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Salge Hansdah

2026-05-06T04:19:57Z

Thinkartha: new stub

{{Short description|Indian language Santali writer (born 1989)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Notability|Bio|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Salge Hansdah
| native_name =
| birth_date = 23 October 1989
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Writer
| language = Santali
| nationality = Indian
| notable_works = ''Janam Dishom Ujarog Kana''
| years_active = 2020s–present
| genre = Fiction, novel
| awards = Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar (2022)
}}
'''Salge Hansdah''' (born 23 October 1989) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] writer who writes in [[Santali language|Santali]]. She won the [[Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]] in 2022 for her novel ''Janam Dishom Ujarog Kana'' (en. ''Birthplace becoming deserted'').<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-26 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar for Jamshedpur, Hazaribag writers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar-for-jamshedpur-hbag-writers/articleshow/93789056.cms |access-date=2024-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award: संताली उपन्यास के लिए सालगे हांसदा को मिलेगा पुरस्कार |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/salge-hansda-selected-for-sahitya-akademi-award-2022 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akademi award for two young Jharkhand writers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/akademi-award-for-two-young-jharkhand-writers/cid/1883080 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Salge Hansda was born on 23 October 1989 as the youngest daughter of the Late Galuram Hansda and Sita Hansda. She has one brother and four sisters. Salge completed her primary education at Barigoda Community School. She then attended Inter Govindpur Rajendra Inter College for her high school education, followed by LBSM College in Karandih for her graduation. She completed her post-graduation in Santali language from Ghatshila College and also qualified for the NET exam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सालगे हांसदा ने घाटशिला महाविद्यालय को किया गौरवान्वित |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ghatsila/story-salge-hansda-made-ghatshila-college-proud-6988891.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> Salge later pursued her [[B.Ed]] education in the [[Santali language]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |access-date=2022-11-29 |author=The Indian Tribal |date=2022-09-13 |language=en-US |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar To Tribal Woman For Maiden Novel - The Indian Tribal |url=https://theindiantribal.com/2022/09/13/achievers-women-jharkhand-india-salge-hansda-the-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar-winner-from-jharkhand/,%20https://theindiantribal.com/2022/09/13/achievers-women-jharkhand-india-salge-hansda-the-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar-winner-from-jharkhand/}}</ref>

== Career ==
Salge Hansda is currently working as an assistant professor at SRKM Degree College in [[Chakulia]]. She is actively involved with several social and literary organizations. She is the assistant secretary of the All India Santhali Writers Association and a life member of Karandih Jaher Than.<ref name=":0" />

=== Writing career ===
Salge began writing poetry in 2015–16, while Janam Dishom Ujarog Kana, her work about the birthplace becoming deserted, was written in 2018. Padmashree [[Damayanti Beshra]] launched the book in Baripada in October 2021. In the book, Salge expresses her heartfelt views on the happenings around her, including how landowners in Barigoda are losing their ownership and becoming homeless, leading to the disappearance of their very existence. She is also currently writing some short stories.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Santali|Yuva Puraskar winners for Santali]]
* [[Bapi Tudu]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansdah, Salge}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Santali people]]

Jagadhatri

2026-05-05T06:02:20Z

Thinkartha:

{{all plot|date=February 2026}}
{{Short description|2023 Indian Telugu language TV [[Crime thriller]] series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = present
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|08|21|df=yes}}
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| num_episodes = 800 
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer =
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''[[Jagaddhatri (TV series)|Jagaddhatri]]''
}}

'''''Jagadhatri''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language]] drama series airing on [[Zee Telugu]] which premiered from 21 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=జీ తెలుగు అందిస్తోన్న సరికొత్త సీరియల్ జగద్ధాత్రి, ఆగస్ట్ 21న ప్రారంభం |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/cinema/cinema-news/zee-telugu-new-fiction-launch-jagadhatri-59124.html |date=2023-08-18 |website=Telugu Times |language=te}}</ref> The show is an official remake of Bengali TV series ''[[Jagaddhatri (TV series)|Jagaddhatri]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ankita Mullick and Soumyadeep Mukherjee starrer Jagaddhatri gets a Telugu remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ankita-mullick-and-soumyadeep-mukherjee-starrer-jagaddhatri-gets-a-telugu-remake/articleshow/102903626.cms |date=2023-08-21 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars Deepthi Manne and Darsh Chandrappa in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannada actors Deepthi Manne and Darsh Chandrappa team up for a new Telugu soap; details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-actors-deepthi-manne-and-darsh-chandrappa-team-up-for-a-new-telugu-soap-details-inside/articleshow/102873555.cms |date=2023-08-20 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Jagadhatri is a secret service officer, but pretends to be timid with her family. She teams up with Kedar to prove her mother's innocence and Kedar's identity in his family.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ZEE Telugu launches new show with name Jagadhatri |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/zee-telugu-launches-new-show-with-name-jagadhatri-816368 |date=2023-08-17 |website=The Hans India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Deepthi Manne as Jagadhatri IPS a.k.a JD<ref>{{Cite news |title='జీ తెలుగు'లో కొత్త సీరియల్: అండర్ కవర్‌ ఆఫీసర్‌గా.. కుటుంబ బాధ్యతలు చూసుకునే పెద్ద కూతురిగా.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jagadhatri-daily-tv-series-set-to-telecast-on-zee-telugu-from-august-21-121692440715851.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820203957/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jagadhatri-daily-tv-series-set-to-telecast-on-zee-telugu-from-august-21-121692440715851.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 20, 2023 |date=2023-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Upcoming show 'Jagadhatri' to narrate the story of a courageous girl working as undercover officer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/upcoming-show-jagadhatri-to-narrate-the-story-of-a-courageous-girl-working-as-undercover-officer/articleshow/102852109.cms |date=2023-08-19 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Darsh Chandrappa as Kedar IPS a.k.a KD<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zee Telugu launches new show ‘Jagadhatri’ |url=https://mediabrief.com/zee-telugu-x-jagadhatri/ |date=2023-08-18 |website=Mediabrief}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ದರ್ಶ್ ಚಂದ್ರಪ್ಪ, ದೀಪ್ತಿ ಮಾನೆ ನಟನೆಯ 'Jagadhatri'; ರೋಚಕ ಕಥೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡ ಕಲಾವಿದರು |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/actress-deepthi-manne-actor-darsh-chandrappa-starer-jagadhatri-telugu-serial/articleshow/102836847.cms |date=2023-08-18 |website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |language=kn}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* Preethi Srinivas as Koushiki
* Suhan Ghori as Yuvaraj
* Neelima as Nishika
* Raga Madhuri as Vyjayanthi
* Ram Mohan as Sudhakar
* Girish as Kamalakar
* Vikram Sheriff as Meenan
* Rajendra as Sadhu
* Abhigna / Jhansi Rathod as Kaachi
* Rakesh as Boochika
* Jasmika as Keerthi
* Devaraj Reddy as Suresh
* Gayathri / Chandana Vikatakavi as Madhuri
* Spoorthi Gowda as Divyanka
* Shanthi Reddy as Ragini
* Balaji as Bharathwaja
* Lireesha as Rekha
* Lakshmi Shetty as Siri
* Jaya as Dharani
* Dubbing Janaki as Subhadra
* Rajakumari as Janaki
* Nagireddy as Dubai Babu
* BHEL Prasad as Parandhamaiah and Balraju
* Rohini Reddy as Dhanalakshmi a.k.a Dragon
* Kasthuri Shankar as Sharmila Tagore

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Pink; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:Pink; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:Pink; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:Pink; width:13%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Pink; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Pink; width:14%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Jagaddhatri (TV series)|Jagaddhatri]]'' জগদ্ধাত্রী
| 29 August 2022
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 14 December 2025
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Jagadhatri'' జగద్ధాత్రి
| 21 August 2023
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| Ongoing
| rowspan="7"| Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Sehajveer'' ਸਹਿਜਵੀਰ
| 25 March 2024
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 31 May 2025
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Ayali (2025 TV series)|Ayali]]'' அயலி
| 2 June 2025
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| rowspan="4"| Ongoing
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Tarini'' तारिणी
| 11 August 2025
| [[Zee Marathi]]
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Jagadhatri (TV series)|Jagadhatri]]'' जगद्धात्री
| 10 November 2025
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Durga'' ദുർഗ്ഗ
| 17 November 2025
| [[Zee Keralam]]
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Jagaddhatri'' ಜಗದ್ಧಾತ್ರಿ
| {{TBA}}
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Upcoming
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32093083}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/jagadhatri/0-6-4z5414712 ''Jagadhatri''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]

Rajapalayam Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T13:04:08Z

Thinkartha: made new entry initial version

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{coord|9|27|0|N|77|33|0|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency

| name = Rajapalayam
| district = [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 202
| map_image = Constitution-Rajapalayam.svg
| mla = [[S. Thangappandian]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 214,192
}}
'''Rajapalayam''' is an assembly constituency located in [[Virudhunagar district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> It falls under [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[R. Krishnasamy Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[A. A. S. Raja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[K. Suppu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[K. Dhanuskodi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[P. Mokkian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[K. Raman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[V. P. Rajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[T. Sathiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| V. P. Rajan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[M. Rajasekar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[M. Chandra (Rajapalayam MLA)|M. Chandra]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. Gopalsamy]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2"| [[S. Thangappandian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|2026
|[[Jegadeshwari. K.]]
|
|[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
|}
Rajapalayam Assembly constituency was absorbed into [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency]] in 2008, for the 2009 election onwards.

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|44.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|50.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|53.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.73}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thanga Pandian]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. John Pandian|Priscilla Pandian]]<ref>TMMK candidate contesting under BJP symbol</ref>|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karthik|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Jegadeshwari. K.]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212220|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web|title=rajapalayam Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a202|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thangappandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,158 |percentage=41.94 |change=-1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,260 |percentage=39.73 |change=-1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jeyaraj |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=15,601 |percentage=8.82 |change=+7.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kalimuthu |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,664 |percentage=4.33 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vivekananthan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=4,057 |percentage=2.29 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Ayyar |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=3,384 |percentage=1.91 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,875 |percentage=1.06 |change=-0.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,898 |percentage=2.20 |change= -0.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=176,833 |percentage=73.85 |change= -2.22 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=288|percentage=0.16 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,461 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thangappandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,787 |percentage=43.82 |change=+4.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. A. S. Shyam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,985 |percentage=41.00 |change=-12.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Gurusamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,505 |percentage=7.33 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. N. Ramachandra Raja |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,435 |percentage=2.01 |change=-1.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jeyaraj |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,414 |percentage=1.41 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,290 |percentage=1.34 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Lakshmanan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,073 |percentage=0.63 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Jeyaprakash |party=Independent politician |votes=919 |percentage=0.54 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,802 |percentage=2.81 |change= -11.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=170,688 |percentage=76.06 |change= -4.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,407 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Gopalsamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,125 |percentage=53.80 |change=+14.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thangappandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,693 |percentage=39.41 |change=+0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Ramakrishnan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,428 |percentage=3.64 |change=+2.54 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,432 |percentage=14.39 |change= 14.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=148,925 |percentage=80.24 |change= 6.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,596 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Chandra (Rajapalayam MLA)|M. Chandra]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,320 |percentage=39.37 |change=-8.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Rajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,827 |percentage=39.04 |change=-1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kalimuthu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=13,218 |percentage=8.92 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ayyanar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,251 |percentage=6.92 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Vijayakumari |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=4,082 |percentage=2.76 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chellapandi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,640 |percentage=1.11 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muniasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,210 |percentage=0.82 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=493 |percentage=0.33 |change= -7.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=148,122 |percentage=73.77 |change= 9.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,783 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Rajasekar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,740 |percentage=47.63 |change=+23.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Rajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,145 |percentage=40.23 |change=+1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramanathan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,613 |percentage=9.73 |change=-4.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vellaichamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,280 |percentage=0.99 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ramachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=736 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,595 |percentage=7.40 |change= -7.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=129,633 |percentage=63.89 |change= -6.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,123 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Rajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,984 |percentage=38.62 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Prabakar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,045 |percentage=23.99 |change=-39.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Dhanuskodi]] |party=Janata Party |votes=26,706 |percentage=20.63 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Sadhan Tirumalaikumar]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,862 |percentage=13.80 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangaraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,805 |percentage=1.39 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,939 |percentage=14.63 |change= -14.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=129,427 |percentage=70.52 |change= 7.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,670 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -24.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Sathiah]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,657 |percentage=63.45 |change=+46.58 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Dhanuskodi]] |party=Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam |votes=37,169 |percentage=34.35 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Poomari |party=Independent politician |votes=687 |percentage=0.63 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sonai |party=Independent politician |votes=640 |percentage=0.59 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,488 |percentage=29.10 |change= 25.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=108,212 |percentage=62.72 |change= -13.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,434 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 22.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Rajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,137 |percentage=40.75 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arunachalam M |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,122 |percentage=37.42 |change=-17.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dhanuskodi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,339 |percentage=16.87 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanmugaveli |party=Independent politician |votes=4,873 |percentage=4.04 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,015 |percentage=3.33 |change= -6.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=120,575 |percentage=76.59 |change= 2.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,823 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Raman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,670 |percentage=54.49 |change=+20.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Paulraj |party=Communist Party of India |votes=44,924 |percentage=44.78 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,746 |percentage=9.71 |change= -0.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,331 |percentage=73.63 |change= 7.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,300 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 10.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Mokkian]] |party=Independent politician |votes=38,339 |percentage=44.07 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Pottu Pottan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,758 |percentage=34.20 |change=+1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chinnaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=17,119 |percentage=19.68 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Maran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,298 |percentage=1.49 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Paraman |party=Independent politician |votes=489 |percentage=0.56 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,581 |percentage=9.86 |change= 4.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,003 |percentage=66.53 |change= 6.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,952 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Dhanuskodi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,028 |percentage=37.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Pottupoattan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,181 |percentage=32.39 |change=-17.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. S. Baliah |party=Janata Party |votes=11,702 |percentage=15.68 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Andi Alias Gurusamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,220 |percentage=13.69 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=382 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,847 |percentage=5.15 |change= 4.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,649 |percentage=59.82 |change= -17.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,020 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -12.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Suppu]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=36,827 |percentage=50.45 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Srirenga Raja |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,163 |percentage=49.55 |change=+14.41 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=664 |percentage=0.91 |change= -17.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,990 |percentage=77.03 |change= -6.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,432 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Independent politician |swing= -2.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. A. S. Raja]] |party=Independent politician |votes=38,936 |percentage=53.29 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. A. A. Raja |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,675 |percentage=35.14 |change=-16.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Nadar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,224 |percentage=11.26 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,261 |percentage=18.15 |change= -9.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,066 |percentage=83.83 |change= 3.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,597 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajapalayam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Krishnasamy Naidu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,692 |percentage=51.73 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramakrishna Raja |party=Swatantra Party |votes=19,165 |percentage=23.78 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Alagirisamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=18,063 |percentage=22.41 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chelliah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,674 |percentage=2.08 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,527 |percentage=27.95 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,594 |percentage=79.84 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,902 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]

Vipin Sanghi

2026-04-23T05:45:01Z

Thinkartha: new a article

{{Short description|Former Chief Justice of Uttarakhand High Court}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vipin Sanghi
| office = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
| term_start = 28 June 2022
| term_end = 26 October 2023
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| successor = [[Ritu Bahri]]
| predecessor = [[Raghvendra Singh Chauhan]]
| office1 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start1 = 13 March 2022
| term_end1 = 27 June 2022
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start2 = 29 May 2006
| term_end2 = 12 March 2022
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator2 = [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|10|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| image =
}}

'''Vipin Sanghi''' (born 27 October 1961) is a retired Indian judge. He is former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]] and [[judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]. He has also served as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Delhi High Court]].

==Career==
He was born on 27 October 1961 at [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]. He did his schooling in [[Delhi]] and passed out from [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]]. He did [[L.L.B.]] from [[University of Delhi]]. He was enrolled as an [[Advocate]] with the [[Bar Council of Delhi]] in year 1986. He has practiced on the Civil and Constitutional side in the [[Supreme Court of India]] and [[Delhi High Court]]. He was designated as [[Senior Advocate]] by [[Delhi High Court]] in December 2005. He was elevated as an Additional [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]] on 29 May 2006 and made permanent on 11 February 2008. He was appointed [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Delhi High Court]] on 10 March 2022 and took over as Acting Chief Justice on 13 March 2022 consequent to the retirement of [[Chief Justice]] [[Dhirubhai Naranbhai Patel|DN Patel]]. He was elevated as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]] on 28 June 2022.

== References ==
*{{Cite news |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=23 February 2022 |title=Justice Vipin Sanghi Of Delhi HC Recuses From Pleas By Facebook, Google & Twitter Against Global Blocking Order of Content Against Baba Ramdev |work=Live Law.in |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/global-blocking-order-content-against-baba-ramdev-justice-vipin-sanghi-delhi-high-court-recuses-192624 |access-date=23 February 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanghi, Vipin}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]

Balasore Roads

2026-03-28T16:07:19Z

Thinkartha: created pg

[[File:A Chart of Mouths of Hoogly River and of the Roads of Balasore and Piply Material cartográfico From Point Palmiras to Lacam s Channel with t.jpg|thumb|British chart of Balasore Roads, 1794.]]
'''Balasore Roads''' is a [[roadstead]] (a sheltered anchorage), on the [[India]]n coast near [[Balasore]]. It was the location of the [[List of vessels of the Bengal Pilot Service to 1834|Bengal Pilot Service]] pilot boarding station (see chart). It was considered to be a generally safe anchorage, with depths varying from 5 to 15 fathoms, and with the sea bottom consisting of mud and sand.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Ocean, with descriptions of its Coasts, Islands, Etc., from the Cape of Good Hope to the Strait of Sundas and Western Australia; including also the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; the Winds, Monsoons, and Currents, and the Passages from Europe to its Various Ports|last=Findlay|first=Alexander George|publisher=Richard Holmes Laurie|year=1866|pages=874–875}}</ref>

The entrance to the [[Hooghly River]] was considered to be the most difficult of any river in India,<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Nautical Directory for the East-India and China Navigation (7th Ed.)|editor-last=Wright|editor-first=Gabriel |publisher=S. Couchman, London|year=1804|pages=166}}</ref> and the [[river pilot]] station was located near the mouth of the river.

During the [[French Revolutionary Wars|French Revolutionary]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]] French privateer captains such as [[Jean-François Hodoul]] and [[Robert Surcouf]] would cruise the mouth of the Hooghly River hoping to capture vessels anchored in the Roads, or proceeding to or from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. The French captured both pilot vessels such as {{ship||Cartier|1787 ship|2}}, and large [[East Indiamen]] such as {{ship||Triton|1787 EIC ship|2}}.

==See also==
* [[wikt:Special:Search/roadstead|roadstead]] in [[wikt:|wiktionary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Navigation]]
[[Category:Roadsteads]]

Dhari, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency

2026-03-27T20:46:00Z

Thinkartha: formatting fix

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhari
| established = 2002
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
| abolished = 2012
| type= SLA
}}

'''Dhari Legislative Assembly constituency''' was one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref>

Dhari Legislative Assembly constituency was a part of [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Harish Chandra Durgapal]]<ref name="results2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Govind Singh Bisht]]<ref name="results2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3228-uttarakhand-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhari, Uttarakhand<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Singh Bisht]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,996 |percentage=49.37% |change={{increase}}13.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Chandra Durgapal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,235 |percentage=36.41% |change={{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithivi Pal Singh Rawat |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,336 |percentage=5.22% |change={{decrease}}5.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Sharma |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,459 |percentage=1.76% |change={{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Puri Maharaj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,169 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Joshi |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,137 |percentage=1.37% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Joshi Uttarakhandi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,118 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Shekhar |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=887 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahadur Singh Jangi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=726 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}1.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Chandra Arya |party=Indian Justice Party |votes=628 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,761 |percentage=12.96% |change= {{increase}}11.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,034 |percentage=67.61% |change= {{increase}}13.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,988 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhari, Uttarakhand<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Chandra Durgapal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,014 |percentage=37.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Singh Bisht]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,465 |percentage=36.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalit Pant |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,943 |percentage=11.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Puri |party=Independent politician |votes=1,340 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahadur Singh Jangi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=1,231 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,032 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxman Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=832 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Singh Parihar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=767 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=707 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zaheer Ahamad |party=Janata Party |votes=539 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devki Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=452 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=549 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,574 |percentage=53.78% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,611 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.51|79.46|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Nainital district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]

Sanjeeva Kumar Singh

2026-03-25T18:46:05Z

Thinkartha: further added citations for accuracy further and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian archer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Sanjeeva Kumar Singh''' is an Indian [[archery]] coach from [[Jharkhand]]. He is a senior vice-president and head of corporate relations at [[Tata Housing Development Company|Tata Realty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeeva Singh: A Higher Aim {{!}} Tata group |url=https://www.tata.com/newsroom/careers/people/higher-aim-sanjeeva-singh |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.tata.com |language=en}}</ref> He is the recipient of [[Arjuna Award]] and [[Dronacharya Award]] by the [[Government of India]].

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born in India, where he demonstrated an early passion for both academics and sports. He pursued a strong academic background alongside his athletic career, excelling in both fields. Singh completed his [[Bachelor of Engineering|Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical)]] from [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra|Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Mesra]] in 1987, where he was awarded the prestigious gold medal for his outstanding academic performance. His commitment to education did not stop there, as he later completed PGDBM from [[XLRI]], [[Jamshedpur]]., in 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About - Sanjeeva Singh Archery Institute Trust |url=https://sanjeevasingharchery.com/about.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=sanjeevasingharchery.com |language=en}}</ref>

Further enriching his academic portfolio, Singh pursued a postgraduate certificate in international sports management from the [[University of London]] in 2024. This advanced qualification reflects his dedication to understanding sports from a global perspective and contributing at both national and international levels in sports administration and development.

==Awards==
Singh has received numerous prestigious awards and accolades throughout his career in recognition of his contributions to archery both as a player and coach. His dedication to the sport has garnered him national and international recognition, and he has played a pivotal role in India's global achievements in archery.

=== Notable awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Year'''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeeva Singh: A Higher Aim {{!}} Tata group |url=https://www.tata.com/newsroom/careers/people/higher-aim-sanjeeva-singh |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=www.tata.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Past Dronacharya Award Recipients |url=http://yas.nic.in/index2.asp?linkid=11&slid=221&sublinkid=132&langid=1 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090619060853/http%3A//yas.nic.in/index.html |archivedate=2009-06-19 |accessdate=2010-01-22 |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2008-08-29 |title=Sanjeeva Singh from Tata Steel receives the Dronacharya Award from The President of India, currently working with NDPL a tata power co. in Delhi |url=http://www.tatasteel.com/newsroom/press463.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205233530/http://tatasteel.com/newsroom/press463.asp |archive-date=2010-02-05 |accessdate=2010-01-22 |publisher=[[Tata Steel]]}}</ref>
!'''Award/scholarship'''
!'''Details'''
|-
|1980-1987
|NCERT Scholarship
|Awarded during his education years
|-
|1984-1987
|SAI Scholarship
|Awarded by the Sports Authority of India
|-
|1987
|Best All-Round Student
|Mechanical Engineering, BIT Mesra (Gold Medalist)
|-
|1986
|College Blue
|Awarded by BIT Mesra
|-
|1992
|[[Arjuna Award]]
|Awarded by the president of India for excellence in archery
|-
|1996
|Shresth Khel Samman
|Awarded by the Bihar Government
|-
|2007
|Birsa Munda Award
|Awarded by the Jharkhand Government
|-
|2007
|[[Dronacharya Award]]
|Awarded by the president of India for excellence in coaching
|-
|2009
|Rashtriya Protsahna Puraskar
|Awarded to Tata Steel for contributions to sports
|-
|2011
|Jharkhand Ratna
|Awarded by the Government of Jharkhand during the National Games
|-
|2020
|Shiv Gaurav Pursakar
|Awarded by the hon'ble governor of Maharashtra
|-
|2021
|Distinguished Alumnus Award
|Awarded by the vice chancellor, BIT Mesra, Ranchi
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sanjeeva Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian sports coaches]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dronacharya Award]]
[[Category:Indian male archers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra alumni]]
[[Category:Archers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni]]

{{India-archery-bio-stub}}

V. S. Subramanya Iyer

2026-03-25T01:47:59Z

Thinkartha: improved article

{{Short description|Indian administrator}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Diwan Bahadur]]
| name = V.S. Subrahmanya Iyer
| honorific_suffix =
| image = VSSubramanyaIyer.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| office1 = [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan of Travancore]]
| term_start1 = 1929
| term_end1 = 1932
| monarch1 = [[Chithira Thirunal]] ([[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]] as [[regent]] till 1931)
| predecessor1 =[[M. E. Watts]]
| successor1 =[[T. Austin (British civil servant)|T. Austin]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1877|10|21}}
| birth_place = [[Travancore kingdom]]
}}

Diwan Bahadur '''V. S. Subrahmanya Iyer''' (born 21 October 1877) was an Indian administrator who served as the [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan of the princely state of Travancore]] from 1929 to 1932.

== Early life and career ==

Subrahmanya Iyer was born on 21 October 1877 to S.Vaidyanatha Iyer.<ref name="whoswhop253">{{cite book|title=The Who's who in Madras: A pictorial who's who of distinguished personages, princes, zemindars and noblemen in the Madras Presidency|publisher=Pearl Press|year=1939|pages=253}}</ref> He studied in St. Joseph's College and set up practice as an advocate in Travancore.<ref name="whoswhop253" /> He served as the Chief Justice of the High Court of Travancore before being appointed Diwan in 1929.<ref name="sethup373">{{cite book|title=At the turn of the tide: the life and times of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi|author=Lakshmi Raghunadhan|year=1995|pages=373}}</ref>

== Diwan of Travancore ==

Subrahmanya Iyer was appointed [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan of Travancore]] in 1929 succeeding E. W. Watts.<ref name="nationalarchivesuk">{{cite web|title=The National Archives|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=059-r2_2&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18#-1}}</ref> He served as Diwan till 1932 when he was succeeded by [[Thomas Austin (civil servant)|Thomas Austin I.C. S]].<ref name="nationalarchivesuk" />

In 1930, Venkatarama Iyer was appointed Commissioner of Travancore Devaswom.<ref name="nationalarchivesuk" /> In 1931, Subrahmanya Iyer had to deal with a students hartal in Travancore which followed the death of [[Motilal Nehru]].<ref name="nationalarchivesuk" />

== Later life ==
Subrahmanya Iyer remained active in public life following his retirement as Diwan. On 25 November 1932, [[Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], advisor to the Maharaja, appointed him President of the Committee to gauge public opinion before introducing the [[Temple Entry Proclamation]].<ref name="socialhistoryp539">{{cite book|title=A social history of India|pages=539|author=S. N. Sadasivan|year=2000}}</ref> The other members of the Committee were [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|Ulloor Parameswara Iyer]], Mahadeva Iyer and Nambi Nilakanta Sarma.<ref name="socialhistoryp539" /> The commission interviewed people who were for as well as against temple entry<ref name="stateandsocietyp50">{{cite book|title=State and Society|pages=50|publisher=Indian Institute of RegionalDevelopment Studies|year=1983}}</ref> and submitted a report strongly discouraging temple entry. However, Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer ignored the report and proceeded to introduce the landmark legislation.

In 1934, Subrahmanya Iyer became the president of the Kerala Hindu Mission.<ref name="whoswhop253" /> Upon the death of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1941, a Kerala Tagore Academy was formed with Subrahmanya Iyer as its president.

==Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, V. S. Subramanya}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:Dewan Bahadurs]]

Mumbai

2026-03-20T13:22:34Z

Thinkartha: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Capital of Maharashtra, India}}
{{Redirect|Bombay|other uses|Bombay (disambiguation)|and|Mumbai (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mumbai
| native_name = ''Mumbaī''
| native_name_lang = iso 15919
| other_name = Bombay
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
| image_shield = Emblem of Mumbai.png
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 325
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/3/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = ওরলির গগনরৈখিক দৃশ্য.jpg
| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|Skyline of Mumbai]] across [[Parel|Lower Parel]]
| image2 = Mumbai 03-2016 30 Gateway of India.jpg
| caption2 = [[Gateway of India]]
| image3 = Sunder Mahal, Soona Mahal, Sea Green Hotel from L-R at Marine Drive, Mumbai.jpg
| caption3 = [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]]
| image4 = Hotel The Taj Mahal Palace (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]
| image5 = Ikea mumbai backside.jpg
| caption5 = [[World One|The World Towers]]
| image6 = Great Indian Pennunsula Railways Exhibition @CST,Mumbai - panoramio (89).jpg
| caption6 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
| image7 = Bandra Worli Sea-Link (cropped).jpg
| caption7 = [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]]
}}
| image_caption =
| flag_size = 120px
| nicknames = ''[[City of Dreams (disambiguation)|City of Dreams]]'', ''[[Seven Islands of Bombay|City of Seven Islands]],''<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1995 |title=The Seven Islands |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026175045/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012 |publisher=The Mumbai Pages}}</ref> ''[[Maximum City]],''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai is truly maximum city |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mumbai-is-truly-maximum-city/articleshow/64440610.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414174209/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mumbai-is-truly-maximum-city/articleshow/64440610.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Big [[Coconut]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WujvZbzZAeUC&dq=%22the+big+coconut%22+mumbai&pg=PA162 |title=The Daemon in Our Dreams |date=2007 |publisher=John F. Rooney |isbn=978-0-9752756-7-2 |language=en |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216023910/https://books.google.com/books?id=WujvZbzZAeUC&dq=%22the+big+coconut%22+mumbai&pg=PA162 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The City That Never Sleeps (nickname)|The City That Never Sleeps]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Spice of Life: Sleepless in the city that never sleeps |work=The Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/mumbai-a-melting-pot-of-cultures-and-the-reality-of-life-on-the-streets-101693922872182.html |access-date=15 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/mumbai-a-melting-pot-of-cultures-and-the-reality-of-life-on-the-streets-101693922872182.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image_map = {{Switcher
|{{maplink|display=|frame=yes|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1156|plain=y|title=Mumbai|description=|coord=|marker=|zoom=10|icon=no|frame-width=300|fill=#000000|stroke-width=3|frame-height=300|frame-align=center}}
| Mumbai outline map
|{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1191|frame-width=370|frame-height=300|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=18.92|frame-long=76.68|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{Coord|19|04|34|N|72|52|39|E}}|marker-size2=medium}}
| Mumbai in Maharashtra map
| [[File:Mumbai area locator map.svg|300px]]
| Mumbai area map }}
| map_alt = Mumbai is on the west coast of India, about one third of the way down to the southern tip. It is in the west side of the Maharashtra province, which covers roughly the second quarter of the west coast (counting from the north), and heads inland roughly twice as far as its coastline.
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|04|34|N|72|52|39|E|type:city(12,500,000)_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] [[Mumbai Suburban District|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established_title = First settled
| established_date = 1507<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Settlement|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mumbai/History|website=Britannia|access-date=26 December 2022|archive-date=26 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226181014/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mumbai/History|url-status=live}}</ref>
| named_for = [[Mumbadevi]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Ritu Tawde]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref name="Mumbai New Mayor & Deputy Mayor">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-ritu-tawde-named-mayahuti-candidate-for-mumbai-mayor-shiv-sena-sanjay-shankar-ghadi-for-deputy-mayor-bmc-news-101770442519372.html|title=BJP's Ritu Tawde named Mahayuti candidate for Mumbai mayor; Shinde Sena's Sanjay Shankar Ghadi for deputy mayor|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=8 February 2026}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name1 = Sanjay Ghadi ([[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]])<ref name="Mumbai New Mayor & Deputy Mayor"/>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 603.4
| area_rank =
| area_metro_km2 = 6328
| area_metro_sq_mi = 1681.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 12,442,373
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153720/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 18,414,288 20,748,395 (Extended UA)
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="extended UA 2011">{{Cite web |title=INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |access-date=20 August 2015 |website=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai |publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|1st]] in India [[List of Asian cities by population within city limits|5th]] in Asia
| population_demonym = Mumbaikar, Bombayite, Mumbaiite<ref name="MumbaiitesinMH">{{Cite book |author1=Neela Dabir |author2=Naina Athale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNmGAwAAQBAJ&q=mumbaiites&pg=PA75 |title=From Street to Hope |date=7 June 2011 |publisher=Sage Publications Private Limited, Mathura Road, [[New Delhi]] |isbn=9788132107651 |page=76}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_title1 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = US$400 billion<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharucha |first=Nauzer |date=30 May 2017 |title=Nine Indian Cities in JLL's latest 'Global' 300 rankings|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nine-indian-cities-in-jlls-latest-global-300-rankings/articleshow/58914609.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = [[Megacity]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Indian rupee|₹]]{{FXConvert|IND|8013|b|lk=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2024-25|url= https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s349d4b2faeb4b7b9e745775793141e2b2/uploads/2025/01/2025030788773769.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| demographics1_info3 = US$277 billion<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=visualcapitalist.com|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=6 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206071739/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Official
| demographics2_info2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics2_title3 = Additional Official
| demographics2_info3 = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]}}
| demographics2_title4 = Regional
| demographics2_info4 = [[Bombay Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
| postal_code = 400 001 to 400 107
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-22]]
| registration_plate = {{plainlist|
*MH-01 Mumbai (S/C)
*MH-02 Mumbai (W)
*MH-03 Mumbai (E)
*MH-47 Mumbai (N)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Government-Know Your RTO |url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/report/pdf/Know%20Your%20RTO.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref>
}}
| blank3_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank3_info = {{Increase}} 0.841<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/docs/pdf/mhdr_2012.pdf|title=Maharashtra Human Development Report, 2012|access-date=2 June 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204141145/https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/docs/pdf/mhdr_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> – very high
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Transit system|Transit]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = '''[[Rapid Transit]]''': [[Mumbai Metro]] and [[Mumbai Monorail]] '''[[Commuter rail]]''': [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Climate
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tropical savanna climate]] (Aw)
| blank_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="NCLMreport">[http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 50th report, page 131] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |date= 8 July 2016 }}. Government of India. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref><ref name="MCGMhistmilestone">{{Cite web |title=Evolution of the Corporation, Historical Milestones |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715172504/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://mumbaicity.gov.in/}}
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Elephanta Caves]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], and [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai]]
| designation1_date = 1987, 2004, 2018 (11th, 28th 42nd [[World Heritage Committee|sessions]])
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = i, ii, iii, iv
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244]; [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945]
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1480]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia|Southern Asia]]
}}
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="projectsecoa1">{{Cite web |title=Mumbai metropolitan area |url=http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513105912/http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=14 March 2013 |publisher=Projectsecoa.eu |language=it}}</ref>
}}


'''Mumbai''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|m|ˈ|b|aɪ}} {{respell|muum|BY}}; {{Indic Transl|mr|Mumbaī|ˈmumbəi|Mumbai Pronunciation.ogg}}), also known as '''Bombay''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɒ|m|ˈ|b|eɪ}} {{respell|bom|BAY}}; its official name until 1995), is the [[capital city]] of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Mumbai is the [[financial centre|financial capital]] and the [[list of cities in India by population|most populous city proper]] of India, with an estimated population of 12.5 million (1.25 [[crore]]).<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Mumbai is the centre of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], which is among the [[List of largest cities|most populous metropolitan areas in the world]] with a population of over 23 million (2.3 crore).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=World Urban Areas |url=http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019 |publisher=Demographia |archive-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013155105/http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Mumbai lies on the [[Konkan]] coast on the west coast of India and has a deep [[natural harbour]]. In 2008, Mumbai was named a [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|alpha]] [[world city]].<ref name="lboro2008" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai | ISAC |url=http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512013615/http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Indiastudyabroad.org}}</ref> Mumbai has the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|highest number of billionaires]] out of any city in [[Asia]].{{Efn|This statistic is based on an article from ''The Economic Times''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai beats Beijing to emerge as the new billionaire hub of Asia |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/mumbai-beats-beijing-to-emerge-as-the-new-billionaire-hub-of-asia/articleshow/108779257.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329110157/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/mumbai-beats-beijing-to-emerge-as-the-new-billionaire-hub-of-asia/articleshow/108779257.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> However, according to the Hurun Research Institute, Forbes says that [[Hong Kong]] has the most billionaires in Asia, while the World's Wealthiest Cities Report 2023 states that Beijing has the most number of Asian billionaires.}}

The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of [[Marathi language]]-speaking [[Koli people]].<ref name="james customs">{{cite journal|last1=James |first1=V. |date=1977 |title=Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis |url=https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |format=PDF |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=131–148 |doi=10.2307/1177821 |jstor=1177821 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231210/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live| issn = 0385-2342|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="munshi">{{Cite book |last=Munshi |first=Kanaiyalal M. |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.97812/2015.97812.Gujarat-And-Its-Literature-1852#page/n31/mode/2up/search/Kolis |title=Gujarāt and its literature, from early times to 1852 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust|Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |year=1954 |page=xix |quote=The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.}}</ref><ref name="rnmehta">{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=R. N. |year=1983 |title=Bombay – An analysis of the toponym |journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute |pages=138–140 |quote=The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.}}</ref> For centuries, the [[seven islands of Bombay]] were under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous rulers]] before being [[cession|ceded]] to the [[Portuguese Empire in the East|Portuguese Empire]], and subsequently to the [[East India Company]] in 1661, as part of the [[Catherine of Braganza#Marriage|dowry of Catherine of Braganza]] in her marriage to [[Charles II of England]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB |first=S. M. |last=Wynne |title=Catherine (1638–1705) |volume=1 |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1 |access-date=21 February 2015 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/4894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the [[Hornby Vellard]] project,<ref name="Dwivedi 2001 28">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=28}}</ref> which undertook [[Land reclamation|reclamation]] of the area between the seven islands from the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="fp-onceuponatime">{{Cite magazine |date=24 June 2011 |title=Once Upon a Time in Bombay |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/ |url-status=live |magazine=Foreign Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109020758/http://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/ |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> Along with the construction of major [[Roads in India|roads]] and [[Rail transport in India|railways]], the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Mumbai into a major seaport on the [[Arabian Sea]]. Mumbai in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century, it became a strong base for the [[Indian independence movement]]. Upon India's independence in 1947, the city was incorporated into [[Bombay State]]. In 1960, following the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]], a new state of Maharashtra was created with Mumbai as the capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay: History of a City |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl://d20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213041900/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl%3A%2F%2Fd20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=8 November 2008 |publisher=[[British Library]]}}</ref>

Mumbai is the [[financial centre|financial]], commercial,<ref name="millionaireRoleModel">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |date=14 April 2011 |title=New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623215214/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html |archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> and [[Hindi cinema|entertainment capital]] of India. Mumbai is often compared to [[New York City]],<ref name=MumbaiNYCTwins>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/read-it-and-weep/new-york-and-mumbai-what-really-makes-them-twins-is-the-people/|title=New York and Mumbai: What really makes them twins is the people|author=New York and Mumbai: What really makes them twins is the people |newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=4 July 2017|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310134322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/read-it-and-weep/new-york-and-mumbai-what-really-makes-them-twins-is-the-people/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=MumbaiNewYorkOfIndia>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2008/11/27/97568932/mumbai-is-indias-new-york|title=Mumbai Is India's New York|work=NPR |date=27 November 2008 |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228131148/https://www.npr.org/2008/11/27/97568932/mumbai-is-indias-new-york |url-status=live}}</ref> and is home to the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], situated on [[Dalal Street]]. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2011 |title=Mumbai, a land of opportunities |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804070300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> generating 6.16% of India's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]],<ref name="mmrda muip gdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-date=26 February 2009 |title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and accounting for 25% of the nation's industrial output, 70% of [[Maritime transport|maritime]] trade in India (via [[Mumbai Port]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] and [[Dharamtar Port]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm |title=10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business |work=Rediff.com |access-date=16 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814232747/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm |archive-date=14 August 2010}}</ref> and 70% of capital transactions to [[Economy of India|India's economy]].<ref name="NMIAtender">{{cite web |title=Development of Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) |url=http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061543/http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=[[CIDCO]] |year=2013 |access-date=8 July 2015 |page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahajan |first1=Poonam |title=Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310 |access-date=21 June 2015 |work=DNA India |date=26 July 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621131904/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310 |archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> The city houses important financial institutions and the corporate [[List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai|headquarters]] of numerous [[List of Indian companies|Indian companies]] and [[multinational corporations]]. The city is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes and the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film industries. Mumbai is also the home of [[Bollywood]] (Bombay Cinema), which is considered to be the second largest [[film industry]] after [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2025 |title=Top 10 Largest Film Industries In The World - Movietimetoday.com |url=https://www.movietimetoday.com/archives/2970 |access-date=4 February 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mumbai's business opportunities attract migrants from all over India.

== Etymology ==

The name ''Mumbai'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{lang|mr|मुंबई}}) originated from ''Mumbā'' or ''Mahā-Ambā''—the name of the patron Hindu goddess ([[kuladevata|Kula Devata]]) [[Mumbadevi]] of the native [[Koli people|Koli]] community<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2010 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |last=Mukund Kule |title=मुंबईचं श्रद्धास्थान |location=Maharashtra |trans-title=Mumba'īcaṁ Shrad'dhāsthān |language=mr |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617083828/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>—and from ''ā'ī'', meaning "mother" in [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name="james customs" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bapat |first=Jyotsna |year=2005 |title=Development projects and critical theory of environment |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-7619-3357-1 |publisher=Sage |page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa/page/n6 6]}}</ref> By some accounts, the Koli community of [[Kathiawar]] and [[Central Gujarat]] introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar, where her worship continues to this day.<ref name="munshi"/><ref name="rnmehta" /> However, other sources disagree.<ref name="rnmehta" />

[[File:Mumbadevi temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Mumba Devi Temple]], from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name.]]

The oldest known names for the city are ''Kakamuchee'' and ''Galajunkja''; these are sometimes still used.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patel|Masselos|2003|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=130}}</ref> Portuguese writer [[Gaspar Correia]] recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in his ''Lendas da Índia'' (''Legends of India'').<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="et6yh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA102 102]}}</ref> Some [[English-speaking world|Anglophone]] authors have suggested this came from a supposed [[Galician-Portuguese|Galician–Portuguese]] phrase ''bom baim'', "good little bay",<ref name="Shirodkar 1998 7">{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=7}}</ref> with no scientific basis.<ref name="jpm2">Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", Livros Horizonte, 2003, verbete "Bombaim", volume I, pp. 265/266.</ref>{{efn|Portuguese linguist [[:pt:José Pedro Machado|José Pedro Machado]] attributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name.<ref name="jpm2"/>}} In 1516, Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] used the name ''Tana-Maiambu'': ''Tana'' appears to refer to the adjoining town of [[Thane]] and ''Maiambu'' to ''Mumbadevi''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=2}}</ref> The form ''Bombaim'' is still commonly used in Portuguese.<ref name="ety"/> Many variant names were recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries.{{efn|16th and 17th century names included ''Mombayn'' (1525), ''Bombay'' (1538), ''Bombain'' (1552), ''Bombaym'' (1552), ''Monbaym'' (1554), ''Mombaim'' (1563), ''Mombaym'' (1644), ''Bambaye'' (1666), ''Bombaiim'' (1666), ''Bombeye'' (1676), ''Boon Bay'' (1690)<ref name="ety">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA103 103]}}</ref><ref name="etyh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA104 104]}}</ref> and ''Bon Bahia''.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |author-link= John Keay |year=2000 |title=India, a History |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |location=New York, United States |isbn=978-0-00-638784-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |page=348 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |archive-date= 1 January 2016}}</ref>}} After the [[English overseas possessions|English]] gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was [[anglicise]]d to ''Bombay''.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=6|Ref=bom}}</ref> Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial [[dewan]] or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the ''Mirat-i Ahmedi'' (1762) called the city ''Manbai''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=3}}</ref>

The French traveller [[Louis Rousselet]], who visited in 1863 and 1868, stated in 1877 that "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne baie", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or [[Mumba Devi Temple|Mumba Devi]], and that she still ... possesses a temple".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rousselet |first1=Louis |title=L'Inde des Rajahs |date=1877 |publisher=Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris |page=[https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> British officer and scholar [[John Briggs (East India Company officer)|John Briggs]] concurred that the name Bombay was a corruption of "Mumby", for a temple to Mumba Devi.<ref>[[iarchive:dli.ernet.107664/page/17/mode/2up|History of the Rise of Mahomedan Power in India- Vol 4 – John Briggs (1829)]] Pg. 17 Footnote 21. "Bombay. The island seems at the time to have consisted of two parts; the one denominated Mahim, from the village of that name in the N.E. corner and the other Mumby from an idol to which a temple is still dedicated, as is known by the appellation of Mumbydevy, or the Goddess Mumby, which by Europeans has been corrupted into Bombay. The separation of the two islands would be again complete, if the dam called Breach Candy were removed, which keeps out the sea on the west face of the island."</ref>

By the late 20th century, the city was called ''Mumbai'' or ''Mambai'' in Marathi, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], and ''Bambai'' in [[Hindi]].<ref name="Christopher Beam">{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |title=Why Did Bombay Become Mumbai? How the city got renamed |author=Christopher Beam |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Slate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The Government of India officially changed the English name to ''Mumbai'' in November 1995.<ref>{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=1}}</ref> This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored [[renaming of cities in India|similar name changes across India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm |author=Nitin Chavan |work=[[Sakal]] |title=शिवसेना आमदाराची नामांतर एक्स्प्रेस |trans-title=Shivsēnā Âmadārācī Nāmāntar Express |language=mr |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=16 June 2015 |location=Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002023/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Shiv Sena argued that the name 'Bombay' echoed British colonial rule.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |work=Slate |date=1 December 2008 |first=Christopher |last=Beam |title=Why did Bombay become Mumbai? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |title=Mumbai? What about Bombay? |first=Christopher |last=Beam |date=12 May 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420043035/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |archive-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> While Mumbai is still called Bombay by some residents and by some Indians from other regions,<ref name="24change">{{cite news |title=From Bombay to Mumbai: 24 ways the city has changed |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096 |first=Ruchi |last=Kumar |date=28 October 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="mummaharashtra1">{{cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html |title=Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra |publisher=[[Fodor's]] |access-date=24 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119201349/http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html |archive-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> mention of the city by a name other than ''Mumbai'' has become controversial.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0 |title=Mumbai vs Bombay |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2009 |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0 |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/fruit-and-nut-another-bombay-controversy-brewing-58144-2009-10-07 |title=Fruit And Nut: Another 'Bombay' controversy brewing? |work=India Today |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005120437/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut%3A+Another+%27Bombay%27+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>

=== People from Mumbai ===

A resident of Mumbai is called ''Mumbaikar'' ({{IPA|mr|ˈmumbəikəɾ|pron}}) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], in which the suffix ''-kar'' means a 'resident of'. The term had been in use for quite some time, but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.<ref name="Mumbaikar">{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=}}</ref> Older terms such as ''Bombayite'' are used infrequently.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vir Sanghvi |title=The Angry Bombay-ite |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 April 2006 |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415200748/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 Mumbaikars Who Are Changing The City All By Themselves |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/ |website=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415200746/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Mumbai}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of Mumbai}}
{{Historical affiliations
| float = right
| width = 22em
| {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[Bombay Presidency]] (1843–1947)
| {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Bombay State]] (1947–1960)
| {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Maharashtra]] (1960–present)
}}

=== Early history ===
Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of [[seven islands of Bombay|seven islands]]: [[Isle of Bombay]], [[Parel]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Mahim]], [[Colaba]], [[Worli]], and [[Old Woman's Island]] (also known as ''Little Colaba'').<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqui|2006|p=1}}</ref> [[Pleistocene]] sediments found along the coast near [[Kandivali]] suggest that the islands were inhabited since the [[South Asian Stone Age]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ghosh|1990|p=25}}</ref> In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the [[Maurya Empire]], ruled by the emperor [[Ashoka]].<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=5}}</ref> The islands were perhaps occupied by the [[Koli people|Koli]] fishing community during the beginning of the [[Common Era]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=5|Ref=bom}}</ref><ref name=city-profile>{{cite web |title=2. Mumbai City Profile |url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf |work=Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Authority |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |access-date=19 July 2015 |page=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721202935/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 94 Kanheri Caves.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|The [[Kanheri Caves]] contain Buddhist artworks from the 1st to the 10th century CE.|alt=A white Buddhist stupa.]]

The [[Kanheri Caves]] in [[Borivali]] were excavated in the first century CE,<ref name="Ray">{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Kanheri: The archaeology of an early Buddhist pilgrimage centre in western India |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1994 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1994.9980259}}</ref> and served as a centre of [[Buddhism]] in Western India.<ref>{{harvnb|Kumari|1990|p=37}}</ref> The [[Mahakali Caves]] in [[Andheri]] were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE.<ref name="battleneglect">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms |title=Ancient caves battle neglect |last=Jaisinghani |first=Bella |date=13 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Threat to caves of Bombay |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm |first=Vinaya |last=Kumar |date=2 April 2006 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193451/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] referred to the islands as ''Heptanesia'' ([[Ancient Greek]]: A cluster of seven islands) in 150 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=8}}</ref> Between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous dynasties]]–[[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], [[Western Satraps]], [[Abhira kingdom|Abhira]], [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]], [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]], [[Mauryas of Puri|Konkan Mauryas]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], and [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]],<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|pp=127–150|Ref=bom}}</ref> before being ruled by the [[Shilahara]]s from 810 to 1260 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=79}}</ref> Some of the oldest edifices in the city are the [[Jogeshwari Caves]] (between 520 and 525 CE),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf |title=The Slum and the Sacred Cave |page=5 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, [[Columbia University]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123104753/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2008}}</ref> [[Elephanta Caves]] (between 6th to 7th century CE),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |title=World Heritage Sites – Elephanta Caves |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=22 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021063323/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |archive-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> [[Walkeshwar Temple]] (10th century CE),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117 |title=The Legends of Walkeshwar |last=Dwivedi |first=Sharada |date=26 September 2007 |work=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Express Group]] |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101938/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Maharashtra (India) |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ |edition=1 |volume=24 |year=1986 |publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, [[Government of Maharashtra]] |page=596 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> and [[Banganga Tank]] (12th century CE).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318 |title=What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank? |last=Agarwal |first=Lekha |date=2 June 2007 |work=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Express Group]] |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202153/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318 |archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Parry |first=Eric |title=Context: Architecture and the Genius of Place|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |access-date=21 June 2015 |year=2015 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-94673-2 |page=44 |chapter=1: Pavement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Hajiali.jpg|thumb|The [[Haji Ali Dargah]] was built in 1431, when Mumbai was under the rule of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]].]]

King [[Bhima of Mahikavati|Bhima]] founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century CE and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day [[Mahim]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=51}}</ref> The [[Pathare Prabhu]]s, among the earliest known settlers of the city, came to Mahikawati from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in Gujarat around 1298 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Maharashtra|2004|p=1703|Ref=prabhu}}</ref> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] annexed the islands in 1347–48 CE and controlled it until 1407 CE. During this time, the islands were administered by the [[Muslim]] governors of Gujarat, appointed by the sultanate.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=14}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=12}}</ref> The islands were later governed by the independent [[Gujarat Sultanate]], established in 1407CE. Numerous mosques were built during the period, including the [[Haji Ali Dargah]] in [[Worli]], erected in 1431, as a homage to [[Sufi saint]] Haji Ali.<ref>{{harvnb|Khalidi|2006|p=24}}</ref> From 1429 to 1431 CE, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of the [[Deccan]].<ref>{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=193|Ref=misra}}</ref><ref name="mis">{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=222|Ref=misra}}</ref> In 1493 CE, [[Bahadur Khan Gilani]] of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was repulsed.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=16}}</ref>

=== Portuguese and British rule ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)|History of Bombay under British rule}}

[[File:Madh-fort3.jpg|thumb|[[Madh Fort]], built by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]]]]

Apprehensive of the power of the [[Mughal Empire]] under emperor [[Humayun]], sultan [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] signed the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]] with the [[Portuguese Empire]] on 23 December 1534. As per the treaty, the seven islands of Bombay, the nearby town of [[Vasai|Bassein]], and its dependencies were given to the Portuguese on 25 October 1535.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=166|Ref=bom}}</ref>

The Portuguese leased the islands to various Portuguese officers during their regime, and assisted the [[Roman Catholic]] religious orders.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=169|Ref=bom}}</ref> The islands were called by various names, and later took the written form ''Bombaim''. The Portuguese [[Franciscans]] and [[Jesuits]] built churches in the city, such as the [[St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)|St. Michael's Church]] at [[Mahim]] (1534),<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=19}}</ref> [[St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai|St. John the Baptist Church]] at [[Andheri]] (1579),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869 |title=Relishing a Sunday feast, but only once in a year |date=12 May 2008 |last=Shukla |first=Ashutosh |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070104/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> [[St. Andrew's Church (Mumbai)|St. Andrew's Church]] at [[Bandra]] (1580),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM |title=New life for old church records |date=9 June 2008 |last=D'Mello |first=Ashley |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804093347/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and [[Gloria Church]] at [[Byculla]] (1632).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/glorious-past/233152/ |title=Glorious past |work=Express India |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205151403/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Glorious-past/233152/ |archive-date=5 February 2008}}</ref> They also built several fortifications including the [[Bombay Castle]], [[Castella de Aguada]], and [[Madh Fort]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/city-and-architecture/a3673-remains-of-indo-portuguese-architectural-layer-in-mumbai/|title= Remains of Indo-Portuguese Architectural Layer in Mumbai|work=Rethinking the Future|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The [[English Empire|English]] vied with the Portuguese for hegemony over Mumbai, recognising its strategic natural harbour and its separation from the main land.<ref>{{cite book|title=British Beginnings in Western India: 1579-1657 |author=H. G. Rawlinson |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=97}}</ref> On 11 May 1661 CE, the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[John IV of Portugal|King John IV of Portugal]], gave most of the islands to the English, as part of Catherine's [[dowry]] to Charles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Douglas |first=James |title=The Bombay Marriage Treaty; or How the British Acquired Bombay in 1661 |url=https://victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/bombay/7.html |work=The Victorian Web |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>

[[File:AMH-6748-NA Two views of the English fort in Bombay.jpg|thumb|left|Views of the English fort in Bombay, {{Circa|1665}}]]

In accordance with the [[Royal Charter of 27 March 1668]], England leased these islands to the [[English East India Company]] in 1668 for a sum of [[Pound sterling|£]]10 per annum.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=20}}</ref> The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661 to 60,000 in 1675.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=410}}</ref> The islands were subject to several attacks such as by [[Yakut Khan]], the Muslim Koli admiral of the Mughal Empire, in October 1672,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&q=Yakut+Khan+koli&pg=PA174 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |last=Ali |first=Shanti Sadiq |date=1996 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UU1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Koli |title=Bajirao I: an outstanding cavalry general |last1=Palsokar |first1=R. D. |last2=Reddy |first2=T. Rabi |date=1995 |publisher=Reliance Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85972-94-7 |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=UU1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Koli |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fVBAQAAMAAJ&q=Gohagad+koli |title=A History of the Maratha People |last1=Kincaid |first1=Charles Augustus |last2=Pārasanīsa |first2=Dattātraya Baḷavanta |date=1922 |publisher=H. Milford, [[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164648/https://books.google.com/books?id=6fVBAQAAMAAJ&q=Gohagad+koli#v=snippet&q=Gohagad%20koli&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rickloffe van Goen]], the governor-general of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch India]] on 20 February 1673,<ref>{{cite conference|url=http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726175635/http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 July 2008 |title=Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth |last=Ganley |first=Colin C. |year=2007 |page=13 |publisher=International Society for New Institutional Economics |access-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> and [[Siddi]] admiral [[Siddi Sambal|Sambal]] on 10 October 1673.<ref>{{harvnb|Yimene|2004|p=94|Ref=yakg}}</ref> In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from [[Surat]] to Mumbai, and the city eventually became the headquarters of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carsten|1961|p=427}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=179}}</ref> The islands again suffered incursions from [[Yakut Khan]] in 1689–90.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |title=Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces – 313 years ago |last=Nandgaonkar |first=Satish |date=22 March 2003 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=20 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030412025617/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |archive-date=12 April 2003}}</ref>

The Portuguese presence in the region ended when the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] under [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]] captured [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] in 1737, and Bassein in 1739.<ref>{{harvnb|History of Medieval India|p=126|Ref=maratha}}</ref> By the middle of the 18th century, Bombay expanded into a major trading town, receiving a large influx of migrants from across India.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=32}}</ref> The British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774, and signed the [[Treaty of Surat]] (1775), with Raghunathrao, one of the claimants to the Maratha throne, to transfer control of [[Salsette]] and Bassein.<ref>{{harvnb|Fortescue|2008|p=145}}</ref> This resulted in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]], and the British secured Salsette officially through the Treaty of Purandar (1776),<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=56}}</ref> and later through the [[Treaty of Salbai]] (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the war.<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=63}}</ref>

[[File:Ships in Bombay Harbour, 1731.jpg|thumb|Ships at [[Bombay Harbour]] (c. 1731)]]

From 1782 onwards, the English undertook large-scale civil engineering projects to merge the seven islands of Bombay into one by means of a [[causeway]], the [[Hornby Vellard]], completed by 1784.<ref name="Dwivedi 2001 28" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Perur |first=Srinath |date=30 March 2016 |title=The reclamation of Mumbai – from the sea, and its people? |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/30/story-cities-11-reclamation-mumbai-bombay-megacity-population-density-flood-risk |access-date=28 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=24 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124223307/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/30/story-cities-11-reclamation-mumbai-bombay-megacity-population-density-flood-risk |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1817, the English East India Company under [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] defeated [[Baji Rao II]], the last Peshwa of the Marathas in the [[Battle of Khadki]].<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|pp=80–82}}</ref> The success of the campaign marked the end of attacks by native powers, and brought almost the whole of the [[Deccan Plateau]] under the British suzerainty and the Bombay Presidency.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=233|Ref=bom}}</ref> On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the neighbouring town of [[Thane|Thana]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=127}}</ref> During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief [[cotton]]-trading market, resulting in an economic boom.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=343}}</ref>

The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=88}}</ref> In September 1896, the city was [[Mumbai plague epidemic|hit]] by a [[bubonic plague]] epidemic, which resulted in an over 20,000 people,<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=74}}</ref> and a large proportion of the population fleeing the city, harming the textile industry.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |title=Rat Trap |issue=6 |journal=[[Time Out Mumbai]] |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=19 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020135/http://timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> The [[Indian independence movement]] fostered the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942 at the Bombay session of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] in 1946.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=345}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=293}}</ref>

=== Independent India ===
{{Main|History of Bombay in Independent India}}

[[File:Victoria Terminus, Bombay in 1950.jpg|thumb|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai|Municipal Corporation Building]] (center) with the [[Victoria Terminus]] (left) in 1950]]

After India's independence in 1947, the Bombay Presidency was restructured into [[Bombay State]], which was further expanded when several erstwhile [[princely states]] were integrated into the Indian union. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State.<ref>{{Harvnb|Census of India|1961|p=23|Ref=cent}}</ref> In April 1950, municipal limits were expanded by merging the [[Mumbai suburban district|Mumbai suburban]] and [[Mumbai city district|city districts]] to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |title=Administration |access-date=6 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000427/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>

The [[Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] to establish a separate [[Maharashtra]] state reached its heights in the 1950s. In 1955, during discussions in the [[Parliament of India]], the Congress party demanded that the city be made an autonomous city-state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514003803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-date=14 May 2005 |title=The battle for Bombay |date=13 April 2003 |access-date= 12 November 2008 |website=The Hindu |location=India |url-status=dead}}</ref> While the [[States Reorganisation Act|States Reorganisation Committee]] recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–[[Gujarat]] with Bombay as its capital in its 1955 report, the [[Bombay Citizens' Committee]], an advocacy group of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] industrialists, lobbied for an independent status for the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Guha|2007|pp=197–198}}</ref> Following several protests in which 105 people died in clashes with the law enforcement agencies, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines into separate states of Maharashtra and Gujarat on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |title=Sons of soil: born, reborn |date=6 February 2008 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514103258/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |archive-date=14 May 2014 |access-date=12 November 2008}}</ref> The Gujarati-speaking areas were separated from Bombay State to form Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |title=Gujarat |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083238/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra was established with Bombay as its capital was formed with the merger of [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts from [[Central Provinces and Berar]], five districts from [[Hyderabad State]], and numerous princely states.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |title=Maharashtra |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105100324/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |archive-date=5 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, [[Flora Fountain]] was renamed as ''[[Hutatma Chowk]]'' (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |title=BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs |first=Geeta |last=Desai |access-date=16 November 2008 |date=13 May 2008 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816124148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Hutatma Chowk.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|The [[Hutatma Chowk]] memorial honours the martyrs of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]]|alt=A stone statue of torch-bearers as seen at night. A fountain with a white base is in the background]]

The following decades saw a massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, [[Nariman Point]] and [[Cuffe Parade]] were reclaimed from the sea and developed.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=306}}</ref> Industrial development began with a focus on the petrochemical, electronic, and automotive sectors. In the 1950s, [[Hindustan Petroleum]] and [[Bharat Petroleum]] commissioned [[Mumbai Refinery (HPCL)|Mumbai Refinery]] at [[Trombay]] and [[Mumbai Refinery (BPCL)|BPCL Refinery]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Refineries in India |url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030003819/https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] was established on 26 January 1975 by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] to co-ordinate development in the [[Mumbai metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009 |title=About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 1979, a sister township of [[New Bombay]] was established by the [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] spread across the [[Thane district|Thane]] and [[Raigad district]]s to accommodate the city's expanding population. The [[Great Bombay Textile Strike]] in 1982, which involved nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills, resulted in the downfall of the sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |title=The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On |date=18 January 2007 |work=[[Rediff.com]] India Limited |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531192635/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> The defunct cotton mills of the city have since become the focus of [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills|redevelopment]] in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |title=From mills to malls, the sky is the limit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |first=Nazer |last=Bharucha |date=24 November 2003 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709080439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra may revisit redevelopment of textile mill land |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |first=Sanjay |last=Jog |date=11 August 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706134722/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref>

The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at [[Nhava Sheva]] to de-congest the [[Mumbai Harbour]] and to serve as a hub port for the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |title=Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226073604/http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> The geographical limit of Greater Bombay, was coextensive with its municipal limit. On 1 October 1990, it was bifurcated to form the city and suburban revenue districts, though they continued to be administered by the same municipal administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |title=Profile |work=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202060333/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>

The 1990s and 2000s saw a slew of violence and terrorism incidents. Following the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]], the city was rocked by the [[Bombay riots|Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93]] in which more than 1,000 people were killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/the-mumbai-riots-in-historic-context/article3395359.ece|title=The Bombay riots in historic context|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 May 2012|last1=Engineer|first1=Asghar Ali}}</ref> In March 1993, [[1993 Bombay bombings|a series of 13 coordinated bombings]] at city landmarks by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]] and the [[Mumbai underworld#Mumbai underworld|Mumbai underworld]] resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |title=1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs |access-date=12 November 2008 |date=12 March 1993 |work=[[BBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211202614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|seven bombs exploded]] on the city's [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|commuter trains]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |title=Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks |date=30 September 2006 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=13 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810041902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |archive-date=10 August 2008}}</ref> In 2008, a series of [[2008 Mumbai attacks|ten coordinated attacks]] by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=11 December 2008 |title=HM announces measures to enhance security |access-date=14 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221205459/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |archive-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> The three coordinated [[2011 Mumbai bombings|bomb explosions in July 2011]] that occurred at the [[Opera house]], [[Zaveri Bazaar]] and [[Dadar]] were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai which resulted in 26 deaths and 130 injuries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai blasts: Death toll rises to 26 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905103034/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |title=Three bomb blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured |access-date=14 July 2011 |work=[[NDTV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003829/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

In the 21st century, Mumbai has become the commercial capital of India and a global financial hub.<ref name="Mumbai global" /> It is the home of India's main financial services companies and a focus for infrastructure development and private investment.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Annapurna |title=Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=16/17 |pages=969–978 |year=1999 |jstor=4407880}}</ref> It has become one of South Asia's largest cities and home of the world's most prolific [[Bollywood|film industry]].<ref>{{harvnb|Brunn|Williams|Zeigler|2003|pages=353–354|Ref=bru}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Mumbai|Geology of Mumbai}}

{{See also|Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai}}

[[File:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|thumb|Mumbai consists of two districts, [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]]]

Mumbai is spread over an area of {{cvt|603|km2}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf |title=City Profile of Greater Mumbai |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114633/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> and is divided into two districts–[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Suburban |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] |url=http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513120309/http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> The suburban district occupies {{cvt|446|km2}} and is divided into three [[tehsils]]–[[Andheri]], [[Borivali]], and [[Kurla]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/|title=Mumbai Suburban district|work=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The city district-region located to the south is referred to as [[South Mumbai]] or "Island City", and occupies an area of {{cvt|157|km2}}.<ref name="mmrda muip gdp" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaicity.gov.in/en/|title=Mumbai City district|work=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] includes portions of [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Palghar district|Palghar]] and [[Raigad district]]s in addition to Greater Mumbai, and covers an area of {{cvt|4,355|km2}}.<ref name="projectsecoa1"/>

[[File:Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_(27105063465).jpg|thumb|left|[[Satellite image]] of Mumbai]]

Mumbai is on a narrow [[peninsula]] located on the [[Salsette Island]], which is bound by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, [[Thane Creek]] to the east, and [[Vasai Creek]] to the north.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cms.nias.res.in/events/seven-islands-and-the-fort-of-bombay-a-geospatial-perspective|title=Seven Islands and the Fort of Bombay: A Geospatial Perspective|work=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="mloc">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}</ref> It lies at the mouth of the [[Ulhas River]] on the [[Western Coastal Plains|western coast]] of India, in the [[Konkan]] region.<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}</ref> It shares the Salsette Island, with the Thane district. [[Navi Mumbai]] is located to the east of the Thane Creek, and [[Thane]] is situated towards the north of the Vasai Creek.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/governance-and-policy/governance/save-thane-creek|title=Save Thane Creek|work=India Water Portal|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Majority of the city lies just above the [[mean sea level]], with elevations ranging from {{cvt|10|to|15|m}},<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamoorthy|2008|p=218}}</ref> and an average elevation of {{cvt|14|m}}.<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |title=Mumbai, India |access-date=19 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316121943/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |archive-date=16 March 2006}}</ref> Northern Mumbai consists of hilly terrain,<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2.2 Salsette Island|Ref=plan}}</ref> with the highest point in the city at {{cvt|450|m}} in the [[Powai]]–[[Kanheri]] range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |title=Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashtra State |work=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |last1=Srinivasu |first1=T. |last2=Pardeshi |first2=Satish |access-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717023146/http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |archive-date=17 July 2009}}</ref> The coastline is indented with [[creek (tidal)|creeks]] and bays, stretching from the Thane creek in the east to Madh Marve on the western front.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security web for city coastline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |date=13 December 2008 |last=Sen |first=Somit |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803214157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> The eastern coast of the Salsette Island is covered with [[mangrove]] [[swamp]]s, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patil|1957|pp=45–49}}</ref>

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely [[alluvial soil|alluvial]] and [[loamy soil|loamy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.1 Soil|Ref=plan}}</ref> The underlying rock is black [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] basalt, dating to the late [[Cretaceous]] and early [[Eocene]] eras.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mumbai sits on a [[Seismicity|seismically active]] zone with 23 [[fault line]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanth |first1=S. T. G. Raghu |last2=Iyenagar |first2=R. N. |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=91 |title=Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City |date=10 December 2006 |issue=11 |page=1486 |access-date=3 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202112243/http://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref> The area is a [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|Seismic Zone III region]],<ref>{{cite map |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |title=Seismic Zoning Map |access-date=20 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915154543/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref> which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the [[Richter magnitude scale]] could occur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |title=The Seismic Environment of Mumbai |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics, [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] |access-date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213094722/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |archive-date=13 December 2007}}</ref>

The [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] (Borivali National Park) is situated partly in the Mumbai suburban and Thane districts, and covers an area of {{cvt|103.09|km2}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}</ref> There are two major lakes in the city– [[Tulsi Lake]] and [[Vihar Lake]]. The city also draws its water supply from various dams located in Thane district including [[Bhatsa Dam|Bhatsa]], [[Lower Vaitarna Dam|Lower Vaitarna]], [[Middle Vaitarna Dam|Middle Vaitarna]], [[Tansa Dam|Tansa]], and [[Upper Vaitarna Dam|Upper Vaitarna]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Urban%20Basic%20Services.pdf|title=Mumbai Development Plan 2005-2025|work=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=1 June 2025|page=1}}</ref> The [[Powai Lake]] is an artificial lake within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |format=PPT |title=Salient Features of Powai Lake |work=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |pages=1–3 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> The [[Mithi River]] is an urban river formed by the [[tailwater]] discharges of the Powai and Vihar lakes, and is highly polluted.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://mpcb.gov.in/images/mithireport.pdf | work=[[Maharashtra Pollution Control Board]] | title=Mithi river water pollution and recommendations for its control | access-date= 29 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Mumbai}}

{{See also|Mumbai Climate Action Plan}}
{{climate chart
| Mumbai
| 17 | 31 | 1
| 18 | 32 | 1
| 21 | 33 | 0
| 24 | 34| 1
| 27 | 34 | 12
| 26 | 32 | 523
| 25 | 30 | 868
| 25 | 30 | 624
| 25 | 31 | 341
| 24 | 33 | 93
| 21 | 34 | 16
| 19 | 32 | 4
| units = metric
| float = right
| clear = right
| maxprecip = 870
| source = Time and Date<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/mumbai/climate
|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |publisher = Time and Date |access-date = 17 July 2022}}</ref>}}

Mumbai has a [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]], classified as ''Aw'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. However, the central and northern suburbs experience a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') with heavier rainfall during the wet season. Mumbai has a nearly rainless stretch from October to May, with its most intense rainfall during July.<ref>{{harvnb|Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|1999|p=210|Ref=proc}}</ref> A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to the end of September constitutes the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|southwest monsoon]] season.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=84|Ref=bom}}</ref>

The average annual temperature is {{cvt|27|°C}}.<ref name="Rohli 2007 267">{{harvnb|Rohli|Vega|2007|p=267}}</ref> In the city, the average maximum and minimum temperatures are {{cvt|31|°C}} and {{cvt|24|°C}} respetively. In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature ranges from {{cvt|29|°C}} to {{cvt|33|°C}}, and the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from {{cvt|16|°C}} to {{cvt|26|°C}}.<ref name="clra" /> The record high is {{cvt|42.2|°C}} set on 14 April 1952,<ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date= 5 February 2020 |url=http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |date=December 2016 |page=M146 |access-date= 1 March 2020}}</ref> and the record low was {{cvt|7.4|°C}}, set on 27 January 1962.<ref name=IMDextremes /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-still-cold-at-8-6-degree-c/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai still cold at 8.6 °C |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 February 2008 |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> The average annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is {{cvt|2213|mm|}}.<ref name="Rohli 2007 267"/> The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was {{cvt|3452|mm|0}} for 1954.<ref name="clra">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.4 Climate and Rainfall|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[2005 Mumbai floods|most rainfall]] recorded in a single day was {{cvt|944|mm|0}} on 26 July 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu Purnima |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |title=Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106115301/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The average total annual rainfall is {{cvt|2213.4|mm|0}} in Mumbai City and {{cvt|2502.3|mm|0}} for the suburbs.<ref name="clra" />

Mumbai encounters occasional [[tropical cyclone]]s. The worst [[cyclone]] encountered was on 23 November 1948, with gusts reaching {{cvt|151|kph}}, and resulted in 38 deaths and 47 people missing.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 1948 |title=Cyclone hits Bombay; isolates city |pages=1 |work=Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957) |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22707765 |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117152400/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22707765 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cyclone Nisarga: When 1948 November storm left 38 dead and 47 missing in Bombay |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cyclone-nisarga-when-1948-november-storm-left-38-dead-and-47-missing-in-bombay |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015205103/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cyclone-nisarga-when-1948-november-storm-left-38-dead-and-47-missing-in-bombay |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=3 June 2020 |title=When 20-hour storm paralysed Bombay: Old-timers recall fury of cyclone which hit Mumbai in 1948 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-20-hour-storm-paralysed-bombay-old-timers-recall-fury-of-cyclone-which-hit-mumbai-in-1948-1685017-2020-06-03 |access-date=14 September 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924134216/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-20-hour-storm-paralysed-bombay-old-timers-recall-fury-of-cyclone-which-hit-mumbai-in-1948-1685017-2020-06-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is prone to [[Urban flooding|flooding]] during monsoons,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-floods-why-india-s-cities-are-struggling-with-extreme-rainfall/story-wsWPNy2MXh4b9JYTqtA0QJ.html |title=Mumbai floods: Why India's cities are struggling with extreme rainfall |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526081238/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-floods-why-india-s-cities-are-struggling-with-extreme-rainfall/story-wsWPNy2MXh4b9JYTqtA0QJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/will-mumbai-flood-this-year-too-bmc-starts-to-find-solutions/story-jWxMNBb5M37hj5MvC3kqQI.html |title=Will Mumbai flood this year too? BMC starts to find solution |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=11 May 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233405/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/will-mumbai-flood-this-year-too-bmc-starts-to-find-solutions/story-jWxMNBb5M37hj5MvC3kqQI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[World Bank]], unplanned drainage systems and [[informal settlement]]s are amongst the key drivers of Mumbai's frequent floods.<ref name="WEF">{{cite web|title= How Twitter is helping one Indian city map monsoon floods|url= https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/twitter-indian-city-map-monsoon-floods/|last= Srivastava|first= Roli|work= [[World Economic Forum]]|date= 8 July 2022|access-date= 3 October 2022|archive-date= 3 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221003153927/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/twitter-indian-city-map-monsoon-floods/|url-status= live}}</ref> The [[2005 Mumbai floods]] caused 500-1000 deaths and financial losses of {{USD}} 1.2 billion.<ref name="WEF" /><ref name="david,david&Janel">{{cite book|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX_i-QdqD0wC|pages=134–140|last3=Satterthwaite|first3=David|last2=Bicknell|first2=Jane|last1=Dodman|first1=David|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781136572548|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328163059/https://books.google.com/books?id=HX_i-QdqD0wC|url-status=live}}</ref> To reduce flooding in Mumbai, the [[Maharashtra government]] implemented a flood mitigation plan that included restoring the Mithi River, restructuring the drainage system, and moving informal settlements.<ref name="WEF" /><ref name="david,david&Janel" /><ref name="LSC">{{cite journal|title=An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33459/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Ranger,%20N_Assessment%20of%20potential%20impact_Ranger_Assessment%20potential%20impact_2014.pdf|pages=142–157|last13=Ranger|first13=Nicola|last12=Hallegatte|first12=Stéphane|last11=Bhattacharya|first11=Sumana|last10=Bachu|first10=Murthy|last9=Priya|first9=Satya|last8=Dhore|first8=K.|last7=Rafique|first7=Farhat|last6=Mathur|first6=P.|last5=Naville|first5=Nicolas|last4=Henriet|first4=Fanny|last3=Herweijer|first3=Celine|last2=Pohit|first2=Sanjib|last1=Corfee|first1=Morlot|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|date=31 December 2010|issn=0165-0009|access-date=3 October 2022|journal=Climatic Change|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003152426/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33459/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Ranger,%20N_Assessment%20of%20potential%20impact_Ranger_Assessment%20potential%20impact_2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{center|

{{Mumbai weatherbox}}
{{Weather box
| location = Mumbai ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]], located in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 37.4
| Feb record high C = 39.6
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 42.2
| May record high C = 41.0
| Jun record high C = 39.8
| Jul record high C = 36.2
| Aug record high C = 33.7
| Sep record high C = 37.0
| Oct record high C = 38.6
| Nov record high C = 37.6
| Dec record high C = 37.2
| year record high C = 42.2
| Jan high C = 31.2
| Feb high C = 31.7
| Mar high C = 33.1
| Apr high C = 33.4
| May high C = 33.7
| Jun high C = 32.5
| Jul high C = 30.4
| Aug high C = 30.2
| Sep high C = 30.9
| Oct high C = 33.6
| Nov high C = 34.1
| Dec high C = 32.6
| year high C = 32.3
|Jan mean C = 24.6
|Feb mean C = 25.3
|Mar mean C = 27.6
|Apr mean C = 28.8
|May mean C = 30.2
|Jun mean C = 29.3
|Jul mean C = 27.9
|Aug mean C = 27.8
|Sep mean C = 27.9
|Oct mean C = 29.0
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 25.8
|year mean C =
| Jan low C = 16.9
| Feb low C = 18.1
| Mar low C = 21.1
| Apr low C = 24.2
| May low C = 27.0
| Jun low C = 26.6
| Jul low C = 25.5
| Aug low C = 25.2
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 23.9
| Nov low C = 21.4
| Dec low C = 18.4
| year low C = 22.8
| Jan record low C = 7.4
| Feb record low C = 8.5
| Mar record low C = 12.7
| Apr record low C = 16.9
| May record low C = 20.2
| Jun record low C = 19.8
| Jul record low C = 21.2
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 20.7
| Oct record low C = 16.7
| Nov record low C = 13.3
| Dec record low C = 10.6
| year record low C = 7.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.2
| Feb rain mm = 0.2
| Mar rain mm = 0.1
| Apr rain mm = 0.1
| May rain mm = 7.3
| Jun rain mm = 526.3
| Jul rain mm = 919.9
| Aug rain mm = 560.8
| Sep rain mm = 383.5
| Oct rain mm = 91.3
| Nov rain mm = 11.0
| Dec rain mm = 1.6
| year rain mm = 2502.3
| Jan rain days = 0.0
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 0.0
| May rain days = 0.7
| Jun rain days = 14.0
| Jul rain days = 23.3
| Aug rain days = 21.4
| Sep rain days = 14.4
| Oct rain days = 3.9
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 78.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 49
| Feb humidity = 47
| Mar humidity = 51
| Apr humidity = 59
| May humidity = 65
| Jun humidity = 74
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 81
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 63
| Nov humidity = 54
| Dec humidity = 51
| year humidity = 63
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43003 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Climatological Information - Mumbai (Santacruz) (43003) |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721003320/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43003 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43003
| title = Normals Data: Bombay / Santacruz – India Latitude: 19.12°N Longitude: 72.85°E Height: 14 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}
}}

=== Pollution ===
[[Air pollution in India|Air pollution]] is a major issue in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |last=Borwankari |first=Vinamrata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms |title=Air pollution killed 81,000 in Delhi & Mumbai, cost Rs 70,000 crore in 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529044308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms |archive-date=29 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Badri |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html |title=Mumbai breathes 2017's cleanest air; 'good' AQI after 6 months |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506153636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html |archive-date=6 May 2017 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=11 March 2017 |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ |title=Air quality in Mumbai three times worse than Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318200948/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> According to the 2016 [[World Health Organization]] Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |title=Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |archive-date=1 March 2017 |work=[[World Health Organization]] |date=May 2016 |access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> the annual average [[PM2.5]] concentration in 2013 was 63 μg/m3, which was 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the [[WHO Air Quality Guideline]] for annual mean PM2.5.<ref name="guidelines">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |title=WHO Air Quality Guidelines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |archive-date=4 January 2016 |work=[[World Health Organization]] |date=September 2016 |access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> The [[Central Pollution Control Board]] of the [[Government of India]] monitors and publicly shares real-time air quality data.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.gov.in/ |title=Air Quality Information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619153514/https://data.gov.in/ |archive-date=19 June 2016 |work=[[Central Pollution Control Board]] |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> In December 2019, the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], in partnership with the [[McKelvey School of Engineering]] at [[Washington University in St. Louis]], launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility at Mumbai to study air pollution in Indian cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |title=McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution |work=The Source |publisher=[[Washington University in St. Louis]] |date=4 December 2019 |access-date=21 February 2020 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529072244/https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2016 report of the [[Central Pollution Control Board]], Mumbai is the noisiest city in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mumbai-noisiest-city-Delhi-at-number-4-Central-Pollution-Control-Board/articleshow/51985961.cms |title=Mumbai noisiest city, Delhi at number 4: Central Pollution Control Board |date=26 April 2016 |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 April 2024 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407175447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mumbai-noisiest-city-Delhi-at-number-4-Central-Pollution-Control-Board/articleshow/51985961.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{See also|Growth of Mumbai}}
{{Historical population
| cols = 2
| source = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]]<ref>{{harvnb|Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region|p=6|Ref=pemmr}}</ref>
| footnote = Based on Census data of the [[Government of India]]
|1872 | 644405
|1881 | 773196
|1891 | 821764
|1901 | 812912
|1911 | 1018388
|1921 | 1244934
|1931 | 1268306
|1941 | 1686127
|1951 | 2966902
|1961 | 4152056
|1971 | 5970575
|1981 | 8243405
|1991 | 9925891
|2001 | 11914398
|2011 | 12442373
|align = right
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Mumbai had a population of 12,442,373 inhabitants, with an estimated population density of about {{cvt|20,482|PD/km2}} and averate living space of {{convert|4.5|m2}} per person.<ref name="Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html|title=Mumbai, census|work=Census 2011|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The minimum city |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2012/06/09/the-minimum-city |work=The Economist |access-date=7 July 2012 |date=9 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> The Mumbai Metropolitan Region was home to 18,394,912 people in 2011.<ref name="extended UA 2011" /> The [[sex ratio]] as 853 females per 1,000 males, lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The child sex ratio was 913 females per 1000 males.<ref name="Census"/> The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM |title=Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city |date=8 September 2004 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804042745/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> The city had a literacy rate of 89.73%, higher than the national average of 86.7%.<ref name="Census"/> There were 4.2 million households in 2008, which was projected to increase to 6.6 million by 2020. The number of households with annual incomes of above 2 million rupees was projected to be about 10%, and households with incomes from 1 to 2 million is estimated to be 15% in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/10032/0 |title=Mumbai's New-Age Builders want a Room at the Top |work=[[Forbes]] |date=10 February 2010 |access-date=7 July 2012 |author=T Surendar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040039/http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/10032/0 |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref>

As per the 2011 census, there were 5,633,709 slum-dwellers living in 1,135,514 households.<ref name="Census"/><ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=41.8% of Mumbai lives in slums |work=[[Live Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102060134/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html |url-status=live |last1=Bhatia |first1=Sneha Alexander }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With 42% living in slums virus casts long shadow across Mumbai |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 May 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/with-42-living-in-slums-virus-casts-long-shadow-across-mumbai/articleshow/75798141.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108104721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/with-42-living-in-slums-virus-casts-long-shadow-across-mumbai/articleshow/75798141.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
Dharavi, located in central Mumbai, is the largest slum and houses about a million people in an area of {{cvt|2.39|km2}}, making it one of the most densely populated areas on Earth.<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|2006|p=31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.newschool.edu/epsm/2012/05/24/dharavi-mumbai/ |title=Dharavi, Mumbai |publisher=Newschool |date=24 May 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111004143/http://blogs.newschool.edu/epsm/2012/05/24/dharavi-mumbai/ |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Town">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook -Mumbai Suburban |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2722_PART_A_DCHB_MUMBAI%20SUBURBAN.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operation Maharashtra |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506192615/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2722_PART_A_DCHB_MUMBAI%20SUBURBAN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |page=2 |title=Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005–06 |access-date=13 February 2008 |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department, [[Government of Maharashtra]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216012618/http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups and religions ===
{{further|Religion in Maharashtra}}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Mumbai (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |format=xls|website=census.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230449/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|65.99}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|darkgreen|20.65}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|gold|4.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|4.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|darkblue|3.27}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.14}}
}}

As per the 2011 Census, [[Hinduism]] was the major religion with nearly 66% of the adherents, followed by [[Islam]] (20.65%), [[Buddhism]] (4.85%), [[Jainism]] (4.10%), [[Christianity]] (3.27%) and [[Sikhism]]s (0.49%).<ref name="Census"/><ref name="Religion"/> The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s, Ismaili [[Khojas]], and [[Konkani Muslims]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bates|2003|p=266}}</ref> Native Christians include [[Bombay East Indians|East Indian Catholics]], converted by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] during the 16th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=5}}</ref>

[[History of the Jews in Mumbai|Jews settled in Mumbai]] during the 18th century. The [[Bene Israel]]i Jewish community of Mumbai, who migrated from the [[Konkan]] villages, south of Mumbai, are believed to be the descendants of the Jews of Israel shipwrecked off the Konkan coast, probably in the year 175 BCE, during the reign of the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ruler, [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Shalva |last=Weil |title=Background: A rich history now stained with blood |date=30 November 2008 |url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060915/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Mumbai is home to the largest population of [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]]s in the world,<ref>{{cite web |title=More than Half of the World's Zoroastrians Call Mumbai, India Home |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/more-half-world-s-zoroastrians-call-mumbai-india-home/1032251/ |work=Smart Cities Dive |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811063924/https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/more-half-world-s-zoroastrians-call-mumbai-india-home/1032251/ |url-status=live }}</ref> numbering about 60,000, however their population is declining rapidly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karkaria |first1=Bachi |title=Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |access-date=6 December 2016 |publisher=BBC News |date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120095149/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |archive-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> Parsis migrated to India from [[Greater Iran]] following the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in the seventh century.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |url=http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ |title=The world's successful diasporas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ |archive-date=15 January 2013 |work=Management Today |access-date=1 June 2013 }}</ref> The ethnic demographics in the Mumbai consists of [[Maharashtrians]] (32%), [[Gujaratis]] (20%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=99}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{bar box
|title=Languages in Mumbai (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10253/download/13365/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |work=Census 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005055334/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10253/download/13365/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |work=2011 Census of India |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224105547/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Language
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|red|35.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Hindi]]|orange|24.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Urdu]]|green|11.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|pink|11.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|darkblue|2.37}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|14.5}}
}}

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the most spoken language, spoken by about 35.4% of the population. [[Hindi]] is the second most spoken language, spoken by 24.8% of the population, followed by [[Urdu]] (11.7%) and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (11.4%).<ref name="census2011-langreport"/><ref>{{harvnb|Pai|2005|p=1804}}</ref><ref name="51st Report CLMI"/> Marathi and English serve as the official languages of the government.<ref name="51st Report CLMI">{{cite web |title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 |page=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> English is the principal language of the city's [[White-collar worker|white collar]] workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as ''[[Bombay Hindi]]'' is spoken on the streets.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=141}}</ref> Many Hindi speakers are workers from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] who migrate seasonally to Mumbai to work as labourers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai's growing Hindi heartland |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-growing-hindi-heartland-demographic-changes-5577879/ |website=Indian Express |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226014052/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-growing-hindi-heartland-demographic-changes-5577879/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Mumbai}}

[[File:Lodha Altamount - An epitome of luxury.jpg|thumb|Skyscrapers on [[Altamount Road]]]]

Mumbai is known as the financial and commercial capital of India, generating about 6.16% of the country's total GDP.<ref name="mmrda muip gdp"/><ref name="Mumbai global">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |title=Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course! |last=Thomas |first=T. |work=[[Rediff]] |date=27 April 2007 |access-date=31 May 2009 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118221806/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |archive-date=18 November 2008}}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite news |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |title=GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest |access-date=5 September 2009 |date=29 January 2008 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090906034022/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |archive-date=6 September 2009}}</ref> In 2023–24, it contributed to 19.8% of the GDP of the state of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Domestic Product of Maharashtra 2011-12 to 2023-24 |url=https://www.mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/report/DDP%20Final%20Pub_2025_New.pdf |work=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In 2017–18, estimates of the economy of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] ranged from $368 billion to $400 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] & [[Gross metropolitan product|metro GDP]]), ranking it amongst the top two most-productive [[List of cities by GDP|metro area]] of India.<ref name="Mumbai_GDP">{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Clara|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/delhi-not-mumbai-indias-economic-capital/articleshow/55655582.cms|title=Delhi, not Mumbai, India's economic capital|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 November 2016|access-date=11 September 2023|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419064913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Delhi-not-Mumbai-Indias-economic-capital/articleshow/55655582.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gqindia.com">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2021 |work=GQ India |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104125658/https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, Mumbai employed 10% of the nation's factory workforce, contributed to 25% of the industrial output, 33% of the [[income tax]] collections, 60% of the [[customs (tax)|customs duty]] collections, 20% of the central [[excise tax]] collections, 40% of the [[foreign trade]], and generated {{INRConvert|40|b|lk=b|year=2006}} in [[corporate tax]].<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=51}}</ref>

[[File:Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers Bombay Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is the oldest in Asia]]

Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to [[textile]] mills and [[seaport]], but the local economy has since then diversified to include [[finance]], [[engineering]], diamond-polishing, [[healthcare]], and information technology.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=52}}</ref> It witnessed an economic boom since the [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation of 1991]], with the finance sector booming in the mid-nineties, and the [[information technology]] (IT), export, services, and outsourcing booming in the 2000s.<ref>{{harvnb|Kelsey|2008|p=208}}</ref> In the 21st century. the key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and [[Business process outsourcing|ITES]], textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment.<ref name="ecoprofile">{{cite web |work=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] |title=City Development Plan (Economic Profile) |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125052153/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> The port and shipping industry is well established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |title=Indian Ports Association, Operational Details |access-date=16 April 2009 |publisher=Indian Ports Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022515/http://ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], in central Mumbai, has a large recycling industry and is home to about 15,000 single-room factories.<ref name="gua">{{cite web |first=Dan |last=McDougall |title=Waste not, want not in the £700m slum |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=4 March 2007 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831032146/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |archive-date=31 August 2013}}</ref>

The city is home to many of India's conglomerates and five of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies.<ref name="Mumbai global" /> It also houses the [[Reserve Bank of India]] , the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), the [[National Stock Exchange of India]], and financial sector regulators such as the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]. [[Nariman Point]] and [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] are Mumbai's major financial centres.<ref name="ecoprofile"/> The BSE, established in 1875, is the oldest [[stock exchange]] in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=History Today: When the Bombay Stock Exchange was established|title=Bombay Stock Exchange|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=9 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> In 2019, Mumbai was among the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|world's top ten cities by number of billionaires]].<ref name="Mumbai_data">{{cite web |title=Richest Cities In The World: The Top 10 Cities With The Most Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cartercoudriet/2019/03/07/richest-cities-in-the-world-the-top-10-cities-with-the-most-billionaires/ |last=Coudriet |first=Carter |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=14 May 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112163703/https://www.forbes.com/sites/cartercoudriet/2019/03/07/richest-cities-in-the-world-the-top-10-cities-with-the-most-billionaires/ |url-status=live }}</ref> With a total wealth of around $960 billion,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |date=14 October 2019 |work=GQ India |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104125658/https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |title=Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 billion, Delhi comes second: Report |date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063903/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |archive-date=27 February 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> it is the wealthiest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world.<ref name="Mumbai_info">* {{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mumbai-12th-richest-city-in-the-world-nyc-on-top-with-65-billionaires-119101001520_1.html |title=Mumbai 12th richest city in the world, NYC on top with 65 billionaires |first=Sudipto |last=Dey |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=10 October 2019 |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924031050/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mumbai-12th-richest-city-in-the-world-nyc-on-top-with-65-billionaires-119101001520_1.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title=Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=[[MasterCard]] |page=21 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014257/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}
* {{cite web |author=Giacomo Tognini |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |title=World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407105020/https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2008}}, the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] has ranked Mumbai as an "[[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|alpha]] world city", third in its categories of [[Global city|Global cities]].<ref name="lboro2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2008 |website=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) |publisher=[[Loughborough University]] |access-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110223235243/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |archive-date=23 February 2011}}</ref> Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and has been ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup.<ref name="World Bank and International Financial Corporation">{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/subnational-reports/india |title=Doing Business in India 2009 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018092951/http://www.doingbusiness.org/Reports/Subnational-Reports/India |archive-date=18 October 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Dharavi India.jpg|thumb|[[Dharavi]] is one of the largest slums in the world]]

Mumbai is one of the world's most unequal cities in terms of wealth distribution and inclusivity.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chandar |first=Sanaya |date=24 November 2019 |title=Bengaluru, Delhi and Mumbai are among the least inclusive cities in the world |url=https://scroll.in/article/944661/bengaluru-delhi-and-mumbai-are-among-the-least-inclusive-cities-in-the-world |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> According to the [[World Bank]], in 2010, the median income was {{INRconvert|20,000|year=2010}} while the average income was {{INRconvert|40,000|year=2010}}.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Annez |first1=Patricia Clarke |last2=Bertaud |first2=Alain Charles |last3=Patel |first3=Bimal |last4=Phatak |first4=Vidyadhar K. |title=Working with the market: a new approach to reducing urban slums in India |work=Policy Research working paper |publisher=[[World Bank]] |location=Washington, D.C. |docket=WPS 5475 |page=34 |date=1 November 2010 |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/935511468267317232 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> The city has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, and other [[blue collar]] professions, often migrating from other regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/are-bihar-elections-behind-the-shortage-of-blue-collar-workers-in-delhi-bengaluru-mumbai-and-other-metro-cities-hyderabad-article-153129140|title=Are Bihar Elections Behind The Shortage Of Blue-Collar Workers In Delhi, Bengaluru, Mumbai & Other Metro Cities|date=10 November 2025|access-date=1 January 2026|work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/mumbai-sees-fewer-migrants-as-city-industrial-patterns-change-work-gets-outsourced-news-252272|title=Mumbai Sees Fewer Migrants As City's Industrial Patterns Change, Work Gets Outsourced|date=18 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> About 41.8% of the city's population live in urban slums, though slums occupy just around seven percent of the city's total land area.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Sneha |last2=Bhatia |first2=Surbhi |date=9 April 2020 |title=Mapping Mumbai's slum challenge in coronavirus battle |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref name="Slum">{{cite web |last=Ashar |first=Sandeep |date=10 May 2016 |title=Average living space in Mumbai: Each resident has just 8 sq m to call own |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/average-living-space-in-mumbai-each-resident-has-just-8-sq-m-to-call-own-2792538/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510112830/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/average-living-space-in-mumbai-each-resident-has-just-8-sq-m-to-call-own-2792538/ |archive-date=10 May 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Mumbai's overall per capita residential area is {{cvt|8.3|m2}}, and in the city's slums, it drops to {{cvt|2.73|m2}}.<ref name="Slum"/> Dharavi hosts nearly a million people, and is one of the largest slums in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2017/12/the-worlds-largest-slums-dharavi-kibera-khayelitsha-neza/|title=The World's Largest Slums |work=Habitat for humanity|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The median rental cost of a one-bedroom apartment in Mumbai proper was about {{INRconvert|30000|year=2019}} in 2019.<ref name="Lewis">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Noah |date=17 August 2019 |title=Wealth disparity and the housing crisis in Mumbai |url=https://www.globeslcc.com/2019/08/17/wealth-disparity-and-the-housing-crisis-in-mumbai/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=The Globe}}</ref> With available land at a premium, Mumbai residents often endure cramped housing, far from workplaces, with long commutes on crowded mass transits or roads clogged with traffic. Suburban residents spend a significant amount of time commuting southward to the central commercial district.<ref>{{harvnb|Datta|Jones|1999|loc=Low-Income Households and the Housing Problem in Mumbai, pp. 158–159}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
=== Civic administration ===

[[File:Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg|thumb|upright|Headquarters of the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC), the largest civic organisation in the country.]]

Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of {{cvt|603|km2|mi2}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2004-05 |url=http://mpcb.gov.in/ereports/pdf/AnnualReport2004-05.pdf |publisher=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317135825/http://mpcb.gov.in/ereports/pdf/AnnualReport2004-05.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2015 |page=185}}</ref> consisting of the [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]] districts, extends from [[Colaba]] in the south, to [[Mulund]] and [[Dahisar]] in the north, and [[Mankhurd]] in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373.<ref name=census2011-gtmumcity>{{cite web |title=Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |website=Census 2011 India |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=11 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629002612/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |archive-date=29 June 2015}}</ref>

It is administered by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) (also referred to as the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]], and formerly known as the Bombay Municipal Corporation).<ref name="mloc"/> The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.<ref name="mcmmm">{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |title=Official Website of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607124049/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |archive-date=7 June 2008}}</ref> BMC is the richest civic body in India and among the wealthiest in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2026 |title=Richest municipal bodies in India: Top 10 civic bodies ranked as BMC tops list with ₹74,000 cr budget - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/richest-municipal-bodies-in-india-top-10-civic-bodies-ranked-as-bmc-tops-list-with-rs74000-cr-budget-511254-2026-01-16 |access-date=4 February 2026 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] }}</ref> As per the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], the BMC had a revenue of {{INRconvert|378.91|b}} and an expenditure of {{INRconvert|338.25|b}} in 2022–23. Taxes contributed to 17.1% of the revenue, with 51.2% of the income coming from other sources, and 31.8% from government grants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai city finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/mumbai |work=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>

The BMC is headed by a mayor, who serves for a term of two and a half years, is chosen through an [[indirect election]] by the councillors from among themselves.<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=27|Ref=mumact}}</ref><ref name="mayorterm">{{cite news |title=Shiv Sena's Snehal Ambekar elected new Mumbai mayor |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-09/news/53730851_1_deputy-mayor-sunil-prabhu-public-toilets |date=9 September 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=5 July 2015 |quote=... as Sena's Sunil Prabhu completed his two-and-half-years term as the city mayor today. Ambekar, who secured 121 votes in the 226 member House,... |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203732/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-09/news/53730851_1_deputy-mayor-sunil-prabhu-public-toilets |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|municipal commissioner]] is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. The commissioner, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|state government]], is responsible for implementing the executive policies. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term, and the powers of the commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the corporation or the standing committee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/india_government.html |title=Commissioner System |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102043915/http://citymayors.com/government/india_government.html |archive-date=2 January 2010}}</ref>

As per a report in 2014, The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation was ranked ninth out of 21 cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014, scoring 3.5 out of 10, compared to the national average of 3.3.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Ajesh |title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems |url=http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy |access-date=7 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 41 Bombay High Court.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Bombay High Court]] exercises jurisdiction over Maharashtra, [[Goa]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].|alt=A brown building with a central tower and sloping roofs surrounded by trees. A grassy ground and a coconut tree are in front of it.]]

The [[Mumbai Police]] is headed by a [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|police commissioner]], who is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer. The Mumbai Police is a division of the [[Maharashtra Police]], under the home ministry of the state government.<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|p=2|Ref=mp}}</ref> The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen [[Mumbai traffic police|traffic police]] zones,<ref name="trf">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.2 Area and Divisions|Ref=plan}}</ref> each headed by a deputy commissioner of police.<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|pp=7–8|Ref=mp}}</ref> The Mumbai Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police, and is responsible for traffic organisation in the city. The [[Mumbai Fire Brigade]], which is under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation, is headed by the chief fire officer, who is assisted by four deputy chief fire officers and six divisional officers.<ref name="trf" /> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] is responsible for infrastructure development and planning of [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |title=Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |date=26 January 1975 |access-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009}}</ref>

Mumbai is the seat of the [[Bombay High Court]], which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and [[Goa]], and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/ |title=About Bombay High Court |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=[[Bombay High Court]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130075145/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/ |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Court of Small Causes for civil matters, and the [[Sessions Court]] for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|Terrorist and Disruptive Activities]] court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Fuller|Bénéï|2001|p=47}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|First session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Mumbai (28–31 December 1885)|alt=Men in traditional Indian dresses posing for a photograph]]

The founding session of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) was held in Mumbai in December 1885.<ref>{{harvnb|100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985|loc=p. 4, "The centenary of the Indian National Congress, which is being celebrated at its birthplace Bombay, is a unique event."|Ref=cng}}</ref> Its first session was held in Mumbai from 28 to 31 December 1885.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece |title=Congress foundation day celebrated |date=29 December 2006 |access-date=12 November 2008 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> The city played host to the sessions of the INC six times during its first 50 years, and was a base for the [[Indian independence movement]] during the 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=215}}</ref>

The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics, and the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] was formed on 19 June 1966 by [[Bal Thackeray]] out of resentment about the marginalisation of [[Marathi people]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gogate |first1=Sudha |title=The Emergence of Regionalism in Mumbai |year=2014 |publisher=Popular Prakashan Pvt. |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7991-823-4|chapter-url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece |access-date=22 June 2015 |chapter=History of the Shiv Sena |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Shiv Sena switched from the 'Marathi cause' to a [[Hindutva]] plank in 1985 and joined hands with [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407 |title=Bal Thackeray turned to Hindutva in 1985 to win elections: ex-Shiv Sena MP |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107052854/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |date=7 July 2014}}</ref> The Congress had dominated the politics of Mumbai from the Indian independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 municipal elections for the first time.<ref>{{harvnb|Phadnis|pp=86–87}}</ref> In 1989, the BJP forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections. In 1999, several members left the Congress to form the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) but later allied with the Congress to form the [[Democratic Front (India)|Democratic Front]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rana|2006|pp=315–316}}</ref> Other parties such as [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]], [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] have contested and won seats in the local body elections in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Stage-Set-for-Third-Phase-Polls-in-Maharashtra/659150 |date=29 April 2009 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |title=Stage Set for Third Phase Polls in Maharashtra |access-date=6 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109010731/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Stage-Set-for-Third-Phase-Polls-in-Maharashtra/659150 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

In the [[Elections in India|Indian national elections]] held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|North]], [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West]], [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East]], [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Central]], [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Central]], and [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=7 |access-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009113307/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010}}</ref> A [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] to the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 national election]], all six parliamentary constituencies were won by the BJP and Shiv Sena in alliance, each winning three seats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Result 2019, Maharashtra Assembly and General Poll Result 2019 – IndiaToday {{!}} IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/maharashtra |website=India Today |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522203229/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/maharashtra |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg|thumb|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]]]

In the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra state assembly]] elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=List of ACs and PCs |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |access-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election 2009 |access-date=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122084331/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> A [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the legislative assembly]] to the Maharashtra ''[[Vidhan Sabha]]'' (legislative assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024 state assembly election]], out of the 36 constituencies, 15 were won by the BJP, 10 by [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]], six by the Shiv Sena, three by the Congress, and one each by the NCP and an independent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai election results Live updates: Aditya Thackeray registers landslide victory from Worli |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maharashtra-assembly-elections-mumbai-constituencies-results-2019-vote-counting-live-updates-1612344-2019-10-24 |date=24 October 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308041728/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maharashtra-assembly-elections-mumbai-constituencies-results-2019-vote-counting-live-updates-1612344-2019-10-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Elections are held every five years to elect the corporators of the BMC.<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=6|Ref=mumact}}</ref> The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|24 municipal wards]], five nominated Councillors with knowledge of municipal administration, and a ceremonial [[Mayor of Mumbai|mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=Corporation |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501232803/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation |archive-date=1 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314202555/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice |archive-date=14 March 2008 |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=Mayor – the First Citizen of Mumbai |access-date=12 May 2009 |quote=As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=3|Ref=mumact}}</ref> In the [[2026 Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation election|2026 municipal corporation elections]], out of the 227 seats, the BJP-Shiv Sena alliance secured 118 seats, with the BJP winning 89 seats.<ref name="civic20102">{{cite news |title=BMC results: Saffron alliance wins BMC with 75 seats |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270 |date=17 February 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005738/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Mumbai}}

=== Road ===
[[File:Bandra_Worli_Seal_Link.jpg|thumb|The [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]] is amongst the [[List of longest bridges above water in India|longest sea bridges in India]]]]

Mumbai is one of the four termini of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] highway system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt declares Golden Quadrilateral complete|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 January 2012|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Govt-declares-Golden-Quadrilateral-complete/896873/|access-date=9 January 2012|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108133041/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Govt-declares-Golden-Quadrilateral-complete/896873|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|title=National Highways Development Project Map|work=[[National Highways Authority of India]]|access-date=5 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034111/http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is connected to [[Chennai]] and [[Delhi]] by [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]]. The highways [[National Highway 61 (India)|NH-61]] and [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]] originate in the outskirts of the city.<ref name="NH">{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=Details of National Highways|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |title=NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI |access-date=4 July 2008 |publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref> The [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]] opened in 2000, and was the first [[Expressways of India|expressway]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dalal |first=Sucheta |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |title=India's first international-class expressway is just a month away |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 April 2000 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]] opened in June 2025.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Kukreja, Sahil|title=PM Modi inaugurates 'Samruddhi Mahamarg' Mumbai-Nagpur expressway: How it'll benefit car owners|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/pm-modi-inaugurates-samruddhi-mahamarg-mumbai-nagpur-expressway-how-itll-benefit-car-owners/articleshow/96146928.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 December 2022|access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/pm-modi-inaugurates-samruddhi-mahamarg-mumbai-nagpur-expressway-how-itll-benefit-car-owners/amp_articleshow/96146928.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2025 |title=Mumbai-Nagpur Samruddhi Expressway: Last Phase Of Mega Project Expected To Open In May: Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-nagpur-samruddhi-expressway-last-phase-of-mega-project-expected-to-open-in-may-report-article-151443248 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Phadke, Manasi|title=Shinde govt targets Dec 2023 finish for Nagpur-Mumbai Expressway, just ahead of state & LS polls|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/shinde-govt-targets-dec-2023-finish-for-nagpur-mumbai-expressway-just-ahead-of-state-ls-polls/ar-AA18cVqh?PC=EMMX01|work=[[ThePrint]]|date=4 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162556/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/shinde-govt-targets-dec-2023-finish-for-nagpur-mumbai-expressway-just-ahead-of-state-ls-polls/ar-AA18cVqh?PC=EMMX01|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]],<ref>{{cite news |title=NHAI starts work on Rs 6,672 cr expressway |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html |last1=Kumar |first1=K.P. Narayana |last2=Chandran |first2=Rahul |date=6 March 2008 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117111028/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> is under construction from 2019, and is planned to be completed by 2027.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Mishra, Saumya|title=Delhi-Mumbai Expressway to cut travel time by half; Rs 98,000 crore project likely to be completed by 2023 end|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi-mumbai-expressway-to-cut-travel-time-by-half-rs-98000-crore-project-likely-to-start-by-2023-end-article-96880738/amp|work=[[Times Now]]|date=10 January 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212120736/https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi-mumbai-expressway-to-cut-travel-time-by-half-rs-98000-crore-project-likely-to-start-by-2023-end-article-96880738/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi inaugurates 246-km first phase of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/breaking-news-live-february-12/liveblog/97832803.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 February 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212024844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/breaking-news-live-february-12/amp_liveblog/97832803.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 February 2025 |title=Delhi-Mumbai Expressway completion to be further delayed by 2 more years due to slow progress in Gujarat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mumbai-news/delhi-mumbai-expressway-completion-to-be-further-delayed-by-2-more-years-due-to-slow-progress-in-gujarat/articleshow/118238457.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2022, the state government proposed the Konkan Expressway, traversing along the Konkan coast.<ref>{{cite news|title=CM now aims for Konkan expressway|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/cm-now-aims-for-konkan-expressway-101671218411627.html|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=17 December 2022|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313124340/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/cm-now-aims-for-konkan-expressway-101671218411627.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mumbai has approximately {{cvt|1900|km}} of public roads.<ref name="Autos">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |title=28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |archive-date=15 April 2014 |date=3 May 2013}}</ref> The [[Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)|Eastern Freeway]], which connects South Mumbai with Thane, opened in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Urban Transportation|url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20%28Planning%20and%20Design%29/City%20Development%20Plan/Urban%20Transportation.pdf|access-date=7 April 2014|work=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] |page=1|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102070550/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Urban%20Transportation.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Sion Panvel Expressway]] from [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] to [[Panvel]] and the [[Western Express Highway]] from [[Bandra]] to [[Bhayander]], are the other major arterial roads in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.10 Transport and Communication Network|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]] bridge, along with [[Mahim Causeway]], links South Mumbai to the city's western suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msrdc.org/projects/bandra_worli.aspx |title=MSRDC – Project – Bandra Worli Sea Link |publisher=[[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415171242/http://www.msrdc.org/Projects/Bandra_worli.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The {{cvt|21.8|km}} long [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]] was inaugurated on 12 January 2024, and connects Mumbai with Navi Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title=Mumbai To Navi Mumbai travel time cut to 20 mins as Trans Harbour Link inaugurated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/12/mumbai-to-navi-mumbai-travel-time-cut-to20-minsas-trans-harbour-link-inaugurated-2650412.html |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112141205/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/12/mumbai-to-navi-mumbai-travel-time-cut-to20-minsas-trans-harbour-link-inaugurated-2650412.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are five [[toll plaza|tolled]] entry points to the city by road.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai's five gateways may become toll-free |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |date=31 May 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602000054/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

Mumbai's transport system is one of the most congested in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|loc=p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991–2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has categorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."|Ref=exe}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |last=Khanna |first=Gaurav |access-date=28 August 2009 |title=7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro |work=[[Businessworld]] |quote=Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625151715/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> {{As of|March 2014}}, Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Only 10 public transport services for every 90 private vehicles in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms |access-date=12 April 2014 |date=12 April 2014 |author=Somit Sen |author2=Manthan K Mehta |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412125904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms |archive-date=12 April 2014}}</ref> Black-and-yellow meter [[taxicabs|taxis]], and [[auto rickshaw]]s serve are available for hire.<ref name="Bus">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927192943/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc |archive-date=27 September 2013 |format=DOC |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]|title=Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai |access-date=28 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in suburban areas, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout the city, but work mostly in the City district.<ref name="Taxi">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422 |title=What's Mumbai without the black beetles? |date=24 August 2005 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |last=Ghose |first=Anindita |access-date=29 August 2009 |quote=In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070112/http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Taxis and the lower-cost auto rickshaws are legally required to run on [[compressed natural gas]].<ref name="Taxi"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM |title=Taxi, auto fares may dip due to CNG usage |date=22 April 2004 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804041631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2005}}, there were 56,459 black and yellow taxis <ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–9|Ref=exe}}</ref> and 106,000 auto rickshaws, {{as of|May 2013|lc=y}}.<ref name="Autos"/> Ride hailing services [[Ola Consumer|Ola]], [[Rapido (company)|Rapido]], and [[Uber]] operate in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola, Uber, Rapido Drivers On Indefinite Strike In Mumbai. Here's Why |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-are-uber-ola-and-rapido-drivers-on-indefinite-strike-in-mumbai-8905176 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250808205654/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-are-uber-ola-and-rapido-drivers-on-indefinite-strike-in-mumbai-8905176 |archive-date=8 August 2025 |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==== Bus ====
[[File:Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg|alt=A BEST bus on Route 56|thumb|A public bus run by [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]]]]

The public bus transport system is operated by [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST). Buses carried over 5.5 million passengers per day in 2008, and the BEST bus services together with the Mumbai's local rail network accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic.<ref name="Bus"/> The bus ridership dropped to 2.8 million in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai: BEST ridership falls further |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 |first=Ateeq |last=Shaikh |date=27 September 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003232953/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> Buses are favoured for commuting short to medium distances.<ref>{{harvnb|Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SD4I3CEtDz0C&pg=PA49 49]|Ref=UNB}}</ref> Public buses cover the entire city, and extend to parts of [[Mira-Bhayandar]], Navi Mumbai, and Thane.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp |title=Organisational Setup |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604204123/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp |archive-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, the BEST operated 4,608 buses along 390 routes.<ref name="Bus"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16-05-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00403&format=&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406013750/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2012 |title=BEST Buses |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> The fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, and air-conditioned buses, and run on diesel, compressed natural gas, or [[Electric bus|electric]] power.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |title=Composition of Bus Fleet |access-date=12 October 2006 |publisher=BEST |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718003152/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |archive-date=18 July 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 2023 |title=India's first double-decker electric bus receives grand welcome in Mumbai |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-double-decker-electric-bus-receives-grand-welcome-in-mumbai-11677023221571.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615010808/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-double-decker-electric-bus-receives-grand-welcome-in-mumbai-11677023221571.html |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=[[Live Mint]] |url-status=live }}</ref> The earlier BEST buses were red, and based on London's [[AEC Routemaster|Routemaster]] buses.<ref>{{cite news |title=BEST buses, the new killer on the prowl? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 |date=4 June 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709175844/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |title=A timeline of BEST buses in Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 |date=29 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=11 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111419/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

[[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other cities of Maharashtra and nearby states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soon, computer-aided training for MSRTC drivers |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 |first=Mewati |last=Sitaram |date=29 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531164905/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 |archive-date=31 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM |last=Tembhekar |first=Chittaranjan |title=MSRTC to make long distance travel easier |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 August 2008 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804104904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM |title=MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 December 2002 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514185925/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport]] and [[Thane Municipal Transport]] operate buses in Mumbai, connecting Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=NNMT gains from BEST's plan to discontinue AC bus services |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 |first=Mewati |last=Sitaram |date=2 February 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430053240/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 |archive-date=30 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TMT rakes in moolah on new AC bus routes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms |first=Manoj |last=Badgeri |date=3 November 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Thane |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103160736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> The ''Mumbai Darshan'' tourist bus service covers the various [[List of tourist attractions in Mumbai|tourist attractions in the city]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm |title=Traffic claims Mumbai darshan hot spots |last=Seth |first=Urvashi |newspaper=[[MiD DAY]] |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929062537/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bus Rapid Transit System lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf |title=Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System |publisher=BEST |page=5 |access-date=23 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126235306/http://bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
[[File:Rapid transit map of Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Rail map of Mumbai]]

The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], colloquially referred to as "locals", forms the backbone of the city's transport system.<ref name="Outlook">{{cite book |title=Outlook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ |access-date=8 July 2012 |date=July 2008 |publisher=Hathway Investments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054807/http://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> It is operated by the [[Central Railway zone|Central]] and [[Western Railway zone]]s of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |title=Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai |last=Kumar |first=Akshey |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805142529/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref> Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried 6.3 million passengers per day in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |title=Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway |access-date=7 July 2008 |publisher=Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620033027/http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |archive-date=20 June 2008}}</ref> The suburban rail network spans {{cvt|319|km}}, and 2,226 train services operated daily in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306161840/http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2010 |title=Welcome to Official Website of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation |date=6 March 2010}}</ref> The trains are often overcrowded during peak hours, with twelve-car trains with a rated capacity 1,700 passengers, carrying nearly 4,500 passengers.<ref>{{harvnb|Environment and urbanization|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&pg=PA160 160]|Ref=n450}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Monorail]] and [[Mumbai Metro]] were inaugurated to relieve the overcrowding on the existing rail network. The Monorail operates on a single route and opened in early February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 |title=Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |last=Gupta |first=Saurabh |work=[[NDTV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131061547/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 |archive-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|first line]] of the Mumbai Metro opened in June 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |title=Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213001656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> After that, many lines of Mumbai Metro have started operating partially or fully.

Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the [[Indian Railways]]: the Central Railway headquartered at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], and the Western Railway headquartered at [[Churchgate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–14|Ref=exe}}</ref> Mumbai is well connected with major stations across the Indian Railways network. Long-distance trains operate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]], [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], [[Mumbai Central]], and [[Bandra Terminus]] railway stations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |title=Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities |publisher=[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] |page=14 |access-date=28 August 2009 |quote=The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529070718/http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2026}}, four lines of the metro are operational and eight are planned.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 February 2026 |title=Mumbai Metro: Route, Map, Metro Lines, Stations List and Latest Updates |work=Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/mumbai-metro/ }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File: Western-Railway-Medha-EMU.jpg|A [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] train
File:Mumbai Metro at Gundavali Station.jpg|[[Mumbai Metro]] was opened in 2014
File:Mumbai Monorail train.jpg|[[Mumbai Monorail]] operates a single line
</gallery>

=== Air ===
[[File:MumbaiAirportT2.JPG|thumb|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] is the second busiest airport in India]]

The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] is the main aviation hub in the city. It handled 52.8 million passengers in 2023–24, and is the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf |title=AAI traffic figures |access-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116110757/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[Airports Authority of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/passenger-footfall-at-mumbai-airport-rises-16-to-52-8-million-in-fy24-124042200988_1.html |title=Passenger footfall at Mumbai airport rises 16% to 52.8 million in FY24 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=11 May 2024 |date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511163531/https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/passenger-footfall-at-mumbai-airport-rises-16-to-52-8-million-in-fy24-124042200988_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A modernisation and upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million passengers annually,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA)- Masterplan |publisher=Csia.in |access-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221021450/http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> and the new T2 terminal was opened in February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 |title=With maiden Air India flight, T2 opens to public |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date=13 February 2014 |access-date= 28 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115312/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 |archive-date= 6 October 2014}}</ref>

The [[Navi Mumbai International airport]], built in the [[Ulwe]] suburb in Raigad district, opened in December 2025, and serves as the second international airport in the metropolitan region.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece |title=Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 December 2006 |access-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103114405/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece |archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Navi Mumbai airport to see international flights from day 1 of ops |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/reviews/business-economy/navi-mumbai-airport-to-see-international-flights-from-day-1-of-ops/article70132035.ece |work=[[Business Line]] |date=6 October 2025 |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> The [[Juhu Aerodrome]] hosts the [[Bombay Flying Club]], a [[heliport]] operated by state-owned [[Pawan Hans]], and handles private flights.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm |title=MIAL eyes Juhu airport |work=[[MiD DAY]] |date=7 June 2007 |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802194057/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm |archive-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Water ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] is the busiest port in India]]
{{main|Water transport in Mumbai}}

Mumbai is served by two major ports, [[Mumbai Port]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], which lies just across the creek in Navi Mumbai.<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–12|Ref=exe}}</ref> Mumbai Port is a natural harbour, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities.<ref>{{harvnb|Chittar|1973|loc=p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city."}}</ref> Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest major port in India,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |title=Laudable Achievement of JNPT |date=7 January 2003 |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005230020/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html |archive-date=5 October 2009}}</ref> and handles around 50% of the country's total containerised cargo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Port, India – Top-Ranked Container Gateway |url=https://www.unisco.com/international-ports/jawaharlal-nehru-india |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=UNIS }}</ref>

Local water transport in Mumbai consists of ferries, small boats, and catamarans. Ferry services are operated by government agencies and private partners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Transportation from Alibaug |url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |publisher=Raigad District Authority |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009122502/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> [[Hovercraft]] services plied briefly in the late 1990s between the [[Gateway of India]] and [[CBD Belapur]] in Navi Mumbai, and were scrapped due to lack of adequate [[water transport infrastructure|infrastructure]] and opposition from the local fishermen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Navi Mumbai mulls hovercraft services |url=http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |date=3 November 2011 |work=[[Sify]] |location=Navi Mumbai |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215722/http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Ferries from [[Ferry Wharf]] in [[Mazagaon]] allow access to islands near the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291 |title=Cruise terminal plan gets MoU push |last=Sonawane |first=Rakshit |date=13 May 2007 |access-date=27 August 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |quote=While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges, Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora, Mandva, Rewas and Uran ports. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101920/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>

The city is also the headquarters of the [[Western Naval Command]], and an important base for the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="mloc" />

== Utility services ==
{{See also||Water sources of Mumbai}}
[[File:Eastern Express Highway Mumbai May 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Deonar dumping ground]] along the [[Eastern Express Highway]]]]

The municipal corporation supplies potable water to the city drawn from six lakes and water bodies in and around the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980521/14150784.html |title=BMC Inc. will now sell bottled water |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 May 1998 |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/33467/ |archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577 |title=It will be years before Mumbai surmounts its water crisis |last=Sawant |first=Sanjay |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |date=23 March 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108035059/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577 |archive-date=8 November 2009}}</ref> The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the City district.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced/articleshow/2247432.cms?referral=PM |title=Tansa water mains to be replaced |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 August 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804005809/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced/articleshow/2247432.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> The water drawn from the lake is filtered at [[Bhandup]], which has the Asia's largest water filtration plant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Right to Information Act-2005 Information Booklet |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Wards/Assistant%20Commissioner%20%28T%20Ward%29/RTI%20Manuals/T_RTI_E01.pdf |publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |year=2013 |orig-year=2012 |access-date=15 June 2015 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122755/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Wards/Assistant%20Commissioner%20(T%20Ward)/RTI%20Manuals/T_RTI_E01.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Water contamination complaints double, Bhandup hit hard |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/water-contamination-complaints-double-bhandup-hit-hard/articleshow/3197203.cms |date=4 July 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624081154/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Water-contamination-complaints-double-Bhandup-hit-hard/articleshow/3197203.cms |archive-date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wajihuddin |first=Mohammed |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939 |title=Make way for Mulund, Mumbai's newest hotspot |work=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |date=4 May 2003 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101949/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> The water is supplied to the filtering facility using underground water tunnels.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 February 2008 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-countrys-first-water-tunnel-to-come-up-in-mumbai-1151960 |title=Country's first water tunnel to come up in Mumbai |access-date=21 February 2008 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002824/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-countrys-first-water-tunnel-to-come-up-in-mumbai-1151960 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BMC completes water tunnel project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/BMC-completes-water-tunnel-project/articleshow/29418851.cms |first=Linah |last=Baliga |date=26 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/BMC-completes-water-tunnel-project/articleshow/29418851.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2009}}, the city required a daily supply of 3.5 billion litres of water, of which 700 million litres is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Now, a toll-free helpline to check water leakage, theft |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 October 2009 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/ |access-date =22 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/ |archive-date =4 September 2015}}</ref>

{{As of|2005}}, the city generated a refuse of {{cvt|7,800|t}}, of which {{cvt|40|t}} is [[plastic pollution|plastic waste]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Nevin |first=John |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm |title=Plastic ban: 1 lakh to be jobless |work=[[Rediff]] |date=27 August 2005 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032332/http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> and is transported to dumping grounds in [[Gorai]] in the northwest, [[Mulund]] in the northeast, and to the [[Deonar dumping ground|Deonar]] in the east.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2002/aug/29797.htm |title=How BMC cleans up the city |work=[[MiD DAY]] |date=26 August 2002 |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004042/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2002/aug/29797.htm |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sewage treatment is carried out at [[Worli]] and [[Bandra]], and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of {{cvt|3.4|km}} and {{cvt|3.7|km}} at Bandra and Worli respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india |title=Bombay Sewage Disposal |work=[[The World Bank]] |access-date=12 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629050630/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india |archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

Electricity is distributed by BEST in the City district, and by Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company ([[Mahavitaran]]), [[Adani Transmission]], and [[Tata Power]] in the suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms |last=Dasgupta |first=Devraj |title=Stay in island city, do biz |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 April 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2018 |title=Adani to buy Reliance Energy for ₹18,800 cr. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/adani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr/article24556753.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320100201/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/adani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr/article24556753.ece/amp/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Majority of the power supply cables are [[Undergrounding|underground]], to reduce pilferage, thefts and other losses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Energy curbs power theft |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058 |first=Ashwin |last=Aghor |date=10 December 2009 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925050410/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058 |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=To curb power theft, Maharashtra explores underground supply network across state |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |date=11 March 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=India |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925005358/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774 |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> Cooking gas is supplied in the form of [[Liquefied petroleum gas]] cylinders sold by various state-owned oil companies, and pieped [[Liquefied natural gas|natural gas]] supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cooking gas cylinders to be sold at petrol pumps |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090 |date=24 July 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204630/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662 |first=Promit |last=Mukherjee |date=14 September 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615203513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>

The state-owned [[MTNL]], which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile [[Wireless local loop|WLL]] services.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|2008|p=143|Ref=in08}}</ref> Mobile phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers include [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Jio|Reliance Jio]], MTNL, and [[Vodafone Idea]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Somayaji |first1=Chitra |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Shailendra |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada |title=Reliance Offers BlackBerry in India, Vies With Bharti |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=13 June 2009 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> Mumbai, along with the area served by [[telephone exchange]]s in Navi Mumbai and [[Kalyan]] is classified as a metro telecom circle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Details of service area |url=http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.doc |publisher=Department of Telecommunications, [[Government of India]] |access-date=12 June 2015 |format=Word Document |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319104536/http://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.doc |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> Various operators provide broadband internet and wireless internet access, and {{As of|2014|lc=y}}, Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16.4 million users.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-04/news/55757553_1_internet-and-mobile-association-iamai-user-base |title=Internet surfers: Mumbai scores, Bangalore falls |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=7 November 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912051256/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-04/news/55757553_1_internet-and-mobile-association-iamai-user-base |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of colleges in Mumbai}}

=== Schools ===
Schools in Mumbai include municipal schools run by the municipal corporation, government aided, and private schools.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm |date=24 September 2006 |title=City has 43 one-teacher schools |work=[[MiD DAY]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004316/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The schools usually use Marathi or English as the primary language of instruction.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Now-schools-can-teach-in-2-languages/articleshow/1516877.cms?referral=PM |date=5 May 2006 |title=Now, schools can teach in 2 languages |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807060715/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Now-schools-can-teach-in-2-languages/articleshow/1516877.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2026}}, the BMC operated 1,135 schools which provided free education to nearly 293,000 students. The schools taught in eight languages (Marathi, Hindu, Gujarati, Urdu, English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bmceducation.in/ |title=About the Department of Education |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Education.pdf |title=City Development (Education) |access-date=25 August 2013 |work=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005074234/http://mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Education.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>

=== Higher education ===
Under the [[10+2+3 plan]], students complete ten years of schooling and then two years in [[junior college]], where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/jun/19trans.htm |date=19 June 2008 |title=Are you cut out for Arts, Science or Commerce? |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614091337/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/jun/19trans.htm |archive-date=14 June 2009}}</ref> This is followed by either a degree course in any of three disciplines, or a professional degree course, such as engineering, law, and medicine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Archana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/When-it-comes-to-courses-MU-dishes-up-a-big-buffet/articleshow/718303.cms?referral=PM |date=4 June 2004 |title=When it comes to courses, MU dishes up a big buffet |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804034139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/When-it-comes-to-courses-MU-dishes-up-a-big-buffet/articleshow/718303.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

Most colleges are affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]], established in 1857, and is one of the premier universities in India.<ref name="Old">{{cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/colleges/oldest-colleges-in-mumbai-clga-1870000381-1 |title=Oldest colleges in Mumbai |work=[[Jagran Josh]] |access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/best-universities-in-india-2013-mumbai-university-369879-2013-05-23|title=Best Universities 2013: University of Mumbai|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 March 1978|access-date=16 July 2013}}</ref> It was ranked 41 among the top 50 engineering schools by ''[[Business Insider]]'' in 2012,<ref>{{cite web |title=The World's Best Engineering Schools |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-best-engineering-schools-2012-6?op=1 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605050037/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-best-engineering-schools-2012-6?op=1 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> fifth in the list of best universities in India by ''[[India Today]]'' in 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/education/story/20130603-india-best-universities-ranking-private-sector-survey-763646-1999-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710021738/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-best-universities-ranking-private-sector-survey/1/272876.html |url-status=dead |title=India Today ranks India's Best Universities for 2013 |first=Dhiraj |last=Nayyar |date=30 November 1999 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and 10th among the top Universities of India in 2013 in the [[QS World University Rankings]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/brics-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+country=+stars=false+search= |title=QS University Rankings: BRICS 2013 |work=Top Universities |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217061019/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/brics-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+country=+stars=false+search= |archive-date=17 December 2013 |date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-universities-india |title=Top Universities in India |work=Top Universities |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704075931/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-universities-india |archive-date=4 July 2015 |date=16 December 2013}}</ref> The [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]] was the first college in the city, established in 1832. The [[Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals|Grant Government Medical College]] was opened in 1845, the [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] in 1855, and [[Elphinstone College]] in 1856. The [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]], was the first engineering institute, opened in 1887.<ref name="Old"/>

The [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-iit-flights-return-home-1070723 |date=22 December 2006 |title=IIT flights return home |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109005035/http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-iit-flights-return-home-1070723 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> and [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] are amongst the major engineering schools in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |title=Admission process for autonomous engg colleges to start today |date=11 June 2008 |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219174721/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |archive-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Mumbai is home to several prominent business schools including [[Indian Institute of Management Mumbai|IIM Mumbai]], [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]], [[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]], [[S P Jain Institute of Management and Research]], and [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bansal |first=Rashmi |url=http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |date=8 November 2004 |title=Is the 'IIM' brand invincible? |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718194025/http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-s-best-b-schools/story/business-today-b-school-rankings-2025-top-10-private-mba-colleges-in-india-2828036-2025-11-29|title=Top 10 private b-schools in India|work=[[India Today]]|date=29 November 2025|access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shiksha.com/mba/articles/mba-colleges-in-india-with-low-fees-blogId-23533|title=Best Colleges for MBA in India with Low Fees and Good Placements|work=Shiksha|access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> The [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] is Mumbai's oldest art institution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM |title=JJ School seeks help from new friends |date=6 October 2002 |first=Nina |last=Martyris |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522012912/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> The city is home to the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], and the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], which operates [[CIRUS]] nuclear research reactor in [[Trombay]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998 |date=24 November 2006 |title=University ties up with renowned institutes |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106112417/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html |title=CIRUS reactor |publisher=[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] |access-date=12 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709060317/http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html |archive-date= 9 July 2007}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:University Mumbai convoc hall.jpg|[[University of Mumbai]]
File:IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg|[[IIT Bombay]]
File:Government_Law_College,_Mumbai.jpg|[[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]]
File:NITIE Admin Block.jpg|[[IIM Mumbai]]
</gallery>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Mumbai culture}}

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 70 Asiatic Society Library.jpg|thumb|[[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] is one of the oldest [[public library|public libraries]] in the city.|alt=A white building with a triangular façade and wide stairs]]
[[File:Chowpatti Beach (Girgaum Chowpatty).jpg|thumb|[[Girgaum Chowpatty]] beach. Beaches are a popular tourist attraction in the city.]]

Mumbai's culture offers a blend of traditional and cosmopolitan festivals, food, entertainment, and night life. Many cultures, religions, and cuisines coexist in the city, producing varied restaurants, cinemas, theatres, sports events and museums.<ref>{{cite book |last=Breckenridge |first=Carol Appadurai |title=Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World |year=1995 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |pages=90–91 |isbn=978-0-8166-2306-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LN4MN35b-r4C}}</ref>

Mumbai is the birthplace of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/beginners-bollywood/2005/09/27/1127804471297.html |title=Beginners' Bollywood |date=28 September 2005 |work=The Age |location=Sydney |access-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906120745/http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/beginners-bollywood/2005/09/27/1127804471297.html |archive-date=6 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Vilanilam|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kvQtoquTT6kC 130]}}</ref> It has many cinemas that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. The [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232563.ece |title=Matchbox journeys |first=Saraswathy |last=Nagarajan |date=10 September 2006 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405203521/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232563.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and the award ceremony of the [[Filmfare Awards]], the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment?frommovies=1 |title=Filmfare Awards gets new sponsor |date=11 January 2006 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122053815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/?frommovies=1 |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref> Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during the [[British Raj]] having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English, and other regional languages.<ref name=multitheater>{{Harvnb|Chaudhuri|2005|pp=4–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilder |first=Rosamond |title=The New Theatre in India: An Impression |journal=[[Theatre Journal|Educational Theatre Journal]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=201–204 |date=October 1957 |issn=0192-2882 |doi=10.2307/3203529 |jstor=3203529}}</ref>

Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] and the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]. Built in 1833, the [[Asiatic Society of Bombay|Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] is one of the oldest [[public library|public libraries]] in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=232}}</ref> The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in [[South Mumbai]] which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bombaymuseum.org/ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya |access-date=30 January 2007 |publisher=Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070201210616/http://bombaymuseum.org/ |archive-date=1 February 2007}}</ref>

Mumbai has a zoo named [[Jijamata Udyaan]] (formerly Victoria Gardens), which also harbours a garden. The literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by [[Booker Prize]] winners such as [[Salman Rushdie]] and [[Aravind Adiga]]. [[Marathi literature]] has been modernised in the works of Mumbai-based authors such as Mohan Apte, [[Anant Kanekar]], and [[Gangadhar Gadgil]], and is promoted through an annual [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], a literary honour bestowed by India's [[Sahitya Akademi|National Academy of Letters]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa1.htm |title=Sahitya Akademi: awards and fellowships |year=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520022941/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa1.htm |archive-date=20 May 2008}}</ref>

Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and [[Indian festivals]]. [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] is the biggest and most important festival of Mumbai; there are almost 5000 [[Ganpati]] Pandals set up in the city for the celebrations. Other festivals like [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Navratri]], [[Christmas]], [[Rakshabandhan]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Navrati|Dussera]], [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Shiv Jayanti]] and [[Maha Shivratri]] are some of the popular festivals in the city. The [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival]] is an exhibition that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre and films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |title=Kala Ghoda Arts Festival |publisher=Kala Ghoda Association |access-date=6 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417023334/http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |archive-date=17 April 2008}}</ref>

The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) at the historic [[Banganga Tank]] in Mumbai. According to a legend, it is associated with [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] of the Sanskrit epic [[Ramayana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=30 March 2023 |title=Mumbai: मुंबई का वो पवित्र स्थान, जहां आए थे कभी श्रीराम; बहुत पुरानी क्या है कहानी? |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/maharashtra/mumbai-walkeshwar-banganga-places-revisited-where-once-lord-shri-ram-and-lakshman-had-visited-au154-1795073.html |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> Similarly it is also linked to [[Parashurama]] in Hinduism. On the bank of the Banganga tank, there is a temple known as [[Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar|Parshuram Mandir]] dedicated to Parshuram.<ref name="MTDCpullout">{{cite news |title=MTDC will not pull out of Elephanta, Banganga fests |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562 |first=Ahustosh |last=Shukla |date=8 November 2008 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901064217/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562 |archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="MTDCBanganga">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |title=The Banganga Festival |access-date=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805052147/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengar |first=Resham SengarResham |title=Banganga Tank in Mumbai - a place associated with an epic legend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/banganga-tank-in-mumbai-a-place-associated-with-an-epic-legend/articleshow/68010448.cms |access-date=10 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
[[File:Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar.jpg|thumb|View of [[Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar|Parshuram Mandir]] from the Banganga tank in the Walkeshwar area of Malabar Hill in South Mumbai]]

The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the [[Elephanta Island]]s—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.<ref name="MTDCpullout" /><ref name="MTDCElephanta">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Elephanta_Festival.html |title=The Elephanta Festival |access-date=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220194302/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FMTDC_Festival%2FElephanta_Festival.html |archive-date=20 February 2007}}</ref> Public holidays specific to the city and the state include [[Maharashtra Day]] on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai celebrates Maharashtra Day |date=1 May 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=6 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228044157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm |last=Krishnan |first=Ananth |title='Vote at Eight' campaign |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=6 July 2009 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714002936/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref> and [[Gudi Padwa]] which is the New Year's Day for [[Marathi people]].

[[List of Mumbai beaches|Beaches]] are a major tourist attraction in the city. The major beaches in Mumbai are [[Girgaum Chowpatty]], [[Juhu Beach]], Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach, [[Marve Beach]], Versova Beach, Madh Beach, [[Aksa Beach]] and [[Manori]] Beach.<ref>{{cite news |title=BMC to transfer beach cleaning works |date=24 August 2013 |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053256/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bhavika |last=Jain |title=8 out of city's 10 beaches unsafe |date=10 May 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055224/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esselworld.com/ |title=About Essel World |publisher=[[Essel World]] |access-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130164441/http://www.esselworld.com/ |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=143}}</ref> [[Adlabs Imagica]] opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]].<ref name="founderimagica">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Samidha |title=Adlabs founder bets big on theme parks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
{{Main||Architecture of Mumbai}}

{{See also|Heritage structures in Mumbai|List of tallest buildings in Mumbai}}
[[File:Mumbaicityskyline.jpeg|thumb|The skyline of [[Worli]] and [[Dadar]] viewed from [[Bandra]]]]

The architecture of the city is a blend of [[Gothic Revival]], [[Indo-Saracenic]], [[Art Deco]], and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as the [[Victoria Terminus]] and [[University of Mumbai]], were built in Gothic Revival style.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500330200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103114347/http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500330200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2015 |title=Rainswept glory |date=24 July 2004 |access-date=7 July 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.<ref name="Profile">{{harvnb|Morris|Winchester|2005|p=212}}</ref> There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as the [[Gateway of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041014.htm |title=Mumbai's entrance -the 'Gateway' to be more tourist-friendly |date=4 March 2007 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306090243/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041014.htm |archive-date=6 March 2007 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] and west of the [[Oval Maidan]]. Mumbai has the second highest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after [[Miami]]. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the highest number of [[skyscrapers]] in India, with 956 existing [[skyscrapers]] and 272 under construction {{As of|2009|lc=y}}.
The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has three [[World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the [[Elephanta Caves]] and the [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai|Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in |title=India: World heritage sites centre |access-date=9 August 2007 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502200152/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in/ |archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices.<ref name="economist">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2012/06/09/the-minimum-city |title=Is the world's weirdest property market strangling the city that hosts it? |newspaper=The Economist |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=6 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 237 buildings taller than {{cvt|100|m}}, compared with 327 in Shanghai and 855 in New York.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120109061808/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/most-skyscraper-cities-worldwide "Cities with the most skyscrapers {{!}} Statistics"]}}. EMPORIS.</ref><ref name="economist" />

=== Cityscape ===

Mumbai's cityscape consists of a variety of tall buildings and structures, most of which have been built in the last two decades. There was a lull in construction from the mid-1990s, after which construction projects began taking the skyline upwards, with a major acceleration since 2000, when the [[Parel|Lower Parel]] area began developing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai|url=https://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005107/http://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
Mumbai, with a commanding 77% share of tall buildings in India, is poised to maintain its position as the frontrunner in tall building construction due to its ability to command premium prices compared to other cities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai stands tall among Indian cities |work=The economic times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/high-rises-mumbai-stands-tall-among-indian-cities/articleshow/101348550.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717195050/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/high-rises-mumbai-stands-tall-among-indian-cities/articleshow/101348550.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai's vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai has 77% tall buildings in India |work=The Hindustan times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-dominates-indian-skyline-with-77-share-of-tall-buildings-ranks-17th-worldwide-report-101687979905261.html | access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815075348/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-dominates-indian-skyline-with-77-share-of-tall-buildings-ranks-17th-worldwide-report-101687979905261.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of June 2023, Mumbai has a total of around 250 tall buildings out of which more than 100 are completed, and more than 90 were under construction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=Over 100 tall buildings in Mumbai, 90 more under construction: CII-CBRE |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/real-estate/news-cii-cbre-anshuman-magazine-council-on-tall-buildings-and-urban-habitat-india-kolkata-mumbai-south-east-asia-gurugram-noida-chennai-bengaluru-hyderabad-242125 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref>

== Food ==
{{excerpt|Street food of Mumbai}}

== Media ==
{{See also|List of Mumbai radio stations}}
[[File:Film City.jpg|thumb|Plaque at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] entrance]]

[[Bollywood]], the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ganti|2004|p=3}}</ref> The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6JQLLVfORXM&refer=europe |title=Bollywood Trawls London for Talent as Students Balk at Banking |access-date=26 May 2009 |date=26 November 2008 |last=Lundgren |first=Kari |publisher=Bloomberg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044110/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6JQLLVfORXM&refer=europe |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-17/news/28418701_1_bollywood-filmmakers-bollywood-releases-hyderabad-blues |title=Bollywood filmmakers experimenting with new genre of films |date=17 July 2008 |access-date=10 June 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912051317/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-17/news/28418701_1_bollywood-filmmakers-bollywood-releases-hyderabad-blues |url-status=dead }}</ref> Studios in Goregaon, including [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], are the location for most movie sets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Haima |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |title=Mumbai's Film City may be home to world cinema |date=5 March 2001 |access-date=14 May 2009 |newspaper=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Times of India Building.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s first office is opposite the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] where it was founded.<ref name="televisionpoint2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260 |title=The Times of India turns the Times of Colour |publisher=Televisionpoint.com |date=26 April 2006 |access-date=16 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225524/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260 |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref>]]

Mumbai has numerous [[Indian newspapers|newspaper]] publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top [[Marathi-language newspapers|Marathi language newspapers]] are ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', ''[[Nava Kaal|Navakaal]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'', ''[[Loksatta (newspaper)|Loksatta]]'', ''Mumbai Chaufer'', ''[[Saamana]]'' and ''[[Sakaal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai |title=IRS Q2, 2010: Negligible decline of daily readers in Greater Mumbai |publisher=Afaqs.com |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815164813/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai |archive-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> English language newspapers published in Mumbai include ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', and ''[[The Indian Express]]''.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Shuchi |last1=Bansal |last2=Mathai |first2=Palakunnathu G. |url=http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//money/2005/apr/06spec1.htm |title=Mumbai's media Mahabharat |date=6 April 2005 |access-date=14 May 2009 |publisher=Rediff |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032345/http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2F%2Fmoney%2F2005%2Fapr%2F06spec1.htm |archive-date= 6 August 2011}}</ref> Asia's oldest newspaper, ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', has been published in Gujarati since 1822.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2015 |title=Learn with newspapers |date=16 October 2004 |access-date=14 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ''Bombay Durpan'', the first Marathi newspaper, was founded by [[Balshastri Jambhekar]] in 1832.<ref name="PubliclifeMSG">{{cite web |title=Public life and voluntary social service organisations |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html |publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228045933/https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>

The metropolis is the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications. The national television broadcaster, [[Doordarshan]], provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/archive/1999/07/26/page/3/ |title=IN-fighting among cable operators |date=26 July 1999 |access-date=10 June 2009 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/05iycu.htm |title=What is CAS? What is DTH? |date=5 September 2006 |access-date=10 June 2009 |website=Rediff News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616115954/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/05iycu.htm |archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref> Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include [[Dish TV]] and [[Tata Sky]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/tatasky.html |title=Tata Sky on Insat 4A |access-date=10 August 2008 |website=LyngSat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809014755/http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/tatasky.html |archive-date=9 August 2008}}</ref>

There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the [[Frequency modulation|FM]] band, and three [[All India Radio]] stations broadcasting on the [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] band.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm#mumbai-radio |title=Radio stations in Maharashtra, India |access-date=18 January 2008 |publisher=Asiawaves |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227054433/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm#mumbai-radio |archive-date=27 February 2007}}</ref> Mumbai has access to [[Commercial broadcasting|Commercial radio]] providers such as [[Sirius Satellite Radio|Sirius]]. The [[Conditional Access System]] started by the [[Government of India|Union Government]] in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology [[Direct broadcast satellite|Direct-to-Home]] transmission service.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Few-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai/articleshow/856609.cms?referral=PM |title=Few takers for CAS in Mumbai |access-date=22 January 2008 |date=20 December 2006 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Few-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai/articleshow/856609.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:Wankhede Stadium (86312941).jpeg|thumb|[[Wankhede Stadium]]]]
[[File:Wug0reym7cv91.jpg|thumb|[[Mumbai Football Arena]]]]

[[Cricket]] is more popular than any other sport in Mumbai. It is home to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI)<ref>{{cite web |title=About BCCI |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) |url=http://bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |access-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004002106/http://www.bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |archive-date=4 October 2010}}</ref> and [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208175436/http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2012 |title=IT Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV | InvestmentKit.com Articles |publisher=Investmentkit.com |date=15 April 2010 |access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> Mumbai's [[first-class cricket|first-class]] team [[Mumbai cricket team]] has won 41 [[Ranji Trophy]] titles, the most by any team.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Makarand |first=Waingankar |title=Attacking pattern of play has delivered |date=18 January 2009 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article376845.ece |access-date=8 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003653/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Attacking-pattern-of-play-has-delivered/article16353485.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The city based [[Mumbai Indians]] compete in the Indian Premier League. Mumbai has two international cricket stadiums, the [[Wankhede Stadium]] and the [[Brabourne Stadium]]. The first cricket test match in India was played in Mumbai at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2430/indian-premier-league-2016/venues/81/wankhede-stadium |title=Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai details, matches, stats |website=Cricbuzz |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725183136/https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2430/indian-premier-league-2016/venues/81/wankhede-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Seth |first=Ramesh |title=Brabourne – the stadium with a difference |date=1 December 2006 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3027508.ece |access-date=8 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406051359/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3027508.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The biggest cricketing event to be staged in the city so far is the [[2011 Cricket World Cup Final|final]] of the [[2011 ICC Cricket World Cup]] which was played at the Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai and [[London]] are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy Final|final]] of an [[ICC Champions Trophy]] which was played at the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|2006]].<ref name="TSMH">{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/2006/11/06/1162661575823.html |title=Aussies claim elusive trophy |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=18 June 2009 |date=6 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315085415/http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/2006/11/06/1162661575823.html |archive-date=15 March 2011}}</ref>

[[Association football|Football]] is another popular sport in the city, with the [[FIFA World Cup]] and the English [[Premier League]] being followed widely.<ref>{{Cite news |last=g=Bubna |first=Shriya |title=Forget cricket, soccer's new media favourite |date=7 July 2006 |work=Rediff News |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032327/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> The [[Mumbai City FC]] of [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) play their home matches at the [[Mumbai Football Arena]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-on-course-to-become-isl-invincibles/articleshow/97192372.cms|title=Mumbai City on course to become ISL 'Invincibles'|access-date=21 January 2023|work=timesofindia.com|date=21 January 2023|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122142615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-on-course-to-become-isl-invincibles/articleshow/97192372.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> While the [[I-League 2]] club [[Mumbai Kenkre FC]] uses the [[Cooperage Ground]] as home ground.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making |title=Kenkre FC's I-League dreams: 21 years in the making |website=freepressjournal.in |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208150044/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mumbai's first professional [[American football]] [[Franchise (sports)|franchise]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |title='They Need TV Product': Why American Football Is Coming To India – TIME NewsFeed |magazine=Time |date=4 August 2011 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125025255/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref> the [[Mumbai Gladiators]], played its first season, in [[Pune]], in late 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gridiron league launched in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM |access-date=17 July 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803195529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

In [[field hockey]], Mumbai is home to the [[Mumbai Marines]] and [[Mumbai Magicians]] in the [[World Series Hockey]] and [[Hockey India League]] respectively. Matches in the city are played at the [[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]].<ref name="marines">{{cite news |title=Mumbai Marines down Chennai Cheetahs |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs |date=31 March 2012 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603014947/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs |archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="magicians">{{cite news |title=HIL: Police assure tight security for matches in Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087 |date=15 January 2013 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205544/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

The Indian Badminton League (IBL), now known as the [[Premier Badminton League]] is also visiting Mumbai since its inaugural edition in 2013 when the final was held in Mumbai's [[National Sports Club of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.realtimecommunicationsworld.com/indian-badminton-league/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505015857/http://www.iblschedule.com/2013/05/indian-badminton-league-2013-from-14.html |url-status=dead |title=Indian Badminton League |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref>

[[Rugby union|Rugby]] is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]] from June to November.<ref name="rugbyhost">{{cite news |title=Mumbai to host Asian men's rugby |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235 |date=10 October 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005082118/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235 |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>

Every February, Mumbai holds [[derby (horse race)|derby]] races at the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]]. [[United Breweries Group|Mcdowell's]] Derby is held in February at the [[Royal Western India Turf Club|Turf Club]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pal |first=Abir |title=Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby |date=17 January 2007 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mallya-diageo-fight-for-mcdowell-derby/articleshow/1233374.cms |access-date=8 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024032334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mallya-Diageo-fight-for-McDowell-Derby/articleshow/1233374.cms |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the [[F1 Powerboat Racing|F1 powerboat world championship]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai to host F-1 powerboat race |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race- |access-date=22 June 2015 |publisher=NDTV |date=17 December 2003 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002055/http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race- |archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> and the [[Force India]] F1 team car was unveiled in the city, in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125 |title=Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai |date=25 January 2008 |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=Reuters UK |first=Alan |last=Baldwin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624051820/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/01/25/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125 |archive-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> In 2004, the annual [[Mumbai Marathon]] was established as a part of "[[The Greatest Race on Earth]]". Mumbai had also played host to the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]], an [[International Series Tournaments|International Series]] tournament of the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP World Tour]], in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |work=CBS Sports |title=Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit |url=http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120515/http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

Mumbai hosted the [[141st IOC Session]] from 15 to 17 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: Why The 141st IOC Session In Mumbai Could Be Significant For India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news/explained-why-the-141st-ioc-session-in-mumbai-could-be-significant-for-india/88907/1 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Forbes India}}</ref>

'''Regional and professional sports teams from Mumbai'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team/Club
!Tournament/League
!Sport
!Venue
!Established
|-
|[[Mumbai cricket team]]
|[[Ranji Trophy]]

[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]

[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Musthaq Ali Trophy]]
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]]
[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|1930
|-
|[[Maharashtra football team]]
|[[Santosh Trophy]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
| –
|1941
|-
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
|[[Indian Premier League]]
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]]
[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|2008
|-
| [[Mumbai Marines]]
|[[World Series Hockey]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|2011
|-
|[[Mumbai Gladiators]]
|[[Elite Football League of India]]
|[[American football]]
| –
|2012
|-
|[[Mumbai Rockets]]
|[[Premier Badminton League]]
|[[Badminton]]
|[[National Sports Club of India]]
|2013
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Mumbai Football Arena]]
|2014
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
|[[Pro Kabaddi League]]
|[[Kabaddi]]
|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]]
|2014
|-
|[[Mumbai Tennis Masters]]
|[[Champions Tennis League]]
|[[Tennis]]
|[[Kalina Stadium]]
|2014
|-
|Mumbai Stars
|[[Elite Pro Basketball League]]
|[[Basketball]]
| –
|2023
|}

'''Former regional and professional sports teams from Mumbai'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team/Club
!Tournament/League
!Sport
!Venue
!Established
!Ceased
|-
|Mumbai Champs
|[[Indian Cricket League]]
|[[Cricket]]
|N/A
|2007
|2009
|-
|[[Mumbai Marines]]
|[[World Series Hockey]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|2011
|2013
|-
|[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|[[Hockey India League]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|2012
|2014
|-
|[[Mumbai Masters]]
|[[Premier Badminton League]]
|[[Badminton]]
|[[National Sports Club of India]]
|2013
|2016
|-
|[[Mumbai FC]]
|[[I-League]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Cooperage Ground]]
|2007
|2017
|-
|[[Mumbai Challengers]]
|[[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
|[[Basketball]]
|–
|2015
|2017
|}
{{clear}}

==International relations==
===Twin towns and sister cities===
Source: ''[[The Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html |title=BMC plans 'sister city square' to celebrate Mumbai's bond with its 15 sister cities |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 March 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203044959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* {{flagdeco|Russia}} [[St. Petersburg]], Russia (1963)
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Yokohama]], Japan (1965)
* {{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Stuttgart]], Germany (1968)
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Honolulu]], US (1970)
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Los Angeles]], US (1972)
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[New York City]], US (1975)
* {{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Busan]], South Korea (1977)
* {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia (1995)
* {{flagdeco|Fiji}} [[Nadi]], Fiji (1996)
* {{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[İzmir]], Turkey (1997)
* {{flagdeco|Romania}} [[Galați]], Romania (2005)
* {{flagdeco|Madagascar}} [[Antananarivo]], Madagascar (2008)
* {{flagdeco|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia (2009)
* {{flagdeco|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], Spain (2012)
* {{flagdeco|Ukraine}} [[Odesa]], Ukraine (2013)
* {{flagdeco|China}} [[Shanghai]], China (2014)
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Mumbai]]
* [[List of cities in India by area]]
* [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
* {{annotated link|INS Mumbai}}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite book |title=The Port of Bombay: a brief history |last=Chittar |first=Shantaram D. |publisher=[[Bombay Port Trust]] |year=1973}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Kavita |first2=Gareth A. |last2=Jones |year=1999 |title=Housing and finance in developing countries |isbn=978-0-415-17242-4 |publisher=Routledge |edition=illustrated |series=Volume 7 of Routledge studies in development and society}}
* {{Cite book |title=History of Bombay, 1661–1708 |last=David |first=M. D. |publisher=[[University of Mumbai]] |year=1973}}
* {{Cite book |title=Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India |last=David |first=M. D. |publisher=Himalaya Publishing House |year=1995}}
* {{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Davis (scholar) |title=Planet of Slums [" Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global "] |publisher=La Découverte |location=Paris |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-7071-4915-2}}
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613120814/http://mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2010 |access-date=28 August 2009 |title=Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR |publisher=MMRDA |ref=exe |url-status=dead }}
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* {{cite web |url=http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |title=Mumbai Plan |publisher=Department of Relief and Rehabilitation ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |ref=plan |access-date=29 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |archive-date=10 March 2009 }}
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/Right_of_Information.pdf |format=PDF, 1.18 [[Megabyte|MB]] |title=Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai |publisher=[[Mumbai Police]] |access-date=15 June 2009 |ref=mp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711160718/http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/Right_of_Information.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2009 }}
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Patel|editor1-first=Sujata|editor2-last=Masselos|editor2-first=Jim |title=Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition |chapter=Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism |year=2003 |publisher=The Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-567711-9}}
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* {{Cite book |title=The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay |last1=Patil |first1=R.P. |publisher=Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest |year=1957 |location=Calcutta}}
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{{Refend}}

== External links ==

* {{official website}}
* {{GovPubs|Mumbai}}
* {{Britannica|72526}}
* {{OSM relation|7888990}}
* [https://mumbaicity.gov.in/about-district/ Mumbai City, Government of Maharashtra]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mumbai
|North = [[Gujarat]] [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|East = [[Telangana]] [[Chhattisgarh]]
|South = [[Karnataka]] [[Goa]]
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
}}
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Yahhve Sharma

2026-03-15T09:09:13Z

Thinkartha: new new bio!

{{Short description|Indian Actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yahhve Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Anjali Sharma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|10|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| spouse =
| partner =
| parents =
| imagesize =
| yearsactive = 2020–present
| website =
}}
'''Yahhve Sharma''' (born 7 October 2000), formerly known as Anjali Sharma, is an Indian actress from Delhi, best known for her role in the film ''Operation Mayfair''.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |title=Anjali Sharma changed her name to Yahhve Sharma on Nawazuddin Siddiqui's advice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anjali-sharma-changed-her-name-to-yahhve-sharma-on-nawazuddin-siddiquis-advice/articleshow/110029260.cms |date=11 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Nawazuddin Siddiqui Asked Her Co-Star Actress Anjali Sharma To Change Her Name To Yahhve Sharma |url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/bollywood/why-nawazuddin-siddiqui-asked-her-co-star-actress-anjali-sharma-to-change-her-name-to-yahhve-sharma/192956/ |date=11 May 2024 |work=lehren.com |archive-date=25 May 2024 |access-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525191938/https://lehren.com/entertainment/bollywood/why-nawazuddin-siddiqui-asked-her-co-star-actress-anjali-sharma-to-change-her-name-to-yahhve-sharma/192956/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite news |title=Anjali Sharma: Things to know about 'Operation Mayfair' star |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/anjali-sharma-things-to-know-about-operation-mayfair-star-2681321 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="Eyeballs">{{cite news |title=Anjali Sharma's debut film Operation Mayfair' is all set to garner eyeballs on March 24 |url=https://theasianchronicle.com/anjali-sharmas-debut-film-operation-mayfair-is-all-set-to-garner-eyeballs-on-march-24/ |date=24 March 2023 |work=theasainchronicle.com }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Yahhve was seen with AB Rockstar for the music video "Sajna".<ref name="aninews.in">{{Cite web |title=Anjali Sharma, the actress in Operation Mayfair, teams up with AB Rockstar for her upcoming song "Sajna" |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/anjali-sharma-the-actress-in-operation-mayfair-teams-up-with-ab-rockstar-for-her-upcoming-song-sajna20230612163023/}}</ref> She was also seen in devotional music video ''Pawan Bhakti De De Ram'' sung by singer [[Sonu Nigam]] and released by [[Tips Industries|Tips Music]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} She is recently seen in the film ''Son'' directed by Paul Rupesh opposite actor [[Rajpal Yadav]].<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title=Rajpal Yadav birthday: A look at his funniest memes that still rule the internet |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/rajpal-yadav-birthday-a-look-at-his-funniest-memes-that-still-rule-the-internet-654679.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Rajpal Yadav drops the trailer of his next film 'Son' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajpal-yadav-drops-the-trailer-of-his-next-film-son-2645650 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She also modeled at the Bombay Times Fashion Week in 2023.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Yahhve Sharma raised her voice during a theatre show in support of justice, equality, and freedom for the Palestinian people.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Anjali Sharma, renowned for her role in Operation Mayfair, captivated audiences' attention at a powerful Theatre Show centered on the Gaza incident |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/press-releases/actress-anjali-sharma-renowned-for-her-role-in-operation-mayfair-captivated-audiences-attention-at-a-powerful-theatre-show-centered-on-the-gaza-incident |date=27 December 2023 |website=firstindia.co.in}}</ref>

Yahhve was also featured in Women Fitness India January Digital edition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjali Sharma : New Season New Things |date=16 January 2024 |url=https://www.womenfitness.org/anjali-sharma/ |website=womenfitness.org}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Yahhve Sharma was born on 7 October 2000 as Anjali Sharma in Nagpur, Maharashtra into a Hindu family.<ref name="deccanherald.com"/> She has received formal acting training from the [[National School of Drama]] in Delhi. She has a graduate degree in fashion design from Pearl Academy.<ref name="Eyeballs" />

In 2024, she changed her name from Anjali Sharma to Yahhve Sharma on advice of actor [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]'s advice.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Films
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2023 || Operation Mayfair || Lead ||<ref name="Eyeballs" />
|-
| 2023 || Son || Lead ||<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
|-
|2025 || style="background:#ffc;"| ''[[Section 108 (film)|Section 108]]'' {{dagger}} || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Yahhve Sharma posts behind-the-scenes photos from sets of Section 108 sets |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/yahhve-sharma-posts-behind-the-scenes-photos-from-sets-of-section-108-sets/cid/2021660 |date=22 May 2024 |work=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yahhve Sharma wraps up 'Section 108' shoot, pens emotional post on social media |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/yahhve-sharma-wraps-up-section-108-shoot-pens-emotional-post-on-social-media-3032062 |date=21 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Music videos
|-
! Year !! Title !! Ref.
|-
| 2023|| Sajna || <ref name="aninews.in"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Sangri |date=2023-06-14 |title=Anjali Sharma, the actress in Operation Mayfair, teams up with AB Rockstar for her upcoming song “Sajna” |url=https://www.sangritoday.com/anjali-sharma-the-actress-in-operation-mayfair-teams-up-with-ab-rockstar-for-her-upcoming-song-sajna |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Sangri Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Pawan Bhakti De De Ram || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Sangri |date=2023-11-06 |title=Tips Music unveils the devotional masterpiece 'Pawan Bhakti De De Ram,' sung by Sonu Nigam and featuring Anjali Sharma |url=https://www.sangritoday.com/tips-music-unveils-the-devotional-masterpiece-pawan-bhakti-de-de-ram-sung-by-sonu-nigam-and-featuring-anjali-sharma |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Sangri Today |language=en}}</ref>

|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Web series
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2025
|''[[Chhal Kapat]]''
|Shalu Salwi
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Arpita |title=Chhal Kapat - The Deception: Release date, OTT platform, cast, plot, and more about the thriller series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chhal-kapat-the-deception-release-date-ott-platform-cast-plot-and-more-about-the-thriller-series/45f57e2492968 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-02 |title=Yahhve Sharma Impresses in ZEE5's Murder Mystery Chhal Kapat |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/yahhve-sharma-impresses-in-zee5s-murder-mystery-chhal-kapat-6138 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Yahhve}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Sabapathy

2026-03-06T03:40:37Z

Thinkartha: made basic data more to come

{{short description|1941 film by A. V. Meiyappan and A. T. Krishnaswamy}}
{{redirect|Sabapathi|the TV series|Sabitha Engira Sabapathi|the 2021 film|Sabhaapathy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sabapathy poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. V. Meiyappan]] [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
| writer = [[Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar|P. Sambandha Mudaliar]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Sabapathy''|P. Sambandha Mudaliar}}
| producer = A. V. Meiyappan
| starring = [[T. R. Ramachandran]] [[Kali N. Rathnam]] R. Padma [[C. T. Rajakantham]]
| cinematography = P. V. Krishna Iyer
| editing = [[M. V. Raman]]
| music = Saraswathi Stores Orchestra
| studio = [[AVM Productions|Pragati Pictures Ltd]]
| distributor = South Indian Pictures
| released = {{film date|1941|12|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}40,000
}}
'''''Sabapathy''''' is a 1941 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[A. V. Meiyappan]] and [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]], and produced by Meiyappan. An adaptation of [[Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar]]'s [[farce]] play of the same name, the film stars [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[Kali N. Rathnam]], [[C. T. Rajakantham]] and [[K. Sarangapani]]. It focuses on the antics of two dim-witted men named Sabapathy: a wealthy man and his servant. The film was released on 14 December 1941 and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
[[File:Sabapathy 1941.jpg|thumb|right|R. Padma and T. R. Ramachandran]]
Sabapathy Mudaliar is the son of a rich socialite and politician, [[Rai Sahib|Rao Sahib]] Manikka Mudaliar, and a pet of his mother Thiripurammal. A laid-back man with little intelligence, he is appearing for his [[Matriculation examination]]. His servant, also named Sabapathy, is an innocent and even greater fool. Sabapathy Mudaliar does not focus on his studies; he constantly engages in teasing his teacher Chinnasami Mudaliar, and eventually fails in the Matriculation examination.

Sabapathy Mudaliar's parents arrange his marriage with Sivakamu, an educated and intelligent woman, hoping this will make him responsible. After marriage, Sabapathy Mudaliar shifts to Sivakamu's house with his servant. His parents' plan fails as Sabapathy Mudaliar, instead of focusing on his studies, tries to have a good time with his wife at her house.

The servant Sabapathy falls in love with Sivakamu's servant Kundumuthu and eventually marries her. Manicka Mudaliar brings his son back home and advises Sivakamu to help him focus on studies so that he completes his Matriculation and attends college along with her. Sivakamu, who took a break from studies for marriage, motivates him to study so that both can attend college together.

Though Sabapathy Mudaliar has several distractions and no focus, Sivakamu teaches him the subjects and finally he passes his examination. His father, who had given up on his son, is finally happy to see his son passing the examination. The servant Sabapathy also becomes a knowledgeable person thanks to Kundumuthu. Both men declare that wife is the best companion in life.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=65%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Sabapathy Mudaliar
*[[Kali N. Rathnam]] as Sabapathy
*[[K. Sarangapani]] as Tamil Teacher Chinnasami Mudaliar
*N. S. Kannan as Kumaraguru, Doctor Kuppusami
*K. Devanarayanan as Murugesan
*K. V. Sornappa as Krishnasami
*K. Hirannaiah as Dhathiraman
*S. Kuppusami Iyengar as [[Rai Sahib|Rao Sahib]] Manicka Mudaliar
*Kunjithapadam Pillai as Chidambarathadigal
*K. P. Rathnapathar as Dinakarasami Naidu
*K. S. Jagadisa Iyer as Hotel Viswanatha Iyer
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*R. Padma as Sivakamu
*[[C. T. Rajakantham]] as Kundumuthu
*P. R. Mangalam as Thiripurammal
*V. M. Pankajam as Kanni Ammal
*C. K. Kamalam as Theivayanai Ammal
;Music concert
*[[P. A. Periyanayaki]] – Vocals<ref>{{Cite news |last=மாதவன் |first=பிரதீப் |date=27 October 2017 |title=நீர்க்குமிழி: முதல் பின்னணிப் பாடகி |language=ta |trans-title=Water Bubble: The first female playback singer |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/99238-.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216035506/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/99238-.html |archive-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>
*C. V. Dhanalakshmi – [[Violin|Fiddle]]
*V. Neelamburi – [[Mridangam]]
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==



''Sabapathy'' was a [[farce]] play written by [[Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar]] in 1906, his first one. It revolved around a young, unintelligent ''[[zamindar]]'' and his foolish servant both sharing the name Sabapathy. The inspiration for the servant Sabapathy came from Mudaliar observing the [[wikt:man Friday|man Fridays]] of some of his friends. He considered Narasimhan, the personal assistant of his lawyer friend V. V. Srinivasa Iyengar, as having served as the base to building the character, and the title character of the [[Samuel Lover]] novel ''Handy Andy'' as an influence. The story was written in eight parts, each of which was capable of being staged as a separate play. Mudaliar himself played the ''zamindar'', while many of his troupe members played the servant. The play attained immense popularity and was staged many times.<ref name="From stage to celluloid" />

Director [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]] suggested to producer [[A. V. Meiyappan]], with whom he was working in Pragathi Pictures, to make a film based on Mudaliar's play, and Meiyappan agreed.<ref name="BFTP" /> [[T. R. Ramachandran]] and [[Kali N. Rathnam]] were chosen to play the roles of the ''zamindar'' and the servant respectively. Having finalised Ramachandran to play the ''zamindar'', Meiyappan brought him to Mudaliar for his approval, which was given after a brief test of his capability to do justice to the role.<ref name="From stage to celluloid" /> Ramachandran was paid {{INR}}35 per month for acting in the film. R. Padma, a [[Lux (soap)|Lux]] model, was paired alongside Ramachandran and C. T. Rajakantham was paired opposite Rathnam. The budget of the film was {{INR}}40,000 (worth {{INR}}5 crore in 2021 prices).<ref name="BFTP" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Venkatesh |date=31 October 2021 |title=Those were the days: Sabapathy, movie that tickled Madras’s funny bone amid looming war scare |work=[[DT Next]] |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2021/10/31/those-were-the-days-sabapathy-movie-that-tickled-madrass-funny-bone-amid-looming-war-scare |url-status=dead |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031041227/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/10/31062025/1326703/Those-were-the-days-Sabapathy-movie-that-tickled-Madrass-.vpf |archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==

''Sabapathy'' was released on 14 December 1941, and distributed by South Indian Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 1941 |title=Sabapathy |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DdA-AAAAIBAJ&pg=6483%2C7197284 |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=9 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was a major box office success. The jokes about Tamil teachers and the name confusion between the hero and the simpleton were well received by the audience. The film bought acclaim to the director A. T. Krishnaswamy and the hero T. R. Ramachandran. The comedic duo of Kali N. Rathnam and C. T. Rajakantham also became famous rivalling the fame of [[N. S. Krishnan]]-[[T. A. Mathuram]]. As of 2020, it is still popular and is regularly shown in Tamil television hannels.<ref name="BFTP" />

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="From stage to celluloid">{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Karthik |date=25 March 2015 |title=Sabapathy: From stage to celluloid |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2015/03/25/sabapathy-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502054048/https://tcrcindia.com/2015/03/25/sabapathy-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=2 May 2019 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref>

<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 May 2008 |title=Sabapathy 1941 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sabapathy-1941/article3022934.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120080909/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sabapathy-1941/article3022934.ece |archive-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title}}
{{AVM Productions}}
[[Category:1941 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1941 comedy films]]
[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about servants]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Do Aankhen

2026-03-03T23:30:51Z

Thinkartha: enhanced article per sources and updated info to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Do Aankhen
| image =

| caption =
| director = Ajoy Biswas
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Biswajeet]]|[[Rekha]]}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1974}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Do Aankhen''''' is a 1974 [[Bollywood]] [[drama film]] directed by Ajoy Biswas. The film stars [[Rekha]].

==Cast==
*[[Rekha]]
*[[Biswajeet]]
*[[Deb Mukherjee]]
*[[Kumari Naaz]]
*[[Jankidas]]
*[[I. S. Johar]]
*[[Ashok Kumar]]

==Music==
Songs in the film were composed by music director [[Hans raj Bahl]] and the lyrics were written by [[Verma Malik]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Kamal Ke Phool Jaisa"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Ladki Unnees Sau Sattar Ki"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Khinch Kanta, Sathi Banke Dil Ke Dard Ka Dard Na Mera Banta"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Minoo Purushottam]]
|-
| "Babu Babu Dil Pe Nahin Kabu"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0367660|title=Do Aankhen}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-drama-film-stub}}

Odahuttidavaru (1969 film)

2026-03-03T22:29:43Z

Thinkartha: expanded content

{{distinguish|Odahuttidavaru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|kn-latn|Odahuttidavaru}}
| image =
| caption =
| director = B. N. Haridas
| producer = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| writer = Vikram Sahithya Shakhe
| screenplay = Chi Sadashivaiah
| starring = [[Kalyan Kumar]] [[Udaykumar]] [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] Dinesh
| music = [[S. Hanumantha Rao]]
| cinematography = B. N. Haridas
| editing = P. G. Mohan Devendranath Chakrapani
| studio = Vikram Productions
| distributor = Vikram Productions
| released = {{Film date|1969|01|16|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
}}

'''{{Lang|kn-latn|Odahuttidavaru}}''' ({{audio|Kn-ಒಡಹುಟ್ಟಿದವರು.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[Kannada films of 1969|1969]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film, directed by B. N. Haridas and produced by [[B. S. Ranga]]. The film stars [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[Udaykumar]], [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] and Dinesh in the lead roles. The musical score was composed by [[S. Hanumantha Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/odahuttidavaru-1969|title=Odahuttidavaru|accessdate=2015-01-09|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Odahuttidavaru-1982/9219802068|title=Odahuttidavaru|accessdate=2015-01-09|publisher=nthwall.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Kalyan Kumar]]
*[[Udaykumar]]
*[[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
*Dinesh
*Rathnakar
*Shyam
*Mahadevaiah
*Baby Shyamsundar
*Jaya
*Baby Maithili
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0369788}}

[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)

2026-03-03T11:52:54Z

Thinkartha: further enhanced intro after review and updated info

{{short description|2009 Indian romantic comedy drama film directed by Imtiaz Ali}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Love Aaj Kal 2009 poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| producer = {{unbulleted list|[[Saif Ali Khan]]|[[Dinesh Vijan]]}}
| writer = Imtiaz Ali
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Saif Ali Khan]] [[Deepika Padukone]] [[Giselli Monteiro]] [[Rishi Kapoor]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]] '''Background Score:''' [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = [[Natty Subramaniam]]
| editing = [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| studio = [[Illuminati Films]] [[Maddock Films]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2009|7|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|35 crore}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=138|title=Love Aaj Kal - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}{{better source needed|date=May 2021}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|120 crore}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
}}
'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}}''' ({{Translation|''Love These Days'' / ''Love Today and Yesterday''}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=Aug 5, 2009 |title=Movie review: Love Aai Kal |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/tv/movie-review-love-aai-kal-970980 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=[[Independent Online]] |language=en}}</ref> is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]]-[[drama film]] written and directed by [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] and produced by [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Dinesh Vijan]] under the production of [[Illuminati Films]] and [[Maddock Films]]. Starring Khan and [[Deepika Padukone]],<ref name="Deepika un'Saifu' choice" /> it features [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Giselli Monteiro]] in supporting roles with [[Neetu Singh]] in a special appearance. The film follows Jai and Meera's journey, and portrays the feeling of pure love which never changes, although the perspective of realizing one's soulmate has changed over time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rahul Khanna to star in Uttu's and Karan Johar's home productions |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2008-30-screens-in-u-k/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=4 August 2008}}</ref>

{{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}} was released theatrically in India and worldwide on 31 July 2009. Produced on a budget of {{INR|35}} crore, the film emerged as a critical and commercial success at the box-office, grossing {{INR|120}} crore worldwide, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2009|second-highest grossing Hindi film of the year]]. Upon release, it received positive reviews from critics for its novel concept, story, screenplay, direction, dialogues, soundtrack, humor, costumes, cinematography and performances of the cast.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total#.VbC_lvmSiYA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919181138/http://boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total#.VqnmS_l97IU|archive-date=19 September 2015|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

{{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}} led the [[55th Filmfare Awards]] with 12 nominations including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Ali), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Padukone), and won 2 awards – [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] ([[Irshad Kamil]] for "Aaj Din Chadheya") and [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] ([[Bosco–Caesar]] for "Chor Bazaari").<ref>[http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/61935/Love-Aaj-Kal-smash-hit.html Love Aaj Kal, a Smash Hit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813190736/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/61935/Love-Aaj-Kal-smash-hit.html|date=13 August 2009}}</ref>

''Love Aaj Kal'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Teen Maar]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gulte.com/entertainment.php?telugu-cinema-news=pawan-kalyan-dances-for-teen-maar&page=movie_update_full&link=7360 |title=Pawan Kalyan Teen Maar | Pawan Kalyan Love Aaj Kal remake Teen Maar |work=Gulte.co m |access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> A [[spiritual successor]] [[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|of the same name]] directed by Ali, starring [[Kartik Aaryan]] with Khan's daughter [[Sara Ali Khan]], was released in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/kartik-aaryan-shares-loved-up-picture-with-sara-ali-khan-and-fans-just-cant-keep-calm/videoshow/68503644.cms|title=Kartik Aaryan shares loved up picture with Sara Ali Khan and fans just can't keep calm!|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Jai Vardhan Singh and Meera Pandit are a modern couple living in [[London]]. Although happy together, they don't believe in holding each other back. When career opportunities arise, they amicably break up but remain friends. Meera moves to India, while Jai stays in London, hoping to land his dream job at Golden Gate Inc. in [[San Francisco]]. Jai starts dating a Swiss woman named Jo, and Meera gradually develops feelings for her boss, Vikram Joshi. Both believe they’ve moved on.

After his breakup, Jai meets Veer Singh Panesar, a great believer in love. Veer shares his own love story (which, while set in the past, runs simultaneously) with Jai in an effort to convince him not to let go of Meera. He narrates how he fell in love with Harleen Kaur at first sight and pledged to marry her, despite never having spoken to her. Jai mocks Veer’s old-fashioned ideals, but eventually agrees to visit Meera in India at Veer’s insistence.

Meera is stunned, and the two lie to both Jo and Vikram to spend time with each other. They realize how much they still like each other's company. Jai and Jo break up as Jai is unable to reciprocate the deeper feelings that Jo longs for. On the day Jai is to leave, Vikram proposes to Meera. She meets Jai secretly, who tells her she should make a decision. Angry, Meera tells him to leave her life or else she will never be able to really move on. Parallel to this in the flashback, Harleen has told Veer she was engaged without being told, and he must leave her.

Jai is called to his dream job in San Francisco the same day that Meera realizes her marriage is a mistake. She tells Vikram the truth and calls Jai, but he tells her about the Golden Gate. Realizing he is going to San Francisco, she tells him nothing. Meanwhile, in the past, Veer declares his intentions of marrying Harleen but is badly beaten by her family.

Jai begins to lose interest in his "dream job," finding that he is not as happy as he thought he would be. He is beaten by some thugs when, while being mugged, he refuses to give them a picture of Meera. He then realizes he still loves her and goes back to India. He finds Vikram, who informs him that Meera left him. In the past, Veer travels to Harleen's house on the day of her wedding and convinces her mother that Harleen can only be happy with him. Harleen's mother lets Veer elope with her daughter, and the two marry happily. In the present, Jai and Meera have a heart-touching reunion.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] in a dual role as
**Jai Vardhan Singh, Meera's boyfriend
**Veer Singh Panesar, Harleen's boyfriend
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Older Veer Singh Panesar, Harleen's husband
* [[Deepika Padukone]] as Meera Pandit, Jai's girlfriend
* [[Giselli Monteiro]] as Harleen Kaur, Veer's girlfriend (voice dubbed by [[Mona Ghosh Shetty]])
* [[Neetu Singh]] as Older Harleen Kaur Panesar, Veer's wife (special appearance)
* [[Vir Das]] as Shonty
* [[Raj Zutshi]] as Vinod Singh, Harleen's father
* [[Rahul Khanna]] as Vikram Joshi, Meera's ex-husband
* [[Florence Brudenell-Bruce]] as Jo, Jai's ex-girlfriend
* [[Kavi Shastri]] as Jaat
* Sagar Arya as Jai's friend
* Mandi Sidhu as Colly
* Sheena Bhattessa as Neha Singh, Jai's sister
* [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] as Mrs. Neha Kaur, Harleen's grandmother
* Rajiv Nema as [[Bangladeshi]] taxi driver
* [[Amanda Rosario]] as Amanda
* Himanshu Solanki
* Ajay Kalyansingh as Guy at church
{{colend}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Love Aaj Kal'' was first announced by director [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-27 |title=2009 Week: Love Aaj Kal, The Last Mainstream "Regular" Film Imtiaz Ali Made |url=https://dontcallitbollywood.com/2019/11/26/2009-week-love-aaj-kal-the-last-mainstream-regular-film-imtiaz-ali-made/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=dontcallitbollywood |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imtiaz Ali reveals why Love Aaj Kal, Rockstar, Tamasha are his most visually stunning films |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/imtiaz-ali-reveals-why-love-aaj-kal-rockstar-tamasha-are-his-most-visually-stunning-films-exclusive-8599878.html |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=News18 |date=2 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It is his third film as a director. The film marks [[Saif Ali Khan]]'s debut as a producer and is produced under Khan and [[Dinesh Vijan]]'s [[Illuminati Films]] and Vijan's [[Maddock Films]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 June 2009|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/saif-turns-producer-with-love-aaj-kal/474819/|title=Saif turns producer with 'Love Aaj Kal'|work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011200252/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/saif-turns-producer-with-love-aaj-kal/474819/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[File:Saif and Deepika at LAK first look.jpg|thumb|The film marked [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]]'s first of many collaborations]]

[[Saif Ali Khan]], also the producer was cast to play the dual roles of Jai and Veer. Khan termed the role among his "favourite onscreen characters".<ref>{{cite news|author=Upala KBR|date=16 August 2015|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-saif-ali-khan-talks-about-his-favourite-roles-2114835|title=Saif Ali Khan talks about his favourite roles|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727124320/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-saif-ali-khan-talks-about-his-favourite-roles-2114835|archive-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> [[Deepika Padukone]] was cast to play Meera, in her first film with Khan.<ref>{{cite news|author=Upala KBR|date=16 August 2015|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/deepika-padukones-character-meera-in-love-aaj-kal-was-her-strongest-ever-here-is-why-2946331/|title=Deepika Padukone's character Meera in Love Aaj Kal was her strongest ever|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 May 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920124320/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/deepika-padukones-character-meera-in-love-aaj-kal-was-her-strongest-ever-here-is-why-2946331/|archive-date=20 September 2016}}</ref> Ali later said that casting Padukone was a "risk", mainly because she was a "newcomer".<ref name="Cast Deepika">{{cite web |title=Casting Deepika was a risk: Imtiaz Ali |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=cc13a683-0720-4d13-ad87-559427c36fa5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220225032/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=cc13a683-0720-4d13-ad87-559427c36fa5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> Khan's then-girlfriend [[Kareena Kapoor]] who had earlier worked with Ali in ''[[Jab We Met]]'' (2007) lobbied hard for the part of the leading lady and openly expressed disappointment as not being cast again. However, Ali stated that according to him, Padukone suited the role of the new leading lady and he could not cast Kapoor wrongly. Kapoor after watching the film however, now says that Padukone was the perfect choice for the role.

[[Rishi Kapoor]] was cast to play the older Veer. Brazilian actress [[Giselli Monteiro]] auditioned for the role of Jai's girlfriend, but was cast to play Harleen, after Ali failed to find anyone suitable for the role.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/08/03/5367/index.html |title=Love Aaj Kal's Punjabi kudi 'Harleen' is actually Brazilian model Giselle Monteiro |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806165703/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/08/03/5367/index.html |archive-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> [[Neetu Singh|Neetu Kapoor]], was cast in a special appearance as older Harleen, marking her return to cinema after a 25-years long hiatus. [[Rahul Khanna]] was later cast as Meera's husband, Vikram.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/the-power-of-romance-makes-love-aaj-kal-rock-box-office/articleshow/4859144.cms |title=The power of romance make Love Aaj Kal rock at the box office |work=Economic Times |access-date=23 August 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321152237/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/the-power-of-romance-makes-love-aaj-kal-rock-box-office/articleshow/4859144.cms |archive-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Skyline of Cannaught Place, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Delhi]], where the film was mainly shot]]

The shooting of ''Love Aaj Kal'' started in May 2008.<ref name="Deepika un'Saifu' choice">{{cite web |title=Deepika un'Saif' choice |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/jan/859472.htm |website=Mid-Day |access-date=2 January 2008}}</ref> It was mainly shot at the [[Red Fort]], [[Purana Qila]] and on the streets and other parts of [[Delhi]]. Few scenes were also shot at the railway station of [[Patiala]], in [[London]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Kolkata]]. The building used as Golden Gate, Inc., in the film is actually the rotunda of [[San Jose City Hall]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Love Aaj Kal: 5 things that will refresh your memory about the Saif Ali Khan and Deepika Padukone starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/love-aaj-kal-5-things-that-will-refresh-your-memory-of-the-saif-ali-khan-and-deepika-padukone-starrer/etphotostory/73300866.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Cast Deepika" /> The film was not given a title until January 2009, till the shooting was complete.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4012524.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124013922/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4012524.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2009 |title=Saif's film called 'Love Aaj Kal' |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=28 January 2009}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Love Aaj Kal (2009 soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack of {{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}} was composed by [[Pritam Chakraborty]] and [[Salim–Sulaiman]], with the former composing the songs and the latter the score. The lyrics for the songs were penned by [[Irshad Kamil]], and the remixes created by DJ Sanj. The song "Twist" samples "Man Dole", composed by [[Hemant Kumar]] for ''[[Nagin (1954 film)|Nagin]]'' (1954).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Premankur |date=30 July 2009 |title=Bollywood has always been about the Punjabi culture: Pritam |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bollywood-has-always-been-about-the-punjabi-culture-pritam/495970/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230302140312/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bollywood-has-always-been-about-the-punjabi-culture-pritam/495970/0 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The album earned Pritam his first [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director]], in addition to a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]].

Pritam revealed in a 2014 interview that [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] wanted [[A. R. Rahman]] to compose the music of the film, but the latter was available only for his next, ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/i-despise-item-numbers/ | title=I despise item numbers | date=22 September 2013 }}</ref>

== Release ==
The producers of the film agreed to market tie-ups with [[2009 ICC World Twenty20]], [[Shoppers Stop]] and [[Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hopes ride high on Love Aaj Kal |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Hopes-ride-high-on-Love-Aaj-Kal/articleshow/4844184.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=1 August 2009 |date=1 August 2009}}</ref> The apparel worn by the lead cast is exclusively available at Shoppers Stop. With [[Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance|Bajaj Allianz]], they have a tie-up to share the special moments where they could win a chance to meet the lead actor [[Saif Ali Khan]], the protagonist and the producer of the film. The tie-up with the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20]] was that both Khan and Padukone would be in England before the tournament begins, with Khan expected to commentate on matches for Indian television.<ref>{{cite web |title=Love Aaj Kal Tied up with ICC Twenty20 World Cup 2009 |url=http://www.onlinebollywoodnews.info/love-aaj-kal-tied-up-with-icc-twenty20-world-cup-2009/}}</ref> ASTPL, an Indian software developer, also released a [[mobile video game]] based on the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Aaj Kal |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j3j86224 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=phoneky.com |language=en}}</ref> ''Love Aaj Kal'' was later made available on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.primevideo.com/region/eu/detail/Love-Aaj-Kal/0LH2SATI7258EDP2VKQTOH8D12 |title=WATCH! Saif Ali Khan and Deepika Padukone's Love Aaj Kal on Amazon Prime |website=Amazon Prime Video |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
{{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}} received positive reviews upon release, with praise for its novel concept, story, screenplay, direction, dialogues, soundtrack, humor, costumes, cinematography and performances of the cast.

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 4 stars out of 5, saying, "On the whole, {{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}} is for the young and romantic at heart. Sure, it's not perfect, but the terrific performances, melodious music and stirring emotional moments more than compensate for the hiccups."<ref>{{cite web |title=Love Aaj Kal Review Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201766 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125231412/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201766 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2012 |author=Adarsh, Taran |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=31 March 2012}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Nikhat Kazmi of ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film 4 stars on a scale of 5, concluding that "Go watch it for its GenNow feel and its ''ekdum'' ''[sic]'' modern appeal."<ref>{{cite web |title=Love Aaj Kal Review Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/love-aaj-kal/movie-review/4838891.cms |author=Kazmi, Nikhat |work=The Times of India |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=31 March 2012}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Sonia Chopra of ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, commenting that "With lilting music and characters you'll love, Imtiaz Ali, brings out one of the most romantic films in recent times. It's a love story of the aam junta, with a delicious contemporary edge. Go get your fill."<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Love Aaj Kal hits you like fresh air |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review-love-aaj-kal-hits-you-like-fresh-air-review-bollywood-14902443.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126162604/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-love-aaj-kal-hits-you-like-fresh-air-review-bollywood-14902443.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2014 |author=Chopra, Sonia |website=[[Sify]] |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=31 March 2012}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3 stars on a scale of 5, noting that "It's hard not to warm up to a film which is, at its core, likable. I just wish I could have liked it more."<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie review: Love Aaj Kal |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-love-aaj-kal/496588/0 |author=Gupta, Shubhra |work=The Indian Express |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=31 March 2012}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Aniruddha Guha of ''[[DNA India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5, writing that "Though {{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}} may not quite be the film you expect it to be, it does not leave you feeling disappointed either. Watch it without too many expectations and you will come back smiling. And if you have wanted to ask someone out for a while, this film is the perfect ice-breaker."<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Love Aaj Kal is the perfect date movie |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-love-aaj-kal-is-the-perfect-date-movie_1278796 |author=Guha, Aniruddha |publisher=DNA India |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=31 March 2012}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Raja Sen of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars on a scale of 5, stating that "{{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}} is a harmless, watchable film – sad because it could have been truly special. It has its moments in the first half, while the second half is an over-melodramatic drag."<ref>{{cite web |title=Yet another love story. Okay, two. |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/31/the-love-aaj-kal-review.htm |author=Sen, Raja |publisher=Rediff |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=31 March 2012}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5, pointing that "The film, in the end, is ordinary stuff, watchable but never memorable like the director's previous efforts, the far-superior ''[[Socha Na Tha]]'' (2005) and ''[[Jab We Met]]''. I'm going with two out of five and an average rating for {{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}}. It's like that plump mango you bite into only to discover it's not ripe yet. Watch it nevertheless for the sharp dialogue and some clever humor."<ref>{{cite web |title=Masand's Movie Review: Love Aaj Kal |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-reviewlove-aaj--not-memorable/98328-8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805015325/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-reviewlove-aaj--not-memorable/98328-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 August 2009 |author=Masand, Rajeev |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=2 August 2009 |access-date=31 March 2012}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
After a bumper opening, {{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}} netted {{INRConvert|428.7|m|lk=r}} in its first week and {{INRConvert|164|m}} in its second week.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Opening Weeks All Time UPDATED |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4015&nCat= |access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Second Weeks ALL TIME Updated 16/02/12 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4052&nCat= |access-date=30 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220221441/http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4052&nCat=|archive-date=20 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film netted {{INRConvert|665|m}} in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |title=Box office 2009 |work=Box office india |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131907/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}} was declared a hit by ''Box Office India'', grossing {{INRConvert|892|m}}. It grossed ₹1.19 billion worldwide and was one of the highest grossing films of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top First Weekend Net Grossers |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=140 |publisher=BoxOfficeIndia.com |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811064015/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=140 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=All India 2009 (Figures in INR) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=108 |access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ List of accolades received by {{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"| Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|| '''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| align="center" |
;[[Filmfare Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|12}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|12}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|16}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[Screen Awards]]
|{{won|4}}
|{{nom|14}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[Stardust Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|7}}
|-
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;'''Total number of awards and nominations'''{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Total'''}}
|{{won|16}}
|{{nom|60}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|References]]
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="12"| [[55th Filmfare Awards|27 February 2010]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Saif Ali Khan]] & [[Dinesh Vijan]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="12"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-55th-idea-filmfare-awards-2009/ |title=Nominations for 55th Idea Filmfare Awards 2009 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=11 February 2010|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2010/101 |title=FILMFARE AWARDS 2010 WINNERS |website=The Times of India|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Saif Ali Khan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Deepika Padukone]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Pritam]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Irshad Kamil]] for "Aaj Din Chadheya"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] for "Aaj Din Chadheya"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] for "Chor Bazaari"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| [[Bosco–Caesar]] for "Chor Bazaari"
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="14"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="14"| [[11th IIFA Awards|5 June 2010]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="14"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-iifa-awards-2010/ |title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2010 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=8 May 2010|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-the-iifa-awards-2010/ |title=Winners of the IIFA Awards 2010 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 June 2010|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="4"| Imtiaz Ali
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Saif Ali Khan
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Deepika Padukone
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| Rishi Kapoor
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| Pritam
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| Irshad Kamil for "Aaj Din Chadheya"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| Rahat Fateh Ali Khan for "Aaj Din Chadheya"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| Sunidhi Chauhan for "Chor Bazaari"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| Bosco–Caesar for "Chor Bazaari"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| [[Anaita Shroff Adajania]] & [[Dolly Ahluwalia]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="16"| [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="16"| 8 January 2010
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="16"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-5th-apsara-film-television-producers-guild-awards/ |title=Nominations for 5th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 December 2009|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-5th-apsara-film-television-producers-guild-awards/ |title=Winners of 5th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=8 January 2010|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="4"| Imtiaz Ali
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Story
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Dialogue
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| Saif Ali Khan
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| rowspan="2"| Deepika Padukone
| {{nom}}
|-
| Chevrolet Heartbeat of the Nation (Female)
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| [[Rishi Kapoor]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| Pritam
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| Irshad Kamil for "Twist"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Mohit Chauhan]] for "Yeh Dooriyaan"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| Sunidhi Chauhan for "Chor Bazaari"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Choreography
| Bosco–Caesar for "Chor Bazaari"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Costume Design
| Anaita Shroff Adajania & Dolly Ahluwalia
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| [[Teddy Maurya]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="14"| [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="14"| 9 January 2010
| [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="14"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-nokia-16th-annual-star-screen-awards-2009/ |title=Nominations for Nokia 16th Annual Star Screen Awards 2009 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 December 2009|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-nokia-16th-annual-star-screen-awards-2009/ |title=Winners of Nokia 16th Annual Star Screen Awards 2009 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=9 January 2010|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="4"| Imtiaz Ali
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Saif Ali Khan
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Deepika Padukone
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| Rishi Kapoor
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| [[Giselli Monteiro]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| Pritam
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| Irshad Kamil for "Chor Bazaari"
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|Rahat Fateh Ali Khan for "Aaj Din Chadheya"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| Dileep Subramanian
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| 17 January 2010
| [[Stardust Award for Best Film of the Year|Best Film of the Year]]
| rowspan="2"|{{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="7"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/max-stardust-awards/nominations-max-stardust-awards-2010 |title=Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2010 |website=Pinkvilla |date=18 January 2010|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-max-stardust-awards-2010/ |title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2010 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=18 January 2010|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Hottest Film of The Year
| {{won}}
|-
| Dream Director
| Imtiaz Ali
| {{won}}
|-
| Star of the Year – Male
| Saif Ali Khan
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
| Deepika Padukone
| {{nom}}
|-
| Exciting New Face
| Giselli Monteiro
| {{nom}}
|-
| New Musical Sensation – Male
| Mohit Chauhan for "Yeh Dooriyaan"
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

== Remake and spiritual successor ==
{{Lang|hi-latn|Love Aaj Kal}} was remade in [[Tollywood (Telugu)|Tollywood]] in 2011 titled ''[[Teen Maar]]'' starring [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Trisha Krishnan]] and [[Kriti Kharbanda]] reprising the roles of [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Giselli Monteiro]].<ref name="sify.com">{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14957477 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403005119/http://www.sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14957477 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |title=Pawan-Trisha film begins shoot|website=[[Sify]] |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-teenmaar/20110414.htm|title=Review: Teenmaar is Pawan Kalyan's show|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=14 April 2011|access-date=4 June 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604034701/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-teenmaar/20110414.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[spiritual successor]] [[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|of the same name]], also directed by Ali, was released in 2020, starring [[Kartik Aaryan]] and [[Sara Ali Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abplive.in/movies/luka-chhupi-star-kartik-aryan-sara-ali-khan-in-imtiaz-alis-love-aaj-kal-2-931342 |title=CONFIRMED! Kartik Aryan to romance Sara Ali Khan in Imtiaz Ali's Love Aaj Kal 2! |date=1 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019 |work=ABP Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Rangan, Baradwaj |title=Love Aaj Kal, With Kartik Aaryan And Sara Ali Khan, Is On Netflix: A Rewind Of This Imtiaz Ali Romance, Which Needed A Better Cast |date=29 April 2020 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/love-aaj-kal-with-kartik-aaryan-and-sara-ali-khan-is-on-netflix-a-rewind-of-this-imtiaz-ali-romance-which-needed-a-better-cast/ |work=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Love Aaj Kal'' remains one of the most popular romantic comedy-dramas of Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/love-aaj-kal-saathiya-and-more-the-best-romantic-movies-to-watch-on-ott/etphotostory/107060903.cms |title=Love Aaj Kal, Saathiya and more: The 10 best romantic films |website=The Times of India |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref> It is cited as a milestone in Ali, Khan and Padukone's career. Khan and Padukone's performance has been noted as one of their most notable works.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/saif-ali-khan-movies-performances-ranked-sacred-games-omkara-dil-chahta-hai |title=Saif Ali Khan's 10 best performances, Ranked |website=Film Companion |date=18 April 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114112850/https://www.filmcompanion.in/amp/story/features/saif-ali-khan-movies-performances-ranked-sacred-games-omkara-dil-chahta-hai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-top-10-movies-of-deepika-padukone-40940.amp |title=Top 10 Deepika Padukone's best performances |website=Filmfare |date=18 May 2020 |access-date=28 September 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124112850/https://m.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-top-10-movies-of-deepika-padukone-40940.amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

Comparing the film with its reboot version, Nairita Mukherjee of ''[[India Today]]'' stated, "''Love Aaj Kal'' was ahead of its time. It isn't Imtiaz Ali's best but the film had more character and depth than the 2020 version can ever hope to achieve." She praised the film for showing the characters "prioritise career over love", a rarity in Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/monday-masala-we-rewatched-kal-ka-love-aaj-kal-saif-ali-khan-is-right-it-is-better-1638484-2020-01-20 |title=We rewatched kal ka Love Aaj Kal. Saif Ali Khan is right, it is better |website=India Today |access-date=25 November 2023 |author=Nairita Mukherjee|date=20 January 2020 }}</ref> Utkarsh Mani Tripathi from ''[[Vogue India|Vogue]]'' praised the film and noted, "Imtiaz Ali has portrayed romance in less upper-class settings, to be sure, but rarely has he been more relatable and prophetic."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/love-aaj-kal-is-classic-imtiaz-ali-fare-for-todays-hustle-hungry-generation |title=Love Aaj Kal is classic Imtiaz Ali fare for today's hustle-hungry generation |website=Vogue |access-date=21 February 2023 |author=Utkarsh Mani Tripathi}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* {{IMDb title|1275863|Love Aaj Kal}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|1215967_love_aaj_kal}}
* {{mojo title|loveaajkal|Love Aaj Kal}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/love/ ''Aaj Kal''] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Filmography of Imtiaz Ali}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Imtiaz Ali]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:Films shot in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mandawa]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films set in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in San Jose, California]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Double Tuckerr

2026-03-03T02:26:45Z

Thinkartha: New

{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Double Tuckerr.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Meera Mahadhi
| writer = Meera Mahadhi
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Dheeraj
* [[Smruthi Venkat]]
}}
| cinematography = Gautham Rajendran
| editing = Vetrivel A.S
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = Air Flick
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|2024|04|05|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Double Tuckerr''''' is 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Live-action animated film|live-action animated]] [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by Meera Mahadhi. The film stars Dheeraj and [[Smruthi Venkat|Smurthi Venkat]]. The film was produced by Air Flick and co-produced by Chandru.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2024 |title=Double Tuckerr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/double-tuckerr/articleshow/109006344.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403171931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/double-tuckerr/articleshow/109006344.cms |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=Bodhai Yeri Budhi Maari actor Dheeraj's next titled Double Tucker |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/26/bodhai-yeri-budhi-maari-actor-dheerajs-next-titled-double-tucker-51539.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403173845/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/26/bodhai-yeri-budhi-maari-actor-dheerajs-next-titled-double-tucker-51539.html |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film is based on the life after death. It was released on 5 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2024 |title=Double Tuckerr gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/24/double-tuckerr-gets-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408061111/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/24/double-tuckerr-gets-release-date |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film marked only the second film appearance for prominent Chennai based cardiovascular surgeon Dheeraj who portrayed the main lead role in the film. The film also includes two animated angel characters named "left" and "right" in the prominent roles. It was also the first instance where a Tamil film used the concept of angels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devan |first=Aswin |date=1 April 2024 |title=Dheeraj: Overarching philosophy of 'Double Tuckerr' is simply 'come, laugh, and leav |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Apr/01/dheeraj-overarching-philosophy-of-double-tuckerr-is-simply-come-laugh-and-leav |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409114003/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Apr/01/dheeraj-overarching-philosophy-of-double-tuckerr-is-simply-come-laugh-and-leav |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aravind has been gifted with two angels in his life ever since his birth. However, his life dramatically changes forever when one of the angels commits an error that accidentally costs him his life, resulting in his untimely demise.

== Cast ==
{{Cast list|
* Dheeraj as Aravind and Raja<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2024 |title=கதைக் கேட்க மறுத்த ஹீரோக்கள்: 'டபுள் டக்கர்' இயக்குநர் வருத்தம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1205444-double-decker-movie-teaser-launch.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403173834/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1205444-double-decker-movie-teaser-launch.html |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Munishkanth]] as Left, Aravind's good side angel
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Right, Aravind's bad side angel
* [[Smruthi Venkat]] as Paaru
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Shanmugavalli
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Brammanantham
* [[Sunil Reddy]] as Rocker Reddy
* [[Shah Ra]] as Murder Mani
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Moorthy
* [[Yashika Aannand]] as Velvet Vennila
* George Vijay as Madhi
* Teddy Gokul as Sillu Vandu}}

== Production ==
''Double Tuckerr'' is the directorial debut of Meera Mahadhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2024 |title=Two animated characters are the highlight in Dheeraj's latest ﬁlm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/two-animated-characters-are-the-highlight-in-dheerajs-latest-lm/articleshow/108995690.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403173320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/two-animated-characters-are-the-highlight-in-dheerajs-latest-lm/articleshow/108995690.cms |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film includes both live action and animation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2024 |title=Double Tuckerr to feature animated characters with actors |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/double-tuckerr-to-feature-animated-characters-with-actors-770879 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403173844/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/double-tuckerr-to-feature-animated-characters-with-actors-770879 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=29 January 2024 |title='Double Tukker' to be a live-action animated film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jan/29/double-tukker-to-be-a-live-action-animated-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403173833/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jan/29/double-tukker-to-be-a-live-action-animated-film |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film project was initially planned to be based on a storyline featuring [[Yama]] and [[Chitragupta]] with the idea of casting [[Yogi Babu]] and Munishkanth. However the idea was shelved as Yogi Babu had already done a film similar to the storyline involving the characters of Yama and Chitragupta in ''[[Dharmaprabhu]]''. The filmmakers then came up with a paradigm shift approach by bringing in the concept of angels and children were kept as the prime target audience for the film project.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=3 April 2024 |title=Meet Chennai-based cardiovascular surgeon Dheeraj, also the hero of a Tamil film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-chennai-based-cardiovascular-surgeon-dheeraj-also-the-hero-of-a-tamil-film/article68019568.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409115753/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-chennai-based-cardiovascular-surgeon-dheeraj-also-the-hero-of-a-tamil-film/article68019568.ece |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

Dheeraj, who has been serving as a cardiovascular surgeon in Chennai for a long time, had shown his ambitious efforts in pursuing a film career and opted to choose the film after listening to the script with eagerness. Dheeraj had previously involved in short films such as ''Dheergayushmman Bhava.'' He made his acting debut in ''[[Bodhai Yeri Budhi Maari|Bodhai Yeri Buddhi Maari]]'' whereas Dheeraj received fame and recognition for his role in the film which also opened floodgates for himself.<ref name=":0" />

== Critical reception ==
Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "There are moments when Double Tuckerr truly comes into its own; it's solely in those moments that the film lives up to and justifies its absurd spirit. But, otherwise, this Meera Mahadhi directorial isn't half as quirky or distinctive as it considers itself to be".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=5 April 2024 |title=Double Tuckerr Movie Review : A film that should have fully embraced its off-the-wall comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/double-tuckerr/movie-review/109064256.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409121354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/double-tuckerr/movie-review/109064256.cms |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Narayani M of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated two star out of five star and noted that "''Double Tuckerr'' has some clever ideas and a very interesting premise."<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=5 April 2024 |title=Double Tuckerr Movie Review: A clumsy entertainer with ineffective humour |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Apr/05/double-tuckerr-movie-review-a-clumsy-entertainer-with-ineffective-humour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405165654/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Apr/05/double-tuckerr-movie-review-a-clumsy-entertainer-with-ineffective-humour |archive-date=5 April 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote that mainly, the visual effects and animation work for the multi-incarnated fairy puppets and the dialogues they speak make the film stand out.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Double Tuckerr Review: 'ஆமா இது அதுல்ல!' பேன்டஸி ஐடியாக்கள் ரகளை, ஆனால் இத்தனை கிளைக்கதைகள் அவசியமா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/double-tuckerr-review-this-fantasy-drama-appears-cluttered-due-to-too-many-subplots |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407212040/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/double-tuckerr-review-this-fantasy-drama-appears-cluttered-due-to-too-many-subplots |archive-date=7 April 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Jia Aur Jia

2026-03-02T10:07:39Z

Thinkartha: quick update

{{use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jia Aur Jia doc
| image = Jia aur Jia - Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Howard Rosemeyer
| producer = Mirza Askari Dhaval Bhadra Vibha Raj Amit Ramgopal Vishal Gurnani
| writer = Mudassar Aziz
| screenplay = Farahjaan Sheikh
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Richa Chadda]]
* [[Kalki Koechlin]]
* Arslan Goni
}}
| music = '''(Songs)''' Nisschal Zaveri Sachin Gupta '''(Background Music)''' Sameer Nichani
| cinematography = Shakil Khan
| editing = Prashant S. Rathore Sandeep Kurup
| studio =
| distributor = Bluefox Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|10|27}}
| runtime = 92 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jia-aur-jia/cast/ |title=Jia Aur Jia Cast & Crew |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 December 2024 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506184256/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jia-aur-jia/cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}87 [[lakh]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jia-aur-jia/box-office/ |title=Box Office |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 December 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227024312/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jia-aur-jia/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Jia Aur Jia''''' ({{translation|Jia and Jia}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[road film]] directed by Howard Rosemeyer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eK1Tq_kQ7qk |title=Jia Aur Jia Official Trailer |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=15 November 2017 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115214055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eK1Tq_kQ7qk |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars [[Richa Chadda]] and [[Kalki Koechlin]]. The film is about how Jia teaches Jia how to live.

==Cast==
* [[Richa Chadda]] as Jia Venkatram
* [[Kalki Koechlin]] as Jia Grewal
* Arslan Goni as Vasu Krishna
* Badheka Harsh as Siddharth
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as Jia Grewal's mother
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Arvind Jaisingh

==Production==
''Jia Aur Jia'' is the directorial debut of Howard Rosmeyer.<ref name="sood">{{cite web|last1=Sood|first1=Vanshika|title='Jia Aur Jia' Teaser: A Girls' Road Movie Promising a Lot of Fun|url=https://www.thequint.com/bollywood/2017/08/16/jia-aur-jia-teaser|website=The Quint|accessdate=18 August 2017|date=16 August 2017|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818214101/https://www.thequint.com/bollywood/2017/08/16/jia-aur-jia-teaser|url-status=live}}</ref> Principal photography for the film took place in [[Sweden]].<ref name="sweden">{{cite web|title=Jia Aur Jia: Kalki Koechlin-Richa Chadha's Road Trip Looks Like a Fun Ride|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/jia-aur-jia-kalki-koechlin-richa-chadhas-road-trip-looks-like-a-fun-ride-1492855.html|publisher=[[News18]]|accessdate=18 August 2017|date=16 August 2017|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818180519/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/jia-aur-jia-kalki-koechlin-richa-chadhas-road-trip-looks-like-a-fun-ride-1492855.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Jia Aur Jia
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Sachin Gupta, Nisschal Zaveri & Sameer Nichani
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|10|17}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/jia-aur-jia-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1297330521 |title=Jia Aur Jia (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=17 October 2017 |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=15 November 2017 |archive-date=27 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127132616/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/jia-aur-jia-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1297330521 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=16|s=06}}
| title1 = Na Shukre
| extra1 = Smita Malhotra
| lyrics1 = Mudassar Aziz
| music1 = Sachin Gupta
| length1 = 02:05

| title2 = Nach Basanti
| extra2 = Shivangi Bhayana
| lyrics2 = Mudassar Aziz
| music2 = Sachin Gupta
| length2 = 02:51

| title3 = Na Jaa By Nandini
| extra3 = Nandini Srikar
| lyrics3 = Raqeeb Alam
| music3 = Nisschal Zaveri
| length3 = 04:56

| title4 = Jia Aur Jia Theme
| extra4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 = Sameer Nichani & Amey Ghule
| length4 = 01:23

| title5 = Na Jaa
| extra5 = [[Asees Kaur]]
| lyrics5 = Raqeeb Alam
| music5 = Nisschal Zaveri
| length5 = 04:56
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3338188}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jia Aur Jia}}
[[Category:2010s road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sweden]]
[[Category:Indian road comedy-drama films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ichgam

2026-03-01T23:52:41Z

Thinkartha: started initial article v1

{{Short description|Town in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Original research|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ichgam
| official_name = Ichgam
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Roza Hazrat Abbas Ichigam.jpg
| image_caption = The shrine of Hazrat Abbas in Ichigam.
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|33.9859|74.7527|region:IN_type:village|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4.64
| population_total = 7,461
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| elevation_m = 1,622
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 191111
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| other_name = Aliabad Ichgam
| website = {{URL|budgam.nic.in}}
| nickname = Aliabad Ichgam
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literary rate
| blank1_name_sec2 = Sex Ratio
| blank1_info_sec1 = 91.5%
| blank1_info_sec2 = 953 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]
}}
'''Ichgam''', also known as '''Ichigam''',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/wedding-bells-ring-in-communal-harmony-in-kashmir/|title=Wedding bells ring in communal harmony in Kashmir|first=Bashaarat|last=Masood|work=The Indian Express|date=31 July 2015|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> is a [[census town]] located in the [[India]]n administered [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]'s [[Budgam district]]. It falls under the administrative division of [[Budgam|tehsil Budgam]], one of the nine tehsils of district Budgam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ichgam, Budgam |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31141938ba2c2b13f5505d7c424ebae5f/uploads/2019/06/2019061416.pdf|website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in|access-date= January 14, 2021}}</ref> It is one of the most populated area of Budgam district. It is roughly {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} away from district Budgam and nearly {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Srinagar]], the summer capital of union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Ichgam village consists of four blocks — Ichgam-A, Ichgam-B, Ichgam-C and Ichgam-D.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of panchayat halqas of district Budgam|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31141938ba2c2b13f5505d7c424ebae5f/uploads/2019/06/2019061416.pdf|access-date= January 14, 2021}}</ref> The village consists of both major sects of [[Islam]], Shias (70%) and Sunnis(30%). There is also a Hindu minority.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&q=Ichgam&pg=PA437|title=The Valley of Kashmir|date=2005|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1630-1|language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}}, the population of Ichgam is 7,461 of which 3,820 are males while the remaining 3,641 are females as per the report released by Census of India.<ref name="census of Ichgam" /> Population of children with age of 0-6 is 15.64% that's 1,167 of the total population of Ichgam.<ref name="census of Ichgam" /> In Ichgam, the female sex ratio is of 953 against the erstwhile state average of 889. The [[child sex ratio]] in Ichgam village is around 1,065 compared to a previous state average of 862.<ref name="census of Ichgam " /> [[Literacy|Literacy rate]] of the Ichgam is 91.5% higher than the former state average of 67.16%.<ref name="census of Ichgam" /> In Ichgam, male literacy is around 93% while female literacy rate is 90%.{{efn|This information about Ichgam is as per the reports released by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir in 2011 in accordance with the census of India.}}<ref name="census of Ichgam">{{Cite web|last=Population|first=Ichgam|date=18 January 2021|title=Population of Class V Census Towns and Villages in India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html|access-date=18 January 2021|website=Census of India}}</ref>

==Geography==
The total area of Ichgam is {{cvt|4.64|km2}}. It is located at {{coord|33.9859|N|74.7527|E}}, at an elevation of {{cvt|1622|m}} above the sea level. Its distance from the [[capital city|summer capital]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Srinagar]], is {{cvt|19|km}}. The [[Srinagar International Airport]] is located near to the village Ichgam.

== Education ==

=== Schools in Ichgam ===
====Government Boys Higher Secondary School Ichgam====
Government Boys Higher Secondary School Ichgam is located at the main bus stand of Ichgam, behind the newly built complex. Managed by the Department of Education, the school was established in the year 1930.<ref>{{cite web| title= GBHSS Ichgam (Dreygam) |url=https://schools.org.in/badgam/01040900603/bhss-ichigam.html|access-date=26 January 2021| website= Schools}}</ref> The medium of instructions in this school is English. Government Boys Higher Secondary School is housed in the two government owned buildings. The [[U-DISE|UDISE code]] of the school is 01040900603.<ref>{{cite web| title=BHSS Ichgam, UDISE Plus| url=https://src.udiseplus.gov.in/searchSchool/byUdiseCodeAndSchoolOnSearchPage| website=UDISE Plus| access-date=26 January 2021| archive-date=17 June 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617094347/https://src.udiseplus.gov.in/searchSchool/byUdiseCodeAndSchoolOnSearchPage| url-status=dead}}</ref> The school is co-educational and consists of the classes from nine (9th) to twelve (12th).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schools in Budgam|url=http://ceobudgam.in/Downloads/16.pdf|website=ceobudgam.in|access-date=26 January 2021|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131133343/http://ceobudgam.in/Downloads/16.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BHSS Ichgam|url=http://jkeducation.gov.in/86%2520of%25202019.pdf|access-date=26 January 2021|website=JK Education}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/economic-census/Directories_of_Establishment/Rural_01.pdf|title=Directory of Schools|access-date=26 January 2021|website=mospi.nic.in}}</ref>
[[File:Gate of GBHSS Ichgam.jpg|thumb|Image of the gate of Government Boys Higher Secondary School Ichgam]]

====Imamia Public School Ichgam====
Imamia Public School (IPS) Ichgam is managed and run by Educational Trust Kashmir (ETK), the organization that runs many schools in the [[Kashmir Valley]] named, Imamia Public Schools. The school was established in 1989 and is located at the Kalbal, the Northwestern part of the town; behind the Primary Health Center Ichgam. Its [[U-DISE|UDISE code]] is 01040900606.<ref>{{cite web| title=IPS Ichgam, UDISE Plus| url=https://src.udiseplus.gov.in/searchSchool/byUdiseCodeAndSchoolOnSearchPage| website=UDISE Plus| access-date=26 January 2021| archive-date=17 June 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617094347/https://src.udiseplus.gov.in/searchSchool/byUdiseCodeAndSchoolOnSearchPage| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UDISE codes of Schools of Budgam|url=http://udise.in/Downloads/School%20Directory/J&K.htm|access-date=26 January 2021|website= UDISE}}</ref> At present, nearly 400 above students are studying in this school. Imamia Public School is housed in the Educational Trust Kashmir owned, big three floor building.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPS Ichgam, Educational Trust Kashmir |url=http://educationaltrustkashmir.com/etk-schools/ips-ichgam |publisher=Education Trust Kashmir |access-date=26 January 2021 |location=Ichgam |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121043614/http://educationaltrustkashmir.com/etk-schools/ips-ichgam |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:IPS Ichgam (cropped).jpg|thumb|Imamia Public School Ichgam]]

==== Others ====
* Government Girls High School Ichgam
* Government Middle School Ichgam
* Government School Wolina, Ichgam
* Government School Baghat Mohalla, Ichgam
* Government School Naru, Ichgam
* IEI Ichgam
* Hasnain Educational Institute, Ichgam <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icbse.com/search?qc=sitewide&q=Ichigam|title=Schools in Ichgam, Budgam, J&K|website=icbse|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Schools in Ichgam|url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/jammu-and-kashmir/budgam/school.php?place=Ichigam|access-date=26 January 2021|website=study4sure|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617094349/https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/jammu-and-kashmir/budgam/school.php?place=Ichigam|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Healthcare System==

As of December 2020, there are numerous Medical shops and stores present in the village of Ichgam. The Primary Health Centre Ichgam is located at '''Kalbal''', the north-western part of Ichgam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHC Ichgam Primary Health Center - Address and Reviews - Govt. Building, Kalbal Ichigam, Near Imi Middle School, Budgam, Badgam, Jammu & Kashmir - Phone Number|url=https://www.aarogya.us/hospitals/phc-ichgam-primary-health-center|access-date=2021-01-17|website=aarogya.us|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:PHC Ichgam in January 2021.jpg|thumb|This image depicts Primary Health Center Ichgam. Photo taken in January 2021]]

== Attractions ==
'''The shrine of Haztat Abbas ''' is located in Bungam area of the village Ichgam. It is also called '''Roza Hazrat Abul Fazel Abbass''' in the native language of the village. Every Thursday, a large number of people from the [[Shia]] sect of [[Islam]] visit here. It is one of the biggest landmark in the village.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roza Hazrat Abul Fazel Abbas a.s Ichigam|url=https://vymaps.com/IN/Roza-Hazrat-Abul-Fazel-Abbas-A-s-Ichigam-1028476397320452/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=vymaps}}</ref>
[[File:Roza Hazrat Abbas Ichigam.jpg|thumb|The shrine of Hazrat Abbas in Ichgam.]]

==Sports==
[[Cricket]], [[association football|football]], and [[badminton]] are the most played sports in Ichgam. Cricket, being the most popular sport in India, is also played on a large scale in Ichgam. In brick kilns, on playgrounds; anywhere we can see the children and adults of Ichgam playing cricket in mid summer. Tournaments are organized and people take a part in them by spectating, cheering or by directly participating in them.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
[[File:People playing cricket in Ichigam.jpg|thumb|People playing cricket in Brick kilns in Ichgam]]

== Transport ==

=== Roads ===
Ichgam town falls on [[Budgam]]- [[Khan Sahib, Jammu and Kashmir|Khansahib]] road. It is connected to many other villages and townships by a network of roads. To link Ichgam with [[Ompora]], Zori Bhag, Qazi Bagh and [[Budgam]] internally, a new [[link road]] is being built by the government. This link will be completed by 2021 and will reduce distance between these places.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Roads in the Ichgam village are Macadamized but still some roads are not properly built. In ending 2020, some roads near '''Roza Hazrat Abbass (as)''' were Mecadamized.

=== Railway ===
To present date, there is no railway line connecting Ichgam with other places. The nearest railway station to the Ichgam village is [[Budgam railway station]], located in [[Ompora]], nearly {{cvt|2.5|km}} away from district headquarters, [[Budgam]].

=== Airport ===
The nearest airport to Ichgam is [[Srinagar International Airport]], also called [[Srinagar International Airport|Budgam Airbase]].

== Old suffering ==
Prior to December 2020, the villagers of Ichgam used to face a routinely problem. The Airforce Base Camp is located next to the [[Srinagar International Airport|Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport]] . The gunshots that came from this camp used to hit many houses in '''Wolina''', a part of Ichgam. On 11 December 2020, a female inhabitant (Fatima Begum) was hit by the bullet in her right leg while she was washing vegetables in her kitchen.<ref>{{Cite web|last=correspondent|first=Reader|date=2020-12-11|title=Woman injured during 'stray bullet' from IAF firing range in Budgam village|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2020/12/11/woman-injured-during-stray-bullet-from-iaf-firing-range-in-budgam-village/|access-date=2021-02-07|website=Kashmir Reader}}</ref> The bullet had pierced the roof of her house and had been fired by the Airforce personnel during their routine firing drills. It was the daily routine of the air force personnel to conduct their firing drill in the same direction as of the Wolina area of the village.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-20|title=Protest against bullet injury to woman in Budgam village|url=https://kmsnews.org/news/2020/12/20/protest-against-bullet-injury-to-woman-in-budgam-village/|access-date=2021-02-07|website=Kashmir Media Service}}</ref> This had put the lives of villagers at the risk of death. Even after reaching many officials, nobody seemed to care about the ordeals of villagers.

The injury of Fatima sparked off a protest in Ichgam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=locals protest in Budgam village Archives|url=https://kashmirage.net/tag/locals-protest-in-budgam-village/|access-date=2021-02-07|website=Kashmir Age|language=en-US}}</ref> Many people (men and women) blocked the [[Budgam]]-[[Khan Sahib, Jammu and Kashmir|Khansahib]] and [[Budgam]]-[[Chadoora]] road demanding a quick action against [[Indian Air Force|Air force]] personnel who are involved in the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haq|first=Naveed ul|date=|title=Woman {{sic|recie|ves|nolink=y}} bullet injury, locals protest in Budgam village {{!}} KNO|url=http://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/trending/woman-recieves-bullet-injury-locals-protest-in-budgam-village-kno-53091|access-date=2021-02-07|website=Kashmir News Observer}}</ref> Many officials including Deputy Commissioner Budgam, SHO Budgam and the Tehsildar also visited the place after and during the protests.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title='Every House Hit by Bullets': Budgam Villagers Protest Against Air Force's Firing Drills|url=https://thewire.in/rights/every-house-hit-by-bullets-budgam-villagers-protest-against-air-forces-firing-drills|website=thewire.in}}</ref>

Later on an [[First information report|FIR]] was filed by the Police Station [[Budgam]] and the routine of firing drill was closed by the administration.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page-2/woman-injured-by-bullet-from-air-force-firing-range-in-budgam/|title=Woman injured by bullet from Air Force firing range in Budgam|date=11 December 2020|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2020/12/65-year-old-woman-injured-after-hit-by-stray-bullet-in-budgam/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211074219/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2020/12/65-year-old-woman-injured-after-hit-by-stray-bullet-in-budgam/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 December 2020|title=65-year-old woman injured after hit by "stray" bullet in Budgam|website=The Kashmirwalla|date=11 December 2020}}</ref>

== Telecom services ==
The Ichgam village is connected through telecom services to the entire world. [[Airtel]], Bsnl, Vodafone, and [[Reliance Jio]] are the main telecom service providers in this area. On 21 February 2018, [[Aircel]] stopped its services in the whole country. The local subscribers also affected in this village.<ref>{{cite web |title=34 lakh mobile subscribers in lurch: Is Aircel going Tata Tele way in J&K;? |url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/business/34-lakh-mobile-subscribers-in-lurch-is-aircel-going-tata-tele-way-in-j-k/276671.html |website=Greater Kashmir |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171516/http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/business/34-lakh-mobile-subscribers-in-lurch-is-aircel-going-tata-tele-way-in-j-k/276671.html |archive-date=23 February 2018}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title = Religions
|titlebar = skyblue
|left1 = Religion
|right1 = Percentage
|float = right
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|98.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|orange|0.98}}
{{bar percent|Others |blue|0.31}}
|caption =Distribution of population on religion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India (Jammu and Kashmir) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in|website =Census of India}}</ref>
}}
{{bar box
|title=Demography|titlebar=skyblue
|left1= Gender
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Male]] ♂|Orange|51.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Female]] ♀|pink|49.00}}
|caption=Male and female population
}}

==See also==
* [[Dooniwari]]
* [[Budgam]]
* [[Srinagar]]
* [[Srinagar International Airport|Budgam Airbase]]
* [[Chadoora]]
* [[Khan Sahib, Jammu and Kashmir|Khansahib]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

# [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312921/Vale-of-Kashmir Vale of Kashmir]
# [http://budgam.nic.in/ Official Website of Budgam District]
# {{URL|http://educationaltrustkashmir.com/|Official Website of Educational Trust Kashmir}}

{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Budgam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]

Wadiyara Koli language

2026-02-28T19:40:37Z

Thinkartha: adjusted structure to improve readability per standard format

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language of India and Pakistan}}
{{morefootnotes|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Wadiyara Koli
| states = [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]
| region = [[Gujarat]] state and [[Sindh]] province
| speakers = 583,000
| date = 2018
| ref = e25
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = Western
| fam5 = [[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]]
| iso3 = kxp
| glotto = wadi1248
| glottorefname = Wadiyara
}}
'''Wadiyara Koli''' is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language of [[Gujarati languages|the Gujarati group]]. It is spoken by the [[Wadiyara people]], who originate from Wadiyar in [[Gujarat]]; many of whom are thought to have migrated to [[Sindh]] in the early twentieth century, following the onset of famine.<ref name="Zubair">{{cite thesis |last=ZUBAIR |first=SAEED|title=A Phonological Description of Wadiyara, a Language Spoken in Pakistan |type=MA |publisher=[[Payap University]] |url=https://www.ialtrust.org/resources/A-Phonological-Description-of-Wadiyari.pdf|access-date=9 October 2020|date=April 2016|page=2}}</ref> The Wadiyara people are affiliated with the [[Bhil people]] and [[Koli people]], but are generally more inclined towards associating themselves with the Koli; they are often regarded as a subgroup of the latter.

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
Wadiyari possesses eight distinct oral monophthongs coupled with five nasal monophthongs, in addition to five oral diphthongs and two contrastive nasal diphthongs. Oral vowels are also assimilated before nasal consonants.

====Monophthongs====
The word-initial occurrence of close front oral monophthongs is exceedingly rare. Generally, the close back monophthong is the most regular; but this is also uncommon in word-initial contexts. The short nasal monophthong is decidedly less frequent than its nasal counterparts, while the mid-back nasal monophthong does not occur word-finally. Occurrences of nasal monophthongs word-initially are extremely uncommon.

====Diphthongs====
No oral diphthongs can occur word-initially. As a whole, diphthongs are profoundly limited in occurrence; some can only occur word-medially and others word-finally.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels<ref name="Zubair"/>
! !![[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}|| ||colspan="2"|{{IPAlink|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}|| rowspan="2" valign="center"| {{IPAlink|ə}}||{{IPAlink|o}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPAlink|ɛ}}||{{IPAlink|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| ({{IPAlink|æ}}) || colspan="2" align="center"| {{IPAlink|ɑ}}
|}

===Consonants===
Wadiyara Koli possesses 38 distinct phonemic consonants, which entail seven places and eight manners of articulation.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postal.]] /[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|{{IPAlink|ɳ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Plosive]]
! [[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
! [[Breathy voice|murmured]]
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Implosive consonant|Implosive]]
|{{IPAlink|ɓ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɗ}}
|{{IPAlink|ᶑ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʄ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɠ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|({{IPAlink|f}})
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| ||
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|({{IPAlink|z}})
| || ||
|{{IPAlink|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|ʋ}}
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|{{IPAlink|ɭ̆}}
|{{IPAlink|j}}
| ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| || || ||
|}

====Implosives and plosives====

Implosives in Wadiyari involve five different places of articulation. It is noteworthy that bilabial and dental implosives do not appear word-finally; and the manifestation of the pre-palatal/palatal implosive is relatively less frequent. Wadiyara Koli's 16 plosive consonants have four places of articulation: the bilabial, alveolar, retroflex, and velar. There are clear contrasts between voicing and unvoicing, as well an unaspirated and aspirated consonants. Plosives are generally unrestricted, with the exception of the voiced bilabial and voiced retroflex aspirated stops. These do not appear word-finally, although the other aspirated plosives do so rather infrequently.

====Nasal consonants====

Wadiyari possesses four discernible nasal phonemes; the bilabial, the alveolar, the retroflex, and the velar; the latter two are restricted. The retroflex nasal is visible word-medially and word-finally, but never at the beginning of a word. However, it does manifest itself pre-syllabically. The velar nasal is similarly constrained, and also exclusive to the coda of a syllable. Most of the time it is followed by the voiced velar plosive, but it can also be followed by the lateral retroflex, as well as occurring independently.

====Fricatives and affricates====

Unusually for Indo-Aryan languages, four distinct phonemic fricatives are recorded in Wadiyari; contrasting at three places of articulation: the alveolar, the post-alveolar, and the glottal. All of these are unrestricted. A labiodental fricative was also observed; however, this is wholly restricted to Persian loanwords. Alveolar fricatives are often affricatized. The post-alveolar produces three distinct affricates: the voiced, the voiceless, and the voiceless aspirated. The latter cannot occur word-finally; the unaspirated counterparts can, but not regularly.

====Flaps, laterals, and approximants====

The alveolar flap and retroflex flap are distinguished at two places of articulation: the alveolar and the retroflex. The former is sometimes articulated as a trill, and the latter only occurs word-medially or word-finally. Unlike some Indo-Aryan languages, the retroflex flap stands in contrastive distribution with the voiced retroflex stop.

Like flaps, Wadiyari possesses two separate laterals at two separate places of articulation: the alveolar and the retroflex. The former is unrestricted in its occurrence, unlike the latter, which can only occur word-medially and word-finally. Wadiyari has a bilabial approximant in addition to a palatal approximant; the latter is restricted to word-initial and word-medial occurrences.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Western Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Koli people]]

Mohini Bhardwaj

2026-02-26T15:02:36Z

Thinkartha:

{{Short description|American artistic gymnast (born 1978)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox gymnast
| name = Mohini Bhardwaj
| image = Bhardwaj usn2001.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bhardwaj on the balance beam at the 2001 [[USA Gymnastics National Championships]] in [[Philadelphia]].
| full_name =
| nickname = Mo
| country = {{GYM National Team|USA|WAG}}
| formercountry =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1978|09|29}}
| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.}}
| hometown =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| discipline = WAG
| natlteam = 1992–98, 2001–02, 2004
| club = [[All Olympia Gymnastics Center]], Brown's
| gym =
| collegeteam = [[UCLA Bruins women's gymnastics|UCLA Bruins]]
| headcoach =
| assistcoach =
| formercoach = [[Chris Waller (gymnast)|Chris Waller]], Galina Marinova, [[Valorie Kondos Field]], Rita Brown
| choreographer =
| music =
| eponymousskills = [[Bhardwaj (uneven bar)|Bhardwaj (uneven bars)]]
| retired = 2005
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = 
{{MedalCompetition|[[Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]]|[[Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2001 Ghent]]|Team}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Pan American Gymnastics Championships|Pan American Championships]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2001 Pan American Gymnastics Championships|2001 Cancún]] | Team}}
{{MedalSilver | [[2001 Pan American Gymnastics Championships|2001 Cancún]] | All-Around}}
}}

'''Mohini Bhardwaj''' (born September 29, 1978) is an American retired [[Artistic gymnastics|artistic gymnast]] who competed at the [[1997 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|1997]] and [[2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2001 World Championships]] and earned a silver medal with the American team at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in [[Athens]] and is a member of the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame.<ref name = HOF>{{cite web |url=https://uclabruins.com/news/2014/12/19/209815148.aspx |title=UCLA Alumna Mohini Bhardwaj to be Inducted into USAG Hall of Fame |date=December 19, 2014 |website=[[UCLA]] Athletics |publisher=UCLA Athletics |access-date=November 18, 2019}}</ref> She is the first [[Indian-American]] gymnast, and the second Indian-American athlete in any sport, to medal at the Olympics.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040819/sports.htm#8 " Mohini second Indian-American to win medal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428213937/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040819/sports.htm#8 |date=April 28, 2017 }} Prabhjot Singh, ''The Tribune,'' August 19, 2004</ref>

==Early life and career==
Bhardwaj was born in [[Philadelphia]] to parents Indu and Kaushal. She has one younger brother, Arun. Her mother, Indu, is a [[Russians|Russian]] from New York who converted to [[Hinduism]] and teaches yoga; her father is from [[India]] and is a physician in [[Cincinnati]].<ref name=latimes>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jul-19-sp-24128-story.html "Her Party Life Over, She Returned to Bars"] Diane Pucin, ''Los Angeles Times,'' July 19, 2001</ref> Bhardwaj was raised in the Hindu faith and is [[vegetarian]].<ref name=ordinary>[http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2004/08/15/spt_oly1amohini.html "Nothing ordinary about her:Life's challenges never derailed gymnast's dream"] Paul Daughtery, ''Cincinnati Enquirer,'' August 15, 2004</ref><ref name=usagbio>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usa-gymnastics.org/athletes/bios/women/mbhardwaj.html |title=Mohini Bhardwaj's official bio at USA Gymnastics |access-date=July 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107203054/http://www.usa-gymnastics.org/athletes/bios/women/mbhardwaj.html |archive-date=November 7, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She began taking gymnastics classes at the age of four in her hometown, Cincinnati,<ref name=usagbio /> where she attended [[Seven Hills School (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Seven Hills School]].<ref name="CintiCom-Bhardwaj">{{cite web |url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2004/07/21/editorial_ed1b.html |title=Congratulations to our local Graduates |date=21 July 2004 |publisher=Cincinnati Enquirer |access-date=25 September 2010}}</ref> At the age of 13, she moved to [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] to train at Brown's Gymnastics.<ref name=latimes /> When she was 16, her coach, Alexander Alexandrov, moved to [[Houston]] to open a new facility for Brown's, and Bhardwaj followed without her parents.<ref name="indiaabroad">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/08mohini2.htm "Living life on her own terms"] Arun Venugopal, ''The Rediff Special,'' December 8, 2004</ref> Living alone in a Texas apartment, her gymnastics suffered.<ref name="latimes" /><ref name="indiaabroad" />

At the 1996 U.S. Olympic Trials, Bhardwaj finished in 10th place, missing a spot on the team by 0.075.<ref name=ordinary /> She continued training after the Olympics, but at the 1997 U.S. Nationals, [[NBC]] commentators noted that she was only competing at her parents' insistence.<ref>NBC-TV Footage of the 1997 U.S. National Championships, 1997</ref> Still, she finished third in the all-around at Nationals and earned a spot on the [[1997 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|1997 World Championships]] team. At Worlds, she was the only American besides [[Kristen Maloney]] to qualify for an individual event final, the [[Vault (gymnastics)|vault]], where she placed fifth.<ref name="usagbio" />

==NCAA career==
Bhardwaj's reputation as a wild child scared off some [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] recruiters, but [[Valorie Kondos Field]], the head coach for the [[UCLA Bruins gymnastics|UCLA Bruins gymnastics team]], awarded her a full scholarship. Her partying continued through her freshman year, prompting Kondos to issue her an ultimatum to remain on the team.<ref name=latimes /><ref name=indiaabroad />

By 1999, Bhardwaj had changed her ways and became a key member of the Bruins, with increased difficulty on all four events. During her time at UCLA, Bhardwaj earned All-American honors 11 times, earned 23 individual titles, and was the first gymnast from UCLA to be a four-time All-American on the [[uneven bars]]. As a senior, she won both the [[AAI Award]] and the [[Honda Sports Award]].<ref name=latimes /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://awards.honda.com/?p=6&Year=2001 |title=Honda Award winner page, 2000-2001 |access-date=July 22, 2008 |archive-date=July 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712215544/http://awards.honda.com/?p=6&Year=2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uclabruins.cstv.com/sports/w-gym/mtt/bhardwaj_mohini00.html |title=Mohini Bhardwaj's official UCLA Bruins biography |access-date=July 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915071417/http://uclabruins.cstv.com/sports/w-gym/mtt/bhardwaj_mohini00.html |archive-date=September 15, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She was inducted into the [[UCLA Bruins#UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame|UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame]] in 2013.<ref name="HOF"/>

=== Career Perfect 10.0 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Season
!Date
!Event
!Meet
|-
| rowspan="8" |2001
|January 5, 2001
| rowspan="2" |Floor Exercise
|Maui Invitational
|-
|January 21, 2001
|UCLA vs. Utah
|-
| rowspan="2" |January 28, 2001
|Uneven Bars
| rowspan="2" |UCLA vs. Alabama,
CSUF, and Southern Utah
|-
|Floor Exercise
|-
|March 11, 2001
|Uneven Bars
|UCLA @ Michigan State
|-
| rowspan="3" |March 18, 2001
|Uneven Bars
| rowspan="3" |UCLA vs. Georgia
|-
|Balance Beam
|-
|Floor Exercise
|}

==2001–2004==
After ending her UCLA career, Bhardwaj returned to elite competition. At the 2001 National Championships, she won the vault title and placed third in the all-around. She was named to the American team for the [[2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|2001 World Championships]] in [[Ghent|Ghent, Belgium]], where she contributed to the U.S. squad's bronze medal. Individually, she placed 18th in the all-around and 7th in the vault event final.<ref name=usagbio />

In 2002, she suffered a dislocated elbow and retired for a year before deciding to return to training in 2003.<ref name=indiaabroad /><ref name=nyt1>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE3DC173EF931A1575BC0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon= "A U.S. Veteran Tiptoes on the Balance Beam of Life"] Tyler Kepner, ''New York Times,'' August 22, 2004</ref> Off the national team and running low on funds, she took odd jobs, such as waitressing and delivering pizzas, to pay for her training and personal expenses. By 2004, she was in debt and could not afford to attend the Olympic Trials and other competitions. ''[[Baywatch]]'' star [[Pamela Anderson]], who learned of Bhardwaj's situation when she purchased a raffle ticket on her behalf, became a personal supporter and gave Bhardwaj $20,000 for her training expenses.<ref name=ordinary /><ref name=indiaabroad /><ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=35155 "Pamela Anderson spurs Bhardwaj to silver"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324093600/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=35155 |date=March 24, 2012 }} Reuters, August 18, 2004</ref>

At the 2004 Nationals, Bhardwaj placed a disappointing 12th in the all-around, only securing the final spot in the Olympic Trials when [[Ashley Postell]] fell on bars. But she went on to finish sixth at the Trials, earning an invitation to the subsequent closed-door selection camp. There, she impressed national team coordinator [[Márta Károlyi]] and the other selectors enough not only to earn a place on the team, but to be named its captain. Her strength and consistency on vault were expected to add balance to a team already formidable on [[Balance beam|beam]] and bars,<ref name="vault">[http://www.signonsandiego.com/sports/olympics/gym/20040814-9999-lz1s14oly4gym.html "They've brought women back into gymnastics"], San Diego Union-Tribune, August 14, 2004.</ref> but at the Olympics, she placed 20th on vault and failed to qualify for the event final.

Bhardwaj was the only American to qualify for the floor final at the Olympics, where she finished in sixth place. She finished eighth all-around in qualifying, behind teammates [[Carly Patterson]] (1st) and [[Courtney Kupets]] (4th), but was not among the 24 gymnasts to advance because of a rule limiting each country to two competitors in the final. Bhardwaj was the only gymnast in the top ten in qualifications who did not make the all-around final.<ref name="all-around">"[[Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic qualification]]", wikipedia article.</ref> In the team final, however, she was integral to the team's silver-medal effort: In addition to improving her vault from preliminaries and performing a strong [[Floor (gymnastics)|floor exercise]], she filled in on beam at the last minute when Kupets decided to sit it out because of a leg injury.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2004/08/17/first_indianame/ |title=First Indian-American Olympic medalist! | Sepia Mutiny|date=August 17, 2004 }}</ref>

For her Olympic achievements, Bhardwaj was named the India Abroad Person of the Year for 2004.<ref name=year>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/04iapoy.htm "Mohini Bhardwaj is the India Abroad Person of the Year 2004"] Rediff, December 4, 2004</ref>

After the Olympics, Bhardwaj joined the other members of the U.S. team on a national exhibition tour.<ref name=year /> She tried to continue competing into 2005 and was selected for the American Cup in January, but she had insufficient training time and withdrew.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usagym.org/pages/post.html?PostID=1108&prog=h |title=Sinclair Added To American Cup Roster |date=February 22, 2005 |website=[[USA Gymnastics]] |publisher=USA Gymnastics |access-date=November 18, 2018}}</ref> She retired from competitive gymnastics in 2005, at the age of 26. She was inducted into the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2015.<ref name = "HOF"/>

==Eponymous skill==
Bhardwaj was the first gymnast to perform the full-twisting [[Pak salto|Pak Salto]], and it is named after her in the [[Code of Points (gymnastics)|Code of Points]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2022-2024 Code of Points Women's Artistic Gymnastics |url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_WAG%20CoP%202022-2024.pdf |website=[[International Gymnastics Federation]] |access-date=22 January 2022 |pages=84, 207}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Apparatus
!Name
!Description
!Difficulty{{efn|name=difficulty|Valid for the 2022-2024 Code of Points}}
!Added to the Code of Points
|-
|Uneven bars || Bhardwaj || Pak Salto with 1/1 turn (360°) || E || [[Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Olympic Games]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Post-retirement==
Bhardwaj Owned OOA Gymnastics in [[Bend, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ooagymnastics.com/ooa/ |title=About OOA Gymnastics |last=OOA Gymnastics |website=OOA Gymnastics |access-date=November 18, 2019}}</ref> where she coached and ran/owned the business. She has also worked with Olympic hopeful gymnasts at Dan Alch Camp of Champions in [[Anchorage]], [[Alaska]].<ref name= teamusa>{{cite web |url=https://www.teamusa.org/News/2018/September/12/The-Rebels-New-Sport-Mohini-Bhardwaj-de-Freitas-Pivots-From-Gymnastics-To-Weightlifting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406010617/https://www.teamusa.org/News/2018/September/12/The-Rebels-New-Sport-Mohini-Bhardwaj-de-Freitas-Pivots-From-Gymnastics-To-Weightlifting |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |title=The Rebel's New Sport: Mohini Bhardwaj de Freitas Pivots From Gymnastics To Weightlifting |last=Lawrence |first=Blythe |date=September 12, 2018 |website=teamUSA.org |access-date=November 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/DanAlchCOC/photos/a.401935856576197/1620755938027510/?type=3&theater |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/184582461644872/1620755938027510 |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |url-access=limited |title=Dan Alch's Camp of Champions 2019 |website=Facebook}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bendbulletin.com/localstate/5965815-151/nassar-case-gives-central-oregon-gymnasts-a-tough |title=Nassar case gives Central Oregon gymnasts a tough question |last=Jacobsen |first=Victoria |date=January 31, 2018 |website=The Bulletin |publisher=Central Oregon Media Group |access-date=November 18, 2019}}</ref> She became interested in [[CrossFit]] in 2016, enjoying the weightlifting aspect of training, and began competing in weightlifting in 2018.<ref name = "teamusa" />

She is married to Jeff Barry, they have one son, Tristen. She divorced him and married Shane de Freitas<ref name = "teamusa" />

==Major competition results==
[[2004 Olympic Games]]: 2nd team; 6th FX 
2004 US Olympic Trials: 6th AA 
2004 US Championships: 12th AA; 2nd VT 
2001 [[Honda Sports Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uclabruins.com/sports/2001/5/1/207837835.aspx |title=Mohini Bhardwaj Wins Honda Award For Gymnastics |website=UCLA |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> 
2001 World Championships: 3rd team; 18th AA; 7th VT 
2001 Pan American Championships: 1st Team; 2nd AA; 5th VT 
2001 US Championships: 3rd AA; 1st VT; 2nd UB; 6th VT; 7th FX (tie) 
2001 NCAA Championships: 1st Team; 1st FX 
2000 NCAA Championships: 1st Team; 2nd AA; 1st UB; 2nd BB; 5th VT 
1999 NCAA Championships: 11th AA; 6th UB 
1999 World University Games: AA (qualified) 
1998 NCAA Championships: 4th UB; 7th VT 
1997 World Championships: 6th Team; 5th VT 
1997 US Championships: 3rd AA; 3rd VT (tie); 5th FX 
1997 American Cup: 10th AA (preliminary competition) 
1996 US Olympic Trials: 10th AA 
1996 US Championships: 12th AA (tie); 2nd BB; 4th VT; 4th UB; 5th FX (tie) 
1996 Pacific Alliance Championships: 1st team; 1st AA; 1st VT; 2nd BB; 3rd FX 
1996 Moscow World Stars: 4th AA; 2nd UB; 3rd BB; 3rd VT 
1995 US Championships: 15th AA; 4th UB (tie); 6th BB 
1995 Atlanta Invitational (Olympics Test Event): 8th AA; 1st VT 
1995 China Cup: 7th AA; 2nd mixed pairs; 3rd BB: 5th UB (tie); 7th VT 
1995 International Mixed Pairs: 5th 
1995 US Olympic Festival: 5th AA; 2nd VT; 2nd UB 
1994 Puerto Rico International Gymnastics Cup: 2nd VT; 3rd BB
1994 US Championships: 35th AA 
1994 US Olympic Festival: 7th AA (tie); 5th BB; 6th VT 
1993 US Championships: 10th AA

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIG|bio=24500|lic=892|name=Mohini Bhardwaj}}
* [https://members.usagym.org/pages/athletes/archivedbios/b/mbhardwaj.pdf Mohini Bhardwaj] at [[USA Gymnastics]]
* [http://www.gymn-forum.net/bios/women/bhardwaj.html Mohini Bhardwaj] at Gymn Forum
* [http://www.usa-gymnastics.org/features/1996/mohini-bhardwaj.html Mohini Bhardwaj on the Rise — 1996 Feature from USA Gymnastics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120064216/http://www.usa-gymnastics.org/features/1996/mohini-bhardwaj.html |date=November 20, 2005 }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060102070343/http://uclabruins.collegesports.com/sports/w-gym/mtt/bhardwaj_mohini00.html |date=mdy |title=UCLA Bruins Biography page}}
* [http://www.intlgymnast.com/interview/marinova_galina.html International Gymnast feature on Bhardwaj's coach, Galina Marinova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218191756/http://www.intlgymnast.com/interview/marinova_galina.html |date=December 18, 2005 }}
* [http://www.freewebs.com/mohinibhardwaj1/index.htm Mohini Bhardwaj site page at Olympic Gymnastics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303130037/http://www.freewebs.com/mohinibhardwaj1/index.htm |date=March 3, 2008 }}
* [https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2004-08-14-18-1-66892772/261970.html US Gymnastics Team Captain Hopes to Make Dream a Reality in Athens - VOA News - August 14, 2004 (archived)]

{{Footer USA Gymnastics 2004 Summer Olympics}}
{{PanAmChampionsWAGTeam|2001}}
{{Footer NCAA Gymnastics Uneven Bars Champions (Women)}}
{{Footer NCAA Gymnastics Floor Exercise Champions (Women)}}
{{AAI Award}}
{{Honda Sports Award}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Mohini}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American female artistic gymnasts]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships]]
[[Category:Originators of elements in artistic gymnastics]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Gymnasts from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:American people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:UCLA Bruins women's gymnasts]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for the United States in gymnastics]]
[[Category:Seven Hills School (Cincinnati, Ohio) alumni]]
[[Category:U.S. women's national team gymnasts]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:21st-century American sportswomen]]

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly

2026-02-25T03:52:00Z

Thinkartha:

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| foundation =
| name = Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
| coa_pic = Emblem Rajasthan.png
| coa_res = 100px
| native_name = Rājāsthān Vidhān Sabhā
| legislature = [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| term_limits = 5 years
| house_type = Unicameral

| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Rajasthan|Governor]]
| leader1 = '''[[Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde]]'''
| election1 = 27 July 2024

| leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader2 = '''[[Vasudev Devnani]]'''
| party2 =[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
Since 21 December 2023

| leader3_type = [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader3 =
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|13 December 2023]]

| leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader4 = '''[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]'''
| party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election4 = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|15 December 2023]]
| leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister]] (Deputy Leader of the House)
| leader5 = '''[[Diya Kumari]]''', [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] '''[[Prem Chand Bairwa]]'''
| party5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election5 = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|15 December 2023]]

| leader6_type = [[Government of Rajasthan|Minister of Legislative Affairs]]
| leader6 =
| party6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election6 = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|December 2023]]

| leader7_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = '''[[Tika Ram Jully]]'''
| party7 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election7 = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|16 January 2024]]

| leader8_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader8 = '''[[Ramkesh Meena]]'''
| party8 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election8 = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|29 July 2024]]
| leader9_type = Chief Whip
| leader9 =
| party9 =

| members = '''200'''
| structure1 = India Rajasthan Legislative Assembly 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Rajasthan|Government]] (127)'''
: {{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (118)
'''[[Confidence and supply]] '''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (2)
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}}} [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]] (1)
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (6)
'''Official Opposition (73)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (67)
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharat Adivasi Party}}}} [[Bharat Adivasi Party|BAP]] (4)
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|25 November 2023]]
| next_election1 = [[ Next Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2028]]
| session_room = Rajasthan Assembly.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place = [[Vidhan Bhavan, Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| website = {{URL|https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Rajasthan Legislative Assembly''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Rājāsthān Vidhān Sabhā''), is the unicameral legislature of the [[Indian state|state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It is a vital part of the [[state government]], responsible for making and implementing laws.

The assembly meets at [[Vidhan Bhavan, Jaipur|Vidhan Bhavan]] situated in [[Jaipur]], the capital of [[Rajasthan]].

== Origin ==
The formation of the House of People's Representatives in Rajasthan is significant in Indian Constitutional history since it was the result of the merging of 22 [[princely states]] of the former [[Rajputana]] with the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]].

As per the provision of Article 168 of India's newly framed constitution, each state was required to form a legislature consisting of one or two Houses. Rajasthan chose unicameralism for its legislature, which is known as the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly.

==History==
The First Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (1952–57) was inaugurated on 31 March 1952. It had a strength of 160 members. The strength was increased in 1957 after the merger of the erstwhile [[Ajmer State]] with Rajasthan in 1956. The Second (1957–62) and Third (1962–67) Legislative Assemblies had a strength of 176. The Fourth (1967–72) and Fifth (1972–77) Legislative Assembly comprised 184 members each. The strength became 200 from the Sixth (1977–80) Legislative Assembly onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/OverviewHouseTenure.aspx|access-date=19 January 2022|website=rajassembly.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="Malhotra2004">{{cite book|author=G. C. Malhotra|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA744|year=2004|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|isbn=978-81-200-0400-9|page=744}}</ref>

== Privileges ==
Article 194 of the [[Indian Constitution]] specifies the powers, privileges, and immunities of the House of Legislature, as well as its members and committees.

Some of the important privileges are:
* [[Freedom of speech]] in the legislature
* Immunity for members from any proceedings in any court relating to anything said or any vote given by them in the legislature or any committee thereof
* Prohibition on courts inquiring into legislative processes
* Freedom from arrest in civil proceedings for the members during the continuance of the session of the House

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Rajasthan Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:16th Rajasthan Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry]]

==References==
<references>

</references>

==External links==
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/rajasthan Rajasthan Lok Sabha Election 2019 Results Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109005059/https://www.loksabhaelections.in/rajasthan |date=9 November 2023 }}
* [https://rajassembly.nic.in/MemberConstituencyWise.aspx.html Rajasthan Assembly Election 2013 News, Candidates List]

{{Rajasthan}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rajasthan Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures]]

Delhi Public School, Riyadh

2026-02-21T23:15:15Z

Thinkartha: Entry - done

{{Infobox school
| name = Daratassalam International Delhi Public School
| native_name = مدرسة دارة السلام العالمية الرياض
| logo = Delhi Public School Riyadh logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| seal_image =
| seal_size =
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| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = Self Before Service
| address =
| region =
| city = Al Mathar Ash Shamali, Umm al-Hammam, [[Riyadh]]
| state =
| country = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|45|31|N|46|39|20|E|type:landmark_region:SA|display=inline,title}}
| other_name =
| former_name =
| former_names =
| schooltype = Private
| patron =
| established = {{Start date and age|2004|07|15|df=y}}
| founder =
| status =
| closed =
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] [[IGCSE]]
| district =
| educational_authority = [[Ministry of Education (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia]]
| school_number =
| school_code =
| chairman = Dr. Ibrahim Al-Quayid
| chairperson =
| administrator =
| principal_label = Principal
| principal = Mairaj Mohammad Khan
| principal_label1 =
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| principal_label2 =
| principal2 =
| principal_label3 =
| principal3 =
| head_teacher =
| staff =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| employees =
| key_people =
| grades = [[K–12]]
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-education]] (till [[kindergarten]]) [[Single-sex education|Gender-isolated]] (from [[first grade]])
| age_range = 4 to 18
| enrollment =
| enrollment_as_of =
| classes =
| avg_class_size =
| system = [[Education in India|Indian]] (since 2004) [[Education in the United Kingdom|British]] (since 2008)
| language = English
| houses =
| song =
| accreditation =
| affiliation = [[CBSE Gulf Sahodaya]]
| information =
| website = {{URL|https://dpsriyadh.org}}
| footnotes =
| picture =
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| picture2 =
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| module = 
}}
'''Daratassalam International Delhi Public School, Riyadh''' ({{Langx|ar|مدرسة دارة السلام العالمية الرياض}}), better known as '''DPS Riyadh''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS-Riyadh setting high standards in education |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/791386/%7B%7B |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> is a [[K–12]] [[Single-sex education|gender-isolated]] [[English medium|English-medium]] [[Community education|community-based]] [[international school]] in Umm al-Hammam, [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. Primarily serving the [[Non-Resident Indians in Saudi Arabia|Indian diaspora]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-15 |title=DPS Riyadh eyes world-class facilities |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/314822 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> it was founded in 2004 and comes under the aegis of [[Delhi Public School Society]]. It offers Indian curriculum prescribed by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] besides being a registered Cambridge International School.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-15 |title=DPS-Riyadh: Pursuing excellence |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/56137 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}</ref> It is a member of the [[CBSE Gulf Sahodaya]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Chapter – CBSE Gulf Sahodaya |url=https://cbsegulf.info/chapters/saudi-chapter/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> and is approved by the [[Ministry of Education (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Education]], [[Politics of Saudi Arabia|Government of Saudi Arabia]].

== History ==
In March 2004, while addressing a press-conference at the Riyadh Palace Hotel, the members of the [[Delhi Public School Society|DPS Society]] announced plans for opening a branch of [[List of Delhi Public School Society schools|Delhi Public Schools]] in [[Riyadh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-03-29 |title=Delhi Public School Branch Planned for Riyadh |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/246756 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> Delhi Public School was established on 15 July 2004 in the al-Maruh neighborhood of [[Riyadh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-07-16 |title=DPS Begins Operation in Riyadh |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/252497 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> In 2008, the school began offering [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]] syllabus alongside the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-15 |title=DPS Riyadh eyes world-class facilities |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/314822 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, the school management intended to shift the campus to a new location in Umm al-Hammam neighborhood,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab News - India Republic Day by MM - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/arabnews/docs/indiarepublicday |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=issuu.com |date=25 January 2012 |language=en}}</ref> which was completed by January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-26 |title=DPS Riyadh: Dynamic management, experienced faculty |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/29845 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Saudi Arabia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:International schools in Riyadh]]
[[Category:Indian international schools in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2004]]

Narinder Batra

2026-02-15T11:21:24Z

Thinkartha: created info - done

{{Short description|IOC member}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{ Infobox office holder
| name = [[ Narinder Dhruv Batra]]
| office3 = President of [[Hockey India]]
| term_start3 = 2014
| term_end3 = 2016
| predecessor3 = Mariyamma Koshy
| successor3 = Mariyamma Koshy
| office = 12th President of [[ Indian Olympic Association ]]
| term_start = 14 December 2017
| term_end = 25 May 2022
| predecessor = [[ Narayana Ramachandran]]
| successor = [[ PT Usha ]]
| office2 = 11th President of [[ International Hockey Federation]]
| term_start2 = 2016
| term_end2 = 2022
| predecessor2 = Leandro Negre
| successor2 = Tayyab Ikram
}}

'''Narinder Dhruv Batra''' (born 19 April 1957, India) was a member of the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) from 2019 to 2022.

==Education==
Batra studied at the [[Amar Singh College]] where he received his Bachelor of Arts in 1977. He then went on to study law at the [[University of Kashmir]], where he received his Bachelor in 1981. He received two honorary Doctorates in Philosophy from the [[Teerthanker Mahaveer University]] in 2012, and from the [[Manav Rachna University|Manav Rachna]] Educational Institutions in 2019.<ref name="Education1">{{cite web | url=https://www.anocolympic.org/nocs-directory/indian-olympic-association/16379 | title=Indian Olympic Association | last= | first= | website=ANOC | date= | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Career==
From 1997 until 2010, then again from 2012 until 2014, Batra was President of the Hockey Jammu & Kashmir. In 2014 until 2016, he was the President at Hockey India. He was the Chairman for the Hockey India League from 2012 to 2016, and for the Organising Committee of nine international hockey tournaments in India between 2012 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/narinder-batra-once-the-boss-of-indian-hockey-now-under-the-cbi-lens-122071900580_1.html | title=Narinder Batra: Once the boss of Indian hockey, now under the CBI lens | last= | first= | website=Business Standard | date=19 July 2022 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name="President1">{{cite web | url=https://www.letsstudytogether.co/ioc-appoints-narinder-batra-as-member-of-olympic-channel-commission/ | title=IOC appoints Narinder Batra as member of Olympic Channel Commission | last= | first= | website=LetsStudyTogether | date= | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref>

Batra was also treasurer for the Delhi & District Cricket Association from 2003 to 2013, and vice-president of the [[Asian Hockey Federation]] from 2003 to 2013.<ref name="President1" />

In 2018, he was President of the Commonwealth Games Association of India, a member of the Governing Board National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA India) and a member of the CSR Committee of Ministry of Corporate Affairs for the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Education1" />

He held various positions in the Indian Hockey Federation including, vice-president from 2002 to 2012, member of the Competitions Committee from 2012 to 2014, Executive Board Member from 2014 to 1016, then President starting in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/narinder-batra-elected-new-president-international-hockey-federation-4371768/ | title=Narinder Batra elected as new president of International Hockey Federation | last= | first= | website=The Indian Express | date=12 November 2016 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiashorts.com/fih-dr-narinder-dhruv-batra-re-elected-as-president-of-international-hockey-federation/42937/ | title=FIH: Dr. Narinder Dhruv Batra re-elected as president of International Hockey Federation | last=Amritanshu | first=Raj | website=india shorts | date=22 May 2021 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/narinder-batra-re-elected-as-fih-president-for-a-second-term/articleshow/82859135.cms | title=Narinder Batra re-elected as FIH President for a second term | last= | first= | website=The Economic Times | date=22 May 2021 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref>

For the [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA) he was vice-president from 2012 until 2014, then associate vice-president from 2013 until 2017, when he was then elected president.<ref name="President2">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/ioa-president-narinder-batra-elected-ioc-member/articleshow/69962913.cms | title=IOA president Narinder Batra elected IOC Member | last= | first= | website=The Tims of India | date=26 June 2019 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name="President3">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2019/jun/27/ioa-and-fih-chief-narinder-batra-elected-as-international-olympic-committee-member-1996123.html | title=IOA and FIH chief Narinder Batra elected as International Olympic Committee member | last= | first= | website=New Indian Express | date=27 June 2019 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref>

He became a member of the International Olympic Committee in 2019, and was a member of the IOC Olympic Channel Commission in 2020.<ref name="President2" /><ref name="President3" />

In May, Batra had his position as life membership in Hockey India removed as it was deemed in contempt by the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/veteran-sports-administrator-narinder-batra-resigns-as-fih-president-gives-up-ioc-membership-413540 | title=CBI registers misappropriation case against Narinder Batra, veteran sports administrator resigns from all posts | last= | first= | website=The Tribune | date=18 July 2022 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref> Which led to him stepping down as president of the Indian Olympics Association (IOA) as well as the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH) in 2022. At the same time, he stepped down as member of the IOC.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/narinder-batra-indian-olympic-association-president-end-term | title=Narinder Batra to step down as Indian Olympic Association president at the end of term | last=Nalwala | first=Ali Asgar | website=International Olympic Committee | date=25 May 2022 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name="President4">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other/narinder-batra-gives-up-ioc-membership-resigns-as-fih-president-2022-07-18-792995 | title=Narinder Batra gives up IOC membership, resigns as FIH President | last=Bhattacharya | first=Jishu | website=IndiaTV | date=18 July 2022 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref>
Shortly after his resignation, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed a case against him for allegedly misusing Hockey India funds.<ref name="President4" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/narinder-batra-resigns-as-fih-president-gives-up-ioc-membership-too/article65653625.ece | title=Narinder Batra resigns as FIH president, gives up IOC membership too | last= | first= | website=The Hindu | date=18 July 2022 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/batras-former-office-at-ioa-raided-by-cbi-8037610/ | title=CBI registers case against Batra hours after he resigns as IOA, FIH president | last= | first= | website=The Indian Express | date=19 July 2022 | accessdate=7 October 2022 }}</ref>

===Sports career===
Batra played hockey from 1970 until 1980, where he competed at various levels.<ref name="Education1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-civ}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Narayana Ramachandran]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indian Olympic Association#IOA Presidents|President of Indian Olympic Association]]|years=2017–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=Anil Khanna}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:title Batra, Narinder Dhruv}}
[[Category:Indian International Olympic Committee members]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Battle of Hyderabad

2026-02-12T22:50:44Z

Thinkartha: created a data...

{{Short description|Battle of the Anglo–Sindh War}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Hyderabad
| partof = the [[British conquest of Sindh|Anglo–Sindh War]]
| image = The Battle of Hyderabad, 24 March 1843.jpg
| caption = ''The Battle of Hyderabad'' [[George Jones (painter)|George Jones]], 1852
| date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1843|03|24}}
| place = [[Hyderabad, Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|22|45|N|68|22|06|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| result = British victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[East India Company]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Talpur dynasty.gif|25px]] [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]]s of [[Sindh]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]] {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]]<ref name="Outram">{{cite book|last=Outram|first=James|title=The Conquest of Scinde: A Commentary|year=2009|publisher=Bibliolife|isbn=978-0-559-94134-4|page=451}}</ref>
| commander2 = [[Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur|Mir Sher Talpur]] [[Hoshu Sheedi]]{{KIA}}
| units1 = {{plainlist|
*[[N Battery (The Eagle Troop) Royal Horse Artillery|1st Troop Bombay Horse Artillery]]
*[[101st Grenadiers]]
*[[112th Infantry]]
*[[121st Pioneers]]
*[[125th Napier's Rifles]]
*[[Cheshire Regiment|22nd Cheshire Regiment of foot]]
*[[Poona Horse|Poona Irregular Horse]]
*[[Scinde Horse|36th Jacob's Horse]]
}}
| units2 = [[Talpur Army]]
| strength1 = 6,000
| strength2 = 15,000
| casualties1 = 39 killed 231 wounded
| casualties2 = 2,000<ref name=Moon574>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 574.</ref>
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox British conquest of Sindh}}
}}

The '''Battle of Hyderabad''' ({{Langx|sd|ڊبو جي جنگ}}), sometimes called the '''Battle of Dubbo''',<ref>{{cite book|last=Khuhro|first=Hamida|title=Mohammed Ayub Khuhro: A Life Of Courage In Politics|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=969-0-01424-2 |page=18}}</ref> was one of the major campaigns of the British against Sindh, which was fought on 24 March 1843 between the forces of the British [[East India Company]] and the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur Mirs]] of [[Sindh]] near [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]. A small British force, led by Captain [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]], was attacked by the Talpurs and forced to make a fort of the British residence, which they successfully defended until they finally escaped to a waiting river steamer. After the British victory at [[Battle of Miani|Miani]], Sir [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]] continued his advance to the [[Indus River]] and attacked the Sindh capital of Hyderabad.

Hyderabad was defended by 15,000 troops and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribes under the command of [[Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur]] "Sher-i-Sindh" and [[Hoshu Sheedi]]. Charles Napier with a force of 6,000 men but with artillery support stormed the city. During the battle, Hoshu Sheedi was killed and his forces were routed. As a result, Sindh soon came under British control.

[[File:Charles_James_Napier.jpg|thumb|Sir Charles Napier]]
[[File:James_Outram_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16528.jpg|thumb|James Outram]]

==Prelude==
The British East India company became involved in the region of Sindh (in what is modern day [[Pakistan]]), under the authority of [[Baron Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]]. In 1809, the Amirs of Sindh signed a treaty of "friendship" with the British, who established a local representative in the city of Hyderabad. With this arrival of British influence within the region, the Amirs of Sindh lessened their internal struggles and turned instead to face this foreign presence.<ref>Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 111.</ref>

In 1838, the British representative had the Amirs sign a political residency treaty, allowing a British residency in the city of Hyderabad, which paved the way for further British involvement in the area. This same treaty also stipulated that the British would assist in negotiating the differences between the rulers of Sindh and those of the [[Punjab]].<ref name=Wallis113>Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 113.</ref> Soon after, this would be taken a step further in the signing of a treaty pushed by the British that if needed British troops would be stationed permanently in the Sindh region for ‘the protection of the Amirs’. The Amirs however would have to pay for a British resident in Hyderabad, who would negotiate all relations between the British and the Amirs.<ref>Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 112.</ref>

The British maintained various policies for the different Amirs, so as to please each individual and divide them by dealing with them separately.<ref name=Wallis113/> Captain James Outram was initially in charge of these dealings, and he made significant progress with the Amirs, who began confiding in him. As a result, Outram was able to attain power over the Amirs’ foreign policy as well as to station his troops in the province.<ref name=Wallis113/>

Tensions began to rise when the British, who were involved in the politics in [[Afghanistan]] at the time, started interfering in the internal affairs of the Amirs as well as asking them for land which the British desired. The British were supporting [[Shah Shuja Durrani|Shah Shujah Durrani]]'s claims to the throne in Afghanistan.<ref name=Wallis114>Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 114.</ref> The Amirs, however, resented this proposal, which added to their discontent with the British occupation. The Amirs refused to aid Shah Shujah in Afghanistan and, siding more with the Shah of Persia, angered the British.<ref>Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 120.</ref>

These relations took a turn for the worse when allegations were made that the Amirs were communicating with the Shah of Persia, a rival of Shah Shujah and the British. It was after this incident that the British made it clear to the Amirs of the Sindh that any further cooperation with any people other than the British would lead to their destruction and their loss of rule in Sindh.<ref name=Wallis114/>

The distrust between the British and the Amirs of Sindh continued to worsen, as both sides grew more and more suspicious of each other. Both sides continued on, feigning normality while both were aware of the other's mistrust.<ref>Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 116.</ref> As a result of their distrust, the British began to keep a close eye on Noor Mohammed Khan, one of the most prominent Amirs, at his residence in Hyderabad.<ref>Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 118.</ref>

In 1841, the British appointed Charles Napier for service in India at the age of 59. The following year Napier arrived in Bombay on 26 August. Upon his arrival he was told of the situation that existed between the British and the Amirs, and that the Amirs were making trouble for the British. On 10 September 1842 Napier arrived in Sindh.<ref>Duarte, ''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' pp. 403–404.</ref>

Under Napier, British control saw some charity on their occupation of Sindh and the territory of the Amirs. There was a belief that the British were, in fact, improving life for many in the area, as they saw the Amirs as overly wealthy rulers over a poor people.<ref>Duarte,''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' p. 405.</ref>

Napier was also very much of a mind to expand and tighten British control. Previously Outram had been in charge of negotiations between the British and the Amirs and had been very lenient towards the Amirs, which they appreciated greatly. Napier, on the other hand, not only longed for campaign, but was also very authoritarian with regard to the British rule in the area, and wanted to see full control by the British.<ref>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 567.</ref> Napier himself was charged by Ellenborough to look into the matter of the Amirs’ duplicity, to find evidence of their suspicious behaviour, and to compile it into a report which he would submit to Ellenborough.<ref>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 565.</ref> However, due to the fact that Napier was fresh to the Sindh and knew none of the languages which would allow him to understand the pieces of alleged evidence against the Amirs, he was left with a difficult task.<ref>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' pp. 565–566.</ref>

Napier's 200-page report was submitted to Ellenborough, who received it on 3 November. The report was fairly inaccurate in its information about the Amirs, and Ellenborough sent his reply the day after as well as a draft of a new treaty to be made with the Amirs.<ref>Duarte, ''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' p. 408.</ref> The speed of the reply, as well as the fact that it was accompanied by a drafted treaty, would indicate that Ellenborough had made his decision and the draft even before receiving Napier's report.<ref>Duarte, ''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' p. 409.</ref>

Ellenborough's reply urged Napier to find conclusive evidence of the actions of the Amirs - of which he had fairly little. His most incriminating piece of evidence was a letter supposedly written by the Amir, but which might easily have been a forgery, of which Napier was aware. As a result, Napier wrote to Ellenborough again, telling him of the small pieces of evidence that he had and asked for Ellenborough's help in the situation. However, Ellenborough replied saying that he agreed with the verdict made by Napier - though he had not concretely stated one.<ref>Duarte, ''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' p. 411.</ref>

==Conflict==
In February 1843, Amir Sodbar resided at Hyderabad Fort. While Sodbar was cooperative with the British, Napier was wary of him, and felt Sodbar was too much of a liability for the British, though the Amir was unaware of these feelings.<ref name=Lambrick150>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind'', p. 150–151.</ref> As a result, when Napier asked Sodbar to send away Talpurs troops from the Fort, Amir Sodbar complied. Napier then took control of the fort himself, raising the British flag and stationing troops there.<ref name=Lambrick150/>

At first Napier was hesitant to hold Sodbar prisoner. However, after some of Sodbar's men resisted the British, against Sodbar's will, Napier decided to hold the Amir as a prisoner in Hyderabad Fort.<ref>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 152.</ref> Ellenborough gave orders for all treasure and articles of wealth to be seized from the Amir's residence in Hyderabad, except that which the women chose to retain as their own jewelry or possessions. Collection agents were appointed to mediate the confiscation of the wealth. Some of the women made good use of this opportunity to take large amounts of wealth with them, while others, fearful of the British appointees, gave up much of their possessions.<ref>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 154–155.</ref>

Around this time, Napier heard word of one of the Amirs, Sher Mohammad, mustering troops to resist the British forces. Napier was under the impression that Sher Mohammad would offer little resistance as he had very little funds or weapons, and was therefore surprised to hear that he had almost 30,000 troops ready to be brought against the British.<ref>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 156.</ref>

Upon hearing of Sher Mohammad's foreboding army, Napier immediately sent for reinforcements from Ferozepur and [[Sukkur]]. Around the same time, Talpur soldiers began to attack British supply routes along the Indus as well as those from [[Karachi]] to other British holdings.<ref name=Lambrick157>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 157–158.</ref> It was Napier's intent to hold off battle as long as he could so as to get as much of the reinforcements as he could. He was sent a message from Sher Mohammad, promising the safety of Napier and his men if he would give up the fort and the confiscated wealth. In reply, Napier fired cannons from the fort as a sign that he would not surrender.<ref name=Lambrick157/>

On 20 March, Sir Charles Napier went out to reconnoiter Sher Mohammad's position near [[Tando Ali Jam]], finding the Amir's army to be strong and holding excellent territory for defense. The next day, Napier received much needed reinforcements who arrived by ship, coming down the Indus from Sukkur.<ref>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' pp. 159–160.</ref>

==Battle==
[[File:Plan of the Battle of Dubba.jpg|thumb|left|A British map of the battle]]
On 24 March 1843 British troops, led by Sir Charles Napier, set out from Hyderabad to meet Sher Mohammad. After marching for some time, the British forces came upon the Amir's army.<ref name=Lambrick161>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 161.</ref> While waiting for the rest of the British army, the [[Scinde Horse]], one of Napier's cavalry regiments, began to position themselves in a line opposite the Talpur troops, who began to fire on the regiment. Napier himself had to do much of the positioning of the troops, as he lacked experienced commanders within his regiments. As each regiment made its way to the battle, and into position, the fighting grew fierce between both sides.<ref name=Lambrick161/> The Talpur troops were well entrenched in their position and, due to the terrain, Napier was unable to get an idea of just how far the Talpur line was and how well it was supported. Soon the British had brought up artillery as well, which opened fire on the Talpur troops in their trenches. As the British approached the left side of Talpur forces, they found themselves faced with heavy attack from the trees, where a large number of troops had positioned themselves.<ref>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 163.</ref>

After almost an hour of fire between both sides, Napier began to see an opportunity to break through a weak spot in the Amir's lines. The Scinde Horse and [[3rd Bombay Light Cavalry]] made a move to attack with the left wing of the British troops and crashed into the Talpur before they could do significant damage.<ref name=Moon574/> Meanwhile, on the right wing British soldiers charged the Talpur lines, piling over their trenches where the tightly packed Talpurs found difficulty in using their swords against the British. Seeing the desperation of the Talpur plight Amir Sher Mohammad left the battle at the suggestion of his commander, Hosh Mohammad Kambrani (also called Hosh Muhammad Sheedi), with hopes that he might obtain another chance at victory over the British. Hosh Muhammad, on the other hand, stayed behind with the troops, fighting the British to the death.<ref>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 164–165.</ref>

[[File:Battle of Dubba.jpg|thumb|right|British troops charge the Talpur lines (from a British book)]]
The British troops, seeing the centre of the Talpur line giving way, charged through the middle, dividing the Amir's line. About this time, Napier was almost killed when a magazine exploded nearby, killing some British soldiers near him, but sparing his life.<ref name=Lambrick166>Lambrick, ''Sir Charles Napier and Sind,'' p. 166.</ref> One of Napier's commanders, after breaking through the Talpur's left wing then left the field, perhaps aiding later in cutting off the Talpur's retreat. The Amir's men, routed and disorganized, began to flee, and Napier with the [[Bengal Cavalry]] pressed on after them, cutting them off from escaping across the Indus. This strategic move on the part of the British stopped the Talpurs from regrouping with others and posing a threat to the British.

With the Talpurs dispersed, Napier returned to his men who celebrated their victor with three cheers.<ref name=Lambrick166/> This battle would be one of the last major efforts by Sher Mohammad to resist against the British, which ended on 14 June when British troops surprised the Amir and captured three of his cannons. Sher Mohammad himself escaped to Afghanistan.<ref>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' pp. 574–575.</ref>

==Aftermath==
Following the British victory, and consequent annexation of Sindh, troubles quickly arose. Captain James Outram, who had been sent back to England following his posting in the Sindh, began to plead the case of the Amirs in England. Coupled with the new victory, stark criticism arose in England towards both Ellenborough and Napier, who wrote, pleading their own case and arguing over the details of their dealings with the Amirs.<ref name=Moon575>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 575.</ref>

The authorities in England were not pleased with the annexation of Sindh, and had in mind to restore the territory to the Amirs. However, thinking that the process of returning Sindh to its former rulers would be difficult and that the forced resignation of Ellenborough and Napier would cause further criticism from England, the ownership of Sindh would remain with the British.<ref name=Moon575/> The government in England did write to Napier and Ellenbourough, condemning the annexation and their actions. The actual province of Sindh was not as prosperous as Napier had hoped after capture, and for many years the British gained very little from its possession.<ref>Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 576.</ref>

===EIC Casualties===
[[File:Monument of Dubo battle.JPG|thumb|200px|War Memorial in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]]]
The Hyderabad war memorial details 39 EIC casualties suffered during the battle, naming:
* Lt. J.C. Smith Horse artillery.
* CPT. Carrett 9th Bengal Cavalry.
* One drummer 21st B.N.I
And summarising the casualties thus;
* 1 - 3rd Bombay Cavalry
* 3 - Poona Horse
* 23 - 22nd Cheshire
* 2 - 1st Grenadier N.I
* 1 - 12th B.N.I
* 3 - 21st B.N.I
* 3 - 25th B.N.I

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}

;Sources
*{{Cite book |last=Duarte |first=Adrian |title=A history of British relations with Sind, 1613–1843 |publisher= Karachi: National Book Foundation |year=1976 |oclc=3072823}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lambrick |first=H.T. |title=Sir Charles Napier and Sind |publisher= Great Britain: Oxford University Press |year=1952 |asin=B0007IXTEO}}
*{{Cite book |last=Moon, Sir |first=Penderel |title=The British Conquest and Dominion of India |publisher= Great Britain: Gerald Duckworth &Co. |year=1989 |isbn=978-0253338365}}
*{{Cite book |last=Wallis |first=Frank H. |title=A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849 |publisher= United Kingdom: The Edwin Mellen Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0773446755}}

{{History of Sindh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabad, Battle of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1843]]
[[Category:1840s battles]]
[[Category:Hyderabad District, Pakistan|Battle]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military history of Sindh]]
[[Category:March 1843]]
[[Category:Sind State]]

Ghosts in Bengali culture

2026-02-11T20:21:48Z

Thinkartha: fixed issues

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{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{unreliable sources|date=October 2019}}
{{Weasel|date=March 2020}}
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[[File:Thakurmar Jhuli Dakkhinaranjan Mitra Majumder 1907.jpg|thumbnail|The depiction of a [[Demon|Rakkhoshi]] queen at the king's palace, an illustration from the classic Bengali folk-lore collection ''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]'' (1907) by [[Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]]]]

Ghosts are an integral part of the [[folklore]] of the socio-cultural fabric of the geographical and ethno-linguistic region of [[Bengal]] which presently consists of [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]]. Bengali folktales and Bengali cultural identity are intertwined in such a way that ghosts depicted reflect the culture it sets in.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarker |first=Dr. Sreemoyee |date=2021 |title=Ghosts in Bengali Folktales: Looking for Subaltern Cultural Identity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362326012 |journal=Indian Folklore: Contemplation on Art, Aesthetics, and Culture |pages=72 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> [[Fairy tales]], both old and new, often use the concept of [[ghost]]s.

References to ghosts are often found in modern-day [[Bengali literature]], cinema, radio and television media. There are also alleged haunted sites in the region. The common word for ghosts in Bengali is ''[[Bhoot (ghost)|bhoot]]'' or ''bhut'' ({{langx|bn|ভূত}}), which comes from the Sanskrit word bhūta (भूत), meaning 'past' or 'something that has passed'. Also, the word ''[[Preta|Pret]]'' (derived from Sanskrit 'Preta') is used in Bengali to mean ghost. The word generally refers to the spirit of a deceased person, or entity that has passed on.

Among [[Bengali Muslims]], [[List of spiritual entities in Islam|supernatural entities]] are largely recognised as ''Jinn'', or ''jinn bhoot'' ({{langx|bn|জিন ভূত}}) (derived from Arabic '[[Djinn]]'). In Bengal, ghosts are believed to be the unsatisfied spirits of human beings who cannot find peace after death or the souls of people who died in unnatural or abnormal circumstances like murders, suicides or accidents.

==Types of ghosts and other supernatural entities ==
{{in-universe|section|date=May 2019}}
{{more footnotes needed|section|date=May 2019}}

There are many kinds of ghosts and supernatural entities that frequently come up in [[Bengali culture]] and folklore. Ghosts have been important in the socio-cultural beliefs, superstitions and popular entertainment of the [[Bengalis|Bengali people]]. A few of these supernatural entities are mentioned here.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Narendra Nath |year=2000 |title=Indian Demonology: The Inverted Pantheon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HjXAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788173043093}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://arts.bdnews24.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/thakurmar-jhuli.pdf|title=Thakumar Jhuli|work=bdnews24.com |access-date=2016-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.storypick.com/ghosts-of-bengal/|title=11 Different kinds Of Ghosts We Find In Bengali Culture|last=Maiti|first=Anwesha|website=StoryPick|date=16 September 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uky.edu/Centers/Asia/SECAAS/Seras/2013/2WhiteAdventures.pdf|title= David Gordon White, Ḍākinī, Yoginī, Pairikā, Strix: Adventures in Comparative Demonology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saletore |first1= Rajaram Narayan |year=1981 |title=Indian Witchcraft |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETz3_bv8t0cC |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn= 9780391024809}}</ref><ref name="bhoot-fm.com|title=Bhoot">{{Cite web|url=http://bhoot-fm.com|title=Bhoot FM - Download Bhoot FM Recorded Episodes|website=Bhoot FM - Download Bhoot FM Recorded Episodes|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mythfolklore.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/Unit%3A%20Bengali%20Folktales|title= Lal Behari Day, Folk-tales of Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=তিথি ভট্টাচার্য|script-title=bn:ভূতপূর্ব: ঊনবিংশ শতাব্দীর ভূত ও আমাদের ভবিষ্যৎ|url=http://omegalibrary.com/topic2116.html|access-date=23 July 2016|archive-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104545/http://omegalibrary.com/topic2116.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Jinn / Djinn ===
Most often believed by the Muslim community of Bengal, the Jinn are supernatural beings that are generally considered invisible and capable of affecting living beings with their actions. An important aspect of Jinn is that they are seen, as humans, to be accountable for their deeds in the eyes of [[God]]. Jinn are not necessarily good or bad, but are seen as intelligent and subtle beings. They have free will, and a Muslim may acknowledge when a jinn is influencing their life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=El-Zein |first=Amira |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JjTctEZXHCQC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=jinn&ots=IAav4cwUKE&sig=H3yTxPJePnM106SVqn0o0DAPZiY |title=Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn |date=2009-10-16 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-5070-6 |language=en}}</ref> Some may attribute circumstances in their lives to Jinn interference and in some rural areas, this may be where [[shamanistic]] rituals may be employed to ward them off ([[Talisman|talismans]], prayers, etc.). Some Jinn like to shapeshift and appear as snakes or humans, and may become malevolent if disturbed or harmed by a human. Some Jinns can haunt human residences, toilets, lakes, graveyards, morgues, hospitals and even the wilderness.

===Boba Jinn===
[[Sleep paralysis]] is often attributed in Bengali lore to a supernatural entity called the [[Jinn]] of "Boba" ({{langx|bn|বোবা}}) ''(meaning [[muteness]])'' or "Boba Jinn" ({{langx|bn|বোবা জিন}}). This entity tries to strangle the victim in their sleep. The victims report themselves being unable to speak or move and often see the fearsome entity sitting over their chest as it strangles them. In Bangladesh, the phenomenon is called ''Bobaay Dhora'' (being struck by Boba).

===Pari / Pori===
[[File:Kalighat_pictures_Indian_gods_f.22.jpg|thumb|Kalighat painting of a [[Peri|pari]]]]

In [[Bangladeshi folk literature|Bangladeshi folklore]], pori (also spelled [[parī]]) refers to a supernatural entity, similar to a fairy, often depicted as a beautiful, winged creature with a connection to [[Islamic mythology|Islamic]]/[[Persian mythology]]. They are known for their ethereal beauty and association with the unseen realm, sometimes interacting with humans, both positively and negatively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cultural Appropriation: "Pari" not "Fairy" |date=16 December 2022 |url=https://www.folkloristan.com/post/cultural-concept-of-pari-and-fairy}}</ref>

===Mamdo===

Mamdo or Mamdo Bhoot ({{langx|bn|মামদো ভূত}}) are ghosts of [[Bengali Muslims]] who died unnatural deaths. The word Mamdo ({{langx|bn|মামদো}}), came from the word "mohammadiyah" ({{Langx|bn|মোহাম্মদিয়া}}), which means "followers of [[Muhammad]]".
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purkayasta |first=Vedapranaa |date=2023-09-15 |title=6 Popular Bhoots Of Bengal: Ghostly Tales From My Father's Experience. |url=https://theshesaga.com/2023/09/15/6-popular-bhoots-of-bengal-ghostly-tales-from-my-fathers-experience/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The She Saga |language=en-US}}</ref> This name may have stemmed from the fact that Mamdo Bhoot's were thought to be the spirits of Muslims that had become spectral or ghost-like.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hazra |first=Aparajita |title=Asian Folklore, Folk Horror and the Gothic |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haniyeh-Asaadi/publication/363762260_Shamanistic_Practices_Among_the_Southerners_of_Iran_In_Gholamhossein_Saedi's_Ahle_Hava/links/678faa7282501639f500f7f9/Shamanistic-Practices-Among-the-Southerners-of-Iran-In-Gholamhossein-Saedis-Ahle-Hava.pdf |journal=Asian Folklore, Folk Horror and the Gothic |pages=3 |via=Research.gate}}</ref>

=== Petni ===

[[Churel|Petni]] is what a [[Churel]] is called in Bengal. This is a spirit that is typically described as 'the ghost of an unpurified living thing', and is often known to inhabit trees. The Churel is closely related to the lore of Petni and Shakchunni, other popular female supernatural entities in Bengali folk tales. In some Hindu beliefs, these spirits may become [[Dakini|dakinis]] and serve the goddess [[Kali]]. In some areas of Bengal, a Petni is the ghost of a woman who died during childbirth or pregnancy. Some Petni's would come about if a woman died during her menstruation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ploss |first=Hermann Heinrich |url=http://archive.org/details/b20442117M003 |title=Woman [electronic resource] : an historical, gynæcological and anthropological compendium |last2=Bartels |first2=Max (Maximilian) |last3=Bartels |first3=Paul |last4=Dingwall |first4=Eric John |date=1935 |publisher=London : W. Heinemann ltd. |others=Wellcome Library}}</ref> The Petni may appear as a woman with distorted or monstrous features (blackened tongue, claw hands, large fangs, and wild hair), and her feet turned backwards (a common trait of South-Asian supernatural entities), or she may be a shapeshifter to lure humans towards her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crooke |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/introductiontopo00croorich |title=An introduction to the popular religion and folklore of northern India |date=1894 |publisher=Allahabad: Printed at the government press, North-Western Provinces and Oudh |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

=== Aleya ===
[[Aleya (Ghost light)|Aleya]] is the name given to a strange phenomenon of light that happens near the marshes (similar to the [[will-o'-the-wisp]]), especially reported by the fishermen of West Bengal and Bangladesh. These so-called marsh lights often look like levitating orbs of fire that glow, which confuse fishermen, lure them in the water and drown them. Like the Nishi or the western idea of a [[Siren (mythology)|siren]], their voice is irresistible. Local people believe that these are the ghosts of fisherman who died whilst fishing. The fishermen of Sundarban delta region, especially the Khasti and Manna fishermen communities, strongly believe in these and always do an ''Atoshi-taron'' ritual before they go fishing.

=== Nishi Dak ===
In Bengali, nishi means 'night' or 'darkness' (নিশি), and dak means 'call' (ডাক). This refers to a spirit that calls out to humans in the middle of the night, or in the dark, but in a familiar voice. The nishi dak will prey on those who are alone, and use familiar voices to lure their victims to a secluded area before revealing themselves and killing their victims. Legend says that if one hears the voice of their loved one call out to them once or twice, it is Nishi trying to trick them into answering her call, which gives her the ability to consume the answering person's soul. If the call is heard for a third time, it is safe to answer since Nishi only calls out to a person twice. Those who hear about this the ‘Nishi Dak’ (night/darkness call) live in fear and are said to never go outside alone at night with the fear that they may be targeted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Nazara |date=May 2023 |title=Fireflies |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.239235997201471 |journal=Voiceworks |issue=129 |pages=90–94 |doi=10.3316/informit.239235997201471}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=iamanoushkajain |date=2023-11-02 |title=Nishi Daak : Stories to Explore |url=https://enrouteindianhistory.com/if-you-hear-calls-at-night-dont-look-back-exploring-stories-of-nishi-daak/ |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Enroute Indian History |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Mechho Bhoot===
The Mechho Bhoot is a famous spirit in Bengali folklore. Its name comes from the word “machh,” (Bengali: মাছ), meaning fish. These spirits live near village ponds or lakes, drawn to their love for fish. They can be playful, but they can also be dangerous. [[Fishing in Bangladesh|Fishing]] is very important to agriculture and economy in Bangladesh, as it is a riverine country with a variety of fish in the waters. According to folklore, those who suffer a death in the waters while fishing turn into Mechho Bhoots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Susheel K. |url=https://www.academia.edu/48939347/VOICES_Voices_of_Interdisciplinary_Critical_Explorations_A_Peer_Reviewed_Journal_Volume_10_Number_1_March_April_2021_ISSN_2230_875X |title=VOICES: Voices of Interdisciplinary Critical Explorations, (A Peer Reviewed Journal) Volume 10 • Number 1 • March – April 2021, ISSN : 2230-875X.}}</ref>

=== Begho Bhoot ===
The word ''Begho'' comes from the Bengali word meaning 'tiger'(বাঘ). A Begho Bhoot is the ghost of people who were killed or eaten by the tigers in the [[Sundarbans]], which is also a sanctuary for the [[Royal Bengal Tiger]] in the [[Bengal]] region. These spirits and their characteristics may relate to the folklore of [[Dakshin Rai]], a deity of the Sundarbans who ruled over beasts and demons, who sometimes appeared as a tiger.

Local folktale suggests that these apparitions frighten people who enters the jungle and lead them to tiger lairs. They are also said to make the noise of a tiger roar in order to scare villagers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three haunting myths of the Sundarbans |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/travel/166599/three-haunting-myths-of-the-sundarbans |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> Begho Bhoot is symbolic of the hardships of poor, working class people who often fall victim to their livelihoods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Dr Sreemoyee |date=2021-01-01 |title=Ghosts in Bengali Folktales: Looking for Subaltern Cultural Identities |url=https://www.academia.edu/49421409 |journal=Indian Folklore: Contemplation on Art, Aesthetics, and Culture}}</ref>

[[File:Folk-tales of bengal, illustration by W. Goble 1912.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|A benevolent ''Brahmadaitya'' saving a poor ''[[Brahmin]]'' man from a group of ''Bhoot'' (ghosts), while the man was cutting a branch from the yonder banyan tree or [[Ficus religiosa|Ashwattha tree]]. An illustration by Warwick Goble (1912). Taken from the 1912 illustrated edition of ''Folk-Tales of Bengal'' by [[Lal Behari Dey]].]]

=== Besho Bhoot ===
The word ''Besho'' comes from the word ''Baash'' which means 'Bamboo' in Bengali. It was believed that these harmful ghosts, called the Besho Bhoot, lived within bamboo gardens, and walking past these areas after dusk was considered dangerous. Another superstition states that if a bamboo plant is leaning or laying on the ground, no one should cross over it and should instead go around it, in fear that the bamboo would rise up unexpectedly by the spirit, and the person would die impaled by it. Strange weather phenomenons, such as gusty winds, were said to occur within the bamboo gardens whilst the weather elsewhere was fine.<ref>{{Citation|last=Abdul Gaffar Ronnie|script-title=bn:বাঁশবাগানে কি ভূত থাকে?|url=http://www.banglamail24.com/news/147631|work=Bangla Mail 24 |language=bn |access-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427153251/http://www.banglamail24.com/news/147631|archive-date=27 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Shakchunni ===
The word ''[[Shakchunni]]'' comes from the Sanskrit word ''Shankhachurni''. It is usually described as the spirit of a married woman, wearing a special kind of traditional bangles made of shells (called ‘Shakha Pola'/'শাখা পলা’ in Bengali) around their arms, which is a sign of married [[Bengali Hindu|Hindu]] women in Bengal. In Bangladeshi folklore (and sometimes India), Shakchunnis are different from Petnis, the former are said to live on top of trees and attack people who may disturb them. They are also imagined as invincible, able to be banished only through [[shamanistic]] [[ritual]]s.

Most local folklores in West Bengal and India depict her as a young woman who entered matrimony with a prosperous individual. Regrettably, her marital union proved to be marked by cruelty and abuse inflicted upon her by her husband, ultimately culminating in her untimely demise. In these folklores Shakchunnis return as ghostly apparitions intending to take revenge on their erstwhile husbands.

Given her distressing experiences within her own marital life, she harbors an intense longing for a harmonious companionship. Consequently, she targets contentedly married women, subjugating and usurping their identities to perpetuate an illusion of matrimonial bliss on behalf of her victims.

In local folklores, Shakchunni is depicted as the exact opposite of traditional submissive Bengali women. They are depicted as evil, revenge-seeking, scary entities with pointy ears. Researchers of local folklores call this a subtle patriarchal message that women who deviate from a set societal expectations are as abhorrent as Shakchunni.<ref>Rayhan, A. A. B. F. Haunters or Haunted?: A Feminist Anatomization of Female Ghosts (Shakchunni, Sheekol Buri, and Prapti) from Bengali Folk Tales through the Prism of Biological Essentialism.</ref>

=== Pishachas ===
[[Pishachas]] are flesh-eating demons in [[Indian religions|Indian religious]] lore. They dwell in the dark and often haunt cremation grounds. They are also described as having shapeshifting abilities and invisibility. They are said to be able to possess human beings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dallapiccola |first1=Anna L. |title=Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend |year=2002 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-51088-1 |page=155}}</ref>

=== Rakkhosh ===
[[Rakshasa|Rakkhosh]] is the Bengali form of the word [[Rakshasa]], from Hindu mythology. They are demonic beings known for having a malevolent nature, ability to shapeshift, and other supernatural abilities. They are depicted as having thick fangs and sharp claws, their appearance varying depending on the story. They are prominently featured in the Hindu epics of [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], which establishes their creation myth of being created from [[Brahma|Brahma's]] breath and then banished to Earth by the god [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folk-tales of Bengal/The Story of the Rakshasas - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Folk-tales_of_Bengal/The_Story_of_the_Rakshasas |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> Many fairytales from Bengal speak of these creatures, describing them as vicious beings who feed on humans. A common call of the rakkhosh in traditional Bengali folk-tales is this couplet: ''Hau, Mau, Khau,... manusher gondho pau''([[Bengali language|Bengali]]:হাঁউ মাঁউ খাঁউ,... মানুষের গন্ধ পাঁউ) The first three are gibberish words describing the opening of the mouth and the intention to devour, whilst the second phrase means "I smell humans". This is comparable to the "fi fie foe..." phrase associated with giants.

=== Daitya (Doitto)===
The [[Daitya]] (or Doitto) ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: दैत्य) look human, but possess extraordinary size and strength. They are similar to the [[Giant|giants]].

=== Brahmodaitya ===
A Brahmodaitya is the ghost of a holy [[Brahmin]], or the spirit of a priest and scholar from the highest [[Hindu caste]]. Depending on the story, these spirits may appear benevolent or malevolent. Many Bengali folktales and movies portray them as being very kind and helpful to the living.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folk-tales of Bengal/The Story of a Brahmadaitya - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Folk-tales_of_Bengal/The_Story_of_a_Brahmadaitya |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Halimah-Mohamed-Ali-2/publication/374266406_A_Review_of_the_Folk_Tales_of_Bengal/links/65c19c5c1bed776ae3326979/A-Review-of-the-Folk-Tales-of-Bengal.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=November 2025}}</ref>

Brahmodaitya reflects the rigid and discriminatory nature of caste hierarchies followed in the past. Socio-political experts point out the fact that most other ghosts in local folklores of Bengal are depicted as dark-skinned while Brahmodaitya is depicted as fair skinned and benevolent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Shuvatri |last2=Jash |first2=Senjuti |date=2017-01-01 |title=Historicizing Ghosts: Reimagining Realities in Nineteenth Century Popular Bengali Fiction |url=https://www.academia.edu/31412743 |journal=JHI Blog}}</ref>

=== Damori ===
[[Tantra|Tantric]] practices and black magic have been very popular in rural Bengal for centuries. Rural people from Bengal, obsessed with the occult, used to travel to the [[Kamakhya Temple|Kamrup-Kamakhya]] in [[Assam]] in order to learn the tantric ways and black magic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/kamakhya-the-seat-of-black-magic-imagegallery-national-jgxm3ngbecdsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724215646/http://www.sify.com/news/kamakhya-the-seat-of-black-magic-imagegallery-national-jgxm3ngbecdsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 July 2015|title=Kamakhya: The seat of black magic|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kamakhyabhaktlalbaba.wordpress.com/about-kamakhya-temple/|title=About Kamakhya Temple|website=Lal Baba- The Spiritual Guide|date=15 March 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> Many ''Sadhu'' (Ascetic Yogis), ''Tantric'', ''[[Aghori]]'', ''[[Kapalika|Kapalik]]'' and ''[[Kabiraj]]'' even devoted their lives to the pursuit of occult practices. Such people are said to have the power to invoke lower-level demonic entities such as ''Hakini, Shakhini'' (same as ''Shakchunni'') and ''Dakini''. Tantriks use these spirits either for divination or in order to inflict harm on others, with townspeople often seeking them in order to aid them in harming others. The most common practice was called "Baan Mara", a ritual used to kill the victim by inducing blood vomit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/indian-gods-and-goddesses-yogini-shrines-and-saktipithas-set-of-2-volumes-NAL248/|title=Yogini Shrines and Saktipithas (Set of 2 Volumes)|website=Exotic India|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/damara-tantra-IDI630/|title=Damara Tantra|website=Exotic India|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> The two highest-level tantric mantra are the ''Kularnob'' and the ''Moha Damor'', who included a lower level mantra named ''Bhoot Damor'' who referred to many different demi-goddesses.<ref>{{Citation|last=শ্রীরসিকমোহন চট্টোপাধ্যায়|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/bhoot-damar-tantra-NZH161/|script-title=bn:ভূতডামরতন্ত্র}}</ref> ''Damori'' is a name that refers to those supernatural entities conjured by the tantriks. In Tantra philosophy, if someone were to engage in ascetic pursuit and worship through the ''Bhoot Damor'', the invoked Damori would appear to them and serve them. These beings are neither human nor ghostly, but exist in an in-between state, inhabitants of an unseen realm. They share similarities with the western concept of ''[[Fairies]]''; or the Islamic/Persian concept of ''Pori'' / ''Pari''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/bhuta-damara-tantra-authoritative-tantra-of-sri-krodha-bhairava-along-with-his-mantras-mandal-worship-rituals-and-accomplishment-rituals-of-bhutinis-yakshinis-snake-girls-etc-NAK836/|title=Bhuta Damara Tantra (An Authoritative Tantra of Sri Krodha Bhairava Along with His Mantras, Mandal Worship Rituals and Accomplishment Rituals of Bhutinis, Yakshinis, Snake-Girls etc.)|website=Exotic India|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/cult-of-occult-science-mantra-tantra-yantra-tone-totke-and-keelam-method-NAK624/|title=Cult of Occult Science: Mantra-Tantra-Yantra (Tone Totke and Keelam Method)|website=Exotic India|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

=== Vetalas ===
[[Vetala]]s are a class of ghouls in [[Hindu mythology]] who are usually described as being knowledgeable paranormal entities that dwell in charnel grounds.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dallapiccola |first1=Anna L. |title=Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend |year=2002 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-51088-1 |page=201}}</ref> They are characterized as evil spirits who haunt cemeteries and take possession of corpses as vehicles for movement. Vetalas are hostile spirits, but can be seen to protect or help humans in some folk tales.

Vetala may also link to Vetal or Betal as a [[Bhairava]] form of [[Shiva]], a popular god in [[Goa]].

One of the most well known pieces of fiction related to vetalas is the [[Vetala Panchavimshati]], a collection of twenty-five stories part of the [[Kathasaritsagara]], featuring a vetala as one of the two main characters. The story focuses on King [[Vikramaditya]] who is asked to capture a corpse hanging from a tree that stands in the middle of a cremation ground.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poo |first=Mu-chou |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw2wCQAAQBAJ&dq=vet%C4%81la+spirits&pg=PA17 |title=Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions |date=2009-06-24 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2484-0 |language=en}}</ref> This corpse is possessed by a vetala, who proposes to tell a king a story. Once the vetala finishes the story, it would ask the king a question that the king would have to answer. After the answer, the vetala would return to the corpse in the tree. This occurs another twenty-four times, after which the king is unable to answer the question. Impressed by the king, the vetala informs of the evil designs of the sorcerer that sent Vikramaditya to the cremation grounds. The vetala grants him a gift that would allow him to gain powers and defeat this sorcerer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA367 |title=A History of Indian Literature |date=1981-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 |language=en}}</ref>

===Jokkho / Jokkh ===
[[Yaksha|Jokkho / Jokkh]] are warrior-like entities who usually guard treasures in the earth. They are considered to be benevolent, able to bestow fertility and wealth upon their devotees. There is a commonly used Bengali idiom - ''Jokkher Dhon'' (literal meaning: Jokkho's Wealth) which means "protecting a beloved person" or "safeguarding precious wealth".

=== Shaytan ===
[[Shayateen|Shaytan]]/Shoytan ({{Langx|bn|শয়তান}}) is the Bengali word for "Satan" or "devil". It is a common term used in Bengali to refer to the evil entity or force in various religious and cultural contexts. In Islam, Shayateen (plural of Shaytan) refers to devils, which can be both Jinn and humans who are evil and actively work to misguide others. They are essentially the opposite of good and righteous beings, constantly trying to lead people away from the path of Allah.

==In festivals==
[[File:Kashed_01.png|thumb|right|Ashura in [[Manikganj]]]]

===Bhoot Chaturdashi===
{{main|Bhoot Chaturdashi}}

The 14th day of the [[Paksha|''Krishna Paksha'']] (waning phase of the moon) which is also the night before [[Kali Puja]] and the second day of [[Diwali|Dipaboli]] is celebrated as [[Naraka Chaturdashi|Bhoot Chaturdashi]] (translation, the fourteenth of ghosts) by [[Bengali Hindus]]. On this night, 14 earthen-lamps (''choddo prodip'') are lit at homes to appease the spirits of the past 14 generations of ancestors. It is believed that on the night before Kali Puja, the spirits of these ancestors descend upon the earth, and these lamps help them find their way home.<ref>{{Citation|last=Indrajit Roy Choudhury|title=Bhoot Chaturdashi|date=9 November 2015 |url=https://indroyc.com/2015/11/09/todays-bhoot-chaturdashi/}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Festivals of India|title=Bhoot Chaturdashi 2016- The Indian Halloween Night|url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/Bhoot-Chaturdashi/}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Rohini Chatterji|title=Kosha mangsho and Bhoot Chaturdashi: Celebrating Kali Puja and Diwali, Bengali style|date=22 October 2014 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/kosha-mangsho-and-bhoot-chaturdashi-celebrating-kali-puja-and-diwali-bengali-style-1762781.html}}</ref> Another popular belief is that [[Chamunda]] (a fearsome aspect of [[Kali]]) along with 14 other ghostly forms ward off the evil spirits from the house as 14 earthen-lamps are lit at different entrances and in the dark corners of the rooms. It is customary to consume a dish of 14 types of leafy vegetables (''choddo shaak'') during Bhoot Chaturdashi so that evil spirits are unable to possess the body.<ref>{{Citation|last=Anirban Saha|title=Bhoot Chaturdoshi, what's that?t|date=8 November 2015 |url=http://www.anirbansaha.com/bhoot-chaturdoshi/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Damayanti |title=A Day Before Diwali, 'Choddo Shak' To Appease The Ancestors? Think Again. |url=https://poshan.outlookindia.com/story/poshan-news-a-day-before-diwali-choddo-shak-to-appease-the-ancestors-think-again/341124 |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=Outlook Poshan |publisher=Outlook India |date=Oct 26, 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823185035/https://poshan.outlookindia.com/story/poshan-news-a-day-before-diwali-choddo-shak-to-appease-the-ancestors-think-again/341124 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debarati |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Ardhendu Sekhar |last3=Hasan |first3=Mahidi |title=Bhoot Choturdoshi – An ancient Shaak eating ritual with ethnomedicinal importance |journal=CEIBA Newsletter |date=March 24, 2021 |volume=3 |issue=1 |url=https://ceibatrust.org/2020/03/bhoot-choturdoshi-an-ancient-shaak-eating-ritual-with-ethnomedicinal-importance/ |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref>

==Alleged haunted places ==

=== Bangladesh ===
[[File:Lalbagh Kella (Lalbagh Fort) in cloudy weather, May 2016 2.jpg|thumbnail|Lalbagh Fort in 2016|200px]]

According to stories, [[Lalbagh Fort]], Golf Heights Banani, Airport Road; [[Chalan Beel]] in [[Sirajganj]], Pakri Beach, Mirsarai Highway Crossing in [[Chittagong]] and many other places in Bangladesh are claimed to be haunted.<ref name="daily-sun.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/86647/HAUNTED-TALES:-IN-CONVERSATION-WITH-%E2%80%98DHAKA-PARANORMAL-SOCIETY%E2%80%99|title=HAUNTED TALES: IN CONVERSATION WITH 'DHAKA PARANORMAL SOCIETY'|website=daily-sun.com|date=October 2015 |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Sami Tahsin|title=The Clandestine Adversary: Bangladeshi Hauntings 101|date=30 May 2013 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/the-clandestine-adversary-bangladeshi-hauntings-101}}</ref>

* '''[[Airport Road, Dhaka]]''' is associated with the legend of a [[White Lady (ghost)|White Lady]] ghost supposedly seen by drivers.<ref name="dt29Oct2015">{{Cite news |title=Urban legends: Where they roam restless |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/weekend/2015/oct/29/urban-legends-where-they-roam-restless |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=2016-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101200825/http://www.dhakatribune.com/weekend/2015/oct/29/urban-legends-where-they-roam-restless |archive-date=2015-11-01}}</ref>
* '''Dhaka Golf Heights, Banani, Dhaka''': Claims include feelings of fear while walking past grave sites at night.<ref name="dt29Oct2015" />
* '''Under-construction apartment in [[Old DOHS]], Banani, Dhaka''': One group of [[ghost hunting|ghost hunters]] claim to have seen devil-worshipping signs written on walls at construction sites in Old DOHS Banani.<ref name="daily-sun.com"/>
* '''[[Shahidullah Hall]] Pond, Dhaka''': According to campus rumor, the pond adjoining Shahidullah Hall at [[Dhaka University]] campus is believed to be haunted.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:শহীদুল্লাহ হলের রহস্যময় পুকুর|url=http://www.bd-pratidin.com/campus/2015/04/12/74534 |work=Bangladesh Pratidin |date=12 April 2015 |language=bn |access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref>
* '''Farmhouse in [[Narsingdi District|Narsingdi]]''': According to one local [[ghost hunting]] group, the house is haunted by the figure of a woman with climbing a tree.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nahian |first=Shah |title=Paranormal activity |url=https://issuu.com/dhakatribune/docs/140131093136-e0eee61a757247f79d337fffacf40f85 |magazine=Weekend Tribune |date=31 January 2014 |page=22 |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>
* '''Farmhouse in [[Comilla]]''': According to one ghost hunting group, a farmhouse in Comilla is reported to be haunted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/brush-with-the-paranormal-49233|title=Brush with the paranormal|website=The Daily Star|date=8 November 2014 |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

=== West Bengal, India ===
[[File:Nimtala burning ghat, Calcutta in 1945.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Nimtala Burning Ghat, Calcutta, 1945]]

* '''[[National Library]] of [[Kolkata]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://topyaps.com/7-haunted-places-kolkata-better-avoid-visiting-alone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301184157/http://topyaps.com/7-haunted-places-kolkata-better-avoid-visiting-alone|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 March 2014|title=7 Haunted Places In Kolkata You Should Better Avoid Visiting Alone|last=Shah|first=Priyanka|website=TopYaps|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref name="maamatimanush.tv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.maamatimanush.tv/articles.php?aid=551|title=Maa Mati Manush :: M3 Leads - Haunted places in West Bengal|website=www.maamatimanush.tv|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>
* '''[[Nimtala crematorium]], [[Kolkata]]''': According to legend, this site in central Kolkata is haunted by the ghosts of those who were cremated there.<ref name="maamatimanush.tv"/>
* '''Putulbari or the House of Dolls, Kolkata''': According to believers, the site is haunted by the souls of the dead.<ref>[http://www.toppost.in/12-most-haunted-places-in-kolkata/ "12 Most Haunted Places In Kolkata"] TopPost.com</ref>
* '''Hastings House, Alipore, Kolkata''': According to legend, students have seen ghosts on the grounds.<ref name="indiamarks.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamarks.com/top-5-most-haunted-spookiest-places-kolkata/|title=Top 5 Most Haunted and Spookiest Places in Kolkata|website=Indiamarks|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-03|archive-date=19 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319191635/http://www.indiamarks.com/top-5-most-haunted-spookiest-places-kolkata|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[Writers' Building]], Kolkata''': According to legend, this residence of junior servants and administrative staff is haunted.<ref name="indiamarks.com"/>
* '''Mullick Ghat and Zanana Bathing Ghat [[Ganges|The Ganges]] - Under [[Howrah Bridge]], Kolkata''': Believers claim that many spirits wander the sacred river.<ref name="indiamarks.com"/>

==In popular culture==
Ghosts, other similar supernatural entities, as well as tales of paranormal powers (such as clairvoyance, psychic phenomenon etc.) are plots for many short stories and novels in modern-day Bengali literature. Some classic literature and folk-lore are also based on such plots. The number of Bengali films of this genre are small in number compared to the western world. Multiple radio and TV programs also feature stories of people's paranormal experiences. Common people of both Bangladesh and West Bengal love the supernatural thrills, and the personal stories of people's paranormal experiences are hot topics for gossip, rumours and hangout discussions among friends and family.

=== Literature ===

Literary works involving ghostly/demonic beings is one of the most popular genres in [[Bengali literature]]. In the early days, ghosts were the only ingredients of Bengali folk-tales and fairy-tales. [[Lal Behari Dey]] collected many folk-tales of Bengal, and translated them in English. His book called ''[[Folk-Tales of Bengal]]'', first published in 1883, features many amazing folk-tales associated with ghostly and supernatural beings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/folktalesbengal00daygoog#page/n6/mode/2up|title=Folk-tales of Bengal|website=archive.org|date=3 March 1883 |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]'' is the most classic collection of Bengali children's folk-tales and fairy-tales, which was compiled by [[Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]] in 1907.<ref>{{Citation|last=দক্ষিনারঞ্জন মিত্র মজুমদার|script-title=bn:ঠাকুরমার ঝুলি|url=http://arts.bdnews24.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/thakurmar-jhuli.pdf |work=bdnews24.com |language=bn}}</ref> There we can find many different categories of supernatural entities (such as Rakkhosh) featuring in different stories. Other such story collection from the same author are ''Thakurdadar Jhuli'' (1909), ''Thandidir Tholay'' (1909) and, ''Dadamoshayer Tholay'' (1913).

Many Bengali writers have practiced the genre of supernatural/horror in their short stories, novels, and others forms of literary works. Some are mentioned below:

[[File:Vetal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Depiction of Vetala hanging by a tree and ''[[Vikramaditya|King Vikramaditya]]'' in the background (from ''[[Baital Pachisi|Betaal Panchabinsati]]'')]]

* '''[[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]''': Although known for his social novels set in rural Bengal, such as ''Pather Panchali'', ''Adarsha Hindu Hotel'', and ''Aranyak'', this writer also wrote short-stories involving the supernatural, such as ''Medal'', ''Rankini Devir Khorgo'', ''Maya'', ''Obhisapto'', ''Chele-dhora'', ''Kashi kobirajer Golpo'', ''Bhoitik Palonko'', ''Kobirajer Bipod'', ''Ashoriri'', and the first two short stories featuring ''Taranath Tantrik'', etc. ''[[Taranath Tantrik]]'' is a classic character in Bengali literature when it comes to supernatural and paranormal stories. Taranath Tantrik is a mystic figure and practitioner of the occult. He is an astrologer by profession, and had many encounters with the supernatural in his extensive travels throughout the towns and villages of Bengal. He shares these experiences with a few friends in his Mott Lane house over cups of tea and cigarettes.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* '''[[Hemendra Kumar Roy]]''': Hemendra Kumar Roy is credited for introducing vampire to Bengali literature.
* '''[[Humayun Ahmed]]''': Humayun Ahmed, arguably the most popular writer in post-liberation Bangladesh, wrote many stories and novels involving ghosts and the paranormal. His character ''[[Misir Ali]]'' is depicted as a part-time professor of parapsychology, who also solve baffling cases associated with the paranormal. Some of Humayun Ahmed's novels feature ''[[Himu (character)|Himu]]'', who is depicted to have supernatural abilities, is haunted by post-mortal presence of his father who guides him to follow the way to become a modern-day saint. Humayun has also written many ghost stories, both for adult and children.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* '''[[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]''': This writer wrote the free adopted Bengali translation of 11th century Sanskrit horror stories/tales collection within one frame story called ''[[Baital Pachisi|Betaal Panchabinsati]]'' (meaning "Twenty-five [Tales] of the Phantom") in 1847. The hero of this series is [[Vikramaditya|King Vikramaditya]], the legendary emperor of Ujjain, India. King faces many difficulties in bringing the Betaal (a demonic being) to the tantric. Each time the king tries to capture the Betaal, it tells a story that ends with a riddle. If the king cannot answer the question correctly, the phantom consents to remain in captivity. If the king knows the answer but still keeps quiet, then his head shall burst into thousand pieces. And if King Vikram answers the question correctly, the phantom would escape and return to his tree. He knows the answer to every question; therefore the cycle of catching and releasing the phantom continues twenty-four times till the last question puzzles the king.<ref>{{Citation|last=ঈশ্বর চন্দ্র বিদ্যাসাগর|script-title=bn:বেতাল পঞ্চবিংশতি Download Link|url=http://www.mediafire.com/view/ugx0h5v7rdcza0a/ishwar_chandra_vidyasagar_betal+panchabinsati.pdf}}</ref>
* '''[[Leela Majumdar]]''': Leela Majumdar wrote many ghost stories for children. Her ghost story collection features in her book ''Sob Bhuture''.
* '''[[Manik Bandopadhyay]]''': This literary legend of classic Bengali novels has also written many short-stories among which a few are horror stories, such as ''Holudpora'', ''Chobir Bhoot'' etc.
* '''Manoj Basu''': Well known for his novel ''Nishikutumbo'', prolific writer and poet Manoj Basu also wrote several classic ghost stories such as ''Jamai, Paatal-konna, Lal Chul'', etc.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:মনোজ বসু / Manoj Basu (1901-1987) - Jessore, Jhenaidah, Magura, Narail |url=http://www.jessore.info/index.php?option=content&value=230 |access-date=2016-04-03 |website=www.jessore.info}}</ref>
* '''[[Muhammed Zafar Iqbal]]''': Although well known for his science fiction novels, he has also written a few novels of the supernatural/horror genre, such as Pret (1983), ''Pishachini'' (1992), ''Nishikonna'' (2003), ''Chayalin'' (2006), ''O'' (2008), and ''Danob'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rokomari.com: ভূত সমগ্র by মুহম্মদ জাফর ইকবাল |url=http://rokomari.com/book/7674 |access-date=2016-04-03 |website=rokomari.com}}</ref>
* '''[[Rajshekhar Basu|Parashuram (Rajshekhar Basu)]]''' is the writer of the ghost story ''Bhushundir Mathe'' which is a comedy in the mould of horror. Parashuram wrote many other ghost stories like ''Mahesher Mahajatra'' which also impart an undertone of humor.
* '''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]''': [[Nobel Laureate]] poet and writer Rabindranath also authored some short ghost stories like ''Konkal'', ''Monihara'', ''Mastermoshay'', ''Nishithe'', ''Khudhito Pashan'' etc., which are considered classics of this genre.
*'''Sailajananda Mukhopadhyay''': This noted Bengali novelist wrote a few horror short-stories such as ''Namaskar'', ''Ke Tumi'', etc.
*'''[[Sasthipada Chattopadhyay]]''': He wrote detective fiction, adventure stories, and horror stories for children and young adults. His ghost stories are collected in the book - ''Ponchasti Bhuter Golpo'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite web |title=50ti Vuter Golpo.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByAOlHgbqM6OQVFWbElCdmU0Szg/view?pref=2&pli=1&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2016-04-03 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> and ''Aro Ponchasti Bhuter Golpo'' (2015).
*'''[[Satyajit Ray]]''': Satyajit Ray, the Indian film maker, was quite popular in Bengal for his short stories. His favorite genres were fantasy and supernatural stories.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rokomari.com |title=Review: সত্যজিৎ রায়ের লেখা অন্যতম সেরা দশটি গল্পের এক অনবদ্য সংকলন |url=http://rokomari.com/review/3667;jsessionid=588150B8C9644408D2C2B8572D2D7A0C}}</ref> His stories featuring ''[[Tarini Khuro]]'', who is an aged bachelor, tells interesting stories based on his weird experiences, and many of these stories border on being horror or spooky, while some of the stories depict the smartness and quick wit of Tarini Khuro.<ref>{{Citation |last=সত্যজিৎ রায় |url=http://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/05/05/tarini-khuror-kirti-kalap/tarini-khuror-kirti-kalap.pdf |script-title=bn:তারিণী খুঁড়োর কীর্তিকলাপ}}</ref> One of Satyajit Ray's characters is ''Professor Shonku'', and some stories featuring Professor Shonku are also based on paranormal or supernatural mysteries such as ''Professor Shonku o Bhoot''.
*'''[[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]''': Another writer known for his detective series featuring ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi]]'', has also authored a series called ''Baroda series''. ''Baroda'' is a Bengali guy who is very much interested in the paranormal and likes to share his adventures and experiences of supernatural incidents with his friends. Sharadindu has also written some ghost stories such as ''Kamini'', ''Dehantor'', ''Bhoot Bhabishyat'' etc.
*'''[[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]''': This writer has also authored some humorous ghost stories. The specialty of his ghost stories is that his ghosts are innocent, kind and funny characters who always help the poor and needy, and punish the wicked person. ''Goshaibaganer Bhoot'' (The Ghost of Gosain Bagan) is one of his famous children's fiction, which was later [[Gosainbaganer Bhoot|adopted as a film]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/reviews/brSanjukta.html|title=Magic and Realism in Sirshendu Mukhopadhyay's The Ghost of Gosain Bagan Book review by Sanjukta Dasgupta|website=parabaas.com|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> Popular Bengali film ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' (2013) and ''[[Chhayamoy]]'' (2013) was also adapted from his novels. His ghostly short-story collection is featured in his book, ''Bhoutik Golposhomogro''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay|title=Bhoutik Golposhomogro|url=http://www.mediafire.com/download/pebkup9692meg5p/Bhautik+Golpa+Samagra+%5BPart+-1%5D+By+Shirshendu+Mukhupadhay.pdf}}</ref>
*'''[[Sukumar Ray]]''': This writer has written some humorous literary pieces (e.g. short stories, humorous poetry) for children featuring weird and fictitious paranormal/hybrid animals, and even ghosts.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:ভুতুড়ে খেলা |url=http://sukumarray.freehostia.com/view.php?cat_id=1&article_id=45 |access-date=2016-04-03 |website=sukumarray.freehostia.com}}</ref>
* '''[[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]''': This writer has written some ghost stories for children. His book ''Rahashamaya Bhuter Galpa'' features some of his ghostly short stories.
* '''[[Syed Mujtaba Ali]]''': This writer brought ghostly flavour in his novel ''Abishwasyo''.
* '''[[Syed Mustafa Siraj]]''': Basically known for his detective series featuring Colonel [[Niladri Sarkar]]. Siraj is also the creator of a series involving paranormal, featuring ''Murari Babu''. ''Murari Babu'' is depicted as an innocent and nervous person living in Kolkata city, and his hobby is to collect old furniture from antique shops. Yet, his hobby always finds a way to get him into troubles relating to the paranormal. Siraj's horror short stories collection is featured in his book ''Bhoutik Golposhomogro''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Syed Mustafa Siraj|title=Bhoutik Golposhomogro|url=http://www.mediafire.com/download/1ilfsqm4sjtli9z/Bhoutik+Galpa+Samagra+By+Syed+Mustafa+Siraj.pdf}}</ref>
* '''[[Taradas Bandyopadhyay]]''': Taradas Bandyopadhyay's father, the legendary literati Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay created the character 'Taranath Tantrik', but he wrote only two short stories featuring this character. Rest of the stories featuring ''Taranath Tantrik'' is written by Taradas Bandyopadhyay in two books called - ''Taranath Tantrik'' (1985), and ''Olatchokro'' (2003).{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*'''[[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]''': Leading novelist Tarasankar also wrote a few horror short-stories such as ''Daaini'', ''Bhulor Chholona'', etc.
* '''[[Troilokyanath Mukhopadhyay]]''': He used ghosts in a humorous and satirical way in his novels and stories; and created a new genre in Bengali literature, which was pioneering, and is still followed today by many Bengali writers. ''Bhoot O Manush'', ''Nayanchandrer Bebsha'', ''Lullu'', ''Damru Charit'', ''Kankaboti'' are few of his classics.
* '''[[Upendra Kishore Roychowdhury]]''': He is one of the most talented author of children's literature of his time, and also noted for his ghost stories where the ghosts are harmless, fun-loving, and benevolent entities. ''Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne'', ''Jola O Saat Bhoot'', etc. are his stories involving ghosts.

Other than the writers mentioned above, other prominent writers of Bengal have also written short stories involving ghosts and the supernatural, such as [[Provatkumar Mukhopadhyay]],<ref>{{Citation|last=প্রভাতকুমার মুখোপাধ্যায়|script-title=bn:একটি ভৌতিক কাহিনী|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3I9BqS3az5wOWc5SmU0bFhyZXM/edit?pref=2&pli=1}}</ref> [[Achintya Kumar Sengupta]], [[Satinath Bhaduri]], [[Buddhadeb Bosu]] and so on. However, at the present day, some young Bengali horror story writers are being somewhat influenced by the western horror literature, and their writings thus lack the originality of the classic Bengali horror literature and ghost stories.

=== Cinema ===
Classic Bengali films with horror/supernatural plot are only a handful. ''[[Kankal]]'' (1950),<ref>{{Citation|last=Naresh Mitra|title=Kankal Full Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRFuw9Z9__Y}}</ref> [[Hanabari]] (1952),<ref>{{Citation|title=Hanabari 1952 Bengali Full Movie|date=2015-06-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hFOk-rZgZY|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> ''Monihara'' of the ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' movie anthology (1961)<ref>{{Citation|last=Satyajit Ray|title=Teen Kanya Bengali Full Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7Fc_qJQnB0}}</ref> [[Kuheli]] (1971),<ref>{{Citation|last=Anupam Das|title=kuheli full movie|date=2013-09-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeJweMZEqSA|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> were quite popular horror/supernatural thriller flick in the era of Bengali black and white movies.

There are only a few modern Bangladeshi horror movies and most of these movies can be typically categorized as low-budget horror-comedy. Few such examples are ''Rokto Pipasha'' (2007),<ref>{{Citation |last=Tarkasa |first=Tars |title=Rokto Pipasha (Review) |date=2009 |url=http://tarstarkas.net/2015/04/rokto-pipasha-review/}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Sohel Rana |title=Rokto Pipasha: Intro |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1cwbGWw9QU}}</ref> ''Daini Buri'' (2008)<ref>{{Citation |title=Daini Buri full movie | date=20 August 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-TbufDlssk}}</ref> and, ''Sedin Brishti Chilo'' (2014).<ref>{{Citation |title=Sedin Brishti Chilo (2014) Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6YFX9tyvoo}}</ref> Some Bangladeshi movies involving supernatural theme are stories about shapeshifting snakes or [[Ichchhadhari Nag]] that can take human form. Examples of such movies are ''Kal Naginir Prem'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Kal Naginir Prem Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gs-2tEZHUK4 |via=YouTube}}</ref> ''Bishakto Nagin'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Bishakto Nagin Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbaWLMm_o_Y |via=YouTube}}</ref> ''Bishe Bhora Nagin'' (1999),<ref>{{Citation |title=Bishe Bhora Nagin Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bB9WN6Fh8g |via=YouTube}}</ref> ''Sathi Hara Nagin'' (2011) etc.

In many Bengali films, ghosts are depicted in a lightly comical mood and sometimes in a friendly way. One of the examples is ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (1969) as mentioned earlier is adopted from the story of [[Upendra Kishore Roychowdhury]] and directed by [[Satyajit Ray]]. In this film the King of Ghosts gives three boons to 'Goopy' and 'Bagha', the two poor village boys who aspired to become a singer and drummer respectively. With the help of those boons they had amazing adventures. The film is the first film of the ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (series)|Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne series]]'', followed by a couple of sequels - ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]'' was released in 1980; and ''[[Goopy Bagha Phire Elo]]'', written by Ray, but directed by his son [[Sandip Ray]], was released in 1992.

''[[Nishi Trishna]]'' (1989), directed by Parimal Bhattacharya was the first Bengali vampire movie, starring [[Shekhar Chatterjee]], [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Moon Moon Sen]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Bengali Movies - Angel Digital|title=Nishi Trishna|date=2015-11-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj1QZKHIDF4|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> In this movie, some friends plan to visit the infamous Garchampa Palace which had a bad reputation for demonic blood-sucking beings that were terrorising the locality. They ultimately solve the mystery, and kill the vampire and his mentor.

''Putuler Protisodh'' (1998), directed by Rabi Kinagi, was also based on the supernatural. The movie's story revolves around a girl named Bini who was married to Avinash. She falls prey in the hands of her in-laws who ultimately murdered her. The soul of Bini enters her doll to take revenge. She kills her mother-in-law, father-in-law and her maternal uncle one by one, and finally wants to kill her husband. But Avinash's second wife Laxmi was able to free Bini's soul from the doll.

''[[Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy]]'' (2012), directed by [[Sandip Ray]], is a movie based on three classic Bengali ghost stories. The stories are Satyajit Ray's ''Anath Babur Bhoy'', ''Brown Saheber Bari'' and, Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay's ''Bhoot Bhabishyat''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sandip Ray|title=Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy (2012) Full Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnxiaNGpJ0s}}</ref>

Probably the most well-known film of horror genre in recent times is ''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]'' (2012), directed by [[Anik Dutta]]. It tells the story of a haunted mansion 'Choudhury Palace', where ghosts from different ethnic backgrounds and eras reside (a Bengali zamindar of 18th century, an actress of the 1930s, a modern rockstar, a soldier of Indian Army who died in Kargil, etc.). The film with its simple but humorous story went on to become a massive blockbuster of 2012.

''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' (2013) is another popular film involving the supernatural. The film, directed by [[Aparna Sen]], is an adaptation of [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]'s tale of 3 generations of women & their changing position in society as seen in relation to a box of jewels, handed down from one generation to the next.

''[[Chhayamoy]]'' (2013) is another notable horror movie based on Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay's novel of the same name. The story is about Indrajit, a UK based scholar. While working to preserve historical documents he find a parchment from which he learns about treasures hidden in an old palace in Simulgarh, a village of West Bengal. Indrajit comes to the village, finds out the treasure, but, a local goon Gagan Sapui accuses him of robbery, beats him up and expels him out of the village. Sapui wants to melt those coins to make new jewellery. After being beaten up, Indrajit goes to forest near the village where he meets Chhayamoy, a benevolent ghost. After listening the incidence from Indrajit, Chhayamoy decides to teach Gagan a lesson.

=== Radio, television and online streaming platforms ===

A live radio program called Bhoot FM was aired by Bangladeshi radio channel [[Radio Foorti]] 88.0 FM at 12:00 am, every Friday night.<ref name="bhoot-fm.com|title=Bhoot"/> The program started airing on 13 August 2010; and was hosted by RJ Russell. In this program, people from all over [[Bangladesh]] used to come and share their real-life experiences associated with ghosts, demons, jinns and the paranormal/supernatural. The Bengali community from all over the world also used to share their supernatural experiences by sending audio clips and emails that were played/read in this program.This program came to an end in the year 2019 but right now another program named "Bhoot Dot COM" is being hosted by RJ Russell aired by Shadhin Radio.Other such radio program was Dor, aired by ABC Radio 89.2 FM. Dor was recorded from different haunted places of Bangladesh, and is hosted by RJ Kebria along with RJ Suman and tarot card reader Radbi Reza. Similar kind of programs were also aired on TV channels, such as Moddhorater Train (meaning 'Midnight Train') by [[Maasranga Television]].

There are some radio programs which feature recitation of horror stories. Such radio program is Sunday Suspense by [[Radio Mirchi]], aired from [[Kolkata]], which features recitation of horror stories, as well as stories of other genres such as detective fiction, fantasy, and Sci-fi, etc. Similar such radio program is Kuasha, aired by ABC Radio 89.2 FM from Bangladesh, which features horror stories written by writers, and also stories sent by listeners of the program.

[[Pett Kata Shaw]], a 2021 anthology series released on [[Chorki (OTT)]], features the modern revival of the mysterious and lurid folklores of Mechho Bhoot, [[Jinn]], Kanabhulo and Nishi.<ref>Nuhash Humayun forayes further horror - https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/moshari-director-nuhash-humayun-forays-further-horror-393886
</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Culture of Bengal]]
* [[List of ghosts]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://bhoot-fm.com/ Bhoot FM Recorded Episodes: Real life paranormal experiences of Bangali people]
* [http://arts.bdnews24.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/thakurmar-jhuli.pdf ''Thakurmar Jhuli'' (1907) by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]
* [https://archive.org/stream/folktalesbengal00daygoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Folk-Tales of Bengal'' (1883) by Rev. Lal Behari Dey]
* [https://bengalireader.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/aaaa_unlocked.pdf''Amar Priyo Bhoutik Golpo'' (1997) by Humayun Ahmed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919025329/https://bengalireader.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/aaaa_unlocked.pdf |date=19 September 2023 }}
* [https://www.mediafire.com/?c8z2ww48z2oav96 ''Odbhut Joto Bhooter Golpo'' by Gaurango Proshad Basu]

{{ghosts}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Superstitions}}
{{Thakurmar Jhuli}}

[[Category:Asian ghosts|Bengali]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Indian legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]

Education in Hyderabad

2026-01-29T01:14:31Z

Thinkartha: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}

[[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]] is an important seat of learning in southern India. The city hosts three [[Central university (India)|central universities]], three [[Deemed university|deemed universities]], and six [[State university (India)|state universities]]. [[Osmania University]] is one of the oldest universities in India. Many institutes for education like [[University of Hyderabad]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]], [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|International Institute of Information Technology]], [[Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad]], [[ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad]], [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad]], [[Sri Sarada Institute of Science and Technology]] and medical colleges like [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]] are located there. Also based in the city are the [[Institute of Public Enterprise]] and the National Academy of Legal Studies & Research ([[NALSAR]]). Hyderabad has various research institutes such as the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]], [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]]. It is also the home of [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] as well as [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University]].

Among management schools Hyderabad boasts of two out of India's only fourteen [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]]-accredited business schools -- [[Indian School of Business]] and [[ICFAI Business School Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Ropar among top 100 in THE Emerging Economies University Rankings 2020 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/iit-ropar-among-top-100-in-the-emerging-economies-university-rankings-2020/articleshow/74213642.cms|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IIM Lucknow, SCMHRD Pune & ICFAI Hyderabad Earn AACSB Accreditation|url=https://www.mbauniverse.com/articles/aacsb-accreditation-in-india|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.mbauniverse.com}}</ref> This educational infrastructure attracts students from all over India and some international students (especially from Africa and the Middle East). Most prolific business school in India Nmims is also expanding its roots in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Degree Colleges in Hyderabad {{!}} Rachnoutsav College of Commerce|url=https://rachnoutsaveventsacademy.com/|access-date=2020-08-25|website=Rachnoutsav College of Commerce & Management|language=en-US}}</ref>

Hyderabad has many institutions that ranked high on the Government of India's [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] started in 2016. However, in the 2020 NIRF rankings released on June 11, 2020, most of them slipped in the rankings, with the exception of [[Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad|IIT, Hyderabad]] (in Overall category) and ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education and IMT, Hyderabad (in Management category). [[NALSAR University of Law|NALSAR]] managed to hold on to its third position in Law in the 2020 NIRF rankings.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 12, 2020|first=Preeti|last=Biswas|title=Telangana universities slip in NIRF ranking, five engineering institutions crash out of top 200 {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/t-universities-slip-in-nirf-ranking-five-engg-institutions-crash-out-of-top-200/articleshow/76330272.cms|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Osmania University==
{{main|Osmania University}}

Osmania University is a public state university located in Hyderabad, India, founded in 1918 with the help of chief Architect of Mahbub Ali Khan - Nawab Sarwar Jung. It was established and named after the seventh and last Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan. It is the third oldest university in southern India, and the first to be established in the erstwhile princely State of Hyderabad. It is the first Indian university to have Urdu as a medium of instruction. University campus is urban, 1600 acres.

==Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad==
{{main|JNTU Hyderabad}}

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad (JNTU Hyderabad) is a public university, located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India, and one of India's leading educational university focusing on engineering. Founded in 1965 as the Nagarjuna Sagar Engineering College, it was established as a university in 1972 by The Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Act, 1972, also combining colleges in Kakinada and Anantapur. In 2008 the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Universities Act, 2008 split the university back into four universities, Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad and Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada.

==Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University (JNAFAU)==
{{main|Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University}}

The "Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University" ("JNAFAU"), is an architecture and fine arts university located at Masab Tank, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.[1] JNAFAU has two schools which offer several undergraduates, postgraduate and PhD research programs, with an emphasis of two different colleges: School Of Planning & Architecture, and Fine Arts. It was established by the erstwhile Hyderabad State in 1940, as the "College of Fine Arts".

It offers courses such as Architecture, Facilities and Services Planning, Interior Designing, Planning, etc. in the School of planning and architecture.

In Fine arts building, painting, Applied Arts, Photography, Animation, Sculpture, etc., are offered.

==University of Hyderabad (UoH)==
{{main| University of Hyderabad }}

The University of Hyderabad (UoH, but also known as HCU, for Hyderabad Central University) is a Central University located in the city of Hyderabad. Established by the act of parliament of India in 1974, this public and largely residential university occupies about 2000 acres in the locality of Gachibowli on the outskirts of the city

==International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad==
{{main|IIIT Hyderabad}}

International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) Hyderabad is a premier university setup in 1998 on NPP model. [[Dataquest]] ranked IIIT-H 3rd among tech-schools in India in a recent survey. The IIIT campus is located in Gachibowli, near Hi-Tec City.

==Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus==
{{main|BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus}}

BITS Pilani-Hyderabad campus, one of the premier technical institute for higher education in India is located at Jawaharnagar near Shameerpet on the outskirts of the city on {{convert|220|acre|km2|adj=on}} lush green area. The campus started functioning in 2008 and has around 2500 students including undergraduates, postgraduates and PhD scholars. Admission is done purely on merit basis through online BITSAT exam conducted every year across the country.
BITS Pilani University is ranked at No.6 by the [[India Today]] Rankings in the year 2014.

==Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad==
{{main|IIT Hyderabad}}

The Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IIT Hyderabad, IITH) is a public engineering and research institution located in Sangareddy district, Telangana, India. IIT Hyderabad is one of the eight new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India under the Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011.

==Indian School of Business (ISB)==
{{main|Indian School of Business}}

Indian School of Business (ISB) was set up in 1999 with the help of the Government and a group of [[Fortune 500]] entrepreneurs. It is an international management school providing postgraduate programmes in management in collaboration with [[London Business School]], [[Wharton Business School]] and [[Kellogg School of Management]].

==NALSAR University of Law (NALSAR)==
{{main|NALSAR}}

NALSAR University of Law, or officially the National Academy of Legal Studies and Research (NALSAR), is a premier legal studies institution located in Shamirpet, Medchal District Hyderabad, Telangana, India

==English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU)==
{{main|English and Foreign Languages University}}

English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU) is a central university which has been providing research opportunities since its inception in 1958 as '''Central Institute of English'''. Starting off as an institute set for improvising the standards of language teaching in India.

==Government Polytechnic college==
{{main|Government Polytechnic, Hyderabad}}
The polytechnic was started in 1923 as Osmania Central Technical College and was located at Mint compound in [[Saifabad]]. In 1931, the college was renamed as Osmania Technical College. In 1940s, the college was shifted to its new location at [[Masab Tank]]. In 1954, the college once again changed its name to Government Polytechnic. The existing college building at Mint Compound was handed over to Andhra Pradesh Electricity Board.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/Jul/08/saifabad-palace-mint-compound-of-telangana-secretariat-are-history-heritage-activist-sajjad-shahid-2166815.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=Saifabad Palace, Mint Compound of Telangana Secretariat are history: Heritage activist Sajjad Shahid|first=|last=|date=2020-07-08|access-date=2025-03-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/Mar/19/tsspdcl-office-may-be-shifted-out-of-mint-compound-this-week-2118615.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=TSSPDCL office may be shifted out of Mint compound this week|first=Aihik|last=Sur|date=2020-03-20|access-date=2025-03-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gptmasb.dte.telangana.gov.in/#:~:text=This%20institution%20is%20one%20of,renamed%20as%20Osmania%20Technical%20College.|publisher=Government Polytechnic, Hyderabad|title=About college|date=|access-date=2025-03-24}}</ref>

==Tata Institute of Social Sciences==
[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences|TISS]] is an institute of social sciences, offers B.A, M.A, Integrated M.Phil-Ph.D, and Direct PhD in various courses under humanities. It is temporarily located at NIRD, Rajendra Nagar Mandal.
TISS Hyderabad came into being with the approval of the Academic Council and Governing Board of TISS. The Registrations under Societies Registrations Act and Public Trust Act of the TISS Mumbai are valid for TISS Hyderabad as well. TISS Mumbai provides oversight to matters of admission, instruction, evaluation of TISS Hyderabad and confers TISS degrees. Currently, it operates from two campuses: one in AMR-APARD in Rajendranagar, and the other in Roda Mistry School of Social Work in Gachibowli.

== Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI) ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
|type=Institute
| NIRF_B_2023 = 40
}}

[[Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India]] (ICFAI) is a not-for-profit educational society founded by [[N.J. Yasaswy]], [[Besant C. Raj]] and Dr. Prasanna Chandra in the year 1984.
[[ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education]] campus is located in Dontanapalli, Shankarpally Road, Hyderabad.
ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education was ranked 40th by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) management ranking in 2023.<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_B_2023" />

==NIPER Hyderabad==
{{main|NIPER Hyderabad}}

NIPER is an institute declared as an institute of national importance by govt of India is located at old IDPL R&D campus in area of about {{convert|150|acre|km2}}. The institute offers education and research facilities in area of three pharmaceutical disciplines medicinal chemistry. pharmaceutical analysis and pharmacology and toxicology. The institute caters to the need of pharmaceutical R&D laboratories and industry around the country. The selection will be done by a highly competitive exam like GATE and NIPER JOINT ENTRANCE examination.

==NIFT Hyderabad==
{{main|NIFT Hyderabad}}

NIFT Hyderabad is a premier fashion institute located at Madhapur.

==National Academy of Construction==
{{main|NAC Hyderabad}}

NAC is a premier institute for construction-related courses.

==Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences==
{{main|Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences}}

The [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]] is an [[Institute under State Legislature Act]], recognized by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] and [[Medical Council of India]]. It is administered under the supervision of Governing Council, Executive Board, Director and other statutory bodies.

== Dhruva College of Management ==
Dhruva College of Management (Dhruva Hyderabad) is a private autonomous [[Business School]]. Its campus is situated in the suburbs of Hyderabad in the midst of the 800-acre reserve oxygen forest, which includes hostel facilities for both men and women. Apart from the regular curriculum-based teaching, Dhruva's PGDM programmes are designed to help cater students to an interactive learning experience for which the institute conducts guest lectures that are often delivered by academic professionals, motivational speakers, famous personalities, industry heads and small and big-time entrepreneurs. Dhruva strongly believes in the motto "To make ordinary people do extraordinary things". The institute is ranked among the best B-Schools in Telangana state and is also ranked among the top 125 business schools in India by various ranking sources.

==Secondary schools==
Among the notable secondary schools in Hyderabad are Meru International School Miyapur, Meru International School Tellapur, [[All Saints High School, Hyderabad|All Saints High School]] [[Walden's Path]], [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]], [[The Hyderabad Public School, Ramanthapur]], [[Nasr School]], [[International School Of Hyderabad]], [[Oakridge International School]], [[Open Minds - A Birla School]], Modern High School, [[St. George's Grammar School (Hyderabad)|St. George's Grammar School]], [[Indus World School]], [[Lakshanika International School]], [[Meridian School]], [[CHIREC International|Chirec International School]] and Silver Oaks – The School of Hyderabad and [[P Obul Reddy Public School|P obul reddy public school]]

==Other institutions==
* Engineering colleges:
**[[Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology]]
**Ellenki College of Engineering and Technology
**[[Vasavi College of Engineering]]
**[[Government Polytechnic, Hyderabad]]
**[[Jamia Nizamia]]
**[[Maturi Venkata Subba Rao Engineering College]]
**[[Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology]]
**[[Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology]]
**TKR College of Engineering and Technology
**[[VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology]]

* Design & Media colleges:
*[[ICAT Design & Media College]], [[Hyderabad]]

* Miscellaneous
**[[Jamiat Ul Mominat]], an Islamic female seminary

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
* [[Centre for Economics and Social Studies Hyderabad|Centre for Economic and Social Studies]]
* [[List of business schools in Hyderabad, India]]
* [[List of institutions based in Hyderabad India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111026215320/http://cm.ap.gov.in/excmysr/pdf/ap_biz.pdf List of research centers in Hyderabad, Page 23]

{{Hyderabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Education In Hyderabad, India}}
[[Category:Education in Telangana]]
[[Category:Education in Hyderabad, India|*]]

Indian Filipino

2026-01-21T04:52:31Z

Thinkartha: started the info and citations

{{short description|Filipinos of Indian descent}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indians in the Philippines, Indian Filipinos
| native_name = Indyanong Pilipino/Indyanong Pinoy/Bumbay (colloquial)/Turko (Cebuano reference)
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_caption =
| population = As of the year 2018, there are over 120,000 Indians alone in the Philippines, not including illegal Indian immigrants and Filipinos of Indian descent.<ref name="mea.gov.in">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=Population of Overseas Indians |url=http://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053337/http://mea.gov.in/error.htm?aspxerrorpath=%2Fimages%2Fattach%2FNRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=18 April 2019 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]}}</ref> Furthermore, according to a Y-DNA compilation by the DNA company ''Applied Biosystems'', they calculated an estimated 1% frequency of the South Asian Y-DNA "[[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H1a]]" in the Philippines. Thus translating to about 1,011,864 Filipinos having full or partial Indian descent, not including other Filipinos in the Philippines and Filipinos abroad whose DNA ([[Y-DNA]]) have not been analyzed.<ref name="Applied Biosystems Y-DNA">{{Cite web |url=http://www6.appliedbiosystems.com/yfilerdatabase/ |title=With a sample population of 105 Filipinos, the company of ''Applied Biosystems'', analysed the Y-DNA of average Filipinos and it is discovered that about 0.95% of the samples have the Y-DNA Haplotype "H1a", which is most common in South Asia and had spread to the Philippines via precolonial Indian missionaries who spread Hinduism and established Indic Rajahnates like Cebu and Butuan. |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525082812/http://www6.appliedbiosystems.com/yfilerdatabase/ }}</ref>{{efn-ua|The number of Filipinos of full or partial Indian descent is unknown as a great portion of the community has merged with the rest of the population therefore making it impossible to gather accurate statistical figures within the Philippines.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC&pg=PA537|title=Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia|first1=K.|last1=Kesavapany|first2=A.|last2=Mani|first3=P.|last3=Ramasamy|date=18 December 2017|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|via=Google Books|isbn=978-981-230-799-6}}</ref>}}
| regions = {{hlist|[[Metro Manila]]|[[Cainta, Rizal|Cainta]]|[[Cebu City]]|[[Davao City]]|[[Cagayan de Oro]]|[[Iloilo City]]|[[Bacolod]]}}
| languages = {{hlist|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]|[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]|[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]|[[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]|[[Philippine English|English]]|[[Languages of India|Various Indian languages]]}}
| religions = {{hlist|[[Hinduism in the Philippines|Hinduism]]|[[Sikhism]]|[[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]] (especially [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholic Christianity]])|[[Buddhism in the Philippines|Buddhism]]|[[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]]|[[Jainism]]}}
| related =
}}

'''Indian Filipinos''' are [[Philippine nationality law|Filipinos]] of Indian descent who have historical connections with and have established themselves in what is now the [[Philippines]]. The term refers to Filipino citizens of either pure or mixed Indian descent currently residing in the country, the latter a result of intermarriages between the Indians and local populations.

Archaeological evidence shows the existence of trade between the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the Philippine Islands at least since the ninth and tenth centuries B.C.<ref name="tamilculturewaterloo"/> As of the year 2018, there are over 120,000 Indians in the Philippines.<ref name="mea.gov.in">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=Population of Overseas Indians |url=http://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053337/http://mea.gov.in/error.htm?aspxerrorpath=%2Fimages%2Fattach%2FNRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=18 April 2019 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]}}</ref> Indians in the Philippines have generally arrived in four waves since pre-colonial times: Indian merchants and traders who visited the Philippines regularly from India and Southeast Asia; slaves from South India and Bengal, who made up the majority of slaves imported into the Philippines by the Spanish in the 1500s and 1600s; Indian soldiers and [[sepoy]]s who arrived in the Philippines and mutinied during the [[British occupation of Manila|British occupation of the Manila]] in the 1760s, deserting and intermarrying with native Filipinos; and the fourth wave, continuing to the present of Indians who have immigrated to the Philippines since the 1890s for work, education, and business, with this number continuing to grow as relations between the Philippines and India continue.

The first census in the Philippines was in 1591, based on tributes collected. The tributes counted the total founding population of the Spanish-Philippines as 667,612 people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pearson|first=M. N.|date=1969|title=The Spanish 'Impact' on the Philippines, 1565-1770|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=12|issue=2|pages=165–186|doi=10.2307/3596057|jstor=3596057
| publisher= Brill
|issn=0022-4995}}</ref>{{rp|177}}<ref>The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21st Century By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (page xii)</ref><ref>[https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2011PY_Demography.pdf Demography Philippine Yearbook 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024185935/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2011PY_Demography.pdf |date=October 24, 2021 }} Page 3</ref> 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC
|chapter=Chinese in Thailand
|date=2005
| author= Bao Jiemin
| pages = 759–785
|title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World, Volume 1 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-48321-9
|editor1=Carol R. Ember |editor2=Melvin Ember |editor3=Ian A. Skoggard}}{{rp|751}}</ref> at different times: around 15,600 individuals were Latino soldier-colonists who were cumulatively sent from Peru and Mexico and they were shipped to the Philippines annually,<ref>Stephanie Mawson, 'Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific' (Univ. of Sydney M.Phil. thesis, 2014), appendix 3.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419
| title= Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth Century Pacific
| first= Stephanie J.
|last = Mawson
| journal= Past & Present
| issue= 232 | date= August 2016
|pages= 87–125

| publisher= Oxford Academic| doi= 10.1093/pastj/gtw008
}}</ref> 3,000 were Japanese residents,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Japanese Christian |url=http://ph.pagenation.com/mnl/Paco_120.9997_14.5808.map |location=Philippines |publisher=Google map of Paco district of Manila, Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507124349/http://ph.pagenation.com/mnl/Paco_120.9997_14.5808.map |archive-date=May 7, 2010}}</ref> and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.uco.es/aaf/garcia-abasolo/files/63df3.pdf| title = Spanish Settlers in the Philippines (1571–1599) By Antonio Garcia-Abasalo| access-date = November 23, 2020| archive-date = January 17, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210117225634/https://www.uco.es/aaf/garcia-abasolo/files/63df3.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> There was a large but unknown number of [[Indian Filipinos|South Asian Filipinos]], as the majority of the slaves imported into the archipelago were from [[Bengal]] and Southern India,<ref>[https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/333213/azu_etd_13473_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&title=repository.arizona.edu Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571-1720 By Furlong, Matthew J.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429034134/https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/333213/azu_etd_13473_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&title=repository.arizona.edu |date=April 29, 2022 }} "Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 (Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi-xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35-36."</ref> adding [[Dravidian language|Dravidian]] speaking South Indians and [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] speaking [[Bengalis]] into the ethnic mix.

In addition, Indian-Filipino unions and marriages are very common in countries with large populations of both nationalities, such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Canada, and Australia.

==History==

===Prehistory===
Indian genetic signatures found among the [[Sama-Bajau#Subgroups|Dilaut]] native ethnic group of the Sulu archipelago show that Indian immigration to the Philippines happened even before the start of formal written Philippine history.<ref name="Larenab" />

===Ancient history===
{{see also | Indian influences in early Philippine polities | Hinduism in the Philippines | Religion in pre-colonial Philippines | Greater India | Indosphere | Indianisation | List of India-related topics in the Philippines | History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia }}

[[Iron Age]] finds in Philippines also point to the existence of trade between the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]] and the Philippine Islands during the ninth and tenth centuries B.C.<ref name="tamilculturewaterloo">{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilculturewaterloo.org/tamillanguage.htm |title=Tamil Cultural Association – Tamil Language |publisher=tamilculturewaterloo.org |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413062503/http://tamilculturewaterloo.org/tamillanguage.htm |archive-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref> India had greatly influenced the many different cultures of the Philippines through the [[Indianized kingdom]] of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Majapahit Empire|Majapahit]] and the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Srivijaya]]. For at least two millennia before the arrival of the Spanish, Philippines was ruled by [[Hindu king]]s called Rajahs and Pramukhas. Numerous kings with written genealogies and Sanskrit names were found by Spanish warlords and friars.{{cn|date=January 2026}} Indian presence in the Philippines has been ongoing since ancient times along with the [[Japanese people]] and the [[Han Chinese]] and Arab and Persian traders, predating even the coming of the Europeans by at least two millennia. [[India|Indian people]] together with the natives of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, who came as traders introduced [[Hinduism]] to the natives of the Philippines. Indian migrants have been crucial in the establishment of several Indianized kingdoms ruled by 'rajahs' in the Philippines, such as that of [[Rajahnate of Butuan|Butuan]] and [[Rajahnate of Cebu|Cebu]]. Indian [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] converts to Islam brought [[sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Islam]] to the Philippine islands in the course of trade, which was later enhanced and strengthened by Arab Muslim Sea traders to Mindanao and Sulu Sultanate.<ref name="philippinealmanac">{{cite web|url=http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html |title=2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan |publisher=philippinealmanac.com |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701082957/http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html |archive-date=1 July 2012 }}</ref>

The semi-legendary first Rajah and founder of [[Cebu (historical polity)|Cebu]], [[Sri Lumay|Sri Rajahmura Lumaya]], whose existence is only confirmed through oral tradition in the Cebuano epic ''Aginid, Bayok sa atong Tawarik'', was said to be of [[Tamils|Tamil]] and [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] ancestry from Sumatra.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ouano-Savellon |first=Romola |date=2014 |title="Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020 |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=42 |issue=3/4 |pages=189–220 |jstor=44512020 }}</ref>

By the 17th century, [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] merchants with the aid of [[Khoja]] and Bohri ship-owners had developed an international transoceanic empire which had a network of agents stationed at the great port cities across the [[Indian Ocean]]. These networks extended to the Philippines in the east, East Africa in the west and via maritime and the inland caravan route to Russia in the north.<ref>{{cite book|title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-10595-3|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&q=gujarati%2C+philippines&pg=PA28|editor=Rajesh Rai, Peter Reeves|access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>

===Colonial Period===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| header = Indian Filipinos on the [[Velarde map]], 1754
| image1 = Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de la Yslas Filipinas MANILA, 1734 - Detail, Cafres.jpg
| alt1 = Panel 1
| caption1 = A "Canarin" ([[Konkani people|Konkani]]) and a [[Lascar]], right side
| image2 = A smoking Armenian a Mughal and a Malabar native, detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734).jpg
| alt2 = Panel 2
| caption2 = A [[Mughal people|Mughal]] and a "[[Malabar region|Malabar]]", right side
}}
During the Spanish era, the chief source of slaves bought by Spanish administrators, native Filipino nobilities, and Chinese merchants in the Philippines, were: [[India]] and [[Bengal]]. Together they formed a cosmopolitan community in even the rural areas of the country.<ref>[https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/333213/azu_etd_13473_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&title=repository.arizona.edu Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571-1720 By Furlong, Matthew J.] "Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 (Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi-xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35-36."</ref> Sepoy troops from Madras (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), British India also arrived with the [[Battle of Manila (1762)|British expedition and occupation between 1762 and 1764]] during the [[Seven Years' War]]. When the British withdrew, many of the [[Sepoy]]s (Army privates) mutinied and refused to leave. Virtually all had taken native brides (or soon did so). They settled in what is Cainta, in what was then the Province of Manila (currently part of [[Rizal Province]]).<ref>{{Harvnb|Rye|2006|p=713}}</ref> As of 2006, between 70 and 75 percent of Indians in the Philippines lived in Metro Manila, with the largest community outside of Manila being in [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]] province.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rye|2006|pp=720–721}}</ref> The region in and around Cainta still has many Sepoy descendants.

However, Indian business people started to arrive in larger numbers in The Philippines during the American colonial period (1898–1930s) – especially during the 1930s and 1940s, when many Indians and Indian Filipinos lived in Filipino provinces, including [[Davao City|Davao]]. The longest serving [[mayor of Manila]], [[Ramon Bagatsing]], was of Indian-Punjabi descent, having moved to [[Manila]] from [[Fabrica, Sagay|Fabrica]], [[Negros Occidental]] before the second world war.

A second surge of Indian businessmen, especially Sindhis arrived in Philippines during the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/1198|title=Rising India and Indian communities in East Asia|last=K.Kesavapany|first=A.Mani and P.Ramaswamy|date=2008|publisher=LSEAS Publishing|isbn=978-981-230-799-6}}</ref>

===Present===
Most of the Indians and Indian Filipinos in the Philippines are [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] and [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] as well as a large [[Tamil people|Tamil]] population. Many are fluent in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and English as well as local languages of the provinces and islands. Many are prosperous middle class with their main occupations in [[clothing]] sales and marketing. [[Sikhs]] are involved largely in [[finance]], money lending (locally called ''Five – six''<ref>{{cite web|title=Indians in the Philippines|url=http://www.phindia.info/expats.php|work=Philippines Indian Business and Community guide|publisher=phindia.info|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119094041/http://phindia.info/expats.php|archive-date=19 January 2014}}</ref>), [[sales]] and marketing.

Over the last three decades, a large number of civil servants and highly educated Indians working in large banks, [[Asian Development Bank]] and the [[Business process outsourcing in the Philippines|BPO]] sector have migrated to Philippines, especially Manila.<ref>{{cite web|title=Departments and offices|url=http://www.adb.org/about/departments-offices |work=Organisation|publisher=Asian Development Bank (ADB)|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref> Most of the Indian Filipinos and Indian expatriates are [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], [[Christians]] or [[Muslims]], but have assimilated into Filipino culture. The community regularly conducts philanthropic activities through bodies such as the Mahaveer foundation, The SEVA foundation<ref>{{cite web|title=Community work|url=http://www.phindia.info/community.php|publisher=phindia.info|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-date=19 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119090609/http://phindia.info/community.php}}</ref> and the [[Sathya Sai Organization|Sathya Sai organization]].<ref>{{cite web|title=International Sai Haiyan mission|url=http://www.sathyasaiphilippines.org/author/radha/|publisher=Sathya Sai Organization|access-date=21 January 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Most Indians congregate for socio-cultural and religious activities at the Hindu Temple (Mahatma Gandhi Street, Paco, Manila), the Indian Sikh Temple (United Nations Avenue, Paco, Manila), and the Radha Soami Satsang Beas center (Alabang, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila).

Many Indians have intermarried with Filipinos, more so than in neighboring countries such as [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Singapore]], mainly because their populations are largely [[Muslim]], and the Indians there (with the exception of Indian-Muslims) are averse to marrying [[Muslims]] in those host countries.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Indian Communities in Southeast Asia (First Reprint 2006)|author1=Sandhu, K.S.|author2=Mani, A.|date=1993|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-418-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeExjdWUmJYC&pg=PA707|page=707|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref>

Indian Filipino companies with the largest work force include Indo Phil Textile (1,800 employees), Global Steel (950 employees and 8,000 in Iligan), Hinduja Global (3,500 workers) and Aegis People Support (over 12,000).<ref>{{cite news|last=Enriquez|first=march|title=Meet some of PH's Fil-Indian businessmen|url=http://business.inquirer.net/24959/meet-some-of-ph%E2%80%99s-fil-indian-businessmen|access-date=18 March 2014|newspaper=Inquirer|date=15 October 2011}}</ref>

== Demography and DNA studies ==

According to the [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'s DNA study covering 80,000 Filipinos in 2008–2009, "The Genographic Project", 3% of the average Filipino's genes are of South Asian origin.<ref name=natgeo1>{{cite web|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407092418/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|archive-date=7 April 2016|title=Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation}}</ref> 3 percent equates to nearly 3,300,000<ref name=worldmeter1>[https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/ Current total Philippines population], worldometers, accessed on: 19 June 2020.</ref> Filipinos living in Philippines having full or partial Indian descent as of June 2020.

The Indian [[Mitochondrial DNA]] [[mtDNA haplogroup|hapolgroup]]s, M52'58 and M52a are also present in the Philippines suggesting that there was Indian migration to the archipelago starting from the 5th Century AD.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Delfin
| first = Frederick
| date = 12 June 2013
| title = Complete mtDNA genomes of Filipino ethnolinguistic groups: a melting pot of recent and ancient lineages in the Asia-Pacific regio
| journal = European Journal of Human Genetics
| volume = 22
| issue = 2
| pages = 228–237
| doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2013.122
| pmid = 23756438
| pmc = 3895641
| quote = Indian influence and possibly haplogroups M52'58 and M52a were brought to the Philippines as early as the fifth century AD. However, Indian influence through these trade empires were indirect and mainly commercial; moreover, other Southeast Asian groups served as filters that diluted and/or enriched any Indian influence that reached the Philippines
}}</ref>

According to another much smaller study by the ''Applied Biosystems'', a DNA company which undertook [[Y-DNA]] compilation, calculated an estimated 1% frequency of the South Asian Y-DNA "[[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H1a]]" in the Philippines. Thus translating to about 1,011,864 Filipinos having full or partial Indian descent, not including other Filipinos in the Philippines and Filipinos abroad whose DNA ([[Y-DNA]]) have not been analyzed.<ref name="Applied Biosystems Y-DNA" />

The integration of Southeast Asia into Indian Ocean trading networks around 2,000 years ago also shows some impact, with South Asian genetic signals present within some Filipino ethnic groups like the Sama-Bajau communities.<ref name="Larenab">{{Cite journal |last1=Larena |first1=Maximilian |last2=Sanchez-Quinto |first2=Federico |last3=Sjödin |first3=Per |last4=McKenna |first4=James |last5=Ebeo |first5=Carlo |last6=Reyes |first6=Rebecca |last7=Casel |first7=Ophelia |last8=Huang |first8=Jin-Yuan |last9=Hagada |first9=Kim Pullupul |last10=Guilay |first10=Dennis |last11=Reyes |first11=Jennelyn |date=2021-03-30 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=13 |article-number=e2026132118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |pmid=33753512 |pmc=8020671 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L }}</ref>

A recent genetic study found 10-20% of Cebuano ancestry is attributable to [[South Asia]]n (Indian) descent,<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Delfin | first1=Frederick | last2=Min-Shan Ko | first2=Albert | last3=Li | first3=Mingkun | last4=Gunnarsdóttir | first4=Ellen D. | last5=Tabbada | first5=Kristina A. | last6=Salvador | first6=Jazelyn M. | last7=Calacal | first7=Gayvelline C. | last8=Sagum | first8=Minerva S. | last9=Datar | first9=Francisco A. | last10=Padilla | first10=Sabino G. | last11=De Ungria | first11=Maria Corazon A. | last12=Stoneking | first12=Mark | title=Complete mtDNA genomes of Filipino ethnolinguistic groups: A melting pot of recent and ancient lineages in the Asia-Pacific region | journal=European Journal of Human Genetics | date=2014 | volume=22 | issue=2 | pages=228–237 | doi=10.1038/ejhg.2013.122 | pmid=23756438 | pmc=3895641 }}</ref> dated to a time when Precolonial Cebu practiced Hinduism.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Kuizon |first=Jose G. |year=1962 |title=The Sanskrit loan-words in Cebuano-Bisayan language and the Indian elements to Cebuano-Bisayan culture |publisher=University of San Carlos, Cebu |oclc=3061923}}</ref>

As of 2018, there are over 120,000 Indians alone in the Philippines, not including illegal Indian immigrants or Filipinos of Indian descent living in the Philippines.<ref name=indianexpress2806212>{{cite news|title=Punjabi community involved in money lending in Philippines braces for 'crackdown' by new President|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/punjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212/|work=The Indian Express|date=18 May 2016}}</ref>

==Filipino people of Indian descent==
===Beauty pageant winners===
* [[Rabiya Mateo|Rabiya Occeña Mateo]], winner of [[Miss Universe Philippines 2020]].<ref name="full name-1">{{cite web|url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/10/30/we-stan-this-queen/|title=We stan this Queen; on 1st paragraph "Rabiya Occeña Sundall Mateo, Miss Universe Philippines 2020, will have a very memorable reign."|date=30 October 2020 |publisher=[[Manila Bulletin]]|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="full name-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.missnews.com.br/noticias/rabiya-mateo-e-a-miss-universo-filipinas|title=Rabiya Sundall Mateo usou um look vermelho sensacional|publisher=missnews.com.br|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="full name-3">{{cite web|url=https://www.zeibiz.com/2020/10/watch-miss-manila-interview-video-in-miss-universe-philippines-2020-went-viral/|title=Meanwhile, Rabiya Sundall Mateo from Ilo-ilo City is the crowned winner of Miss Universe Philippines 2020|publisher=zeibiz.com|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="full name-4">{{cite web|url=https://www.whatalife.ph/rabiya-mateo-iloilo-crowned-miss-universe-philippines-2020/|title=(Her Full name on Major Awards List, Best in Swimsuit: Rabiya Occeña Sundall Mateo, Iloilo City) >> Rabiya Mateo from Iloilo City crowned Miss Universe Philippines 2020|publisher=whatalife.ph|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="full name-5">{{cite web|url=https://www.juantambayan.me/2020/10/29/mga-kaibigan-kaklase-at-kakilala-ni-miss-universe-philippines-rabiya-mateo-ibinahagi-sa-publiko-ang-pagiging-mapagpakumbaba-ng-dalaga-noon-pa-man/|title=Mga kaibigan kaklase at kakilala ni Miss Universe Philippines; on 1st paragraph "Rabiya Occeña Sundall Mateo, Miss Universe Philippines 2020..."|date=29 October 2020 |publisher=[[Manila Bulletin]]|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>
* [[Parul Shah|Parul Quitola Shah]], Miss Grand International 2015 – 2nd Runner-up.
* [[Venus Raj|Maria Venus Bayonito Raj]], winner of [[Binibining Pilipinas 2010]], [[Miss Universe 2010]] Fourth Runner-up.

===Movies & TV===
* [[Addy Raj]], actor
* [[Aljur Abrenica]], actor, dancer, model and singer
* [[Vin Abrenica]], actor, model, singer
* [[Raymond Bagatsing]], actor, model
* [[RK Bagatsing]], actor
* [[Joem Bascon]], actor
* [[Gian Magdangal]], singer and actor
* [[Cassandra Ponti]], Filipina-Indian actress, model and dancer
* [[Sharmaine Arnaiz]], Filipina-Indian actress

===Radio===
* [[Sam Y.G.]], Filipino-Indian radio disc jockey
* [[Mo Twister]], Filipino-Indian DJ, actor, host and podcaster

===Author===
* [[Roshani Chokshi]], Filipino-Indian descent, American author

===Politics===
* [[Ramon Bagatsing]], Filipino-Indian of [[Jat people|Punjabi Jat]] blood, longest serving [[mayor of Manila]], grandfather of [[Raymond Bagatsing]]
* Ranjit Shahani, Filipino-Indian politician congressman and former youngest vice governor in the country of Pangasinan province at the age of 28, from Indian father Dr. Ranjee Gurdassing Shahani, PhD and former senator [[Leticia Ramos-Shahani|Dr. Leticia Ramos-Shahani, PhD]] who is the sister of former president of Philippines [[Fidel Ramos]]

===Sports===
* [[Von Pessumal]], Filipino professional basketball player
* [[Carlo Sharma]], Filipino professional basketball player
* [[Khasim Mirza]], Filipino professional basketball player
* [[Hyram Bagatsing]], Filipino professional basketball player
* [[Sanjay Beach]], American football player

===Army and Revolution===
* [[Juan Cailles]], commander who served during the [[Philippine Revolution]] and [[Philippine–American War]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Philippines}}
{{div col}}
* [[List of India-related topics in the Philippines]]
* [[Hinduism in the Philippines]]
* [[Filipinos in India]]
* [[India–Philippines relations]]
* [[Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Citations ===
* {{Citation
|last = Mansingh
|first = Lalit
|title = Report of the High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora
|year = 2000
|url = http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm
|chapter = 20. Southeast Asia
|chapter-url = http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter20.pdf
|access-date = 3 April 2016
|archive-date = 2 May 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160502072140/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Rye
| first = Ajit Singh
| chapter = The Indian Community in the Philippines
| pages = 707–773
| title = Indian Communities in Southeast Asia
| publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TeExjdWUmJYC
| year = 2006
| isbn = 981-230-418-5
| editor-last = A. Mani.
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Sharma
| first = Jagdish Chandra
| title = Hindu Temples in Vietnam
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cmreAAAACAAJ
| publisher = The Offsetters
| isbn = 81-7123-067-9
| year = 1997
| access-date = 28 January 2008}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619062622/http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter20.pdf Indian Diaspora in Philippines]
{{Smaller ethnic groups in the Philippines}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{India-related topics in Philippines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indians in the Philippines}}

[[Category:Filipino people of Indian descent| ]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the Philippines| ]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Philippines]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Asia|Philippines]]

Desert Dolphin Skatepark

2026-01-21T03:24:28Z

Thinkartha: Stub

{{short description|Skatepark in Khempur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Desert Dolphin Skatepark
| image = Desert Dolphin Skatepark Janthavy Norton.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = 
| map_width =
| type = [[Skatepark]]
| location = [[Khempur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| nearest_city = [[Udaipur]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7519|74.0307|display=it}}.
| area = 14,500 Sq. Ft.
| created =
| operator = Living Grace Foundation
| visitation_num =
| status = Open
| designation =
| open = yes
| terrain = Concrete
| opened = September 2018
}}

'''Desert Dolphin Skatepark''' is a public skatepark located in [[Khempur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It was constructed as a part of the [[Netflix]] original film ''[[Skater Girl]]'' and is now run as a public skatepark for the local community. It is one of India's largest skate parks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Culture |first=Indian Skate |date=2020-08-08 |title=Netflix has acquired Desert Dolphin ⋆ Indian Skate Culture |url=https://indianskateculture.in/netflix-has-acquired-desert-dolphin/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Indian Skate Culture |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=2020-08-06 |title=Netflix Acquires Indian Skateboard Movie 'Desert Dolphin' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-acquires-indian-skateboard-movie-desert-dolphin-1306284/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Construction==
The Skateapark was constructed as a central set for the film ''[[Skater Girl]]''. After extensive location scouting, the filmmakers decided to build the skatepark in Khempur, Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.confuzine.com/tag/india/|title=100 Ramps Skatepark Rajasthan |work=Confuzine Magazine|date=18 October 2018|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>

The skatepark was built in 45 days over 8 weeks during a challenging monsoon season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holystoked Skateboarding |url=https://www.holystoked.com/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Holystoked |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=100R>{{cite web |url=http://100ramps.com/ |title=100 Ramps Construction Co. |website=100Ramps |publisher=100 Ramps Construction Co. |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Coutinho|first1=Natasha|title=Mac Mohan's Daughters Manjari and Vinati enter Bollywood with Indias first film on skateboarding|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mac-mohans-daughters-manjari-and-vinati-enter-bollywood-with-indias-first-film-on-skateboarding/articleshow/69364104.cms|publisher=Mid-day |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> Spanning over 14,500 square feet, the skatepark was designed by Holystoked Collective and 100 Ramps to accommodate skaters of all levels and has since become a hub for skateboarding enthusiasts in the region. The construction of the skatepark was driven by the film's narrative, which centers around a young girl's journey of empowerment through skateboarding, It was intentionally developed to provide the local youth with a new avenue for physical activity and creative expression and a means for change. The skatepark remains operational and continues to host various events and competitions, contributing to the growing skateboarding culture in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.makers.yahoo.com/filmmaker-duo-put-india-skateboarding-112333679.html|title=How This Filmmaker Duo Put India's Skateboarding Aspiration On The Global Map |work=Makers India |first=Tanvi |last=Nang |date=19 July 2021|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> The Skatepark facilitates regular volunteer programs

==Social impact==

[[File:Desert Dolphin Workshop.jpg|thumb|A workshop at the Desert Dolphin Skatepark with Skate Coach Anish Christopher]]
The social impact of skateboarding continues to positively influence the children of the local villages. The training and the access to a world class facility enabled four skaters from the community to represent [[Rajasthan]] in the National Skateboarding Championship in Chandigarh, April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Karelia|first=Gopi|date=2021-06-30|title=Kids From a Village Reach National Skating Championships, All Thanks to a New Park|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/257745/khempur-village-rajasthan-skating-park-children-national-championships/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-30|website=[[The Better India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630132715/https://www.thebetterindia.com/257745/khempur-village-rajasthan-skating-park-children-national-championships/ |archive-date=2021-06-30 }}</ref> The Desert Dolphin Skatepark continues to impact the lives of children through the many workshops, training and resident volunteers. The skatepark has an ongoing <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prisco |first=Isabella |date=2021-07-26 |title=Rajasthan's Largest Skate Park Affirms Gender Equality Through Sports |url=https://www.elledecor.com/it/best-of/a37133210/skatepark-in-rajasthan-skater-girl/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=ELLE Decor |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.desertdolphinskatepark.com/|title=Desert Dolphin Skatepark|website=Desert Dolphin Skatepark|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Desert Dolphin Skatepark}}
* {{official website|https://www.desertdolphinskatepark.com/}}

[[Category:Skateparks]]
[[Category:Sport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sport in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Udaipur]]

Kotla Nihang Khan Fort

2026-01-11T02:53:50Z

Thinkartha: small correct formatting for consistency and updated info for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{one source|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Kotla Nihang Khan Fort {{lang|pa|ਕੋਟਲਾ ਨਿਹੰਗ ਖ਼ਾਨ ਦਾ ਕਿਲ੍ਹਾ}}
| native_language = Punjabi
| image = Fort of Kotla Nihang Khan, Rupnagar district,Punjab,India.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ruins of Kotla Nihang Khan Fort
| designation1 =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type = Religious
| designation1_free1name =
| designation1_free1value = [[India]]
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Asia-Pacific]]
| location = [[kotla Nihang Khan]], [[Rupnagar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| built = 17th Century
| architect = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], [[Nihang Khan]] Zimindar Ruler of Princely State of [[Kotla Nihang Khan]]
| architecture = [[Mughal architecture]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.58|76.31|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin =
| map_caption =
}}
'''Kotla Nihang Khan Fort''' is a fort located in [[Kotla Nihang Khan]] village nearly 3 km from [[Rupnagar]] city of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. [[Kotla Nihang Khan]] was the headquarter of the Afghan Zimindar ruler [[Nihang Khan]] who ruled over 80 villages in the 17 Century.The village and the fort is named after this local chief, Nihang Khan who was contemporary and associate of 10 Guru of Sikhs sri [[Guru Gobind Singh]].This place has a great significance in the history and memories of [[Sikhs]] due to supporting role of [[Nihang Khan]] for the Sikhs, especially during war period crisis. Nihang Khan had cordial relations with Guru Gobind Singh that is why Guru ji visited this fort three times in his lifetimes as a shelter place during various wars periods. Guru Gobind Singh first visited Kotla Nihang Khan while returning from [[Paonta Sahib]] to [[Anandpur Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UA09BAAAQBAJ&dq=Fort+kotla+Nihang+punjab&pg=PT181 |title = Founder of the Khalsa: The Life and Times of Guru Gobind Singh|isbn = 9789381398616|last1 = Dahiya|first1 = Amardeep S.|date = 14 April 2014}}</ref> He again passed through this place while returning from viewing the solar eclipse in [[Kurukshetra]] 1702-1703. The third visit was on 6 December 1705 when Guru Gobind Singh, after crossing the Sarsa river, on being forced to leave Anandpur, reached Kotia Nihang Khan, after detaching 100 of his warriors under Bhai [[Bachittar Singh]] to cover the forces of enemy following him . He safely reached in Nihang Khan's residence, Kotla. While relaxing in Nihang Khan's house, he waited for Bhai Bachchittar Singh. But most of the Sikhs with Bhai Bachchiittar Singh were killed in war and Bhai Bachchiittar Singh himself was seriously wounded and was taken to Nihang Khan's house by [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh]] the elder son of Guru Gobind Singh and Bhai Madan Singh where he died despite being cared by Nihang Khan and his daughter [[Mumtaj Kotla Nihang Khan|Mumtaj]].

==Present status==
At present the fort is under private ownership. Most part of the original structure of the fort has been destroyed and very minor part is visible and that too in the form of ruins. However, a memorial of Bhai [[Bachittar Singh]] is being constructed here by purchasing some land of fort from the present owner of the fort.{{FACT|date=March 2019}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Description of history of Fort , Kotla Nihang Khan, Rupnagar, Punjab, india.jpg|Description of history of Fort in Gurmukhi, Kotla Nihang Khan, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
File:Fort of Kotla Nihang Khan, village Kotla Nihang Khan, Rupnagar district,Punjab,India.jpg|Fort of Kotla Nihang Khan, now memorial of [[Bachittar Singh]] village Kotla Nihang Khan, Rupnagar district, Punjab, India
File:Ruins of Fort of Kotla Nihang Khan, Rupnagar district,Punjab,India.jpg|Ruins of Fort of Kotla Nihang Khan, Rupnagar district, Punjab, India
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Kotla Nihang Khan]]
*[[Nihang Khan]]
*[[Bachittar Singh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&dq=Kotla+Nihang+Khan+Fort&pg=PA729 History of the Sikh Gurus Retold:1606-1708 CE]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Forts in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rupnagar district]]

Karthika Deepam (Malayalam TV series)

2025-12-24T01:17:10Z

Thinkartha: started a article from scratch

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Karthika Deepam TV series.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| producer = Mahesh Kozhencherry
| writer = pradeep panicker
| director = Ajay Narayanan
| starring =
| open_theme = "Chambavu Vithernja Paadam"
| end_theme =
| composer = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 672
| network = [[Zee Keralam]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Blueline Movies
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|07|13|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|09|11|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Karthika Deepam''''' ({{Translation}} Festival of Lights) is an Indian [[Malayalam]] television series which is broadcasting on [[Zee Keralam]] and streams on [[ZEE5]] platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-keralams-new-fiction-karthika-deepam-to-air-from-july-13th-at-8-pm/|title=Zee Keralam's new fiction 'Karthika Deepam' to air from July 13th at 8 pm|date=11 July 2020}}</ref> It stars [[Snisha Chandran]], Yadhu Krishnan, [[Vivek Gopan]] and [[Reshmi Soman]] in the lead roles. The series premiered on 13 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/crime-patrol-to-karthika-deepam-list-of-new-shows-set-to-launch-soon/articleshow/76265542.cms|title=Crime Patrol to Karthikadeepam: List of new shows set to launch soon - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Snisha Chandran]] as Karthika Arun /Karthu
** Kannan and Pavithra's foster daughter, Arun's Wife
* Yadhukrishnan as Kannan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/karthikadeepam-actor-yadu-krishnan-about-cinema-serial-roles-064053.html|title=ഇടവേള ഒന്നും എടുക്കാറില്ല, കാർത്തിക ദീപത്തിലെ കണ്ണനെ കുറിച്ച് യദു കൃഷ്ണൻ|first=Ankitha|last=Is|date=30 July 2020|website=malayalam.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
** Kanaka's elder son, Karthika's foster father and Pavithra's husband
* [[Vivek Gopan]] as Arun
** Karthika's husband
* [[Reshmi Soman]] as Devanandha
** Arun's Paternal aunt, Karthika's biological mother

===Recurring===
* Amritha Varnan/Sumi Santhosh as Pavithra
** Kannan's wife and Karthika's foster mother
* Akhil Anand as Dheepan
** Kannan, Arun and Pappan's friend, Vijitha's second husband, Dr.Jeevan's younger brother
* Giridhar as Pappan
** Kannan's friend
* Kottayam Rasheed as Karunan
** Kanaka's brother, Vijitha's father
* Jismy as Vijitha
** Unni's former wife, Karunan and Sudha's daughter
* Sreekala as Kanaka
** Kannan and Unni's mother
* Roshan Ullas as Dr. Unnikrishnan/Unni
** Kanaka's younger son, Vijitha's ex-husband
** Malu's husband
* Vijayakumari as Sudha
** Karunan's wife and Vijitha's mother
* Divya Yesodharan as Manju
** Arun's sister-in-law
* Deepika Mohan as Malathi
** Arun and Anandhu's mother
* Sreelekshmi Sreekumar / Anjusha P G as Malavika
** Devanandha's youngest daughter
** Unni's second wife
* Rafi as Anandhu
** Arun's brother and Manju's husband
* V.K Baiju as Dr. Jeevan
** Nitha's husband, Karthika's biological father and Dheepan's elder brother
*Jayasoman as Sharath
** Devananda's husband
** Malu's father
* Divya M Nair as Nitha
* Jayaprakash as Vishwan
** Karunan's friend
* Sudha Nair as Padmini
** Pavithra's elder sister, Manju's house maid
* Shyjan Sreevalsan as Susheelan
** Padmini's husband
* Bindhu Krishnan as Jayasree
** Jeevan and Dheepan's sister
* Kalabhavan Jinto as Sudhevan
** Jayasree's husband
* Haridas Varkala as Haridas

===Cameo appearance===
(in wedding episodes)
* [[Shiju]]
* [[Srinish Aravind]]
* Stebin Jacob
* Amala Gireesan
* [[Mersheena Neenu]]
* Sushmitha Prabhakar

==Music==
The title song was sung by [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]] and [[Nanjiyamma]].<ref>{{cite web | title=60-year-old Nanjamma sings title song of ZEE Keralam's 'Karthikadeepam' | website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media | date=10 July 2020 | url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/60-year-old-nanjamma-sings-title-song-of-zee-keralams-karthikadeepam-106026.html | access-date=2020-10-12}}</ref> The song been composed by [[Gopi Sundar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/karthikadeepams-title-song-is-out-everything-you-need-to-know-about-this-gopi-sundar-musical/articleshow/76871975.cms|title=Karthikadeepam's title song is out; everything you need to know about this Gopi Sundar musical - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/supporting-actor/yadhu-krishnan|title = Mollywood Supporting Actor Yadhu Krishnan Biography, News, Photos, Videos}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/karthika-deepam/0-6-2886 ''Karthika Deepam''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Hemiphyllodactylus nilgiriensis

2025-12-16T04:00:59Z

Thinkartha: started new entry needs work.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| status =
| genus = Hemiphyllodactylus
| species = nilgiriensis
| authority = [[Ishan Agarwal|Agarwal]], [[Aaron M. Bauer|Bauer]], [[Saunak Pal|Pal]], [[Achyuthan N. Srikanthan|Srikanthan]], & [[Akshay Khandekar|Khandekar]], 2020
| synonyms =
}}

The '''Nilgiris slender gecko''' ('''''Hemiphyllodactylus nilgiriensis''''') is a species of [[gecko]].

== Distribution ==
It is [[endemic]] to [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="RDB">{{NRDB species|genus=Hemiphyllodactylus|species=nilgiriensis}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q96380508}}

[[Category:Hemiphyllodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2020]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ishan Agarwal]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Saunak Pal]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Achyuthan N. Srikanthan]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Akshay Khandekar]]

{{Gekkonidae-stub}}

Boyne (1877 ship)

2025-12-11T14:47:41Z

Thinkartha: Post

{{Short description|Nourse Line sailing ship}}
{{other ships|List of ships named Boyne}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
|country=United Kingdom
|flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
| name = ''Boyne''
| owner =
| ordered =
| builder = T.R. Oswald, [[Southampton]]
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched = 1877
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| nickname = The Hoodoo Ship
| captured =
| fate = Wrecked 1886
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = *[[Full-rigged ship]] (1877-1882)
*[[Barque]] (from 1882)
| tons_burthen = 1,403 tons
| length =
| beam =
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement =
| armament =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''''Boyne''''' was a 1,403 ton, [[Nourse Line]] [[sailing ship]] that T.R. Oswald of [[Southampton]] built in 1877. She was referred to as the "''[[Hoodoo (folk magic)|Hoodoo]] Ship''" for the number of mishaps that occurred to her. She wrecked in 1886.

==Voyages on the "Hoodoo Ship"==
''Boyne'' initially carried migrants to New Zealand.

In 1882, while on a voyage from Liverpool to [[Barbados]], ''Boyne'' was caught in a heavy gale in the [[Bay of Biscay]], and as her cargo shifted, she listed dangerously. The [[Sea captain|captain]] was washed overboard and the ship was [[rudder]]less. The crew were saved by ''Orchid'', whose master, Captain Cook, was satisfied that ''Boyne'' could not be saved and she was abandoned.

The derelict ''Boyne'' survived, however. A [[Steamship|steamer]] towed her into [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]], [[Cornwall]], England, and when she reached Liverpool she underwent a refit. She was re-rigged as a [[barque]] with an iron mast. It took a while to find a new master for the ship, but finally Captain N. G. Hatch took command and made his first passage to Calcutta, India, without incident. Under the command of Captain Hatch, ''Boyne'' made two voyages carrying indentured labourers from India to [[Demerara]] in South America and one voyage to [[Guadeloupe]]. She was used to transport Indian indentured labourers to [[Trinidad]], arriving in Trinidad on 31 March 1883 carrying 517 passengers. There were eight deaths during the voyage.

On his next voyage to Demerara, Captain Hatch was taken ill and command of the ship was handed over to the chief officer. As ''Boyne'' left Demerara with [[coal]] for Calcutta, the hold became heated and the ship could only be saved by throwing the coal overboard.

==Loss of the ship==
''Boyne'' embarked 537 Indian [[indenture]]d labourers at Calcutta and carried them to [[Fiji]], arriving at [[Suva]] on 26 April 1886. On the return journey to Calcutta, she stranded near [[False Point]] in India. The crew and passengers managed to reach shore safely, but attempts to re-float her failed and she was abandoned.

== See also ==
*[[Indian Indenture Ships to Fiji]]
*[[Indian indenture system]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.rootsweb.com/~ttowgw/archives/indianships.htm Indian Immigrant Ship List]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111002234018/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/nourse.htm The Ships List: Nourse Line]

== References ==
{{cite book
| last = Lubbock
| first = Basil
| authorlink = Basil Lubbock
| title = Coolie ships and oil sailors
| publisher = Brown, Son & Ferguson
| year = 1981
| isbn = 0-85174-111-8 }}

{{1882 shipwrecks}}
{{1886 shipwrecks}}

{{coord missing|Indian Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyne}}
[[Category:Indian indenture ships to Fiji]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:Victorian-era passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1882]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1886]]
[[Category:1877 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Southampton]]

Rohini (satellite)

2025-12-05T09:32:25Z

Thinkartha: adjust lead

{{Short description|Series of Indian satellites}}
{{Other uses|Rohini (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| image =
| caption =
| name = Rohini
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| country = [[India]]
| applications = Experimental Satellites
| orbits = 400km Circular [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| operator = ISRO
| lifetime = 8
| derivedfrom = 6
| derivatives = 5
| status = Retired
| launched = 4
| retired = 2
| lost = 2
| first = [[Rohini Technology Payload|RTP]] 10 August 1979
[[Rohini Satellite 1]] 18 July 1980 (Successful)
| last = [[Rohini RS-D2]] 17 April 1983
| lastretired = [[Rohini RS-D2]]

|autoconvert = off
| mass = {{convert|30|-|41.5|kg|lb}}
| power = 3 watts (RTP) 16 watts (others)
| batteries =
| equipment = Launch Vehicle monitor Solid State camera(RS-D2)
| dimensions = 360
}}

'''Rohini''' is a series of satellites launched by [[ISRO]]. The Rohini series consisted of four satellites, each of which was launched by the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (SLV)<ref name="Isro-Slv2">{{cite web |author= |date=25 October 2015 |title=SLV |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/slv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529133357/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/slv |archive-date=29 May 2017 |access-date=25 October 2015 |website=ISRO.gov |publisher=ISRO}}</ref> and three of which made it successfully to orbit. The series were mostly experimental satellites, with the first launch being in 1979. There was an earlier series of ISRO [[Rohini (rocket family)|sounding rockets]] with the same name, first launched 1967.

== Satellites in series ==
=== Rohini Technology Payload (RTP) ===
It was a {{convert|35|kg|lb|abbr=on}} experimental spin stabilized satellite that used 3[[Watt|W]] of power and was launched on 10 August 1979 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]].<ref name="Isro-RTP">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/rtp-1 |title=RTP |author= |date=25 October 2015 |website=ISRO.gov |publisher=ISRO |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731195814/http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/rtp-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The satellite contained instruments to monitor the launch vehicle. The satellite could not be placed into its intended orbit.

=== Rohini RS-1 ===
{{Main article|Rohini Satellite 1}}
It was also a {{convert|35|kg|lb|abbr=on}} experimental spin stabilized satellite that used 16[[Watt|W]] of power and was successfully launched on 18 July 1980 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre<ref name="Isro-Rs1">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/rs-1-1 |title=RS-1 |author= |date=25 October 2015 |website=ISRO.gov |publisher=ISRO |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731193346/http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/rs-1-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> into an orbit of {{cvt|305|x|919|km}} with an inclination of 44.7°. It was the first satellite successfully launched by the indigenous launch vehicle SLV. This was India's first indigenous satellite launch, making it the seventh nation to possess the capability to launch its own satellites on its own rockets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-achieves-satellite-launch-capability-with-slv-3-rocket-successfully-puts-rohini-satellite-into-orbit-101689964367295.html|title=From HT Archives: India successfully launches Rohini on indigenous rocket}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/892545/blast-from-the-past-an-insiders-account-of-indias-first-successful-experimental-satellite-launch|title=Blast from the past: An insider’s account of India’s first successful experimental satellite launch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/independence-day-2023-rohini-the-forgotten-mother-of-indias-space-odyssey-12978542.html|title=Independence Day 2023: Rohini, the forgotten mother of India’s space odessey}}</ref> It provided data on the fourth stage of SLV. The satellite had mission life of 1.2 years and an orbital life of 20 months.

=== Rohini RS-D1 ===
It was a {{convert|38|kg|lb|abbr=on}} experimental spin stabilized satellite that used 16[[Watt|W]] of power and was launched on 31 May 1981.<ref name="Isro-RsD1">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/RohiniSatellite_RS_D1.html|title=Rohini Satellite RS-D1 |author= |date=25 October 2015 |website=ISRO.gov |publisher=ISRO |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> The launch of the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV]] was a partial success as the satellite did not reach the intended height and thus it only stayed in orbit for 9 days. It achieved an orbit of {{cvt|186|x|418|km}} with an inclination of 46°. The satellite carried a solid state camera for [[remote sensing]] applications (Landmark Tracker) and performed to specifications.

=== Rohini RS-D2 ===
It was a {{convert|41.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} experimental spin stabilized satellite that used 16[[Watt|W]] of power and was launched successfully on 17 April 1983<ref name="Isro-RsD2">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/RohiniSatellite_RS_D2.html?timeline=timeline |title=Rohini Satellite RS-D2 |author= |date=25 October 2015 |website=ISRO.gov |publisher=ISRO |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> into an orbit of {{cvt|371|x| 861|km}} and an inclination of 46°. The satellite was in operation (mission life) for 17 months and its main payload, a smart sensor camera, took over 2500 pictures. The camera had the capability to take pictures both in visible and infrared bands. After an orbital life of 7 years, the satellite reentered the Earth atmosphere on 19 April 1990.

{{Clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Spaceflight}}
* [[List of Indian satellites]]

{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/rohini.html|title=Rohini Satellite (RS-1) Series (Launched by Indian Rocket)|website=www.csre.iitb.ac.in|access-date=2016-06-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628235717/http://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/rohini.html|archive-date=2016-06-28}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}

[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth]]
[[Category:Satellites of India]]

Christ the King Church, Jog Falls

2025-11-29T08:30:02Z

Thinkartha: Details

{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Christ the King Church
| native_name = Christ the King Church, Jog Falls
| fullname =
| other name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| landscape =
| caption =

| pushpin map = India Karnataka
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| relief =
| map caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|14|13|44|N|74|48|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = [[Jog Falls]], [[Shimoga district]]
| country = [[India]]

| denomination = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = {{url|https://www.shimogadiocese.org/ }}

| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date = 
| founder =
| dedication = [[Christ the King]]
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date =
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =

| status = [[Parish church]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
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| capacity =
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| dome dia outer = 
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| bells hung =
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| parish = Jog Falls
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| episcopalarea =
| archdiocese =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shimoga|Shimoga]]
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Bangalore]]
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
| division =
| subdivision =

| archbishop = [[Peter Machado]]
| bishop = [[Francis Serrao]]
| provost =
| provost-rector =
| viceprovost =
| subdean =
| precentor =
| archpriest =
| chancellor =
| canonchancellor =
| canon =
| canonmissioner =
| canonpastor =
| canontreasurer =
| succentor =
| archdeacon =
| prebendary =
| rector =
| vice-rector =
| vicar =
| curate =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
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| assistant =
| honpriest =
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| abbot =
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| sacristan =

| reader =
| student intern =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| verger =
| businessmgr =
| liturgycoord =
| reledu =
| rcia =
| youthmin =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =

| logo =
| logosize =
| logolink =
| logoalt =

| embedded =
}}
'''Christ the King Church, Jog Falls''' was established in 1959. It is located in [[Jog Falls]], Sagara, Shimoga District, Karnataka state of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church Priest Removed After Assault Video Surfaces in Mangaluru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/mangaluru-video-of-church-priest-assaulting-elderly-couple-goes-viral-diocese-removes-him-from-ministry-2919637 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Media |date=2024-05-28 |title=Our Lady of Lourdes Church celebrates Fr Stephen Maxi Albuquerque's Sacerdotal Silver Jubilee at Tirthahalli |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/our-lady-of-lourdes-church-celebrates-fr-stephen-maxi-albuquerques-sacerdotal-silver-jubilee-at-tirthahalli/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lenten Retreat at Christ the King Church, Jog Falls, Diocese of Shimoga |url=https://www.frfranklin.org/news/devotional-news/2591-lenten-retreat-at-christ-the-king-church-jog-falls-diocese-of-shimoga |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Fr Franklin D'Souza |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Shimoga district]]

Benapole Border Crossing

2025-11-06T16:41:45Z

Thinkartha: created info

{{short description|International border crossing between Bangladesh and India}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name= Benapole Crossing
|native_name={{lang|bn|বেনাপোল ক্রসিং}} {{lang|hi|बेनापोल क्रॉसिंग}}
|coordinates={{Coord|23.0426194|88.893623|type:landmark_region:BD_dim:5000|display=inline,title}}
|image=Enroute to Petrapole.JPG
|caption=En route to Benapole Border Crossing (From India)
|official_name= Benapole Border Crossing {{lang|bn|বেনাপোল সীমান্ত ক্রসিং}} {{lang|hi|बेनापोल बॉर्डर क्रॉसिंग}}
|carries=Pedestrians, Vehicles, Containers, Rails
|crosses=Border between [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]
|locale={{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Benapole]], [[Bangladesh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Petrapole]], West Bengal, India
|maint={{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh Land Port Authority|BLPA]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Land Ports Authority of India|LPAI]]
|id=
|design=
|mainspan=
|length=
|width=
|height=
|load=
|clearance=
|below=
|traffic=
|begin=
|complete=
|open=1947<ref name=jessore>{{cite web |url=http://www.jessore.info/index.php?option=content&value=652 |title=History of Benapole land port |website=jessore.info |language=bn}}</ref>
|closed=
|toll=
|map_cue=
|map_image=
|map_text=
|map_width=
| map_type =
|lat =
|long =
| map_caption =
}}
The '''Benapole Border Crossing''' also known as the '''[[Petrapole]] Crossing''' ({{langx|bn|বেনাপোল বর্ডার ক্রসিং বা পেট্রাপোল ক্রসিং}}, {{langx|hi|बेनापोल सीमा पार या पेट्रापोल क्रॉसिंग}}) is an international border crossing between [[Benapole]], [[Jessore District|Jessore]], Bangladesh, and [[Petrapole]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], West Bengal, India.

==History==
{{Further|Benapole|Petrapole}}
At the time of [[Partition of Bengal (1947)]] the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed the police station areas of [[Bangaon]] and [[Gaighata]] of Jessore district in India and the area was made a part of 24 Parganas district. After that the land of petrapole went into India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tour.khujbo.com/jessore-district-information/|title=Jessore District Information|publisher=Khujbo.com|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174925/http://tour.khujbo.com/jessore-district-information/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a flat plain located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> After [[partition of India]] in 1947, a custom house established between eastern province of Pakistan named [[East Bengal]] and [[West Bengal]] of India at Benapole-Petrapole border site. In that time the immigration section was controlled by custom house of Pakistan and India. After [[independence of Bangladesh]] in 1971, Bangladesh government started to export jute in India through this border crossing. In 1984-85 the responsibility to manage and control Benapole crossing was given to [[Mongla Port Authority]] and transformed into custom division. On 2 February 2002, [[Bangladesh Land Port Authority]] was established and they were given to the task of managing this border crossing (except immigration process).<ref name=jessore/>

==Customs and trade==
{{main|Petrapole|Benapole}}
On the Bangladesh-India land border, [[Benapole land port]] is the most important land port of Bangladesh and is operated by the [[Bangladesh Land Port Authority]] (BLPA). About 90% of the imported Indian goods enter Bangladesh through this port.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Procurement Details |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/procurement-detail/OP00050975 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Geographically Benapole is a major strategical point for border trading between India and Bangladesh owing to its proximity to [[Kolkata]]. According to Land Port Authority, approximately 90 percent of the total imported items from India come through Benapole. Primarily Benapole land port was an Land Customs station and gradually it turned into a Customs Division (1984) and later Custom House (1997) in response to its rising importance as in terms of import volume.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Padmanabhan |date=10 August 2009 |title=Petrapole, Benapole Customs points to get facelift soon |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2009/08/10/75648.html |url-status=live |work=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911235020/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2009/08/10/75648.html |archive-date=11 September 2012 |access-date=14 August 2009}}</ref>

As of 2009, 143 staff including 9 officials and 134 employees are working at the Benapole land port. In fiscal year 1996-97 revenue realized from Benapole land port was around [[Taka]] 5 billion, at present it is Taka 8.50 billion.

Benapole land port is also lucrative for Indian exporters for its cheaper service and equipment charges. Indian goods receive duty exemption advantage in this land port. The Indian Government has also decided to give priority to export in Bangladesh through Benapole-Petrapole border. Kolkata, one of the commercial hubs of India, is only 80 kilometers away from the Petrapole-Benapole border and is involved in development in the area.<ref>{{cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Padmanabhan |date=11 December 2003 |title=Petrapole, Benapole Customs points to get facelift soon |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/12/12/stories/2003121201300600.htm |url-status=live |work=The Hindu Business Line |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130102734/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/12/12/stories/2003121201300600.htm |archive-date=30 November 2005 |access-date=14 August 2009}}</ref>
Benapole had witnessed a rise of imports by 15 – 20 percent each year. It has become a significant revenue generator for the government since late 1980s. However, port facilities remain under-developed as yet. Carriability of the road from Benapole to Jessopre is limited notwithstanding regular maintenance. A two-member consultant team of the [[Asian Development Bank]] is working to sort out improvement areas in the immigration and customs of the land port and also studying feasibility of Benapole-Petropole border as a corridor of transit in this South Asian region.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}
This check post accounts of India trade with [[Bangladesh]] that worth more than $4 billion. This is the largest land port of Asia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/customs-wants-better-rail-link-thru-petrapole/article20598257.ece1 |title=Customs wants better rail link thru Petrapole |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |first1=Pratim Ranjan |last1=Bose |first2=Abhishek |last2=Law |date=12 March 2018 |access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> The landport alone accounts for nearly 60 per cent of trade that Bangladesh do with Indian and vice versa.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/integrated-check-post-planned-at-petrapole-to-boost-trade-with-dhaka/article2214092.ece Integrated check post planned at Petrapole to boost trade with Dhaka] ''thehindubusinessline.com''. Retrieved 6 May 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/06/18/stories/2006061802970300.htm Petrapole infrastructure to be beefed up] ''thehindubusinessline.com''. Retrieved 6 May 2013</ref> About 90% of the imported Indian goods enter Bangladesh through this port.<ref name=":0" />

==Immigration point==
[[File:Lowering of Flag.JPG|thumb|Benapole–Petrapole border ceremony]]
{{main|Benapole land port}}
In 2009 new buildings were constructed in the location and Benapole Customs and Immigration Check post started its operation since then.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Procurement Details|url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/procurement-detail/OP00050975|access-date=2020-06-28|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref>

==Rail network==
{{main|Benapole|Petrapole}}

The Petrapole-Benapole rail link was opened in 2001 after being closed for 24 years.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/01/22/stories/142271b6.htm Petrapole-Benapole rail link re-opens after 24 years] ''hindu.com''. Retrieved 6 May 2013</ref>
There is a proposal to construct a by-pass road to ease congestion on the present road, connecting Benapole to [[National Highway 112|NH 112]] (earlier NH 35), bypassing Bangaon.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030311/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051204/asp/bengal/story_5557173.asp Bypass to ease border traffic] ''telegraphindia.com''. Retrieved 6 May 2013</ref>
On 9 November 2017, Nearly 10 years after Kolkata-Dhaka passenger train was flagged off after a gap of 43 years, a new train – [[Bandhan Express]] – was inaugurated between Kolkata and [[Khulna]] in Bangladesh (via Petrapole and Benapole), covering a distance of about 172 km. This is a weekly train and runs on Thursdays from both sides.

==See also==
* [[Petrapole-Benapole Border Ceremony]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lpai.gov.in/content/innerpage/icp-petrapole.php Land Ports Authority of India :: ICP Petrapole]
* [http://www.bsbk.gov.bd/site/page/ed456c04-97c8-453d-a28e-5530b2512847/ Bangladesh Land Port Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730191448/http://www.bsbk.gov.bd/site/page/ed456c04-97c8-453d-a28e-5530b2512847/ |date=2021-07-30 }}
{{India-Bangladesh land border checkpoints}}

[[Category:Benapole|Crossing]]
[[Category:Petrapole|Crossing]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border crossings]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border]]
[[Category:Border crossings of India]]
[[Category:Border crossings of Bangladesh]]

S. Saradakkutty

2025-09-08T07:49:03Z

Thinkartha: made the info initial version

{{short description|Indian writer of Malayalam literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = S. Saradakkutty
| image = S Saradakkutty.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Saradakkutty in 2015
| birth_name = S. Saradakkutty
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = literary and social critic
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| genre =
| period =
| notableworks = Ethrayethra Preranakal
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism]]
}}

'''S. Saradakutty''' is an Indian literary and social critic of the [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam language]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-18 |title='എഴുത്തുകാരാ, വികലഭാവനകളിൽ ചവിട്ടിമെതിക്കുവാൻ ഇവിടെ ഇനി പെണ്ണുങ്ങളില്ല!'- എസ്.ശാരദക്കുട്ടി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/writer-critic-s-saradakutty-reacts-against-the-statement-of-author-t-padmanabhan-on-women-writers-1.7795823 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> She is the recipient of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism|2022 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards announced, V Shinilal's 'Sambarkkakranthi' best novel |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-v-shinilal-s-sambarkkakranthi-wins-best-novel-1.8688660 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

==Biography==
Saradakkutty was born as the daughter of T. S. Sreedharan Nair and J. Bharatiamma in, [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]. She has received a doctorate from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] on the subject [[The Buddha|Buddha]] Darshanam in Poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-24 |title=S Saradakutty |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2020/speakers/s-saradakutty-mbifl-2020-1.4471332 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=MBIFL 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Her major works include ''Njan Ningalkkethire Aakashatheyum Bhoomiyeyum Sakshyam Vekkunnu'', ''Pranayathadavukaran, Ethrayethra Preranakal'', ''Penvinimayangal'' and Pennu Kothiya Vakkukal. Saradakkutty won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism]] for the work Ethrayethra Preranakal in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/kerala-news/kerala-sahitya-akademi-award-2022-announced-867722/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saradakkutty. S}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Tiloi Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:42:53Z

Thinkartha: new new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tiloi
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 178
| map_image = 178-Tiloi.svg
| district = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| reservation = None
| loksabha_cons = [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]
| mla = [[Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 3,51,462
}}
'''Tiloi''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Tiloi in the [[Amethi district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
Tiloi is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 178 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Wasi Naqvi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="3" |Mohan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<ref name="election1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3254-uttar-pradesh-1980/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |Haji Mohd. Wasim
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref name="election1989">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Mohammad Muslim]]<ref name="election1996">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3259-uttar-pradesh-1996/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Mohammad Muslim]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Tiloi
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh
|votes = 99472
|percentage = 48.54
|change = -0.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mohd Naim
|votes = 71643
|percentage = 34.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pradeep Singhal
|votes = 21978
|percentage = 10.72
|change = -7.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raghuvansh
|votes = 6120
|percentage = 2.99
|change = -23.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1810
|percentage = 0.88
|change = -0.45
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 27829
|percentage = 13.58
|change = -8.92
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 204940
|percentage = 58.31
|change = 0.64
}}
{{Election box end
}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Tiloi
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh
|votes = 96119
|percentage = 49.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd. Saood
|votes = 52072
|percentage = 26.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Mishra
|votes = 35837
|percentage = 18.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Mo. Tabarakh
|votes = 1967
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sitaram
|votes = 1575
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Moulik Adhikar Party
|candidate = Jag Prasad
|votes = 1372
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramkalp
|votes = 956
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raghuwansh
|votes = 923
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jaswant Singh
|votes = 687
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Imran
|votes = 612
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Santosh Kumar
|votes = 532
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Shahi Party (Secular)
|candidate = Rohit
|votes = 527
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2567
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 44047
|percentage = 22.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 195746
|percentage = 57.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box end
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Amethi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Abhijith P. S. Nair

2025-06-14T10:09:29Z

Thinkartha: created pg

{{short description|Indian violinist, arranger and composer (born 1991)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Abhijith P. S. Nair
| image = Abhijith-P.-S.-Nair.jpg
| caption = Abhijith P. S. Nair performing at a stage show
| birth_name = Abhijith P. S. Nair
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1991|10|18}}
| birth_place = [[Vaikom]], [[Kerala]], India
| genre = [[Classical music]] [[Music of India|Indian music]] [[World music]]
| occupation = Musician
| years_active = 2004–present
| label =
| website = {{URL|abhijithpsnair.com}}
}}
[[File:Abhijith-P-S-Nair.jpg|thumb|Abhijith P. S. Nair Performing with Violin]]

'''Abhijith P. S. Nair''' (born 18 October 1991) is an Indian [[violinist]], [[arranger]] and [[composer]].

==Performing career==
Abhijith became acquainted with folk and classical styles and began performing onstage improvisations.<ref>Jose joy [http://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2017/dec/08/violinist-abhijith-p-s-nair-talks-about-his-musical-innovations-5176--1.html "Violinist Abhijith P S Nair talks about his musical innovations"], ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Ernakulam, 8 December 2017. Retrieved on 29 January 2018.</ref> His fusion [[violin]] shows and albums gained him popularity.<ref>correspondent [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/concert/article21618001.ece "Cantini Violin"], ''[[The Hindu]]'', Ernakulam, 14 December 2017. Retrieved on 29 January 2018.</ref><ref>Veena Hari [http://www.twentyfournews.com/2016/07/06/instrumental-flash-mob.html "Instrumental Flash Mob in Kochi"], ''twentyfournews.com'', Ernakulam, 6 July 2016. Retrieved on 16 March 2018.</ref>

He has performed with various artists including [[Dr. K. J. Yesudas]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]], [[U. Rajesh|Mandolin U. Rajesh]], [[Mattannoor Sankarankutty Marar]], [[Stephen Devassy]], [[Senri Kawaguchi]] and [[Mohini Dey]].<ref>correspondent [http://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2017/12/20/maleyam-in-violin-fusion.html "Maleyam Marodaninju, Abhijith P S Nair live in concert with Mohini Dey"], ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', Kottayam, 20 December 2017. Retrieved on 29 January 2018.</ref> For his first international instrumental jazz fusion album ''Saraswati At Montreux'', he collaborated with [[drummer]] [[Dave Weckl]].<ref>correspondent [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/141217/melodies-from-the-violin.html "Melodies from the violin"], ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', Ernakulam, 14 December 2017. Retrieved on 29 January 2018.</ref> Abhijith is the worldwide ambassador of Cantini violin.<ref>correspondent [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/concert/article21618001.ece "Concert"], ''[[The Hindu]]'', Ernakulam, 14 December 2017. Retrieved on 16 March 2018.</ref>

==Works==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Year
! Genre
|-
| ''[[Akashangalil]]''
| 2015
| [[Malayalam movie]]
|-
| ''Behind You''
| 2016
| World fusion album
|-
| ''Saraswati At Montreux''
| 2016
| Jazz Fusion Album
|-
| ''Ekalavya''
| 2016
| Jazz Fusion Album
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.abhijithpsnair.com/}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Abhijith}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]

Vazhani Dam

2025-06-11T18:21:40Z

Thinkartha: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Vazhani Dam
| image = Vazhani reservoir.JPG
| image_caption = A view of dam and reservoir
| name_official = Vazhani Dam
| dam_crosses =
| res_name = [[Wadakkanchery]] River
| location = Vazhani, [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| operator = Irrigation Department, [[Kerala]]
| dam_length = 792.48 metres
| dam_height =
| dam_width_base =
| construction_began =
| location_map = India#India Kerala
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.637|76.307|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| opening = 1962
| extra = '''Capacity:''' [[tmc ft.]]
| country = [[india]]
| purpose = Irrigation
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| dam_type = Earth Dam
| website = www.vazhanidam.gov.in
}}

'''Vazhani Dam''' is a clay dam built across the [[Keecheri River|Kechery River]] (also known as Wadakkancherry river) near Wadakkancherry in [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]]. The water is used for irrigation and drinking purposes. The dam has a four-acre garden and the construction was completed in 1962.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.irrigation.kerala.gov.in/pjt_&_pgm/Vazhani.php
|title=Kerala Govt
|publisher=VAZHANI IRRIGATION PROJECT
|access-date=2012-05-16}}</ref>
Vazhani dam is built with mud and it is an earth dam like [[Banasura Sagar Dam]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Hanging Bridge - vazhani Dam.jpg|Hanging Bridge
File:Vazhani dam Thrissur .jpg| Dam Garden
File:Vazhani Wildlife sanctuary and Dam - panoramio (5).jpg
File:Vazhani Wildlife sanctuary and Dam - panoramio (6).jpg
File:Children's play area at Vazhani Dam 2.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{commons category|Vazhani Dam}}
{{reflist}}

{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Dams in Kerala}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 1962]]
[[Category:Dams in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-dam-stub}}

Virpur (Mahisagar)

2025-05-18T22:08:11Z

Thinkartha: new a details!

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
'''Virpur''' (Also known as Birpur) is a village located [[Mahisagar district]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> {{convert|40|km|mi}} from [[Godhra]] Junction.
The [[Mahi River|Mahisagar river]] flows some {{convert|10|km|mi}} from the village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|23|11|21|N|73|28|45|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Mahisagar district]]

{{Mahisagar-geo-stub}}

COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep

2025-04-03T15:27:36Z

Thinkartha: expand details for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Details of the global pandemic within the Indian Union Territory}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox pandemic
| name = COVID-19 pandemic in the Lakshadweep Islands
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| map1 =
| legend1 =
| map3 =
| legend3 =
| map4 =
| legend4 =
| map5 =
| legend5 =
| disease = [[COVID-19]]
| virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]]
| location = [[Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep Islands]], [[India]]
| arrival_date = 18 January 2021 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=18|year1=2021|month2=|day2=|year2=}})
| origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[China]]
| active_cases = 5
| confirmed_cases = 10,297
| deaths = 51
}}

The first case of [[COVID-19]] on the Union Territory of [[Lakshadweep]] was recorded on 18 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Nearly a year after Covid-19 outbreak in India, Lakshadweep reports its first-ever case| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/lakshadweep-reports-first-ever-coronavirus-covid19-case-1760411-2021-01-19|access-date=22 January 2021|publisher=India Today}}</ref> Lakshadweep Islands, until then, was India's only COVID-free territory (state/UT), and life was fairly normal for the residents of the UT.<ref>{{Cite news| title=What Covid-19? Life is normal is Lakshadweep| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-covid-19-life-is-all-normal-in-lakshadweep/articleshow/79641218.cms|access-date=22 January 2021|newspaper=Times of India| date=9 December 2020}}</ref> As of 13 September 2021, there were 10,297 confirmed cases (5 active) and 51 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW">{{Cite web|title=MoHFW-Home|url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/|access-date=22 January 2021|website=www.mohfw.gov.in}}</ref>

==Timeline==
* As on 19 January, total number of cases in Lakshadweep was 21. All of them are active cases.<ref name="MOHFW" />

* As on 25 January, total number of cases was 67. All of them are active cases.<ref name="MOHFW" />

* As on 3 February, total number of cases was 122, including 61 active cases and 61 recoveries.<ref name="MOHFW" />

* As on 10 February, total number of cases was 178, including 63 active cases and 115 recoveries.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 12 August 2021, there are 40 active cases.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-08-13|title=Lakshadweep administration imposes travel restriction to mainland in view of rising COVID-19 cases in Kerala|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lakshadweep-administration-imposes-travel-restriction-to-mainland-in-view-of-rising-covid-19-cases-in-kerala/article35891497.ece|access-date=2021-08-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> jk
*
* As of 13 September 2021, total number of cases was 10,297, including 5 active cases and 51 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

== COVID-19 vaccines with approval for emergency or conditional usage ==
{{main|COVID-19 vaccination in India}}

Two vaccines - [[University of Oxford]]’s [[AZD1222]] (marketed as Covishield in India) and [[BBV152]] (marketed as Covaxin, developed in India by [[Bharat Biotech]] in association with the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] and [[National Institute of Virology|NIV]]) were approved by the [[Drug Controller General of India]] on 1 and 2 January 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19 vaccine Covishield gets approval from DCGI's expert panel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-serum-institute-of-indias-covid-19-vaccine-covishield-likely-to-be-approved-for-emergency-use-in-india/article33472324.ece |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Expert panel recommends Bharat Biotech's Covaxin for restricted emergency use |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/expert-panel-clears-bharat-biotechs-covaxin-amid-uk-virus-strain-what-you-need-to-know-3240500.html |access-date=22 January 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 January 2021}}</ref> Both can be stored, transpedorted and handled at normal refrigerated conditions (2-8 degrees [[Celsius]]).

==See also==
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic|data}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India by state or union territory|Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:2020s in Lakshadweep]]

List of aquaria in India

2025-01-30T06:39:07Z

Thinkartha:

{{Short description|none}}
[[Aquariums]] are facilities where aquatic animals are confined within tanks and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred.

== List ==
This is a list of aquariums open to public in India.
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Name !! City !! State !! Ref.
|-
| Bagh-e-Bahu Aquarium || [[Jammu]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trikutanewsexpress.com/2012/03/28/bagh-e-bahu/ |title=Bagh-e-Bahu |work=Trikuta News Express |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=30 September 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001091940/http://www.trikutanewsexpress.com/2012/03/28/bagh-e-bahu/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090321/jkplus.htm#7 |title=Underground aquarium to have another phase |author=Kaul, Sunaina |work=[[Tribune India]] |date=20 March 2009 |access-date=30 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110547/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090321/jkplus.htm#7 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengaluru Aquarium]] || [[Bengaluru]] || [[Karnataka]] ||
<ref name="BangaloreAquarium">{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloreindia.org.uk/tourist-attractions/aquarium.html|title=Bangalore Aquarium|work=City of Bangalore|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194721/http://www.bangaloreindia.org.uk/tourist-attractions/aquarium.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Calcutta Aquarium || [[Kolkata]] || [[West Bengal]] ||
|-
| Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture Aquarium || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Odisha]] || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=5629 | title=CIFA to open a brand new scientific aquarium | work=Orissa Diary | date=23 January 2008 | accessdate=30 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001727/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=5629 | archive-date=2 October 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| District Tourism Promotion Council Aquarium || [[Kozhikode]] || Kerala || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/DTPC-aquarium-turns-crowd-puller-in-Kozhikode/articleshow/48727647.cms |title=DTPC aquarium turns crowd-puller in Kozhikode |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 August 2015 |accessdate=30 September 2015 |archive-date=29 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229221433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/DTPC-aquarium-turns-crowd-puller-in-Kozhikode/articleshow/48727647.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Ganga Aquarium || [[Lucknow]] || Uttar Pradesh ||
|-
| [[Jagdishchandra Bose Aquarium]] || [[Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Aquarium-entry-fee-reduced-for-visitors-for-the-first-few-months/articleshow/31286322.cms | title=Aquarium entry fee reduced for visitors for the first few months | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 March 2014 | accessdate=30 September 2015 | author=Bhatt, Himanshu | archive-date=2 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702093406/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Aquarium-entry-fee-reduced-for-visitors-for-the-first-few-months/articleshow/31286322.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Jawahar Aquarium || [[Mussoorie]] || [[Uttarakhand]] || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Again-Allah-and-Mohammad-on-aquarium-fish/articleshow/48117519.cms | title=Again, 'Allah' and 'Mohammad' on aquarium fish | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 July 2015 | accessdate=30 September 2015 | author=Prachi Raturi Misra | archive-date=3 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003095445/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Again-Allah-and-Mohammad-on-aquarium-fish/articleshow/48117519.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Kankaria Aquarium || [[Ahmedabad]] || Gujarat ||
|-
| [[Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies]] Aquarium || [[Kochi]] || [[Kerala]] ||
|-
| Kollam Aquarium || [[Kollam]] || Kerala ||
|-
| [[Lal Bagh]] aquarium || [[Bengaluru]] || Karnataka ||
|-
| Machhli Ghar || [[Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh|Bhopal]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/bhopal-aquarium-project-based-on-ppp-model-not-viable-survey/story-81H1YYQYTEoQkgsnLSDzUK.html |title=Bhopal aquarium project based on PPP model not viable: survey |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=27 June 2015 |author=Santoshi, Neeraj |accessdate=30 September 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001101729/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/bhopal-aquarium-project-based-on-ppp-model-not-viable-survey/story-81H1YYQYTEoQkgsnLSDzUK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| MARC Aquarium|| [[Digha]] || West Bengal ||
|-
| Marine Biological Research Station || [[Ratnagiri]] || [[Maharashtra]] || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ratnagiriinfo.com/Tourism/MBRS.html |title=Aquarium and Museum |access-date=2010-10-26 |archive-date=2012-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304163508/http://www.ratnagiriinfo.com/Tourism/MBRS.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Marine Kingdom]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||<ref name="NIE3">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/Apr/23/vgp-brings-exotic-marine-life-on-land-1967682.html|title=VGP brings exotic marine life on land|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=23 April 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927094105/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/apr/23/vgp-brings-exotic-marine-life-on-land-1967682.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ANI">{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/underwater-tunnel-vgp-marine-kingdom-becomes-largest-walk-through-aquarium-in-india20210915165951/|title=Underwater Tunnel, VGP Marine Kingdom becomes largest walk-through aquarium in India|newspaper=[[ANI News]]|date=15 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Marine Life Aquarium || [[Chennai]] || Tamil Nadu ||
|-
| Matsyadarsini Aquarium || [[Visakhapatnam]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Govt-opens-state-of-the-art-ornamental-fish-store/articleshow/3742210.cms | title=Govt opens state-of-the-art ornamental fish store | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=22 November 2008 | accessdate=1 October 2015 | archive-date=3 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103200328/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Govt-opens-state-of-the-art-ornamental-fish-store/articleshow/3742210.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandankanan Zoo]] || [[Bhubaneswar]] || Odisha || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.odisha.in/news/151/ARTICLE/2039/2008-02-04.html | title=CM inaugurates moated elephant enclosure at Nandankanan | work=Odisha.in | date=4 February 2008 | accessdate=1 October 2015 | archive-date=1 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001193853/http://www.odisha.in/news/151/ARTICLE/2039/2008-02-04.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan]] || [[Patna]] || [[Bihar]] ||
|-
| Star Aquarium || [[Karunagappalli]] || Kerala ||
|-
| [[Taraporewala Aquarium]] || [[Mumbai]] || Maharashtra ||
|-
| Travancore Royal Aquarium || [[Trivandrum]] || Kerala ||
|-
| [[Vandalur Zoo]] || [[Chennai]] || Tamil Nadu || <ref name="II">{{cite web|url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/tamil-nadu/chennai/arignar-anna-zoological-park|title=Arignar Anna Zoological Park|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Varkala Aquarium || [[Trivandrum]] || [[Kerala]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/varkala-aquarium-thrown-open-to-visitors-english-news-1.902323|title=Varkala aquarium thrown open to visitors|access-date=2025-01-30|archive-date=2017-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510072147/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/varkala-aquarium-thrown-open-to-visitors-english-news-1.902323|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of botanical gardens in India]]
*[[List of aquaria]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

*{{Cite web
|url=http://www.zoos-worldwide.de
|title=Zoos Worldwide: Aquariums, Animal Sanctuaries, and Wildlife Parks
|work=zoos-worldwide.de
|publisher=Zoos Worldwide
|accessdate=2 July 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719115732/http://www.zoos-worldwide.de/
|archive-date=19 July 2011
|url-status=dead
}}

{{Zoos of India}}

[[Category:Aquaria in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of aquaria|India]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in India|Aquaria]]
[[Category:Nature conservation in India|Aquaria]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India|Aquaria]]

Baetylus

2024-05-12T07:15:34Z

Thinkartha: small rework content for clarity and updated info for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Baetyl]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Bankhedi, Madhya Pradesh

2024-04-13T14:02:46Z

Thinkartha: created new data...

'''Bankhedi, Madhya Pradesh''' could refer to:
*[[Bankhedi, Narmadapuram]] in Narmadapuram district
*[[Bankhedi, Bhopal]] in Bhopal district

{{geodis}}

Rao Vihar

2024-02-25T18:43:33Z

Thinkartha: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Nangloi_Jat]]

Bhandra, Lohardaga

2023-10-30T16:27:31Z

Thinkartha: created details

{{distinguish|Bhandra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhandra
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3626|N|84.7986|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3545
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835203
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06526
| registration_plate = JH 08
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 73.54%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Loharadaga]]
| website = {{URL|lohardaga.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhandra''' is a village in the [[Bhandra block|Bhandra]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the Lohardaga Sadar subdivision of the [[Lohardaga district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|28|0|N|84|42|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Lohardaga district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, B: Bauxite mining centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|23|27|6|N|84|49|39|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Kairo| numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Kairo, Lohardaga]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|21|45|N|84|47|55|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Bhandra| numbered2=R| mark-title2= Bhandra, Lohardaga (R) |shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|31|6|N|84|39|56|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Kisko| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Kisko, Lohardaga]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|32|39|N|84|49|9|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Kuru| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Kuru, Lohardaga]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|33|37|N|84|33|20|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Peshrar| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Peshrar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|23|12|N|84|39|5|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Senha| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Senha]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|26|24|N|84|40|48|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7=Lohardaga| numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Lohardaga]] (M) |label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|28|24|N|84|37|27|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Bagru | numbered8=B| mark-title8=[[Bagru, Lohardaga]] (B) |shape-color8= #A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|27|5|N|84|36|40|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Hisri | numbered9=B| mark-title9=[[Hisri]] (B) |shape-color9= #A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|34|12|N|84|36|56|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Pakhar | numbered10=B| mark-title10=[[Pakhar, Lohardaga]] (B) |shape-color10= #A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|40|N|84|46|0|E}} |label11= South Koel |labela11= River |label-color11 = #77A1CB| label-angle11= -5| label-pos11=top| label-size11=10| mark-size11=0| mark-title11 =none}}

===Location===
Bhandra is located at {{coord|23.3626|N|84.7986|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows an undulating plateau area with the hilly tract in the west and north-west. Three [[Bauxite mining]] centres are marked. It is an overwhelmingly rural district with 87.6% of the population living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Physical features, Page 22: Census findings |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 23 October 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==

===Police station===
There is a police station at Bhandra.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/lohardaga| title = District Police Profile - Lohardaga| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 22 October 2021| archive-date = 25 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211025193818/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/lohardaga| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Bhandra CD block are located at Bhandra village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Lohardaga district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bhandra had a total population of 3,545, of which 1,755 (50%) were males and 1,790 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 575. The total number of literate persons in Bhandra was 2,184 (73.54% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2011_PART_B_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 363177, pages 104-105|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Bhandra block#Language and religion]])

==Education==
[[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 2006. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII. The school has a playground, a library with 892 books and has 5 computers for learning and teaching purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/lohardaga/20150401505/kgbv-bhandra.html | title = KGBV Bhandra | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

Vansidha Project Girls High School Bhandra is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 1984. It has facilities for teaching from class VII to class X. The school has a playground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/lohardaga/20150401504/vansidha-project-girls-hs-bhandra.html | title = Vansidha Project Girls High School | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

Lal Bahadur Shastri High School Bhandra is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1964. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/lohardaga/20150401510/lal-bahadur-sashtri-high-school-bhandra.html | title = Lal BhadurSastri High School Bhandra | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Lohardaga district]]

Puducherry road network

2023-08-24T20:25:04Z

Thinkartha: minor correct references for accuracy further and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{One source|date=May 2007}}
[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ([[French language|French]]: Réseau routier de Pondichéry)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pandr.puducherry.gov.in/Plan%20Formulation/Plan%20Document/DAP%202006-07/pdffiles/sd/17-Roads%26Bridges.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105214723/http://pandr.puducherry.gov.in/Plan%20Formulation/Plan%20Document/DAP%202006-07/pdffiles/sd/17-Roads%26Bridges.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> has a network of all-weather metalled roads connecting every village in the territory. The territory has a total road length of 2552 km (road length per 4.87 km2).

== Road length comparison ==

{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center" valign="bottom"
! width="137.25" Height="12.75" colspan="4"| Roads
|-
! Height="12.75" valign="bottom" colspan="3"| Total road length (in Puducherry)
| valign="bottom" | 2552 km.
|-
! Height="12.75" valign="top" rowspan="2" | Road length per 1000 km2
! align="center" valign="bottom" | Puducherry
! align="center" valign="bottom" | [[Tamil Nadu]]
! align="center" valign="bottom" | India
|-
| align="right" valign="bottom" | 4575
| align="right" valign="bottom" | 1572
| align="right" valign="bottom" | 663
|}

== Classification of roads ==

{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" | Sl. No.
! align="center" | Type of road
! align="center" | Length in (km)
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |1
| width="73%" |National highways
| width="18%" align="center" |64.450
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |2
| width="73%" |State highways
| width="18%" align="center" |49.304
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |3
| width="73%" |District & other roads
| width="18%" align="center" |  
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |  
| width="73%" align="right" |[[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]] - 173.384
| width="18%" align="center" |  
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |  
| width="73%" align="right" |[[Karaikal]] - 55.162
| width="18%" align="center" |  
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |  
| width="73%" align="right" |[[Mahé, India|Mahe]] - 19.622
| width="18%" align="center" |  
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |  
| width="73%" align="right" |[[Yanam]] - 26.460
| width="18%" align="center" |  
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |  
| width="73%" align="right" |'''274.628'''
| width="18%" align="center" |274.628
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |4
| width="73%" |Rural roads
| width="18%" align="center" |  
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |
| width="73%" align="right" |Pondicherry - 164.964
| width="18%" align="center" |  
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |  
| width="73%" align="right" |Karaikal - 83.470
| width="18%" align="center" |  
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |  
| width="73%" align="right" |'''248.434'''
| width="18%" align="center" | 248.434
|-
| width="9%" align="center" |  
| width="73%" |'''Grand total'''
| width="18%" align="center" |'''636.816'''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Road Network in Pondicherry District]]
* [[Road Network in Karaikal District]]
* [[Road Network in Yanam District]]
* [[Road Network in Mahe District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121230214512/http://pwd.puducherry.gov.in/ Official website of Public Works Department, Puducherry UT]
* [http://www.pipdic.com/infrastructure.html Infrastructure in Puducherry Union Territory]
* [http://statistics.puducherry.gov.in/new%20update/ATA%20GLANCE%202011/roads.htm Puducherry UT Statistics]

[[Category:Roads in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Transport in Puducherry]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Daniel O'Connor (bishop)

2023-07-18T19:34:38Z

Thinkartha: Stub - done

{{Short description|Catholic bishop of Madras}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = Bishop
| name = Daniel O’Connor
| honorific-suffix = O.E.S.A.
| title = Vicar Apostolic of Madras
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| see = Madras
| appointed = 25 April 1834
| term_start = 20 July 1835
| term_end = 04 April 1840
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Patrick Joseph Carew]]

| ordination = 1810
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 3 August 1834
| consecrated_by = [[John Murphy (bishop of Cork)|John Murphy]]


| birth_name = Daniel O’Connor
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1786|06|06}}
| birth_place = Limerick, Ireland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1867|07|10|1786|06|06}}
| death_place = Dublin, Ireland
| buried = [[Glasnevin]]
| religion = Catholic
| parents =
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| other =
}}
{{Ordination
| ordained deacon by =
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of priestly ordination = 1810
| place of priestly ordination =
| consecrated by = [[John Murphy (bishop of Cork)|John Murphy]]
| co-consecrators = [[John Ryan (bishop)|John Ryan]]
[[Bartholomew Crotty]]
| date of consecration = 3 August 1834
| place of consecration = Cork
| elevated by =
| date of elevation =

| bishop 1 =
| consecration date 1 =
| bishop 2 =
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| bishop 3 =
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| bishop 4 =
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| bishop 5 =
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| sources =
}}
'''Daniel O’Connor''' (1786–1867) was the first vicar apostolic of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Madras]]. He belonged to [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinians]] and came as a missionary to India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bishop Daniel O'Connor, O.E.S.A. |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/boconda.html |website=Catholic Hierarchy |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
O’Connor was born 6 July 1786 in Limerick city. In 1807 he entered the Augustinian noviciate in Galway, and was professed the following year. He was ordained a priest in 1810, having studied theology in New Ross, County Wexford. After ordination to the priesthood he moved to the Augustinian house in Cork. He was elected provincial around this time and he held rallies for four years to rebuild Dungarvan church in County Waterford. In 1829 he led a delegation to London, which included the Dominican priest [[John Pius Leahy]] and [[Edmund Ignatius Rice]], founder of the Christian Brothers, to lobby the government over a clause in the Catholic Emancipation bill which would have prohibited the religious orders. O'Connor was the chief negotiator with the Prime Minister and Home Secretary, and received an assurance that the clause would only be enforced by the attorney general – an action, they believed, that would never be taken.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doyle |first1=Carmel |title=O'Connor, Daniel |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/oconnor-daniel-a6586 |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

Doyle recommended O'Connor to the Holy See in 1834 to become the first Irish Catholic vicar apostolic of Madras, India. He was consecrated bishop (3 August 1834) in Cork. O’Connor immediately went about raising money to help him build up the church in Madras. He eventually he collected £942, including money from an Indian princess and a gift of £10 from the Catholic [[Marianne Wellesley, Marchioness Wellesley|Marchioness Wellesley]], of the viceregal lodge, Phoenix Park (sister-in-law to the Prime Minister). He set sail for India on the Duke of Sussex (8 May 1835) from Gravesend, with his secretary and vicar general, Patrick Moriarty (1804–75), and several thousand books, on a journey that took ninety-three days by way of the Cape of Good Hope.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Colm |title=The Modern Irish Missionary Movement |journal=Archivium Hibernicum |date=1980 |volume=35 |pages=234–246 |doi=10.2307/25487428 |jstor=25487428 }}</ref>

==Apostolic Vicar of Madras==
On arrival at Madras he assumed his duties as vicar apostolic. O'Connor was the first British subject to take up a position as a bishop in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=India |url=http://www.augnet.org/en/history/regional-history/4828-india/4833-india_05/ |website=Augnet |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> All previous bishops being Portuguese. It was not always easy for O'Connor and he spent some considerable time trying to earn government approval and support. By 1836 the civil authorities recognised him as the leader of local Catholics and in turn he acted as a liaison between the Church and Presidency of Madras. Amongst his priorities were healing rifts amongst the local Catholic clergy and establishing a system of Catholic schools, including girls schools, something which went against Hindu custom. A heavy workload combined with an unhealthy climate placed considerable pressure on O’Connor. This combined with a dispute with the Capuchin fathers in India led in 1837 to a severe stroke, which paralysed his left side.

In 1838 he was made Apostolic Administrator of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Thomas of Mylapore|Mylapore]]. Here he had to resolve a controversy with his brother Augustinians over the ownership of Church property. The Church in Mylapore predated the Church in Madras and was founded in the 1600s by Portuguese missionaries. Amongst his other pastoral projects were a translation of the catechism into the local Tamil language. His health began to decline and after a bout of fever in 1839 he went to Rome, where he remained until 1842. In 1841 he resigned as Apostolic Vicar of Madras and was succeeded by [[Patrick Joseph Carew]]. He left India with a heavy heart, and the people he left behind were likewise saddened by his departure. They gave him several departing gifts, a ring and pectoral cross, symbols of his episcopal authority.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.augnet.org/en/history/regional-history/4828-india/4833-india_05/ |website=Augnet |access-date=22 June 2022|title=AUGNET : 4833 India_05 }}</ref>

After his return to Ireland, O’Connor moved to Dublin, where he spent the remainder of his life at [[John's Lane Church|St John's Priory]] in the Liberties, Dublin, where he was known as the ‘St John's Lane bishop’. O'Connor remained active in general pastoral work. He also took a keen interest in the Repeal movement, visited Daniel O'Connell in [[Richmond General Penitentiary|Richmond prison]] in 1844, and celebrated a special Mass of thanksgiving on his release. Bishop O’Connor died 19 July 1867, and was buried in the Augustinian grave at Glasnevin cemetery. 

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:OConnor, Daniel}}
[[Category:1772 births]]
[[Category:1867 deaths]]
[[Category:Augustinian bishops]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Madras and Mylapore]]