan's camp which was filled up with lakh of soldiers and our Shiv Chatrapati had cut his fingers. The same condition will be done now let's unite and attack Aurang's camp and destroy it, He also told that {आपण सगळे औरंग ची गर्दन मारूया} which means Let's all kill Aurangzeb<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

On 14 November 1693, Mughal General Himmat Khan beat back Santaji near Vikramhalli in Karnataka. Soon thereafter, Santaji regrouped his troops and reengaged Himmat Khan again on 21 November 1693 and avenged his earlier defeat.

In July 1695, Santaji trapped the Mughal army camping near Khatav and harassed it with Blitzkrieg.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Italian visitor to the Mughal court, Minnucci, has listed details of the lightning-fast and devastating Maratha attacks on the Mughal camps. High level of tension, stress and apprehension among the troops and camp followers, about the ever-present Maratha threat were recorded. On 20 November 1695, Kasim Khan, Aurangzeb's powerful General in Karnataka, was attacked, defeated and killed by Santaji at Doderi near [[Chitradurga]].

In December 1695, Dhanaji was defeated in a battle near Vellore by Zulfiquar Khan. On 20 January 1696 near Baswapattan, Santaji attacked, defeated and personally killed the Mughal General Himmat Khan. On 26 February 1696, Mughal General Hamid-uddin Khan defeated Santaji in a brief tussle. In April 1696, Santaji was also defeated by Zulfikhar Khan at Arani in Karnataka.

In 1693, after lengthy negotiations with Rajaram, Zulfiquar Khan was granted a safe passage out which Santaji did not approve. Santaji had bravely defeated and captured Zuliquar Khan. It is a widely known fact that Zulfiquar Khan deliberately delayed the capture of Jingee going along with his father [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]]'s plan to carve a territory for himself, similar to, now defunct, Adilshah and Qutubshah states in the South. They hoped and expected octogenarian Aurangzeb would die soon either due to old age or overthrown by his impatient sons for the Delhi throne. Thus, the succession chaos at the Mogul court will ensue to provide them with the opportunity to annex the southern territory, especially Golconda in Hyderabad.

Rajaram was aware of Zulfiquar's ambitions and colluded with the Khan against Aurangzeb, probably for the sake of politics, survival and safety of future. Later in 1699, Zulfiquar also provided safe passage to Rajaram's wives unmolested when he captured Jinjee, with Rajaram already escaped. The Khan and Rajaram had understanding to benefit each other for politics or previous gratitudes. This was similar to Shahji and Radullah, later by their sons, Shivaji and Rustam, providing each other with intel of their courts. The politics then was very complex and everchanging, those acted without personal vendettas survived and were clear in their foresightedness. Zulfiquar Khan also escorted Sambhaji's family respectfully and unmolested to Aurangzeb after he captured Raigad. He also was very protective and great well wisher of Shahu's (Sambhaji's son in captivity) in Aurangzeb's campaign, probably hoped for the Maratha help for his own ambitions. Zulfiquar's mother was Shaista Khan's sister and he himself married to the Khan's daughter. Shaista khan who was maternal uncle of Aurangzeb, lost his three fingers and pride at the hands of Shivaji, Rajaram's father, in the most famous surprise attack in Pune in 1663.

Santaji as much known to be great and intrepid in guerrilla warfare tactics did not seem shrewd in understanding the manipulation of politics and diplomacy behind curtains, and misunderstood his King and the final Maratha cause on many occasions leading to rift between him and Rajaram.

On 8 May 1696, Santaji met Rajaram at fort Jinjee, argued with him on certain issues, some sources suggest he demanded rewards for his services, and left Jingee without resolving their differences. Santaji didn't exactly have a suave tongue like Dhanaji Jadhav and dealt much action with confrontation, bravado and brutal rage, While meeting Rajaram, he argued and very disrespectfully said, "The Chatrapatti exist because of me and I can make and dethrone Chatrapattis at will". He probably realised later in the fit of anger he has sealed his fate and left the place without Rajaram's permission. Dhanaji was made the new Sarnaubat(Master of Cavalry), which further enraged Santaji. Muni lal is of opinion that Santaji was not patriotic for the maratha state and was arrogant.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Santa+patriotism|title=Aurangzeb|date=1988|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-0-7069-4017-6|language=en}}</ref>

Rajaram, then did not have wise counsel of Praladji Pant, his Pratinidi (top minister), who had died. Praladji proved great talent in previously handling conflicting personalities like Santaji during the start of Maratha resurrection after Sambhaji's death. Rajaram, therefore, couldn't deal such a disrespectful provocation without reprimand in order to maintain discipline in Maratha ranks. Even though these were unpardonable provocations during Rajaram's predecessor's time or even according to Santaji's own military standards. The arrest orders were issued by the King to discipline the great warrior to avoid further mischief, but Rajaram would not have wanted him assassinated as some popular sources later suggest wrongly. Santaji was already chased by his enemies in both camps, Marathas and Moguls.

In June 1696, by order of Rajaram, Dhanaji attacked Santaji for his rebellion near Vriddhachalam but had to turn back. In March 1697, Dhanaji defeated Santaji at Dahigaon with the help of Hanmantrao Nimbalkar.

[[Jadunath Sarkar]], a renowned historian on Maratha history, provides a great insight in his book, House of Shivaji, about the heroics and fall of Santaji Ghorpade. [[Khafi Khan]] writes,"Shanta used to inflict severe punishments on his followers. For the slightest fault he would cause the offender to be trampled to death under an elephant." The man who insists on efficiency and discipline in a trophical country makes himself universally unpopular, and, therefore, we are not surprised when we learn from Khafi Khan that " Most of Maratha Nobles became Shanta's enemies and made a secret agreement with his rival Dhanaji Jadhav to destroy him."

In May 1696, Dhanaji attacked Santaji but Santaji was victorious and was able to capture one of Dhanaji's key member, Amritrao Nimbalkar. Santaji later trampled him to death under an elephant. Amritrao's sister, Radhabai, was married to Nagoji Mane of Mhaswad, who then worked for Moguls. The loving sister demanded her husband to avenge the death of her brother.

In [[Maasir-i-Alamgiri]], Aurangzeb's biography, depicts an account of Santaji, "On the way to Jingee, this wretch had a fight with Dhana Jadhav, who was escorting Rajaram there, on account of an old quarrel. Shanta triumphed, and caused Amritrao, the brother-in-law of Nagoji, comrade and assistant of Dhana, to be crushed under an elephant. He also captured Rajaram but Dhana escaped. The next day Shanta appeared before Rajaram with his wrists bound together, pleading," I am the same loyal servant(as before). My rudeness was due to this that you wanted to make Dhana my equal and reach Jingi with his help. I shall now do whatever you bid me." Then he released Rajaram and conducted Rajaram to Jinjee.

Another cause of Santanji's attitude of aloofness from the government was his being drawn into the cross-currents of ministerial rivalry of the western capital of Maharashtra. He sided with Parshuram the rival of Ramchandra Pant, otherwise known as Amatya.
Dhana Jadhav was preferred by Rajaram and Ramchandra Pant, latter was more of regeant to Rajaram and conducted all his affairs in Maratha resurrection after the death of Sambhaji. Dhana was also well praised in Mogul records and preferred in any negotiations arose between Marathas and Mogul Chieftains. Dhana was the great-grandson of Jijabai's brother. Jijabai was also the grandmother of Rajaram I. Santaji was a relative of Baji Ghorpade, who arrested and humiliated the grandfather of Rajaram, Shahji in Adilshah court in 1648. This, however, unlikely had any bearing on the strained relations between two factions. Shahji Raje helped many of his Maratha relatives rise to power, and Ghorpades also benefitted greatly from his benevolence
.

==Death==

An imperial order from [[Aurangzeb]] to pursue Santaji was given to Hamiddudin Khan Bahadur. Khan fought with him and recovered some of the elephants of Qasim Khan, which Santaji had looted earlier. Then Khan was ordered to return to the court, leaving some of his officers to accompany [[Bidar Bakht]], who had been ordered to chase Santaji. Several fights occurred, however Santaji's plunder against Mughal camps still continued.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62691|title=Maasir-i- Alamgiri|date=1947}}</ref>

On the way to Jinji, Santaji had a fight with Dhanaji Jadhav, who was conveying [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] to Jinji, on account of an old quarrel. Santaji triumphed, and captured Amrit Rao, brother-in-law of Nagoji Mane and trampled him by an elephant. Santaji also captured Rajaram, but Dhanaji escaped. The next day Santaji tied his hands and apologised Rajaram for his rudeness. Then he conducted Rajaram to Jinji. Zulfiqar Khan Bahadur was ordered to besiege the fort. The fort was captured but Santaji escaped with Rajaram and went towards Satara to fight with Dhanaji, who was there. In this battle, Dhanaji triumphed. Mane Brothers and Dhanaji decided to abduct Santaji. But, Santaji fled from the field with only a few men to the zammdari of Nagoji, with whom he sought refuge. Nagoji gave him shelter in his house, but his wife, whose brother had been killed by Santaji, urged her husband and another brother not to let Santaji go away alive. Nagoji dismissed, but his wife's brother went in pursuit, seeking for an opportunity to kill Santaji. By this time, Aurangzeb issued an imperial order to [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghaziuddin khan Feroz Jung]] to pursue Santaji. The troops of Bidar Bhakt and Hamiddudin Khan were placed under his command.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62691/page/n249/mode/1up|title=Maasir-i- Alamgiri|date=1947}}</ref> Mane and Dhanaji were trying to subjugate Santaji and all his members back to the [[Maratha Empire]] by forgetting all the past fights they had. As, Santaji was not ready to do so. Mane with His Brother in law decided to execute Santaji.

At the time Santaji was bathing in a dense forest near karkhel in Maharashtra. Two forces emerged and tried and one of them killed him on finding him alone. Santaji was killed either by Ghaziuddin Khan's forces or was killed by Mane's brother-in-law. At last, his head was sent to the Emperor by Ghaziuddin Khan.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1" />

==Legacy ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
Santaji was a military genius, an unrivalled master of guerrilla tactics and parthian warfare. He was the "Terror of Mughals" till his death. Khafi Khan writes in his book Muntakhabu L Lubab about Santaji, " Everyone who encountered him was either killed or wounded, or made prisoner; or if any one did escape it was with his mere life with loss of his army and baggage" "Nothing could be done for wherever Santaji went and threatened an attack there was no imperial Amir bold enough to resist him" Every loss he inflicted on Mughals made the boldest warriors quake"

The fact that the news bearer of Santaji's death was given the title of "Khushkhabar Khan " by Aurangzeb tells more than enough about the Havoc Santaji Made in Mughal Camps.

Sarkar writes," Santaji's greatest monument is the abject of fear he inspired in all ranks of the Mughal army which is faithfully reflected in the curses and abuses invariably used as epithets to his name in the Persian Sources"

Ascribed to this Khafi Khan writes " When the news came that Shanta(Santaji) had come within 16 or 18 miles of him , Firuz Jung (Aurangzeb's highest General) lost colour in terror, and making a false announcement that he would ride out to oppose him , appointed officers to clear the path sent his advanced tent onwards but then himself fled towards Bijapur by a roundabout path" (K.K 446)

G S Sardesai Quotes," Santaji is now remembered as the past master of guerrilla warfare the highest and the best instrument which enabled the Marathas to attain a rapid rise before the development of artillery warfare in India, The death of this unmatched hero was a big blow to the Maratha Fortunes"

Cavalry Santaji groomed was compared with legendary Asiatic Generals like Timur and Changez. He always Headed an cavalry of 20-25,000 Horses. His cavalry Tactics were naturally inherited by Later Maratha Generals including Bajirao and Raghuji Bhosale.

One of the highlights of Santaji's career was Battle of Dodderi where combined army of Quasim Khan(who was active commander of Sera ) and Khanzad Khan was Utterly defeated by Santaji. The total Ransom Santaji got was Close to 60 Lakhs. Aurangzeb was Shocked by This defeat of His generals.

In less than one month of Santaji's Triumph at Dodderi He achieved another equally famous victory. Himmat Khan Bahadur who had been deployed to co operate with Quasim Khan had Taken Refugee at Basavapatan(40 miles west of Dodderi) . Santaji Killed Himmat Khan in a sanguinary action at Basavapatan.

These two dazzling victories of Dodderi and Death of Himmat Khan Further raised Santaji's reputation for his invincibility and made their the dread of even the as greatest Mughal Generals.

Santaji is now considered as the Architect of "Modern Maratha Cavalry Tactics". The Kind of Adverse conditions he Faced both from enemies and Also from Maratha courtiers and seeing his outstanding victories over Greatest Mughal generals Undoubtedly Makes him the Greatest Cavalry General of Marathas After Chhatrapati Shivaji himself, only rivaled by Bajirao.

His eldest son became a general and he died in a battle in 1701. Santaji's son Yeshoji & Tukoji continued his military activities by shifting their base to Sandur near Bellary & Guti in [[Karnataka]].With help of Telangi-Berads, they sided with [[Tarabai]] faction of Kolhapur during Maratha war of succession fought between Shahu & Tarabai. After the Peshwa of [[Pune]] obtained additional powers in 1749,<ref name=":0" /> Ghorpades concentrated their activities in Karnataka.

Murarrao Ghorpade, a grandnephew of Santaji, made an alliance with [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Muhammad Ali]] and helped him to defeat [[Chanda Sahib]] in famous [[Battle of Arcot]] fought in 1751. This battle is known in history of [[British East India Company]] as part of the [[Carnatic Wars]] fought between [[Robert Clive]] led forces of British East India Company and [[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]] led [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] between 1751 and 1758, also known as 7 years war. English historians tend to highlight & threat from Nizam of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]-[[Hyder Ali]]-[[Tipu Sultan]] kept them engrossed in Karnataka-[[Tamil Nadu]] away from politics of Pune Darbars. Ghorpades maintained working relationship with British East India Company in their Karnataka-Tamil Nadu operations maturing from the cordial relationship established with Robert Clive during siege of [[Arcot]] in 1751. Descendants of Santaji still live in (Sidhojirao Bahirjee branch) [[Sanduru|Sandur]] & Guti, Karnataka. His descendants are also part of the families of Mudhol, Bedag Thane, Madhabhavi Thane, Khemlapur Thane, of state Datwadd, Bahadurwadi, Satave, Bhadale, Ashta, Khanapur, Nandgao in Satara, Kolhapur and Sangli districts of Maharashtra. One branch of descendants of Rajeghorpade continued to serve under Kolhapur Princely State of Bhosale. Ramchandra Babaji Ghorpade of this branch held feudal estate near Satave of [[Panhala]]. Later after independence of India his grandson Nivruti Vithoji Ghorpade co-founded [[Warana, Maharashtra|Warana]] Sugar and allied industries. He remained Vice-chairman/ Director of Warana industries for 35 years.

[[Jadunath Sarkar]] the noted historian writes in his famous book namely military history of India about Santaji:
{{Blockquote
|text=He was a perfect master of this art, which can be more correctly described as [[Parthia]]n warfare than as [[guerrilla]] tactics, because he could not only make night marches and surprises, but also cover long distances quickly and combine the movements of large bodieds over wide areas with an accuracy and punctuality which were incredible in any Asiatic army other than those of [[Chengiz Khan]] and [[Tamurlane]]. Santaji had an inborn genius of handling large bodies of troops spread through long distances changing his tactics so as to take prompt advantage of every change in enemy's plans and conditions, and organising combined movement without the risk of failure.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath|title=Military History of India|year=1960|publisher=M. C. Sarkar and Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Mo9AAAAMAAJ|page=159}}</ref>}}

He was portrayed by Ankit Anil Sharma in the 2025 Hindi film ''[[Chhaava]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghorpade, Santaji}}
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:1697 deaths]]
[[Category:1660 births]]

Syed Bashir Ahmad

2026-01-28T21:24:30Z

ThomasEl:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Bashir Ahmad {{Nastaliq|سید بشیر احمد}}
| image = Syed_Bashir_Ahmad.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1952|1|2|df=y}}
| birth_place =[[Pulwama]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| residence = [[Pulwama]], Jammu and Kashmir, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = Rajpora (Assembly)
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| term = 2002 - January 2015
| party =[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|JKPDP]] (1999 - 2014)
(August 2024 - Present)
| children = Four sons and one daughter
}}

'''Syed Bashir Ahmad''' ({{langx|ks|سید بشیر احمد}}) (born 2 January 1952 in Sheikhar, [[Pulwama]] district in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jammulinks.com/completedetail.php?tablename=MLA&namefield=Mr.%20Syed%20Bashir%20Ahmad%20Shah |title=Jammu Links - the Virtual search engine for Jammu & kashmir, J&K, India |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023155744/http://www.jammulinks.com/completedetail.php?tablename=MLA&namefield=Mr.%20Syed%20Bashir%20Ahmad%20Shah |archive-date=23 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/syed-bashir-ahmad-55788/|title=Syed Bashir Ahmad|date=24 February 2014|website=Jammulinks.com|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> is a Kashmiri politician. He has worked for the social upliftment of people living in rural areas and has championed the cause of weaker sections. He was the [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from Rajpora Constituency<ref>{{cite news|title=List of Honorable Members of J&K Legislative Assembly - 5. Ahmad, Shri Syed Bashir|url=http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/website%20material/alphabeticallist.htm}}</ref> and Chairman of Petitions Committee of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkdirinf.in/NewsDescription.aspx?ID=7666|title=Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir, Director Of Information & Public Relations :: News Description|website=Jkdirinf.in|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref>

==Political career==
He was associated with politics from a very young age and remained associated with [[Janata Dal]], [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Jan Morcha]]. When elections for the state assembly were held in 1996, Syed Bashir contested the elections from [[Pulwama]] constituency on a Janata Dal ticket against the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] candidate, but lost by a thin margin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/32/20091/130|title=IndiaVotes AC: Pulwama 1996|website=IndiaVotes.com|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref>

In 1999, he along with other leaders founded [[Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP), which was then headed by the former [[Home Minister]] of India and Jammu and Kashmir [[Chief Minister]] [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]. In 2002, he contested and won the Assembly Elections from Rajpora Constituency and was made a Minister for Education in the Mufti Mohammad Sayeed led Government.<ref name="a"/><ref name="b">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/rajpora.html|title=Rajpora Election 2014, Results, Candidate List and winner of Rajpora Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency, Jammu And Kashmir|website=Elections.in|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> He later held the portfolios of 'PHE, Irrigation and Flood Control', and 'Roads & Buildings'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040623/j&k.htm#2|title=The Tribue India|website=Tribuneindia.com|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> He again won from the same constituency in the 2008 Assembly Elections.<ref name="b"/>

In July 2005, militants made a bid on the life of Syed Bashir Ahmad at crowded Budshah Chowk in [[Srinagar]] when he was on way from Civil Secretariat. He escaped unhurt but two of his personnel security officers (PSO) and a civilian were injured in the shooting incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050707/j&k.htm#1|title=The Tribue India|website=Tribuneindia.com|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/07/stories/2005070702191300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141023073141/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/07/stories/2005070702191300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2014|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Front Page : Attack on another Kashmir Minister|date=2005-07-07|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref>

In July 2014, PDP dropped the name of Syed Bashir Ahmad from its list of candidates for 2014 Assembly elections. Soon after that hundreds of his party workers from Rajpora Constituency took to streets and staged a massive protest outside Housing Colony in Pulwama which houses top politicians and legislative members. The protesters amid anti-party slogans castigated Mufti Muhammad Sayeed for ignoring Syed Bashir. These protesters later on drove their vehicles towards Srinagar and staged a protest outside PDP president’s official Gupkar residence and demanded mandate in favour of Syed Bashir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/syed-bashirs-workers-protest-outside-muftis-gupkar-residence-61666/|title=Syed Bashir's workers protest outside Mufti's Gupkar residence|date=7 July 2014|website=Kashmirlife.net|accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> Syed Bashir later revealed that he was not taken into confidence before dropping his name from the list which had earlier included his name as the party candidate from Rajpora constituency and was just told on phone that the candidate was changed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kashmir-today.net/row-drabus-candidature-pdp-created-devil-deep-sea-situation-syed-bashir/ |title=Row over Drabu's candidature: PDP created devil and deep sea situation for me: Syed Bashir - Kashmir-Today.Net |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023090214/http://www.kashmir-today.net/row-drabus-candidature-pdp-created-devil-deep-sea-situation-syed-bashir/ |archive-date=23 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In October 2014, Syed Bashir was expelled from PDP. According to a statement by PDP, Syed Bashir was expelled from the party for holding anti-party activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2014/Oct/9/pdp-expels-legislator-syed-bashir-ahmad-47.asp |title=PDP expels legislator Syed Bashir Ahmad Lastupdate:- Thu, 9 Oct 2014 18:30:00 GMT GreaterKashmir.com |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010153650/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2014/Oct/9/pdp-expels-legislator-syed-bashir-ahmad-47.asp |archive-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an interview to press, Syed Bashir refuted those allegations and said:

"I do not know why I have been expelled. I did not receive any notice from the party stating the cause of my expulsion. I was phoned by a journalist yesterday evening that I have been expelled from the party. They should have exposed my anti-party activities. I never involved myself in any anti-party activity. I didn't speak against PDP. I respected the party symbol even when I was denied the party mandate."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.authintmail.com/2014/interview/mufti-sayeed-has-become-pawn-his-own-party-105118 |title="Mufti Sayeed has become a pawn in his own party" - Authint Mail |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023103251/https://www.authintmail.com/2014/interview/mufti-sayeed-has-become-pawn-his-own-party-105118 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 30 October 2014, Syed Bashir Ahmad announced that he would contest the J&K Legislative Assembly elections 2014, as an independent candidate. Addressing a press conference at his Sheikhar residence, Syed Bashir said, "Though many political parties had offered me the ticket but I declined them as my workers and supporters wanted me to contest independently. I was left with no option but to respect their aspirations and emotions."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.authintmail.com/2014/kashmir/expelled-pdp-leader-contest-independent-candidate-213200 |title=Expelled PDP leader to contest as independent candidate - Authint Mail |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107220324/https://www.authintmail.com/2014/kashmir/expelled-pdp-leader-contest-independent-candidate-213200 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kashmirreader.com/expelled-pdp-leader-to-contest-as-independent-candidate-24375 |title=Expelled PDP leader to contest as independent candidate | Kashmir Reader |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107213435/http://kashmirreader.com/expelled-pdp-leader-to-contest-as-independent-candidate-24375 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 22 August 2024, Syed Bashir Ahmad rejoined the People's Democratic Party.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/latest-news/your-extensive-experience-professional-dedication-will-greatly-contribute-to-our-mission-pdp-on-fresh-joinings/ |title="Your extensive experience, professional dedication will greatly contribute to our mission: PDP on fresh joinings" - Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Lost}}||21.16%||[[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||47.93%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Won}}||25.12%||[[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||22.79%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Won}}||58.60%||[[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||24.62%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Syed Bashir}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Pulwama district]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Comedian Ambe

2026-01-13T20:57:49Z

ThomasEl: Done

{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Comedian Ambe
| image = Comedian Ambe Tiatr Konkani theatre show staged by Comedian Ambe at Mapusa Hanuman Natyagraha May 14, 2023. 32 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ambe at [[Hanuman Natyagraha]], 2023
| birth_name = Sandeep Ambe
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| birth_date =
| years_active = 1980s–present
| spouse =
| children =
| education = [[Diploma]] in [[Computer education]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|actor|playwright|director|businessman}}
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/comedian.ambe}}
}}

'''Sandeep Ambe''', known professionally as '''Comedian Ambe''', is an Indian comedian, actor, playwright, director, businessman, and former teacher known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. As a school student, he staged his debut [[Konkani language|Konkani]] play, ''Dubaicho Novro'', which led to him being discovered by Edwin Soares. Soares then helped Ambe get into Konkani [[one-act play]]s. He is best known for his role as a landlord in [[Mini Mario (singer)|Menino Mario]]'s ''tiatr'', ''Dev Nhidonk Na'' (1987). In 2007, Ambe made his professional debut as a playwright with his ''tiatr'', ''Hi Kudd Matiek Laitam''.

==Early life==
Ambe successfully concluded his academic pursuits at Model English High School situated in [[Margao, Goa]]. As a student, he exhibited a talent for [[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimicry]], able to impersonate his teachers from various subjects, including mathematics, history, and science. His skill in mimicry was noted and appreciated by his classmates. Ambe was known for his astute observation of individuals and their behaviors, which contributed to his abilities in mimicry and entertainment.<ref name=":0" />

During his youth, Ambe did mimicry, which he incorporated into his [[short play]] when asked to stage at a [[Bharat Scouts and Guides|scouts and guides]] camp in [[Karwar]]. His performance in this improvised play earned him a prize. When he was not in school, during his summer breaks, many of his peers were engaged in [[recreational activities]] such as sports and vacations. However, during this interval, he capitalized on the occasion to organize and showcase a dramatic production in his hometown of [[Colva, Goa]].<ref name=":0" />

The production, titled ''Dubaicho Novro'' (''Dubai Boyfriend''), was facilitated by Ambe's collaboration with friends from his village. His theatrical abilities soon came to the attention of Edwin Soares, a theater director based in [[Salcete taluka#Salcette territory|Betalbatim]]. Soares extended an invitation for him to join his [[theatrical troupe|theatrical ensemble]], where he would have the opportunity to partake in the production of engaging [[one-act play]]s. In addition to his work in amateur theater, Ambe has also pursued formal education, completing a [[diploma]] in [[computer education]]. He subsequently gained experience working briefly as a computer educator.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Ambe rose to prominence in the late 20th century. In 1987, the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]] Dev Nhidonk Na'', directed by Mini Mario, he assumed the part of a [[landlord]]. This early performance helped him establish as an up-and-coming figure in the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Ambe continued to appear in various ''tiatrs'' throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 1990, he was cast in the production ''Lok Kitem Mhonntolo'' directed by [[Rosario Rodrigues]]. However, it was Ambe's role in Rodrigues' 1991 ''tiatr Bhuk'' that garnered him fame. During the [[monsoon]] season, ''Bhuk'' garnered commercial success by completing 50 performances in different cities. In this play, Ambe portrayed the character of a [[secretary]], co-starring alongside other actors such as Comedian Jesus and Rodrigues. His [[comedic timing]] and delivery in ''Bhuk'' were praised by audiences. Following the acclaim he received for his performance in ''Bhuk'', he began to focus almost exclusively on taking on comedic roles in ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-05-12 |title=From computers to comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/from-computers-to-comedy/articleshow/20008632.cms |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Ambe then appeared in Filipe Almeida's production titled ''Ami Vetat'' (We Are Going). Three years later, in 1997, he performed in [[Patrick Dourado]]'s ''tiatr Tem Koxem Melem'' (How Did She Die?). Ambe's talents were further showcased in 1999, when [[Roseferns]] incorporated his skills in [[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimicry]] into the ''tiatr Titloch Temp To'' (For That Time Being). The following year, in 2000, Pascoal Rodrigues enlisted him to portray a character in his theatrical performance known as ''Tin Khile'' (Three Nails). Over the subsequent years, Ambe continued to take on acting roles in [[Goan]] theater. In 2001, he was featured in Tony Dias' ''tiatr Ti Mhoji Maim'' (That is my Mother). This was followed by an appearance in [[Mario Menezes]]' ''Mhoji Maim, Mhoji Dusman'' (My Mother, My Enemy) in 2003. Prior to establishing himself as a figure in the ''tiatr'' industry as both an actor and director, Ambe contributed to [[Comedian Agostinho]]'s 2006 production titled ''Aslelim Dukhi, Naslelim Sukhi'' (Rich Sad, Poor Happy).<ref name=":0" />

Ambe underwent a shift in his professional focus starting in 2007. Prior to that year, he had primarily established himself as a comedian. However, beginning in January 2007, he commenced his endeavors to the creation and execution of his personal ''[[tiatr]]'' performances. In January 2007, he introduced his initial independently produced ''tiatr'', entitled ''Hi Kudd Matiek Laitam''. Over the following five years, he went on to create and stage 11 consecutive ''tiatr'' productions. Through this output, he carved out a reputation for himself as a playwright within the ''tiatr'' community, establishing his position among veterans in this field of the art form. Announcing his decision to temporarily pause ''tiatr'' production during the 2012 season, resulted in the cessation of the [[Theatre troupe|assembly of performers]] he had brought together during the preceding five-year period. Without any scheduled ''tiatr'' engagements, the performers who were part of his company went on to join alternative ''tiatr'' [[theatre troupe|troupes]] for the shows of that season.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A bad season for Ambe |url=https://www.thegoan.net//a-bad-season-for-ambe/2000.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

Ambe having taken a break from scripting and directing new productions in the 2012 season, he preemptively shared his plan with the rest of his troupe, affording them the opportunity to engage in collaborations with different playwrights throughout that timeframe. He specified that this sabbatical was only intended to last for one year, after which he expected to resume his role as both playwright and director with the same ensemble of performers in 2013. During his temporary hiatus from writing and directing duties in 2012, he instead accepted a comedic acting role in the ''[[tiatr]] Tumchinch Bhurguim'' (Yours Children), which was produced by fellow playwright [[Menino De Bandar]].<ref name=":1" /> In May 2013, Ambe returned to the ''tiatr'' stage with a new production titled ''Chedvam Tim, Gadvam Nhoi''. This work explored the fundamental societal factors contributing to the widespread [[Rape in India|problems of rape]] and various forms of [[Violence against women in India|violence targeting women in contemporary times]].<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Before embarking on a career in comedy, Ambe harbored uncertainties regarding his reception as a comedian among a predominantly [[Goan Catholic|Catholic audience]], given his [[Hindu]] faith. In the present time, a significant portion of his audience remains uninformed about his religious beliefs, causing a misconception among admirers of ''[[tiatr]]'' ([[Goan]] theater) that he follows the Catholic faith. During his younger years, Ambe was employed at a family-owned [[general store]]. As of 2013, he remained actively involved in his family's business, A1 Stores, during his leisure hours. He relocated to [[Colva, Goa]] during his teenage years.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=7402587}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comedian Ambe}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

The Doctor and the Saint

2026-01-13T11:44:25Z

ThomasEl: post

{{Short description|2019 book by Arundhati Roy}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox book
|name = The Doctor and the Saint
|author = [[Arundhati Roy]]
|language = English
|country = India
|genre = History Indian Literature
|publisher = [[Haymarket Books]]
|media_type =
|cover_artist =
|isbn =
|image = File:The Doctor and the Saint.jpg
|caption = First edition
|series =
|release_date = 2017
|pages = 128
|preceded_by =
|followed_by =
|awards =
}}
'''''The Doctor and the Saint: The Ambedkar-Gandhi Debate: Caste, Race and Annihilation of Caste''''' is a book written by Indian author [[Arundhati Roy]]. It was published in 2017 by [[Haymarket Books]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |date=2014-03-01 |title=The Doctor and the Saint |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/the-doctor-and-the-saint/article5740369.ece |access-date=2022-09-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vij |first=Shivam |title=Why Dalit radicals don't want Arundhati Roy to write about Ambedkar |url=http://scroll.in/article/658279/why-dalit-radicals-dont-want-arundhati-roy-to-write-about-ambedkar |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Scroll.in |date=12 March 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref> The title of the book refers to [[B. R. Ambedkar]] as 'the Doctor' and [[M. K. Gandhi]] as 'the Saint'.

==Reception==
In ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', reviewer [[Madhulika Liddle]] wrote: "As Roy explains in the preface to this book, The Doctor and the Saint looks at the practice of caste in India, through the prism of the present as well as the past.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Doctor and the Saint review{{!}} Vision and Politics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2019/jun/23/the-doctor-and-the-saint-review-vision-and-politics-1992956.html |first=Madhulika |last=Liddle|access-date=2022-09-01 |website=The New Indian Express|date=22 June 2019 }}</ref>

According to the ''[[Firstpost]]'' review: "The Doctor and the Saint is strongest when it sets about its primary task: to scrutinise the historiography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, and to remind readers of some inconvenient truths about the man, facts that make the Mahatma’s mythologists very uncomfortable indeed."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-19 |title=Arundhati Roy's The Doctor and the Saint: Strongest when scrutinising Gandhi, but falters on Ambedkar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/arundhati-roys-the-doctor-and-the-saint-strongest-when-scrutinising-gandhi-but-falters-on-ambedkar-6654181.html/amp |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Firstpost|first= Aditya Mani|last= Jha|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor and the Saint}}
[[Category:2017 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Haymarket Books books]]
[[Category:Books about Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Books about B. R. Ambedkar]]

Nanda Devi East

2026-01-11T11:57:31Z

ThomasEl: Redirect article

#Redirect [[Sunanda Devi]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from merge}}
{{R from alternative name}}
{{R printworthy}}
}}

Kuldeep Raj Dubey

2026-01-05T13:21:27Z

ThomasEl: Created new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Reasi Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Ajay Nanda]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Kuldeep Raj Dubey''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Reasi Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Reasi, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Kuldeep Raj Dubey with 39647 defeats INC's Mumtaz Ahmed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/reasi-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612932-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Reasi Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/reasi-election-result-2024-live-update-9077442.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Kuldeep Raj}}
[[Category:People from Reasi district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

K. Nath

2025-12-31T07:38:39Z

ThomasEl: Created new details

{{Short description|Indian writer and dramatist (born 1945)}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2016}}

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
'''Kailash Nath''' (popularly known as '''K Nath''') (born 3 October 1945)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main27.asp?filename=Cr170307Shadow_lines.asp |title=A History of Humiliation |work=Tehelka |date=17 March 2007 |accessdate=2013-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820031449/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main27.asp?filename=Cr170307Shadow_lines.asp |archive-date=20 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an Indian [[Dalit]] writer and [[dramatist]]. He is known for his autobiography, ''Tiraskar'' (1999).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bJ_rhfu6yUC&q=dalit+writer+k+nath&pg=PA3 |title=Fascinating Hindutva: Saffron Politics and Dalit Mobilisation|page=188 |first=Badri |last=Narayan |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|isbn=978-8178299068 |year=2009 |accessdate=2013-08-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nath, K}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur Dehat district]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]

Ram Nagar metro station

2025-11-19T20:24:41Z

ThomasEl: minor expand page for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|Jaipur Metro's Pink Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Jaipur Metro Logo.svg|40px]] Ram Nagar
| type = '''[[Jaipur Metro]]''' '''[[List of Jaipur metro stations|station]]'''
| style = Jaipur Metro
| image = Ram Nagar metro station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Hawa Sadak Rd, Ramnagar Extension, Sodala, [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]] 302019
| coordinates = {{coord|26.901944|75.774652|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms}}
| line = {{rcb|Jaipur Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Badi Chaupar metro station|Badi Chaupar]] Platform-2 → [[Mansarovar metro station|Mansarovar]]
| operator = [[Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation]] (JMRC)
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2015|June|3}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = RMNR
| owned = [[Jaipur Metro]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Jaipur Metro|line=Pink|left=Shyam Nagar|right=Civil Lines}}
| route_map = {{Jaipur Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Jaipur Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Ram Nagar''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Pink Line (Jaipur Metro)|Pink Line]] of [[Jaipur Metro]] in [[Jaipur]], India. This station was opened on 3 June 2015, which serves the Ram Nagar colony.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaipur Metro starts operations metro|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jaipur-metro-starts-operations/article7278312.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=2015-03-06}}</ref><ref>[https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rajasthan/jaipur-metro-map.html Jaipur Metro]</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Ram Nagar track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Jaipur Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Shyam Nagar metro station|Shyam Nagar]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Civil Lines metro station (Jaipur)|Civil Lines]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Badi Chaupar metro station|Badi Chaupar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Civil Lines metro station (Jaipur)|Civil Lines]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Mansarovar metro station|Mansarovar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Shyam Nagar metro station|Shyam Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}
==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Jaipur Metro]]
*[[Orange Line (Jaipur Metro)|Blue]]
*[[List of Jaipur Metro stations]]
*[[Jaipur BRTS]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[List of Metro Systems]]
*[[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation]]
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] — descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{commons |Jaipur Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Jaipur}}
{{Wikivoyage|Rajasthan}}

{{Jaipur}}
{{Jaipur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jaipur Metro stations]]

{{Rajasthan-railstation-stub}}

Karnataka Theological College

2025-11-01T23:04:56Z

ThomasEl: updated information additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Karnataka Theological College
| native_name =
| image = File:Karnataka Theological College (KTC).jpg|
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| motto_eng =
| former_names =
| established = {{start date and age|1847}}<ref name="Minerva">[https://books.google.com/books?id=SBg9AQAAIAAJ&q=mangalore ''Minerva'', Volume 35, Issue 2, Walter de Gruyter, 1969, p.1554]</ref>
| closed =
| type = [[Seminary]]
| parent =
| affiliation = [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
| city = [[Mangaluru]]
| canton =
| prefecture =
| province =
| region =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| dean =
| rector =
| director =
| head_label = Principal
| head = [[The Reverend|The Rev. Dr.]] [[H. M. Watson]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[Dr. Theol.]] ([[University of Regensburg |Regensburg, Germany]])
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| alumni =
| symbol =
| website = http://www.kaces.org/KTC/homepage
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}'''Karnataka Theological College''' ''(founded in 1847)<ref name="Minerva"/>'' is an [[ecumenical]] [[seminary]] catering to the [[Kannada]]-speaking students wishing to pursue the priestly vocation. KTC is located in [[Mangaluru]] of [[Karnataka]] in [[South India]], and is affiliated to the nation's first University,<ref name="Murli">[[Murli Manohar Joshi]], ''Higher Education in India Vision and Action, A paper presented at the UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education in the Twenty First Century, Paris, 5–9 October 1998. Internet, accessed 22 August 2008. {{cite web|url=http://education.nic.in/unhighedu.asp |title=Department of Secondary&Higher Education |accessdate=2015-11-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223010953/http://education.nic.in/unhighedu.asp |archivedate=23 February 2012 }}''</ref> the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Senate of Serampore College]].

==History==
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:85%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:35em; max-width:40%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
! style="background:#ccc;"| Succession of [[Biblical Studies]] Faculty
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*'''[[Old Testament]] and [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew Language]]'''
**[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[C. D. Jathanna]], [[Dr. Theol.]] ([[University of Hamburg|Hamburg]]),<ref name="Johann">Johann Anselm Steiger (Edited), ''500 Jahre Theologie in Hamburg: Hamburg als Zentrum christlicher Theologie und Kultur zwischen Tradition und Zukunft'', Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2005, pp.447, 476.[https://books.google.com/books?id=4TRjk_Qt7WcC&q=rao&pg=PR4]
</ref>
**[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[D. Dhanaraj]], [[Dr. Phil.]] ([[University of Osnabrück|Osnabrück]]),
**[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[J. S. Sadananda]], [[Dr. Theol.]] ([[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]]),
**[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[K. Sagar Sundar Raj]], [[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
*'''[[New Testament]] and [[Biblical Greek|Greek Language]]'''
**[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Sunanda Anandakumara, [[Dr. Theol.]] ([[University of Hamburg|Hamburg]]),<ref name="Johann"/>
**[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Sydney Salins]], [[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),
**[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Daniel Sadananda]], [[Dr. Theol.]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130915104757/http://www.bethel.de/kiho Bethel]),
**[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Christopher George, [[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
| style="text-align: left;" |
|}
The Karnataka Theological College was founded in 1847<ref name="Shiri"/> with the coming together of two distinct theological seminaries,
* the Union Kanarese Seminary (UKS) founded in 1912<ref name="Shiri">Godwin Shiri, ''Wholeness in Christ: the legacy of the Basel Mission in India'', KTC, Mangalore, 1985, pp.102–105. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IYAcAAAAMAAJ&q=union+kanarese+seminary]</ref> in [[Tumkur]], and
* the Basel Evangelical Mission Theological Seminary (BEMTS) founded in 1847<ref name="Shiri"/> in [[Mangalore]].<ref>The Basel Evangelical Mission Theological Seminary was established in 1847 by the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society. In 1847 it was established with a name B.E.M. Theological Seminary by Dr. [[Hermann Mögling]]. Moegling was the one who started the first Kannada news paper Mangaluru Samachara and his contribution to Kannada literature is well known. This college was training Protestant Pastors for the churches in Karnataka and Malabar area.</ref>

In 1967, [[C. D. Jathanna]], the then principal of the college formed [[the Karnataka Christian Educational Society]] with the College as the nucleus along with another institute, the Hebich Technical Training Institute. He added several new educational institutions such as Balmatta Institute of Printing Technology, Balmatta Institute of Commerce, KACES ITI in Stichcraft, KACES Hostel, and Moegling Institute of German Language. At Present Karnataka Theological College offers residential Bachelor of Divinity degree course and the external courses of B.C.S., Dip. C.S. and C. Th. The students are basically from three dioceses of the Church of South India, Lutherans and Methodists and this is the only regional Theological College which offers training in Kannada language in Karnataka.

==Present staff==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Present Faculty at the Karnataka Theological College with subjects taught
|-
! Discipline!!Faculty Name !! Gen der!!Teaching Status!! Highest Degree !!Alma mater!!University
|-
|[[Old Testament]]||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[K. Sagar Sundar Raj]]<ref>K. Sagar Sundar Raj pursued research studies at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] with the title ''Re-establishment of the tribal ethos in the [[Book of Amos]]: A sub-altern hermeneutical perspective'', 2012, a copy of which is available and kept at the Archives in the library of Karnataka Theological College, [[Mangalore]].</ref>||Male||Full-time||[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]||[[United Theological College, Bangalore|UTC]], [[Bangalore]]||[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]
|-
|[[New Testament]]||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Christopher George<ref>[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]], ''Degree of Master of Theology - United Theological College, Bangalore''. [http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/degree-of-master-of-theology/]</ref>||Male||Full-time||[[Master of Theology|M. Th.]]||[[United Theological College, Bangalore|UTC]], [[Bangalore]]||[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]
|-
|[[Systematic Theology]]||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] H. M. Watson<ref>H. M. Watson, ''Towards a Relevant Christology in India Today: An Appraisal of the Christologies of John Hick, Jürgen Moltmann and Jon Sobrino'', Peter Lang, Frankfurt, 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TpnONwAACAAJ]</ref>||Male||Full-time||[[Dr. Theol.]]||[[University of Regensburg]], [[Regensburg]]||[[University of Regensburg|Regensburg]]
|-
|[[History of Religions]]||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] B. Chennakesavalu<ref>[[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College]], [[Chennai]], ''Chennai inter-theologiate seminar''.[http://www.gltc.edu/projects/seminars/chennai-inter-theologiate-seminar]{{Dead link|date=March 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>||Male||Full-time||[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]||[[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College|Gurukul]], [[Chennai]]||[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]
|-
|-
|[[Christian Ministry]]||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[F. Anilkumar]]||Male||Full-time||[[Dr. Theol.]]||[[University of Regensburg]], [[Regensburg]]||[[University of Regensburg|Regensburg]]
|-
|[[Women's Studies]]||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Annie Watson]]||Female||Full-time||[[Dr. Theol.]]||[[University of Regensburg]], [[Regensburg]]||[[University of Regensburg|Regensburg]]
|-
|[[History of Christianity]]||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] P. C. James<ref>[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''Directory of Teaching Staff''.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/faculty.php?college=Select%20College&spez=History%20of%20Christianity&i=40]</ref>||Male||Full-time||[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]||-||[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]
|-
|-
|[[History of Christianity]]||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[C. L. Furtado]]||Male||Part-time||[[Dr. Theol.]]||Missions Academy, [[Hamburg]]||[[University of Hamburg|Hamburg]]
|-
|[[Social analysis]]||[[The Rt. Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Mohan Manoraj]]||Male||Part-time||[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]||[[Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary|TTS]], [[Madurai]]||[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]
|-
|[[Social Analysis/Indian Society]]||[[Dr.]] V. Basil Hans<ref>[[Mangalore University]], ''Gradation of Teachers - Economics''.[http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/gradation/ECONOMICS.pdf]</ref>||Male||Part-time||[[Ph.D.]]||[[Mangalore University]], [[Mangalore]]||[[Mangalore University|Mangalore]]
|-
|[[English Literature]]|| Sherly Furtado<ref>[[Mangalore University]], ''Gradation of Teachers - English''.[http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/gradation/ENGLISH.pdf]</ref>||Female||Part-time||||
|-
|[[Christian missions|Missions]]||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[H. S. Wilson]]||Male||Part-time||[[Ph.D.]]||[[Drew University]], [[Madison, New Jersey|Madison]]||[[Drew University|Drew]]
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Karnataka Theological College, Mangalore.JPG|Edifice
File:Karnataka Theological College.jpg|Gate close up
File:Library of Karnataka Theological College.jpg|Library
</gallery>

==Succession of Administrators==
{| class="wikitable" style="border: 5px solid #BBB; margin: .96em 0 0 .9em;"
|- style="font-size: 86%;"
|'''Years''' ||'''Name'''||'''Academic credentials'''
|-
|1965–1967||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[R. Scheuermeier]],<ref name="Honorary">Corinna Waltz, ''Honorary doctorate for Robert Scheuermeier'', 7 March 2013. [https://ems-online.org/en/news/article/07-03-2013-honorary-doctorate-for-robert-scheuermeier/]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>||[[Doctor of Divinity|D. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),<ref name="Honorary"/>
|-
|1967–1983||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]][[Dagger (typography)|✝]] [[C. D. Jathanna]]||[[Dr. Theol.]] ([[University of Hamburg|Hamburg]])<ref name="Hamburg">Johann Anselm Steiger (Edited), ''500 Jahre Theologie in Hamburg: Hamburg als Zentrum christlicher Theologie und Kultur zwischen Tradition und Zukunft'', Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2005, pp.450, 476.[https://books.google.com/books?id=4TRjk_Qt7WcC&q=rao&pg=PR4]
</ref>
|-
|1983–1991||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[C. L. Furtado]]||[[Dr. Theol.]] ([[University of Hamburg|Hamburg]]),<ref name="Hamburg"/>
|-
|1991–2009||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[J. S. Sadananda]]||[[Dr. Theol.]] ([[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]]),<ref>Reformation-Education-Transformation. ''International Twin Consultation'', Brazil-Germany 2016. [http://www.r-e-t.net/en.programm/en.halle-saale/]</ref>
|-
|2009–2020||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[H. R. Cabral]], ||[[D.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])<ref name="Serampore">[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''List of recipients of Doctor of Theology Degree''. [http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/hall-of-fame/doctor-of-theology/]</ref>
|-
|2020-Present||[[The Reverend|The Rev. Dr.]] [[H. M. Watson]], ||[[Dr. Theol.]] ([[University of Regensburg |Regensburg, Germany]])<ref name="Serampore"/>
|}

==Notable persons associated with the seminary==
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]][[Dagger (typography)|✝]] [[D. P. Shettian]], Past pupil and [[Bishop]],
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]][[Dagger (typography)|✝]] [[S. R. Furtado]], Faculty member and [[Bishop]],
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]][[Dagger (typography)|✝]] [[S. J. Samartha]], Faculty member of the erstwhile Basel Evangelical Mission Theological Seminary,
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Devaraj Bangera]], Past pupil and [[Bishop Emeritus]],
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[D. I. Hans]], Teacher of Religions.
* [[The Reverend]] [[Doctor (title)|Dr]] [[Hannibal Richard Cabral]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{commons category|Karnataka Theological College}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]
[[Category:Reformed church seminaries and theological colleges]]
[[Category:Anglican seminaries and theological colleges]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Church of South India]]
[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges affiliated to the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Mysore State]]

Bar Council of West Bengal

2025-10-19T13:36:12Z

ThomasEl: Added New Post More To Come...

{{Short description|Representative body for lawyers in India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bar Council of West Bengal
| type = Statutory body
| nativename_r =
| formed = {{start date and age|1961}}
| headquarters = City Civil Court Building, Kolkatta
| chief1_name = Shri Ashok Kumar Deb<ref name="wb ref1">{{cite web |title=The Bar Council of West Bengal :: Elected Members |url=http://wbbarcouncil.org/member.php |website=wbbarcouncil.org |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
| chief1_position = President
| chief2_name = Shri Siddhartha Mukhopadhyay
| chief2_position = Vice-Chairman
| website = http://wbbarcouncil.org/member.php
}}

'''Bar Council of West Bengal''' is the regulatory and statutorily representative body for [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[West Bengal]]. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement as per [[Advocates Act, 1961]] and [[Bar Council of India]]. In March 1953, S. R. Das as head of the 'All India Bar Committee', proposed the creation of the apex body as an All-India Bar Council and Bar council at state levels and submitted a report to the Central [[Government of India]]. Members of the Bar Council are elected from among members enrolled and practicing as [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[West Bengal]]<ref name="wb bar ref18">{{cite news |title=West Bengal Bar Council urges CJI to remove Calcutta high court's acting CJ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-bar-council-urges-cji-to-remove-cal-hcs-acting-cj/articleshow/83905574.cms |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=28 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="we bar ref 17">{{cite news |last1=Rajaram |first1=Prema |title=Bar Council of West Bengal writes to CJI, seeks removal of Acting Chief Justice Rajesh Bindal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bar-council-west-bengal-cji-justice-rajesh-bindal-tmc-narada-case-1820087-2021-06-28 |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=India Today |date=28 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings.<ref name="wb bar ref17">{{cite news |last1=Sahay |first1=Shiv |title=West Bengal Bar Council seeks removal of Acting Chief Justice of Calcutta HC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-bar-council-seeks-removal-of-acting-chief-justice-of-calcutta-hc/article35012697.ece |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=28 June 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="wb bar ref16">{{cite news |title=Bengal Bar Council seeks removal of Calcutta HC's acting chief justice, says he is 'partial, biased' |url=https://scroll.in/latest/998676/bengal-bar-council-seeks-removal-of-calcutta-hcs-acting-chief-justice-says-he-is-partial-biased |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=Scroll.in |date=28 June 2021}}</ref> Bar Council of a place designs standards of [[professional conduct]] to be followed by members, and designs [[etiquette]]s and has the power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of bar council.

== History ==
The Bar Council of West Bengal was formed as per the requirement of Section 3 of Advocates Act, 1961 which mandates for each state of India to have its Bar Council. As per the guidelines, the legal profession in India and the standards of legal education would be regulated by the All India Bar Council. The Law Commission of India was suggested to prepare a report on judicial administration reforms in India.

== Functions ==
Section 7 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lays down the regulatory and representative requirements which are mandatory for State Bar Councils. Bar Councils of each place has following functions:<ref name="Him Ref2">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Bar Council of India |url=http://103.25.172.19/bar-council/statebarcouncil-ap.php |website=103.25.172.19 |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>

# As a statutory body regulating legal profession and education across state.
# Facilitating the election with rules for members to get elected and manage the Bar Council.
# Forwarding the names of elected members to Bar Council of India for formal approval as members.
# Facilitating the formation of managing committee like chairman, Vice-chairman and Treasurer of the Bar.
# Designing the professional behaviours and code to be followed by [[advocate]]s who are its members.
# Lay down guidelines for disciplinary committees and other committees formed by it.
# Supporting with financial aid in case of need.<ref name="wb bar ref19">{{cite news |title=Bar Council Of West Bengal Resolves To Provide Financial Assistance To Distressed Lawyers [Read Order] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/bar-council-of-west-bengal-resolves-to-provide-financial-assistance-to-distressed-lawyers-read-order-155680 |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=23 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wb bar ref15">{{cite news |title=WB Bar Council Resolves To Help Needy Lawyers |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/courts-news/wb-bar-council-resolves-to-help-needy-lawyers/ |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=India Legal |date=24 April 2020}}</ref>
# Protecting the advocate members rights, benefits and safeguarding their interests.
# Designing, promoting and supporting [[law reform]] as per changing circumstances.
# Handle and resolve other issues or any matter placed before it by its members in ad hoc situations.
# Design and organise [[seminar]]s on wide legal topics in the interest of members by reputed [[jurist]]s and publishing them in journals and magazines of legal circles and other sources of media.
# Facilitating [[legal aid]] to those who can't afford it.
# Ensuring that guidelines laid in various legal forums are followed by members.
# Initiating disciplinary action in case of professional misconduct.
# Designing welfare schemes like Insurance for its members.
# Supporting members with emergency services during natural calamities.
# Initiate disciplinary action in case the official premises is used for other than professional purpose.
# Fixing Annual Fee for members for enrolling in Council which includes fees for enrollment and funds towards identity card, building, library, indigent and other welfare schemes.
# Organising regular meeting with local associations enrolled with council.
# Enrolling various bar associations in the state as its associate members.
# Resolving disputes between members within timeframe.
# Initiating disciplinary action against members for complying to its policies.
# Enrolling newly qualified lawyers into council.
# Occasionally verifying the renewal of the enrolled members.
# Ensuring polls are conducted to Bars associated with it.

== Constitution ==
The Bar Council of West Bengal elects its own chairman and vice-chairman for a period of five years from amongst its members. Assisted by the various committees of the council, the chairman acts as the chief executive and director of the council. Voting rights in elections are available only for advocates having a Certificate of Practice. As per the Advocates Act, the bar council of the state should have 25 members in case the members on roll exceeds 10000.

Shri Ashok Kumar Deb was elected as chairman and Mr. Siddhartha Mukhopadhyay<ref name="wb bar ref14">{{cite news |title=Dearth of judges at Calcutta HC affecting justice delivery: West Bengal bar council vice-chairman |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/2021/jun/07/dearth-of-judges-at-calcutta-hc-affecting-justice-delivery-west-bengal-bar-council-vice-chairman-2312912.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=7 June 2021}}</ref> as Vice Chairman of Bar Council of West Bengal.<ref name="wb bar ref20">{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Sparsh |title='Letter Highly Derisive, Chairman Acted On His Own' 4 Members Of West Bengal Bar Council On Letter To CJI Against Justice Bindal |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/letter-highly-derisive-chairman-acted-on-his-own-4-members-west-bengal-bar-council-letter-cji-against-justice-bindal-176442 |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=28 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wb ref1" />

==Enrollment of advocates==
Graduates having a law degree from recognized universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in The Bar Council of West Bengal. Law graduates can enroll online for Bar Council of West Bengal. State bar councils are empowered by Advocates Act, 1961 to frame rules according to their convenience for enrolling advocates in council. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinize a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in-state are considered eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, they are certified by the Bar Council of India and issued 'a Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates them to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.

== Important actions ==

1. Bar Council of West Bengal plans of supporting its member lawyers with financial need during Covid lockdown in year 2020 was informed to [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref name="wb bar ref13">{{cite news |last1=JAIN |first1=MEHAL |title=22,000 Lawyers Applied For Financial Help, BCI Not Responding On Application Seeking Permission For Disbursing The Amount: WB Bar Council Tells HC |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/22000-lawyers-applied-for-financial-help-bci-wb-bar-council-tells-hc-157082 |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=20 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wb ref2">{{cite news |last1=Emmanuel |first1=Meera |title=Resolution passed by West Bengal Bar Council to extend financial aid to lawyers in need during COVID-19 Lockdown, Calcutta HC informed |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/resolution-passed-by-west-bengal-bar-council-to-extend-financial-aid-to-lawyers-in-need-during-covid-19-lockdown-calcutta-hc-informed |access-date=10 October 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=23 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

2. Bar Council of West Bengal Chairman urged Chief Justice of India NV Ramana for the removal of acting Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court, Mr. [[Rajesh Bindal]].<ref name="wb ref3">{{cite news |title=Bar Council chief seeks removal of acting Chief Justice of Calcutta HC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bar-council-chief-seeks-removal-of-acting-chief-justice-of-calcutta-hc/articleshow/83942621.cms |access-date=10 October 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=29 June 2021}}</ref>

3. In 2019, Bar Council of West Bengal members organized "pen down" protest in all courts of West Bengal against severe police action against advocates of Howrah court in the court premises.<ref name="wb ref4">{{cite news |title=Discontent in the courts |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/discontent-in-the-courts-1502767748.html |access-date=10 October 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=20 June 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bar Council of Telangana]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://wbbarcouncil.org/ official website]

[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]

Smith Island (Andaman Islands)

2025-09-07T06:49:37Z

ThomasEl: new!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Smith Island
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map_relief =
| label =
| label_position =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| map_caption = Location of Smith Island
| coordinates = {{coord|13.34|N|93.05|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| area_km2 = 20.45
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 8.6
| width_km = 4.8
| coastline_km = 29.00
| elevation_m = 131
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite enroute|173|2017|279}}</ref>
| highest_mount =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Aerial Bay Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Diglipur|Diglipur Taluk]]
| country_largest_city = Smith
| country_largest_city_population = 260
| population = 600
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 29.3
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Hindu]], [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744202<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archive-date=2014-03-23 }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927<ref>{{Cite web |title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar |url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204024755/https://www.allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=allcodesindia.in |language=en}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
| additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
|label2 = Literacy |data2 = 71.8%
|label3 = Avg. summer temperature|data3 ={{convert|30.2|°C|°F}}
|label4 = Avg. winter temperature|data4 ={{convert|23.0|°C|°F}}
|label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]|data5 =1.2[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
|label7 = Census Code|data7 = 35.639.0004
|label8 = Official Languages|data8 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
}}
}}

'''Smith Island''' is an island of the [[Andaman Islands]]. It belongs to the [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=16 January 2011}}</ref> The island lies {{convert|298|km|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Port Blair]].

==Geography==
The island is located in [[Aerial Bay Islands|Aerial Bay]], near [[Diglipur]]. During the low tide, it gets connected to the nearby [[Ross Island, North and Middle Andaman district|Ross Island]] by a thin [[sandbar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ross & Smith Island, Diglipur: Guide, Tips & Activities |url=https://www.andamanislands.com/blog/detail/ross-smith-island-diglipur |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Andaman Island Travels |language=en}}</ref>

==Administration==
Politically, Smith Island, along with the neighboring [[Aerial Bay Islands]], is part of [[Diglipur]] [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]].<ref>[http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf Tehsils]</ref>

==Transportation==
Ferry service is available from [[Port Cornwallis|Aerial bay jetty]] or Kalipur water sports center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatravelnext.com/islands-of-andaman/ross-and-smith-islands.html |title=Ross and Smith Islands in Andaman, Information of Ross and Switch Islands |website=www.indiatravelnext.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520212912/http://www.indiatravelnext.com/islands-of-andaman/ross-and-smith-islands.html |archive-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Normally ship is available once a week.

== Demographics ==
There are 3 villages on the island. According to the [[2011 census of India]], the Island has 160 households. The main village has 60 households, with Eco rest houses which are available for overnight stay. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 100%.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |accessdate=2015-07-21}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011"/>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
|Population ||600||328||272
|-
|Children aged below 6 years ||64||35||29
|-
|[[Scheduled caste]] ||0 ||0 ||0
|-
|[[Scheduled tribe]] ||1||1||0
|-
|Literates ||431||260||171
|-
|Workers (all) ||202||191||11
|-
|Main workers (total) ||95||89||6
|}

==Fauna==
Smith island is home to the [[Olive Ridley turtles]]. If at the right place at the right time, tourists can even witness the turtle nesting.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
{{North and Middle Andaman district |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith Island}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in North and Middle Andaman district]]
[[Category:Islands of North and Middle Andaman district]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

Gerard Leachman

2025-08-16T20:26:26Z

ThomasEl: reworked article additionally and updated info per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Lt Col G Leachman as Bedu.jpg|thumb|right|185px|Colonel Leachman dressed as a [[Bedouin]]]]

Lieutenant-Colonel '''Gerard Evelyn Leachman''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (27 July 1880, [[Petersfield]], [[Hampshire]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.findmypast.co.uk/results/world-records/england-and-wales-births-1837-2006?firstname=gerard%20e&lastname=%20leachman&eventyear=1880&eventyear_offset=0|title = Search Results for England & Wales Births 1837-2006}}</ref> – 12 August 1920, Iraq) was an English [[soldier]] and intelligence officer who travelled extensively in [[Arabia]].

==Career==
Leachman was commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Royal Sussex Regiment]] on 20 January 1900, and the following month left with his battalion for service in [[South Africa]] during the [[Second Boer War]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The War - Embarcation of Troops|date=12 February 1900 |page=10 |issue=36063}}</ref> He served there until the end of the war, in June 1902, and left [[Cape Town]] in the SS ''Bavarian'' in August, returning to Southampton the following month.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home |date=26 August 1902 |page=4 |issue=36856}}</ref> He later served in India, but spent most of his career as a political officer in [[Mesopotamia]], where he was instrumental in pacifying warring tribes to bring stability to the new country. Leachman also made various expeditions further south into Arabia, where he contacted [[Ibn Sa'ud]] on behalf of the British government. He travelled as a naturalist of the [[Royal Geographical Society]], but was in fact a British agent.

With his dark, [[Semitic people|Semitic]] looks and skill at riding a camel, Leachman was easily able to pass as [[Bedouin]] and often travelled incognito.<ref>Omer Tarin and SD Najumddin, 'G.E Leachman and the MacGregor Memorial Medal:Revaluation of the Life and Work of an Arabian Paladin', in ''Durbar: Journal of the [[Indian Military Historical Society]]'', UK, 2 parts: Vol 25 No 3, Autumn 2008, pp. 116–125; and Vol 25, No 4, pp. 174–184</ref>

Leachman's first major expedition south into the [[Arabian Peninsula]] was in 1909, during which he was involved in a ferocious battle between the [[Anaiza]] and [[Shammar]] tribes near [[Ha'il]]. He was awarded Macgregor Memorial medal for reconnaissance in 1910.<ref>Tarin and Najumddin, Vol 25, No 4, pp. 176–179</ref> In 1912 Leachman made a second expedition with the intention of crossing the [[Rub Al Khali]], but was refused permission by Ibn Sa'ud when he reached [[Riyadh]] and instead went to [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Hasa]]. He was the first [[British people|Briton]] to be received by Ibn Sa'ud in his home city.

In December, 1915, during the [[Siege of Kut]], the British commanding officer, [[Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend|Major General Charles Townshend]], ordered Leachman to save the British cavalry by breaking out and riding south. This he did and the cavalry were the only British unit to escape before the fall of the city to the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]].

Leachman was close to [[Gertrude Bell]]'s friend [[Fahad Bey Ibn Haddal]], chief of the Amarat Bedouins and fought with the [[Muntafiq]] Bedouin federation. The Bedouin called him Njayman.

Prior to the conclusion of the war, Leachman was assigned to the [[17th Indian Division]], which was assigned the task of operating on both the left and right banks of the Tigris in an effort to advance north in order to secure as much territory from the Ottomans prior to the now inevitable surrender of the Ottoman Empire. Leachman was specifically assigned to Light Armoured Motor Brigade on the right bank of the Tigris, ostensibly with a special task to work with local tribes.<ref>Wilson, Sir Arnold. ''Mesopotamia 1917–1920: A Clash of Loyalties''. London: Oxford University Press, 1931. p. 11</ref>

==Death==
After the war, he was assigned as Political Officer for the Mosul Division within Mesopotamia, up until October, 1919.<ref>Hay, W. R., ''Two Years in Kurdistan: Experiences of a Political Officer 1918–1920''. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, LTD, 1921. P 179.</ref> He was murdered during the 1920 [[Iraqi Revolt]] by a son of Sheikh [[Dhari ibn Mahmoud]], an Arab tribal leader of the Zoba tribe in the [[Shammar]] confederation, in [[Abu Ghraib]] near [[Fallujah]] on 12 August 1920. The episode is famous in Bedouin oral lore. Leachman had visited Dhari in an effort to renegotiate repayment of advances made to him by the government and to persuade him to remain loyal to the current administration, but was shot in the back by Dhari's son and then beheaded after a verbal disagreement over a local robbery.<ref>Hay, p. 367.</ref><ref>Wilson, p. 292</ref> Leachman's death sparked an immediate outbreak of tribal uprisings on the [[Euphrates]] between [[Fallujah]] and [[Hit, Iraq|Hit]], and was responsible for [[Aylmer Haldane|General Haldane's]] advance on the same area in September 1920.<ref>Wilson, p. 293</ref> He was buried in [[Baghdad (North Gate) War Cemetery]].<ref>{{CWGC|id=634194|name=Gerard Evelyn Leachman}}</ref>

He was played by [[Oliver Reed]] in ''[[Al-Mas' Ala Al-Kubra]]'' (aka ''Clash of Loyalties''), a 1983 film financed by [[Saddam Hussein]], which was nominated for the Golden Prize at the 1983 Moscow International Film Festival.<ref name="IMDB - awards">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085911/awards|title=IMDB - awards|website=[[IMDb]] |accessdate=14 February 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''A Paladin of Arabia. The Biography of Brevet Lieut.-Colonel G. E. Leachman'', N.N.E.Bray, Unicorn Press (1936). {{ISBN|0-7103-0976-7}}
* ''Travellers in Arabia'', Eid Al Yahya, Stacey International (2006). {{ISBN|0-9552193-1-0}} (9780955219313)
* ''OC Desert; The Life of Lieutenant-Colonel Gerard Leachman'', [[H.V.F. Winstone]], Quartet (1982). {{ISBN|0-7043-2330-3}}
* Hay, W.R. ''Two Years in Kurdistan: Experiences of a Political Officer 1918–1920''. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, Ltd., 1921.
* [[Arnold Wilson|Wilson, Sir Arnold]]. ''Mesopotamia 1917-1920: A Clash of Loyalties''. London: Oxford University Press, 1931.

==External links==
* [http://cambridgeforecast.wordpress.com/2008/03/26/colonel-gerard-leachman-iraq-1920/ Colonel Gerard Leachman: Iraq 1920]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leachman, Gerard E.}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated British military personnel]]
[[Category:Royal Sussex Regiment officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:English explorers]]
[[Category:English people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Explorers of Arabia]]
[[Category:World War I spies for the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People murdered in Iraq]]
[[Category:Recipients of the MacGregor Medal]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Iraq]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Hampshire]]
[[Category:Lieutenant colonels]]

Kaleem Ullah Khan

2025-07-31T19:50:33Z

ThomasEl: small refined structure for accuracy and fixed typos

'''Kaleem Ullah Khan''' may refer to:

* [[Kaleem Ullah Khan (horticulturist)]]
* [[Kaleem Ullah Khan (politician)]]

{{hndis|Khan, Kaleem Ullah}}

Devender Goud

2025-06-11T10:12:54Z

ThomasEl:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2010}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tulla Devender Goud
| image = T Devender Goud.jpg
| caption = Goud in 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|03|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tukkuguda]], [[Hyderabad State]] (present{{endash}}day [[Telangana]]), [[India]]
| residence = 8-2-503, Beside Irani Consulate, Road No. 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad - 500034
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 3 April 2012
| term_end1 = 2 April 2018
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. Keshava Rao]]
| successor1 = [[C. M. Ramesh]]
| office2 = [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister for Home affairs and Cinematography]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 1999
| term_end2 = 2004
| governor2 = [[C. Rangarajan]] [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor2 = [[Alimineti Madhava Reddy]]
| successor2 = [[Kunduru Jana Reddy]] (Home Affairs) [[M. Satyanarayana Rao]] (Cinematography)
| office3 = [[Fourth N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Minister of BC Welfare, Prohibition and Excise, Cooperation, Revenue and Rehabilitation]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| governor3 = [[Krishan Kant]] [[C. Rangarajan]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start3 = 1994
| term_end3 = 1999
| predecessor3 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] (Revenue and Rehabilitation)
| successor3 = [[Tammineni Sitaram]] (Revenue and Rehabilitation)
| office5 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start5 = 1994
| term_end5 = 2008
| predecessor5 = Singireddy Uma Venkatarama Reddy
| successor5 = Kichannagari Laxma Reddy
| constituency5 = [[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (1988{{ndash}}2008; since 2009)
| otherparty = [[Praja Rajyam Party]] (2009) [[Nava Telangana Praja Party]] (2008{{ndash}}2009)
| spouse = T. Vinoda
| children = 3
|website = [https://tulladevendergoud.com/en_US/]
}}
'''Tulla Devender Goud''' is an Indian politician from the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He founded the [[Nava Telangana Praja Party]] (NTP) to fight for separate statehood for the [[Telangana]] region in [[Andhra Pradesh]], but later returned to his parent outfit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Devender-Goud-quits-Telugu-Desam-Party/article15247607.ece | title=Devender Goud quits Telugu Desam Party|date=24 June 2008|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

A [[backward class]]es leader, he served as a cabinet minister for BC welfare and Prohibition portfolios in [[N.T. Rama Rao]]'s cabinet. He has also worked as a cabinet minister handling Revenue and Home portfolios under [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]].

He was elected three times to the [[Legislative Assembly]] of Andhra Pradesh from the [[Medchal]] assembly constituency as a representative of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP). He was a TDP politbureau member since 1991, deputy leader of TDP legislature party in the AP legislative assembly and was considered number two leader, next only to Nara Chandrababu Naidu in TDP before he resigned to fight for separate statehood of the Telangana state.

==Personal details==
Tulla Devender Goud was born on 18 March 1953 at Thukkuguda village of the [[Maheswaram]] mandal, in the [[Rangareddy district]] of Telangana, to Tulla Sayanna Goud and Sathemma. He earned his bachelor's degree in commerce from Badruka college at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], Telangana.

He married Vinoda in 1978, and together they had three sons Vijayender, Vinayender, and Veerender Goud.

==Political career==
Goud was elected as a student leader while at college. He then joined N.T. Rama Rao's new political party, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and was elected Chairman of the [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] for the Rangareddy district. He became the TDP candidate for Medchal assembly constituency six months prior to the scheduled elections of 1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, and was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for that constituency in 1994.

Goud became a member of Rao's cabinet with responsibility for three independent portfolios: Backward Classes welfare, Co-operation, and Total Prohibition. He became Revenue Minister in Nara Chandrababu Naidu's cabinet after the latter rebelled against Rao in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEU20080624014424&Page=U&Title=Hyderabad&Topic=0|title=Devender Goud, a prominent B.C Leader|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>

He was re-elected as MLA for Medchal in 1999 with a margin of over 77,000 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/12/stories/2004041205930400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602091538/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/12/stories/2004041205930400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-06-02|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-04-12|title=Andhra Pradesh News : Devender Goud banks on 'good work'}}</ref> Subsequently, he became minister for Home, Jails, Fire services, NCC, Sainik Welfare, Film Development Corporation and Cinematography in Naidu's cabinet.

In 2004 he won a record-third term from the Medchal constituency, despite a statewide wave of anti-incumbency against the TDP government, as well as in favour of a separate Telangana state. The TDP lost those elections to the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), and Goud was appointed as TDP deputy leader in the legislative assembly.

Subsequently, there were problems perceived in the Telangana regions by the diversion of water from the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari]] rivers to other areas, and by the manner in which the INC sidelined its election promise to separate Telangana as an independent state. Furthermore, there were sales of public lands in the Telangana region and there was a lack of representation for the people of the region people in the local job market, including in administrative and bureaucratic posts. Goud believed that Telangana leaders should fight against these perceived injustices and organized a ''padayatra'' (procession on foot) from Pranahitha to Chevella in protest. This was well received in Telangana and forced the TDP to support the idea of separate Telangana statehood in the May 2008 by-elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-13/hyderabad/27782972_1_telangana-issue-telugu-desam-party-leader-political-party|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-13/hyderabad/27782972_1_telangana-issue-telugu-desam-party-leader-political-party|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-23|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Devender Goud sings Telangana tune}}</ref>

Following the by-elections the TDP retreated from its promise of separate statehood and instead constituted a committee to decide the issue. Goud now thought that both the INC and TDP were procrastinating and were not particularly in favour of the idea, so he resigned from his legislative assembly seat and from the TDP in June 2008 in protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jul/11goud.htm|title=Ex-TDP leader Devender Goud launches new party|publisher=}}</ref>

He then organized a Telangana Sadhana Samithi discussion with scholars and professors from the Telangana regions to discuss future action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://andhrajyothy.com/mainshow.asp?qry=/2008/jun/28new20|title=Telangana Sadhana Samithi|publisher=}}</ref> This meeting was attended by 3000 delegates including Praja Gayakudu Gaddar, [[Konda Laxman Bapuji]], [[Mallepalli Laxmaiah]] and [[ThirumaLi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vaarttha.com/vaarttha/hed1.as|title=Telangana Sadhana Samithi for future steps for Telangana fight|publisher=}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

On 9 July 2008 he organized a convention of Telangana students at [[Osmania University]] to explain his resignation from the TDP and his plans to lead non-violent agitation for statehood. He stressed the importance of participation of students in fighting for the statehood of Telangana without violence as happened between 1967 and 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEU20080709161731&Page=U&Title=Hyderabad&Topic=0&|title=Devender Goud asks Telangana Students to Play Key Role|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>

On 11 July 2008 Goud announced a new political party, the [[Nava Telangana Praja Party]], to fight for Telangana statehood.<ref name="Goud in tie-up talks with Chiranjeevi">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Goud in tie-up talks with Chiranjeevi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2008/dec/22/goud-in-tie-up-talks-with-chiranjeevi-12530.html |access-date=30 July 2021 |date=22 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730150419/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2008/dec/22/goud-in-tie-up-talks-with-chiranjeevi-12530.html |archive-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> However, it was soon decided to merge this with the [[Praja Rajyam Party]]. While the official reason for the merger is said to be common ideology of the two parties—social justice and separate Telangana, the reality is that Goud has been finding it difficult to run the party as it had failed to create the kind of impact he expected before he quit TDP on 23 June 2008 therefore watching out for his political future the decision was made about the merger.{{Original research inline|date=December 2011}}

Goud lost both the parliamentary and assembly elections in 2009.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} Then, on 3 August 2009, Goud resigned from the Praja Rajyam Party and announced that he would rejoin the TDP.<ref name="Goud, with Peddi Reddy in tow, rejoins TDP">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Goud, with Peddi Reddy in tow, rejoins TDP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/aug/07/goud-with-peddi-reddy-in-tow-rejoins-tdp-75403.html |access-date=30 July 2021 |date=7 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730150134/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/aug/07/goud-with-peddi-reddy-in-tow-rejoins-tdp-75403.html |archive-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> In 2012, he was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] as a TDP candidate.

==Positions held==
# Chairman - Ranga Reddy District Zilla Parishad 1988-93
# [[Medchal (Assembly constituency)|Medchal]] MLA 1994- 99, 1999-2003 and 2003 – 2008<ref name="Candidates eye success in ‘lucky’ segments in Telangana to make it to Cabinet">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Candidates eye success in ‘lucky’ segments in Telangana to make it to Cabinet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/nov/02/candidates-eye-success-in-lucky-segments-in-telangana-to-make-it-to-cabinet-2629288.html |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112171803/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/nov/02/candidates-eye-success-in-lucky-segments-in-telangana-to-make-it-to-cabinet-2629288.html |archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
# Minister for Backward Classes Welfare, Prohibition and Excise, Cooperation 1994 - 1995
# Minister for Revenue and Rehabilitation, 1995 - 1999
# Minister for Home and Cinematography, 1999 – 2004
# Deputy Leader, Telugu Desam Legislature Party, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Pradesh 2004 – 2008
# Member of Parliament - Rajya Sabha April 2012 - May 2018
;
# May 2012 – May 2014 Member, Committee on Defence Member, Committee on Welfare of Other Backward Classes
# May 2012 – May 2014 and March 2015 onwards Member, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Home Affairs
# May 2012 onwards Member, General Purposes Committee Aug. 2012
# May 2014 Member, Parliamentary Forum on Water Conservation and Management July 2013
# Nominated to the Panel of vice-chairmen, Rajya Sabha Sept. 2014
# Nominated to the Panel of vice-chairmen, Rajya Sabha Sept. 2014
# Sept. 2014 onwards Member, Committee on Rules
# Oct. 2014 onwards Member, Committee on Ethics
# March 2015 Member, Select Committee of Rajya Sabha on the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Bill
# 2015 Dec to 2015-Aug 2016 Member, Select Committee on the Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill
# 2013 Sept - 2016 Member, Committee on Rural Development
# March 2017 onwards Member, General Purposes Committee

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114429/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-24/india/27780835_1_s-venugopalachari-tdp-general-secretary-g-sukhender-reddy TDP leader resigns over Telangana]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-23/hyderabad/28054345_1_prp-tdp-chiranjeevi-s-prajarajyam Goud's NTP to merge with PRP]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024093653/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-04/hyderabad/28191591_1_bc-leader-tdp-e-maheshwar-reddy Goud quits PRP, to join TDP]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goud, Devender}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Home ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:People from Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Praja Rajyam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana district councillors]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]

Kanhaipur, Uttar Pradesh

2025-05-09T23:30:00Z

ThomasEl: improve intro to improve readability

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
'''Kanhaipur''' is a village in Mirzapur District, Marihan Sub-District, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mirzapur district}}
{{Coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Mirzapur district]]

{{Mirzapur-geo-stub}}

2008 Jodhpur stampede

2025-05-09T03:16:08Z

ThomasEl: minor cleaned up structure for accuracy additionally and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Human stampede in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox News event
|name=Chamunda Devi stampede
|image=
|caption=
|date=30 September 2008
|time= 05:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/147-dead-in-temple-stampede-in-Jodhpur/articleshow/3543100.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021204745/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-01/india/27949942_1_temple-stampede-chamunda-devi-temple-mahatma-gandhi-hospital |url-status=live |archive-date=21 October 2012 |title=179 dead in temple stampede in Jodhpur |date=30 September 2008 |access-date=2008-09-30 |first1=Anindo |last1=Dey |first2=Ajay |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |last2=Parmar}}</ref>
|place=[[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]] {{IND}}
|casualties1=224 dead
|casualties2=425+ injured
|notes=Human [[stampede]], many suffered from [[asphyxiation]] as they were crushed to death<ref name="Sky" />
}}
A human stampede occurred on 30 September 2008, at the Chamunda Devi temple in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], in which 224 people were killed<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ivolVd9fmZFAKooX_Nz340_YpbcQD93I8F900 ap.google.com, Death toll rises to 249 in Indian temple stampede] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003223203/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ivolVd9fmZFAKooX_Nz340_YpbcQD93I8F900 |date=3 October 2008 }}</ref><ref name="BBC 20081002">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7648104.stm India stampede death toll rises, ''BBC News''] (2 October 2008)</ref><ref name="HT 20081003">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=117d1d90-c1bd-4e46-9444-44eb21caca68&&Headline=Temple+stampede+toll+rises+to+224 Death toll in Jodhpur temple stampede rises to 224, ''Hindustan Times''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012130713/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=117d1d90-c1bd-4e46-9444-44eb21caca68&&Headline=Temple+stampede+toll+rises+to+224 |date=2008-10-12 }} (3 October 2008)</ref> and more than 425 injured.<ref name="gle">{{cite web |url = http://www.smh.com.au/world/at-least-113-dead-in-india-temple-crush-official-20080930-4r21.html|title = At least 113 dead in India temple crush: official|newspaper = Sydney Morning Herald|date = 30 September 2008|access-date = 2008-09-30}}</ref><ref name="BG Wax">{{cite web|author1=Emily Wax ([[The Washington Post]]) |title=Death toll rises to 168 in Indian stampede|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/articles/2008/10/01/death_toll_rises_to_168_in_indian_stampede/|publisher=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=6 July 2014|location=New Delhi, India|date=1 October 2008}}</ref> The 15th-century temple is dedicated to the goddess [[Chamunda]] [[Devi]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080067203 | title=Shrieks punctuate sombre atmosphere in Chamunda temple | publisher=NDTV | date=30 September 2008 | access-date=2008-09-30}}</ref> and is located within the premises of [[Mehrangarh Fort]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/stampede-at-indian-temple-kills-at-least-89/1321449.aspx | title=Indian temple stampede death toll climbs | work=AFP via Canberra Times| date=30 September 2008 | access-date=2008-09-30| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081003115127/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/stampede-at-indian-temple-kills-at-least-89/1321449.aspx| archive-date= 3 October 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

About 25,000 [[Hindu]] pilgrims were visiting the temple to mark the first day of the nine-day-long [[Navratri]], a major festival in [[Hinduism]] dedicated to the worship of [[Devi|Goddess]] Durga.<ref name="gle"/>

==Cause==
[[File:Chamunda Devi Temple Jodhpur.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Chamunda Devi Temple, the location of the stampede]]
The devotees scrambled towards the door the moment it opened, resulting in the destruction of the barricades. Many people were injured when they lost their footing on the slope approaching the temple.<ref name="179 dead temple stampede"/>

According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', local reports suggest that a [[terrorist attack|bomb blast]] in nearby Mehrangarh created panic among the pilgrims resulting in the [[stampede]].<ref name="179 dead temple stampede">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/147-dead-in-temple-stampede-in-Jodhpur/articleshow/3543100.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021204745/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-01/india/27949942_1_temple-stampede-chamunda-devi-temple-mahatma-gandhi-hospital | url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2012 | title=179 dead in temple stampede in Jodhpur | date=30 September 2008 | access-date=2008-09-30 | first1=Anindo | last1=Dey | first2=Ajay | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | last2=Parmar}}</ref> However, the ''[[BBC News]]'' reported that a collapsing wall may have also caused the stampede.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7643373.stm | title=Scores die in India temple crush | publisher=BBC | date=30 September 2008 | access-date=2008-09-30| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080930070341/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7643373.stm| archive-date= 30 September 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Some eyewitnesses told ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' that a rumour about a bomb being planted in the temple caused panic among pilgrims.<ref name="IBNLive">{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/death-toll-rises-in-temple-stampede-147-dead/74652-3.html | title=Death toll rises in temple stampede, 147 dead | publisher=CNN-IBN | date=30 September 2008 | access-date=2008-09-30| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081002021407/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/death-toll-rises-in-temple-stampede-147-dead/74652-3.html| archive-date= 2 October 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Others said there was a scramble in the men's queue; some devotees slipped and soon there was a massive resultant stampede where a day of celebration turned into one of mourning.<ref name="hindu"/>

An eyewitness also said that the path leading to the temple was very narrow with no emergency exit routes.<ref name="Sky">{{cite web | url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Dozens-Of-Hindu-Devotees-Killed-In-a-Temple-Stampede-In-Jaipr-India/Article/200809415109887?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_2&lid=ARTICLE_15109887_Dozens_Of_Hindu_Devotees_Killed_In_a_Temple_Stampede_In_Jaipr%2C_India | title=Dozens Crushed in Deadly Stampede | author=Crawford, Alex | publisher=Sky News | date=30 September 2008 | access-date=2008-09-30}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[Indian Army]] doctors were called to assist the local authorities in the relief operation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hgMrrvvoVhKDUYpHtCBAbte6XaZw | title=89 dead in India temple stampede: official | publisher=AFP via Google News | date=30 September 2008 | access-date=2008-09-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004011601/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hgMrrvvoVhKDUYpHtCBAbte6XaZw | archive-date=4 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s [[Rajnath Singh]] assured speedy relief to the victims of the tragedy.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJPs-Rajnath-Singh-assures-speedy-relief-to-victims/articleshow/3544125.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021204754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-30/india/27921645_1_speedy-recovery-relief-work-victims | url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2012 | title=BJP's Rajnath Singh assures speedy relief to victims | date=30 September 2008 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2008-09-30}}</ref> Chief Minister [[Vasundhara Raje]] visited the site and ordered inquiry into the incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/147-killed-55-injured-in-jodhpur-temple-stampede/|title=147 killed, 55 injured in Jodhpur temple stampede|work=The Indian Express|date=30 September 2008|agency=Agencies|location=Jodhpur|access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref>

Local authorities revealed that most of the dead were men as the queue for women was separate.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4851062.ece | title=India temple stampede kills 177 | work=[[The Times]] | author=Blakely, Rhys | date=30 September 2008 | access-date=2008-09-30 | location=London}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Reactions==
[[Uttarakhand]] Chief Minister [[B C Khanduri]], [[Akhilesh Yadav]] and [[Governor]] [[B L Joshi]] expressed grief over the death of the pilgrims at the Chamunda Devi temple. A [[Raj Bhavan (Rajasthan)|Raj Bhavan]] statement issued a condolence message saying Joshi conveyed his deepest sorrow to the bereaved families of the dead and said he would pray for the speedy recovery of those injured in the incident. Khanduri followed too in expressing grief over the accident. He also directed District Magistrates of all the 13 districts of his state to make special arrangements at religious places as they are expected to attract large crowds during the Navratra period.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200809301958.htm | title=Uttarakhand CM, Governor express grief over stampede | work=The Hindu| date=30 September 2008 | access-date=2008-10-01 | location=Chennai, India| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081003141515/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200809301958.htm| archive-date= 3 October 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Jodhpur Muslims decided to keep the Eid celebrations next day a low-key affair. Local Muslim youth joined rescue teams, ferried victims to hospitals and donated blood.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-10-01|title=Muslims decide to keep Id low-key affair|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081002/nation.htm#4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228114454/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081002/nation.htm#4|archive-date=2020-12-28|access-date=2021-05-02|website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-10-02|title=Jodhpur Muslims help temple stampede victims|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jodhpur-muslims-help-temple-stampede-victims/story-egO03PUypJk1WDQrBEbRQO.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502025248/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jodhpur-muslims-help-temple-stampede-victims/story-egO03PUypJk1WDQrBEbRQO.html|archive-date=2021-05-02|access-date=2021-05-02|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3543245.cms Picture gallery of the aftermath of stampede]
*NDTV: Bloggers vent ire over Jodhpur stampede
*Dainik Bhaskar [https://archive.today/20110707232713/http://digital.bhaskar.com/dainikrajasthan/epapermain.aspx?queryed=1&eddate=10/2/2008]
*Dainik Bhaskar [http://digital.bhaskar.com/dainikrajasthan/epapermain.aspx?queryed=11&username=Madhav%20Singh%20Parihar&useremailid=parihar.mscs@verizon.net&parenteditioncode=11&eddate=10/1/2008]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*Dainik Bhaskar [https://archive.today/20110707231648/http://digital.bhaskar.com/dainikrajasthan/epapermain.aspx?queryed=11&username=Madhav+Singh+Parihar&useremailid=parihar.mscs@verizon.net&parenteditioncode=11&eddate=10/6/2008]

{{Human stampedes}}

[[Category:Human stampedes in 2008|Jodhpur stampede]]
[[Category:2008 disasters in India|Jodhpur stampede]]
[[Category:Human stampedes in India]]
[[Category:History of Jodhpur]]
[[Category:2000s in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Disasters in Rajasthan]]

Arcot Ramachandran

2025-04-17T17:57:27Z

ThomasEl: Added A Stub First Draft...

{{Short description|Indian scientist (1923–2018)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arcot Ramachandran
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1923|4|6}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramachandran, Arcot, 1923-|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85308615.html|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age |2018|5|18 |1923|4|6 |df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras, Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Scientist
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] Sir M. Visvesvaraya Life Time Achievement Award INAE Life Time Achievement Award World Federation of Engineering Organizations Award Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Gold Medal World Habitat Trophy Heat Transfer Memorial Award
}}
'''Arcot Ramachandran''' (1923-2018) was an Indian scientist, [[anthropologist]], author and a former under-secretary general of [[United Nations Centre for Human Settlements]], known for his scholarship on the subjects of ''heat and mass transfer'' and environment and his social commitment to the cause of sustainable development. The [[Government of India]] honoured him in 2003, with the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award, for his services to the fields of science and engineering.<ref name="Padma announcement">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/padma/20030125.htm | title=Padma announcement | access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>

==Life sketch==
Born in a Tamil-speaking [[Thuluva Vellala|Arcot Mudaliar]] family in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]],

Arcot Ramachandran graduated from the [[Madras University]] and went to the [[Purdue University]], USA, from where he obtained MS degree in engineering. He continued at the university for his doctoral research and obtained his PhD.<ref name="DSDS" />

Ramachandran started his career as a faculty member of the Department of [[Power Engineering]] at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore, in 1950, and, later, rose to the rank of an assistant professor. In 1954, he took a break from the teaching career to work as a researchefngineer at [[Babcock & Wilcox]] Research and Development Centre, [[Renfrew]], Scotland where he worked for a year. The next year, in 1955, he again went to the US to continue his studies at the post-doctoral level, as post-doctoral research fellow, to Purdue University and, later, at Columbia University.<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="Wikileaks">{{cite web | url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1975NEWDE01099_b.html | title=Wikileaks | publisher=Public Library of US Diplomacy | work=Limited Official Use – Biographic information on delegates | date=23 January 1975 | access-date=14 August 2014 | author=Margaret P. Grafeld | pages=1–2}}</ref>

Ramachandran came back to India, in 1957, did a summer course at [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|Indian Institute of Technology]], Madras. Subsequent to that, IISc invited him to head the Department of Mechanical Engineering. In 1965, he was transferred as the head of the Department of Industrial Management and, two years later, in 1967, he became the director of IIT Madras.<ref name="Wikileaks" /><ref name="INAE bio" />

In 1973, the Government of India established a new Department of Science and Technology and nominated Ramachandran as the government secretary and the director-general of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], in charge of the newly formed department. During his tenure there, he is reported to be able to start several ventures and programs such as:<ref name="DSDS" />
* Science and Technology Agency
* Environment Planning, Co-ordination and Research Programme
* [[Science and Engineering Research Council]]
* Energy Sources Research and Development Programme
* National Information System for Science and technology (NISSAT)<ref name="NISSAT">{{cite web | url=http://www.dsir.gov.in/a_report/english/2002-03E/nissat.pdf | title=NISSAT | publisher=DSIR | work=DSIR Annual Report | date=2002 | access-date=14 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220705/http://www.dsir.gov.in/a_report/english/2002-03E/nissat.pdf | archive-date=23 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Central Electronics Limited]]

In 1977, Ramachandran was made the chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the ''United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development''. He was also involved with the ''[[UNESCO]] Expert Group Meeting on Engineering Education'',<ref name="UNESCO Expert Group">{{cite web | url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001056/105609e.pdf | title=UNESCO Expert Group | access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref> in the capacity of its chairman. ''U.N. ESCAP Regional Centre for Transfer of Technology'' [[Bangalore]], started on 16 July 1977, owes its origin to the recommendations of this Expert Group.<ref name="UN ESCAP">{{cite web | url=http://www.dsir.gov.in/apctt/apctt.htm | title=UN ESCAP | publisher=APCTT | date=2010 | access-date=14 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220709/http://www.dsir.gov.in/apctt/apctt.htm | archive-date=23 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The next year, he was selected as the Under Secretary-General and Executive Director of the [[United Nations Centre for Human Settlements]] (Habitat), headquartered in Nairobi. He also had the additional charge of the Administrator of the [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation]]. In 1993, Dr. Ramachandran retired from the UN.<ref name="DSDS" />

Ramachandran has participated, as the chairman or as a member, in various advisory and consultative committees<ref name="Ramachandran Committee">{{cite web | url=http://envfor.nic.in/mef/crz_report.pdf | title=Ramachandran Committee | access-date=14 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194924/http://envfor.nic.in/mef/crz_report.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> under the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources, the Ministry of Urban Affairs and the Department of Ocean Development.<ref name="DSDS" />

==Legacy==
Arcot Ramachandran has made many contributions, both social and educational, during his academic and administrative careers. During his tenure as the Under Secretary General at the UN Centre for Human Settlements, he proposed the introduction of ''[[World Habitat Day]]'', which was accepted, leading to observing the first Monday of every October as a special day to remind the world of sustainable progress with regard to environment.<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="IISc Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.cedt.iisc.ernet.in/people/sdipali/mcdes2008cd/arcotbio.pdf | title=IISc Profile | access-date=13 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814144727/http://www.cedt.iisc.ernet.in/people/sdipali/mcdes2008cd/arcotbio.pdf | archive-date=14 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also instrumental in the proclamation of the year 1987 as the [[International Year of Shelter for the Homeless]], as a part of the ''Global Strategy for Shelter'' for the year 1987.<ref name="IISc Profile" /> It was during his tenure, UN launched the ''Sustainable Cities Programme'' in 12 cities, in 1990.<ref name="Sustainable Cities UN">{{cite web | title=Sustainable Cities UN|url=https://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/cities.shtml | access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="US National Library of Medicine">{{cite journal | journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | title=Sustainable Cities Programme: A Joint UN-HABITAT-UNEP Facility on the Urban Environment with Participation of the Dutch Government | date=June 2004 | last1=Gebre-Egziabher|first1= A. | pages=62–79 | pmid=15253899 | doi=10.1196/annals.1319.016 | volume=1023| issue=1 | bibcode=2004NYASA1023...62G }}</ref>

On the academic front, Ramachandran is the founder of a School of Research in Heat and Mass Transfer.<ref name="Wikileaks" /> He is reported to be successful in launching several programs in Mechanical Engineering, during his stint at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore. Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, under his Directorship, is reported to have gained reputation as a Centre of Excellence.<ref name="IISc Profile" /><ref name="INSA" /> During this period, he founded the ''Indian Society of Heat and Mass Transfer'' of which he was the first President. He also opened the ''School of Heat Transfer'' and the ''School of Energy Research'', under the umbrella of IIT Madras. He is also credited with organising the Regional Centre for Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer for Asia-Pacific.<ref name="DSDS" />

While he was the Government Secretary, Ramachandran implemented the first Science and Technology Plan, suggested by NCST. His efforts were also reported to be behind the establishment of National Remote Sensing Agency, in Hyderabad. He is also regarded as the architect of the ''National Program for Research and Development in Renewable Sources of Energy''.<ref name="IISc Profile" /><ref name="INSA" />

Arcot Ramchandran has also contributed to dissemination of information by way of conducting many seminars<ref name="Salt March Media">{{cite web | url=http://www.saltmarch.com/pressRelease3.html | title=Salt March Media | publisher=Salt March Media | date=2014 | access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref> and by way of keynote addresses and lectures, delivered at various platforms and seminars, a few of which are:

* Keynote address on ''Sustainable communities through partnership'' at the meeting of the Commonwealth Heads of Governments at Edinburgh, Scotland in October 1997<ref name="DSDS" />
* Keynote address on ''Science and Technology for Sustainable Development'' at the Maharashtra Association for the cultivation of Science, Pune in 1998<ref name="DSDS" />
* Keynote Address ''on 'Metropolitan Concentrations of knowledge based industries'' at the International Conference, Ottawa, Canada, in September 1997<ref name="DSDS" />

==Positions==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Under Secretary General, [[United Nations Centre for Human Settlements]] (HABITAT)<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Under Secretary General - WorldCat">{{cite book | title=Under Secretary General – WorldCat |oclc = 81659456}}</ref>
* Chairman – Preparatory Committee of ''UN Conference on Science and Technology''<ref name="INAE bio">{{cite web | url=http://www.inae.in/life_time.html | title=INAE bio | publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering | date=2014 | access-date=14 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128191146/http://www.inae.in/life_time.html | archive-date=28 January 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="INSA" />
* Government Secretary – [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] – [[Government of India]]<ref name="INAE bio" /><ref name="INSA" />
* Chairman – [[The Energy and Resources Institute]] (TERI) – Southern Regional Centre<ref name="DSDS" />
* board member – Intercultural Cooperation Foundation (ICF) India<ref name="ICF">{{cite web | url=http://www.hati.ch/AboutUs/IcfIndia/index_html1?lang=en;ni=0;s=1 | title=ICF | access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>
* board member – Public Affairs Centre, Bangalore<ref name="PAC India">{{cite web|url=http://www.pacindia.org/index.php/ourgovernance/content/14 |title=PAC India |access-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816011035/http://www.pacindia.org/index.php/ourgovernance/content/14 |archive-date=16 August 2014 }}</ref>
* Chairman, International Jury – [[UNCHS]] (Habitat) and the [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref name="DSDS">{{cite web | url=http://dsds.teriin.org/2003/speakers/arama.htm | title=DSDS | access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>
* President – Solar Energy Society of India<ref name="DSDS" />
* President – National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi<ref name="DSDS" />
* Chairman – Governing Council – Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi<ref name="DSDS" />
* Chairman – Science and Technology Advisory Committee for SSS-Nire, M.N.E.S., Government of India<ref name="DSDS" />
* Hon. Visiting Professor – National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore<ref name="DSDS" />
* Chairman – Engineering Staff College of India, Hyderabad<ref name="DSDS" />
* Member – [[American Society of Engineering Education]]<ref name="Wikileaks" />
* Member – UK Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer<ref name="Wikileaks" />
* Member – National Council of Science Education<ref name="Wikileaks" />
{{div col end}}

==Awards and recognitions==
* [[Padma Bhushan]] – [[Government of India]] – 2003<ref name="Padma announcement" /><ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="INSA">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N74-0595 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813030003/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N74-0595 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=13 August 2016 | title=INSA | access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>
* [[Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Visvesvaraya]] Life Time Achievement Award in Engineering – 1999<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="KSCST">{{cite web | url=http://www.kscst.org.in/awards.html | title=KSCST | publisher=KSCST | date=6 June 2014 | access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref>
* [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] Life Time Achievement Award – 1999<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="INAE bio" /><ref name="INSA" />
* [[World Federation of Engineering Organizations]] Award – 2005<ref name="DSDS" />
* [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar]] Gold Medal – 1998<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="INSA" />
* World Habitat Trophy – Building and Social Housing Foundation of UK – 1995<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="INSA" />
* Heat Transfer Memorial Award – [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] – 1986<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="INAE bio" /><ref name="INSA" />

==Honorary degrees and fellowships==
Arcot Ramachandran has been honoured by several prominent educational and research institutions, by way of Fellowships and ''[[Honoris Causa]]'' Doctoral degrees.

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
'''Honorary doctorates'''
* [[Purdue University]], USA
* [[Stuttgart University]], Germany
* [[University of Roorkee]], India
* [[Andhra University]], India
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|Jawarharlal Nehru Technological University]], India
* [[Anna University]], India
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]], India
* [[University of Venice]], Italy

'''Fellowships'''
* Life Fellow – [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers]]<ref name="DSDS" />
* Fellow of the [[Indian Institute of Science]]<ref name="DSDS" />
* Fellow – [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="Wikileaks" /><ref name="INSA" />
* Fellow – [[American Society of Engineering Education]]<ref name="Wikileaks" />
* Fellow – [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]]<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="INSA" />
* Fellow – [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="DSDS" />
* Fellow – [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="INSA" />
* Fellow – [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]<ref name="DSDS" /><ref name="INSA" />
{{div col end}}

==Writings==
* {{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Earth-construction-technology-Arcot-RAMACHANDRAN/dp/B0011OYQWW/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1407932198&sr=1-1 | title=Earth construction technology | publisher=United Nations | author=Arcot Ramachandran | year=1992 | asin=B0011OYQWW}}
* {{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Sustainable-Transportation-Development-International-Proceedings/dp/B001ATJGCS/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1407932198&sr=1-2 | title=Sustainable Transportation: Strategies and Development | publisher=United Nations |author1=Chris Flavin |author2=Mia Birk |author3=Angela Bischoff |author4=Arcot Ramachandran | year=1992 | location=Brazil | pages=274 | asin=B001ATJGCS}}
* {{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Energy-research-development-India-commemoration/dp/B0006CNOPA/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1407932198&sr=1-3 | title=Energy research and development in India: Challenges and perspectives | publisher=Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences | author=Arcot Ramachandran | year=1974 | pages=32 | asin=B0006CNOPA}}
* {{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/settlements-international-development-strategy-OP-occasional/dp/B0007BMP0A/ref=sr_1_5?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1407932198&sr=1-5 | title=Human settlements and the new international development strategy | publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements | author=Arcot Ramachandran | year=1979 | pages=12 | asin=B0007BMP0A}}
* {{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Human-settlements-development-process-Ramachandran/dp/B0007AUMMY/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1407932198&sr=1-4 | title=Human settlements in the development process | publisher=Eastern Regional Organization for Planning and Housing | author=Arcot Ramachandran | year=1980 | pages=26 | asin=B0007AUMMY}}
* {{cite book | title=The urban challenge : a collection of lectures delivered by Dr. Arcot Ramachandran, formerly Under Secretary General and Executive Director, UN Habitat, Nairobi | publisher=Focus Communications |author1=Arcot Ramachandran |author2=Vinod K Tewari |author3=M Ramaiah | year=2003 | location=Bangalore | pages= 405 | oclc=81659456}}
* {{cite book | title=Problems of urbanization in Africa : the role of secondary cities in economic and social development | publisher=Institute for Development Anthropology document |author1=Arcot Ramachandran |author2=Paul-Walter Bouda | year=1984 | location=Dakar, Senegal| pages=7 | oclc=226969085}}

==See also==
{{portal|India}}
* [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Sg2JVtfZoY | title=Speech – YouTube video | website=[[YouTube]] | date=30 January 2013 | access-date=13 August 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ARamachandran%2C+Arcot.&qt=hot_author | title=List of books on WorldCat | access-date=13 August 2014}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Arcot}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Purdue University College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]

Shankar Rao (actor)

2025-02-12T12:43:38Z

ThomasEl:

{{Short description|Indian film and television actress (died 2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shankar Rao
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tumakuru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=yes|2021|10|18|84}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| occupation = Film and television actor
| years_active = 1972–2021
}}

'''Shankar Rao''' (1936/7 – 18 October 2021) was an Indian film and television actor who was known for his comic roles.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/veteran-actor-shankar-rao-passes-away/articleshow/87102208.cms | title=Veteran actor Shankar Rao passes away | newspaper=The Times of India | date=18 October 2021 | accessdate=30 November 2022}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Shankar began his acting career in theatre in Bengaluru. He founded his own theatre group known as Kalakshetra. He made his film debut with the movie ‘Yaara Sakshi’ (1972).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kannada-actor-shankar-rao-passes-away-7577848/ | title=Kannada actor Shankar Rao passes away | newspaper=The Indian Express | date=18 October 2021 | accessdate=30 November 2022 }}.</ref>

==Selected filmography==
===Films===
*''Yaara Sakshi'' (1972)
*''[[Muyyige Muyyi]]'' (1978)
*''[[Moogana Sedu]]'' (1980)
*''[[Prachanda Kulla]]'' (1984) - Ganganna
*''[[Jeevana Chakra]]'' (1985)
*''[[Elu Suttina Kote]]'' (1987)
*''[[Aasphota]]'' (1988)
*''[[Shruthi (film)|Shruthi]]'' (1990)
*''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'' (1992)
*''[[Ulta Palta (1997 film)|Ulta Palta]]'' (1997) - Shettru
*''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]'' (2007)
*''[[Drona (2020 film)|Drona]]'' (2020) - Shankar

===Television===
*''[[Mayamruga]]'' (1998)
*''Silli Lalli'' (2003–2007)
*''Papa Pandu'' (2018–2020) - Boss Balaraju

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm12605385}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Shankar}}
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Tumkur]]

Sahab Singh Gurjar

2025-01-23T13:53:13Z

ThomasEl: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sahab Singh Gurjar
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
'''Sahab Singh Gurjar''' (born 1971) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is an MLA of [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Gwalior Rural Assembly constituency]] of [[Gwalior]] district. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Gwalior Rural, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Gwalior Rural सीट पर INC प्रत्याशीSahab Singh Gurjar की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/gwalior-rural-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830149-2023-12-03 |website=Aaj Tak}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Gwalior Rural Election Result 2023 Live: Inc के Sahab Singh Gurjar की हुई जीत, Aap के Er Sumit Pal रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/gwalior-rural-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-mp-assembly-election-results-news-2550830 |website=ABP Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahab Singh Gurjar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- GWALIOR RURAL(GWALIOR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=704 |website=My Neta}}</ref> He received a total of 79,841 votes and won with the margin of 3,282 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Gwalior Rural chunav Result 2023: ग्वालियर ग्रामीण में भारत सिंह हारे, साहब सिंह गुर्जर 3282 वोट से जीते |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/assembly-election/gwalior-rural-election-result-2023-gwalior-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winners-and-losers-list-latest-news/1981041 |website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Gwalior Rural Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Sahab Singh Gurjar with 79841 defeats BJP's Bharat Singh Kushwah |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gwalior-rural-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470380-2023-12-03 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Sahab Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

St. John's Church, Midnapore

2024-12-24T05:16:56Z

ThomasEl: biography

{{Short description|Church in West Bengal}}
[[File:St John’s Church and graveyard complex in Midnapore 15.jpg|thumb|St John’s Church in Medinipur]]
'''St. John's Church, Midnapore''' is a church made by the [[Church Mission Society]] of [[England]]. It was built in 1851 at Sekpura in [[Midnapore]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIMIAAAAQAAJ&dq=st.+john%27s+church+Midnapore&pg=RA1-PA440 |title=REPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF BENGAL, 1877-78 |date=1878 |language=en}}</ref> [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Next weekend you can be at ... Midnapore |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/next-weekend-you-can-be-at-midnapore/cid/1007218 |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxImAQAAIAAJ&q=St+john%27s+church+Midnapore+1851 |title=Bengal District Gazetteers |date=1911 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Departmentôt |language=en}}</ref> There are several notable graves inside the church cemetery. It is under the Diocese of [[Durgapur]], C. N. I.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pinakpani |title=English: St John's Church and the graveyard complex in Sekpura, Midnapore. It was built in 1851 by the Church of England |date=2022-05-04 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_John%E2%80%99s_Church_and_graveyard_complex_in_Midnapore_07.jpg |access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref>

==Graves==
* [[Amala and Kamala|Amala]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Candland |first=Douglas K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCpnDAAAQBAJ&dq=St.+John%E2%80%99s+Church,+Midnapore&pg=PA66 |title=Feral Children and Clever Animals: Reflections on Human Nature |date=1995-10-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535614-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* Bernard Edward John Burge ([[District Magistrate]] and soldier, assassinated in 1933)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Somen Sengupta |title=Midnapore 1931-33 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/three-graves-at-st-johns-church-midnapore-three-british-district-magistrates-and-one-chilling-account-of-revolution-in-bengal/cid/1959619 |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>
* James Peddie (District Magistrate and soldier, assassinated in 1931)<ref name=":0" />
* Robert Douglas<ref name=":0" />
* Lucie Mavourneen
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==

* {{Commons-inline|St. John's Church, Medinipur}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Churches in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1851 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1851]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Paschim Medinipur district]]

M. A. Bari

2024-07-15T02:47:32Z

ThomasEl: further correct article to improve readability and improved wording for clarity

'''M. A. Bari''' may refer to

* [[M. A. Bari (Khulna-6 politician)]]
* [[M. A. Bari (Sherpur-3 politician)]]

{{hndis|name=Bari, M. A.}}

Bandhan, Vikramgad

2024-07-08T18:45:29Z

ThomasEl: Added Some Entry More To Come...

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bandhan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.7868466|N|73.0390519|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 49
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1474
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551807
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bandhan''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Bandhan has 274 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 64.43%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1474 || 743 || 731
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 209 || 104 || 105
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1411 || 711 || 700
|-
| Literates || 815 || 465 || 350
|-
| Workers (all) || 802 || 411 || 391
|-
| Main workers (total) || 496 || 254 || 242
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 380 || 191 || 189
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 82 || 44 || 38
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 13 || 6 || 7
|-
| Main workers: Other || 21 || 13 || 8
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 306 || 157 || 149
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 20 || 11 || 9
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 273 || 134 || 139
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 6 || 6 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 7 || 6 || 1
|-
| Non-workers || 672 || 332 || 340
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Bank Colony, Vijayawada

2024-05-01T14:43:12Z

ThomasEl: created redirect

#redirect[[Vijayawada]]

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Pondicherry

2024-03-24T04:58:58Z

ThomasEl: Redirect page

#redirect [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]

Bishnupriya Manipuri language

2024-02-19T16:22:38Z

ThomasEl: Improved readability and structure

#REDIRECT [[Bishnupriya Manipuri]]
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Rajbari, Abhayapuri

2023-09-27T14:02:14Z

ThomasEl: adjusted section per sources and corrected details based on references

{{Multiple issues|{{Context|date=March 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2020}}}}
'''Rajbari''' is the royal palace, and capital of the king of [[Bijni]] in what is today [[Assam|Assam State]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bongaigaon.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/history|title=Present and Past of Bongaigaon.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The Rajbari palace was the third capital of the Bijni kingdom of [[Koch Hajo]].

The first capital of Bijni Kingdom was at modem Bijni town (1671 to 1864). The capital shifted to Dumuria (now known as Dalan Bhanga) due to an attack by Jhawlia Mech – a local chief under the [[Bhutan]] Kingdom. The earthquake of 12 June 1897 severely damaged the royal palaces in Dumuria, necessitating the shifting of the capital temporarily to [[Jogighopa]].

The capital was finally moved to the Deohati forest area, now known as [[Abhayapuri]] in 1901. In 1956, the kingdom officially joined the [[Government of India|Union of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/40211/8/08_chapter%203.pdf|title=Shodganga|last=|first=|date=|website=Shodganga|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://ignca.gov.in/photos/Rajbari_Abhayapuri_Bongaigoan/ Photos of palace on IGNCA website]

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Palaces in Assam]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}
{{India-palace-stub}}

List of tourist attractions in Allahabad

2023-04-26T02:18:18Z

ThomasEl: redirect edit

#REDIRECT [[List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]

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Kewal Singh

2023-03-03T12:00:11Z

ThomasEl: fixed references per standard format and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Kewal Singh Choudhary]]

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