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B. Sivakumar (admiral)

2026-05-03T18:21:36Z

Thereforedesignpune: put up a bio

{{Short description|Senior Flag officer in the Indian Navy}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| name = B. Sivakumar
| honorific_suffix = [[AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| native_name =
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| image = File:Vice_Admiral_B_Sivakumar.jpg
| image_size = 210px
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| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| service_years = 1987 - Present
| rank = [[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-8.svg|20px]] [[File:13-Indian Navy-VADM.svg|20px]] [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| service_number =
| unit =
| commands = [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)]] [[INS Valsura]]
| battles =
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| awards = [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| alma_mater = [[National Defence Academy]] [[IIT Madras]] [[College of Defence Management]] [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]]
| spouse = Deepa Sivakumar
| relations =
| other_work =
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[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] '''B. Sivakumar''', [[AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a serving Flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He currently curves as the [[Chief of Materiel (India)|Chief of Materiel]]. He earlier served as the Controller of Warship Production and Acquisition and as the Admiral Superintendent [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)]].

==Early life and education==
Sivakumar attended the [[National Defence Academy]] as part of the 70th course and was commissioned into the Indian Navy as an Electrical officer on 1 July 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy: Vice Admiral Gurcharan Singh Takes Charge As Chief Of Personnel; Vice Admiral B Sivakumar Chief of Materiel |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/indian-navy-vice-admiral-gurcharan-singh-takes-charge-as-chief-of-personnel-vice-admiral-b-sivakumar-chief-of-materiel-10277176 |website=www.thedailyjagran.com |access-date=2 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral B Sivakumar, AVSM, VSM, Assumes Charge As The Chief Of Materiel. - TRIPURA STAR NEWS |url=https://www.tripurastarnews.com/vice-admiral-b-sivakumar-avsm-vsm-assumes-charge-as-the-chief-of-materiel/ |website=tripurastarnews.com|access-date=2 November 2025 |date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

==Naval career==
Sivakumar attended the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] obtaining a [[Master of Technology]] degree in Electrical Engineering. He served onboard multiple frontline warships - the [[Rajput-class destroyer]]s {{ship|INS|Ranjit|D53}}, the Khukri-class corvette {{ship|INS|Kirpan|P44}} and the [[Abhay-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Akshay|P35}} as Electrical officer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral B Sivakumar Assumes Charge As 40th Chief Of Materiel |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/vice-admiral-b-sivakumar-assumes-charge-as-40th-chief-of-materiel/ |website=newsonair.gov.in |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

Sivakumar served in both the naval dockyards in east and west - [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)]] and [[Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam)]]. He attended the Higher Defence Management course at the [[College of Defence Management]], Secunderabad. On 26 January 2015, he was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gazette of India |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2015/163360.pdf |website=egazette.gov.in |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

As a [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]], he commanded the premier Electrical Training Base, [[INS Valsura]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Previous Commanding Officers of INS Valsura |url=https://insvalsura.indiannavy.gov.in/content/commanding-officer |website=insvalsura.indiannavy.gov.in/ |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai: Indian Navy Rear Admiral takes charge of Naval Dockyard |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-indian-navy-rear-admiral-took-the-charge-of-naval-dockyard/articleshow/81227795.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 November 2025 |date=26 February 2021}}</ref> In 2017, he was selected to attend the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] as part of the 57th course. He headed both electrical directorates at naval headquarters - weapons equipment and electrical engineering.<ref name="COM PIB bio"/>

===Flag rank===
On promotion to flag rank, Sivakumar was appointed Additional Director General (Tech) of [[Project Seabird]]. He then moved to Mumbai as the Chief Staff Officer (Technical) to the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral B Sivakumar appointed as Admiral Superintendent of Mumbai Naval Dockyard |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/rear-admiral-b-sivakumar-appointed-as-admiral-superintendent-of-mumbai-naval-dockyard/articleshow/81229096.html |website=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=2 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> On 24 February 2021, he was appointed the Admiral Superintendent of [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)]] (ASD Mumbai).<ref>{{cite web |title=REAR ADMIRAL KP ARVINDAN TAKES OVER AS ADMIRAL SUPERINTENDENT OF NAVAL DOCKYARD (MUMBAI) |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1790114 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral B Sivakumar takes over as Admiral Superintendent of Naval Dockyard, Mumbai |url=https://www.spsnavalforces.com/appointments/?id=15&h=Dassault-Systemes-appoints-Gian-Paolo-Bassi-CEO-of-SOLIDWORKS |website=www.spsnavalforces.com |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> After a year-long tenure, he moved to NHQ as the Assistant Chief of Materiel (Information Technology & Systems). For his tenure as ASD Mumbai, he was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=PRESS RELEASE - DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS TO INDIAN NAVY PERSONNEL ON REPUBLIC DAY |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1792586 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2023, he was promoted to the rank of [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] and appointed Programme Director of the [[Advanced Technology Vessel]] Project.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Mayank |title=Four senior officers assume new roles in Army and Navy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jan/02/four-senior-officers-assume-new-roles-in-army-and-navy-2647032.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 November 2025 |language=en |date=2 January 2024}}</ref> After a short tenure, he took over as the Controller Warship Production and Acquisition (CWP&A)from Vice Admiral [[Kiran Deshmukh]] on 1 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral B Sivakumar, AVSM, VSM assumes charge as the Controller Warship Production and Acquisition |url=https://indiannavy.gov.in/node/38199 |website=indiannavy.gov.in |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> A year later, on 30 January 2025, he relinquished charge of CWP&A to Vice Admiral [[Rajaram Swaminathan]] and took over as the Director General Naval Projects (Visakhapatnam) the next day from Vice Admiral Srinivasan Gopinathan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Defence PRO Viskhapatnam |url=https://x.com/PRO_Vizag/status/1885374289970684366 |website=x.com |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Defence PRO Visakhapatnam |url=https://x.com/PRO_Vizag/status/1885374300653576680 |website=x.com |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

On 1 November 2025, he was appointed [[Chief of Materiel (India)|Chief of Materiel]], a principal staff officer (PSO) at NHQ. He took over from Vice Admiral [[Kiran Deshmukh]]. He is the Senior most Technical Officer in the Indian Navy.<ref name="COM PIB bio">{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL B SIVAKUMAR, AVSM, VSM, ASSUMES CHARGE AS THE CHIEF OF MATERIEL |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2185041 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
Sivakumar was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2015 and the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2022.

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|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|colspan='4'|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}} [[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|Colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|-
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|
|[[20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rajaram Swaminathan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Admiral Superintendent [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)]]|years=2021 - 2022}}
{{s-aft|after=K. P. Arvindan}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Kiran Deshmukh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Controller Warship Production & Acquisition|years= 2024 - 2025}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rajaram Swaminathan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Materiel (India)|Chief of Materiel]]|years= 2025 - Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivakumar, B}}
[[Category:Indian Navy vice admirals]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Materiel (India)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:College of Defence Management alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kumaon chieftaincy

2026-05-02T12:50:30Z

Thereforedesignpune: new

{{Short description|Chieftaincy in the Mughal Empire (600–1791)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Kumaon chieftaincy
| common_name = Kumaon
| native_name = कुमाऊं राज्य [[Kumaoni language|(Kumaoni)]]
| government_type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Aristocracy]] under an [[Absolute monarchy]] influenced by [[Political faction|Political Factions]]

or

Occasionally an [[Oligarchy]] with a [[Figurehead|Monarchial Figurehead]]
| leader1 = [[Vasudev Katyuri|Vasu Dev]]{{small|''(First {Katyuri dynasty}''}}
| leader2 = Bir Dev {{small|''(Last {Katyuri dynasty}''}}
| year_leader3 = 700–721
| leader3 = Som Chand {{small|''(First {Chand dynasty} as Feudatory)''}}
| year_leader4 = 1450–1488
| leader4 = Ratna Chand {{small|''(36th {Chand dynasty}, First of united Kumaon)''}}
| year_leader5 = 1638–1678
| leader5 = [[Baz Bahadur Chand]]
| year_leader6 = 1788–1791
| leader6 = Mahendra Chand {{small|''(Last)''}}
| title_deputy = [[Dewan|Diwan]]
| year_deputy1 = 700–721
| year_leader1 = 600
| year_leader2 = 1064–1065
| title_leader = [[Maharaja|Maharajadhiraja]]
| deputy1 = Joshi Sudhanidhi Chaube {{small|''(First {Chand dynasty})''}}
| year_deputy2 = 1788–1791
| deputy2 = Lal Singh {{small|''(Last)''}}
| event_start = Established
| year_start = 600
| event_end = Invaded by [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
| date_end =
| status = *Vassal state of the [[Mughal Empire]] within the [[Subah of Delhi]] (16th century onwards)
*[[Governorate]] {{small|''(Kingdom of Nepal {1791–1816})''}}
*[[Province]] {{small|''(British India {1816–1947})''}}
| year_end = 1791
| event1 = Fall of [[Katyuri kingdom|Katyuri dynasty]]
| date_event1 = 11th Century
| event2 = Period of fragmentation
| date_event2 = 12th century–15th century
| event3 = Reunification of Kumaon by [[Chand kingdom|Chand dynasty]]
| date_event3 = 1450
| p1 = Kuninda kingdom
| s1 = Kingdom of Nepal
| p2 = Katyuri Dynasty
| image_flag =
| flag_width = 150px
| image_flag2 =
| image_coat =
| coat_alt =
| symbol =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| image_map2 =
| image_map2_caption =
| image_map2_size =
| capital = * [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]] {{small|(600–1200)}}
* [[Champawat]] {{small|(1200–1563)}}
* [[Almora]] {{small|(1563–1791)}}
| other_symbol =
| other_symbol_type =
| national_anthem =
| common_languages = {{plainlist|
*[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] (Court and Common use)
*[[Sanskrit]] (Religious and Educational)}}
| ethnic_groups = *[[Kumaoni people|Kumaonis]] (Major)
*[[Nepalis]] (In [[Doti]])
*[[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiyas]]
| religion = '''State religion:''' [[Hinduism]]
----'''Other:''' [[Buddhism]] [[Islam]]
| demonym = Kumaoni
| legislature = [[Privy council|Panchayat of Kumaon]] (Powerful [[Privy council]])
| upper_house = Malladhara (Mahar Faction)
| lower_house = Talladhara (Phartyal Faction)
| flag_s1 = Flag of Nepal (1743–1962).svg
| today = [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] 
[[Tibet]], [[China]] 
[[Sudurpashchim Province]], [[Nepal]]
| area_km2 = 72000
| area_footnote = {{small|''(Approx. area during peak of Chand dynasty)''}}
| area_rank =
| population_estimate = 500,000<ref>{{Cite book | title=History of Kumaon| isbn=81-900 209-4-3 | last1=Pandey| first1=Badri Dutt| year=1993| publisher=Almora Book Depot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title=The Himalayan Gazetteer| isbn=| last1=Atkinson| first1=E.T.| year=1882| publisher=}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| currency = [[Rupee]], [[Paisa]]
}}
{{coord|29.5971|79.6591|type:country|display=title|9=region:IN-UR}}
The '''Kumaon chieftaincy'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raza Khan |first1=Ahsan |title=Chieftains in the Mughal Empire During the Reign of Akbar |date=1977 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |page=142 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Chieftains_in_the_Mughal_Empire_During_t/shAdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=chieftains%20in%20mughal%20empire}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Muzaffar |title=The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab, 1707-48 |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195618921 |page=156 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12757/page/n176/mode/1up|quote="On 26 August 1710, presumably on receiving the intelligence of the Sikh leader’s ties with hill chiefs, the emperor sent his envoys, Abu Muhammad Khan and Brij Raj, to the chief (zamindar) of Kumaon, an important chieftaincy in the hills on the eastern borders of the Punjab in the Suba of Delhi."}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|lang|k|u|ˈ|m|aʊ|n}} {{Respell|koo|MAUWN}}; [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]: कुमाऊं राज्य; [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]: ཀུ་མའོ་རྒྱལ་ཕྲན།; [[Hunterian transliteration|HT]]: '''Kumāū̃'''; {{IPA|hi|kʊˈmä.ʊ̃|}}, also anglicised as '''''Kemaon'''''), also known as '''Kurmanchal''' (कूर्मांचल),<ref name=":1" /> was a chieftaincy in the Himalayas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dutt Pandey |first=Badri |title=Kumaon Ka Itihas |publisher=Almora Book Depot |orig-year=1937 |isbn=978-8190008655 |edition=1st Volume |location=Almora, Uttarakhand, India |date=January 1993 |language=hi |trans-title=History Of Kumaon}}</ref> The principality was established by Vasu Dev of the [[Katyuri dynasty]] in the 7th century after he unified many small principalities. After the fall of the Katyuris in the 11th century and about three centuries of [[Balkanization|fragmentation]], the [[Chand dynasty]] managed to reunify [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] in the middle of the 15th century. They shifted the capital from Kartikeyapura ([[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]]) to [[Champawat]] in the 12th century, and finally to [[Almora]] in 1563. During their rule, Kumaon was spread sovereign from the river [[Tons River|Tons]] to the river [[Ghaghara|Karnali]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Edwin T. |title=Himalayan Gazetter |date=1990 |publisher=Cosmo |oclc=183008777}}</ref><ref name="Hāṇḍā2002" /> The Kumaon chieftaincy had also accepted the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] and paid tribute to them<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124110669 |pages=235–236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&dq=kumaon+mughals&pg=PA236}}</ref> as the writings of [[Abul Fazl]] state that from the reign of Rudra Chand onwards, Kumaon began to send gifts and was obedient to the Emperor in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raza Khan |first1=Ahsan |title=Chieftains in the Mughal Empire During the Reign of Akbar |date=1977 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=9780896843769 |pages=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shAdAAAAMAAJ&q=gidhaur+chieftaincy}}</ref>

During the five-hundred-year [[Katyuri dynasty|Katyuri]] rule, Kumaoni culture began to form, with [[Shaivism]] as the dominant belief. Notable temples like those in [[Jageshwar]] and [[Katarmal]] were built, and [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] were widely used. The administration was efficient, with well-built roads and bridges. After the Katyuris' decline, Kurmanchal fragmented into petty kingdoms.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> The [[Chand kingdom|Chand dynasty]], present in Kumaon since the 8th century, unified the region, including [[Doti]], in the 15th century. During their seven-hundred-year rule (four hundred years over united Kumaon), [[Folk religion|folk Hinduism]] flourished, and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] gained prominence while [[Sanskrit]] was reserved for religion and education. A party system government existed, and for a century, Kumaon thrived as a hub for trade, religion, and learning. Culture bloomed and Kumaon saw a century of [[Golden Age]]. However, political instability and financial crises weakened the principality by the 18th century, leading to its annexation by the newly unified [[Kingdom of Nepal]] in 1791. After twenty-four years of Nepalese rule, the [[East India Company|British East Indian Company]] and later the [[The Crown|British Crown]] took control.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

The [[Katyuri dynasty|Katyuris]] and the [[Chand kingdom|Chands]] left a substantial legacy to modern-day [[Uttarakhand]]. Much of the [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni culture]], societal norms, and folk traditions, along with the [[Kumaoni language]], derive from the practices and traditions of the [[Katyuri dynasty|Katyuris]] and the [[Chand kingdom|Chands]].

== Etymology ==
Kumaon is believed to have been derived from ''Kurmanchal'', meaning land of the [[Kurma]] [[Dashavatara|Avatar]] (the [[tortoise]] incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]], the preserver according to Hinduism). The region of Kumaon is named after as such.<ref name="History">{{cite book |last1=Gokhale |first1=Namita |title=Mountains Echoes: Reminiscences of Kumaoni Women |date=2015 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-180-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bJlCgAAQBAJ&q=kurmanchal&pg=PT12 |access-date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

During the time of the British control of the region, between 1815 and 1857 it was also anglicised as ''Kemaon''.<ref>James Prinsep (Editor){{Google books|Y1oxAQAAMAAJ|Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 6, Part 2 (1837)|page=653}}</ref><ref>John McClelland {{Google books|0gwKAAAAIAAJ|Some inquiries in the province of Kemaon: relative to geology, and other branches of Natural Science (1835)}}</ref><ref name=":0">John Forbes Royle {{Google books|RxBJAAAAcAAJ|Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains and of the flora of Cashmere (1839)|page=108}}</ref>

==History==

===Katyuri dynasty===
{{Main|Katyuri dynasty}}

==== Establishment ====
Around 700 CE, the Katyuri dynasty was established by Vasu Dev in the region. They called their state ''[[Kumaon division|Kurmanchal]]'', the land of Kurma, the second avatar of Vishnu, from which the present name is derived. Their capital was [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Kartikeyapura]] (modern day-Baijnath)<ref name="Hāṇḍā2002" /><ref name="kumaon">{{Cite web |url=http://kumaoni.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22&Itemid=27 |title=History of Kumaon |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313105457/http://kumaoni.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22&Itemid=27 |archive-date=13 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Gomati Valley came to be known as the Katyur Valley after the ruling dynasty.<ref name="Hāṇḍā2002">{{cite book|author=Omacanda Hāṇḍā|title=History of Uttaranchal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC&pg=PA72|access-date=22 July 2012|year=2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-134-4|pages=72–}}</ref>
During their reign they dominated lands of varying extent from the Katyur Valley (modern-day Baijnath) in Kumaon, between the 7th and 11th centuries C.E., and established their capital at Baijnath in [[Bageshwar district]]; which was then known as ''Kartikeyapura'' and lies in the centre of Katyur Valley. ''Brahmadev Mandi'' (a trading and business centre in a flat area of the then Katyuri dynasty) in the [[Kanchanpur District]] of Nepal was established by Katyuri king Brahma Dev. Brahmadev Mandi still exists by this name.

==== Peak ====
During the peak of the [[Katyuri dynasty]], the sovereigns were bestowed the title of ''Giriraj Chakrachudamani'', and the 16 monarchs who ruled during that time were known as ''[[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravarti]]'' or Emperors.<ref name=":2" />

==== Downfall ====
It is believed that from King Dhan Dev and Vir Dev, the downfall of this powerful dynasty began. Vir Dev used to collect heavy taxes and forced his people to work as his slaves. King Vir Dev teased his subjects and also he forcibly married his own maternal aunt Tila (Tilottama Devi). It is said that the Kumaoni folk song '''Mami Tile Dharo Bola''<nowiki/>' became popular from that very day.<ref name="Hāṇḍā2002" />

{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=600|caption_align=center
| align = centre
| image1 = Sun Temple, Katarmal.jpg|caption1= Sun Temple at [[Katarmal]]
| image2 = Jageshwar Mandir.jpg|caption2=[[Jageshwar|Jageshwar Temples Complex]]
| footer = Several temples in Uttarakhand are attributed to the Katyuri Kings.
}}

=== Period of fragmentation ===

==== Fall of Katyuri dynasty ====
After the death of tyrant Vir Dev, there ensued a [[civil war]] among his sons. A fierce fight took place among them. The entire [[Katyuri dynasty|kingdom]] was ruined. The people of this very family divided the whole kingdom among themselves. At the places where they were formerly placed as provincial governors or faujdars, they declared themselves as independent kings. Outside [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]] the feudatory kings of [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]], who were till then under the jurisdiction of the Katyuris, stopped paying revenue and also became independent kings.<ref name=":3" />

The same condition prevailed in [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]] when the [[Chand kingdom|Chand kings]] came there. Petty feudatory kings ruled here and there and attacking one another showed their power. King Brahmdeo of this very family (after whose name Brahmdeo Mandi was founded) established his kingdom in [[Champawat|Kali Kumaun]]. His first fort lay in Sui and the [[Rawat (surname)|Rawat]] king of Dumkot was under him. The second branch started ruling at [[Doti]]. The third established itself at [[Askot]]. Fourth settled down at Baramandal. The fifth maintained its sovereignty over Katyur and Danpur. The sixth branch ruled here and there in Pali whose main places then were [[Dwarahat]] and Lakhanpur. In this way, this extensive empire was divided into small parts.<ref name=":3" />

==== Arrival of Chand dynasty ====
Besides these petty kings of the [[Katyuri dynasty|Katyuri family]], during the time between the fall of the Katyuris and the arrival of the [[Chand kingdom|Chands]], the region of [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]] lay divided into petty kingdoms. Faldakol and Dhaniyakot lay under the authority of a [[Khati|Khati Rajput]] who regarded him as belonging to the [[Solar dynasty]]. Chaugarkha was ruled by a Padiyar king whose capital was Padyarkot. In the [[Pargana|''paragana'']] of [[Gangolihat]] ruled a Mankoli king. He had come from [[Pyuthan Municipality|Piuthan]] in modern-day [[Nepal]] and regarded himself as a Rajput of the [[Lunar dynasty]]. After ruling for seven to eight generations they were defeated by the Chands and returned to the place where their descendants still exist. Kota, Chhakhata and Kutauli came under the jurisdiction of the [[Khas people|Khas]] kings. Sor, Sira, [[Darma Valley|Darma]], [[Askot]], and Johar all were annexed to the [[Doti|kingdom of Doti]]. The first [[Chand kingdom|Chand king]] Som Chand also established a petty kingdom in [[Champawat|Kali Kumaon]] after subjugating the powerful social groups there.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

When the sun of the fortune of the Emperors of the [[Solar dynasty]] ( [[Katyuri dynasty|Katyuris]]) in Kumaun set and at places, small feudatory kings began to rule, the people said that the sun of Kumaun had set and there was night and darkness all over Kumaun. But on the arrival of the [[Chand kingdom|Chands]], people started saying that there was night in Kumaun as the sun had set, but one thing good now is that now moonlight has appeared i.e. kings of the [[Lunar dynasty]] ([[Chand kingdom|Chands]]) have come. That there is again light in the earth sunk in darkness.<ref name=":1" />

=== Chand dynasty ===
{{Main|Chand kings}}

Sometime in the 8th century, the [[Chand kingdom|Chand dynasty]] was established by King Som Chand, He continued to call his state [[Kumaon division|Kurmanchal]], and established its capital in [[Champawat]] or Kali Kumaon. At that time Kumaon was going through a period of [[Balkanization|fragmentation]], and the [[Chand kingdom|Chands]] ruled as petty kings. They slowly developed into a major power of the [[Himalayas]] and near after 1450 had unified Kumaon under King Ratna Chand.

The [[Baleshwar Temple|Baleshwar]] and Nagnath temples were built in this city during the 11th and 12th centuries.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=http://dpuckjoe.wetpaint.com/page/HISTORY+OF+KUMAON |title=History Of Kumaon – Brahmins From Kumaon Hills |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107065025/http://dpuckjoe.wetpaint.com/page/HISTORY+OF+KUMAON |url-status=dead }}</ref> During this period, learning and new forms of painting (the [[Pahari painting|pahari]] school of art) developed.<ref name=":2">Pande, B. D. (1993). History of Kumaon: English version of "Kumaon ka itihas". Almora, U.P., India: Shyam Prakashan: Shree Almora Book Depot</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Fort of Lal Mandi, (Fort Moira) Almora, 1815.jpg
| image2 = Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg
| align = center
| total_width = 600
| caption1 = Painting of Lal Mandi and Malla Mala, [[Almora]] by Hyder Young Hearsay in 1815.
| caption2 = Painting of Champawat Fort, [[Champawat]] by Hyder Young Hearsay in 1815.
| caption_align = left
}}

==== Peak and invasion of Taklakot (Tibet) ====
{{Main|Baz Bahadur Chand}}

[[File:Baz Bahadur Chand.png|thumb|Portrait of '''Maharaja Baz Bahadur Chand''', by an unknown painter. The name of the king of Kumaon is written on the top-left corner in [[Takri script|Takri Script]].]]
[[File:Taklakot fort.jpg|left|thumb|Painting of Taklakot Fort, by [[Arnold Henry Savage Landor]]]]

Many pilgrims came to the court of [[Baz Bahadur Chand]] to complain about the Huniyas (the area from northwestern [[Tibet]] till the borders of [[Ladakh]] at that time was known as Hundesh, and Tibetans there were called Huniyas) robbing them on their pilgrimage to [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] [[Lake Manasarovar|Manasarovar]], and committing atrocities. Being quite religious, he could not stand it, and decided to bring an end to this problem.
[[Baz Bahadur Chand]] himself led his army through [[Johar Valley|Juhar pass]] and entered Tibetan territory, which was then under [[Khoshut Khanate]]. He captured the [[Tegla Kar|fort of Taklakot]] in 1670. This was the first time in history that an Indian king had captured this stronghold of [[Tibet]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Badri Dutt |title=History of Kumaon |publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot |year=1993 |isbn=81-900 209-4-3 |edition=Volume 1 |location=[[Almora]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] |publication-date=1993 |language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=May 2025}}

==== Conflicts and battles ====
[[File:NWIndia 1765 imperial gazeteer.JPG|thumb|Kumaon kingdom in 1765 from the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]]]

King Gyan Chand, the King of Kumaon, ascended the throne in 1698. In 1699 he invaded Garhwal, which was under the King [[Fateh Shah]] . He crossed [[Ramganga River]] and plundered Sabli, Khatli, and Sainchar. In 1701, Fateh Shah entered in Chaukot (now Syalde region with 3 part, Talla Chaukot (lower), Malla Chaukot (Upper) and Bichla Chaukot (middle)) and Gewar Valley (region of [[Chaukhutia]], Masi, and [[Dwarahat]]) as reply. The Kumaonis defeated the Garhwalis in the Battle of Duduli (near Melchauri in Garhwal). In 1707, the Kumaoni forces annexed Juniyagarh in Bichla Chaukot (Syalde), and razed the old fort at Chandpur Garhi, the capital of Garhwal kingdom. On 13 July 1715, Kumaoni troops clashed with Garhwali troops that were moving to Moradabad and Bareilly.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India Awadh and Punjab 1707-48 Muzaffar Alam</ref> An ally of the [[Mughal Empire]], Kumaon was encouraged to continue fighting Garwhal until they submitted to the Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire was against Garwhal because of their funding of rebels in Punjab. Twice in the second year of Farrukh Siyar's reign (between 25 July and 19 December 1713) the Kumaon chief sent him booty obtained in the battles against the combined forces of the Srinagar-Garhwal chief and his Jat and Gujar allies. In early 1715, Kumaon finally captured Srinagar from Garwhal, sending Garwhali chiefs into Mughal courts. In 1742 Ali Mohammed Khan of Rohilkhand invaded Kumaon and annexed Kashipur, Rudrapur, and two other Kumaoni parganas.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{verification failed|date=May 2025}}

==== Nepalese invasion and its defeat ====
In the latter half of the 18th century, the power of Kumaon was on decline, as the prince Mahendra Chand was unable to properly administer the country and conflicts with other neighbouring kingdoms, natural calamities, intrigues and dissensions further weakened the kingdom.

Seeing this opportunity, in 1791 the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] invaded Kumaon. [[Gorkha kingdom|Gorkha army]] led by the Gorkha commanders [[Bahadur Shah of Nepal|Bahadur shah]], Kazi Jagjit Pande, [[Amar Singh Thapa]] and Sur Singh Thapa set to attack Kumaon from Doti. One regiment went from Kali Kumaon to [[Pithoragarh|Sor]], another set out to capture Visung. When the news of the sudden invasion reached [[Almora]], Mahendra Chand summoned his troops and taking a contingent with him moved towards [[Gangolihat]].
[[File:William Moorcroft and Hyder Young Hearsey.jpg|thumb|253x253px|A painting by Hyder Young Hearsay showing him and William Moorcroft disguised as Indians meeting Tibetans on horseback while travelling to [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] [[Lake Manasarovar|Manasarovar]], where Europeans were not allowed, 1812, before Kumaon came under British jurisdiction. They were arrested on their way back by Nepali authorities stationed in Kumaon.]]
Amar Singh Thapa with his troops attacked the Kumaoni contingent but he was defeated and he escaped. However, a few hours later he came back with a larger army and better preparation, and totally surrounded Kumaon from the west. Mahendra Chand hearing about the defeat and death of his uncle, [[Dewan|Diwan]] (Prime Minister) Lal Singh, became nervous and fled, thus Gorkhas finding their path clear reached and captured Almora and Kumaon was annexed to the [[Kingdom of Nepal]].<ref name="Hāṇḍā2002" /> [[Garhwal kingdom|kingdom of Garhwal]] was also annexed by the Gorkhas in 1804, after they accepted the suzerainty of the [[Qing dynasty]] and could optimise their resources on expansion again.

=== 24-year Gorkha occupation of Kumaon (Gorkhyol) ===
The Gorkha rule over Kumaon lasted for 24 years and has been termed as "cruel and oppressive"<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> in a number of texts. [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] were made into [[Governorate|governorates]] within the [[Kingdom of Nepal]]. [[Kumaoni people|Kumaonis]] were not given political representation and all offices were occupied by [[Nepalis|Nepali]] administrators. [[Kumaoni people|Kumaonis]] and [[Garhwali people|Garhwalis]] alike were mistreated. The Gorkhas were not keen on integrating [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] fully into the [[Kingdom of Nepal]], or providing for the people there, rather they only though of the conquered territories as frontier states, to maintain distance from the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

The Gorkhas were also involved in slave trade consisting of [[Kumaoni people|Kumaonis]] and [[Garhwali people|Garhwalis]], who were captured and sold in the markets.<ref name=":1" /> Excessive taxation, slavery and mistreatment made the Gorkhas unpopular in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]], whose cruel treatment towards the natives is still bitterly remembered today. The justice system of the Gorkhas was based on superstitions, which failed to provide justice to those who needed it.

[[File:NorthWesternProvincesIndia1857.jpg|alt=|thumb|253x253px|Kumaon as a part of [[North-Western Provinces]] in British India, 1857]]The only architectural advancements during the period was a road connecting [[Sharda River|Kali River]] to [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] via [[Almora]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Kumaon province ===
The Gorkhas were defeated by the [[East India Company]] in [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] and were forced to cede Kumaon to the British as part of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] in 1816. The Kumaon region was joined with the eastern half of the Garhwal region and was governed as a chief-commissionership, also known as the Kumaon province, on the non-regulation system.<ref>Robert Montgomery Martin, ''History of the Possessions of the Honourable East India Company,'' Volume 1, pg. 107</ref> In seventy years it was governed by three successive administrators: Mr. Traill, Mr J. H. Batten and [[Henry Ramsay (Indian Army officer)|Sir Henry Ramsay]]. The British set up a small administrative unit to govern the region, known as Patwari Halka.<ref>[http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp12PLM8C.aspx?MnId=QezfHTV88Qc=&ParentID=DULbco0Ru9o= Brief History of the Kumaon Regiment from the official site of the Indian Army]</ref>

== Government ==

=== Maharaja ===
[[File:Malla Mahal, Almora.jpg|thumb|267x267px|This Palace Fortress was built during the reign of King Rudra Chand (1568–1597) in the capital of Kumaon, Almora. It was named '<nowiki/>''Malla Mahal''<nowiki/>' or upper palace. '''Talla Mahal''<nowiki/>' or lower palace is now a district hospital.]]

The [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Maharaja was necessary to issue any order on paper or copper plates. But the Maharaja could only authorise the orders if the Diwan found it just and fair. The Maharaja couldn't give out official orders by himself.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />{{verification failed|date=May 2025}} Officers and managers were appointed by the monarch in his [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] by the recommendation of the Diwan. The posts of deputy-diwan and the other ministers were handed out to the most influential and able people. These posts were not usually hereditary but sometimes were occupied by one family or clan for a long time.<ref name=":1" />{{verification failed|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Almorah No. 1.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Malla Mahal can be seen in this painting by Hyder Young Hearsay, 1815.]]
Since the rulers were mostly religious, [[Rajguru|rajgurus]] and [[Purohita|purohits]] were appointed to give the Maharaja spiritual and administrative advice. These posts were usually occupied by a single family. They conducted all religious ceremonies related to the Maharaja, the Diwan or the factions.<ref name=":1" />{{verification failed|date=May 2025}}

==== Royal seal ====
The copper-plates of Chand kings were called '''''katardar''''' (कटारदार) as the kings instead of putting their signatures made the mark of their dagger on them. Their names used to be engraved in the beginning of the copper-plate or the paper document.<ref name=":1" />{{verification failed|date=May 2025}}

=== Central government ===

==== Diwan ====
The leader who commanded majority within the Mahara(Mahra) faction and Fartyal faction was appointed the [[Dewan|'''diwan''']] (prime minister, दीवान; دیوان).<ref name=":1" />

==== The royal durbar (court) ====
The royal court (शाही दरबार) was the centre of command for the entire kingdom. It was situated in the Malla Mahal (मल्ला महाल) in [[Almora]], the capital of Kumaon. The officials that sat there were
* '''Kardars''' (administrators or revenue officers, करदार) were appointed by the diwan.
* '''Rajguru''' (royal priest, राजगुरु) and the '''[[Purohita|purohits]]''' (royal chaplains, पुरोहित) were appointed by the monarch.
* '''Karbaris''' (managers, कारोबारी) were also appointed by the monarch, likely with the advice of his diwan.
* '''Mantris''' (ministers, मंत्री), were also a part of the royal court, and each was assigned specific roles.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Sayanas, Burhas and Thokdars ===
==== Sayanas and Burhas ====
There was a class of officers in eastern and western [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] known as Burha and Sayana who by virtue of their functions, exercised an under-proprietary interest in the land they administered. The Sayana in western [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and the Burha in eastern [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] were not only charged with the duty of revenue collection and land management over wide areas, but also discharged civil and military functions. The offices of the Sayana and Burha were hereditary and in the hands of politically powerful families. The Sayana and the Burha held revenue-free land in payment for their services but they also charged dustoor (customary dues) from the headmen of the villages under their jurisdiction. In Pali, there were four Sayanas and were four in number, two Manrals, one Bangari and one Bisht. In Kali Kumaon, there were four Burhas and were four in number of the Bora, Karki, Taragi and Chaudhari clans. The Burhas very frequently formed a consultative body in matters regarding the state especially when the succession to the raj was doubtful, consequently they have all along played an important part in the history of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]. The Sayanas and Burhas were given special privileges to use their own nishan (insignia), flag and musical instruments.<ref name = "Sanwal">{{cite book |last1=Sanwal |first1=Ram Dutt |title=Social Stratification in Rural Kumaon |date=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195605310}}</ref><ref name = "Gazetteer">{{cite book |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer Volume 3 Part 2 |date=1886 |page=458 |url=https://archive.org/details/1882himalayangazetteervol3pt2/page/458/mode/2up}}</ref>

==== Thokdars ====
The Thokdars were heads of their clans who were very much lower in the administrative and military hierarchy. The Thokdars received the same sort of dues but to a less extent and his title was of less significance. The Thokdars were responsible for collecting revenue from the villages under their authority and had no right to use nishan (insignia), flag and musical instruments.<ref name = "Sanwal"/><ref name = "Gazetteer"/>

==== Kamins ====
The Kamins was altogether of an inferior grade, and what influence he possessed was due to his office and its emoluments. He had no right on village land and property. The Kamins supplied Bardaish, that is, coolies and supplies for the state services and paid dues to the Sayana and Burha above them but not to the Thokdar.<ref name = "Sanwal"/><ref name = "Gazetteer"/>

=== Local government ===

==== Pradhan ====

* '''Pradhan''' (पधान) was found in every village who was below the ranks of the above three. He used to collect land revenue. He also discharged the functions of police in the village. He had to remain under the subjugation of Sayana who was born in his village. This post was hereditary.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

==== Kotal and pahari (attendants and police) ====

* '''Kotal''' (कोताल) was under Padhan who was appointed or could be expelled by him. He used to work as a clerk and an assistant of Padhan.<ref name=":1" />
* '''Pahri''' (security guard/policeman, पहरी) was kept in every village who usually used to work as the attendant of the village. He used to manage the postal affairs of the village, collect grains, and patrol the village. He mostly belonged to the [[shudra]] community. He also received grains and other food items as donation on festivals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Patwari and kanungo ====

* '''[[Village accountant|Patwari]]''' (पटवारी) was the village accountant in charge of keeping land records and other important documents.<ref name=":1" />
* '''Kanungo''' (कानूनगो) was the village land revenue officer incharge of keeping records regarding land and agricultural revenue.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

The copper-plate issued in the time of the [[Chand kingdom|Chand kings]] was signed by all the officers, which indicates the sense of responsibility of the officers.

=== Feudal system ===

==== Thatvan, khaykar and sirtan ====

* '''Thatvan''' (थतवन) was the landowner, who held all right to his land.<ref name=":4" />
* '''Khaykar''' (खैकर) was the one who lived and worked on the farming land, although he did not own it. He was chosen by the '''Thatvan''' to work on his land, and his position was not permanent. He was the one responsible for paying agricultural revenue. He paid taxes in cash and grains both.<ref name=":4" />
* '''Sirtan''' (सिरतन) had similar function as the '''khaykar''' but was supposed to pay taxes in cash only.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Foreign influence ===
When the 50th king of Kumaon Raja Baz Bahadur Chand reinstated [[Kumaon division|Kumaoni]] authority over [[Terai]] after meeting Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and came back to [[Almora]], he introduced those customs which he had seen in [[Muslims|Muslim]] courts and also in those of other kings. '''''Naubat''''' (kettle drums, نوبت) and '''''naqqāra-khāna''''' (place where drummers sit to beat the drums, نقاره‌خانه) were built. Bearers of '''''asa''''' (a staff covered with golden silver plate, عصا) and '''''ballam''''' (a mace so prepared, बलम), the '''''chopdars''''' (ceremonial guards, چوبدار) were also appointed. The king had brought with him a few mace-bearers, drummers, mirasis, clowns and mimes from the plains. A [[brahmin]] confectioner was also engaged to prepare sweets for the palace.<ref name=":1" />

== Economy ==
The Kumaoni economy for most of the time was prosperous and mainly based on minerals and weapons exports as well as tax revenue.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Abha |title=SUBA OF DELHI UNDER THE MUGHALS 1580-1719 |date=1988 |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |location=Aligarh |language=en}}</ref> The kingdom had trade relations with the [[Mughal Empire]], neighbouring himalayan states and [[Tibet]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> Kumaon had a very elaborate taxing system and within it majority of the revenue came for agricultaral taxes. The [[Ain-i-Akbari]] by [[Abul Fazl]] mentions the annual revenue of Kumaon at the time of Emperor [[Akbar]] to be about 2,000,000 Rupees.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Fazl |first=Abul |title=Ain-i-Akbari (آئینِ اکبری) |date=1596 |location=[[Mughal Empire]] |language=fa |trans-title=Administration of Akbar}}</ref> Abul Fazl has stated many times that the kingdom of Kumaon was a wealthy state.

=== Coinage ===
[[Mughal currency|Mughal coins]] were used for trading as well as collecting or distributing revenue.<ref name=":1" /> Kumaon also issued coins of various units.<ref name=":1" /> Its value was kept equal to that of Mughal coins. The unit for currency was the [[Rupee]] and its subunit was the [[Paisa]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Taxation policy ===
The type of taxes implemented during the Chand rule were<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />
# '''Jyuliya''' or '''Jhuliya''' (ज्युलिया, झुलिया) – which was collected on swings or bridges on the rivers.
# '''Sirati''' (सिराती) – which was paid in cash.
# '''Baikar''' (बैकार) – grain which was deposited in the royal court.
# '''Rakhiya''' (रखिया) – which was collected on the occasion of [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhsha Bandhan]].
# '''Kut''' (कुट) – grain which was collected in lieu of cash.
# '''Bhent''' (भेंट) – gift that was given to monarchs and princes.
# '''Ghodiyalo''' (घोड़ियालो) – for the monarch's horses.
# '''Kukuryalo''' (कुकुरयलो) – for the monarch's dogs.
# '''Byajdar''' (ब्याजदार) – for the money-lenders.
# '''Bajaniya''' (बाजनिया) – for the male and female dancers.
# '''Bhukadiya''' (भुकाड़िया) – for the '''syce''' (horse-keeper, سائس)
# '''Manga''' (माँगा) – whenever the government demands money in times of need.
# '''Sahu''' (साहू) – for the accountants
# '''Rantgali''' (रंतगाली) – for the officers
# '''Kheni kapini''' (खेनी कपिनी) – Kuli begar
# '''Katak''' (कटक) – for the forces
# '''Syuk''' (स्युक) – the tribute which was given to the monarch at a fixed time
# '''Kaminchari''' or '''Sayanchari''' (कामिनचारी,सयानचारी) – for the officials such as '''Kamins''' and '''Sayanas'''
# '''Garalja nege''' (गरल्जा नेगे) – for '''Patwari''' and '''Kanungo'''

The rules regarding the collection of taxes were very strict. Exemptions from taxes were rare. Land and agricultaral revenue was exempted only during famines.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Written records for revenue collection were rarely kept.<ref name=":1" />

Taxes were also levied on traders and there products during trade with [[Tibet]]. Merchants and traders coming from Tibet were supposed to pay '''Sirati''' to the [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiyas]].<ref name=":1" /> The Kumaoni government itself levied taxes on products like gold dust, [[deer musk]] and [[salt]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Mining industry, natural resources and exports ===
Kumaon was one of the largest exporters of minerals and resources to the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=":6" /> Mining was a major source of revenue for the kingdom of Kumaon. Many natural resources were traded with [[Tibet]] as well.

==== Minerals mined in Kumaon ====
The minerals found in Kumaon were
* '''[[Gold]]''' – [[Abul Fazl]] says that gold was found in abundance in the Northern mountains.<ref name=":6" /> Both he and Jahangir mention the gold mines in Kumaun.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Salim Jahangir |first=Nur-ud-din Muhammad |title=Tuzk-e-Jahangiri (تُزکِ جہانگیری) |year=1609 |location=[[Mughal Empire]] |language=fa |trans-title=The memoirs of Jahangir}}</ref> Gold was also collected from the sands of Ganga river.<ref name=":7" /> The tributaries of Ramganga also contained gold. But the extraction of gold from the river sands was a very expensive process and the margin of profit was very meagre.<ref name=":8" />
* '''[[Silver]]''' – Silver mines were found in Kumaon.<ref name=":7" />
* '''[[Copper]]''' – Copper was mined in Kumaon in large quantities and exported to [[Delhi]].<ref name=":6" />
* '''[[Iron]]''' – Iron was majorly mined in Kumaon and exported to the Mughal Empire according to [[Antoni de Montserrat|Father Montserrat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montserrat |first=Antoni de |title=[[Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius]] |year=1600 |language=pt |trans-title=Ambassador to the court of the Great Mogul}}</ref> Father Montserrate says that iron was found in the "neighbouring spurs of the Himalayas".<ref name=":8" /> Iron working survived till the [[British Raj|British coloniolist era]], in [[Ramgarh, Uttarakhand|Ramgarh]], Kumaon.<ref name=":8" />
* '''[[Orpiment]]''' – Although found in lower quantities, the best quality orpiment was said to come from Kumaon.<ref name=":6" /> Orpiment was used as a pigment and dye, and was also used in traditional medicines. It was also majorly used by Mughal and [[Persians|Persian]] painters for a shade of yellow.
* '''[[Borax]]''' – [[Abul Fazl|Abu Fazl]] records Borax mines in his [[Ain-i-Akbari]].<ref name=":6" /> But modern sources deny this claim.<ref name=":8" />
* '''[[Lead]]''' – Lead was also produced in Kumaon.<ref name=":7" />

==== Silk industry ====
The Ain-i-Akbari records the production of silk in Kumaon.<ref name=":6" />

Raja Indra Chand opened silk-industry in his kingdom. In the seventh century the queen of Tibetan king [[Songtsen Gampo]] brought [[Bombyx mori|silk-worms]] to [[Tibet]] from [[China]] and his [[Nepalis|Nepali]] queen [[Bhrikuti|Bhrikuti Devi]] popularised it in [[Licchavis of Nepal|Kathmadu valley]] in [[Nepal]]. From there silk was brought to Kumaun. This industry continued upto the Gorkha rule. During the reign of the Gorkhyalis this prosperous industry was ruined. For fodder of the silk-worms a large number of [[Morus (plant)|mulberry trees]] were planted. Weavers from the plains were summoned to weave silk.<ref name=":1" />

A large building was built to serve as a silk factory. Inside, silkworms were kept, and branches of mulberry trees were placed as their fodder. The worms fed on mulberry leaves and spun cobweb-like structures, similar to spiders. Once these cobwebs matured, the weavers collected and purified them to produce silk. Some silk was kept white, while the rest was dyed in various colours. During the [[dyeing]] process, the weavers spread rumours called '''''patarangyal''''' (पतरंग्याल) in the town, believing that this practice enhanced the quality of the silk fabric.<ref name=":1" />

==== Natural resources found in Kumaon ====
Kumaon is very rich in [[natural resource]]s. The major resources exported were
* '''Medicinal plants''' – Various medicinal plants are found in large quantities in the [[Sivalik Hills]]. The plants were exported to [[Tibet]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] to be used to create medicines.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />
* '''Timber''' – Since the [[Sivalik Hills|Siwalik Hills]] are rich in timber, Kumaon had a prosperous timber industry.<ref name=":1" /> Timber, especially that of [[Cedrus deodara|Himalayan cedar]] ('''''deodar''''', देवदार) was exported to both the [[Mughal Empire]] and [[Tibet]].
* '''Other''' – Many other products were traded with [[Tibet]] like [[salt]], [[sugar]] and [[wool]] products.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiya people]] were the main participants in the trans-Himalayan trade.<ref name=":1" />

=== Agriculture ===
Agriculture was the main occupation of the [[Kumaoni people]]. The [[Terai]] region under Kumaon was highly fertile, and through the efforts of Maharaja [[Baz Bahadur Chand]], agriculture was popularised in that area, creating abundance of food source.<ref name=":1" /> The mountainous regions were also highly fertile, and many types of crops were grown there.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Duarah Nath - Kumaon, India. 23d August 1878.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Painting of [[Dwarahat]] by Marianne North, 1878. Crops can be seen being grown on the left side of the painting. Since this painting was made not long after the annexation of Kumaon, it accurately depicts agricultural practices there as they would have been before.]]
[[File:Terraced farming, paddy cultivation in Kumaon, Uttarakhand - 2.jpeg|thumb|268x268px|Terrace farming in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] in the present time.]]

==== Major crops ====

* [[Cereal|'''Cereals''']]
# [[Rice]] was the most popular crop grown in the Terai region. [[Red rice]] was also prominently grown in the mountainous regions of Kumaon.<ref name=":1" />
# [[Barley]] was a major crop in Kumaon.<ref name=":1" />
# [[Finger millet|Finger Millet]] was also majorly grown in Kumaon. It was a substitute for [[wheat]], which was not grown widely in Kumaon.<ref name=":1" />
# [[Sorghum]] and [[Pearl millet]] were also grown in Kumaon.

* [[Pseudocereal|'''Pseudocereals''']] – [[Buckwheat]] was a major crop in Kumaon.<ref name=":1" /> [[Amaranth]] was also grown in Kumaon.<ref name=":1" />
* '''[[Mistletoe]]''' – Mistletoes were widely produced in Kumaon and exported throughout northern [[Indian subcontinent|India]].<ref name=":1" />
* [[Legume|'''Pulses''']] – [[Vigna mungo]], [[Soybean|black soybean]], [[Macrotyloma uniflorum]], [[pigeon pea]], [[mung bean]], [[lentil]] and [[chickpea]] were widely grown and consumed in Kumaon.
* [[Fruit|'''Fruits''']]
# [[Banana|Bananas]] were widely grown in Kumaon. The bananas grown there are shorter in length and very thick.<ref name=":1" />
# [[Orange (fruit)|Oranges]] were also widely grown in Kumaon, referred to as '''''malta''''' (माल्टा).<ref name=":1" />
# [[Mango|Mangoes]] were grown in valleys with hotter climate. There was a popular myth among the people of the [[Mughal Empire]] that mangoes grew year-round in Kumaon.<ref name=":1" />

* [[Root vegetable|'''Root vegetables''']] – [[Potato]]es and [[Taro]] were widely grown.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Sugarcane|'''Sugarcanes''']] – Sugarcanes were grown in medium quantity in the hilly regions of Kumaon.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Spice|'''Spices''']] – Spices like [[turmeric]] and [[ginger]] were grown. [[Chili pepper|Chillies]] were also grown in abundance.<ref name=":1" />

==== Dairy products ====
Dairy products like [[curd]], [[Khoa|khoya]] and [[ghee]] were very popular in Kumaon and still are.<ref name=":1" />

==== Beekeeping ====
[[Beekeeping]] was done in abundance in Kumaon.<ref name=":1" /> It was also popular during the British era.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

In summers and rains blackbees came over to the hilly regions and built their hives in the inaccessible caves and caverns of the mountains. People from Danpur used to collect honey from these beehives. Honey produced from the pollens of various wild flowers was highly fragrant and tasteful.<ref name=":1" />

=== Mercenaries ===
One of the major occupation of the [[Kumaoni people]] has been [[Mercenary|mercenarism]]. Men left their families and went to other states and kingdoms looking to fight wars on their behalf in return for money. They mostly went to muslim states like [[Mughal Empire]], and its [[Subah|subahs]] like the [[Hyderabad State]]. Many Kumaonis served the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] during the end of the 18th century.

The kingdom of Kumaon itself was state that fought wars for other larger empires in return for wealth and resources. Kumaon fought wars and battles on behalf of the Mughal Empire on many occasions.

=== Weapons manufacturing ===
Kumaun had a good reputation for its swords and daggers.<ref name=":6" /> Weapons made in Kumaon were also a favoured gift to give to the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperors]].<ref name=":7" /> [[Musket|Muskets]] and [[Flintlock|flintlocks]] were probably also produced locally, but were mostly imported from the [[Mughal Empire]].

Since Kumaon was rich in iron and other metals, materials to manufacture weapons were easily secured.<ref name=":1" />

== Foreign relations ==
Kumaon mostly remained independent and sovereign but maintained a tributary relationship with larger and powerful empires like the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], despite minor conflicts occasionally.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> Kumaon maintained diplomatic representatives at the imperial Mughal court.<ref name=":6" /> Trade relations also flourished with the Mughal Empire as well as other Himalayan kingdoms. [[Tibet]] was also one of the major trade partners of Kumaon.<ref name=":1" /> The major passes between Kumaon and Tibet came under Kumaoni authority, and petty Tibetan chieftains near these passes paid tribute to the Kumaoni monarch.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Kumaoni monarchs also engaged in matrimonial alliances with petty kingdoms of the plains as well as other Himalayan kingdoms.<ref name=":1" /> Kumaon also sent diplomatic missions to various rajput kingdoms from time to time.<ref name=":1" />

=== Delhi Sultanate ===
The kingdom of Kumaon had tributary relations with the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The [[List of sultans of Delhi|Sultans of Delhi]] used to tour the region near [[Terai]] on hunting expeditions, and sometimes the Kumaoni monarchs used to accompany them.<ref name=":1" />

=== Sur empire ===
Kumaon did not establish any close diplomatic ties with the short-lived [[Sur Empire|Sur empire]]. In 1541, [[Khawas Khan Marwat|Khavas Khan]], a famed general of [[Sher Shah Suri]], who had chased [[Humayun]] out of India and had been against [[Islam Shah Suri]]'s accession to the throne, sought refuge in the kingdom of Kumaon after a failed revolt, pleading for shelter from Maharaja Manik Chand of Kumaon.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Abdullah |first=Mullā |title=Tārīkh-i-Dāwūdī (تاریخِ داوودی) |year=1500 |location=[[Delhi Sultanate]] |language=fa |trans-title=The History of Dawood}}</ref> In response, [[Islam Shah Suri]] sent a formal letter to the Maharaja, demanding the surrender of Khavas Khan. Alongside this, the imperial commander was given orders to devastate [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] if the Maharaja refused to comply.<ref name=":9" />

Undeterred by the threat, Maharaja Manik Chand sent a reply to the Sultan, stating:

"''How can one imprison the man who has begged for my shelter? Till my last breath, I would not be guilty of such a mean act.''"<ref name=":9" />

[[Edwin Felix Thomas Atkinson|E.T. Atkinson]], citing Abdullah's [[Tarikh-i-Dawudi]], highlights that even contemporary Muslim historians acknowledged and praised the bravery of the Chand rulers. Atkinson remarks:

"''The magnanimity shown by the Kumaoni Raja is a bright spot in the annals of the Chands and is recognised even by Mussalman historians.''"<ref name=":4" />

[[Khawas Khan Marwat|Khavas Khan]] later surrendered himself to the Imperial forces and was beheaded on the order of [[Islam Shah Suri]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9" />

== Symbols ==

=== Emblem and flag ===
The [[Cattle|cow]] was the [[Coat of arms|royal emblem]] of the [[Chand kingdom|Chand dynasty]] of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]. [[Cattle|Cows]] are considered sacred in [[Hinduism]], the religion of the Chand kings and the [[Kumaoni people]]. The cow was used in the [[emblem]], [[Seal (emblem)|seal]], [[flag]] and coinage of the Chand dynasty. It was also used to symbolise [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] itself, like saying "Victory to the cow" would mean "Victory to Kumaon (the land whose banner is adorned with the cow)".<ref name=":1" />

[[Animal slaughter|Slaughtering of cows]] was strictly prohibited in the kingdom of Kumaon, and was [[Capital punishment|punishable by death]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

[[Kiladar|Kiladars]], Sayanas and Budhas had their personal [[Heraldic flag|standards]] and [[Insignia|insignias]]. The [[Dewan|Diwan]] used the seal of the monarch to issue orders.

=== Seal of the Maharaja of Kumaon ===

The copper-plates of Chand kings were called '''''katardar''''' (कटारदार) as the kings instead of putting their signatures made the mark of their dagger on them. Their names used to be engraved in the beginning of the copper-plate. The name of chief officers as well were engraved in the copper plates. This very rule was followed while putting signatures on papers also.<ref name=":1" />This can be seen in the official papers from the reign of Baz Bahadur Chand and Udyot Chand.

Kumaon was somewhat famous for its high quality swords and daggers, which were in demand in the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Abha |title=Suba Of Delhi Under The Mughals (1580-1719) |date=1988 |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |location=Aligarh |language=en}}</ref> This could be a reason as to why dagger was chosen as the seal.

==Culture==
{{Main|Kumaoni people}}

===Language===
{{Main|Kumaoni language}}

The Kumaoni language is one of the [[Central Pahari languages]]. For a number of reasons, Kumaoni usage is shrinking rapidly. UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger designates Kumaoni as a language in the ''unsafe'' category which requires consistent conservation efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1565.html |title=UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=3 September 2010}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Kumaoni cuisine}}

Kumaoni cuisine is the food of the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. Kumaoni food is simple and nutritious, suited to the harsh environment of the [[Himalayas]].

== Rulers ==
{{main|Katyuri kings}}

{{main|Chand kings}}

==See also==
*[[Kumaoni language]]
*[[Kumaoni people]]
*[[Kumaoni cuisine]]
*[[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]
*[[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Source-attribution|'History of Kumaon' by Badri Dutt Pandey, published by Shree Almora Book Depot in 1993. (Link: https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1993%20History%20of%20Kumaun%20(English%20version%20of%20Kumaun%20Ka%20Itihas)%20Vol%201%20by%20Pande%20s.pdf )}}{{Kumaon}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:History of Kumaon| ]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:6th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:17th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Vassal and tributary states of the Mughal Empire]]

Nirmal Singh Maharaj

2026-04-25T06:24:11Z

Thereforedesignpune: made new bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader (1954–2007)}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Guruji.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1954|7|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dugri]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2007|5|31|1954|7|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Spiritual leader and Guru
}}
'''Nirmal Singh''' (1954–2007), popularly called '''Guruji''' by his followers, was an Indian spiritual leader. He is also known as "Nirmal Singhji Maharaj", "Guru-ji [[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chattarpur]] [[Wallah|Wale]]", "Dugri Wale Guruji", and "Shukrana Guruji".<ref name="FT_2023"/>

Born in Dugri, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], he attained a significant following in North India, particularly in [[Delhi]] and [[Gurgaon]]. In the 1990s, he established a Shiv Mandir in the Chhatarpur area of Delhi, which is referred to by his followers as the "Bada Mandir" and now serves as his burial site or [[samadhi]].<ref name="Zee_2024">{{cite news |title=Meet The Spiritual Guru Of Ananya Panday And Jacqueline Fernandez Who Holds Double Major And Once Worked As Clerical Assistant |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/meet-the-spiritual-guru-of-ananya-panday-and-jacqueline-fernandez-who-holds-double-major-and-once-worked-as-clerical-assistant-know-his-story-2932827 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=2024-07-16 |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref> His teachings emphasized the unity of all religions, inner silence, and the performance of selfless service through ''sangats'' (congregations) and ''langar'' (community meals).<ref>{{cite news |title=8 famous teachings of Guruji Nirmal Singh Maharaj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/8-famous-teachings-of-guruji-nirmal-singh-maharaj/photostory/106200166.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nirmal Singh was born on 7 July 1954 in the village of [[Dugri]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="FT_2023">{{cite news |title=Who is Guruji and why is he so famous? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-who-is-guruji-and-why-is-he-so-famous-heres-the-story-behind-jacqueline-fernandez-and-rishi-koppoors-spiritual-guru-3121488/ |work=Financial Express |date=2023-06-11}}</ref> During his youth, he spent significant time at the [[Dera (organization)|dera]] of [[Sant (religion)|Sant]] Sewa Das in Dugri. According to accounts from his followers, he displayed what were interpreted as miraculous powers during his childhood, such as allegedly filling the inkpots of fellow students by touch and escaping from locked rooms to visit the dera.<ref name="RR_2011"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Guruji? The story of the beloved spiritual leader |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/who-is-guruji-the-story-of-the-most-beloved-spiritual-leader/articleshow/122851814.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2024-07-24}}</ref> These claims form part of the devotional hagiography associated with his early life, though they lack independent verification.

While his spiritual inclinations began early, Singh pursued formal education to fulfill his father's wishes.<ref name="Zee_2024"/> He moved to [[Malerkotla]] for higher studies, eventually obtaining [[Master of Arts]] degrees in both English and Economics. In 1975, he left home to pursue a spiritual life, staying briefly with various acquaintances across Punjab.<ref name="FT_2023" /> In 1983, he returned briefly to secular employment, joining the [[Punjab School Education Board]] as a clerical assistant.<ref name="Zee_2024" />

== As a spiritual leader ==

As a spiritual leader, Nirmal Singh emphasized the unity of all religions, focusing on love, compassion and service to mankind. He advised his followers to strike a balance between materialism and spiritualism.<ref>{{cite web |title=8 Famous teachings of Guruji, Nirmal Singh Maharaj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/8-famous-teachings-of-guruji-nirmal-singh-maharaj/photostory/106200166.cms |date=2023-12-21 |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=2024-10-22 }}</ref> Gradually, the news of his alleged miraculous powers (including [[faith healing]]) spread across Punjab, and people would come to him to seek solutions to their problems.<ref name="RR_2011"/> His father initially thought of him as a fake [[Godman (India)|godman]], but later changed his opinion.<ref name="FT_2023"/> His parents came to believe that he was the God, and his mother started calling him ''[[Guru]]-[[-ji|ji]]''.<ref name="RR_2011"/>

He stayed at various places including [[Chandigarh]], [[Panchkula]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Jalandhar]]. In the 1990s, he commissioned the Shiv Mandir (a [[Shiva]] temple) in the Bhatti Mines area of [[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chattarpur]] in Delhi. The structure later came to be known as Bada Mandir ("Big Temple") among his followers.<ref name="FT_2023"/> In 1997, he started living at a house in the Empire Estate colony on MG Road in New Delhi,<ref name="IE_2023"/> owned by his [[Non-Resident Indian]] devotee Sudha Ahuja.<ref name="Outlook_2022">{{cite news |title=Is It Baba Black Sheep Once Again? |date=2022-02-05 |publisher=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/is-it-baba-black-sheep-once-again-news-219694 |access-date=2024-10-22 }}</ref> His devotees now call the house Chotta Mandir ("Little Temple"). At times, he also lived at a house in the Defence Colony of Jalandhar, and frequently traveled between Delhi and Jalandhar. In 2002, he settled at the Empire Estate house,<ref name="RR_2011"/> and lived there until his death in 2007.<ref name="IE_2023">{{cite news |title=Woman vs RWA over paying respect to a Guru: Delhi HC offers interim arrangement |date=2023-07-07 |newspaper=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/woman-vs-rwa-over-paying-respect-to-a-guru-delhi-hc-offers-interim-arrangement-8801161/ |access-date=2024-02-22 }}</ref>

Nirmal Singh held daily ''sangats'' (congregations) that featured meditations, [[satsang]], recitations of [[gurbani]] and [[shabad (hymn)]], and [[langar (Sikhism)|langar]].<ref name="RR_2011"/> At these congregations, the clean-shaven and tonsured Singh would sit on a chair, wearing bright-colored silk clothes, while his followers sat on the floor. He spoke very less, generally communicating through gestures.<ref name="Outlook_2022"/> He would chat with devotees, but did not give any sermons. The crowd at these gatherings comprised mostly [[Punjabis]], including common people as well as well-known politicians, administrators, and socialites.<ref name="HSS_2020"/> His devotees claim that food served at his langar and the tea served as [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]] during his ''sangats'' miraculously cured people of diseases.<ref name="RR_2011"/><ref name="HSS_2020"/> Rarely, he would attend other functions, including high-profile weddings.<ref name="Outlook_2022"/>

== Death and aftermath ==

Nirmal Singh died on 31 May 2007: his followers regard the event as a ''[[mahasamadhi]]''.<ref name="RR_2011"/> The Shiv Temple (Bada Mandir) in Delhi became the site of his ''[[samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' shrine.<ref name="FT_2023"/> His devotees, including several celebrities, continued to organize the ''satsangs''.<ref name="IT_2024"/>

His followers include several celebrities including poet [[Manjit Tiwana]], writer [[Ganga Prasad Vimal]],<ref name="HSS_2020">{{cite journal |author=H S Shivaprakash |title=The Tragic Death of My Dear Poet Friend, Ganga Prasad Vimal |journal=Indian Literature |volume=64 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=15–16 |jstor=27266802 }}</ref> photographer [[Raghu Rai]],<ref name="RR_2011">{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/2011/sep/14/slide-show-1-lensman-raghu-rai-on-the-guru-who-changed-his-life.htm |title=Photographer Raghu Rai on the Guru who changed his life |date=2011-09-14 |publisher=[[rediff.com]] |access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref> actor [[Ananya Panday]] and her father [[Chunky Pandey]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Riddhima Kanetkar |title=Meet Chhatarpur Wale Guruji, Ananya Panday, Hema Malini, Neetu Kapoor's spiritual guru |date=2024-07-23 |newspaper=DNA |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-chhatarpur-wale-guruji-ananya-panday-hema-malini-neetu-kapoor-spiritual-guru-who-is-believed-to-be-3097981 |access-date=2024-10-22 }}</ref> actor [[Hema Malini]], and members of the [[Kapoor family]].<ref name="FT_2023"/> Visitors to the Empire Estate house have included [[L. K. Advani]], [[Arun Shourie]], [[Uma Bharati]], [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Maneka Gandhi]], [[Sudarshan Kumar Birla|S.K. Birla]], [[Kiran Bedi]], [[Rama Pilot]], and [[Kiran Choudhry]].<ref name="Outlook_2022"/> Actor [[Rishi Kapoor]] held a [[satsang]] by Singh at his home. Actor [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] visited his Shiva temple in Delhi.<ref name="FT_2023"/>

After Nirmal Singh's death, his nephew Navdeep Singh alias Gaurav took over the management of his ''ashram'' in the Chhatarpur area of Delhi. In 2020, a woman accused Gaurav (Navdeep Singh) of drugging and raping her in 2019 at a farmhouse near the ''ashram'': she alleged that Gaurav told her that she was destined to give birth to a male child who would take forward the legacy of "Guruji". Gaurav denied the allegations, accusing the woman and her family of trying to extort money from him.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ashlin Mathew |title=Delays in Delhi HC to hear rape case against godman’s nephew lead woman to move SC; asked to take it up |date=2020-12-20 |publisher=National Herald |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/delays-in-delhi-hc-to-hear-rape-case-against-godmans-nephew-lead-woman-to-move-sc-asked-to-take-it-up |access-date=2024-10-22 }}</ref>

In 2023, the Empire Estate Residents Welfare Association (RWA) banned Nirmal Singh's devotees from visiting his former residence (Chotta Mandir), citing disruption and security risk to the local residents. The owner of the residence, a 70-year-old woman devotee, challenged the ban in court.<ref name="IE_2023"/> Subsequently, the [[Delhi High Court]] permitted 500 identified devotees to visit the site in a staggered manner on Singh's birthday, and limited the number of daily visitors to the site to 100.<ref name="IT_2024">{{cite news |author=Aneesha Mathur |title=Delhi High Court allows devotees to visit 'Guruji' on his birthday as RWA objects |publisher=India Today |date=2023-07-07 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/delhi-high-court-allows-devotees-visit-nirmal-singhji-maharaj-guruji-on-birthday-rwa-objects-2403298-2023-07-07 |access-date=2024-10-22 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Indian religious leaders]]
[[Category:Faith healers]]

Vijai Pal Singh

2026-04-23T08:25:56Z

Thereforedesignpune: created first biography and citations

{{short description|Indian politician (1923–1996)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Pal Singh
| image = Thakur.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|02|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarnagar]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|05|06|1923|02|23|df=y}}
| death_place = Muzaffarnagar, India
| office = Member of the Parliament [[7th Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| term_end = 1977
| term_start = 1971
| predecessor = [[Latafat Ali Khan]]
| successor = [[Saeed Murtaza]]
}}

'''Vijay Pal Singh''' (23 February 1923 – 6 May 1996) was an Indian<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhirendra Singh |title=लोकसभा चुनाव 2024: मुजफ्फरनगर की वो सीट जहां से पूर्व पीएम चौधरी चरण सिंह भी हारे, अजीत सिंह खा गए थे मात |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-muzaffarnagar-seat-former-pm-chaudhary-charan-singh-ajit-singh-defeated-history-up-news/amp_articleshow/101335132.cms |date=28 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=लोकसभा चुनाव 2024: मुजफ्फरनगर की वो सीट जहां से पूर्व पीएम चौधरी चरण सिंह भी हारे, अजीत सिंह खा गए थे मात |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-muzaffarnagar-seat-former-pm-chaudhary-charan-singh-ajit-singh-defeated-history-up-news/articleshow/101335132.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> and [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from village Biral of Tehsil Budhana district [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]]. Singh was a member of [[Communist Party of India]], while in office in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Vijai Pal Singh Member of Parliament (MP) from Muzaffarnagar (Uttar Pradesh) Biodata |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-vijai-pal-singh-member-of-parliament-mp-from-muzaffarnagar-uttar-pradesh-biodata/ |website=Entrance India |date=28 December 2018 |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rsdebate.nic.in/rsdebate56/browse?type=author&value=GHAYOOR+ALI+KHAN&value_lang=en_US |title=Rajya Sabha Official Debates: Browsing RSdebate |website=rsdebate.nic.in |access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref>

Singh died in [[Muzaffarnagar]] on 6 May 1996, at the age of 73.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lok Sabha Debates: Volume 2, Issues 6–8 |date=1996 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWJPAQAAMAAJ&q=Vijai+Pal+Singh+Muzaffarnagar+passed |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vijai Pal}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]

Maanaadu

2026-04-22T14:10:13Z

Thereforedesignpune: new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maanaadu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Venkat Prabhu]]
| writer = Venkat Prabhu K. Chandru Ezhilarasu Gunasekaran
| producer = [[Suresh Kamatchi]]
| starring = [[Silambarasan]] [[S. J. Suryah]]
| cinematography = [[Richard M. Nathan]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = V House Productions
| distributor = SSI Productions
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2021|11|25}}
| runtime = 147 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanaadu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maanaadu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdawnzk0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310114320/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maanaadu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdawnzk0 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{INR}}117 crore<ref name="News18" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2022 |title='Maanaadu' lifetime box office collections: Silambarasan starrer collects Rs. 117 crore worldwide |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-lifetime-box-office-collections-silambarasan-starrer-collects-rs-117-crore-worldwide/articleshow/91910546.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230808150002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-lifetime-box-office-collections-silambarasan-starrer-collects-rs-117-crore-worldwide/articleshow/91910546.cms |archive-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
}}

'''''Maanaadu''''' ({{translation|Public Conference}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[science fiction film|science fiction]] [[Political fiction|political]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] and produced by [[Suresh Kamatchi]]. The film stars [[Silambarasan]], leading an [[ensemble cast]] which includes [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], [[Y. G. Mahendran]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Aravind Akash]] and [[Anjena Kirti]]. It follows an [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] and a police officer who are trapped in a [[time loop]], on the day of a public conference, and forced to live the same day over and over again.

The film was officially announced in July 2018, in addition to its official title and marking Prabhu's maiden collaboration with Silambarasan. However, due to Silambarasan's unprofessional behaviour,{{Citation needed|date=September 2025|reason=Such claim needs a source}} which caused an extensive pre-production work, the producer ousted the actor in August 2019. The issues were resolved in November 2019, with [[principal photography]] commencing in February 2020. It was shot in [[Chennai]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Yercaud]], and [[Hosur]]. Despite being affected twice due to restrictions related to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by July 2021.

''Maanaadu'' was released on 25 November 2021 in theatres and received positive reviews from critics. The film was praised for the integration of the time loop concept with commercial elements, with many publications calling it one of the best Tamil films of all time and one of the best Indian films of 2021,{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} and was declared a huge critical and commercial success.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} A sequel was confirmed by Venkat Prabhu with the main cast returning.

== Plot ==
Abdul Khaliq, an [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] from Dubai, is travelling via flight to [[Coimbatore]] from [[Delhi]], to reach [[Ooty]]. He intends to help his friend Eswaramoorthy elope with his lover Zarina Begum{{efn|Her last name is not mentioned in the narrative, but is present in the end credits.}} on the day of her marriage with the help of their other friend Syed Basha. His co-passenger Seethalakshmi introduces herself as the groom's friend in Zarina's wedding. The next afternoon, they elope and escape from the wedding with the bride's family in pursuit. On the way to the registrar's office, an unknown man suddenly falls on their car and is severely injured.

The man, Rafiq, is revealed to have been pursued by cops headed by Inspector John. They are subsequently captured on the orders of the corrupt [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|DCP]] Dhanushkodi. Khaliq is forced by Dhanushkodi and John to attend a political gathering led by [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|CM]] Arivazhagan and is instructed to shoot Arivazhagan with a pistol while Dhanushkodi threatens to kill his friends. Khaliq reluctantly shoots Arivazhagan. John shoots Khaliq dead in the ensuing chaos.

Upon being killed, Khaliq awakens to find himself mid-flight earlier that day shortly before he met Seethalakshmi. After attempting to help Eswaramoorthy elope again, he finds himself in the same spot where the police had previously accosted him. Khaliq is shocked to encounter Rafiq again, this time unscathed. Rafiq enters his car attempting to flee the police. The police catch up to them and Khaliq is shot dead by Dhanushkodi this time. Awaking mid-flight again, Khaliq attempts to avoid interacting with the police, but this time is killed by Zarina's brother Mansoor. He finally realises that he is trapped in a [[time loop]].

Khaliq explains the matter to his friends and Seethalakshmi, who tells him about the stories of time looping and [[Ujjain]]'s [[Bhairava|Kaal Bhairav]], the Hindu god of time. Khaliq realises how he, having been born in Ujjain in Kaal Bhairav's temple, might be behind the time loop (Khaliq looping at the same spot is the result of the aircraft flying over Ujjain at that moment) and that he has to clear a set objective to escape the loop. Khaliq begins investigating the political gathering once again and sees a cameraman shoot at Arivazhagan with a disguised [[sniper rifle]]. Using the time loop to his advantage, Khaliq locates the hitman and restrains him to prevent the assassination. However, Arivazhagan is killed in an [[Improvised explosive device|IED bombing]] while leaving the gathering.

Khaliq confronts Dhanushkodi and laments that Arivazhagan's assassination would lead to a dangerous [[Religious violence|religious riot]] and cause further societal conflict. Dhanushkodi, who has also been stuck in a time loop when his blood accidentally transfused into a wounded Khaliq in one of the previous loops, realises that Khaliq dying resets the time loop every time and prevents him from achieving his goal of causing a religious riot.

Dhanushkodi is revealed to be working for Paranthaman, a veteran aide of Arivazhagan, who is unhappy with the [[Nepotism#India|nepotism]] inside his party. Paranthaman wants to get to power by assassinating Arivazhagan and Dhanushkodi expects to benefit from such a transfer of power by orchestrating the assassination. Khaliq is given a final warning by Dhanushkodi to stay away from his assassination and resets the loop. He attempts to warn Arivazhagan's son Mugilan of the impending assassination. In the process, he is captured by Paranthaman. Khaliq eventually figures out Tamizhvanan, a local [[Hindutva|Hindu figurehead]] already knew of Paranthaman's plans to assassinate Arivazhagan. Tamizhvanan was killed earlier that day.

On knowing Arivazhagan and Tamizhvanan are close, Khaliq realises that he needs to save Tamizhvanan and get him to ask Arivazhagan to prevent the gathering. After many futile attempts and near-misses, Khaliq successfully kidnaps Tamizhvanan and convinces him about Arivazhagan's impending assassination. With his help, Khaliq manages to meet and convince Arivazhagan that an assassination was being planned by showing a video where Tamizhvanan asks Arivazhagan to trust Khaliq.

Arivazhagan confronts Paranthaman by acting like he is suffering from sudden [[Palpitations|palpitation]]. He is convinced that Khaliq is telling the truth after Paranthaman pleads for him to attend the conference. A fight ensues between Khaliq and Dhanushkodi. Mugilan is shot, but successfully calls the guards. Paranthaman attempts to suffocate Arivazhagan, but is killed by Khaliq. Dhanushkodi tries to kill Arivazhagan but Khaliq takes the bullet, saving him. Dhanushkodi is killed by the guards.

Khaliq wakes up in the hospital, having seemingly ended his time loop. Arivazhagan thanks Khaliq for saving his life and explains that Paranthaman's death was written off as a [[cardiac arrest]] for political reasons. Later, Seethalakshmi, having been convinced by Khaliq that he is a RAW agent, helps his friends in kidnapping Zarina and they all arrive at the hospital while being chased by Mansoor and his men. Khaliq stands up to face Mansoor, who lunges at him.

In the [[post-credits scene]], Khaliq awakens to find the time loop has still not ended.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Silambarasan]] as Abdul Khaliq
* [[S. J. Suryah]] as [[Deputy commissioner#India|DCP]] Dhanushkodi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] as Seetha Lakshmi
* [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] as [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM]] Arivazhagan
* [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] as [[Inspector]] John Mathew
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Paranthaman
* [[Vagai Chandrasekhar]] as Tamizhvanan
* [[Premgi Amaren]] as Eswaramoorthy
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Syed Basha
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Mugilan Arivazhagan
* [[Anjena Kirti]] as Zarina Begum
* [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]] as Mansoor
* [[Aravind Akash]] as the hitman
* [[Daniel Annie Pope]] as Muhammad Rafiq
* [[Stunt Silva]] as Masthan Bhai
* [[Badava Gopi]] as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] Manickka Vinayagam
* Baala as Thirunavukarasu, Dhanushkodi's assistant
* Arun Mohan as Irfan
* Kiruba as Rafiq's mother
* [[Mahat Raghavendra]] as Traffic cop ([[cameo appearance]])
}}
The bus stand portrait of late actor [[Manivannan]] is featured in the film as Kalaiselvanar, the predecessor of Arivazhagan in his political party.

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In August 2016, [[Venkat Prabhu]] announced that he would be collaborating with [[Silambarasan]] for a future project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=13 August 2016 |title=Interesting combo on the cards! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130816/interesting-combo-on-the-cards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229023957/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130816/interesting-combo-on-the-cards.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> In June 2018, producer [[Suresh Kamatchi]] of V House Productions, officially confirmed their next venture with Silambarsan and Venkat Prabhu. The project was revealed to be an [[action thriller]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=STR to join hands with Venkat Prabhu and it's not for Billa 3 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/str-simbu-will-feature-in-venkat-prabhu-next-1271847-2018-06-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731003718/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/str-simbu-will-feature-in-venkat-prabhu-next-1271847-2018-06-28 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=29 June 2018 |title=Venkat Prabhu ropes in Simbu for his next |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/venkat-prabhu-ropes-in-simbu-for-his-next-5237269/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629075928/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/venkat-prabhu-ropes-in-simbu-for-his-next-5237269/ |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="GENRE">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |title=Simbu-Venkat Prabhu film will be an action-thriller |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-venkat-prabhu-film-will-be-action-thriller-84242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213062433/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-venkat-prabhu-film-will-be-action-thriller-84242 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> On 9 July 2018, Venkat Prabhu announced the title of the film as ''Maanadu'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2018 |title=Maanadu: Simbu and Venkat Prabhu's film has a title now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/venkat-prabhu-and-simbu-film-titled-maanadu-1281394-2018-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710155746/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/venkat-prabhu-and-simbu-film-titled-maanadu-1281394-2018-07-10 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> with a poster release, revealing that the film will be based on political backdrop.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2018 |title=Simbu-Venkat Prabhu film titled 'Maanadu' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-venkat-prabhu-film-titled-maanadu-84505 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213062411/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-venkat-prabhu-film-titled-maanadu-84505 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Venkat Prabhu added that the film would be a [[political thriller]], his first attempt at the genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=L. M. |date=10 July 2018 |title=STR And I Want To Surprise The Audience: Venkat Prabhu On Maanaadu |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/str-and-i-want-to-surprise-the-audience-venkat-prabhu-on-maanaadu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032237/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/str-and-i-want-to-surprise-the-audience-venkat-prabhu-on-maanaadu/ |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> The film, however, uses this as a subplot for the film whilst the story revolves around [[time loop]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2021 |title='Maanaadu' trailer: STR's time-loop mystery promises thrills and spills |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maanaadu-trailer-strs-time-loop-mystery-promises-thrills-and-spills/article36789114.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013023633/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maanaadu-trailer-strs-time-loop-mystery-promises-thrills-and-spills/article36789114.ece |archive-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

Despite few developments in the project, in August 2019, Suresh Kamatchi announced that he had ousted Silambarasan from the film citing the actor's failure to commit to dates properly, although the film had undergone pre-production work for close to a year before Silambarasan's exit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=STR dropped from Maanaadu; Suresh Kamatchi, Venkat Prabhu take decision after actor's delay on project |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/str-dropped-from-maanaadu-suresh-kamatchi-venkat-prabhu-take-decision-after-actors-delay-on-project-7132061.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052749/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/str-dropped-from-maanaadu-suresh-kamatchi-venkat-prabhu-take-decision-after-actors-delay-on-project-7132061.html |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2019 |title=It was Simbu who wanted to walk out of 'Maanaadu', says producer Suresh |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it-was-simbu-who-wanted-walk-out-maanaadu-says-producer-suresh-107007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052746/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it-was-simbu-who-wanted-walk-out-maanaadu-says-producer-suresh-107007 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The producer claimed that the film will go on production with another actor in the lead role,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=9 August 2019 |title=Maanaadu not dropped; STR will be replaced with another actor for the role |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-not-dropped-str-will-be-replaced-with-another-actor-for-the-role/articleshow/70588026.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831032244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-not-dropped-str-will-be-replaced-with-another-actor-for-the-role/articleshow/70588026.cms |archive-date=31 August 2019}}</ref> while Silambarasan later chose to launch another new project titled ''Maghaa Maanaadu'' immediately after his removal from ''Maanaadu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=After being dropped from 'Maanadu', Simbu announces 'Maghaamaanaadu' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-being-dropped-maanadu-simbu-announces-mahaamaanaadu-107227 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130025715/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-being-dropped-maanadu-simbu-announces-mahaamaanaadu-107227 |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=14 August 2019 |title=After being dropped from Maanaadu, STR announces new film with similar title |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-being-dropped-from-maanaadu-str-announces-new-film-with-similar-title/articleshow/70673793.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902082216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-being-dropped-from-maanaadu-str-announces-new-film-with-similar-title/articleshow/70673793.cms |archive-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> Suresh Kamatchi, along with several other producers came forward with an official complaint to the [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] about Silambarasan's poor punctuality during the same month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2019 |title=A red card for Silambarasan Rajhendran? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040919/a-red-card-for-silambarasan-rajhendran.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716152513/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040919/a-red-card-for-silambarasan-rajhendran.html |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2019 |title=Producer's Council miffed with Simbu? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/producers-council-miffed-with-simbu/articleshow/70934896.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920080932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/producers-council-miffed-with-simbu/articleshow/70934896.cms |archive-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> In November 2019, the producers announced that Silambarasan would come back to the project after sorting out the issues,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2019 |title=Simbu agrees to the conditions of 'Maanaadu' producer Suresh Kamatchi |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-agrees-to-the-conditions-of-maanaadu-producer-suresh-kamatchi/articleshow/71724530.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107222623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-agrees-to-the-conditions-of-maanaadu-producer-suresh-kamatchi/articleshow/71724530.cms |archive-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> and the project was expected to be re-launched.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2019 |title=Simbu back in Venkat Prabhu's 'Maanadu' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-back-in-venkat-prabhus-maanadu/articleshow/71933817.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525003714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-back-in-venkat-prabhus-maanadu/articleshow/71933817.cms |archive-date=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2019 |title=Simbu back in 'Maanaadu' with Venkat Prabhu |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-back-maanaadu-venkat-prabhu-111816 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111143854/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-back-maanaadu-venkat-prabhu-111816 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
With the film's cast and crew not being announced yet, it was rumoured that [[A. R. Rahman]] was being approached to compose the music and [[P. C. Sreeram]] being hired as the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2018 |title=Simbu not playing a gangster in Venkat Prabhu's film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-not-playing-a-gangster-in-venkat-prabhus-film/articleshow/64854739.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916094410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-not-playing-a-gangster-in-venkat-prabhus-film/articleshow/64854739.cms |archive-date=16 September 2018}}</ref> In January 2019, [[Raashii Khanna]], was in talks to play the female lead,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2019 |title=THIS RECENT SENSATION IS THE HEROINE OF STR'S NEXT BIGGIE! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/raashi-khanna-to-be-paired-opposite-str-in-venkat-prabhus-maanadu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032248/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/raashi-khanna-to-be-paired-opposite-str-in-venkat-prabhus-maanadu.html |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> however [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] was later cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2019 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan to be seen opposite Simbu in 'Maanaadu' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalyani-priyadarshan-be-seen-opposite-simbu-maanaadu-99242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331233423/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalyani-priyadarshan-be-seen-opposite-simbu-maanaadu-99242 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In June 2019, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], who is known for his successful collaborations with Silambarasan and Venkat Prabhu, signed in as the composer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Venkat Prabhu, Yuvan Shankar Raja reunite for 'Maanaadu' starring Simbu |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/venkat-prabhu-yuvan-shankar-raja-reunite-maanaadu-starring-simbu-103142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607133753/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/venkat-prabhu-yuvan-shankar-raja-reunite-maanaadu-starring-simbu-103142 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

In January 2020, the makers announced the complete cast and crew, which includes [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], [[Bharathiraja]], [[Premgi Amaren]] and [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=17 January 2020 |title=STR's 'Maanaadu' begins at last, with cast and crew revealed |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/strs-maanaadu-begins-at-last-with-cast-and-crew-revealed/article30585936.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118135038/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/strs-maanaadu-begins-at-last-with-cast-and-crew-revealed/article30585936.ece |archive-date=18 January 2020}}</ref> along with cinematographer [[Richard M. Nathan]], editor [[Praveen K. L.]], action director [[Stunt Silva]] and costume designer [[Vasuki Bhaskar]], being a part of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2020 |title=Full cast and crew announced for Simbu's 'Maanaadu' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/full-cast-and-crew-announced-simbus-maanaadu-116262 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302112454/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/full-cast-and-crew-announced-simbus-maanaadu-116262 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Furthermore, the team also included [[S. J. Suryah]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=SJ Suryah on board Simbu's 'Maanaadu' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sj-suryah-board-simbu-s-maanaadu-117624 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032251/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sj-suryah-board-simbu-s-maanaadu-117624 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], [[Daniel Annie Pope]] and [[Y. G. Mahendran]], to the film's cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=SJ Surya and three other biggies roped in for Simbu's 'Maanadu' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-surya-and-three-other-biggies-roped-in-for-simbus-maanadu/articleshow/73934170.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-surya-and-three-other-biggies-roped-in-for-simbus-maanadu/articleshow/73934170.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=5 February 2020 |title=SJ Suryah joins Venkat Prabhu's Maanaadu |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryah-joins-venkat-prabhus-maanaadu/articleshow/73934955.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryah-joins-venkat-prabhus-maanaadu/articleshow/73934955.cms |archive-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> Prabhu initially wanted [[Arvind Swamy]] to play the DCP Dhanushkodi, but he could not allot dates, resulting in Suryah being cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveenkumar |first=K |date=26 November 2021 |title=Not SJ Suryah but Arvind Swami sir was the first choice to play DCP Dhanushkodi in 'Maanaadu', reveals director Venkat Prabhu – Exclusive! |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-sj-suryah-but-arvind-swami-sir-was-the-first-choice-to-play-dcp-dhanushkodi-in-maanadu-reveals-director-venkat-prabhu-exclusive/articleshow/87927136.cms |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126095930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-sj-suryah-but-arvind-swami-sir-was-the-first-choice-to-play-dcp-dhanushkodi-in-maanadu-reveals-director-venkat-prabhu-exclusive/articleshow/87927136.cms |archive-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> Silambarasan was reported to play a [[Tamil Muslim|Muslim]] in the film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2020 |title=Maanadu: Simbu to play a Muslim guy in Venkat Prabhu's film. Details inside |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maanadu-simbu-to-play-a-muslim-guy-in-venkat-prabhu-s-film-details-inside-1637683-2020-01-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514114208/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maanadu-simbu-to-play-a-muslim-guy-in-venkat-prabhu-s-film-details-inside-1637683-2020-01-17 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> whose character name was revealed as "Abdul Khaaliq" with a poster release on Silambarasan's birthday, 3 February 2020. It is a reference to Abdul Haliq, the legal name of Yuvan Shankar Raja following his conversion to Islam in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=STR's character name in Maanaadu revealed |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/strs-character-name-in-maanaadu-revealed/articleshow/73931189.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/strs-character-name-in-maanaadu-revealed/articleshow/73931189.cms |archive-date=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2021 |title=Did You Know, Silambarasan's on-screen name in 'Maanadu' is an altered version of famous composer's original name |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-silambarasans-on-screen-name-in-maanadu-is-an-altered-version-of-famous-composers-original-name/articleshow/80689467.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522215805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-silambarasans-on-screen-name-in-maanadu-is-an-altered-version-of-famous-composers-original-name/articleshow/80689467.cms |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Badava Gopi joined the film's sets during the filming schedule in Pondicherry in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2020 |title=Badava Gopi joins Silambarasan-starrer Maanadu's shooting |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/badava-gopi-joins-silambarasan-starrer-maanadus-shooting/articleshow/79150745.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111113216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/badava-gopi-joins-silambarasan-starrer-maanadus-shooting/articleshow/79150745.cms |archive-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced on 19 February 2020 with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] being held on [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2020 |title=Maanadu begins with a puja |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanadu-begins-with-a-puja/articleshow/74203590.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanadu-begins-with-a-puja/articleshow/74203590.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> where the team planned to few scenes in the venue and move to [[Hyderabad]] for a 40-day schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2020 |title=Simbu's 'Maanaadu' starts shooting: See pics |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-s-maanaadu-starts-shooting-see-pics-118501 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032247/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-s-maanaadu-starts-shooting-see-pics-118501 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=20 February 2020 |title='Maanaadu' team to have a long schedule in Hyderabad |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-team-to-have-a-long-schedule-in-hyderabad/articleshow/74209494.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-team-to-have-a-long-schedule-in-hyderabad/articleshow/74209494.cms |archive-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> Following the accident held on the sets of ''[[Indian 2]]'', the producer Suresh Kamatchi had assured an insurance of {{Indian Rupee|30}} crores to the film's cast and crew,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2020 |title=Silambarasan's Maanaadu insured for Rs 30 crore |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasans-maanaadu-insured-for-rs-30-crore/articleshow/74297994.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasans-maanaadu-insured-for-rs-30-crore/articleshow/74297994.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2020 |title='Maanaadu' producer Suresh insures his cast and crew |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maanaadu-producer-suresh-insures-his-cast-and-crew-118995 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032250/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maanaadu-producer-suresh-insures-his-cast-and-crew-118995 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> also ensuring the safety of the workers on the film sets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2020 |title=Echoes of 'Indian 2' accident: 'Maanadu' producer takes actions for the safety of workers |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/echoes-of-indian-2-accident-maanadu-producer-takes-actions-for-the-safety-of-workers/articleshow/74298855.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/echoes-of-indian-2-accident-maanadu-producer-takes-actions-for-the-safety-of-workers/articleshow/74298855.cms |archive-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> On 27 February 2020, the team moved to [[VGP Golden Beach]] at Chennai,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2020 |title=Simbu's 'Maanadu' shooting schedule change once again? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbus-maanadu-shooting-schedule-change-once-again/articleshow/74317848.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301031711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbus-maanadu-shooting-schedule-change-once-again/articleshow/74317848.cms |archive-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> for a song shoot featuring Silambarasan which was choreographed by [[Raju Sundaram]], was being filmed at a huge set with around 200 dancers from [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2020 |title=Simbu and Kalyani Priyadarshan shoot with over 200 people for a song from 'Maanadu' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-shoot-with-over-200-people-for-a-song-from-maanadu/articleshow/74460951.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924134533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-shoot-with-over-200-people-for-a-song-from-maanadu/articleshow/74460951.cms |archive-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>

The team later moved to [[Ramoji Film City]] at Hyderabad on 11 March for the film's second schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2021 |title=Silambarasan's Maanaadu night shoot progressing in full swing |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasans-maanaadu-night-shoot-progressing-in-full-swing/articleshow/81755021.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330182345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasans-maanaadu-night-shoot-progressing-in-full-swing/articleshow/81755021.cms |archive-date=30 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2020 |title=Silambarasan TR to head to Hyderabad next for 'Maanaadu' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-tr-to-head-to-hyderabad-next-for-maanaadu/articleshow/74509891.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917145614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-tr-to-head-to-hyderabad-next-for-maanaadu/articleshow/74509891.cms |archive-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> However, the film council in Hyderabad declined permission to shoot the film until 19 March for safety reasons due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], thus the film's shooting being put on hold.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=17 March 2020 |title=Venkat Prabhu suspends shoot of his Maanaadu owing to COVID-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-suspends-shoot-of-his-maanaadu-owing-to-covid-19/articleshow/74654018.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523005012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-suspends-shoot-of-his-maanaadu-owing-to-covid-19/articleshow/74654018.cms |archive-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Later the shooting of the film resumed at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] on 9 November 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2020 |title=Simbu to resume 'Maanadu' shoot in Pondicherry |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-to-resume-maanadu-shoot-in-pondicherry/articleshow/79083141.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106124829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-to-resume-maanadu-shoot-in-pondicherry/articleshow/79083141.cms |archive-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> with Silambarasan joining the sets post the completion of his film ''[[Eeswaran]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2020 |title=Simbu starts shooting for 'Maanadu' from today |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-starts-shooting-for-maanadu-from-today/articleshow/79125238.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109085130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-starts-shooting-for-maanadu-from-today/articleshow/79125238.cms |archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2020 |title='Maanaadu' resumes shoot in Pondicherry, Simbu joins the sets |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maanaadu-resumes-shoot-pondicherry-simbu-joins-sets-137254 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109125118/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maanaadu-resumes-shoot-pondicherry-simbu-joins-sets-137254 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The schedule took place for a month and was completed within 9 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2020 |title=Simbu and team 'Maanadu' complete their Pondicherry schedule, get back to Chennai |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-and-team-maanadu-complete-their-pondicherry-schedule-get-back-to-chennai/articleshow/79645483.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711134135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-and-team-maanadu-complete-their-pondicherry-schedule-get-back-to-chennai/articleshow/79645483.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> The team headed to [[Yercaud]] on 25 December 2020, to shoot major sequences without featuring Silambarasan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2020 |title=Team 'Maanadu' heads to Yercaud for the next schedule |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/team-maanadu-heads-to-yercaud-for-the-next-schedule/articleshow/79853821.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711062911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/team-maanadu-heads-to-yercaud-for-the-next-schedule/articleshow/79853821.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2020 |title=Venkat Prabhu shooting for 'Maanadu' in Yercaud sans Simbu |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-shooting-for-maanadu-in-yercaud-sans-simbu/articleshow/79951765.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711182742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-shooting-for-maanadu-in-yercaud-sans-simbu/articleshow/79951765.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>

A huge set was erected at the EVP Film City in Chennai, resembling a political gathering, and several lead stars were part of this schedule.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=9 February 2021 |title='Maanadu': A grand set erected in Chennai for Silambarasan starrer |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanadu-a-grand-set-erected-in-chennai-for-silambarasan-starrer/articleshow/80769475.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223131558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanadu-a-grand-set-erected-in-chennai-for-silambarasan-starrer/articleshow/80769475.cms |archive-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> The set works began in mid-February 2021 and took place for more than a month.<ref name=":0" /> Venkat Prabhu revealed that it was a challenging one to shoot a sequence with lot of artistes involved during this pandemic situation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2021 |title=Video: A grand set gets ready for Silambarasan's 'Maanadu' final schedule |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/video-a-grand-set-gets-ready-for-silambarasans-maanadu-final-schedule/articleshow/81628142.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711164731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/video-a-grand-set-gets-ready-for-silambarasans-maanadu-final-schedule/articleshow/81628142.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> He further added that the team planned to shoot this sequence in a quick time, citing the rise of [[COVID-19]] infections in Chennai following the hot weather in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2021 |title=Makers of 'Maanadu' erect a huge political set for Silambarasan's film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-maanadu-erect-a-huge-political-set-for-silambarasans-film/articleshow/81732637.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711134132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-maanadu-erect-a-huge-political-set-for-silambarasans-film/articleshow/81732637.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> The shooting of the schedule was wrapped up on 5 April 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=Maanadu is a unique attempt in Tamil cinema: Kalyani Priyadarshan |url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/04/16001411/1287900/Maanadu-is-a-unique-attempt-in-Tamil-cinema-Kalyani-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190418/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/04/16001411/1287900/Maanadu-is-a-unique-attempt-in-Tamil-cinema-Kalyani-.vpf |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> and then planned for another sequence to be filmed in [[Maldives]] airport, but was delayed further since the government had imposed ban on passengers from India arriving in the country due to surge in COVID-19 cases.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2021 |title=Silambarasan will travel to the Maldives with his 'Maanadu' team for the final schedule |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-will-travel-to-the-maldives-with-his-maanadu-team-for-the-final-schedule/articleshow/82097133.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711160207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-will-travel-to-the-maldives-with-his-maanadu-team-for-the-final-schedule/articleshow/82097133.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> After the statewide lockdown due to second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, the team later shifted to [[Hosur Aerodrome]] on 6 July 2021 for the final schedule and filming was completed on 9 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2021 |title=Silambarasan's Maanaadu wrapped up in 68 days |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasans-maanaadu-wrapped-up-in-68-days/articleshow/84288687.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710060734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasans-maanaadu-wrapped-up-in-68-days/articleshow/84288687.cms |archive-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> The production team planned to shoot the entire film in 85 days, but filming was completed within 68 days.<ref name=":52">{{Cite magazine |last=K. |first=Janani |date=10 July 2021 |title=Simbu wraps up Maanadu, producer Suresh Kamatchi shares pics from film set |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-wraps-up-maanadu-producer-suresh-kamatchi-shares-pics-from-film-set-1826287-2021-07-10 |url-status=live |magazine=[[India Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052749/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-wraps-up-maanadu-producer-suresh-kamatchi-shares-pics-from-film-set-1826287-2021-07-10 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
In September 2021, according to a report, the film "is shot in several locations, with a huge political gathering scene in the film, it requires almost 900 computer graphic shots".<ref name=":6" /> Silambarasan started dubbing for the film in May 2021, earlier before the post-production works, with the dubbing took place in his home studio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=[PICS] Dubbing for Silambarsan aka STR's Maanaadu begins with COVID-19 protocols in check |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/pics-dubbing-for-silambarsan-aka-strs-maanaadu-begins-with-covid-19-protocols-in-check/753666 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052750/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/pics-dubbing-for-silambarsan-aka-strs-maanaadu-begins-with-covid-19-protocols-in-check/753666 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2021 |title=Silambarasan begins dubbing for Maanaadu |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-begins-dubbing-for-maanaadu/articleshow/83664442.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052746/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-begins-dubbing-for-maanaadu/articleshow/83664442.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> In mid-October 2021, Premgi Amaren completed dubbing for his portions for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2021 |title=Premgi completes dubbing for Maanaadu |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/premgi-completes-dubbing-for-maanaadu/articleshow/87162212.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118195727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/premgi-completes-dubbing-for-maanaadu/articleshow/87162212.cms |archive-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> The following day, S. J. Suryah started dubbing for his portions in the film and completed within five days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2021 |title=SJ Suryah completes dubbing for 'Maanaadu' in just five days |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryah-completes-dubbing-for-maanaadu-in-just-five-days/articleshow/87276121.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryah-completes-dubbing-for-maanaadu-in-just-five-days/articleshow/87276121.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> However, it was reported that Silambarasan refused to dub for the portions in the film, citing pending remuneration.<ref name=":7" /> Suresh Kamatchi, assured Silambarasan to pay him {{INRConvert|2|c}} as the remainder, which convinced the actor, and had completed dubbing for the remaining portions of his film, within a day.<ref name=":7" /> Yuvan started re-recording for the film's music and score in August 2021, which was completed within early-October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2021 |title=Yuvan completes re-recording for 'Maanaadu' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-completes-re-recording-for-maanadu/articleshow/87276121.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109041443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-completes-re-recording-for-maanadu/articleshow/87276121.cms |archive-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> The final copy of the film was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] and was received [[U/A certificate]] (in concern of few action sequences) with a runtime of 147 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2021 |title=Silambarasan's 'Maanaadu' receives U/A certificate by CBFC |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/silambarasans-maanaadu-receives-u/a-certificate-by-cbfc/videoshow/87832172.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121121418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/silambarasans-maanaadu-receives-u/a-certificate-by-cbfc/videoshow/87832172.cms |archive-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
Following the official teaser, which released on Silambarasan's birthday (3 February 2021),<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2021 |title=Maanaadu movie teaser: STR messes with time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/maanaadu-teaser-simbu-messes-with-time-7172771/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153611/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/maanaadu-teaser-simbu-messes-with-time-7172771/ |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> netizens and fans of the actor claimed uncanny comparisons have been made to that of the American film ''[[Tenet]]'' (2020), directed by [[Christopher Nolan]], as the frames from the teaser had made the use of reverse editing, as it deals with [[wikt:time reversal|reverse-time]] formula.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2021 |title=Venkat Prabhu on 'Maanadu' comparison with 'Tenet' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-on-maanadu-comparison-with-tenet/articleshow/80748698.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028180747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-on-maanadu-comparison-with-tenet/articleshow/80748698.cms |archive-date=28 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=5 February 2021 |title=Fans compare Simbu's Maanadu teaser to Tenet. Director Venkat Prabhu reacts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fans-compare-simbu-s-maanadu-teaser-to-tenet-director-venkat-prabhu-reacts-1766195-2021-02-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170741/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fans-compare-simbu-s-maanadu-teaser-to-tenet-director-venkat-prabhu-reacts-1766195-2021-02-05 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, Venkat Prabhu refused such claims saying that it has no connection to that film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=Is Maanaadu inspired from Tenet – Venkat Prabhus official clarification! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/venkat-prabhu-official-clarification-maanaadu-inspired-by-tenet-tamil-_amp-news-279813 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170709/https://www.indiaglitz.com/venkat-prabhu-official-clarification-maanaadu-inspired-by-tenet-tamil-_amp-news-279813 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> In the trailer, it was revealed that the film is based on a time loop concept (a common trope used in science-fiction films), where two characters were forced to repeat the same day after an unfortunate incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=2 October 2021 |title=Maanaadu trailer out. Simbu's political time-loop thriller packs a punch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maanaadu-trailer-out-simbu-s-political-time-loop-thriller-packs-a-punch-1859925-2021-10-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011011840/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maanaadu-trailer-out-simbu-s-political-time-loop-thriller-packs-a-punch-1859925-2021-10-02 |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It is the second Indian film to deal with the concept of time loops after ''[[Jango (2021 film)|Jango]]'', released earlier the same year. Prabhu acknowledged ''[[Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day]]'' (1993) and ''[[Vantage Point (film)|Vantage Point]]'' (2008) as influences on ''Maanaadu''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=29 November 2021 |title=I wish our stars would encourage fresh ideas: Director Venkat Prabhu |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/nov/29/i-wish-our-stars-would-encourage-fresh-ideas-director-venkat-prabhu-2389258.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206060700/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/nov/29/i-wish-our-stars-would-encourage-fresh-ideas-director-venkat-prabhu-2389258.html |archive-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

Apart from time-loop, the film explores the concept of on [[Islamophobia]], the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]], and how Muslims are being alienated.<ref name="TNM review">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu review: Simbu's time loop film is a fun thriller |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maanaadu-review-simbus-time-loop-film-fun-thriller-158030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127065429/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maanaadu-review-simbus-time-loop-film-fun-thriller-158030 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> It was reported to normalise Muslim identity and mount opposition to [[Violence against Muslims in independent India|anti-Muslim]] rhetoric and prejudice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu Movie Review: A riveting take on time loop underlined by clever writing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/nov/25/maanaadu-movie-reviewa-riveting-take-on-time-loop-underlined-by-clever-writing-28044.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126055359/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/nov/25/maanaadu-movie-reviewa-riveting-take-on-time-loop-underlined-by-clever-writing-28044.html |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Silambarasan said in February 2021, "I have faith in God but not any particular religion. Generally, there is a misconception about Muslims in society and I wanted to do something to change it. ''Maanaadu'' will clear the misconception about the religion and its followers".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Silambarasan TR: 'Maanaadu' will clear the misconception about Muslims |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/silambarasan-tr-maanaadu-will-clear-the-misconception-about-muslims-news-tamil-vcddIhgiggcfa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127145958/https://www.sify.com/movies/silambarasan-tr-maanaadu-will-clear-the-misconception-about-muslims-news-tamil-vcddIhgiggcfa.html |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Maanaadu (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, after regularly collaborating with Venkat Prabhu and Silambarasan. The soundtrack album consists of seven tracks — only two songs, titled "Meherezylaa"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=22 June 2021 |title=Meherezylaa will be a perfect celebration song: Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/06/22001551/1302313/Meherezylaa-will-be-a-perfect-celebration-song-Yuvan-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185451/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/06/22001551/1302313/Meherezylaa-will-be-a-perfect-celebration-song-Yuvan-.vpf |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2021 |title=First impressions: Maanaadu's Meherezylaa is a peppy, catchy song from Yuvan |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-impressions-maanaadus-meherezylaa-is-a-peppy-catchy-song-from-yuvan/articleshow/83665344.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711224356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-impressions-maanaadus-meherezylaa-is-a-peppy-catchy-song-from-yuvan/articleshow/83665344.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> and "Voice of Unity" (the latter was used as a promotional song and not featured in the film),<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2021 |title=90% of Maanaadu complete! Only one song to feature in the movie! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28212/maanaadu-silambarasan-tr-venkat-prabhu-simbu-str |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153612/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28212/maanaadu-silambarasan-tr-venkat-prabhu-simbu-str |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref><ref name=":0b">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1QvwQBodeI |title=Voice of Unity Lyric Video {{!}} Maanaadu {{!}} Silambarasan TR {{!}} Yuvan Shankar Raja {{!}} Arivu {{!}} Venkat Prabhu |date=18 November 2021 |publisher=[[U1 Records]] |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210120505/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1QvwQBodeI&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=10 December 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> and few instrumentals used in the background score were released along with the album. The track "Meherezylaa" was released on the occasion of [[World Music Day]] (21 June 2021),<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Simbu's 'Maanaadu' first single release date is finally here |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/simbus-maanaadu-first-single-release-date-is-finally-here-tamil-news-288411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190637/https://www.indiaglitz.com/simbus-maanaadu-first-single-release-date-is-finally-here-tamil-news-288411 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> with the entire cast and crew being present at the [[Twitter Spaces]] to launch the track from the album.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2021 |title=Silambarasan, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Venkat Prabhu to launch Maanaadu single on Twitter Spaces |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2021/jun/21/venkat-prabhu-maanaadu-is-evenbigger-than-mankatha-25100.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626032254/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2021/jun/21/venkat-prabhu-maanaadu-is-evenbigger-than-mankatha-25100.html |archive-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> The promotional song "Voice of Unity" was released at an event held in Chennai.<ref name=":0b" /> The soundtrack album was released by [[U1 Records]] on 7 November 2021, to positive response.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4V7aye4YWto4yT0i6l5Vuq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225052638/https://open.spotify.com/album/4V7aye4YWto4yT0i6l5Vuq |archive-date=25 December 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Maanadu'' was reportedly scheduled for a theatrical release on 14 May 2021 ([[Eid al-Fitr|Eid-al-Fitr]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Simbu's Maanadu to hit theatres on May 14? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-s-maanadu-to-hit-theatres-on-may-14-1775841-2021-03-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192931/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-s-maanadu-to-hit-theatres-on-may-14-1775841-2021-03-05 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> but due to the extensive post-production activities the film's released was postponed to August 2021,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2021 |title=Silambarasan's 'Maanadu' set to hit the big screens this Eid |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasans-maanadu-set-to-hit-the-big-screens-this-eid/articleshow/81331123.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309030008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasans-maanadu-set-to-hit-the-big-screens-this-eid/articleshow/81331123.cms |archive-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> which was further delayed due to the [[COVID-19]] restrictions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=Surprising update from Silambarasan! - fans excited |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/surprising-update-from-silambarasan-tamil-news-289089 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190157/https://www.indiaglitz.com/surprising-update-from-silambarasan-tamil-news-289089 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> On 11 September 2021, it was announced that the film would be released in five Indian languages on 4 November 2021, during Diwali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2021 |title=Silambarasan TR's Maanaadu to release for Diwali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-trs-maanaadu-to-release-for-diwali/articleshow/86112266.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912032444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-trs-maanaadu-to-release-for-diwali/articleshow/86112266.cms |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Suresh Kamatchi said that the extensive visual effects work delayed the post-production process, thereby resulting in the film being scheduled for release on that date.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2021 |title=Here's why Silambarasan's 'Maanaadu' is scheduled to release this Diwali |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-silambarasans-maanaadu-is-scheduled-to-release-this-diwali/articleshow/86506206.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020091027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-silambarasans-maanaadu-is-scheduled-to-release-this-diwali/articleshow/86506206.cms |archive-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

However, on 18 October 2021, he announced that the film will be postponed to 25 November 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=18 October 2021 |title=Simbu's Maanaadu release postponed to November 25, clash averted with Rajinikanth's Annaatthe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-s-maanaadu-release-postponed-to-november-25-clash-averted-with-rajinikanth-s-annaatthe-1866070-2021-10-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018082616/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-s-maanaadu-release-postponed-to-november-25-clash-averted-with-rajinikanth-s-annaatthe-1866070-2021-10-18 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> in order to ensure a wider release and large number of screens being provided for the film, thereby avoiding clash with ''[[Annaatthe]]'' (2021), which also scheduled for release on the same day.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=18 October 2021 |title=Silambarasan's 'Maanaadu' walks out from Diwali race for a safe business |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasans-maanaadu-to-walk-out-from-diwali-race-for-a-safe-business/articleshow/87105032.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020091815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasans-maanaadu-to-walk-out-from-diwali-race-for-a-safe-business/articleshow/87105032.cms |archive-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2021 |title='Maanaadu' release pushed to November 25! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/maanaadu-release-pushed-to-november-25-news-tamil-vksk3Vdeajccf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018103312/https://www.sify.com/movies/maanaadu-release-pushed-to-november-25-news-tamil-vksk3Vdeajccf.html |archive-date=18 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The decision was made to avoid losses for the stake holders involved, according to Suresh Kamatchi.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, the issues revolving over the film's copyrights and Silambarasan's refusal to dub for the film, citing his pending remuneration, were the reasons for the delay.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=STR refuses to dub for Maanaadu over pending remuneration |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/10/22005548/1325061/STR-refuses-to-dub-for-Maanaadu-over-pending-remuneration.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111172853/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/10/22005548/1325061/STR-refuses-to-dub-for-Maanaadu-over-pending-remuneration.vpf |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2021 |title=காப்பி சர்ச்சை, மாநாடு தள்ளிப் போகக் காரணம்? |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=100206 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020091937/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=100206 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=Simbu-Starrer Maanaadu Set For Wider Release in AP, Telangana and Kerala |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/simbu-starrer-maanaadu-set-for-wider-release-in-ap-telangana-and-kerala-4473056.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122223806/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/simbu-starrer-maanaadu-set-for-wider-release-in-ap-telangana-and-kerala-4473056.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The [[Tamil Nadu]] theatrical rights were acquired by Subbiah Shanmugham of SSI Productions.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Silambarasan's 'Maanaadu' teaser released |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/silambarasan-s-maanaadu-teaser-released-142712 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111172852/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/silambarasan-s-maanaadu-teaser-released-142712 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]] |quote=The film will be released in five languages, with the dubbed versions being titled as ''Rewind''.}}</ref> Seyons International acquired the rights for distributing the film in regions such as United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Europe, Australia and Africa. Scandinavian Tamil Media Group AS acquired the rights for distributing the film in countries such as Norway, Sweden and Denmark. DMY Productions and BMN acquired the theatrical marketing rights in Malaysia and Sri Lanka regions. United India Exports purchased the distribution rights in Singapore and Gulf regions respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2021 |title=Maanaadu TN, Overseas theatrical rights sold! But will the film come out for Diwali? |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29334/is-silamabarasan-tr-maanaadu-diwali-release-postponed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020033711/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29334/is-silamabarasan-tr-maanaadu-diwali-release-postponed |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

[[Allu Aravind]]'s [[Geetha Arts]] had acquired the rights of the film to be presented in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana regions, which was called off in favour of a Telugu remake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STR: The second innings |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/oct/04/strthesecond-innings-2367165.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111172852/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/oct/04/strthesecond-innings-2367165.html |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":3b">{{Cite web |title=Maanaadu Telugu streaming rights with Aha! Pre release event soon! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29464/maanaadu-silambarasan-tr-update-ott-aha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111172853/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29464/maanaadu-silambarasan-tr-update-ott-aha |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=moviecrow.com}}</ref> In mid-November, it was reported Great India Films will distribute the film in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Great India Films to release actor Simbu's 'Maanaadu' in the US |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/great-india-films-to-release-actor-simbus-maanaadu-in-the-us/articleshow/87760067.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/great-india-films-to-release-actor-simbus-maanaadu-in-the-us/articleshow/87760067.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=Great India Films to release actor Simbu's 'Maanaadu' in the US |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/11/17152740/1329294/Great-India-Films-to-release-actor-Simbus-Maanaadu-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052748/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/11/17152740/1329294/Great-India-Films-to-release-actor-Simbus-Maanaadu-.vpf |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> The theatrical rights in [[Kerala]], were purchased by Mukesh R. Mehta of E4 Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1462653717874810886 |user=E4Emovies |title=#Maanaadu releasing on 25th November. Kerala release by #E4Entertainment 😊 |author=E4 Entertainment}}</ref> AV Media Consultancy purchased the [[Karnataka]] theatrical rights,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1462355919040172035 |user=sureshkamatchi |title=Our #Maanaadu Karnataka state wide Release by Producer Mr.Venkatesh |author=sureshkamatchi}}</ref> while [[UFO Moviez]] acquired the distribution rights in [[North India]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1462269758787633155 |user=UFOMoviez |title=Presenting to you, the much awaited movie #Maanaadu in Tamil releasing on 25th November'21 distributed in North India by UFO Moviez |author=UFO Cine Media Network}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were bought by [[SonyLIV]], and it began streaming there from 24 December 2021, four weeks after the film's theatrical premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2021 |title=Simbu and SJ Suryah's time loop film Maanaadu gets OTT release date |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-and-sj-suryah-s-time-loop-film-maanaadu-gets-ott-release-date-158876 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218174813/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-and-sj-suryah-s-time-loop-film-maanaadu-gets-ott-release-date-158876 |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=30 December 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Initially, [[Kalaignar TV]] was reported to acquire the satellite rights,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2021 |title=போடு வெடிய!.. சிம்புவின் மாநாடு .. சாட்டிலைட் உரிமத்தை கைப்பற்றிய பிரபல டிவி சேனல்! |url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/maanaadu-movie-satellite-rights-bagged-by-popular-tv.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204082945/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/maanaadu-movie-satellite-rights-bagged-by-popular-tv.html |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Behindwoods |language=ta}}</ref> but it was later sold to [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRlowAEgKmA |title=Release-க்கு முதல் நாள் நடந்தது என்ன? - Suresh Kamatchi Breaks 1st Time – STR Maanaadu |date=26 November 2021 |language=ta |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan|Cinema Vikatan]] |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229074514/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRlowAEgKmA |archive-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2021 |title=Vijay TV Bags Satellite Rights for Silambarasan's Maanaadu, Sony Liv Gets Digital rights |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-tv-bags-satellite-rights-for-silambarasans-maanaadu-sony-liv-gets-digital-rights-4515002.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228164503/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-tv-bags-satellite-rights-for-silambarasans-maanaadu-sony-liv-gets-digital-rights-4515002.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Legal issues from TFPC ===
[[T. Rajendar]] and Usha Rajendar, Silambarasan's parents, filed a police complaint against the Tamil Film Producers Council for the film's postponement, over the issues revolving ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2021 |title=T Rajendar and Usha Rajendar blame the producer council for pushing Silambarasan's film release |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/t-rajendar-and-usha-rajendar-blame-the-producer-council-for-pushing-silambarasans-film-release/articleshow/87180832.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111172852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/t-rajendar-and-usha-rajendar-blame-the-producer-council-for-pushing-silambarasans-film-release/articleshow/87180832.cms |archive-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> It was reported that one of the members from the council demanded Silambarasan to compensate the losses incurred by the film's producer [[Michael Rayappan]] after its failure, and they even tried to send death threats to the actor, if he releases the film without refunding the dues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2021 |title=Silambarasan sent death threats to not release Maanaadu claims TR! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29361/silambarasan-tr-receives-death-threats-over-maanaadu-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111172854/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29361/silambarasan-tr-receives-death-threats-over-maanaadu-release |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> They also warned that they might stage protests outside the office of Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[M. K. Stalin]], if the perpetuators stop the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Maanaadu: Silambarasan TR's parents to go on strike outside Tamil Nadu CM's office for delay in film's release |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/maanaadu-silambarasan-trs-parents-go-strike-outside-tamil-nadu-cms-office-delay-films-release-923523 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111174400/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/maanaadu-silambarasan-trs-parents-go-strike-outside-tamil-nadu-cms-office-delay-films-release-923523 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

At the pre-release event held in November 2021,<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=An emotional Silambarasan TR, a confident Venkat Prabhu set the stage for Maanaadu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/18/the-stage-for-maanaadu-27927.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118133414/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/18/the-stage-for-maanaadu-27927.html |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Silambarasan gave an emotional speech referring to his controversies concerning both his personal and professional life, as many producers in the past few months, have filed complaints against the actor at the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]] over multiple issues. In the event, he said that "I've faced a lot of problems in the past few months. But, I will take care of them. You guys [fans] should take care of me".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=18 November 2021 |title=Simbu cries at Maanaadu press meet, says he will take care of his problems |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-cries-at-maanaadu-press-meet-says-he-will-take-care-of-his-problems-1878217-2021-11-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118120459/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-cries-at-maanaadu-press-meet-says-he-will-take-care-of-his-problems-1878217-2021-11-18 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Financial problems ===
On 24 November 2021, a day before the film's scheduled release, Suresh Kamatchi announced that the film had been postponed due to undisclosed reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2021 |title=Simbu's Maanaadu release date postponed |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-s-maanaadu-release-date-postponed-157998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125043206/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-s-maanaadu-release-date-postponed-157998 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> It received a shocking response from the actor's fans and trade industry sources, as the film had a tremendous response at the pre-sale bookings in advance, and analysts believed that the film will be the "biggest opener for Simbu at the box office".<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=Release of Simbu's Maanaadu postponed; fans shocked! |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/release-of-simbus-maanaadu-postponed-fans-shocked/articleshow/87892262.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228170005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/release-of-simbus-maanaadu-postponed-fans-shocked/articleshow/87892262.cms |archive-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> The night of the same day, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], had arranged a meeting with the producers and financiers to clear the dues, which was eventually solved quick and the film was released as scheduled.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2021 |title=When Udhayanidhi helped 'Maanaadu' team to clear their dues |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-udhayanidhi-helped-maanaadu-team-to-clear-their-dues/articleshow/87903531.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228164503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-udhayanidhi-helped-maanaadu-team-to-clear-their-dues/articleshow/87903531.cms |archive-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2021 |title=Breaking! Simbu's Maanadu clears all the hurdles to release tomorrow |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/simbu-str-venkat-prabhu-suresh-kamatchi-maanadu-release-confirmed-problems-issues-solved-udhayanidhi-stalin-tamil-news-301803 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228164505/https://www.indiaglitz.com/simbu-str-venkat-prabhu-suresh-kamatchi-maanadu-release-confirmed-problems-issues-solved-udhayanidhi-stalin-tamil-news-301803 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Despite financial settlements being done, the film's early morning shows, scheduled for 5:00 A.M. were cancelled as the Key Delivery Message (KDM) did not arrive in time, as planned and the first show began at 8:30 A.M.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=Shocking! Maanaadu early morning show gets cancelled |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/maanaadu-early-morniing-show-cancelled-silambarasan-maanaadu-review-venkat-prabhu-tamil-news-301817 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228164503/https://www.indiaglitz.com/maanaadu-early-morniing-show-cancelled-silambarasan-maanaadu-review-venkat-prabhu-tamil-news-301817 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

=== Satellite rights ownership issue ===
In December 2021, T. Rajendar filed a case regarding the price negotiations of satellite rights, where he had claimed the ownership for the same name. In his complaint, it has been stated that he was involved in sorting out the release issues of the film and had apparently signed a guarantee letter to take responsibility for the amount that needed to be paid to Chand. Both the parties have agreed upon Rajendar taking responsibilities for the remainder to be paid after negotiating deals for satellite and digital streaming rights. But the deal was negotiated without his consent, where he was not present during the price negotiation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2021 |title=T Rajendhhar files case regarding satellite rights of Maanaadu |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/t-rajendhhar-files-case-regarding-satellite-rights-of-maanaadu/articleshow/88225375.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228170627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/t-rajendhhar-files-case-regarding-satellite-rights-of-maanaadu/articleshow/88225375.cms |archive-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> In response, the Tamil Film Active Producers Council, headed by [[Bharathiraja]], condemned Rajendar's actions for claiming the film's satellite rights as a "very false precedent and questioned that how can a guarantor apply for a license for the property and also asked whether it is fair for a reputable artist in the film industry". The association strongly claimed that no one is in charge of a traditional business organisation.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |date=14 December 2021 |title=Tamil Film Active Producers Association condemns T Rajendar for the 'Maanaadu' satellite rights issue |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-film-active-producers-association-condemns-t-rajendar-for-the-maanaadu-satellite-rights-issue/articleshow/88272247.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228170629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-film-active-producers-association-condemns-t-rajendar-for-the-maanaadu-satellite-rights-issue/articleshow/88272247.cms |archive-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Protests from Bharatiya Janata Party ===
The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s minority wing opposed the film claiming that it portrays Muslims in bad light and asked the Chief Minister to ban it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2021 |title=BJP minority wing opposes Simbu-starrer Maanaadu |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bjp-minority-wing-opposes-simbu-starrer-maanaadu-madurai/article37721086.ece |url-status=live |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127135828/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bjp-minority-wing-opposes-simbu-starrer-maanaadu-madurai/article37721086.ece |archive-date=27 November 2021}}</ref> The affair ended with BJP's Tamil Nadu state president Annamalai K restraining BJP cadres and members from making further claims (or) criticism of the film, calling it a harmless entertainment film made with good intentions and sealed the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=29 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu: BJP Minority Wing Alleges Film Creates Communal Differences, Shows Police in Bad Light |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/maanaadu-bjp-minority-wing-alleges-film-creates-communal-differences-shows-police-in-bad-light/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628211929/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/maanaadu-bjp-minority-wing-alleges-film-creates-communal-differences-shows-police-in-bad-light/ |archive-date=28 June 2022 |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2021 |title=Off the record |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/off-the-record-15-1055665.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809072629/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/off-the-record-15-1055665.html |archive-date=9 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
On the opening day of its release, the film crossed {{INRConvert|14|c}} in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2021 |title='Maanaadu' Box Office Day 1: Silambarasan starrer mints approx Rs 8 crore in TN |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-box-office-day-1-silambarasan-starrer-mints-approx-rs-7-crore-in-tn/articleshow/87928009.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301133033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu-box-office-day-1-silambarasan-starrer-mints-approx-rs-7-crore-in-tn/articleshow/87928009.cms |archive-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> In the Chennai city box-office, the film collected {{INRConvert|3.2|c}}.{{Cn|date=November 2024}} The film earned US$100,000 ({{Indian Rupee|77}} lakh) from preview shows in United States held on 24 November, a day before the film's release in India.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=27 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu Day 2 Box Office Collection: Simbu's New Release Shatters Easwaran Lifetime Business |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/maanaadu-day-2-box-office-collection-simbus-new-release-shatters-easwaran-lifetime-business-843173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301132155/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/maanaadu-day-2-box-office-collection-simbus-new-release-shatters-easwaran-lifetime-business-843173 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> At the second day, the film earned around {{INRConvert|16|c}} in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":12" /> In the third and fourth day,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu box office: Simbu's comeback film collects Rs 22 crore in 3 days in TN |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/maanaadu-box-office-simbu-collection-tamil-nadu-7646942/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301132155/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/maanaadu-box-office-simbu-collection-tamil-nadu-7646942/ |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> the film made {{INRConvert|17|c}} and {{INRConvert|18|c}} in Tamil Nadu, respectively,<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu Box Office Collection (1st Weekend): Simbu's Film Enter Profit Zone in Just 4 Days |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/maanaadu-box-office-collection-1st-weekend-simbus-film-enter-zone-just-4-days-843231 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226153142/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/maanaadu-box-office-collection-1st-weekend-simbus-film-enter-zone-just-4-days-843231 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> thereby making the first weekend collection to be around {{INRConvert|65|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu box office day 4 collection: Silambarasan TR's film grosses over ₹30 crore in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maanaadu-box-office-day-4-collection-silambarasan-tr-s-film-grosses-over-rs-30-crore-in-tamil-nadu-101638179938318.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226153020/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maanaadu-box-office-day-4-collection-silambarasan-tr-s-film-grosses-over-rs-30-crore-in-tamil-nadu-101638179938318.html |archive-date=26 December 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The film was considered to become a profitable venture, as it achieved break-even within four days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2021 |title=Silambarasan's Maanaadu brings cheer to box office; earns Rs 30 crore in 4 days |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/silambarasans-maanaadu-brings-cheer-to-box-office-earns-rs-30-crore-in-4-days-article-87974668 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301132146/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/silambarasans-maanaadu-brings-cheer-to-box-office-earns-rs-30-crore-in-4-days-article-87974668 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2021 |title='Maanaadu' crosses the Rs 50 crore mark as the film inches towards its second week |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maanaadu-crosses-the-rs-50-crore-mark-as-the-film-inches-towards-its-second-week/articleshow/88052710.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203134808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/maanaadu-crosses-the-rs-50-crore-mark-as-the-film-inches-towards-its-second-week/articleshow/88052710.cms |archive-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2021 |title=Year Ender 2021: Master to Annaatthe, Highest-grossing Tamil Movies of 2021 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/year-ender-2021-master-to-annaatthe-highest-grossing-tamil-movies-of-2021-4604261.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204054430/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/year-ender-2021-master-to-annaatthe-highest-grossing-tamil-movies-of-2021-4604261.html |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Maanaadu'' received highly positive reviews from critics.

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Venkat Prabhu superbly Indian-ises the time loop concept and delivers an edge-of-the-seat [[Masala film|masala movie]]. After the set-up, the film moves at a breakneck pace, hardly letting go of either momentum and drama."<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu Movie Review: Maanaadu is a supremely entertaining high-concept movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanaadu/movie-review/87907040.cms |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Srivatsan S. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that, "[Venkat Prabhu] takes a mainstream Hollywood trope and converts it into a masala film, thereby making the final product look refined [...] Part of the reason why ''Maanaadu'' is thrilling is because, in essence, it is good ''masala'' that hides behind the facade of time-loop".<ref name="Hindu review">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=25 November 2021 |title='Maanaadu' movie review: Simbu and SJ Suryah have a go at each other in this smartly-written film |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maanaadu-movie-review/article37679444.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125105323/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maanaadu-movie-review/article37679444.ece |archive-date=25 November 2021}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote "''Maanaadu'' has two stars—TR Silambarasan and SJ Suryah—and no duets, love stories, punch dialogues, or why, even fight sequences that threaten your suspension of disbelief. Venkat Prabhu reposes his faith squarely in the joys emergent from the time-loop idea and brings out an ace each time. Every time Khaaliq dies and gets reborn, the story explores a new idea. And yet, Venkat Prabhu manages to tie all these iterations and their events into a clever mystery that must be solved by Khaaliq, one step at a time."<ref name="CE review">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu Movie Review: A riveting take on time loop underlined by clever writing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/nov/25/maanaadu-movie-reviewa-riveting-take-on-time-loop-underlined-by-clever-writing-28044.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126055359/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/nov/25/maanaadu-movie-reviewa-riveting-take-on-time-loop-underlined-by-clever-writing-28044.html |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "Maanaadu is entertaining not because the two leads are smart, but because they are ridiculously ordinary [...] ''Maanaadu'' is not the best sci-fi film you'll ever see. In fact, it's hardly the genre film. It's a mainstream film that uses a sci-fi trope for its convenience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=Ranjani |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu Movie Review: This Quintessential Venkat Prabhu Film Gives Simbu His Do Over |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/maanaadu-movie-review-silambarasan-s-j-suryah-this-quintessential-venkat-prabhu-film-gives-simbu-his-do-over/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126055212/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/maanaadu-movie-review-silambarasan-s-j-suryah-this-quintessential-venkat-prabhu-film-gives-simbu-his-do-over/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

[[Haricharan]] Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the film, saying that "Maanaadu highly enjoyable is that each iteration of the same scene is presented in a way that it isn't boring and there's something new to offer to the viewers each time. Another interesting perspective is that the time loop is told from the hero's point of view in the first half and from the villain's standpoint post interval. SJ Suryah as the antagonist is unbelievably good. Very few actors can so effectively make even over-the-top performances stand out, and Suryah is brilliant throughout the movie. The scenes in which he's trying to understand why he's stuck in a time loop while trying to get a grip over reality leaves the audiences in splits."<ref name="HT review">{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu movie review: Silambarasan TR's film is highly enjoyable, accessible time-loop thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maanaadu-movie-review-silambarasan-tr-s-film-is-highly-enjoyable-accessible-time-loop-thriller-101637840096414.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125141528/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maanaadu-movie-review-silambarasan-tr-s-film-is-highly-enjoyable-accessible-time-loop-thriller-101637840096414.html |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Manoj Kumar of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Director Venkat Prabhu has several catchy ideas and has engagingly strung them together. The endless loop and the seemingly endless efforts of the protagonists to get out of the time trap has an innate novelty to it. You respond to such movies like many characters in these films as if you are watching such a concept for the first time. We don't get bothered by the last film with the same theme as long as the current movie is enjoyable."<ref name="IE review">{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu movie review: Simbu's time loop film is thoroughly entertaining |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maanaadu-review-simbu-time-loop-movie-is-thoroughly-entertaining-7640912/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125192121/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maanaadu-review-simbu-time-loop-movie-is-thoroughly-entertaining-7640912/ |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Vivek of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Maanaadu'' doesn't begin extraordinarily but once it gets into its groove, it doesn't have dull moments. Full marks to Venkat for cleverly using a complicated concept in a 'masala film' template and emerging a winner."<ref name="DH review">{{Cite web |last=M V |first=Vivek |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu review: Engaging time loop thriller |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/maanaadu-review-engaging-time-loop-thriller-1054494.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125155200/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/maanaadu-review-engaging-time-loop-thriller-1054494.html |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film's willingness to respect the audience's intelligence is charming."<ref name="TNM review" />

''[[Sify]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Maanaadu has a few minor flaws, but the film is engaging and entertaining with a high concept core theme" with the final verdict as "A time loop film for the masses."<ref name="Sify review">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu review: Engaging and Entertaining! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/-maanaadu-reviewengaging-and-entertaining--review-tamil-vlzkaPdahehgj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125233800/https://www.sify.com/movies/-maanaadu-reviewengaging-and-entertaining--review-tamil-vlzkaPdahehgj.html |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Bharat Kumar of ''[[News Today]]'' called the film, "Touted as a political thriller, the movie has enough elements to engage the audience. With Silambarasan back in the scheme of things and a strong antagonist in SJ Suryah, Venkat Prabhu has won the battle before it begins."<ref name="NTN.com review">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=M Bharat |date=26 November 2021 |title=Review: Maanaadu |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/11/26/review-maanaadu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111094103/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/11/26/review-maanaadu/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[News Today]]}}</ref> Sujatha Narayanan of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote "''Maanaadu'' is that film for Venkat Prabhu where the film's potential for a super-hit was written large in the first look poster itself [...] The ingenuity of the writing and direction lies in making a Nolan-esque film accessible to the common man."<ref name="Quint review">{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu Review: Simbu-Starrer Time-Loop Thriller Takes a Bold Political Stand |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/maanaadu-full-movie-review-simbu-comeback-film-venkat-prabhu-director-s-j-suriyah |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126033440/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/maanaadu-full-movie-review-simbu-comeback-film-venkat-prabhu-director-s-j-suriyah |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>

[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Venkat Prabhu masterfully narrates a time-loop story in such a way that there is no room for boredom. Right from the time Abdul disembarks from the plane, the story picks up pace and there is no looking back. Venkat Prabhu's narration is so good that you don't mind sequences being repeated.".<ref name="ABP review">{{Cite web |date=27 November 2021 |title='Maanaadu' Review: A Neat Entertainer That Doesn't Disappoint |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movies-maanaadu-review-a-neat-entertainer-that-doesn-t-disappoint-1496108 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130121107/https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movies-maanaadu-review-a-neat-entertainer-that-doesn-t-disappoint-1496108 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=[[ABP News]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> [[Akshay Kumar]] of ''[[DT Next]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The film is not without flaws, the reason why Silambarasan is stuck in a time-loop could have been better and why SJ Suriya is stuck along with Simbu [[In the Loop|in the loop]] is not clear. With the fast-paced screenplay you will forgive and forget the logic loopholes and enjoy the film which is the actor's best since ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010) and Venkat Prabhu's best since ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011)."<ref name="DTNext review">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=25 November 2021 |title=Maanaadu review: STR and SJ Suryah shine in the taut time-loop thriller |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/11/25174458/1330683/STR-and-SJ-Suriya-shine-in-the-taut-timeloop-thriller.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126101732/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/11/25174458/1330683/STR-and-SJ-Suriya-shine-in-the-taut-timeloop-thriller.vpf |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

== Legacy and Impact ==
''Maanaadu'' received unanimous praise from celebrities with [[Rajinikanth]] appreciating Venkat Prabhu for the unique concept and making.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Janani K. |date=27 November 2021 |title=Superstar Rajinikanth congratulates Venkat Prabhu and Maanaadu team for film's success |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/superstar-rajinikanth-congratulates-venkat-prabhu-and-maanaadu-team-for-film-s-success-1881456-2021-11-27 |url-status=live |magazine=[[India Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301135850/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/superstar-rajinikanth-congratulates-venkat-prabhu-and-maanaadu-team-for-film-s-success-1881456-2021-11-27 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> Later, [[Sivakarthikeyan]] appreciated the team and also congratulated Prabhu for his "neat execution" in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2021 |title=After Rajini, Sivakarthikeyan also congratulates 'Maanaadu' team |url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/11/27200955/1330973/After-Rajini-Sivakarthikeyan-also-congratulates-Maanaadu-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301135849/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/11/27200955/1330973/After-Rajini-Sivakarthikeyan-also-congratulates-Maanaadu-.vpf |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> Director [[S. Shankar]] took to [[Twitter]] to appreciate the film and Prabhu for the concept, he further heaped praise on the technical departments as "everyone was at their best", calling the film as "an entertaining and new experience for [[Tamil cinema]]".<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Director Shankar heaps praise on Simbu's Maanaadu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/06/director-shankar-heaps-praise-on-simbus-maanaadu-28245.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231050527/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/06/director-shankar-heaps-praise-on-simbus-maanaadu-28245.html |archive-date=31 December 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Praveen Sudevan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' compared the similarities for ''Maanaadu'' with that of ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021) and ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' (2021), as both the films have "solid antagonists", noting that S. J. Suryah's character Dhanushkodi, a ruthless cop "outwits the protagonist for most of the film" and added that "his performance equally contributed to the film's success as Silambarasan's".<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=29 December 2021 |title=From 'Master' to 'Maanadu': How Tamil cinema's stars took an offbeat path in 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/master-maanaadu-doctor-2021-films/article38062117.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101054721/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/master-maanaadu-doctor-2021-films/article38062117.ece |archive-date=1 January 2022}}</ref> He further heaped praise on Prabhu for "putting the hero and the villain on a level playing field".<ref name=":14" /> ''Maanaadu'' was further listed as one of the best Tamil films of 2021, by news articles, which include: ''[[Firstpost]]'' (Ashameera Aiyappan),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=30 December 2021 |title=Most memorable Tamil films of 2021, from Karnan, Sarpatta Parambarai to Mandela, Jai Bhim |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/most-memorable-tamil-films-of-2021-from-karnan-sarpatta-parambarai-to-mandela-jai-bhim-10244351.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230140216/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/most-memorable-tamil-films-of-2021-from-karnan-sarpatta-parambarai-to-mandela-jai-bhim-10244351.html |archive-date=30 December 2021 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' (Manoj Kumar R.),<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=23 December 2021 |title=Jai Bhim, Sarpatta Parambarai and Master: Best and worst of Tamil cinema in 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jai-bhim-sarpatta-parambarai-master-the-good-and-the-bad-of-tamil-cinema-2021-yearender-7683572/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222040834/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jai-bhim-sarpatta-parambarai-master-the-good-and-the-bad-of-tamil-cinema-2021-yearender-7683572/ |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'' ([[Sowmya Rajendran]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=29 December 2021 |title=Jai Bhim to Maanaadu: Best Tamil cinema of 2021 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-maanaadu-best-tamil-cinema-2021-159279 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102123929/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-maanaadu-best-tamil-cinema-2021-159279 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> and ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' (Haricharan Pudipeddi).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=28 December 2021 |title=From Karnan to Jai Bhim and Master: Best of Tamil cinema in 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/from-karnan-to-jai-bhim-and-master-best-of-tamil-cinema-in-2021-101640701168928.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102062238/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/from-karnan-to-jai-bhim-and-master-best-of-tamil-cinema-in-2021-101640701168928.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
Following the success of the film, on 30 November 2021, Venkat Prabhu confirmed a sequel to the film with Silambarasan and S.J. Suryah returning. Prabhu added that the basic plot revolves around Khaliq going back to the loop resulting in Dhanushkodi returning to life.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2021 |title=Venkat Prabhu confirms 'Maanaadu 2' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-prabhu-confirms-maanaadu-2--news-tamil-vmbeW9hheafdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201134902/https://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-prabhu-confirms-maanaadu-2--news-tamil-vmbeW9hheafdf.html |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2021 |title=Venkat Prabhu: Dhanushkodi will return in Maanaadu 2! |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/30/venkat-prabhu-dhanushkodi-will-return-in-maanaadu-2-28136.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301141935/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/30/venkat-prabhu-dhanushkodi-will-return-in-maanaadu-2-28136.html |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
In January 2022, [[Suresh Productions]] acquired the film's remake rights in all other Indian languages as well as the dubbing rights of the film in Telugu version for {{INRConvert|12|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2022 |title=Simbu's Maanadu Remake Rights, Telugu Dubbing Rights Sold |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/simbus-maanadu-remake-rights-telugu-dubbing-rights-sold-149390 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110162741/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/simbus-maanadu-remake-rights-telugu-dubbing-rights-sold-149390 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2022 |title=Suresh Babu acquires remake rights for Simbu-starrer Maanaadu |work=[[India Today]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suresh-babu-acquires-remake-rights-for-simbu-starrer-maanaadu-1896875-2022-01-06 |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301141933/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suresh-babu-acquires-remake-rights-for-simbu-starrer-maanaadu-1896875-2022-01-06 |archive-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> In March, Venkat Prabhu said he planned to direct both the Hindi and Telugu remakes [[Multiple-language version|simultaneously]] with different star casts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=24 March 2022 |title=Maanaadu remake to be a Hindi-Telugu bilingual |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/mar/24/maanaaduremake-to-be-ahindi-telugu-bilingual-2433451.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526051307/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/mar/24/maanaaduremake-to-be-ahindi-telugu-bilingual-2433451.html |archive-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of films featuring time loops]]

== Notes ==
{{Noteslist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Venkat Prabhu}}

[[Category:2020s films about time travel]]
[[Category:2020s political action films]]
[[Category:2020s political thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 controversies]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Fiction about politics]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venkat Prabhu]]
[[Category:Films produced by Suresh Kamatchi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set on airplanes]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Salary controversies in film]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Time loop films]]

Suresh Mhatre

2026-04-21T22:53:03Z

Thereforedesignpune: created basic article with sources.

{{short description|Indian politician and Bhiwandi businessman (b. 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]]
| term_start = 16 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Kapil Patil|Kapil M. Patil]]
| majority = 66,121
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]] (since 2023)
 [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (until 2023)
| alma_mater = B.N.N. College (1989)
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Businessman]]
| nickname = ''Balya Mama''
| birth_place = Gundavali Village, [[Bhiwandi]], [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| image = Suresh Mhatre Balyamama.jpg
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5644?from=members
| spouse = Sharada
| parents = Gopinath Mhatre, Rekha Mhatre
}}

'''Suresh Gopinath Mhatre''' also known by locals as '''Balya Mama''' is an Indian politician and businessman from [[Maharashtra]], who has been serving as a [[Lok Sabha|member of Lok Sabha]] from [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]] seat since 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political Profile of Suresh Gopinath Mhatre Alias Balya Mama, Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar Party, Bhiwandi, and Net Worth |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2024/maharashtra/bhiwandi-constituency/candidate-list/suresh-gopinath-mhatre-alias-balya-mama-lok-sabha-candidate |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Mhatre was born in 1971 in [[Bhiwandi]], Maharashtra. He completed his school education at Parshuram Dhondu Tavre School in 1987 and his higher education in BNN college in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suresh Gopinath Mhatre Alias Balya Mama(Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar):Constituency- BHIWANDI(MAHARASHTRA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=7090 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Mhatre is associated with construction business.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=DH Web |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: BJP's Piyush Goyal, Congress' K N Tripathi among top 5 richest candidates in Phase 5 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-bjps-piyush-goyal-congress-k-n-tripathi-among-top-5-richest-candidates-in-phase-5-3025972 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He represents from [[Agri (caste)|Agri]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=It's BJP vs NCP (SP) but powerloom workers' worries drown din of polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-ncp-sp-powerloom-bhiwandi-9337557/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Mhatre was associated with [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS) in early politics. In 2014, he contested from Bhiwandi seat under MNS ticket but lost to BJP business rival [[Kapil Patil]] by receiving 93000 votes only. Later he switched to Shiv Sena.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 2019, Mhatre was denied of getting the same seat. In April 2019, he nominated himself as independent candidate to contest but later withdrawn under pressure from Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiv Sena rebel Suresh Mhatre takes back nomination |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shiv-sena-rebel-suresh-mhatre-takes-back-nomination-2739045 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

After that, Mhatre switched to NCP. In 2022, he served as rural district president of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party of Sharad faction]] in [[Thane]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-07-13 |title=Suresh Mhatre appoints as Thane District Rural President of NCP - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/thane/suresh-mhatre-appoints-as-thane-district-rural-president-of-ncp-a494/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>

Suresh Mhatre won the 2024 General election form [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi Lokshabha]] seat and won by 66121 votes against the seating MP [[Kapil Patil]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhiwandi election results 2024 live updates: Suresh Gopinath Mhatre of Nationalist Congress Party (SP) wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhiwandi-election-results-2024-live-updates-sharad-pawar-backed-ncps-candidate-suresh-mhatre-takes-lead-over-bjps-kapil-patil/articleshow/110698742.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

== Member of Lok Sabha ==
In 2024, he was nominated as NCP(SP) candidate. Following on that, [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) officials arrived with police force to take action at his company ''RK Lodgy World Warehouse Complex'' without issuing any notice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शरद पवार ने बाल्या मामा को भिवंडी से टिकट दिया, उधर MMRDA ने गोदामों पर चलाया हथौड़ा, बरसे सुरेश म्हात्रे |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/politics/sharad-pawar-candidate-from-bhiwandi-west-suresh-mhatre-balya-mama-mmrd-action/articleshow/109077508.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

According to his manifesto, he promises to connect Bhiwandi to [[Mumbai]] by starting a direct local train from [[Bhiwandi Road railway station|Bhiwandi Road Railway Station]] to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CSMT station]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-14 |title=Will start the local train from Bhiwandi to connect Mumbai: NCP (SP) candidate promise in manifesto |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/will-start-the-local-train-from-bhiwandi-to-connect-mumbai-ncp-sp-candidate-promise-in-manifesto/articleshow/110103320.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was elected from Bhiwandi by defeating Patil with the majority of 66,121 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mhatre, Suresh G.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Bhiwandi]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Munshilal Khatik

2026-04-20T05:12:48Z

Thereforedesignpune: new a details!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Munshilal Khatik
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Dimani Assembly constituency|Dimani]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Chief Minister's Relief Fund Madhya Pradesh | url=https://mponline.gov.in/Portal/Services/CMRF/Beneficiaries.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031000618/https://www.mponline.gov.in/Portal/Services/CMRF/Beneficiaries.html | access-date=2025-11-22 | archive-date=2012-10-31}}</ref>
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1993
| constituency1 = [[Dimani Assembly constituency|Dimani]]
| term_start1 = 1998
| term_end1 = 2003
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|1|13}}
| birth_place = Morena District
| parents =
| citizenship = India
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| education =
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| cabinet = ex Minister
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
}}

'''Munshilal Khatik''' is an Indian politician and member of Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh. He represents the Dimani- [[Morena (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] constituency of Madhya Pradesh and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] political party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/shivpuri-shivpuri-news-1119004|title=कुक्कुट निगम के अध्यक्ष ने कार्यकर्ताओं से की मुलाकात|date=2017-04-24|website=Nai Dunia|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Munshilal born in Murena district of Madhya Pradesh. Currently chairman of Animal husbandry and poultry development corporation, Madhya Pradesh.

== Political career ==
'''Munshilal Khatik''' is an Indian politician and member of Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh. He represents the [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]] constituency of Madhya Pradesh and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] political party.<ref name=":0" /> He has been five times MLA in Morena constituency and currently chairman of animal husbandry and poultry development corporation, Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karmveer.org/mp-morena-cabinet-minister-status-munshilal/|title=मप्र: कैबिनेट मंत्री का दर्जा लेकिन ऊंची जाति वालों के सामने आज भी ज़मीन पर बैठते हैं मुंशीलाल {{!}}|date=2018-05-01|language=en|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatik, Munshilal}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1990–1992]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003]]

Prajwala

2026-04-19T16:08:56Z

Thereforedesignpune: made basic entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Organization against prostitution and sex trafficking}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Prajwala
| logo = [[Image:Prajwala.jpg]]
| type = [[Non-Governmental Organization]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1996}}
| founders = [[Sunitha Krishnan|Ms. Sunitha Krishnan]] and Brother Jose Vetticatil
| location = [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| focus = Anti-Sex Trafficking
| num_employees = 200
| website = {{URL|http://www.prajwalaindia.com}}
}}

'''Prajwala''' is a [[non-governmental organization]] based in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]], devoted exclusively to eradicating [[prostitution]] and [[sex trafficking]]. Founded in 1996 by [[Sunitha Krishnan|Ms. Sunitha Krishnan]] and Brother Jose Vetticatil, the organization actively works in the areas of prevention, rescue, rehabilitation, re-integration, and advocacy to combat trafficking in every dimension and restore [[dignity]] to victims of commercial sexual exploitation.

Currently, Prajwala runs seventeen transition centers for children of women in prostitution,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2007/01/05/january-5-2007-sunitha-krishnan/3767/ |publisher= PBS Religion and Ethics Newsweekly |title=Sunitha Krishnan, episode no 1019 |accessdate=2007-01-05|date= 2007-01-05 }}</ref> three crisis counseling centers in police stations, a production-cum-training unit for economic rehabilitation, and a therapeutic shelter home for sex trafficked women and children,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alIXTQFjoHI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711222617/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alIXTQFjoHI |archive-date=2014-07-11 |url-status=dead|publisher= IBN Live|title= Hyderabad: Gang-rape survivor makes a film on her trauma, runs home for those exploited |accessdate=2013-03-07}}</ref> the majority of whom are [[HIV]] positive.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad-times/Preaching-through-the-mass-media/articleshow/1145434.cms |newspaper= Times of India|title= Preaching through the Mass Media |date= 17 June 2005|accessdate=2005-06-17}}</ref> Out of its 200 employees, 70% are survivors themselves.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vitalvoices.org/node/3471 | publisher=Vital Voices | title=Translating Anger to Action to End Violence Against Women in India | year=2013 | access-date=2014-03-16 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140316104014/http://www.vitalvoices.org/node/3471 | archive-date=2014-03-16 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Prajwala also forms partnerships with local communities, civil society, corporate agencies and government bodies on various aspects of prevention, protection and prosecution throughout India and the world.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2009/06/20090609155714ajesrom4.254657e-02.html#axzz2vdhun5SR |publisher= United States Embassy – IIP Digital|title= Innovative Activists Save Trafficking Victims in Jordan and India|accessdate=2009-06-16}}</ref>

== Mission ==
Prajwala holds the conviction that sex trafficking is the worst form of human rights violation and flesh trade the oldest form of sexual slavery. The organization is dedicated to creating a trafficking-free society where no woman or child is sexually exploited and no human being is treated as a commodity. The larger goal is to demonstrate best field practices for up-scaling, replication and adaptation by state and non-state agencies to ensure anti-trafficking mechanisms are in place.{{cn|date=March 2022}}

==History==
The philosophy of Prajwala evolved after the oldest [[red light district]] of Hyderabad city, Mehboob ki Mehindi, was forcibly evacuated in 1996. As a result, thousands of women caught in the clutches of prostitution were suddenly uprooted, homeless and displaced.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hyderabad-activist-enables-sex-workers-start-life-afresh-107092501105_1.html |publisher= Business Standard|title= Hyderabad activist enables sex workers start life afresh |accessdate=2007-09-25|newspaper= Business Standard India|date= 2007-09-24|last1= Kanth|first1= K. Rajani}}</ref> Based on the women's plea for a dignified future for their children, two visionaries—a Catholic Missionary named Brother Jose Vetticatil and a then Hindu nun Ms. Sunitha Krishnan—joined forces to initiate an intervention to prevent minors from entering the [[sex trade]]. This program, called Prevention Through Education, initially consisted of a small school run out of a vacated brothel.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rdasia.com/india-sex-industry|publisher= Reader’s Digest Asia|title= India's Sex Industry: She saves the innocent and pursues the guilty|accessdate= 2010-09-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160822210749/http://www.rdasia.com/india-sex-industry|archive-date= 2016-08-22|url-status= dead}}</ref>

The ongoing process of interaction with the women posed a threat to the traffickers, the middle-men, and the brokers, which led to a long challenge and struggle for the core team of Prajwala. The founders were faced with life-threatening situations a number of times,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=34b15b208f46187a371ddda12eca34b9 | publisher=New American Media | title=Indian Activist Warns Teens About Sex Trafficking | accessdate=2006-12-27 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415123608/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=34b15b208f46187a371ddda12eca34b9 | archive-date=2013-04-15 | url-status=usurped }}</ref> which they braved through with the conviction that a viable alternative is possible. The enormity of the situation and the vastness of the task did not stop Prajwala from making a small change in this community. As the journey progressed, Prajwala's reach expanded to meet the multifold needs of victims and establish a wide range of anti-trafficking initiatives, with full faith in people's participation in the process of social transformation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://smilefoundationindia.org/prajwala.htm| publisher=Smile Foundation| title=Prajwala| year=2009| access-date=2014-03-16| archive-date=2016-04-05| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405062055/http://www.smilefoundationindia.org/prajwala.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==The Approach==
Over the years, Prajwala evolved need-based interventions through a multi-pronged, strategic approach, consisting of five pillars: prevention, rescue, rehabilitation, re-integration, and advocacy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ccic.ca/members/profiles/l%27oeuvre_leger_2012-06_e.php | publisher=Canadian Council for International Co-operation | title=Léger Foundation Member Profile May-June 2012 | year=2012 | access-date=2014-03-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630224435/http://ccic.ca/members/profiles/l%27oeuvre_leger_2012-06_e.php | archive-date=2016-06-30 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Prevention===
Prajwala uses value-based education as a primary tool to prevent children of women in prostitution from entering this trade.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-eworld/gutsy-crusader/article1084575.ece |work= The Hindu|title= Gutsy Crusader: Fighting to free Women |date= 15 November 2009|accessdate=2009-11-16}}</ref> The organization's transition centers in Hyderabad function as bridging schools which not only foster the overall development of the children, but also equip them with the necessary psychosocial and scholastic skills to ensure a bright future that breaks the cycles of poverty and social exclusion. Mothers as well as local leaders serve as key contributors and partners in this program. Till date these centers have reached out to over 7,000 children and prevented them from being inducted into inter-generational prostitution.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.inktalks.com/people/sunithakrishnan |publisher= INK Talks|title= Sunitha Krishnan|year=2012}}</ref>

The organization also builds the capacities of individuals and groups through active linkage with community members, police and district administration to create a zero tolerance for commercial sexual exploitation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://kannadigaworld.com/special/women/18551.html |publisher= Kannadiga World|title= Inspiring Women: Sunitha Krishnan – Fighting The Scourge Of Human Trafficking |date= 24 June 2013|accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref> In 2011, Prajwala initiated a mass campaign called Men Against Demand (MAD),<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/men-do-their-bit-to-fight-trafficking-of-women/article1580932.ece |newspaper= The Hindu|title= Men do their bit to fight trafficking of women |accessdate=2011-03-29|date= 2011-03-28|author= Staff Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYw9DQs29FY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711230215/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYw9DQs29FY |archive-date=2014-07-11 |url-status=dead|publisher= Friday Matinee Show –YouTube|title= Sunitha Krishnan's Prajwala with new Mode of Resistance against Women Harassment|accessdate=2012-12-12}}</ref> which mobilises men to take a stand against seeking paid sex and encourages them to fight against sex trafficking by abolishing its demand.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article1364448.ece#.UyBLpz-SzXQ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316152112/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article1364448.ece#.UyBLpz-SzXQ | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 16, 2014 |publisher= The New Indian Express |title= Bevco outlets witness 'MAD' campaign against trafficking|accessdate=2012-12-03}}</ref> Since its inception, Prajwala's Community-based Prevention Program has sensitised over 8 million people.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/she-sets-the-bonded-free/article2308291.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |title= She sets the bonded free |accessdate=2011-07-30|date= 2011-07-30 |last1= Jain |first1= Sonam }}</ref>

===Rescue===
In the initial years, Prajwala had negative experiences with cops, so the Rescue and Restoration Program team worked independently, without police cooperation. However, when a member of the team—an ex-[[pimp]]—was brutally murdered in 1999, Prajwala began collaborating with law enforcement officials to conduct joint rescue operations.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/138840/she-battles-on.html |publisher= The Deccan Herald |title= She battles on|date= 2011-02-18 }}</ref>

<blockquote>Sometimes, the men pose as customers, either to act as decoys during a raid or to gather information about a brothel. Survivors work as counselors, giving immediate guidance to the terrified rescued girls. None of them have weapons, and the threat of violence is constant. But Prajwala offers its employees something precious—the opportunity to make a profound impact in people’s lives day after day.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/03/03/the-sex-slave-rescuer.html |newspaper= The Daily Beast |title= The Sex-Slave Rescuer|accessdate=2010-03-03|date= 2010-03-03 |last1= Goldberg |first1= Michelle }}</ref></blockquote>

Today, Prajwala regularly partners with Anti-Human Trafficking Units (ATHUs), State CID inspectors and Women Protection Cells across India to investigate and rescue women from the flesh trade.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article1237403.ece?service=print| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316141814/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article1237403.ece?service=print| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 16, 2014|publisher= The New Indian Express |title= State CID rescues 10 women from Mumbai brothel |accessdate=2012-09-21}}</ref> The organization extends moral, financial, legal and social support to victims and ensures that perpetrators are brought to justice.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Minor-girls-rescue-effort-begins-in-Kerala-with-launch-of-Nirbhaya/articleshow/10408595.cms?referral=PM|work= The Times of India|title=Minor girls rescue effort begins in Kerala with launch of Nirbhaya|date= 19 October 2011|accessdate=2011-10-19}}</ref> Prajwala also operates three Crisis Counseling Centers in police stations at entry and exit points throughout Hyderabad to identify minors in prostitution and intercept trafficking cases.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xFnEyqFupUC|publisher= Orient Blackswan|title= Trafficking in Women and Children in India|accessdate=2005-01-01|isbn= 9788125028451|year= 2005}}</ref> So far, the organization has rescued over 9,500 victims<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/mother-of-gangrape-victim-calls-for-unity-in-fighting-crime/article5760115.ece|newspaper= The Hindu|title= Mother of gang-rape victim calls for unity in fighting crime |accessdate=2014-03-07|date= 2014-03-07|last1= Tankha|first1= Madhur}}</ref> from commercial sexual exploitation.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130304-shes-every-woman-762151-2013-02-19 |publisher= India Today|title=She's Every Woman|date= 20 February 2013|access-date=2013-02-20}}</ref>

===Rehabilitation===
In order to address the multi-dimensional needs of trafficked victims, Prajwala facilitates psychological, economic and civic aspects of rehabilitation for rescued children and adults.{{cn|date=March 2022}}

Prajwala has built a residential shelter home 65 km close to Hyderabad to provide a safe and healing environment for young women and girls rescued from the flesh trade. When they first arrive, victims often attempt to escape or commit suicide due to extreme [[PTSD|post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[Stockholm syndrome]] and life-threatening diseases such as HIV/AIDS, which is why crisis counseling and psychosocial support is provided to aid the healing process.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/22/stories/2011022260560700.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227063604/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/22/stories/2011022260560700.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2011-02-27| work=[[The Hindu]]|title= Laying bare the tentacles of trafficking | date=2011-02-22|accessdate=2011-02-22}}</ref> With the help of social workers, medical staff, caretakers and teachers, Prajwala also provides health care, education, yoga & meditation, nutritious diet, therapeutic programs & activities, and life-skills & [[vocational education|vocational training]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YziMgRL8UZM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/YziMgRL8UZM |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title= A Home Away From Home - Prajwala Therapeutic Community|website=[[YouTube]] |date=5 August 2011 |accessdate=2011-08-05}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

As part of economic empowerment, Prajwala helps survivors acquire the skills and capacities needed to gain a dignified livelihood and thrive independently. In the small-scale production-cum-training unit, survivors become experts in non-conventional trades such as [[welding]], [[bookbinding]], [[carpentry]], [[desktop publishing]] and [[screen printing]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.heraldofindia.com/achiever.php?id=283 | publisher=The Herald of India | title=Woman of Steel | access-date=2014-03-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310042721/http://heraldofindia.com/achiever.php?id=283 | archive-date=2016-03-10 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

<blockquote>Prajwala’s focus has been on tapping the innate potential and strengths of these survivors in ventures aimed at their re-integration into the mainstream society as equals. This means capitalizing on the strength that the girls were forced to acquire – their fearlessness and lack of inhibition.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/CompendiumBestPracticesHumanTrafficking.pdf|publisher= United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|title= Compendium of Best Practices on Anti-Human Trafficking by Non-Governmental Organizations|year=2008}}</ref></blockquote>

The economic rehabilitation strategy involves intensive need and aptitude-based research, combined with market assessment in order to produce viable and sustainable economic opportunities.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/100-Best-Practices-in-Combating-TIP_Final-Doc1.pdf |publisher= The Protection Project|title= 100 Best Practices in Combating Trafficking In Persons: The Role of Civil Society|year=2012}}</ref> Prajwala works in cooperation with the corporate sector to place survivors in jobs according to their interests, such as taxi drivers, camera operators, housekeepers, security guards, nursing attendants, masons and more.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/Nerves-of-steel/2013/09/22/article1793955.ece#.UyAnHj-SzXR| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925050943/http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/Nerves-of-steel/2013/09/22/article1793955.ece#.UyAnHj-SzXR| url-status=dead| archive-date=September 25, 2013|publisher= The New Indian Express|title= Nerves of Steel|accessdate=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saint-of-the-streets-/articleshow/5404987.cms?referral=PM |work= The Times of India|title= Saint of the Streets|date= 2 January 2010|accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref> Over the years, hundreds of survivors have been trained in the production-cum-training unit and secured employment outside of the organization in service, hospitality, and construction industries.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tY8kXfiicE4C|publisher= Vital Voices, John Wiley & Sons|title= Vital Voices: The Power of Women Leading Change Around the World |accessdate=2012-06-05|isbn= 9781118240533|date= 2012-05-16}}</ref>

Prajwala's final phase of rehabilitation entails gaining a civic identity through provision of immediate relief benefits, housing, health, ration and electoral photo identification cards.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.worldofchildren.org/honoree/sunitha-krishnan/|publisher= World of Children|title= Sunitha Krishnan: Prajwala|year=2006}}</ref> Over the years, 521 survivors have been given housing under the weaker section's housing scheme—a subsidised government welfare program.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.prajwalaindia.com/images/downloads/Annual%20Report%20-%202012-2013.pdf|publisher= Prajwala|title= Annual Report 2012-2013|year= 2013|access-date= 2014-03-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160608182801/http://prajwalaindia.com/images/downloads/Annual%20Report%20-%202012-2013.pdf|archive-date= 2016-06-08|url-status= dead}}</ref> As [[2012 Delhi gang rape|Nirbhaya]] project advisor in Kerala,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sunitha-krishnan-appointed-advisor-for-kerala-women-s-project-113011800495_1.html|publisher= Business Standard|title= Sunitha Krishnan appointed advisor for Kerala women's project|accessdate=2010-10-07|newspaper= Business Standard India|date= 2010-10-07|agency= Press Trust of India}}</ref> Ms. Krishnan has also successfully appealed the government to provide financial compensation to minor [[rape]] victims.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://kannadigaworld.com/news/karavali/23850.html|publisher= Kannadiga World|title= Kerala govt announces Rs. 3 lakh for Manipal rape victim|date= 24 July 2013|accessdate=2013-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Alarming-rise-in-attacks-on-girl-students/articleshow/27153999.cms |newspaper= Times of India|title= Alarming rise in 'attacks' on girl students|date= 10 December 2013|accessdate=2013-12-10}}</ref>

===Re-integration===
In order to help survivors successfully re-integrate into mainstream society, Prajwala re-unites them with their families, arranges for their marriage, and supports independent-living arrangements.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okZBJwx-z_g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/okZBJwx-z_g |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title= GlobalGiving: The 50 Brides of Prajwala.|website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=2007-12-07}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2007, Prajwala launched the survivor's movement ''Aparajita'' (meaning "those who remain undefeated against all odds"), which is a network for re-integrated survivors to access social support and a platform for advocacy.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vitalvoices.org/node/3472|publisher= Vital Voices|title= Aparajita: The Undefeated|year= 2013|access-date= 2014-03-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140316142251/http://www.vitalvoices.org/node/3472|archive-date= 2014-03-16|url-status= dead}}</ref> A two-day National Survivor's Conference was organized by Prajwala in 2011 in which 40 Aparajita members prepared a charter on the course to be adopted in rescue and rehabilitation of trafficked victims, which was presented to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to implement as a Victim Protection Protocol.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/survivors-recount-their-ordeal/article2146459.ece|newspaper= The Hindu|title= Survivors Recount their Ordeal|accessdate=2011-06-30|date= 2011-06-29|author= Staff Reporter}}</ref>

===Advocacy===
Prajwala has worked relentlessly to bring about a change in the attitude of India's government for victim-friendly policies, as well as awareness regarding sex trafficking, through political, legal, and media advocacy.{{cn|date=March 2022}}

====Policy and legal advocacy====
In 2002, Prajwala conducted an action research and publication of a document entitled ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bf6YPwAACAAJ The Shattered Innocence]'' on inter-state trafficking from [[Andhra Pradesh]] to other states, revealing the reality and magnitude of the crime along with a demographic profile of vulnerable communities.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_TD24H4troC|publisher= Socio Legal Information Cent|title= Trafficking and the Law|year=2011|isbn= 9788189479756}}</ref> Upon submitting this report to the government, a state-level consultation on the need for a multi-sectoral approach to address the issue emerged.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2002/10/24/church-study-documents-plight-of-trafficked-women-of-andhra-pradesh&post_id=21513|publisher= UCA News|title= Church Study Documents Plight of Trafficked Women of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate= 2002-10-24|archive-date= 2014-03-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140316141124/http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2002/10/24/church-study-documents-plight-of-trafficked-women-of-andhra-pradesh&post_id=21513|url-status= dead}}</ref>

In collaboration with Prajwala, the Department of Women and Child Welfare started taking a proactive role in all post-rescue work. As a result of Prajwala's lobbying efforts, a high-level state coordination committee was formed with secretaries of all relevant government departments. Draft guidelines of the state policy to combat trafficking was prepared by Prajwala, and after state-level cabinet member approval, the policy was brought forth as [http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20Links/Departments/Women%20Development,%20Child%20Welfare%20and%20Disabled%20Welfare/Govt-Gos-Acts/2003/GO.Ms.1.2003.html GO Ms 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000519/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20Links/Departments/Women%20Development,%20Child%20Welfare%20and%20Disabled%20Welfare/Govt-Gos-Acts/2003/GO.Ms.1.2003.html |date=2016-03-04 }} on Jan 1, 2003.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://issuu.com/postnoon/docs/epaper_24_july_2013|publisher= Post Noon|title=No Funds, Relief for Victims|date= 24 July 2013|accessdate=2013-07-24}}</ref>

In 2013, Prajwala lobbied extensively for an anti-trafficking policy in Kerala called the [[Nirbhaya Fund]] Scheme for Women and Children, and Ms. Sunitha Krishnan became the state advisor for this groundbreaking policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralawomen.gov.in/index.php/headlines/270-sunitha-krishnan-advisor-for-kerala-women-s-project-1|publisher=Kerala Women|title=Sunitha Krishnan: Advisor for Kerala women's Project|accessdate=2013-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003134023/http://www.keralawomen.gov.in/index.php/headlines/270-sunitha-krishnan-advisor-for-kerala-women-s-project-1|archive-date=2019-10-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was also appointed as a member of the Andhra Pradesh State Women's Commission<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/defunct-andhra-pradesh-women-s-commission-reconstituted-374843|publisher= NDTV|title= Defunct Andhra Pradesh Women's Commission Reconstituted|accessdate=2013-06-03}}</ref> and contributed to India's new [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013|Bill on Rape]], which was passed in Parliament in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tehelka.com/why-even-rapists-deserve-due-process/?singlepage=1|publisher= Tehelka|title= Why Even Rapists Deserve Due Process|accessdate= 2013-01-26|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140316141318/http://www.tehelka.com/why-even-rapists-deserve-due-process/?singlepage=1|archive-date= 2014-03-16|url-status= dead}}</ref> to increase punitive measures for sexual violence and assault.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.karmayog.in/nl/sites/default/files/Jan14/Prajwala%20Newsletter%20-%20December%202013.pdf|publisher= Karmayog|title= Prajwala: December 2013 Monthly Newsletter|year= 2013|access-date= 2014-03-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160508100902/http://www.karmayog.in/nl/sites/default/files/Jan14/Prajwala%20Newsletter%20-%20December%202013.pdf|archive-date= 2016-05-08|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Furthermore, Ms. Sunitha Krishnan has conducted sensitisation workshops for thousands of senior police officers, judges, prosecutors and Child Welfare Committee members<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/childfriendly-courts-needed/article3980186.ece|newspaper= The Hindu|title= Child-Friendly Courts Needed|accessdate=2012-10-09|date= 2012-10-08|author= Staff Reporter}}</ref> to equip them with the requisite understanding and skills to effectively handle cases of human trafficking and advocate for child-friendly courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/10/3/225-Delhi-Police-organized-workshop-on-human-trafficking.html|publisher=News Track India|title=Delhi Police organized workshop on human trafficking|accessdate=2013-10-03|archive-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316140550/http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/10/3/225-Delhi-Police-organized-workshop-on-human-trafficking.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result, police personnel ranking from Superintendents to Sub Inspectors have been trained on how to combat the crime<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/workshop-to-discuss-how-to-combat-human-trafficking/article2486277.ece|newspaper= The Hindu|title=Workshop to discuss how to combat human trafficking|accessdate=2011-09-26|date= 2011-09-25|author= Staff Reporter}}</ref> and address the psycho-social needs of victims during and after rescue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://policewala.in/article-detail.php?ArticleID=n2NgnQ%3D%3D&CategoryID|publisher= Police Wala News|title= Workshop on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings|year=2012}}</ref>

====Media advocacy====
In collaboration with internationally acclaimed director [[Rajesh Touchriver]], Prajwala has produced several films on sex trafficking and [[child sexual abuse]] to educate and sensitise the masses. The 2005 documentary ''Anamika—The Nameless''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/02/16/stories/2005021603160200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316142512/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/02/16/stories/2005021603160200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2014-03-16 | work=[[The Hindu]] |title=A Touching Depiction|year=2005}}</ref> won the AC award under "Best Foreign Award" category, Best Editing from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427015724/http://www.mamut.net/2cine/newsdet8.htm Festival Cine de Granada] and Best Documentary Film Award at the [[Hyderabad International Film Festival|HIFF]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/10/anamika-wins-best-film-award-in-non-fiction-category-1199982764.html|publisher=One India News|title=Anamika Wins Best Film Award in Non-Fiction Category|access-date=2008-01-10|date=2008-01-10|archive-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316141615/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/01/10/anamika-wins-best-film-award-in-non-fiction-category-1199982764.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film has since been included in the curriculum of India's National Police Academy and National Judicial Academy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/07/30/stories/2009073050560100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613052135/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/07/30/stories/2009073050560100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-06-13|title=Keeping hope alive Real-life hero|accessdate=2009-07-30|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date= 2009-07-29}}</ref> Prajwala's shockingly vivid film ''The Sacred Face'' also broke the silence about the horrors of [[incest]] among high-level officials in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/16/stories/2008031657550200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080319231846/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/16/stories/2008031657550200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2008-03-19|title=Documentary on incest shocks viewers|accessdate=2009-07-30|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date=2008-03-15}}</ref>

In 2009, Ms. Sunitha Krishnan gave a speech during an official [[TED (conference)|TED India]] conference about Prajwala's work, which has since inspired over 2.5 million viewers globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/sunitha_krishnan_the_fight_against_sex_slavery |publisher=TED India|title=Sunitha Krishnan: The Fight Against Sex Slavery|date=7 December 2009 }}</ref> Her [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBc9s2R7mJs July 2012 appearance] on [[Aamir Khan]]’s television show [[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]] was instrumental in not only garnering huge funds but also networking with business owners willing to provide job placements for survivors.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.satyamevjayate.in/the-idea-of-india/rebuilding-lives.aspx|publisher= Satyamev Jayate|title= Rebuilding Lives: Prajwala begins the construction of a new life-skills Center|year=2013}}</ref> In addition, Prajwala sensitised over 3,000 corporate houses through the INK<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.inktalks.com/discover/185/sunitha-krishnan-a-year-after-tedindia|publisher= INK Talks|title= Sunitha Krishnan: A year after TEDIndia #INKtalks|year= 2011|access-date= 2014-03-16|archive-date= 2014-03-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140316141848/http://www.inktalks.com/discover/185/sunitha-krishnan-a-year-after-tedindia|url-status= dead}}</ref> and [[TiE|The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE)]] conferences, which made a deep impact on the attendees.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://entrepreneurindia.in/thebuzz/specialreport/women-social-entrepreneurs-inspire-attendees-at-tiecon-delhi-2012/15723/|publisher= INK Talks|title= Women social entrepreneurs inspire attendees at TiEcon Delhi 2012|accessdate= 2012-10-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121026001137/http://entrepreneurindia.in/thebuzz/specialreport/women-social-entrepreneurs-inspire-attendees-at-tiecon-delhi-2012/15723/|archive-date= 2012-10-26|url-status= dead}}</ref>

In January 2013, Prajwala launched its bilingual feature film on sex trafficking titled [http://www.entethemovie.com/ ''Ente''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806180433/http://entethemovie.com/ |date=2012-08-06 }} in Malayalam and ''Na Bangaru Talli'' in Telugu. The Chief Minister of Kerala [[Ommen Chandy|Shri Oommen Chandy]] and Social Welfare Minister [[M. K. Muneer]] attended the debut [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=083bv4nmuRY audio release of ''Ente''] in [[Kochi]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFP0i8C5dRY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/KFP0i8C5dRY |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|publisher= Indiavision|title= Sunitha Krishnan's 'Ente" audio CD released|date=8 December 2012 |accessdate=2012-12-08}}{{cbignore}}</ref> as well as the film's premier in Trivandrum. ''Na Bangaru Talli'' has won 5 international awards in 2013,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20131104-i-mortgaged-my-apartment-to-produce-this-film-says-rajesh-touchriver-768252-2013-10-24|publisher= India Today|title= I mortgaged my apartment to produce this film|date= 25 October 2013|access-date=2013-10-25}}</ref> including Best Feature Film Award at [http://trinityinternationalfilmfest.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_22.html Trinity International Film Festival], USA and Award of Excellence from IFFCRM, Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-story-of-naa-bangaru-talli-is-quite-shocking-south/20140310.htm|publisher= Rediff Online News|title=The story of Naa Bangaru Talli is quite shocking.|accessdate=2014-03-10}}</ref>

==Founders==
Ms. Sunitha Krishnan is a rare breed of individual who has committed her life as a full-time volunteer in Prajwala. A mental health professional, she has done extensive research and is essentially a field practitioner. She has been instrumental in rescuing thousands of children from severely abusive conditions and restoring childhood to them. Ms. Sunitha Krishnan is making it possible for India's government and citizens organizations to manage jointly a range of protective and rehabilitative services for children and women who have been trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. For her efforts in the anti-trafficking sector she has been awarded Stree Shakthi Puraskar (National Award), Perdita Huston Human Rights Award and the World Of Children Health Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ashoka.org/node/2645|publisher=Ashoka|title=Sunitha Krishnan|year=2002|access-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062433/https://www.ashoka.org/node/2645|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bro Jose Vetticatil was an engineer by training. As a brother belonging to the order of Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel, Bro Jose was committed to the cause of deprived for 28 years. He was involved in post-earthquake rehabilitation efforts in [[Latur]]. His main contribution was in the field of technical training for deprived boys. As the Director of Boys Town, a reputed technical training institute, Bro Jose was instrumental in creating a self-sustaining production-cum-training center. As the erstwhile president of Prajwala, Bro Jose was not only the guiding force behind all interventions but also the master mind behind all the economic rehabilitation programs. After leading Prajwala for over nine years and shaping all its interventions, Bro Jose Vetticatil died on 18 September 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2005/10/25/remembering-a-true-holy-man/|work=The Baltimore Sun|title=Remembering A True Holy Man|access-date=2005-10-25|archive-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316135906/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2005-10-25/news/0510250043_1_hyderabad-brother-traffickers|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Prajwala has received several national and international awards for its outstanding efforts:
* In April, 2008, Prajwala won the prestigious AGFUND International Award for its pioneering work to Combat Trafficking of Women and Children through Community Partnership.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.agfund.org/en/prize/the_winner/prize_2007/Pages/default.aspx|publisher= AGFUND|title= International Prize for Pioneering Development Projects|year= 2007|access-date= 2014-03-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130723132335/http://www.agfund.org/en/prize/the_winner/prize_2007/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date= 2013-07-23|url-status= dead}}</ref>
* Prajwala received the National Award for Child Welfare from the Govt. of India in February, 2009 for the exceptional services it renders to prevent child trafficking and its outstanding efforts to rescue and rehabilitate child victims of sex trafficking.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/08/stories/2009020859450300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023150052/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/08/stories/2009020859450300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-23|title= Prajwala Wins National Award|accessdate=2009-02-08|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date= 2009-02-07}}</ref>
* Edelgive Foundation, the philanthropic arm of Edelweiss Capital, conferred the EdelGive Social Innovation Award to Prajwala in 2011 for its path-breaking work on economic security and livelihoods of victims of trafficking.

Based on her courageous and tireless work as an anti-trafficking crusader, Prajwala's founder Ms. Sunitha Krishnan has also received numerous accolades and honors including [[Real Heroes Award]] from Reliance Foundation and CNN-IBN (2008),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://realheroes.com/sunita-krishnan.php|publisher=Reliance Foundation|title=Real Heroes Award 2008|year=2008|access-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213043347/http://www.realheroes.com/sunita-krishnan.php|archive-date=2017-02-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009/123131.htm Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report Heroes] from [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] (2009), [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]] Awards (2011),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nycaribnews.com/news.php?viewStory=1029|publisher=John Jay College of Criminal Justice|title=John Jay College Justice Awards 2011|year=2011|access-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125172147/http://nycaribnews.com/news.php?viewStory=1029|archive-date=2011-11-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vanitha Woman of the Year Award (2011),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article186558.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080606/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article186558.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2016|publisher= The New Indian Express|title= Vanitha Woman of the Year award for Sunitha|accessdate=2010-07-25}}</ref> Living Legends Award from Human Symphony Foundation (2013),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humansymphonyfoundation.org/Awards_Bios/Krishnan-bio.htm|publisher=Human Symphony Foundation|title=Living Legend Award 2013|year=2013|access-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316140150/http://www.humansymphonyfoundation.org/Awards_Bios/Krishnan-bio.htm|archive-date=2014-03-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Award 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8qIs9CG3e4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/v8qIs9CG3e4 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title= Sunitha Krishnan: National Bravery Award 2013|website=[[YouTube]] |date=8 May 2013 |accessdate=2013-05-08}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and People of the Year award from [[Limca Book of Records]], 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/peopleoftheyear/26.aspx|publisher=LIMCA Book of Records|title=People of the Year 2014|year=2014|access-date=2014-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119055206/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/peopleoftheyear/26.aspx|archive-date=2015-01-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Prostitution in India]]
* [[Prostitution in Asia]]
* [[Prostitution in Kolkata]]
* [[Prostitution in Mumbai]]
* [[World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights]]
* [[Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee]]
* [[All Bengal Women's Union]]
* [[Sonagachi]]
* [[Kamathipura]]
* [[Garstin Bastion Road, New Delhi]]
* [[Male prostitution]]

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* Prajwala Website [http://www.prajwalaindia.com]
* "Sunitha Krishnan A Trento: il 3 ottobre alla Sala della Cooperazione." ''Cinformi.'' Oct 2, 2013. [http://www.cinformi.it/index.php/news_ed_eventi/archivio_news/anno_2013/sunitha_krishnan_a_trento/(offset)/0/(limit)/4/(sb)/312] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073800/http://www.cinformi.it/index.php/news_ed_eventi/archivio_news/anno_2013/sunitha_krishnan_a_trento/(offset)/0/(limit)/4/(sb)/312 |date=2016-03-04 }}
* "Sunitha Krishnan and Prajwala Foundation." ''Journalist Diary - Tv9.'' June 3, 2013. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSDZkihQ3mk]
* "I experimented with myself during my stay in Mangalore." ''The Hindu.'' November 16, 2012. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/i-experimented-with-myself-during-my-stay-in-mangalore/article4100516.ece]
* "From real to reel." ''The Hindu.'' June 20, 2012. [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/from-real-to-reel/article3550949.ece]
* "The Ugly Truth: Has A Disha (Hope)." ''Houston South Asian Lifestyle Society News.'' April 8, 2011 [http://www.lcahouston.com/2011/04/the-ugly-truth-has-a-disha-hope/]
* "Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women." ''Spectrum Magazine.'' Jun 7, 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141127224324/http://spectrummagazine.org/review/2010/06/07/half-sky-turning-oppression-opportunity-women]
* "Saving the Children." ''Christianity Today.'' [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2010/juneweb-only/savingchildren.html]
* Price III, G. Jefferson, "Women who shoulder the world's burdens with grace," ''Christian Science Monitor'', April 10, 2006 [https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0410/p09s01-coop.htm]

{{Prostitution in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|human sexuality|Prostitution|Sex work|Feminism}}

[[Category:1996 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sex worker organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Telangana]]
[[Category:Sexuality in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1996]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS prevention organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations that combat human trafficking]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Human trafficking in India]]

Kalkaji Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:38Z

Thereforedesignpune: done

{{short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = New Delhi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 51
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[New Delhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
| electors = 1,46,750
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Atishi.jpg
| mla = [[Atishi Marlena]]
| party = [[File:Aam Aadmi Party Flag.svg |20px]] {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

'''Kalkaji Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern India.

==Overview==
The present geographical structure of Kalkaji constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Kalkaji is part of [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Bijwasan (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bijwasan]], [[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]], [[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Chhatarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]], [[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]], [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]], [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]], [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] and [[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Purnima Sethi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Subhash Chopra]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Harmeet Singh Kalka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[Avtar Singh (politician)|Avtar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan =2|[[Atishi Marlena]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Kalkaji}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Atishi Marlena]]
| votes = 52,154
| percentage = 48.79
| change = -3.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate= [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]
|votes=48,633
|percentage=45.5
|change=+3.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Alka Lamba]]
|votes=4,392
|percentage=4.11
|change=-0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=NOTA
|candidate=None of the above
|votes=556
|percentage=0.52
|change=-
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=3,521
|percentage=3.29
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,06,876
|percentage=
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Kalkaji}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Atishi Marlena]]
| votes = 55,897
| percentage = 52.28
| change = +0.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Dharambir
| votes = 44,504
| percentage = 41.63
| change = +8.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Shivani Chopra
| votes = 4,965
| percentage = 4.64
| change = -8.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 551
| percentage = 0.52
| change = +0.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Jay Prakash Sharma
| votes = 551
| percentage = 0.44
| change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 11,393
| percentage = 10.65
| change = -7.90
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,06,910
| percentage =57.51
| change =-7.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +0.57
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Kalkaji}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Avtar Singh (politician)|Avtar Singh]]
| votes = 55,104
| percentage = 51.71
| change = +20.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Harmeet Singh Kalka]]
| votes = 35,335
| percentage = 33.16
| change = -0.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Subhash Chopra
| votes = 13,552
| percentage = 12.71
| change = -15.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Shashi Pratap
| votes = 491
| percentage = 0.46
| change = -0.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 528
| percentage = 0.49
| change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 19,769
| percentage = 18.55
| change = +16.30
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,06,558
| percentage =64.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +19.89
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Kalkaji}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Harmeet Singh Kalka]]
| votes = 30,683
| percentage = 33.77
| change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Dharambir Singh]]
| votes = 28,639
| percentage = 31.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Subhash Chopra]]
| votes = 25,787
| percentage = 28.38
| change = -23.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dharmender Kumar
| votes = 3,092
| percentage = 3.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ajay Kr Aggarwal
| votes = 1,235
| percentage = 1.36
| change = -11.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jan Samanta Party
| candidate = Mohd Vikki Khan
| votes = 176
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
| candidate = Ramu
| votes = 172
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sunil Garg
| votes = 162
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Surender Singh
| votes = 124
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bhesh Dhari
| votes = 83
| percentage =0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Suman Yadav
| votes = 78
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| candidate = Ramesh Chand Yadav
| votes = 49
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 581
| percentage = 0.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,044
| percentage = 2.25
| change = -15.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 90,882
| percentage = 63.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = -0.02
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Kalkaji<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Subhash Chopra
| votes = 38,360
| percentage = 51.91
| change = -12.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jai Gopal Abrol
| votes = 24,971
| percentage = 33.79
| change = +1.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Avinash Kaur]]
| votes = 9,455
| percentage = 12.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sushil Kumar Agarwal
| votes = 432
| percentage = 0.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Om Prakash Abrol
| votes = 353
| percentage = 0.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Lavesh Kumar Gautam
| votes = 172
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Alam
| votes = 161
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 13,389
| percentage = 18.12
| change = -13.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 73,904
| percentage = 51.3
| change = -1.50
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -12.22
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Kalkaji<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Subhash Chopra
| votes = 35,721
| percentage = 64.13
| change = +10.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Purnima Sethi
| votes = 18,077
| percentage = 32.45
| change = -11.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Kalpana
| votes = 654
| percentage = 1.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Anil Bawa
| votes = 329
| percentage = 0.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Sarla Singh
| votes = 278
| percentage = 0.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajinder Singh
| votes = 230
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Aswani Kumar
| votes = 160
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Neelam
| votes = 133
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Neeraj Kumar Bakshi
| votes = 121
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 17,644
| percentage = 31.68
| change = +22.29
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 55,703
| percentage = 52.80
| change = +7.87
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +10.51
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Kalkaji<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Subhash Chopra
| votes = 29,948
| percentage = 53.62
| change = +14.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Purnima Sethi
| votes = 24,704
| percentage = 44.23
| change = -3.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sewa Singh
| votes = 665
| percentage = 1.19
| change = +0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Jasvinder Singh
| votes = 203
| percentage = 0.36
| change = -2.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
| candidate = Vijender Kumar
| votes = 99
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Parminder Singh
| votes = 97
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh
| candidate = Laxmi Narayan Goyal
| votes = 70
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nirmal Singh
| votes = 62
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,244
| percentage = 9.39
| change = +0.91
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 55,848
| percentage = 44.93
| change = -16.35
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +14.59
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Kalkaji<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Purnima Sethi
| votes = 22,468
| percentage = 47.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Subhash Chopra
| votes = 18,456
| percentage = 39.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nasib Singh
| votes = 3,374
| percentage = 7.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Vasantha Nanda Kumar
| votes = 1,352
| percentage = 2.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Animesh Dass
| votes = 356
| percentage = 0.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Deep Chand Birwal
| votes = 348
| percentage = 0.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vikas Nag Choudhary
| votes = 299
| percentage = 0.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = R N Singh
| votes = 239
| percentage = 0.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Karan Singh Dewan
| votes = 90
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Ishwar Dutt Sharma
| votes = 88
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Chanchal Kumar Ganguli
| votes = 75
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jan Congress
| candidate = Ashok Kapil
| votes = 44
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = N C Ghosal
| votes = 35
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohan Singh
| votes = 24
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = R P Pokhariyal
| votes = 23
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Mandika Devi
| votes = 20
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,012
| percentage = 8.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 47,291
| percentage = 61.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==See also==
* [[Kalkaji]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.54|77.26|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Bhadrak Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T16:42:42Z

Thereforedesignpune: put up a data

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Bhadrak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhadrak
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 44
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Sitansu Sekhar Mohapatra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,74,332{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Bhadrak''' (Sl. No.: 44) is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Bhadrak district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=44|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113145056/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=44|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 January 2017|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Bhadrak (44) District : Bhadrak|accessdate= 25 February 2014}}</ref>

The constituency includes [[Bhadrak]] and Bhadrak block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp19.htm |title= 19 - Bhadrak Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|42.29}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.07}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.86}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.99}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.57}}
{{bar percent|2002 (bypoll)|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.3}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.42}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|44.35}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|56.62}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.34}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|53.85}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|56.36}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 19 elections were held till date including two bypolls in 1971 & 2001.

List of members elected from Bhadrak constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Basudevpur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/bhadrak.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Mahamad Hanif
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Nityananda Mohapatra]]
| {{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1971 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]}}
| Balaram Sahoo
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Jugal Kishore Pattnaik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Ratnakar Mohanty
| {{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Jugal Kishore Pattnaik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Prafulla Samal]]
| {{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Biren Palei
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2002 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Biren Palei}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Bhadrak 2002 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/286 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
| [[Prafulla Samal]]
| {{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Naren Pallai
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
| rowspan="2" | Jugal Kishore Pattnaik
| {{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019" />
| [[Sanjib Kumar Mallick]]<ref name=election2019/>
|-
| [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhadrak Assembly Election Results 2024: Bhadrak Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/bhadrak-constituency-result-18044 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Sitansu Sekhar Mohapatra]]
| {{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Sitansu Sekhar Mohapatra]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prafulla Samal]] by a margin of 16,068 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bhadrak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sitansu Sekhar Mohapatra]]
|votes = 82,282
|percentage = 42.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Prafulla Samal]]
|votes = 66,214
|percentage = 34.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Asit Patnaik
|votes = 43,557
|percentage = 22.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 779
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,068
|percentage = 8.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,94,582
|percentage = 70.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sanjib Kumar Mallick]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Pradip Nayak by a margin of 33,389 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhadrak<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhadrak Election Results 2019 LIVE: Bhadrak Assembly Election Results, Winner, Runner-Up & Vote Share – Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bhadrak-assembly-elections-od-44/ |work=OneIndia |accessdate=12 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhadrak Assembly Elections 2019, Bhadrak Election Latest News, Candidates List, Party Name, Results, Voting, Poll Date, Timing & Schedule |url=https://www.india.com/assembly-elections-2019/odissa/bhadrak-election-results/ |website=India.com |accessdate=12 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sanjib Kumar Mallick]]
|votes = 93.668
|percentage = 52.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradip Nayak
|votes = 60,279
|percentage = 33.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nalini Kanta Mohanty
|votes = 22,630
|percentage = 12.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 843
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,389
|percentage = 18.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,79,895
|percentage = 70.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 254061
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Jugal Kishore Pattnaik defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Naren Pallai by a margin of 23,587 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bhadrak<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Bhadrak|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1844.htm?ac=44|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529144707/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1844.htm?ac=44|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Bhadrak (44)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=44|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529154051/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=44|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Jugal Kishore Pattnaik
|votes = 80,582
|percentage = 49.86
|change = {{decrease}}4.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Naren Pallai
|votes = 56,995
|percentage = 35.27
|change = {{decrease}}3.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradip Nayak
|votes = 19,384
|percentage = 11.99
|change = {{increase}}6.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 832
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,587
|percentage = 14.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,61,616
|percentage = 71.49
|change = 6.37
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,26,077
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Jugal Kishore Pattnaik defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Naren Pallai by a margin of 21,428 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=21428 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bhadrak<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Jugal Kishore Pattnaik
|votes = 75,294
|percentage = 53.99
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Naren Pallai
|votes = 53,866
|percentage = 38.63
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tusar Kanti Jena
|votes = 7,755
|percentage = 5.56
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,428
|percentage = 15.37{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,39,448
|percentage = 65.12
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhadrak district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|21.06|86.50|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Bhadrak district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Shuchi Talati

2026-04-16T04:39:18Z

Thereforedesignpune: created new post and citations.

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shuchi Talati
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1984}}
| alma_mater =
| known_for = ''[[Girls Will Be Girls (2024 film)|Girls Will Be Girls]]'' (2024)
| website = {{URL|shuchitalati.com}}
}}

'''Shuchi Talati''' is an Indian [[film director]]. She won the Audience Award for Dramatic World Cinema at the [[2024 Sundance Film Festival]] for her film ''[[Girls Will Be Girls (2024 film)|Girls Will Be Girls]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Arun |date=2024-01-29 |title=Shuchi Talati's "Girls Will Be Girls" wins two Sundance awards - The American Bazaar |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2024/01/29/shuchi-talatis-girls-will-be-girls-wins-sundance-455678/,%20https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2024/01/29/shuchi-talatis-girls-will-be-girls-wins-sundance-455678/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318154547/https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2024/01/29/shuchi-talatis-girls-will-be-girls-wins-sundance-455678/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-28 |title=Sundance Film Festival: Ali Fazal-Richa Chadha's debut production 'Girls Will Be Girls' wins two awards, actor reacts |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sundance-film-festival-2024-ali-fazal-richa-chadhas-debut-production-girls-will-be-girls-wins-two-awards-actor-reacts-13661702.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208095609/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sundance-film-festival-2024-ali-fazal-richa-chadhas-debut-production-girls-will-be-girls-wins-two-awards-actor-reacts-13661702.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

She studied at the [[American Film Institute]], and served as Creative Head for Indusgeeks.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shuchi Talati |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/film/shuchi-talati.html |website=Platform |access-date=2024-02-08 |archive-date=2024-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208192624/https://www.platform-mag.com/film/shuchi-talati.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2024-01-17 |title=Independent Artist Group Signs Shuchi Talati, Director Of Sundance-Bound 'Girls Will Be Girls' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/shuchi-talati-girls-will-be-girls-signs-independent-artist-group-1235795567/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208193234/https://deadline.com/2024/01/shuchi-talati-girls-will-be-girls-signs-independent-artist-group-1235795567/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Talati pursued Bachelors of Arts in English from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xaviers College]], Mumbai and a post-graduate diploma in Social Communications Media from [[Sophia College for Women|Sophia College]], Mumbai. She then went on to pursue MFA in Film Directing from [[American Film Institute]] in Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shuchi Talati {{!}} Eugene Lang College of Liberal Arts |url=https://www.newschool.edu/lang/faculty/shuchi-talati/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.newschool.edu}}</ref>

== Career ==
Talati's short film, ''Mae & Ash'' (2012), was inspired from her personal experience in [[Bombay]], where her boyfriend's ex-girlfriend stayed with him for a week, leading to feelings of insecurity.<ref name=":1" /> She translated her experience into the story of ''Mae & Ash.<ref name=":1" />''

Talati produced the short ''Execution'' (2020), which won a special jury mention at the [[New Orleans Film Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=NOFF2021 Awards and Jurors |url=https://neworleansfilmsociety.org/noff2021-awards-and-jurors/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=New Orleans Film Society |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925025250/https://neworleansfilmsociety.org/noff2021-awards-and-jurors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''Honolulu'' (2023) by Maya Tanaka,<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRIBECA AND CHANEL ANNOUNCE RECIPIENT OF 2021 PRODUCTION FUNDS FROM 7TH ANNUAL THROUGH HER LENS: THE TRIBECA CHANEL WOMEN'S FILMMAKER PROGRAM |url=https://tribecafilm.com/press-center/press-releases/tribeca-and-chanel-announce-recipient-of-2021-production-funds-from-7th-annual-through-her-lens-the-tribeca-chanel-womens-filmmaker-program |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Tribeca |archive-date=2024-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208193606/https://www.tribecafilm.com/press-center/press-releases/tribeca-and-chanel-announce-recipient-of-2021-production-funds-from-7th-annual-through-her-lens-the-tribeca-chanel-womens-filmmaker-program |url-status=live }}</ref> and was the story producer for the documentary ''[[Being Mary Tyler Moore]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blueprint Screenwriting Group—About Shuchi Talati |url=https://blueprintscreenwritinggroup.com/aboutshuchi |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=blueprintscreenwritinggroup.com |archive-date=2024-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318052554/https://blueprintscreenwritinggroup.com/aboutshuchi |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=March 2024}}

Apart from her narrative work, Talati has contributed to [[Netflix]]'s ''[[We Are: The Brooklyn Saints]]'' (2021) and [[HBO]]'s ''[[Wyatt Cenac's Problem Areas]]'' (2018), where her episode earned a [[GLAAD Media Award|GLAAD]] award nomination for its exploration of racist policing.<ref name=":3" />

She directed the short ''A Period Piece'' (2021), which premiered at [[SXSW Film Awards|SXSW 2020]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=SXSW Film Festival Announces 2020 MIDNIGHTERS, FESTIVAL FAVORITES, SHORTS, EPISODIC PILOTS, Virtual cinema and art program projects |url=https://www.sxsw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2020-SXSW-MIDNIGHTERS-RELEASE.pdf |access-date=2024-03-18 |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605222311/https://www.sxsw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2020-SXSW-MIDNIGHTERS-RELEASE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and wrote and directed the film ''[[Girls Will Be Girls (2024 film)|Girls Will Be Girls]]'' (2024), which received generally positive reviews.<ref>{{Citation |last=Talati |first=Shuchi |title=Girls Will Be Girls |date=2024-01-20 |type=Drama, Romance |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt18277182/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |others=Preeti Panigrahi, Kani Kusruti, Kesav Binoy Kiron |publisher=Blink Digital, Cinema Inutile, Crawling Angel Films |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207033556/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt18277182/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Girls will be Girls'' won an Audience Award at the [[2024 Sundance Film Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gyarkye |first=Lovia |date=2024-01-26 |title='Girls Will Be Girls' Review: A Distinctive Drama About Fraught Mother-Daughter Relationships |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/girls-will-be-girls-review-1235793396/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129182113/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/girls-will-be-girls-review-1235793396/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adlakha |first=Siddhant |date=2024-01-21 |title='Girls Will Be Girls' Review: Coming of Age in an Indian Boarding School |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/girls-will-be-girls-review-1235880476/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205215912/https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/girls-will-be-girls-review-1235880476/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Filmmaker |date=2024-01-20 |title="An Unusually High Concentration of Boarding Schools" {{!}} Shuchi Talati, Girls Will Be Girls - Filmmaker Magazine |url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/124653-shuchi-talati-girls-will-be-girls-sundance-2024/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Filmmaker Magazine {{!}} Publication with a focus on independent film, offering articles, links, and resources. |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208194141/https://filmmakermagazine.com/124653-shuchi-talati-girls-will-be-girls-sundance-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Writer |date=2024-01-22 |title=Suchi Talati's Coming-of-age Feature Film 'Girls Will Be Girls' Premiers at Sundance |url=https://americankahani.com/entertainment/suchi-galatis-coming-of-age-feature-film-girls-will-be-girls-premiers-at-sundance/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=American Kahani |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226043655/https://americankahani.com/entertainment/suchi-galatis-coming-of-age-feature-film-girls-will-be-girls-premiers-at-sundance/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and its lead actor [[Preeti Panigrahi]] won a Special Jury Award for Acting for her performance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-02 |title=SRFTI student bags spl jury award at Sundance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/srfti-student-wins-special-jury-award-at-sundance-film-festival/articleshow/107340087.cms |access-date=2024-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217050027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/srfti-student-wins-special-jury-award-at-sundance-film-festival/articleshow/107340087.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesan |first=Ranjita |date=2024-01-26 |title=Why Indo-French movie 'Girls Will Be Girls' was shot by a mostly female crew |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sundance-film-festival-premiere-shuchi-talati-movie-girls-will-be-girls-female-crew-mother-daughter-teenager-sexuality/article67775315.ece |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==

* ''Mae and Ash'' (2012)<ref name=":1" />
* ''A Period Piece'' (2020) - premiered at [[SXSW Film Awards|SXSW 2020]]
* ''[[Girls Will Be Girls (2024 film)|Girls Will Be Girls]]'' (2024)

== Awards and recognition ==

* Bridges-Larson Production award''<ref name=":1" />''
* ''Girls Will Be Girls'' (2024 film) - World Cinema Dramatic (Audience), [[2024 Sundance Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2024-01-29 |title=Sundance 2024: 'Girls Will Be Girls' is a Sublime Story of Discovery and Reckoning |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/film-festivals/reviews/sundance-2024-girls-will-be-girls-is-a-sublime-story-of-discovery-and-reckoning |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314070646/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/film-festivals/reviews/sundance-2024-girls-will-be-girls-is-a-sublime-story-of-discovery-and-reckoning |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=2568240}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJxFHj435wc Meet the Artist 2024: Shuchi Talati on "Girls Will Be Girls" - Sundance 2024]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talati, Shuchi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:AFI Conservatory alumni]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Sundance Film Festival award winners]]

Aniruddh Agarwal

2026-04-14T01:49:02Z

Thereforedesignpune:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aniruddh Agarwal
| image =
| caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|12|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[India]]
| height = {{convert|6|ft|5|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-40089750|title=The benign menace of Bollywood's cult 'monster'|publisher=Shamya Dasgupta|date=2017-06-19|accessdate=2017-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://actorapher.wordpress.com/2014/09/17/ajay-agarwal/|title=Biographies of Indian actors|publisher=Susanto Sen|date=2014-07-17 |accessdate=2017-11-08}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1975–2010
}}

'''Aniruddh "Ajay" Agarwal''' (born 20 December 1949) is a retired Indian actor. He is known for his appearances in horror films such as ''[[Purana Mandir]]'', ''[[Bandh Darwaza]]'', and ''[[3D Saamri|Saamri]]'' as well as starring in episodes of ''[[Zee Horror Show]]''.

==Early life==
During his school and college years, Agarwal was a sports ambassador. He studied Civil Engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]], before graduating in 1974. He moved to [[Mumbai]], where he initially started working as an engineer<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=2017-06-19|title=The benign menace of Bollywood's cult 'monster'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-40089750|website=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=Shamya Dasgupta|accessdate=2017-08-03}}</ref> but quit his job to begin his acting career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://actorapher.wordpress.com/2014/09/17/ajay-agarwal/|title=Biographies of Indian actors|publisher=Susanto Sen|date=2014-07-17 |accessdate=2015-07-11}}</ref>

==Career==

Due to his somewhat intimidating appearance, caused by a tumor near his [[pituitary gland]], Agarwal starred in Hindi films and television as demonic/ghostly characters or villains in general. He most notably worked with the [[Ramsay brothers]], first starring in their film ''[[Purana Mandir]]'' as Samri, then as the vampire Nevla in ''[[Bandh Darwaza]]'' and once again as Samri in ''[[Saamri]]''. He also featured in two Hollywood films; playing a supporting antagonist in [[Stephen Sommers]]' 1994 live action adaptation of ''[[The Jungle Book (1994 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' and later briefly appearing in ''[[Such a Long Journey (film)|Such a Long Journey]]''.

And in 1994, when he was approached by [[Shekhar Kapur]] for the role of Babu Gujjar in ''Bandit Queen'', it was a defining moment as he got the right opportunity to demonstrate his versatility as an artist. He later joined hands with his friends Aamir Khan for ''Mela'' in 2000 and with [[Akshay Kumar]] for ''Talash: The Hunt Begins'' in 2003.

Following a cameo in ''[[Mallika (2010 film)|Mallika]]'' in 2010, Agarwal retired from acting due to film roles becoming scarce.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0012868/bio|title=Anirudh Agarwal - Biography|publisher=IMDb.com|accessdate=2017-04-19}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
!Notes
|-
| 1982 || ''Teri Maang Sitaron Se Bhar Doon'' ||
|
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Purana Mandir]]'' || Samri
|
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Awaaz]]'' || Malhotra Henchman
|
|-
| 1985 || ''[[3D Saamri]]'' || Dharmesh Saxena 'Samri'
|
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Allah Rakha (film)|Allah Rakha]]'' || Gorilla fighter
|
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Avinash (film)|Avinash]]'' || Pratap's Henhman
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1988 || ''[[Kasam (1988 film)|Kasam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mar Mitenge]]'' ||
|
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Jaadugar (1989 film)|Jaadugar]]'' ||
|
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Ram Lakhan]]'' || Jeeva
|
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Tum Mere Ho]]'' || Kaalu Sapera
|
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Bandh Darwaza]]'' || Nevla
|
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Aaj Ka Arjun]]'' ||
|
|-
|1992|| ''[[Tahalka]]''|| Dong's Henchman
|
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Gopalaa]]'' || Vikraal, Prisoner in Jail
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1994 || ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' || Babu Gurjjar
|
|-
|''[[The Jungle Book (1994 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' || Tabaqui || English film
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Trimurti (1995 film)|Trimurti]]'' || Talaf
|
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Such a Long Journey (film)|Such a Long Journey]]'' || || English film
|-
| 1999 || ''Dulhan Bani Daayan'' || Not known
|
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]'' || Kaali
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003 || ''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins]]'' || Passenger on Train
|
|-
| ''[[Palanati Brahmanaidu (film)|Palanati Brahmanaidu]]'' ||
| Telugu film
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Bombay to Goa (2007 film)|Journey Bombay to Goa Laughter Unlimited]]'' || Junglee
|
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mallika (2010 film)|Mallika]]'' || Samri
|
|-
| 2010 || ''Bachao: Inside Bhoot Hai'' ||
|
|-
|}

===Television===
* ''[[Zee Horror Show]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Tu Tu Main Main]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Mano Ya Na Mano (1995 TV series)|Mano Ya Na Mano]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Shaktimaan]]'' (1997)
*[[Hudd Kar Di|''Hudd Kar Di (1999)'']]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb person}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Aniruddh}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

S. Mangudi

2026-04-09T15:45:58Z

Thereforedesignpune: made initial data needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Mangudi
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor = [[K. R. Ramasamy (Politician)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
| father = M. Santhaiya
}}

'''S. Mangudi''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055557/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC184.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC184.pdf|access-date= 29 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karaikudi Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a184|access-date= 29 Apr 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Won ||35.75% || [[H. Raja]]|| [[BJP]] || 25.59%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangudi, S}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Baby Memorial Hospital

2026-04-09T08:02:52Z

Thereforedesignpune:

{{Short description|Multi speciality hospital in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Baby Memorial Hospital
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| logo = Baby Memorial Hospital.png
| logo_size = 150px
| pushpin_map_size= 200
| coordinates = {{coord|11.260167|75.792639|region:IN-KL|format=dms|display = inline}}
| location = Indira Gandhi Road, [[Arayidathupalam Junction|Arayidathupalam]]
| region = [[Kozhikode]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = IN
| opened = 1987
| beds = 500
| emergency = [[Level I trauma center]]
| website = {{URL|babymemorialhospitals.com}}
}}

The '''Baby Memorial Hospital (BMH)''' is a multi-speciality hospital located in [[Kozhikode]]. Founded in 1987 by K. G. Alexander in memory of his father K. V. Varghese ''alias'' Baby,<ref name="kochi">{{Cite web |date=2010-02-10 |title=Proposed hospital to meet international standards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/Proposed-hospital-to-meet-international-standards/article16813708.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910042716/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/Proposed-hospital-to-meet-international-standards/article16813708.ece |archive-date=2021-09-10 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> BMH provides 500 beds facility with over 40 medical and surgical departments, 16 operation theatres, and 11 ultra-modern ICUs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=BMH secures biggest investment in State’s private healthcare sector |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/bmh-secures-biggest-investment-in-states-private-healthcare-sector/article68359836.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702155202/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/bmh-secures-biggest-investment-in-states-private-healthcare-sector/article68359836.ece |archive-date=2024-07-02 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Hospital network==
The branches of BMH are located at [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=KKR said to acquire controlling stake in Baby Memorial Hospital in ₹2,500 cr. deal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/kkr-said-to-acquire-controlling-stake-in-baby-memorial-hospital-in-2500-cr-deal/article68356167.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713070705/https://www.thehindu.com/business/kkr-said-to-acquire-controlling-stake-in-baby-memorial-hospital-in-2500-cr-deal/article68356167.ece |archive-date=2024-07-13 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Payyanur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.linkedin.com/company/babymhospital |title=Baby Memorial Hospitals - About us |website=in.linkedin.com}}</ref>
[[Thodupuzha]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Anna |date=2024-10-21 |title=Consolidation spree in Kerala's healthcare sector |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Oct/21/consolidation-spree-in-keralas-healthcare-sector |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and [[Perumbavoor]].<ref name="kochi" />

==Academics==
* Baby Memorial School of Nursing, established in 1995, offers 3.5 years general [[nursing]] and [[Nurse midwife|midwifery]] program recognized by [[Kerala Nurses and Midwives Council]] (KNMC) and [[Indian Nursing Council]] (INC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Nursing |url=https://babymhospital.org/academy/school-of-nursing/ |website=babymhospital.org}}</ref>
* Baby Memorial College of Nursing, commenced in 2002, affiliated to the [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]] and is recognized by KNMC and INC. It offers [[Bachelor of Science in Nursing|B.Sc]], [[Master of Science in Nursing|M.Sc]], [[Nursing in India|Post basic B.Sc]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] courses in nursing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=College of Nursing |url=https://babymemorialcollegeofnursing.org/about-us/ |website=babymemorialcollegeofnursing.org}}</ref>
* Baby Memorial College of Allied Medical Sciences, commenced in 2012, offers both degree and diploma courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=College of Allied Medical Sciences |url=https://babymhospital.org/academy/college-of-allied-medical-sciences/ |website=babymhospital.org}}</ref>

==Philanthropic activities==
In December 2023, the hospital, in association with [[ViswaSanthi Foundation]] announced a project ''Step Forward'', offering free [[Pediatric surgery|pediatric]]-[[orthopedic surgery]] program under which 25 physically challenged children would undergo surgery and treatment free of cost. The project covers children with issues such as [[cerebral palsy]], [[congenital limb deformities]] and [[scoliosis]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-16 |title=Kerala hospital to offer free surgery to differently-abled children |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hospital-to-offer-free-surgery-to-differently-abled-children/article67642164.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805165634/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hospital-to-offer-free-surgery-to-differently-abled-children/article67642164.ece |archive-date=2024-08-05 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In May 2025, [[Mohanlal]] announced a new collaborative initiative between his Viswasanthi Foundation and Baby Memorial Hospital, aimed at providing affordable liver transplants to children from economically weaker sections of society at a significantly lower expense. The project is designed to support families who often can't afford such life-saving surgeries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Malayalam superstar, Mohanlal, makes two big announcements on his 65th birthday |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/malayalam-superstar-mohanlal-makes-two-big-announcements-on-his-65th-birthday/articleshow/121310349.cms |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanathan |first=Mohanlal |date=2025-05-21 |title=Liver transplantation initiative |url=https://x.com/Mohanlal/status/1925026175401001286 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[Twitter|X]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://babymhospital.org/ Official website]

{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospitals established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kozhikode]]

2025 New Delhi buckwheat flour food poisoning incident

2026-04-05T05:28:22Z

Thereforedesignpune: put up stub

{{Short description|Mass foodborne illness in New Delhi in 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox disease outbreak
| name = 2025 New Delhi buckwheat flour food poisoning incident
| map1 = Delhi in India (1951).svg
| disease = [[Foodborne illness]]
| location = Northwest [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| date = 23 September 2025
| origin = Adarsh Nagar, Delhi
| confirmed_cases = Around 200 (some reports indicated higher totals)
| suspected_cases = 350+ (media reports)
| hospitalized_cases = 200 (official estimate)
| deaths = 0
}}

The '''2025 New Delhi buckwheat flour food poisoning incident''' was a mass [[foodborne illness]] outbreak that occurred on 23 September 2025 in northwest [[Delhi]], [[India]], during the Hindu festival of [[Navratri]]. Hundreds of people fell ill after consuming food prepared with [[buckwheat flour]] (locally known as ''kuttu ka atta''), a common fasting staple.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-23 |title=Delhi food poisoning shock: 200 fall sick after eating 'kuttu atta' during Navratri fasts; Officials sound alert |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-food-poisoning-shock-200-fall-sick-after-eating-kuttu-atta-during-navratri-fasts-officials-sound-alert/articleshow/124065349.cms |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Patients were treated at the Babu Jagjivan Ram Memorial Hospital in North Delhi. No fatalities were reported.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Around 200 Fall Ill After Consuming Buckwheat Flour In Delhi: Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/around-200-fall-ill-after-consuming-buckwheat-flour-in-delhi-cops-9327320}}</ref>

== Background ==
During [[Navratri]], many devotees avoid [[cereal|grains]] such as [[wheat]] and [[rice]] and instead consume [[Fasting in Hinduism|fasting foods]] prepared from alternatives such as [[buckwheat flour]] and water chestnut flour (''singhara atta'').<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-24 |title=200 people fall ill after consuming kuttu ka atta during Navratri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/200-people-fall-ill-after-consuming-kuttu-ka-atta-during-navratri/articleshow/124077185.cms |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The seasonal demand for these fasting staples increases significantly during the festival period, particularly in [[Delhi]] and other northern states of India.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=2025-09-23 |title=Delhi Navratri food poisoning: 'Will not compromise on quality,' says Minister Chirag Paswan |url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-navratri-food-poisoning-will-not-compromise-on-quality-says-minister-chirag-paswan/2749242/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Incident ==
In the early morning of 23 September 2025, the [[Delhi Police|Jahangirpuri police station]] received multiple reports of residents experiencing [[vomiting]], [[abdominal pain|stomach pain]], [[dizziness]], and [[diarrhea]] after consuming food made with buckwheat flour. Health officials linked the cases to food prepared during Navratri fasting.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-09-23 |title=Around 200 fall ill after consuming buckwheat flour in Delhi, probe underway: Police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/around-200-fall-ill-after-consuming-buckwheat-flour-in-delhi-probe-underway-police/article70083937.ece |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The majority of cases were reported from neighbourhoods including Jahangirpuri, Mahendra Park, [[Samaypur]], Bhalswa Dairy, Lal Bagh and Swaroop Nagar. Medical staff at Babu Jagjivan Ram Memorial Hospital confirmed that around 200 people had been treated in the [[emergency department|emergency ward]] by midday; later reports from other outlets suggested higher totals. All patients were reported to be in stable condition and no deaths occurred.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Alisha |date=2025-09-23 |title=Hundreds hospitalised after consuming adulterated flour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/hundreds-hospitalised-after-consuming-adulterated-flour/article70086142.ece |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Government and health response ==
The [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Health Department]] and the [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India|Food Safety Department]] initiated an investigation, collecting samples of buckwheat flour from local [[market (place)|markets]] and shops for [[laboratory]] testing. Police and health workers conducted community outreach using [[public address system|loudspeakers]] and door-to-door visits to warn residents against consuming suspect flour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Ashish |date=2025-09-09 |title=Over 350 report food poisoning in North West Delhi linked to Buckwheat flour during Navratri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Sep/23/over-350-report-food-poisoning-in-north-west-delhi-linked-to-buckwheat-flour-during-navratri |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Minister of Food Processing Industries (India)|Union Minister of Food Processing Industries]] announced that a thorough investigation would be undertaken and emphasized a zero-tolerance policy on [[food adulteration]]. The [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]] (FSSAI) and other relevant agencies were reported to be involved in testing and tracing the [[supply chain]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-09-24 |title=Will not compromise on quality: Minister Chirag |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/will-not-compromise-on-quality-minister-chirag-1009404 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
Authorities indicated that laboratory analyses of collected flour samples were pending in the days following the incident. Early enquiries suggested the contaminated flour may have been sourced from Adarsh Nagar market, but this had not been formally confirmed. Possible causes under review included adulteration, contamination during [[food processing|processing]] or [[transport]], or improper storage conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Delhi Food Poisoning: 200 Fall Ill After Eating Buckwheat Flour Snacks While Fasting for Navratri |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/health/delhi-food-poisoning-200-fall-ill-after-eating-buckwheat-flour-snacks-while-fasting-for-navratri-article-152880471 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Public reaction ==
The incident generated concern in affected neighbourhoods, especially as it coincided with Navratri fasting when consumption of buckwheat flour increases. Some [[shopkeeper|shopkeepers]] temporarily suspended the sale of buckwheat flour while testing was underway. Neighbouring cities such as [[Noida]] and [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] increased inspections of fasting-related food items as a precautionary measure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patil |first=Manjiri |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Over 200 fall ill after consuming buckwheat flour during Navratri fasting in Delhi |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/health-and-fitness/over-200-fall-ill-after-consuming-buckwheat-flour-during-navratri-fasting-in-delhi-article-13573345.html}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Navratri]]
* [[Foodborne illness]]
* [[Public health in India]]
* [[List of foodborne illness outbreaks]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:September 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Health disasters in India]]
[[Category:Delhi]]

Krishna Park Extension metro station

2026-03-30T09:19:56Z

Thereforedesignpune: new

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Krishna
Park Extension
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Magenta}}
| image = Krishna Park Extension metro station.jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| caption =
| address = Outer Ring Rd, Krishna Park Extension, New Delhi, Delhi, 110018
| coordinates =
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground
| platform = [[Island platform]] {{font color|magenta|Platform-1}} → {{stl|Delhi Metro|Botanical Garden}} {{font color|magenta|Platform-2}} → Train Terminates Here
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Parking_Details.aspx|title=Parking_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref> Multi-Level Parking in Metro's Unity One Mall
| bicycle =
| opened = {{Start date and age|5 January 2025|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 21,262/day 659,120/ Month average <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/867/RidershipDetails.pdf|title=Ridership_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| pass_year = Jan 2025
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro |line=Magenta|right=Janakpuri West
|header2=Future service|line2=Magenta|left2=Keshopur|to-left2=Inderlok|note-mid2=''(extension by 2026)''|right2=Janakpuri West}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Magenta Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Krishna Park Extension''' is a [[metro station]] on the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] in Phase 4.

== About the station ==

* The Krishna Park Extension station was scheduled to open in August 2024. It eventually opened on 5 January 2025. A single train operates in manual mode between here and Janakpuri West as a shuttle service because of no reversal facilities. The train is unique in the sense as the driver cars(i.e - 1st and 6th coach in the moving direction) are closed off and restricted only for staff. This temporary arrangement will be in place until the line is extended further in Phase IV.

== Station Layout ==
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="100" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Street level
| valign="top" width="500" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''C'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Concourse
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" width="50" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''P'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Magenta|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Janakpuri West}} '''''Change at the next station for''''' '''''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}'''''
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right</nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Towards ← No Service '''''To Be extended to [[Inderlok metro station|Inderlok]]''''' '''Next Station:''' Keshopur
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]

Annapurna (goddess)

2026-03-24T01:48:29Z

Thereforedesignpune: put up data

{{short description|Hindu goddess of food and nourishment}}
{{for|surbahar player|Annapurna Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Annapurna
| image = Goddess Annapurna 1.jpeg
| deity_of = Goddess of Food and Nourishment
| symbol = [[Cookware and bakeware|Pot]], [[Ladle (spoon)|Ladle]]
|day=[[Friday]]
| caption = Annapurna ([[Parvati]]), sitting on the throne, giving alms to [[Shiva]]
| script_name = Sanskrit
| script = अन्नपूर्णा
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Annapūrṇa}}
| affiliation = [[Parvati]], [[Devi]], [[Durga]], [[Adi Parashakti]]
| abode = [[Mount Kailash]]
| member_of =
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| mantra = Om Annapūrne Sadāpūrne Śankara Prāna Vallabhe Jnyāna Vairāghya Siddhyātam Bhikśām Dehī Ća Pārvatī
}}
'''Annapurna''', '''Annapurneshwari, Annada''' or '''Annapoorna''' ([[Sanskrit]]: अन्नपूर्णा, [[IAST]]: Annapūrṇā, lit. ''filled with or possessed of food'')<ref name=MW>{{cite web |url= http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/a.html |title= Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary |last= Williams |first= Monier |website= faculty.washington.edu |quote= annapūrṇa : pūrṇa mfn. filled with or possessed of food; (ā), f. N. of a goddess, a form of Durgā |access-date= 18 November 2017 |archive-date= 26 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170126143349/http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/a.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> is a manifestation of [[Parvati]] and is known as the ([[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess of food and feeding). Worship and offering of food are highly praised in Hinduism, and therefore, the goddess Annapurna is regarded as a popular deity. She is a manifestation of the goddess [[Parvati]], the paredra of [[Shiva]],<ref>[[#P.|P. 2001]], p. 13</ref> and is eulogized in the ''[[Annada Mangal]]'', a narrative poem in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by [[Bharatchandra Ray]]. The ''Annapurna Sahasranam'' is dedicated to the goddess and praises her one thousand names, while the ''Annapurna Shatanama Stotram'' is dedicated to her 108 names.

A few temples exist that are dedicated to her, some of the most prominent being the [[Annapoorneshwari Temple]] established by [[Agastya]] at [[Horanadu]] and [[Annapurna Devi Mandir]] in [[Varanasi]]. Since [[Akshaya Tritiya]] is considered to be the birthdate of Annapurna, the day is believed to be very auspicious for buying gold jewellery.<ref>{{cite web|title=TOPSHOTS An Indian customer looks at a selection of white gold...|publisher=Getty Images|last=Nanu|first=Narendra|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-192379334.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924175246/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-192379334.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|date=6 May 2011|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref>

==Etymology==

Annapurna is derived from [[Sanskrit]] meaning ''the giver of food and nourishment''. ''Anna'' (अन्न) means "food" or "grains" and ''pūrṇa'' (पूर्ण) means "full, complete and perfect."

It is believed that Mount [[Annapurna]] in the [[Himalayas]] is named after her as the goddess is believed to be one of the daughters of [[Himavat]], the king of the mountains.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Indian mystic, seeking his goddess, goes the hard way in the Himalayas|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-55758942.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181531/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-55758942.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|publisher=AP Worldstream|last=Osan|first=Gurinder|date=28 August 2002|access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> The Western world names her the "Hindu God of Cooking," considering her association with food items.<ref>{{cite web|title=Your Life: Currying Flavor; Zafron, Lisburn Road, Belfast food and drink|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-55758942.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181531/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-55758942.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|publisher=The Mirror|location=London, England|date=5 January 2008|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref>

The other names of Annapurna are:<ref name=p17/>
* ''[[Vishalakshi Temple|Viśālākshī]]'' (Sanskrit: विशालाक्षी) – ''she who has large eyes''.
* ''Viśvaśakti'' (Sanskrit: विश्वशक्ति) – ''world power''.
* ''Viśvamātā'' (Sanskrit: विश्वमाता) – ''mother of the world''.
* ''Sṛṣtihetukāvaradānī'' (Sanskrit: सृष्टिहेतुकावरदानी) – ''she who is a boon granter for the sake of the world''.
* ''Bhuvaneśvarī'' (Sanskrit: भुवनेश्वरी) – ''goddess of earth''.
* ''Renu'' – ''goddess of Atom''.
* ''Annadā'' (Sanskrit: अन्नदा) – ''donor of food''.

== Iconography ==
[[File:Maa Annapurna Statue at Gokarneshwor Mahadev Temple Premises, Gokarna, Kathmandu.jpg|thumb|Annapurna with a ladle and pot.]]
The [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] (religious texts) describe the iconography of Annapurna as a youthful goddess having red complexion with a face round like the full moon, three eyes, high breasts, and [[Chaturbhuja|four hands]]. The lower left hand is depicted as holding a vessel full of delicious porridge. The right hand with a golden ladle adorned with various jewels. The other two hands depict the [[Abhayamudra|abhaya]] and [[Varadamudra|varada]] poses. She is depicted with wristlets and golden jewelry on her chest. She is seated on a throne with the crescent moon adorning her head.<ref name=P19>[[#P.|P. 2001]], p. 19</ref>

In some depictions, Shiva is shown standing to her right with a begging bowl, begging her for alms.<ref name=p20>[[#P.|P. 2001]], p. 20</ref>

== Literary sources ==

Annapurna is mentioned in Hindu religious texts such as the ''Rudrayamala'', ''Sivarahasya'', ''Annapurnamantratsava'', ''Maha Tripurasiddhanta'', ''Annapurna Kavacha'', ''Annapurnahavamti'', ''Annapurnamalininaksatramalika,'' and ''Bhairvahyantantra''.<ref name=p17/> The ''[[Kumara Sambhavam]]'' by [[Kalidasa]] makes vivid mention about Varanasi and the deity Annapurna. The goddess is also described as the source of knowledge and the main deity in the [[Annapurna Upanishad]], which is considered a minor Upanishad among the 108 Upanishads. In this text, praying to Annapurna is the means by which the sage Ribhu attains knowledge.

The ''[[Devi Bhagavata]]'' written during the 3rd and 4th centuries CE refers to Annapurna as the goddess of [[Kanchipuram]] and [[Vishalakshi]] as the goddess of Varanasi. The ''[[Skanda Purana]],'' written during the 7th century, states the sage [[Vyasa]] was led to Varanasi by a curse, and Annapurna came as a homemaker and offered him food. The ''[[Linga Purana]]'' mentions that Shiva was begging for food for his children as he could not get food in the world due to a miracle created by his consort Parvati. Parvati came out as Annapurna and offered food to Shiva at his doorsteps. The legend of [[Kasi Viswanath Temple|Kashi Viswanath Temple]] in Varanasi is associated with the story that Shiva built the temple there in her honour.<ref name=p18>[[#P.|P. 2001]], p. 18</ref>

The mention of Annapurna is also found in ''Kumara Sambhava'', a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] literature, by Nannechola, a Shaiva poet of the 12th century. There is also a mention of the deity in ''Kasikhanda'' by Srinatha, a Telugu poet of the 13th century.<ref name=p20/>

==Legend==
[[File:Annapurnashiva.jpg|thumb|Annapurna serving food to Shiva]]
One day, the god Shiva and his consort Parvati got into an argument about the material world. Shiva said that everything materialistic was just an illusion, including the food that the humans ate. This infuriated Parvati, who governs materialistic aspects. To show Shiva and the world her importance, she disappeared, saying that she wanted to see how the world would survive without her.

With Parvati's disappearance, the world was deprived of food, and there occurred a famine. Shiva's followers begged him for food; even the Gods were forced to beg for food, but could not find any food. Finally, Shiva and his followers realised that there was only one kitchen on earth, in the city of [[Varanasi]] (Kashi), where food was still available.

Shiva went to Kashi to beg for food. To his surprise, the kitchen was owned by his wife Parvati, but in the form of Annapurna. She wore celestial purple and brown garments, which were lightly adorned with ornaments. She was seated on a throne, serving and distributed food to the starving gods and hungry inhabitants of the earth. Annapurna offered her food as alms to Shiva and made him realize that as Brahman, Shiva might have outgrown hunger; but his followers had not.<ref name=p17/>

== Worship ==
Food is considered sacred in Hinduism, and prayers are offered before consuming it. The person who identifies the importance of ''Annam'' (food) within the five layers of the body helps carry life in the worldly process and subsequently seeks to identify [[Brahman]], the enlightenment. [[Annadana]], the donation of food, is highly praised in Hinduism. The importance of Annadana is prescribed in the ''Vishnu Dharamottara'', ''[[Agni Purana]]'', ''[[Padma Purana]]'', ''[[Kurma Purana]]'', ''Nandi Purana,'' and ''[[Vayu Purana]]''.<ref name=p17>[[#P.|P. 2001, p. 17]]</ref>

[[File:Annapurna3.JPG|thumb|Annapurna with consort Shiva]]
Annapurna is worshipped through the recitation of her thousand names and her one hundred and eight names. The ''[[Annapurna Stotra]]'' composed by [[Adi Shankara]] extols her attributes and is chanted by devotees.

In Marathi weddings, the bride is given metal idols of Annapurna and [[Bala Krishna]] by her mother. She worships them before the wedding, by offering rice and grains to the idols. This viddhi (custom) is known as Gauri Harap. She also takes images of her husband's house and places the idols on them.

== Temples ==

Though Annapurna is a popular deity, there are few temples dedicated to her.<ref name=p20/>
* [[Annapurna Devi Mandir]] dedicated to Annapurna is in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]] Annapurna is the Goddess of the city of Kashi (Varanasi), where she is regarded as the queen of Varanasi alongside her consort Vishweshwar (Shiva), the King of Varanasi. In the temple, at noon every day, prasad (foods offered to the goddess) are distributed to the elderly and disabled. During [[Navaratri]], food is distributed on a larger scale.<ref>{{cite web|title=Temples in Varanasi|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/various_temples.html|publisher=Varanasi District administration|year=2011|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105032502/http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/various_temples.html|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In [[West Bengal]], the ShivaShakti Annapurna temple in [[Barrackpore]] was built by [[Rani Rashmoni]]'s daughter Jagadamba Devi in 1875. This temple was modeled after the famous [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]].
* In [[Madhya Pradesh]], Annapurna Mandir (Temple) is located near Lal Bagh Palace in Indore.
* [[Annapoorneshwari Temple]], is situated at Horanadu in the [[Western Ghats]], [[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikkamagaluru]] of [[Karnataka]], where afternoon and evening prayers are held after the devotees are fed.
* In [[Kerala]], there is a temple in [[Chalappally]] village by the name Kunnam Annapoorneswari Devi Temple.
* A temple of the goddess is in [[Cherukunnu]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]] by the name [[Annapurneshwari Temple, Cherukunnu]].
* In [[Puducode]] town of Kerala, there is Puducode Annapoorneswari Temple, where the grand celebration of [[Navaratri]] held yearly with grand feast, which is crowded by thousands of devotees from all around the globe, those who have migrated and settled elsewhere.
* In [[Thodupuzha]] town, there is Thachukuzhikavu Annapoorneswari-Bhadrakali-Navagraha Temple.
* In [[Tamil Nadu]], several temples exist dedicated to the goddess, notable among them are: [[Odhanavaneswarar Temple, Tiruchotruturai]], a temple for Annapurna constructed near [[Watrap]], [[Virudhunagar]], on the way to Saduragiri the temple is distinct, being in the form of an eight-sided pyramid. Another prominent temple is situated in [[Coimbatore district]]. Additionally, a temple named Andakasieswari is currently under construction at Achangudi near [[Tiruvadanai]] Town in [[Ramanathapuram district]].
* A temple is under construction at Pathikonda, [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* In [[Hyderabad]], her temples are found in Jafferguda.
* Her temples are there in [[Jalandhar]] and [[Bhatinda]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].
* In [[Maharashtra]], her temples are found in [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]] and [[Akola]]. One of the temple is located in Manegaon of [[Solapur]] District
* Her temples are also found in [[Gujarat]]. In [[Unjha]], [[Gujarat]], she is worshipped in as Umiya Mata. Some people in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] also consider [[Ashapura Mata]] as an incarnation of Annapurna Mata. In [[Rajasthan]], her temples are found in Mishroli village in [[Jhalawar district]] and Kagdara village in [[Pali district]]. There is one temple of Annapurna Mata in [[Chittor Fort]]. It was built by [[Hamir of Mewar|Maharana Hamir Singh]]. There are other temples in the fort near the Annapurna Mata temple, which are dedicated to Baan Mata, [[Charbhuja]], and Lakshmi-Narayan. On the top of the Ramgarh hill, Rajasthan, Kisnai, and Annapurna Devi temples are situated in the natural cave. Another temple is in [http://irinjalakuda.tv/2012/kunjilikkattil/contact.html Irinjalakuda Kunjilikattil Annapoorneswari Temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302162119/http://irinjalakuda.tv/2012/kunjilikkattil/contact.html |date=2 March 2020 }}. This is a family temple of local exhaust{{clarify|reason=What does this mean here?|date=February 2021}} community where the rituals are done by Brahmin priests<ref>{{cite web|title=Places of interest in Baran|url=http://rajasthan.gov.in/District/baran/Pages/PlacesofInterest.aspx|publisher=Government of Rajasthan|year=2011|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524135543/http://rajasthan.gov.in/District/baran/Pages/PlacesofInterest.aspx|archive-date=24 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In [[Asan, Kathmandu]] [[Nepal]], there is also a temple dedicated to goddess Annapurna in her [[Kalasha|Purna Kalash]] form.

== See also ==
* [[Annada Mangal]]
* [[Ukemochi]]; the Japanese ''Shinto'' goddess of food.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==References==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book|title=Annapurna - a bunch of flowers of Indian Culture|last=P.|first=Dr. Arundhati|isbn=81-7022-897-2|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|ref=P.}}
* {{cite book|last=Saraswati|first=Swami Satyananda|title=Annapurna Puja and Sahasranam|year=2001|isbn=18-87472-85-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sriannapurnapuja00saty}}
* {{cite book|last=Eck|first= Diana L. |title=Banaras: City of Light |date= April 2001 |isbn=81-87936-00-2}}
* {{cite book|title=Raghuvansa Mahakavya 1.1 ( the starting Shloka)|last= Kalidasa}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100114222928/http://boloji.com/hinduism/153.htm boloji.com story]
* [https://hinduslokas.recruitmentindia.in/annapurna-sahasranamavali-in-telugu/ hinduslokas.recruitmentindia.in story]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008225715/https://hinduslokas.recruitmentindia.in/annapurna-sahasranamavali-in-telugu/ |date=8 October 2022 }}.
* [https://shivshaktiannapurna.wordpress.com ShivaShakti Annapurna Temple, Barrackpore, West Bengal]
{{Temples in Varanasi}}
{{Shaktism}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Food deities]]
[[Category:Food goddesses]]

Aurangabad

2026-03-18T11:36:28Z

Thereforedesignpune: cleaned up lead to improve readability and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Metropolis in Maharashtra, India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{other uses|Aurangabad (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aurangabad
| official_name = Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| space = 2
| total_width = 275
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Bibi Ka Maqbara - The Taj Of Deccan.jpg
| image4 = Ajanta Caves-Aurangabad-Maharashtra-1.jpg
| image2 = Ghrishneshwar Jyotirling.JPG
| image3 = AURANGABAD CAVES AURANGABAD MAHARASHTRA 012.jpg
| image7 = Prozone Aurangabad 2.jpg
| image6 = Ajanta Cave 26 Dagoba with praying monks.jpg
| footer_align = center
| footer = ''From top, then left to right'':
[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], [[Grishneshwar Temple]], [[Tourism in Marathwada#Caves|Carvings in caves of Aurangabad]], [[Prozone Mall Aurangabad|Prozone Mall]]
}}
| image_alt =
| nickname = [[Gates in Aurangabad|City of Gates]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Aurangabad in Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.88|N|75.32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
| subdivision_name4 = [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{Start date and age|1610|df=yes}}
| founder = [[Malik Ambar]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Sameer Rajurkar<ref>{{cite news |last1=लाटे |first1=सुनिल |last2=राऊत |first2=सुशील |date=6 February 2026 |title=छत्रपती संभाजीनगरात भाजपचे समीर राजुरकर महापौर, पण उपमहापौरपदाचा पेच कायम; शिंदे सेनेचे दोन नेते इच्छुक, काय घडतंय? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/aurangabad/sameer-rajurkar-elected-new-mayor-of-chhatrapati-sambhajinagar-bjp/articleshow/127982269.cms |work=Maharashtra Times |language=mr |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament#India|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sandipanrao Bhumre]] ([[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]])
| area_total_km2 = 141
| elevation_m = 568
| population_total = 1,175,116
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,193,167
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Paper 2"/>
| population_rank = India: [[List of cities in India by population|32nd]] [[Maharashtra]]: [[List of cities in Maharashtra|6th]] [[Marathwada]]: [[Marathwada|1st]]
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|43rd]]
| population_demonym = Aurangabadkar, Aurangabadi, Sambhajinagarkar
| blank_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="NCLMreport">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=14 January 2019|page=108|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 431 001
| area_code = 0240
| area_code_type = Telephone code 0240
| registration_plate = MH 20
| leader_title4 = MLAs
| leader_name4 = *
* [[Sanjay Shirsat]] ([[Aurangabad West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad West]])
* [[Atul Moreshwar Save]] ([[Aurangabad East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad East]])
* [[Pradeep Jaiswal]] ([[Aurangabad Central (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad Central]])
| named_for = [[Aurangzeb]] (former) [[Sambhaji]] (official)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baig |first=Sahil M. |date=12 January 2021 |title=From Khirki to Fathepur and ‘Sambhaji Nagar’, the many names of Aurangabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/aurangabad-mughals-aurangzeb-shiv-sena-shivaji-7141155/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|Nominal GDP]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[US dollar|US$]]7 billion+<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=District Domestic Product of Maharashtra 2011-12 to 2019-20 |url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/report/DDP_Final_04.08.2021.pdf |website=Planning Department, Government of Maharashtra, India |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106121820/https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/report/DDP_Final_04.08.2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>(2019-20)
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|chhsambhajinagarmc.org}}
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_label =
}}

'''Aurangabad''' ({{audio|Aurangabad.ogg|pronunciation}}),<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2022 |title=Eknath Shinde renames Aurangabad as Sambhajinagar again, says 'legal' this time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eknath-shinde-renames-aurangabad-as-sambhajinagar-again-says-legal-this-time-101657955911434.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |first1=Poulomi |last1=Ghosh |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720141903/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eknath-shinde-renames-aurangabad-as-sambhajinagar-again-says-legal-this-time-101657955911434.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dodhiya |first=K. A. Y |date=25 April 2023 |title=It's Aurangabad for now, says HC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bombay-hc-restrains-use-of-chhatrapati-sambhaji-nagar-as-aurangabad-s-new-name-in-official-communication-pending-petition-decision-101682362577949.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517115351/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bombay-hc-restrains-use-of-chhatrapati-sambhaji-nagar-as-aurangabad-s-new-name-in-official-communication-pending-petition-decision-101682362577949.html |url-status=live }}</ref> officially renamed as '''Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar''' in 2023,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aurangabad and Osmanabad finally renamed as Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar and Dharashiv |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/aurangabad-osmanabad-renamed-chhatrapati-sambhaji-nagar-dharashiv-8465248/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225141812/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/aurangabad-osmanabad-renamed-chhatrapati-sambhaji-nagar-dharashiv-8465248/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hindu-08May24">{{Cite news |date=8 May 2024 |title=Renaming of Aurangabad, Osmanabad {{!}} Bombay High Court validates Maharashtra government's notifications |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/renaming-of-aurangabad-osmanabad-bombay-high-court-validates-maharashtra-governments-notifications/article68152975.ece |access-date=23 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2023 |title=Centre approves renaming of Aurangabad and Osmanabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/centre-approves-renaming-of-aurangabad-and-osmanabad/article66550195.ece/ |access-date=3 January 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a city in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Hindu-08May24"/> It is the administrative headquarters of [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]] and is the largest city in the [[Marathwada]] region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sohoni |first1=Pushkar |title=Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad and Ahmadnagar |date=2015 |publisher=Jaico |location=Mumbai |isbn=9788184957020}}</ref> Located on a hilly upland terrain in the [[Deccan Traps]], Aurangabad is the fifth-most populous urban area in Maharashtra, after [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]] and [[Nashik]], with a population of 1,175,116.

The city is a major production center of cotton textile and artistic silk fabrics. Several prominent educational institutions, including [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]], are located in the city. The city is also a popular tourism hub, with attractions like the [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] caves lying on its outskirts, both of which have been designated as [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s since 1983,<ref name="Madan">{{cite book |title=India through the ages |last=Gopal |first=Madan |year=1990 |page=174 |editor=K.S. Gautam |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> the [[Aurangabad Caves]], [[Daulatabad Fort|Devagiri Fort]], [[Grishneshwar Temple]], [[Jama Mosque, Aurangabad|Jama Mosque]], [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], [[Himayat Bagh]], [[Panchakki]] and [[Salim Ali Lake]]. Historically, there were 52 [[gates in Aurangabad]], some of them still extant, which have earned Aurangabad the nickname the "City of Gates".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurangabad Smart City |url=https://aurangabadsmartcity.in/show_page?page_name=tourism%20city&tabs=menu_x_explore#:~:text=Chhatrapati%20Sambhajinagar,%20also%20known%20as,Bibi%20ka%20Maqbara%20and%20Aurangabad |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=aurangabadsmartcity.in}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Aurangabad Industrial City]] (AURIC) became the first [[greenfield project|greenfield]] industrial [[smart city]] of India under the country's flagship [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/indias-first-industrial-integrated-smart-city-set-for-inauguration/articleshow/70999244.cms|title=India's first industrial integrated smart city set for inauguration|date=6 September 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001222949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/indias-first-industrial-integrated-smart-city-set-for-inauguration/articleshow/70999244.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/pm-modi-opens-first-greenfield-industrial-smart-city-in-aurangabad-1596666-2019-09-07|title=PM Modi opens first greenfield industrial smart city in Aurangabad|date=7 September 2019|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908144015/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/pm-modi-opens-first-greenfield-industrial-smart-city-in-aurangabad-1596666-2019-09-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Paithan]], the imperial capital of the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (1st century BCE–2nd century CE), as well as [[Devagiri|Dēvagirī]], the capital of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava dynasty]] (9th century CE–14th century CE), were located within the boundaries of modern Aurangabad. In 1308, the region was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|annexed]] by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] during the rule of Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2024 |title=This Fort In Aurangabad Is Known For Its Three-Layer Defense System |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/this-fort-in-aurangabad-is-known-for-its-three-layer-defense-system-article-111957896 |access-date=1 March 2025 |publisher=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> In 1327, the capital of the Delhi Sultanate was shifted from [[Delhi]] to [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] (in present-day Aurangabad) during the rule of Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], who ordered the mass relocation of Delhi's population to Daulatabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Muhammad+bin+Tughluq,+who+ordered+the+mass+migration+of+Delhi's+population+to+Daulatabad.&start=10&sstk=Af40H4XgYBj108rYWvEtotmeSDL7KaQ3OKqojdDBsb71oC91lYKQDbu2KauZhDFYV_QJQPqHSH8wFRdGYsP3w9CSxSfRhmeWh9bGew |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>{{better source|date=May 2025}} However, Muhammad bin Tughluq reversed his decision in 1334, and the capital was shifted back to Delhi. In 1499, Daulatabad became a part of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]. In 1610, a new city named Khaḍkī was established at the location of modern Aurangabad to serve as the capital of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] by the [[Ethiopia]]n military leader [[Malik Ambar]],<ref name="DeccanHerald-04Jan21">{{Cite news |title=Aurangabad: The city that has many names |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/aurangabad-the-city-that-has-many-names-934992.html |date=4 January 2021 |first1=Mrityunjay |last1=Bose |access-date=1 March 2025 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> who was brought to India as a slave but rose to become a popular prime minister of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Malik Ambar was succeeded by his son [[Fath Khan|Fateh Khan]], who changed the name of the city to Fatehnagar. In 1636, [[Aurangzeb]], who was then the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] viceroy of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]], annexed the city into the Mughal Empire. In 1653, Aurangzeb renamed the city as Aurangabad and made it the capital of the Deccan region.<ref name="DeccanHerald-04Jan21"/> In 1724, the Mughal governor of the Deccan, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam Asaf Jah I]], seceded from the Mughal Empire and founded [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|his own dynasty]]. The dynasty established the [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|State of Hyderabad]], with their capital initially at Aurangabad, until they transferred it to the city of [[Hyderabad]] in 1763. Hyderabad State became a [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] and remained so for 150 years (1798–1948). Until 1956, Aurangabad remained part of Hyderabad State. In 1960, Aurangabad and the larger [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking [[Marathwada]] region became part of the state of Maharashtra.

==History==
{{Main|History of Aurangabad}}
[[File:Zaibunissa palace.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zeb-un-Nissa|Zeb-un-Nisa]]'s palace, Aurangabad 1880s.]]
[[File:Painting of the profile of Malik Ambar of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, the founder of Khadki (later Aurangabad).jpg|thumb|Painting of Malik Ambar of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, the founder of Khadki (later Aurangabad)]]
Khaḍkī was the original name of the village which was made a capital city by [[Malik Ambar]], the Prime Minister of [[Murtaza Nizam Shah II]], Sultan of [[Deccan sultanates|Ahmednagar]]. Within a decade, Khaḍkī grew into a populous and imposing city. Malik Ambar died in 1626,<ref>Qureshi Dulari, "Tourism Potential in Aurangabad," p. 6</ref> and was succeeded by his son [[Fath Khan|Fateh Khan]], who changed the name of Khaḍkī to Fatehnagar. With the capture of [[Daulatabad Fort|Devagiri Fort]] by the imperial troops in 1633, the Nizam Shahi dominions, including Fatehnagar, became a possession of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sohoni|first1=Pushkar|title=Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad, and Ahmadnagar|date=2015|publisher=Deccan Heritage Foundation; Jaico|location=Aurangabad|isbn=9788184957020}}</ref>

In 1653, when Mughal prince [[Aurangzeb]] was appointed the Viceroy of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] for the second time, he made Fatehnagar his capital and renamed it Aurangabad. Aurangabad is sometimes referred to as Khujista Bunyad by the chroniclers of Aurangzeb's reign.<ref name="Mintage World">{{cite news |date=1 August 2019 |title=Kujista Bunyad |work=The Times of India |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/10060-khujista-bunyad/ |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613230342/https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/10060-khujista-bunyad/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1667 Muazzam, son of Aurangzeb, became governor of the province. Before him, Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] was in charge of this province for some time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Shivaji And His Times |publisher=Longmass, Green and Co. |year=1920 |location=New York, USA |page=180 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1681, after Aurangzeb's coronation as emperor, he shifted his court from the capital city of Delhi to Aurangabad in order to conduct his military campaigns in the Deccan. The presence of Mughal elites in the city led to urban development, and numerous public and private buildings were constructed.<ref name=":3" /> Aurangabad had a city wall built encircling it around 1683 in response to [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] raids, of which [[Gates in Aurangabad|several gates]] still stand, such as the Delhi Gate.<ref name=":2222">{{Cite book |last=Michell |first=George |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/268771115 |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Mark Zebrowski |isbn=978-0-511-46884-1 |location=Cambridge |pages=54 |oclc=268771115}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Citation |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |title=Architecture of Mughal India |pages=262 |year=1992 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521267281}}</ref> Though Aurangzeb chose not to reside in the city after 1684, the city retained its importance as the primary military outpost of the Mughal Deccan, attracting wealth and turning Aurangabad into a centre of trade; the manufacture of embroidered silks emerged during this period and is still practised in Aurangabad today. Mughal Aurangabad was also a cultural hub, serving as an important centre of [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] literature. During the Mughal era, Aurangabad had an estimated population of 200,000 people, living in 54 suburbs.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Nile|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77080828|title=Indian Sufism since the seventeenth century : saints, books and empires in the Muslim Deccan|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-96536-1|location=London|pages=1–4|oclc=77080828}}</ref>

In 1724, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah]], a Mughal general and [[Nizam ul Mulk|Nizam al-Mulk]] of the Deccan region, decided to secede from the crumbling [[Mughal Empire]], with the intention of founding his own dynasty in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Aurangabad continued to be politically and culturally significant for the next 40 years as the capital of Asaf Jah's new dominion, until his son and successor, Nizam [[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II]], transferred the capital to [[Hyderabad]] in 1763.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Nile|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/781349968|title=Making space : Sufis and settlers in early modern India|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-807796-1|pages=172|oclc=781349968|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207081609/https://search.worldcat.org/title/781349968|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Heitzman|first=James|chapter=Emporiums, empire, and the early colonial presence|date=31 March 2008|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203483282-9|work=The City in South Asia|pages=102|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203483282-9|isbn=9780203483282|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207081658/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203483282-9/emporiums-empire-early-colonial-presence-james-heitzman|url-status=live}}</ref> The loss of Aurangabad's privileged position led to a period of economic decline; by the beginning of the 19th century, the city had become notably underpopulated, leading to the crippling of its administration, and its buildings were in decay.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Nile|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77080828|title=Indian Sufism since the seventeenth century : saints, books and empires in the Muslim Deccan|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-96536-1|location=London|pages=85–86|oclc=77080828|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207081658/https://search.worldcat.org/title/77080828|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Aurangabad would continue to be important as the "second city" of the Nizam's dominions for the remainder of the polity's lifetime.<ref>{{cite news|last=Green|first=Nile|year=2004|title=Stories of saints and sultans remembering history at the Sufi shrines of Aurangabad|page=422|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/anthropologyiran/veneration/images/stories/docs/articles/stories_.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917004315/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/anthropologyiran/veneration/images/stories/docs/articles/stories_.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref>

In 1816, the British established a [[Aurangabad Cantonment|cantonment]] outside Aurangabad (as they did in other parts of the Nizam's dominions), but were discouraged from entering the city proper by the Nizam's officials.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Green|first=Nile|title=Allah's naked rebels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511576867.009|work=Islam and the Army in Colonial India|year=2009|pages=92, 100|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511576867.009|isbn=9780511576867|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207081613/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/islam-and-the-army-in-colonial-india/allahs-naked-rebels/4D0715882A3BE17CAD84A852EA0D8108|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> As a [[princely state]] under British suzerainty, the Nizam's Hyderabad State was quasi-autonomous, meaning that Aurangabad's culture was somewhat free of colonial influence.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Nile|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190222536.001.0001|title=Terrains of Exchange|date=5 February 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022253-6|pages=144–145|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190222536.001.0001|access-date=31 December 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207081548/https://academic.oup.com/book/36269|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Green|first=Nile|chapter=Allah's naked rebels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511576867.009|title=Islam and the Army in Colonial India|year=2009|page=100|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511576867.009|isbn=9780511576867|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207081613/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/islam-and-the-army-in-colonial-india/allahs-naked-rebels/4D0715882A3BE17CAD84A852EA0D8108|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Aurangabad began to industrialise in the late 19th century, with the city's first [[cotton mill]] being opened in 1889.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Green|first=Nile|title=Missionaries, Mystics and Mill-Owners|date=5 February 2015|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190222536.003.0005|work=Terrains of Exchange|page=167|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190222536.003.0005|isbn=978-0-19-022253-6|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207081551/https://academic.oup.com/book/36269/chapter-abstract/316504712?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The population of the city was 30,000 in 1881, growing to 36,000 over the next two decades. Aurangabad was particularly affected by Deccan famines in [[Indian famine of 1899–1900|1899-1900]], 1918, and 1920, causing surges in crime.<ref>{{Citation|last=Green|first=Nile|title=Allah's naked rebels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511576867.009|work=Islam and the Army in Colonial India|year=2009|page=103|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511576867.009|isbn=9780511576867|access-date=31 December 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207081613/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/islam-and-the-army-in-colonial-india/allahs-naked-rebels/4D0715882A3BE17CAD84A852EA0D8108|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Nile|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77080828|title=Indian Sufism since the seventeenth century : saints, books and empires in the Muslim Deccan|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-96536-1|location=London|page=107|oclc=77080828}}</ref>

In 1903, the British and the Nizam signed a treaty to train the [[Nizam]]'s army, and it was decided to establish a proper [[cantonment]]. Today the cantonment is spread across {{convert|2584|acre|km2}}, with a civilian population of 19,274 per the [[2001 census of India|2001 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aurangabad|url=http://www.cbAurangabad.org/index.htm|publisher=Aurangabad Cantonment Board|access-date=31 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225103153/http://www.cbaurangabad.org/index.htm|archive-date=25 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following Indian independence, Hyderabad State was [[Annexation of Hyderabad|annexed into the Indian Union]] in 1948, and consequently Aurangabad became a part of the [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Indian Union's Hyderabad State]]. In 1956, it passed into the newly formed bilingual [[Bombay State]], and in 1960 it became a part of [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aurangabad {{!}} City & History {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aurangabad|access-date=30 December 2021|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230203156/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aurangabad|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Bal Thackeray]] in 1988 proposed the city be renamed as Sambhajinagar. The local governing body, the [[Municipal corporation|City Corporation]] passed a resolution on the name change in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Zeeshan |title=Explained: Why has the Maharashtra government renamed Aurangabad city as Sambhajinagar? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-has-maharashtra-government-renamed-aurangabad-city-as-shambhaji-nagar-7999386/ |access-date=14 July 2022 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713002104/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-has-maharashtra-government-renamed-aurangabad-city-as-shambhaji-nagar-7999386/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 June 2022, the [[Shiv Sena]]-led Maharashtra cabinet approved the renaming of Aurangabad to Sambhaji Nagar, after [[Sambhaji|Sambhaji Bhosale]], second Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.<ref name="TOI_Jun2022">{{cite news |date=29 June 2022 |title=Maharashtra cabinet approves renaming of Aurangabad to Sambhaji Nagar |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-cabinet-approves-renaming-of-aurangabad-to-sambhaji-nagar/articleshow/92549269.cms |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629132722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-cabinet-approves-renaming-of-aurangabad-to-sambhaji-nagar/articleshow/92549269.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
The co-ordinates for Aurangabad are N 19° 53' 47" – E 75° 23' 54". The city is surrounded by the [[Ajanta range|Ajanta mountain range]] in all directions.

===Climate===
Aurangabad features a [[semiarid climate]] under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. Annual mean temperatures range from 17 to 33 °C, with the most comfortable time to visit being in winter – October to February. The highest maximum temperature ever recorded was {{convert|46|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 25 May 1905. The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 2 February 1911. In the cold season, the district is sometimes affected by cold waves in association with the eastward passage of western disturbances across north India, when the minimum temperature may drop down to about {{convert|2|to|4|C|F}}.<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/gazetteer.php?level=2&showFile=1&gazetteerSqlId=20020423103801&gazetteerMainId=&gazetteerFile2Id=20020423105420&distId=19&gazId=20020422121541&pubYear=&fileExists=1&headingSqlName=General&chapter= Maharashtra government web site] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809012452/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/gazetteer.php?level=2&showFile=1&gazetteerSqlId=20020423103801&gazetteerMainId=&gazetteerFile2Id=20020423105420&distId=19&gazId=20020422121541&pubYear=&fileExists=1&headingSqlName=General&chapter= |date=9 August 2011 }}</ref>

Most of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season from June to September. Thunderstorms occur between November and April. Average annual rainfall is 710 mm. The city is often cloudy during the monsoon season and the cloud cover may persist for days. The daily maximum temperature in the city often drops to around 22 °C due to the cloud cover and heavy rains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sandrp.in/category/marathwada/|title=Marathwada – SANDRP|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414165644/https://sandrp.in/category/marathwada/|archive-date=14 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Aurangabad ([[Aurangabad Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1952–2012
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 34.2
| Feb record high C = 37.8
| Mar record high C = 40.6
| Apr record high C = 43.6
| May record high C = 43.8
| Jun record high C = 43.0
| Jul record high C = 37.1
| Aug record high C = 35.6
| Sep record high C = 37.0
| Oct record high C = 37.6
| Nov record high C = 34.6
| Dec record high C = 33.6
| year record high C = 43.6
| Jan high C = 29.2
| Feb high C = 31.8
| Mar high C = 35.6
| Apr high C = 38.7
| May high C = 39.6
| Jun high C = 34.6
| Jul high C = 30.1
| Aug high C = 29.2
| Sep high C = 30.2
| Oct high C = 31.8
| Nov high C = 30.5
| Dec high C = 29.1
| year high C = 32.5
| Jan mean C = 21.0
| Feb mean C = 23.8
| Mar mean C = 27.9
| Apr mean C = 31.5
| May mean C = 32.7
| Jun mean C = 28.8
| Jul mean C = 26.0
| Aug mean C = 25.3
| Sep mean C = 25.8
| Oct mean C = 25.6
| Nov mean C = 23.3
| Dec mean C = 20.9
| Jan low C = 12.4
| Feb low C = 14.9
| Mar low C = 19.0
| Apr low C = 23.1
| May low C = 25.1
| Jun low C = 23.6
| Jul low C = 22.4
| Aug low C = 21.8
| Sep low C = 21.5
| Oct low C = 19.1
| Nov low C = 15.6
| Dec low C = 12.5
| year low C = 19.2
| Jan record low C = 1.2
| Feb record low C = 1.9
| Mar record low C = 7.1
| Apr record low C = 10.2
| May record low C = 14.2
| Jun record low C = 18.2
| Jul record low C = 18.4
| Aug record low C = 17.2
| Sep record low C = 12.6
| Oct record low C = 8.3
| Nov record low C = 1.9
| Dec record low C = 1.2
| year record low C = 1.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 2.6
| Feb rain mm = 2.2
| Mar rain mm = 11.4
| Apr rain mm = 6.0
| May rain mm = 17.4
| Jun rain mm = 155.6
| Jul rain mm = 178.0
| Aug rain mm = 171.5
| Sep rain mm = 172.4
| Oct rain mm = 68.2
| Nov rain mm = 17.5
| Dec rain mm = 8.9
| year rain mm = 811.7
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.2
| Mar rain days = 0.9
| Apr rain days = 0.6
| May rain days = 1.2
| Jun rain days = 8.0
| Jul rain days = 10.9
| Aug rain days = 10.0
| Sep rain days = 8.4
| Oct rain days = 3.9
| Nov rain days = 1.1
| Dec rain days = 0.5
| year rain days = 46.1
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 40
| Feb humidity = 35
| Mar humidity = 28
| Apr humidity = 27
| May humidity = 29
| Jun humidity = 55
| Jul humidity = 71
| Aug humidity = 73
| Sep humidity = 69
| Oct humidity = 53
| Nov humidity = 49
| Dec humidity = 44
| year humidity = 48
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Aurangabad (Chikalthana)(A) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 55–56
| access-date = 3 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M137
| access-date = 3 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref>
| source =
| Jan uv = 6
| Feb uv = 7
| Mar uv = 8
| Apr uv = 8
| May uv = 8
| Jun uv = 7
| Jul uv = 6
| Aug uv = 6
| Sep uv = 7
| Oct uv = 6
| Nov uv = 6
| Dec uv = 6
| source 2 = Weather Atlas,<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/aurangabad-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Aurangabad, India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 20 July 2022
| archive-date = 20 July 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220720153122/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/aurangabad-climate
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43014
| title = Normals Data: Aurangabad Chikalthana - India Latitude: 19.85°N Longitude: 75.40°E Height: 585 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref>
}}
Aurangabad has been ranked the 36th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

===Geology===
[[File:Ahilyabai Holkar Chowk.jpg|thumb|Ahilyabai Holkar Chauk, Station Road, Aurangabad]]
The entire area is covered by the [[Deccan Traps]] lava flows of the [[Upper Cretaceous]] to [[Lower Eocene]] ages. The lava flows are overlain by thin alluvial deposits along the Kham and Sukhana rivers. The basaltic lava flows are the only major geological formation in Aurangabad. The lava flows are horizontal, and each flow has two distinct units. The upper layers consist of [[Vesicular texture|vesicular]]a and [[Amygdule|amygdaloidal]] [[zeolitic]] [[basalt]], while the bottom layer consists of massive basalt. The lava flows are individually different in their ability to receive as well as hold water in storage and to transmit it. The difference in the productivity of groundwater in various flows arises as a result of their inherent physical properties, such as porosity and permeability. The groundwater occurs under water table conditions and is mainly controlled by the extent of its secondary porosity, i.e. thickness of weathered rocks and spacing of joints and fractures. The highly weathered vesicular trap and underlying weathered jointed and fractured massive trap constitutes the main water-yielding zones. The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks and is black, medium black, shallow and calcareous types having different depths and profiles.<ref>Aher K.R. 'Groundwater Quality studies of Chikalthana area of Aurangabad', PhD Thesis, Dr. B.A.M.University, Aurangabad (Maharashtra State), India, 2012, p. 38</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:CIDCO Aerial- Canought Place.jpg|thumb|Aerial View of [[Aurangabad CIDCO]]]]
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="Paper 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/prov_results_paper2_indiavol2.html |title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 2 of 2011 : India (Vol II) |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101081255/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/prov_results_paper2_indiavol2.html |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gazetteer">[Govt of Maharashtra Aurangabad Gazetteer. Section – The People (population)]</ref>
| 1901 | 10000
| 1911 | 34902
| 1921 | 36876
| 1931 | 36870
| 1941 | 50924
| 1951 | 66636
| 1961 | 97701
| 1971 | 165253
| 1981 | 301000
| 1991 | 592000
| 2001 | 902179
| 2011 | 1421879
}}

According to the [[2011 Indian Census]], Aurangabad had a population of 1,175,116, of which 609,206 were males and 565,910 were females. Of these, 158,779 were in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Aurangabad was 889,224, which constituted 75.67% of the population with male literacy of 79.34% and female literacy of 71.72%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Aurangabad was 87.5%, of which male literacy rate was 92.2% and female literacy rate was 82.5%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 229,223 and 15,240, respectively. There were 236659 households in Aurangabad in 2011.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Aurangabad |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=617719 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925174933/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=617719 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Aurangabad City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web|title=C-1 Population By Religious Community - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230449/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|51.07}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|green|30.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|15.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|brown|1.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.85}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.50}}
}}

The majority of the population in Aurangabad are [[Hindu]] (51%), followed by [[Muslim]] (30%), [[Buddhist]] (15.2%) and [[Jain]] (1.6%). There are also a substantial number of adherents of [[Sikhism]] and [[Christianity]] in the city.<ref name="Religion"/> Buddhists are of [[Navayana Buddhism|Navayana]] tradition, who are mostly scheduled castes.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Language in Aurangabad M. Corp (2011)<ref name="MCorpLang">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Town Level – Maharashtra |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |publisher=Census |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208010935/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 59.09 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 23.41 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 11.98 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value4 = 1.72 |color4 = pink
|label5 = Other |value5 = 3.80 |color5 = grey
}}

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official language of the city.<ref name="NCLMreport"/> It is also the most commonly spoken language in the city, followed by [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="MCorpLang"/>

==Administration and politics==
===Local administration===
The [[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC) is the local civic body. It is divided into six zones. The Municipal Council was established in 1936, and administers an area of about 54.5 km2. It was elevated to the status of municipal corporation on 8 December 1982, simultaneously including eighteen peripheral villages, raising the total area under its jurisdiction to 138.5 km2.

The city is divided in 115 electoral wards called ''Prabhag'', and each ward is represented by a corporator elected by the people from each ward. There are two committees, the General Body and Standing Committee, headed by the mayor and the chairman, respectively. The AMC is responsible for providing basic amenities, such as drinking water, drainage facilities, roads, street lights, healthcare facilities, primary schools, etc. The AMC collects its revenue from urban taxes collected from its citizens. The administration is headed by the Municipal Commissioner; an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]], assisted by the other officers of different departments. The Aurangabad Metropolitan Region Development Authority (AMRDA) is being formed for the development of the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRDA will soon get office, administrative officer - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/aurangabad/amrda-will-soon-get-office-administrative-officer/ |work=Lokmat Times |date=3 September 2021 |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Municipal finance ===
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/chhatrapati-sambhajinagar |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> the Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹758 crore (US$91 million) and total expenditure of ₹769 crore (US$93 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 14.4% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹371 crore in grants during the financial year.

===State and central administration===
[[Aurangabad division]] is one of the six administrative [[divisions of Maharashtra]] state in [[India]]. Aurangabad division almost completely coincides with the [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra. Aurangabad has [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|one seat]] in the [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Lok Sabha]]. In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] candidate [[Sandipanrao Bhumre]] was elected as a [[member of parliament]] from Aurangabad.<ref>{{cite news |last=Naik |first=Yogesh |date=21 April 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/shinde-sena-s-sandipanrao-bhumre-gets-aurangabad-ticket-101713643111158.html |title=Shinde Sena's Sandipanrao Bhumre gets Aurangabad ticket |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>

Aurangabad also has three [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|state assembly]] seats, Aurangabad East, Aurangabad Central and Aurangabad West, which are represented by [[Atul Moreshwar Save]] (BJP), [[Pradeep Jaiswal]] (Shiv-Sena) and [[Sanjay Shirsat]] (Shiv-Sena), respectively, since the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 Maharashtra Legislation Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://Aurangabad.nic.in/htmldocs/19Aurangabadpceng.pdf|title=Map of Aurangabad Loksabha and Assembly seats|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930214310/http://aurangabad.nic.in/htmldocs/19aurangabadpceng.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ Election Commission of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521143146/http://eci.nic.in//|date=21 May 2009}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:himrooshawl.jpg|Himroo Shawl
File:High-cort-1.jpg|Bombay High Court Aurangabad Bench, [[ITC Welcomgroup Hotels, Palaces and Resorts|ITC Welcomgroup's]] The Rama International, Ajanta Ambassador & Cidco Town Center – Aerial view
</gallery>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Aurangabad}} {{See also|Make In Maharashtra}}

Aurangabad is considered to be a classic example of efforts of state government towards balanced industrialisation of state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/the-sunday-et/consumer-life/History-revisited-at-Aurangabad-the-city-of-gates/articleshow/4390611.cms|title=History revisited at Aurangabad|author=TOI|date=12 April 2009|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506020017/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The-Sunday-ET/Consumer-Life/History-revisited-at-Aurangabad-the-city-of-gates/articleshow/4390611.cms|archive-date=6 May 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The city was a major silk and cotton textile production center. A fine blend of silk with locally grown cotton was developed as [[Himroo]] textile. [[Paithani]] silk [[sari]]s are also made in Aurangabad. With the opening of the [[Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railways]] in the year 1900 several ginning factories were started.<ref>"Hyderabad" by Mirza Mehdy Khan, Imperial Gazetteer of India, Government Printing Press, Calcutta, 1909.</ref> After 1960, [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC) began acquiring land and setting up industrial estates. The Maharashtra Center For Entrepreneurship Development's main office is in Aurangabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mced.in/|title=Maharashtra Centre For Entrepreneurship Development|website=mced.in|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527024021/http://www.mced.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> Major industries in Auragabad are manufacturing, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and automobiles etc.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Economy of Aurangabad, Business and Economy in Aurangabad|url=https://www.aurangabadlive.in/city-guide/economy-of-aurangabad|access-date=27 June 2021|website=www.aurangabadlive.in|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627114105/https://www.aurangabadlive.in/city-guide/economy-of-aurangabad|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1990s, land near Shendra village on the Aurangabad-[[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]] route was purchased. The MIDC created the Waluj and Chikalthana Industrial Areas as part of its efforts, which were quickly purchased.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Aurangabad is surrounded by the industrial areas ([[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDCs]]) of [[Chikhalthan]]a, [[Shendra MIDC|Shendra]] and [[Waluj MIDC]]. A new industrial belt namely [[Shendra - Bidkin Industrial Park]] is being developed under [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project|DMIC]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ashar |first=Sandeep |title=Share on emailShare on printShare on redditMore Sharing Services Four mega industrial towns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Four-mega-industrial-towns/articleshow/10359933.cms |access-date=31 May 2012 |date=15 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501170615/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-15/mumbai/30283205_1_dmic-delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor-master-plan |archive-date=1 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> Major [[Siemens]] and automotive companies such as [[BMW]], [[Audi India]], [[Škoda Auto|Skoda Auto]], [[Bajaj Auto]] and [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company]] have there units in the city.<ref name=":0" /> One of the largest Russian Steel Company [[Novolipetsk Steel|NLMK]] has set up plant in DMIC Shendra phase.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharad |first1=Arpita |title=Russian investment in Auric to generate 2,000 jobs {{!}} Aurangabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/russian-investment-in-auric-to-generate-2000-jobs/articleshow/73780061.cms |access-date=22 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116105242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/russian-investment-in-auric-to-generate-2000-jobs/articleshow/73780061.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture/Cityscape==
===Culture===
{{See also|Urdu in Aurangabad}}
The culture of Aurangabad city is heavily influenced by the culture of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. The old city still retains the cultural flavour and charms of [[Muslim culture of Hyderabad]]. Its influence is reflected in the language and cuisine of the locals. Although [[Urdu]] is among the principal languages of the city, along with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]], it is spoken in the [[Dakhni]] – [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] dialect.<ref name="bangalorenotes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bangalorenotes.com/dakhni.htm|title=Dakhni – The Language of India's Composite Culture|access-date=19 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002180320/http://bangalorenotes.com/dakhni.htm|archive-date=2 October 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2016}}
* [[Wali Mohammed Wali|Wali Dakhni]] also known as Wali Aurangabadi (1667–1731 or 1743) was a classical poet of [[Urdu poetry|Urdu]] from Aurangabad. He was the first established poet to have composed in [[Urdu]] language. Prominent poets like Shah Hatem, Shah Abro, [[Mir Taqi Mir]], [[Zauq]] and [[Mirza Rafi Sauda|Sauda]] were among his admirers.<ref name="bangalorenotes.com"/>{{better source needed|date=December 2016}} Other prominent poets from Aurangabad include [[Siraj Aurangabadi]], [[Azad Bilgrami]] and [[Sikandar Ali Wajd]].
* [[Abul Ala Maududi]] one of the Muslim scholars (1903–1979) was born in [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], India. Syed Abul A'ala Maududi was born to Maulana Ahmad Hasan, a lawyer by profession.<ref name="JI">[http://jamaat.org/beta/site/page/3 Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi]. Official website of the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315121231/http://jamaat.org/beta/site/page/3 |date=15 March 2010 }}</ref> His father was "descended from the [[Chishti]] line of saints.<ref name="Adams, p.100-101">Adams, p.100-101</ref> He was also the founder of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]], the Islamic revivalist party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jamaat.org/beta/site/page/3 |title=Founder of Jamaat-e-Islami |website=jamaat.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820040715/http://jamaat.org/beta/site/page/3 |archive-date=20 August 2011 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>

===Tourist attractions===
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Aurangabad|Tourism in Marathwada}}
Aurangabad is a historical city along with its surrounding towns and villages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aurangabad.gov.in/tourist-places/|title=Tourist Places {{!}} District Aurangabad|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414165643/https://aurangabad.gov.in/tourist-places/|archive-date=14 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Indian religions====
=====Indian rock-cut architecture=====
{{main|Indian rock-cut architecture}}
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="[[Aurangabad Caves]]">
File:1 Hinayana style Aurangabad Buddhist Cave with stupa.jpg|[[Chaitya]] with [[stupa]], Cave IV (4), [[Aurangabad Caves]].
File:Aurangabad Caves, another view.JPG|Various sculptors next to an entrance at Aurangabad Caves.
</gallery>
* '''[[Aurangabad Caves]]''': These are situated at a distance of {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}}, nestled amidst the hills are 12 Buddhist caves dating back to 3 A.D. Of particular interest are the [[Tantra|Tantric]] influences evident in the iconography and architectural designs of the caves.

=====Hindu and Jain temples=====
[[File:Kachner Parshwanath Idol.jpg|Chintamani [[Parshvanath]] idol at Kachner temple|thumb]]
* '''Kachner Jain Temple''': This is a 250 years old temple dedicated to [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanath]]. The idol here is called Chintamani Parshvanath.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akhef |first1=Mohammed |title=Aurangabad cops return 1.7kg gold stolen from temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/aurangabad-cops-return-1-7kg-gold-stolen-from-temple/articleshow/97834170.cms |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306202930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/aurangabad-cops-return-1-7kg-gold-stolen-from-temple/articleshow/97834170.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Gates and forts====
[[File:Bhadkal Gate.JPG|[[Bhadkal Gate]], part of [[Gates in Aurangabad]]|thumb|right]]
* '''[[Gates in Aurangabad|Gate]]''': The city is also known for the [[Gates in Aurangabad|52 gates]] built during Mughal era which gives it the name of "City of Gates".<ref>{{cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Rajiv |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/consumer-life/history-revisited-at-Aurangabad-the-city-of-gates/articleshow/4390611.cms |title=History revisited at Aurangabad the 'city of gates' |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 April 2009 |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324011557/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/consumer-life/history-revisited-at-aurangabad-the-city-of-gates/articleshow/4390611.cms |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mughal architecture====
[[File:BIBI KA MAQBARA (TOMB OF THE LADY) 2.jpg|Bibi Ka Maqbara|thumb|right]]
* '''[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]]''': Aurangabad is known for the [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] situated about {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city, which is the burial mausoleum of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s wife [[Dilras Banu Begum]], also known as Rabia-ud-Daurani. It is an imitation of the [[Taj Mahal]] at Agra and due to its similar design, it is popularly known as the "Taj of the Deccan".<ref>{{cite news |last=P. |first=Bhaskar |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/139148/taj-deccan.html |title=The Taj of Deccan |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303152608/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/139148/taj-deccan.html |archive-date=3 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Aurangabad also has the remains of the palace built by Aurangzeb, including the royal mosque.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |date=20 December 2016 |title=A Tale of Two Imperial Residences: Aurangzeb's Architectural Patronage |url=http://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/JIA/article/view/3514 |journal=Journal of Islamic Architecture |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=63 |doi=10.18860/jia.v4i2.3514 |issn=2356-4644 |doi-access=free |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911022853/https://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/JIA/article/view/3514 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Other====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
Panchakki fountain, Aurangabad.jpg|[[Panchakki]], was designed to generate energy via water brought down from a spring on a mountain. It displays the scientific thought process put in medieval Indian architecture.
Salim Ali Lake.jpg|[[Salim Ali Lake]]
Siddharth Garden and Zoo.jpg|Siddharth Garden near bus stand Aurangabad
</gallery>
*'''[[Panchakki]]''': Panchakki, which literally means water mill, is a 17th-century watermill situated within the old city is known for its underground water channel, which traverses more than 8 km from nearby hills. The channel culminates into an artificial waterfall that powers the mill.
* '''[[Salim Ali Lake|Salim Ali Lake & Bird Sanctuary]]''': Popularly known as Salim Ali Talab (lake) is located in the northern part of the city near Delhi Darwaza, opposite [[Himayat Bagh]]. During the Mughal period, it was known as Khiziri Talab. It has been renamed after the great [[ornithologist]] and naturalist [[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Salim Ali]]. It also has a bird Sanctuary and a garden maintained by the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation.
*'''Siddharth Garden and Zoo:''' is a park and zoo situated in near of the central bus station in Aurangabad. This is the only zoo in [[Marathwada]] region. There are various types of animals, birds, flowers and trees. The name of "Siddhartha" has been kept on the name of [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/aurangabad-marathwada-news/aurangabad/promise-trees-wild-animals/articleshow/67066484.cms |title=Aurangabad News: Promise trees, wild animals - वृक्ष, वन्यप्राण्यांचे सवंर्धन करा | Maharashtra Times |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112200548/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/aurangabad-marathwada-news/aurangabad/promise-trees-wild-animals/articleshow/67066484.cms |archive-date=12 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=औरंगाबादच्या सिद्धार्थ उद्यानातील प्राणी संग्रहालय बंद होणार ! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/aurangabad/animal-museum-in-siddhartha-garden-of-aurangabad-will-be-closed-609661 |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=ABP |date=1 December 2018 |language=mr |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308204101/https://marathi.abplive.com/news/aurangabad/animal-museum-in-siddhartha-garden-of-aurangabad-will-be-closed-609661 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.Aurangabaddirectory.com/siddharth-garden-zoo.html|title=Siddharth Garden Zoo|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106234432/http://www.aurangabaddirectory.com/siddharth-garden-zoo.html|archive-date=6 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Mashru and Himroo====
*[[Himroo]]: The fabric is said to have originated in Persia, though not conclusively proved, Himroo is associated with the times of Mohammad Tughlaq who ruled in the 14th century. Fabrics and shawls from Aurangabad are much in demand for their unique style and design.<ref name="Qureshi Dulari">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKnpAAAAMAAJ|title=Tourism Potential in Aurangabad|last=Qureshi|first=Dulari|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Bhartiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-86050-44-6|location=Delhi|page=65}}</ref>
* Kaghzipura: A place situated near Daulatabad made first handmade paper in India after the technology was brought here by Mongol invaders. However, the use of paper was not widespread there until the 12th century. {{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

===Cuisine===
[[File:Naan Qalia.jpg|thumb|[[Naan Qalia|Naan Qaliya]], Aurangabad]]
Aurangabadi food is much like [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] or [[Hyderabadi cuisine]] with its fragrant [[Pilaf|pulao]] and [[biryani]]. Meat cooked in fresh spices and herbs is a speciality, as are the delectable sweets. The local cuisine is a blend of [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] and Hyderabadi cuisine, with an influence of the spices and herbs of the Marathwada region.<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/community_cuisineShow.php The cuisine of Auguranbad] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827051644/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/community_cuisineShow.php |date=27 August 2007 }}</ref>

*'''[[Naan Qalia]]''' is a dish that is associated with Aurangabad in India. It is a concoction of mutton and a variety of spices. [[Naan]] is the bread made in [[tandoor]] (Hot furnace) while Qalia is a mixture of mutton and various spices.
*'''Aurangabad/Marathwada/Dakhni cuisine''' is a blend of the Puneri and the Hyderabadi cuisine (which blends the use of typical South Indian ingredients such as curry leaves, tamarind and coconut into their celebrated culinary practices).<ref name="Upper Crust">{{cite web|url=http://www.uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/19crust/nineteen/season3.htm|title=Upper Crust ::: India's food, wine and style magazine|access-date=15 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717171542/http://www.uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/19crust/nineteen/season3.htm|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Air===
[[Aurangabad Airport]] is an airport serving the city and has connecting flights to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Goa]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Bangkok]]. In 2008, flights were made available to the people travelling to the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage.<ref>
{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_direct-haj-flights-from-Aurangabad_1208532|title=Direct Haj flights from Aurangabad|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=22 November 2008|access-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916224403/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_direct-haj-flights-from-aurangabad_1208532|archive-date=16 September 2012|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Aurangabad_passengerinfo.jsp|title=Aurangabad Airport AAI website|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705013632/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/aurangabad_passengerinfo.jsp|archive-date=5 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[Aurangabad railway station]] is the major railway station under [[Nanded railway division]] of the South Central Railway zone. It is located on the Kacheguda-Manmad section and has rail connectivity with major cities such as Delhi, Hyderabad, Latur Road, Manmad, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nanded, Nashik Road, Nizamabad and Pune. The work of DPR preparation is ongoing for metro in Aurangabad from Shendra and Waluj.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aurangabad Metro: शेंद्रा डीएमआयसी ते वाळूजपर्यंत डबल डेकर पुलावरून धावणार मेट्रो ! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/aurangabad/aurangabad-metro-metro-run-double-decker-bridge-shendra-dmic-waluj-a320 |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=Lokmat |date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415042316/https://www.lokmat.com/aurangabad/aurangabad-metro-metro-run-double-decker-bridge-shendra-dmic-waluj-a320/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The work of surveys and DPR is also ongoing for high speed rail line from Mumbai to Nagpur, which will have a halt in Aurangabad.

===Road===
Central Bus Stand and CIDCO bus stand, Aurangabad of MSRTC are the main public transport centres. Buses are available to every major bus depots of Maharashtra. [[Ola Cabs]] service is available in city. Major long route Aurangabad buses reach [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Gandhinagar]] and [[Hyderabad]] in 2–3 days. MSRTC buses are also available for all district of [[Maharashtra]] and neighbouring State's cities like [[Indore]], [[Ujjain]], [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Khandwa]], [[Burhanpur]], [[Khargone]], [[Bhopal]]. There are Smart City Bus service in Aurangabad as the part of public transport in Aurangabad Metro City.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
Aurangabad Airport New Terminal Building.jpg|Aurangabad Airport
Aurangabad-Railway-Station.jpg|Aurangabad Railway Station
</gallery>

==Education==
[[File:BAMU gate.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] gate]]

[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] (BAMU) is located in Aurangabad city. Many colleges in the region are affiliated to it. The university has 101 affiliated colleges in Aurangabad, among them [[Government College of Arts and Science, Aurangabad|Government College of Arts and Science]], [[Government Institute of Science, Aurangabad]] and [[Shivchhatrapati College, Aurangabad|Shivchhatrapati College]], [[Vasantrao Naik Mahavidyalaya, Aurangabad]] and [[S.B.E.S. College of Science]], 99 in Beed, 53 in Jalna and 55 in Osmanabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bamu.net/college_list/college_list.htm|title=List of Affiliated Colleges and Institutions|access-date=13 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202184948/http://www.bamu.net/college_list/college_list.htm|archive-date=2 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad]] is an autonomous engineering college. It was affiliated with the [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] and was established in 1960. The construction of the college was started in 1957 and completed in 1960. [[Marathwada Institute of Technology]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College]] are two other engineering colleges in Aurangabad.

[[Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad]] is a [[State university (India)|state university]]<ref name=State>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/State%20University%20as%20on%2018-09-2017.pdf|title=List of State Universities as on 18.09.2017|date=18 September 2017|access-date=27 September 2017|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005852/https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/State%20University%20as%20on%2018-09-2017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> located in Aurangabad. It was established in 2017 by the [[Government of Maharashtra]], the third and final university to be installed through the Maharashtra National Law University Act, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra National Law University Act, 2014|url=http://www.mnlua.in/Act/MNLU%20ACT%202014.PDF|date=20 March 2014|work=Maharashtra Gazette|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193601/http://www.mnlua.in/Act/MNLU%20ACT%202014.PDF|archive-date=28 September 2017|access-date=28 September 2017}}</ref>

[[Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science]] was founded in 1963 by [[Rafiq Zakaria]], who formed a trust called [[The Maulana Azad Education Trust Aurangabad|Maulana Azad Education Society]] to manage its affairs. The college is affiliated with [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] of Aurangabad.

The [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology Aurangabad]] (NIELIT Aurangabad) is located on the Dr. B.A.M. University campus. It is a central government engineering institute under the Ministry of Communication & Information Technology Government of India. It offers DEPM, B. TECH (Electronics Engineering), M. tech (Electronics Design Technology), Ph.D., and short-term courses.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

Aurangabad has schools run by the [[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC) and private schools owned and run by trusts and individuals. Government Polytechnic Aurangabad and [[CSMSS College of Polytechnic, Aurangabad|CSMSS College of Polytechnic]] are among the polytechnic institutions in Marathwada region.

The Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad, is affiliated with [[University of Huddersfield]]. Students have internships in the Vivanta, Taj in Aurangabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://Aurangabad.nielit.gov.in |title=National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Aurangabad |publisher=Aurangabad.nielit.gov.in |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505050216/http://aurangabad.nielit.gov.in/ |archive-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sports==
Garware Stadium is the municipal stadium in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Garware stadium set for a facelift |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/garware-stadium-set-for-a-facelift/articleshow/57336413.cms |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308204103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/garware-stadium-set-for-a-facelift/articleshow/57336413.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> International-standard cricket stadium at [[Aurangabad District Cricket Association Stadium]] is under construction. [[Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College Sports Complex]] is a sports complex with in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College]] mainly used by college sports event.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Notable people==


*[[Malik Ambar]], a [[Siddi]] military leader and founder of Khadki (former name of city)
*[[Siraj Aurangabadi]], 18th-century Indian Urdu and Persian poet
*[[Prashant Bamb]], [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from the Gangapur constituency, member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Ankit Bawne]], cricketer
*[[Sandipanrao Bhumre]], MLA from [[Paithan]] constituency, member of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
*[[Rajendra Darda]], former MLA from Aurangabad East constituency, member of the [[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Tarang Jain]], businessman
*[[Imtiyaz Jaleel]], Indian politician and member of the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
*[[Mayuri Kango]], film actress
*[[Chandrakant Khaire]], Indian politician and member of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
*[[Aurangabadi Mahal]], wife of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb
*[[Abul A'la Maududi]], Pakistani theologian and philosopher of Islam
*[[Yashraj Mukhate]], musician
*[[Bashar Nawaz]], Indian Urdu poet and lyricist
*[[Dulari Qureshi]], art historian
*[[Samir Shah]], Television executive
*[[Iqbal Siddiqui]], cricketer
*[[Nikki Tamboli]], film actress
*[[Vineet Verma]], film director
*[[Wali Mohammed Wali]], father of Urdu poetry
*[[Rafiq Zakaria]], Indian politician



==See also==
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
* [[Bombay High Court#Aurangabad bench|Bombay High Court]]
* [[Shirdi]]
* [[Pedavadlapudi]]
* [[Largest Indian Cities by GDP]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aurangabad}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Aurangabad}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Aurangabad|volume=2|page=922 |short=x}}
* {{URL|https://chhatrapatisambhajinagar.maharashtra.gov.in/|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar district website}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/gazetteerofauran031184mbp |year=1884|location=Bombay |title=Gazetteer of Aurangabad |publisher=Times of India}}

{{Geographic location
|Northwest =
|North = [[Jalgaon]]
|Northeast =
|West = [[Nashik]]
|Centre = Aurangabad, Maharashtra
|East = [[Jalna (city)|Jalna, Beed]]
|Southwest =
|South = [[Ahmednagar]]
|Southeast =
}}

{{Marathwada}}
{{Aurangabad district, Maharashtra topics}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Million-plus agglomerations in India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Aurangabad, Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:1610 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1610s establishments in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Shantha

2026-03-15T17:21:12Z

Thereforedesignpune: created new page from scratch

{{wikt|sa:शान्ता|शान्त}}
'''Shantha''' may refer to

*[[Shanta]], a sister of the Hindu god Rama
*[[Shanta (given name)]], an Indian feminine given name
*[[Shantha Biotechnics]], Indian biotechnology company

==People==
*[[Shantha Abeysekara]], Sri Lankan politician
*[[Shantha Bandara]], Sri Lankan politician
*[[Shantha Dange]], Sri Lankan cricketer
*[[Shantha Francis]], Anglican Bishop of Kurunegala, Sri Lanka
*[[Shantha Roberts]], TV presenter
*[[K. G. Shantha]], Sri Lanka navy officer
*[[Waruna Shantha]], Sri Lankan cricketer
*[[Shantha Sinha]], anti-child labour activist
*[[K. W. Shantha Bandara]], Sri Lankan politician
*[[Shantha Kalavitigoda]], Sri Lankan cricketer
*[[Shantha Kottegoda]], Sri Lankan cricketer
*[[J. Shantha]], Indian politician
*[[Shantha Rangaswamy]], Indian cricketer


==See also==
*[[Shantaram (disambiguation)]]
*[[Shanti (disambiguation)]]
*[[Shant (disambiguation)]]
*[[Sant (disambiguation)]]
*''[[Shantha Sakkubai]]'', a 1939 Indian Tamil-language film

{{Disambiguation}}

[[Category:Sinhalese masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Surnames of Sinhalese origin]]
[[Category:Tamil feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]

Sanjay Kumar (soldier)

2026-03-06T15:44:36Z

Thereforedesignpune: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Recipient of Param Vir Chakra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain|Honorary Captain]] ([[Subedar Major]])
| name = Sanjay Kumar
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]
| image = File:Hony Capt Sanjay Kumar.jpg
| image_size = 250 px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|3|3|df=y}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = Kalol Bakain, [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 26 June 1996 - 28 February 2026
| rank = [[File: Captain of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Captain|Honorary Captain]] [[File:Subedar Major - Risaldar Major of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Subedar Major]]
| servicenumber = 13760533
| unit = [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|13 JAK RIF]]
| commands =
| battles = [[Kargil War]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]]
| alma_mater = Govt. Sr. Secondary School, Kalol
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
}}

[[Captain|Honorary Captain]] ([[Subedar Major]])<ref name=youtube>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3udo0AgvGY&t=21m30s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/T3udo0AgvGY |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=NDTV Video, at 21:37 Sanjay Kumar is shown to be a Naib Subedar |year=2014 |access-date=14 August 2014|work=[[NDTV]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite news|last1=Sura|first1=Ajay |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/15th-anniversary-of-Kargil-War-becomes-extra-special-for-brave-heart-Sanjay/articleshow/38983145.cms |title=15th anniversary of Kargil War becomes extra special for brave heart Sanjay |year=2014 |access-date=14 August 2014|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> '''Sanjay Kumar''' [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] (born 3 March 1976<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpbilaspur.gov.in/pvc.htm |title=Param Vir Chakra Winner of Bilaspur (H.P.) |website=Hpbilaspur.gov.in |year=2013 |access-date=18 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228045411/http://hpbilaspur.gov.in/pvc.htm |archivedate=28 February 2014 }}</ref>) is a retired Indian military officer, and recipient of the [[Param Vir Chakra]], [[India]]'s highest [[military]] award for his exemplary bravery during [[Kargil War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/sanjay-kumar|title=SANJAY KUMAR {{!}} Gallantry Awards|website=gallantryawards.gov.in|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sanjay Kumar was born in village Kalol Bakain in [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur District]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in a [[Dogras|Dogra]] family of Durga Ram and Bhag Devi. He completed his secondary education from Government Senior Secondary School, Kalol. Prior to joining the army, he worked as a taxi driver in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |date=25 July 2014 |title=15th anniversary of Kargil War becomes extra special for brave heart Sanjay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/15th-anniversary-of-Kargil-War-becomes-extra-special-for-brave-heart-Sanjay/articleshow/38983145.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> His uncle was in the [[Indian Army]] while his second brother is also serving with the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|Indo Tibetan Border Police]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2010 |title=Himachal CM honouring PVC awardee Sanjay Kumar |url=https://hillpost.in/2010/07/himachal-cm-honouring-pvc-awardee-sanjay-kumar/20990/ |website=Hill Post}}</ref> His application was rejected three times before he was finally selected to join the army. He was enlisted in [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]] of [[Indian Army]] on 26 June 1996.

==Military career==
[[File:Naib_Subedar_Sanjay_Kumar.jpg|center|thumb|Young [[Rifleman]] Kumar]]
===Param Vir Chakra Action===
On 4 July 1999, as a member of the 13th Battalion, [[Jammu & Kashmir Rifles]], he was the leading scout of a team tasked to capturing Area Flat Top, during the [[Kargil War]]. The area was held by [[Pakistan]]i troops. Having scaled the cliff, the team was pinned down by [[machine gun]] fire from an enemy [[bunker]], about 150 meters away.

Kumar, realising the magnitude of the problem and the detrimental effect this bunker would have in the capture of Area Flat Top, crawled alone up the ledge, along a flank, and charged towards the enemy bunker though there was a bullet rain. Almost instantly he took two bullets in his chest and forearm that left him bleeding profusely.

Though bleeding from the bullet wounds, he continued the charge towards the bunker. In hand-to-hand fighting, he killed three enemy soldiers. He then picked up an enemy machine gun and crept towards the second enemy bunker. The enemy soldiers, taken completely by surprise, were killed by him as they fled their post. Inspired by his act the rest of the [[platoon]] charged, assaulted the feature and captured Area Flat Top.

===Later career===
[[File:Subedar_Sanjay_Kumar_is_promoted_to_the_rank_of_Subedar_Major.jpg|alt=|center|thumb|275x275px|[[Subedar]] Sanjay Kumar is promoted to the rank of [[Subedar-major|Subedar Major]] during the term as an instructor at [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]].]]
In February 2022, he received the rank of [[Subedar Major]] and is posted to the [[National Defence Academy (India) | National Defence Academy]] in Khadakwasla near Pune.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/sanjay-kumar-param-vir-chakra-promoted/20220209.htm|title=Sanjay Kumar, Param Vir Chakra, Promoted|website=Rediff.com|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

==Param Vir Chakra citation==
[[File:Havildar_Sanjay_Kumar_receiving_PVC_from_the_then_Honorable_President_of_India_KR_Narayanan.png|alt=|center|thumb|250x250px|[[Havildar]] Sanjay Kumar receiving [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] from the then [[President of India|Honorable President of India]] [[K. R. Narayanan|KR Narayanan]]]]
The [[Param Vir Chakra]] citation on the official [[Indian Army]] website reads as follows:

{{Quotation|
Rifleman Sanjay Kumar volunteered to be the leading scout of the attacking column tasked to capture area Flat Top of Point 4875 in the Mushkoh Valley on 4 July 1999. During the attack when enemy automatic fire from one of the sangars posed stiff opposition and stalled the column, Rifleman Sanjay Kumar, realizing the gravity of the situation and with utter disregard to his personal safety, charged at the enemy. In the ensuing hand-to-hand combat, he killed three of the intruders and was himself seriously injured. Despite his injuries, he charged onto the second bunker. Taken totally by surprise, the enemy left behind a Universal Machine Gun and started running.

Rifleman Sanjay Kumar picked up the UMG and killed the fleeing enemy. Although bleeding profusely, he refused to be evacuated. The brave action on his part motivated his comrades and they took no notice of the treacherous terrain and charged onto the enemy and wrested the area Flat Top from the hands of the enemy.

Rifleman Sanjay Kumar displayed most conspicuous gallantry, cool courage and devotion to duty of an exceptionally high order in the face of the enemy.<ref name=PVC>{{citation|url=http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=NCvnix4zLfQhf90l3OuEBw%3d%3d&ParentID=1tHir3NYQjroCJ9AgypEwg%3d%3d|access-date=28 August 2014|title=The Param Vir Chakra Winners (PVC) |publisher=Official Website of the Indian Army}} "Profile" and "Citation" tabs.</ref>}}

==Awards and decorations==
During his career, he has been awarded with the [[Param Vir Chakra]] ([[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] 1999) for his part in the [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]].
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|Colspan=4|[[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|105x105px]] [[File:Wound_Medal-India.svg|105x105px]]
|-
| colspan="4" | [[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]] [[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|105x105px]] [[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:Mission_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea_Medal_ribbon.png|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="2" |[[Param Vir Chakra]]
|colspan="2" |[[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]
|-
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|colspan="2" |[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|-
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[High Altitude Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[United Nations Medal|UNMEE Medal]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|
|[[Rifleman]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|26 June 1996
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:India-Army-OR-6.svg|35px]]
|[[Havildar]]
|Indian Army
|26 January 2000
Directly promoted to the rank of Havildar for receiving [[Param Vir Chakra]]
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Naib_Subedar_-_Naib_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]]|| [[Naib Subedar]]|| Indian Army||2 July 2014
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Subedar_-_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Subedar]]|| Indian Army ||
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Subedar_Major_-_Risaldar_Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Subedar-major|Subedar Major]]|| Indian Army ||February 2022
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File: Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]]
|[[Lieutenant|Honorary Lieutenant]]
|Indian Army
|15 August 2025 <ref>{{Cite web | title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156431 | access-date=2025-11-26 | website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/aug/doc2025814608601.pdf | title=To be honorary captain (on active list) | website=static.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]]
|[[Captain|Honorary Captain]]
|Indian Army
|26 January 2026
|-
|}

== Controversy==
[[File:Sub_Sanjay_Kumar.jpg|alt=|center|thumb|314x314px|Then [[Subedar]] Sanjay Kumar wearing the [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] medal at the first position of the medal tally.]]
In 2010 Kumar was demoted from the rank of [[Havildar]] to [[Lance Naik]].<ref name="MidDay">{{cite web |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2010/jan/270110-sanjay-kumar-kargil-hero-demoted.htm |title=Double demotion for Kargil hero |first=Anshuman G. |last=Dutta |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=27 January 2010 |access-date=18 February 2014 |archive-date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115044300/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2010/jan/270110-sanjay-kumar-kargil-hero-demoted.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The army refused to cite any reasons for his demotion. Moreover, the army concealed the facts and by continuing to refer to him as Havildar in press releases. Recipients of the Param-Vir Chakra are saluted irrespective of rank, which is alleged to be the bone of contention between Kumar and senior officers.<ref name="MidDay" />

Kumar was offered a job by the Himachal Pradesh Government and may accept this offer after completing his 15 years of service (for receiving post-retirement benefits) in the army.<ref name=MidDay/>

On 2 July 2014, Kumar became a [[Junior Commissioned Officer]] (JCO) of the Indian Army, with his promotion to [[Subedar-major|Naib Subedar]]. While the promotion of Kumar had once become an issue in the Army after he was allegedly demoted to the rank of [[Lance Naik]] from the rank of [[Havildar]] in 2008, the issue was later buried with the intervention of higher authorities. It was also stated that there are no out-of-turn promotions for recipients of gallantry awards in the Army and they are promoted as per their seniority with their fellow soldiers in the unit.<ref name=youtube/><ref name=toi/>

He was promoted to the rank of [[Subedar Major]] in February 2022.<ref name="auto"/>

==In popular culture==
Kumar's story along with others who were part of the same conflict was portrayed in the film ''[[LOC Kargil]]'', in which his character was played by famous Bollywood actor [[Sunil Shetty]].

== Legacy ==
[[File:Rifleman_Sanjay_Kumar_statue_at_Param_Yodha_Sthal_Delhi.jpg|center|thumb|290x290px|[[Rifleman]] (now [[Subedar-major|Subedar Major]]) Sanjay Kumar statue at Param Yodha Sthal, [[Delhi]].]]
A statue of Sub Maj Sanjay Kumar was unveiled at Param Yodha Sthal, Delhi with 20 other PVC Awardees. One of the Islands of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar]] has been renamed as Sanjay Dweep with other 20 PVC awardees on [[Netaji Jayanti|Parakram Diwas]] 23 January 2021.

==See also==
*[[Yogendra Singh Yadav|Yogendra Yadav, PVC]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|first1=Major General Ian (retd.)|last1=Cardozo|title=Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle|year=2003|publisher=Roli Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7436-262-9|language=English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ymBAAAQBAJ}}
{{refend}}
{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian taxi drivers]]

Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, New Chandigarh

2026-03-05T04:18:40Z

Thereforedesignpune: stub

{{Short description|Hospital in Mohali, Punjab}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, New Chandigarh, Mohali, Punjab
| image = Official logo of Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre.jpg
| type = Dedicated oncology hospital and research institute
| established = 2022
| parent = Tata Memorial Centre
| director = Prof. (Dr.) Ashish Gulia
| city = New Chandigarh
| country = India
| website = {{URL|https://tmc.gov.in/hbchrc/}}
}}
The '''Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre''' is a 300-bed [[oncology]] hospital in [[New Chandigarh, Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Tata Memorial's Homi Bhabha cancer hospital in Mohali on August 24 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-tata-memorials-homi-bhabha-cancer-hospital-in-mohali-on-august-24-424217 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> It has been built by the [[Tata Memorial Centre]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-08-24 |title=PM Modi inaugurates cancer hospital in Punjab's Mohali, says health care a priority |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-cancer-hospital-in-punjabs-mohali-says-health-care-a-priority/article65805649.ece |access-date=2022-09-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
The Punjab government granted {{convert|50|acre|abbr=on}} of land for construction of the hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2013-12-30 |title=Manmohan lays foundation stone for cancer hospital in Punjab |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manmohan-lays-foundation-stone-for-cancer-hospital-in-punjab/article5519250.ece |access-date=2022-09-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The foundation stone for the hospital was laid in 2013 by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Sukhbir Badal seeks sub-centres of Homi Bhabha hospital in Jalandhar and Amritsar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sukhbir-badal-seeks-sub-centres-in-jalandhar-and-amritsar-424987 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Victor |first=Hillary |date=2021-12-02 |title=Mohali cancer hospital: First phase to open by month end |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/mohali-cancer-hospital-first-phase-to-open-by-month-end-101638389238830.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It was inaugurated on 24 August 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=":0" /> The Director of the hospital is Dr. Ashish Gulia.

== Hospital Services ==
The hospital is a 300-bedded facility and has 11 departments including Medical Oncology, [[Surgical oncology|Surgical Oncology]] and Radiation Oncology to provide specialized quality oncology treatment to patients.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maajor Equipment - HBCH&RC |url=https://tmc.gov.in/hbchrc/majorequipment |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=tmc.gov.in}}</ref> Day care facility is available for chemotherapy. The department of Diagnostic and [[Interventional radiology|Interventional Radiology]] is equipped with 3T MRI, CT scan, Ultrasonography, Mammography and Digital X-ray unit.

== Health Schemes Available for Patients ==

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCHEMES - HBCH&RC |url=https://tmc.gov.in/hbchrc/SCHEMES |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=tmc.gov.in}}</ref>

# Ayushman Bharat (Sarbat Sehat Bima Yojna) for up to an amount of Rs. 5 Lakh
# Mukh Mantri Punjab Cancer Rahat Kosh Scheme for up to an amount of Rs. 1.5 Lakh

== Medical Research ==
Various interdisciplinary and multi-institute clinical trials and research in done at the hospital. 24 research projects are being done at the Institute as of August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RESEARCH - HBCH&RC |url=https://tmc.gov.in/hbchrc/RESEARCH |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=tmc.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|30.8183|76.7426|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Punjab, India]]

Postman (2000 film)

2026-03-03T18:10:57Z

Thereforedesignpune: made some data w/ refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Postman
| image = Postman 2000 film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD Cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Muppalaneni Siva]]
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Muppalaneni Siva
| story = Vishnuvardhan Babu
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Mohan Babu]]
| starring = Mohan Babu [[Soundarya]] [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = K. S. Prakash
| editing =
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| studio = [[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2000|1|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Postman''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language family drama film directed by [[Muppalaneni Siva]] and starring [[Mohan Babu]], [[Soundarya]] and [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-soundarya.html|title=Soundarya - to expose or not to expose|last=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2023-02-04|archive-date=2023-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204111738/https://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-soundarya.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vishnu, a postman in Hyderabad, is adored by all, and Sirisha develops feelings for him. However, he loves Archana, who is imprisoned in connection with a bomb explosion case. A series of events leads to a tragic climax: Archana is killed during their wedding, and Vishnu continues to carry out his postman duties, grief-stricken.

== Cast ==
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Vishnu
*[[Soundarya]] as Archana
*[[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Sirisha
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ramkoti
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] and released under the label Supreme Recording.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/are_pm.html|title=Audio Review|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001211210100/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/are_pm.html|archive-date=11 December 2000}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Lahiri Lahiri
| lyrics1 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Acha Tenugula
| lyrics2 = Ghantadi Krishna
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Nenoka Poolamokka
| lyrics3 = [[Jandhyala Papayya Sastry]]
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas
| length3 =
| title4 = Kuku Kokilamma
| lyrics4 = Guru Charan
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chitra
| length4 =
| title5 = Oolu Daralalo
| lyrics5 = Jandhyala Papayya Sastry
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas
| length5 =
| title6 = Bava Bava Laggam
| lyrics6 = Suddala Ashok Teja
| extra6 = Udit Narayan, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length6 =
| title7 = Ichotanee...
| lyrics7 = [[Gurram Jashuva]]
| extra7 = K. J. Yesudas
| length7 =
| title8 = Manushullo Gentleman
| lyrics8 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao|Jonnavithula]]
| extra8 = Udit Narayan, Swarnalatha
| length8 =
| title9 = Veshamu Vesi
| lyrics9 = Jandhyala Papayya Sastry
| extra9 = K. J. Yesudas
| length9 =
| title10 = Rajahamsa Cheera
| lyrics10 = Suddala Ashok Teja
| extra10 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chitra
| length10 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film released on 13 January 2000, coinciding with [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]], alongside ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]'' and ''[[Vamsoddharakudu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/edit/edit201299.html|title=True Film Festival for Telugu Cinema|date=20 December 1999|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005858/https://www.idlebrain.com/edit/edit201299.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994318223/Successful-Movies-Starring-Soundarya-and-Mohan-Babu-Combo|title=Successful Movies Starring Soundaraya and Mohan Babu Combo|work=India Herald|access-date=2023-01-24|archive-date=2023-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121061208/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994318223/Successful-Movies-Starring-Soundarya-and-Mohan-Babu-Combo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/edit/edit091100.html|title=Editorial - Festivals for Telugu Cinema|date=20 October 2000|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204111732/https://www.idlebrain.com/edit/edit091100.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news10.html|title=Mohan Babu on Cloud Nine|date=15 May 2000|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204112245/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news10.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was reviewed by ''[[Zamin Ryot]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2000/Feb/4-Feb-2000.pdf|title=Review - bottom left|language=te|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|page=9,11|access-date=2023-01-21|archive-date=2022-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111004723/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2000/Feb/4-Feb-2000.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of four out of five and wrote that "It has got all the ingredients one expect from a good film. There is a treat for the Telugu language lovers in this film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-postman.html|title=Just Released (13th January 2000) - Postman|date=13 January 2000|last=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121044156/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-postman.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1212129}}

{{Muppalaneni Shiva}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muppalaneni Shiva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vandemataram Srinivas]]

Krishnashtami

2026-03-03T17:47:44Z

Thereforedesignpune: cleanup citations to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krishnashtami
| image = Krishnashtami poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vasu Varma]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| producer = [[Dil Raju]]
| starring = [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] [[Nikki Galrani]]
| music = Dinesh
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 160 min
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|02|19|}}
}}
'''''Krishnashtami''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film written and directed by [[Vasu Varma]], cinematography by [[Chota K. Naidu]], and produced by [[Dil Raju]] under [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]. It features [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Nikki Galrani]] and [[Dimple Chopade]] in the lead roles.

The film was released worldwide on 19 February 2016.<ref>[http://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/290116/sunil-s-next-pushed-further.html "Sunil’s next pushed further"]</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Krishna Vara Prasad
* [[Nikki Galrani]] as Pallavi
* [[Dimple Chopade]] as Priya
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Raghupati
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]]
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]]
* [[Tejaswi Madivada]]
* [[Harsha Chemudu]]
}}

==Music==
The audio songs of this movie, along with a trailer was released in the "Maitri" annual festivities conducted at the Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Krishnashtami theatrical trailer impresses|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Krishnashtami-theatrical-trailer-impresses/articleshow/50562915.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-15}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Singers<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.allindiasongs.com/krishnashtami-2016/|title=Krishnashtami Songs (2016)|date=2016-01-09|newspaper=AllIndiaSongs|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001204911/http://www.allindiasongs.com/krishnashtami-2016/|archive-date=1 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Gokula Thilaka"
|Revanth
|-
|"Love Is True"
|[[Adnan Sami]]
|-
|"Bava Bava Panneeru"
|Dhanunjay, [[Ramya Behara]]
|-
|"Nuvvu Nenu Anthe"
|[[Vijay Prakash]], Ramya Behara
|-
|"Krishnashtami"
|Revanth, [[Noel Sean]], Rohit Paritala
|-
|"Lefto Punjabi Dressu"
|[[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Mamta Sharma]]
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "Krishnashtami has a reasonable plot, but is let down by lazy execution and insipid performances".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/200216/movie-review-krishnashtami-it-s-old-whine-in-new-bottle.html | title=Movie review 'Krishnashtami': It's old whine in new bottle | date=20 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/krishnashtami-neither-engaging-nor-amusing/article8257491.ece | title=Krishnashtami review | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 February 2016 }}</ref>

==Box office==
===Domestic===
Krishnashtami grossed ₹3.5 crore on the opening day at AP/Telangana box office making second best opener for [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] after [[Maryada Ramanna]]. The film grossed ₹6 crore in its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/krishnashtami-box-office-collections-rise-to-rs-6-crore-in-opening-weekend/214777/ |title=Krishnashtami' box office collections rise to Rs 6 crore in opening weekend and ended up with 10 crore gross|agency= financial express news|date= 22 Feb 2016}}</ref>

===Overseas===
Krishnashtami collected $29,382 at the US box office in its first weekend.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/krishnashtami-us-box-office-collection-sunil-film-fails-beat-kvpg-first-weekend-667968 Krishnashtami US box office collection]. ibtimes.co.in</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5572890}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]

{{2010s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Costao

2026-03-01T04:59:16Z

Thereforedesignpune: started initial page more to come.

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language biographical crime drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Costao
| image = Costao.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = Sejal Shah
| writer = Bhavesh Mandalia Meghna Srivastava
| producer = [[Vinod Bhanushali]] Kamlesh Bhanushali Bhavesh Mandalia Sejal Shah Shyam Sunder Faizuddin Siddiqui
| starring = [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] [[Priya Bapat]] [[Kishore Kumar G]] [[Hussain Dalal]] [[Mahika Sharma]]
| cinematography = Rafey Mahmood
| editing = Unnikrishnan Payoor Parameswaran
| studio = Bhanushali Studios Bombay Fables Motion Pictures Side Hero Entertainment
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|05|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Costao''''' is a [[List of Hindi films of 2025|2025]] Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Crime film|crime drama film]] directed by [[Sejal Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Nawazuddin Siddiqui wears black band at Costao press con. |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/pahalgam-terror-attack-nawazuddin-siddiqui-wears-black-band-at-costao-press-con-23527484 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Was Nawazuddin Siddiqui cast in Costao because of his resemblance to Customs officer? Director Sejal Shah spills the beans |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/was-nawazuddin-siddiqui-cast-in-costao-because-of-his-resemblance-to-customs-officer-director-sejal-shah-spills-the-beans/558722f52b738 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423114825/https://www.ottplay.com/news/was-nawazuddin-siddiqui-cast-in-costao-because-of-his-resemblance-to-customs-officer-director-sejal-shah-spills-the-beans/558722f52b738 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-15 |title=Meet Costao Fernandes, Customs Officer Who Killed Goa CM's Brother For Smuggling Gold; How It Inspired Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Role In ZEE5 Movie? |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/costao-movie-meet-costao-fernandes-customs-officer-who-killed-goa-cm-brother-for-smuggling-gold-and-inspired-nawazuddin-siddiqui-role-10230534 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Priya Bapat]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Hussain Dalal]], and [[Mahika Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=Costao set for OTT release: When and where to watch Nawazuddin Siddiqui movie - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/costao-set-for-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-nawazuddin-siddiqui-movie-19590900.htm |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> It was written by Bhavesh Mandalia and Meghna Srivastava and produced by [[Vinod Bhanushali]], Kamlesh Bhanushali, Bhavesh Mandalia, Sejal Shah, Shyam Sunder and Faizuddin Siddiqui.

Set in the 1990s, ''Costao'' is based on the true story of Costao Fernandes,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=First look from Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Costao unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Apr/12/first-look-from-nawazuddin-siddiquis-costao-unveiled |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> a [[Goa]] [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs#Hierarchy & designation of CBIC|Customs officer]] who sacrificed everything to dismantle a major gold smuggling operation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Twinkle |date=2025-04-23 |title=Costao release date: Know when and where to watch Nawazuddin Siddiqui starrer |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/costao-release-date-know-when-and-where-to-watch-nawazuddin-siddiqui-starrer-2025-04-23-986981 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 1 May 2025 on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=For 10 years of 'Badlapur': Nawazuddin Siddiqui's dialogue improv added another dimension to his character |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/for-10-years-of-badlapur-nawazuddin-siddiquis-dialogue-improv-added-another-dimension-to-his-character-947518 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui's 'Costao' to stream on this OTT platform |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nawazuddin-siddiquis-costao-to-stream-on-this-ott-platform |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film depicts the efforts of Costao Fernandes (portrayed by [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]), a customs officer in [[Goa]] during the 1990s. His dedication to [[law enforcement]] drives him to uncover a gold smuggling syndicate. Working on a tip, he follows the gold smugglers, and in an act of self defence kills Peter, who was running away with gold. Peter happens to be brother of a politician, who soon wins the upcoming state election and uses all state forces to crush Costao and give him an unjust trial.

The narrative follows Costao's actions as he works to expose the smugglers, facing significant personal and professional challenges along the way. His pursuit of justice results in conflict with the smuggling ring, leading to a series of tense events. Eventually, post two convictions in lower courts, the Supreme Court rules in his favour.

== Cast ==

* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Costao Fernandes
* [[Priya Bapat]] as Maria Fernandes
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore Kumar G]] as D'Mello
* [[Hussain Dalal]] as Peter D'Mello
* [[Mahika Sharma]] as Cassandra
* Davina Colaço
* [[Gagan Dev Riar]] as Sameer Narang, Addnl SP, CBI Officer
* Shravan Fondekar as Young Informer
* Arjun Kumar Shrivastav
* Dilkash Khan as Goon

== Production ==
''Costao'' is produced by Bhanushali Studios Limited and Bombay Fables Motion Pictures, with a screenplay written by Bhavesh Mandalia and Meghna Srivastava.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-17 |title=Costao trailer: 'Honest customs officer' Nawazuddin Siddiqui is accused of murder, fights battle against corrupt system |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/costao-trailer-honest-customs-officer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-is-accused-of-murder-fights-battle-against-corrupt-system-101744879215647.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417093053/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/costao-trailer-honest-customs-officer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-is-accused-of-murder-fights-battle-against-corrupt-system-101744879215647.html |archive-date=2025-04-17 |access-date=2025-04-26 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> The story of ''Costao'' is based on real-life events surrounding a gold smuggling operation in 1990s Goa, and the film highlights the personal and professional challenges faced by Costao Fernandes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Costao Teaser: Nawazuddin Siddiqui Is Up Against Goa's Most Notorious Smuggler |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/costao-teaser-nawazuddin-siddiqui-is-up-against-goas-most-notorious-smuggler-8162440 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Costao: Release date, OTT platform, cast, plot, and more about Nawazuddin Siddiqui's drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/costao-release-date-ott-platform-cast-plot-and-more-about-nawazuddin-siddiquis-drama/4aa4cd2e1c840 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Filming took place on location in [[Goa]], with cinematography by Rafey Mehmood and editing by Unnikrishnan Payoor Parameswaran.

== Release ==
''Costao'' was released on 1 May 2025 on the [[ZEE5]] streaming platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji |first=Alwin Benjamin |date=2025-04-26 |title=7 exciting OTT releases to watch between April 25 and May 1 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Apr/26/7-exciting-ott-releases-to-watch-between-april-25-and-may-1 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> The trailer was released in mid-April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-17 |title='Costao' trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui fights crime and corruption in gripping gold-smuggling thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/costao-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-fights-crime-and-corruption-in-gripping-gold-smuggling-thriller/articleshow/120384894.cms |access-date=2025-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Costao received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for Nawazuddin Siddiqui's performance and the film's storytelling, direction, and pacing:''

[[Pinkvilla]] called ''Costao'' "one of the rare Hindi OTT delights these days" and praised Nawazuddin Siddiqui for playing "a larger-than-life hero most realistically.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui plays a larger-than-life hero most realistically and there's nothing to complain. Pinkvilla. |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/costao-review-nawazuddin-siddiqui-plays-a-larger-than-life-hero-most-realistically-and-theres-nothing-to-complain-1385118}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of [[Firstpost]] lauded the film as a "delightful movie" with a "terrific performance" by Siddiqui, appreciating its restrained storytelling and honest portrayal of real events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deb Roy |first=Lachmi |title='Costao' Movie Review: Terrific performance by Nawazuddin Siddiqui & what a beautifully restrained way of storytelling |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/costao-movie-review-terrific-performance-by-nawazuddin-siddiqui-and-what-a-beautifully-restrained-way-of-storytelling-13884168.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha from [[The Times of India]] gave a mixed review, stating that Siddiqui's brilliance was evident, but the sluggish pacing and weak script diminished the impact of the real-life story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |title=Costao Review: While Nawazuddin Siddiqui's performance offers glimpses of brilliance, the film ultimately doesn't capitalise on the intriguing real-life events it draws inspiration from |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/costao/ottmoviereview/120732298.cms |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Firstpost described the film as "a delightful movie" and commended Siddiqui's return to form, noting his "terrific performance" and the film's "beautifully restrained way of storytelling."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lachmi Deb Roy. "'Costao' Movie Review: Terrific performance by Nawazuddin Siddiqui & what a beautifully restrained way of storytelling." Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/costao-movie-review-terrific-performance-by-nawazuddin-siddiqui-and-what-a-beautifully-restrained-way-of-storytelling-13884168.html}}</ref> News9Live referred to ''Costao'' as "a powerful blend of emotion, corruption, and Nawazuddin Siddiqui's brilliance," noting his performance as "layered, restrained, and deeply affecting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taru Masand. "Costao review: A powerful blend of emotion, corruption, and Nawazuddin Siddiqui's brilliance." News9Live |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/movie-review/costao-movie-review-2845195}}</ref> Moneycontrol highlighted ''Costao'' as "a sharp, engaging real-life drama," emphasizing Siddiqui's portrayal as "at his best."<ref>{{Cite web |title=A sharp, engaging real-life drama that sees Nawazuddin Siddiqui at his best." Moneycontrol |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/costao-movie-review-a-sharp-engaging-real-life-drama-that-sees-nawazuddin-siddiqui-at-his-best-article-13008524.html}}</ref> Arpita Sarkar of [[OTTplay]] gave a positive review, rating it 4.5/5 and commending Siddiqui's natural acting and the film's enthralling narrative through the daughter's perspective, though she noted minor issues with plot execution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Arpita |title=Costao Movie Review: A gold smuggling ring, bold pursuit of justice and Nawazuddin Siddiqui at his best |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/costao-movie-review-a-gold-smuggling-ring-bold-pursuit-of-justice-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-at-his-best/8c7d3eabdb918 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/costao/0-0-1z5734786 Costao]'' on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt13261550}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language biographical films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]

Mano Ya Na Mano (2006 TV series)

2026-02-22T21:39:05Z

Thereforedesignpune: new a page

{{Short description|2006 Indian reality television program}}
{{Distinguish|Mano Ya Na Mano (1995 TV series)}}
{{Convert to Episode table}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| creator =
| director = [[Antara Kak]], Yogesh Raut, Ravi Davala {{small|(''Season 1'')}} Rajesh Ranshinge {{small|(''Season 2'')}}
| producer = [[Siddharth Kak]]
| writer = Ratneshwar K Singh, Yogesh Raut, Smita Nair Jain {{small|(''Season 1'')}} Nitin Keswani {{small|(''Season 2'')}}
| music =
| cinematography = Anil C J, Gajendra Dangwal, Chandan Goswami, Neha Parti{{small|(''Season 1'')}}
| presenter = [[Irrfan Khan]] {{small|(''Season 1'')}} [[Mishal Raheja]] {{small|(''Season 2'')}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[STAR One]]
| camera =
| first_aired = {{start date|2006}}
| last_aired =
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 102
| list_episodes =
| company = Cinema Vision India
}}

'''''Mano Ya Na Mano''''' ({{Translation|''Believe It Or Not''}}) is an Indian TV show inspired by true incidents that took place in various places.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060702/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> It was produced by [[Siddharth Kak]] and aired on [[STAR One]] in India. The 1st season was hosted by [[Irrfan Khan]] in 2006, while [[Mishal Raheja]] hosted Season 2 in 2010.

==Episodes==

=== Season 1 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! style="background: #423797; color: #ffffff;"| No.
! style="background: #423797; color: #ffffff;"| #
! style="background: #423797; color: #ffffff;"| Title
|-

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Future prediction and Incarnation of Lord Hanuman
|ShortSummary = The first story is about Amba, a 14-year-old girl, who writes a poem to her father, wherein she predicts her death at the age of 21, which comes to pass. The second story is of a washerman, a great believer of lord 'Hanuman', whose prayers for sons like Pawan Putra come true and he is blessed with three ugly sons. These three brothers are taken care of by their elder brother Murugeshan and his wife Murugeshwari.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = The Story of Captain Saini and Sudama
|ShortSummary = The first story is about Captain K. K. Saini when he was dejected with his life and conduct, his father followed the path of [[Bhrigu Samhita]], with the help of which Saini learns his past, present, and future. In the second story, Sudhama goes missing in the forest. 12 years later, he is found as a feral boy. With the help of his family, Sudhama is trying to live like a normal human being.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Mystery of Bhangarh and jackals who feed on holy offering
|ShortSummary = Irfan Khan talks about [[Bhangarh]] and Ajabgarh, which are abandoned and not safe to stay in after dusk. It is believed that Bhangarh was cursed by a dying magician. Irfan mentions a temple in the desert of Kutch where jackals first eat the holy offering. The villagers follow their devotion before any good deed.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Anthony bungalow in Gujarat forest
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about a palace located in the jungles of Gujarat. During British rule, an officer tried to molest a dancer, who later committed suicide. People believe that the dancer's soul haunts the palace. In the second part, the narrator describes the [[Thaipusam]] festival in which the devotees follow a ritual of inserting a skewer through their tongue and cheeks to have their wishes fulfilled.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Tarot Card Reading and Baba Kamar Ali Darwesh
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about tarot cards. Dr. Roopa Patel discusses the accuracy of tarot card reading. A judge believes in tarot card prediction and experienced its accuracy at the time of his operation. A girl who lost her mother years ago finds answers with the help of tarot cards. Baba Kamar Ali Durvesh is known for rescuing villagers from a demon, which he captures in a stone.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Temple of Chowdeshwari and the Explanation of Dreams
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about magical writing where people write through an unknown force. Chowdeshwari temple is located in a small village called Dasarighatta, where it is believed that various mysteries of life are solved. Chowdeshwari Devi answers her devotees' queries by writing on rice flour. In the second half, Irfan talks about dreams. Monica Drego, Mahrukh Kama, and Srishti Vaswani share their dreams. Francis Menezes speaks about dreams and their relation to one's life.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Ajjya River in Karnataka
|ShortSummary = Irfan describes Ajjayya River in Karnataka, where it is believed that possessing spirits release the host body. Later he narrates about Renuka and Chetan, who are possessed by spirits. The second half describes the story of Fosten, who finds an ancient Portuguese coin in a fish and starts researching about a ship wreck, resulting in the discovery of a ship that sank four hundred years ago.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Dwarika palace is still immersed in the ocean
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about the Dwaraka. Dr. S.R. Rao, a marine archaeologist, points out that according to the ''[[Mahabharat]]'' epic, Dwaraka palace is under the ocean. According to marine archaeologists, the town under the ocean may be a port and not Dwaraka palace. In the second part, Irfan describes Pir Shah Wilayat Dargah in Moradabad, where non-poisonous scorpions dwell.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Past life regression therapy
|ShortSummary = Irfan describes past life regression therapy. Indira, who was tormented by her husband, meets Dr. Yuvraj Kapadia and is helped by past-life regression therapy. In a village called Jalna in Maharashtra Abdul Jabbar and Gousiya Begum's sons look like snakes.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Crystal ball reading
|ShortSummary = Meher finds her lost jewelry with the help of Lara Shah, a holistic healer. In the second part, there is a lantern continuously burning without oil for the last twenty-seven years, and a pond that responds to claps.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = Naadi Shastra
|ShortSummary = Malati Subhramanyan explains about Naadi Shastra. Maria and Rahul are separated due to a few misunderstandings for which Maria seeks Naadi Shastra's help and is now happy in her life. In the second part, Bhuvan suffers from illusions of a place named Lonar and he decides to explore it.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12
|Title = Karalmanna villagers were worried
|ShortSummary = Tantya Mama was famous for his bravery and was also a magician who tricked British officers. In the second part, Irfan talks about a human's footprints larger than an elephant's footprints. S.R. Krishna Swamy and N.S. Rangraju investigate the big footprints. In Karalmanna the villagers find a "Shivling" in a cave.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13
|Title = Jayanti Bhai and the mystery of St. Francis Xavier
|ShortSummary = Irfan speaks about a person named Jayanti Bhai who experienced a miracle. After his death, he observed a miraculous light and was back to life and has the power to communicate with animals. In the second half, there is a 450-year-old, St. Francis Xavier's body that remains undeteriorated in a church in Goa.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14
|Title = Lord Shani's temple in Shingadapur
|ShortSummary = In [[Shingnapur]], people have never experienced theft. In the second part, Irfan narrates an incident in Susner, Madhya Pradesh. A young boy named Kanhaiya remembers his past life and calls himself Sanjay.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15
|Title = Ramayana and the mystery behind Abhaykumar Deora's life
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about the mystery relating to Abhaykumar Deora, who has survived without food for the past five years. Dr. Chandrudutt Havaldar says that Deora's organs are normal even after fasting for a long time.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16
|Title = The mysterious bangle and the attachment with wild animals
|ShortSummary = Suchitra finds a mysterious bangle in the Kaveri River which changed her life. On visiting Talkad she discovers that the places and people are similar to those in her dreams. Some priests mention that the bangle belongs to the queen of ancient times. Suchitra throws the bangle back into the river. In the second half, Dr. Prakash Amte of Maharashtra has a special attachment with wild animals, which never harm him.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17
|Title = Power of Aura Therapy and mystery behind Champaner
|ShortSummary = Geeta Thakkar explains aura therapy. The doctors treat Sapna with the help of Rudraksh, crystal, and Reiki. In the second half, the city Champaner located in Gujarat was once known as the land of gods, but it is now haunted. Sonal Mithal Modi mentions that the land of Champaner was cursed by Bhadra.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18
|Title = Auto writing techniques
|ShortSummary = Kashmira Elavia communicates with dead souls after her young daughter died. Jamsheed Vachha and Nan Umrigar share their experiences about auto writing. In the second part, Irfan narrates the history of the Himalayas and the research conducted. Zamaan Ali shares his experience about [[yeti]].
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19
|Title = Dowsing Therapy and mystery of the queen of Georgia
|ShortSummary = Mukesh loses his brother, whom he looked after following their parents' death. Mukesh travels from Allahabad to Mumbai to look for his brother Rakesh. Mukesh contacts a dowsing therapist to get help. Queen Ketevan was kept in prison by King Shah Abbas before being brutally killed.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20
|Title = Touch and Vibration therapy
|ShortSummary = One day during meditation, Mulkraj Das sees a yellow light and thinks he has lost his eye. He feels some kind of change in himself, and his touch has cured his friend's knee pain. After that, he came back to India to treat every pain through his touch therapy.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21
|Title = Thug community and Future prediction
|ShortSummary = During 1830 the A.D Fraud tribe killed people and stole their belongings. They used to meet on Dushera and on that day they used to initiate new members into the cult who may be as young as 15 or 16 years old. Colonel W.H Sleeman used to declare their death statement. Nawal Gani predicts through coffee cup reading.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|EpisodeNumber2 = 22
|Title = Bringing rain and Healing by painting
|ShortSummary = Mellur village, near Madurai, Tamil Nadu, gets no rain because of the absence of clouds. People pray for rain. Balakrishnan absorbs heat from land to form clouds for rain. Yogini solves people's problems through painting.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|EpisodeNumber2 = 23
|Title = Clairvoyance
|ShortSummary = In a Delhi hospital, a baby girl named Pawani is fighting for her life in February 2005 and was dependent on dialysis. Pawani's parents met Ashwini Ji, who advised them to remove the dialysis machine which could save her. Tapsya Singh with her sixth sense can communicate with the spirits and angels.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|EpisodeNumber2 = 24
|Title = Numerology
|ShortSummary = Meenakshi is unsuccessful is pursuing film. Nisha advises her to meet numerologist Neeraj Mancchanda. There are rats worshiped with goddess in the [[Karni Mata Temple]] in [[Rajasthan]]. Chaitanya's parents reach Karni Mata's temple to find answers to Chaitanya's troubles.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|EpisodeNumber2 = 25
|Title = Human with a tail
|ShortSummary = Irfan asks questions about the monkey man and introduces Chandre, who has a tail. In the second half, Irfan talks about a 500-year old coffin in which a person was buried alive as a punishment. The villagers were asked to hit the coffin five times when they pass by.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|EpisodeNumber2 = 26
|Title = Snake Mano from Chennai and mystic powers of gems
|ShortSummary = Irfan introduces Maano, a snake charmer who catches poisonous snakes. In the second part, Irfan explores the secrets of birth stones and describes Khabir's experiences with birthstones.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|EpisodeNumber2 = 27
|Title = Predcting Future
|ShortSummary = Irfan describes a place where after burning a dead body in front of the temple, temple authorities start with ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]''. In the other half, he describes a marble with some personal experiences of locals.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|EpisodeNumber2 = 28
|Title = Tarot cards
|ShortSummary = Irfan describes Kishore and his past experiences with a goddess, who asks him to perform miracles, like taking out puris from boiling oil. In the second half, he introduces Sherin, who is madly in love but later becomes abnormal.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|EpisodeNumber2 = 29
|Title = Subconscious mind
|ShortSummary = Dr. Sharma explains the positive and negative attributes of the subconscious mind. A person cures the disease of his subconscious mind.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|EpisodeNumber2 = 30
|Title = Kalaripayattu and Marma therapy
|ShortSummary = Irfan gives information about Kalaripayattu's positive and negative effects on humans. In the olden days, kings used the technique to fight with their enemy. In other half, he gives information about a temple in the Himalayas in which a small fire has been burning for hundreds of years.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|EpisodeNumber2 = 31
|Title = Magnetotherapy
|ShortSummary = Irfan explains the importance of magnets and its power. Maya takes magnetic therapy treatment for the increase in blood sugar levels. In the second half, Irfan talks about a tree filled with invisible souls in Kerala, which has been tied with big chains.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|EpisodeNumber2 = 32
|Title = Mass Hysteria and Face Reading
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about a soldier who died mysteriously, while the Indian army believes he is alive and is given some amenities. In the other half, he tells us about Mony Singh and the science of body features.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|EpisodeNumber2 = 33
|Title = Electric body and Hypnotism
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Mohan, whose body is filled with electric current. In the second half, Acharya as a hypnotist who shares his experiences. Dr. Rajeev talks about the effects which come from hypnotism.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|EpisodeNumber2 = 34
|Title = Pyare Babu curing gall bladder stones using mystic power
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about an operation that did not require a scalpel. In the second half, Irfan describes Kutti Chethan and his mysteries around his disciples.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|EpisodeNumber2 = 35
|Title = Shri Briradhiya Baba
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Selvaraj's precognitive abilities and helps police look for stolen vehicles. In the second half, Irfan talks about the importance of names.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|EpisodeNumber2 = 36
|Title = Satyanarayan Baba from Raigarh (Chhattisgarh)
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about saints, like Sathyanaran Baba, who has meditated many years in any kind of weather without consuming food. In the second half, Irfan talks about wandering souls around human beings. A student shares her experiences in calling a wandering soul. Swetha shares some experiences with some souls.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|EpisodeNumber2 = 37
|Title = Foot reading and Sun therapy
|ShortSummary = Yatri Joshi talks about foot readings. Kamini Khanna, an astrologer does the same job of foot reading but based on foot shapes. Uma Shankar who has been miraculously surviving since 10 years on sunrays. He advises people to take sun therapy to cure diseases.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|EpisodeNumber2 = 38
|Title = Martial arts from Shaolin temple
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about a story based on meditation. Kanishka Sharma, a martial artist, believes in Chinese medicines, and follows Shaolin Temple to cure people. Kanishka teaches martial arts to Shahrukh Khan, Arjun Rampal and Priyanka Chopra during the making of the movie ''Don''. The other story is about Prakash Desai, a pilot who develops a strange disease of frequent fainting. He consults Shruti, Beej Mantra specialist and Seshpal Restogi, music therapist, based on meditation and gets miraculously cured.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 39
|EpisodeNumber2 = 39
|Title = Universal scanner from Dr. Maneam Murthi
|ShortSummary = Pramod, who believed in Prem Shankar Sharma's medication, experiences its impact after an accident and his vision recovers. The other story is about a scientist, Maniam Murthy, and his "Universal Scanner". He solves the kidnapping case of Asmita and finds out the culprit with the help of his universal scanner.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|EpisodeNumber2 = 40
|Title = Crocodile in a temple
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about a crocodile who stays in a lake in a temple and is believed to have some spiritual power in it, as it is completely vegetarian and does not grow old by the day. The other story revolves around Sibhavana Gahkar, a holistic healer who cures people with cosmic energy.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 41
|EpisodeNumber2 = 41
|Title = ESP and Meher Baba
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Santosh who lives in Jharkhand and has extrasensory perception. The other story is about Meher Baba, who helps resolve people's issues via supernatural means.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 42
|EpisodeNumber2 = 42
|Title = Santhara Fast
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Dilip Chaurasia, who has suffered from insomnia for the past 20 years and is assumed to be cursed by an angel. The other story revolves around Lalchand Jain and his family.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 43
|EpisodeNumber2 = 43
|Title = Dr. Orbito's psychic surgery and "Hasth Mudra"
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Alex Orbito in the Philippines. Siddharth Kak visits him and meets Eutiquio Catawtan, a patient who has been healed by the psychic surgeon. The other story revolves around Kamya, who suffers from insomnia and stress after Shiv's death. Kamya seeks help from spiritual healers Acharya Keshavdevji Maharaj and Acharya Vikramaditya, and miraculously recovers with the help of Dhyan Mudra.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 44
|EpisodeNumber2 = 44
|Title = Mummies of Kabayan and Flower therapy
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about mummies in the Philippines. Siddharth Kak visits and learns the process of mummification from Florentino Merino. The other story talks about Flower Healing Therapy, where Bhoomika Chawla meets Dr. Shah, who tells her the story of Meenakshi and Rahul and their complications in conceiving.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 45
|EpisodeNumber2 = 45
|Title = Dr. Newton Kondaveti and Prakash Tata
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about a story based on past life regression. Newton Kondaveti, a past life regression therapist, solves Rajan and his sister's case, where her son reincarnates as her brother and reminds everyone of his rebirth. The other story is about Prakash Tata, who cures Maya with his spiritual powers.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 46
|EpisodeNumber2 = 46
|Title = Naagkanya
|ShortSummary = Irfan tells a story about Javed, who marries a girl that is believed to be Icchadari Nagin. Dattaram Seth cures several people with his ailments. The other story discusses parapsychologist R.D. Pala, who cures Jyoti with her personal problems.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 47
|EpisodeNumber2 = 47
|Title = Poorna Kumbha Mela
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Hatyogis during Kumbh Mela in Allahabad. Premanand Bharti gives information on various saints performing different ''sadhanas'' to achieve supreme power. The other story is about Dr. Dara, who predicts the future and present of people using biorhythm software.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 48
|EpisodeNumber2 = 48
|Title = Astrology
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Kamini's astrology. The other story revolves around Manohar, whose spirit meets his friends on his deathday.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 49
|EpisodeNumber2 = 49
|Title = Vaastu Shastra and Dada Hayat Kalandar
|ShortSummary = The first part is about Inspector Vijay Patil, who is in charge of a police station in Pune. He investigates various robbery cases but fails to locate the evil powers behind the case. Later, a Vastu consultant, Mayank Barjatya helps him eliminate the evil powers through his Vastu instruments. The other part talks about the spirituality of Dargah Hazrat Dada Hayat Qalandar.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 50
|EpisodeNumber2 = 50
|Title = Glass reader and living water
|ShortSummary = The first part is about Satish Sinha, who deals in a crane business. A glass reader, Pandit Om Prakash, helps him solve his problems. He predicts the future and past incidents through glass water techniques. He also helps Vikas Chaturvedi to retrieve his diamond ring. The show also focuses on the miraculous powers of water and its importance in life.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 51
|EpisodeNumber2 = 51
|Title = Snake bites and pyramid house
|ShortSummary = The story focuses on a farmer who was victimized by snakes. It is believed the snakes attack him because of his body odour. A second story talks about Subhash Patri, founder of Pyramid Spiritual Society of India.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 52
|EpisodeNumber2 = 52
|Title = Witch
|ShortSummary = Irfan narrates an incident that occurred in the Tamil Nadu district. Viswanath gets on a bus to visit Kerben but has to walk for a long distance. In between, he faces obstacles on his way by devil spirits, and becomes tormented on seeing tragedies occurring in the village and his family. Through the spiritual procedures, he helps eliminate the devil spirit from the village.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 53
|EpisodeNumber2 = 53
|Title = Future prediction by fire
|ShortSummary = Irfan describes a fire incident. Brij practices prediction by fire techniques, and can predict Bhumika's future by experimenting on fire. He loses his consciousness while practicing and gets admitted to the hospital. Later, Shilpa enlightens Brij's parents that he has been influenced by Dr. Rohini to practice the same. Brij continues to experiment on fire in order to rescue Bhumika's life.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 54
|EpisodeNumber2 = 54
|Title = Possessed
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Shubro, who is horrified by Suneeta's abnormal behaviour. A psychiatrist explains to Shubro that she has been suffering from a psychological problem due to frustrations in her life, and advises him to take care of her. Shubro learns that Suneeta has been victimised by an evil spirit, and takes her to Ajjaiyya temple to cure her.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 55
|EpisodeNumber2 = 55
|Title = Murder mystery
|ShortSummary = Irfan describes an incident that occurred in a village of Madhya Pradesh. After Sanjay's death, his mother becomes assured of his reincarnation. Sanjay is reborn as Kanhaiya and reminisces about his murder in his previous birth. Kanhaiya's parents try to treat him under an exorcist.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 56
|EpisodeNumber2 = 56
|Title = Fortune teller
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Mihir's incident. Arnav and Mihir are close friends. An astrologer interacts with Arnav and predicts his bright future, but foresees Mihir's water accident after feeling the energy in his pen. Arnav and Mihir's girlfriend seek the astrologer's help to rescue Mihir.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 57
|EpisodeNumber2 = 57
|Title = [[Bhangarh Fort]]
|ShortSummary = Irfan narrates an incident that occurred in Bhangarh, Rajasthan. Mahesh and Monika do a live telecast, but they become victims of devil spirits. To promote the media, and rescue Mahesh and Bhumika, Aditya visits Bhangarh. Finally, he himself becomes a victim.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 58
|EpisodeNumber2 = 58
|Title = Death dream
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about the omens of death. As an actor, Ravi is concerned about his face. Later, he becomes tormented by bad dreams regarding his death. Instead of getting sympathy from friends, he gets predictions about his future tragedy. Finally, he dies after facing a bad incident.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 59
|EpisodeNumber2 = 59
|Title = Killer tree
|ShortSummary = Irfan narrates an incident of a killer tree in Chaandpur, Orissa. Shivu's father becomes victimized by the devil spirit. Shivu sees a village girl, Jhilli who becomes a victim of the same spirit. Shivu attempts to banish the devil but gets killed by the evil spirit.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 60
|EpisodeNumber2 = 60
|Title = Coffee grounds reader
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about the coffee grounds reader. During a party in Bangalore, Ria is introduced and is informed that she will predict the future by looking into coffee mugs. Ria informs Shetty that he will live a long life but die in a car accident the very night. Ria asks the police commissioner for a DNA test to identify the dead body which is determined to not be Shetty. Mr. Shetty narrates his story when Ria takes the police to his hideout.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 61
|EpisodeNumber2 = 61
|Title = Nazarwadi's curse
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Nazarwadi and the story of Neha and Amol. Amol's car breaks down while he is taking Neha to the hospital for childbirth. A woman offers to help Amol, and asks him to get some medicine. Amol comes back and sees that the woman's house is locked. Amol learns that the woman who offered to help him, died many years ago. Amol breaks open the lock of the woman's house and finds that it is abandoned. The woman appears in front of Amol and tells him that Neha is perfectly fine, and Amol discovers her dead body.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 62
|EpisodeNumber2 = 62
|Title = Devices to identify psychic energy
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about instruments used to identify paranormal activity. Revathy and Satish feel the presence of someone in their new house, so they call Avinash to check the house for negative energy. Avinash finds a skeleton inside the wall. Avinash helps police identify the skeleton and then contacts the spirit of the girl. The spirit tells her story. Avinash helps the police in finding the culprit, Chunnilal.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 63
|EpisodeNumber2 = 63
|Title = Power of mind
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Deepak, whose wife finds him dead in his room. The forensic doctor tells the inspector that the rod was coiled thrice after entering Deepak's throat. The inspector spots the killer's footprints and follows them. The inspector makes Sarang reveal that he can bend metals without touching them. Sarang breaks the lock with his powers and escapes.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 64
|EpisodeNumber2 = 64
|Title = Autowriting
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about Nikhil of Indore. Nikhil sees some criminal activities and is killed. Renu and Ashok see that Richa has written a few words on a paper. Feroza Belimoria tells Renu and Ashok that Nikhil's spirit might have entered Richa. Richa writes on a wall that Ashok's factory will burn down that night and Ashok's life is in danger. Ranvir tells Ashok that he killed Nikhil before trying to kill him. Renu goes to the factory along with the police and rescues Ashok.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 65
|EpisodeNumber2 = 65
|Title = Monkey Man
|ShortSummary = Ghaziabad residents talk about the monkey man. Ajit gets furious when he learns about his sister's relationship. Madhu's marriage is fixed with Neeraj and Ajit warns Vikas to stay away from her. On Madhu's engagement, the monkey man attacks her. The doctor informs Ajit that Madhu requires cosmetic surgery to reconstruct her face but Vikas's mother calls off the engagement. Ajit decides to catch the monkey man. Ajit's wife finds a ring left by the monkey man when he was escaping from the crime scene. The ring turns out to be the engagement ring given to Neeraj, whom the police arrest.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 66
|EpisodeNumber2 = 66
|Title = Bijoya is treated like a God by the villagers
|ShortSummary = Irfantells the story about the couple Bijoya and Mahen. Mahen spots Bijoya's hunger for blood at night, who starts longing for blood. Bijoya is treated like a God by the villagers, who offer sacrifices to her.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 67
|EpisodeNumber2 = 67
|Title = Dr. M P Goyal is killed by the police
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about a person researching a medicine to turn immortal. The researchers suspect Dr. M P Goyal behind trying to steal stem cells to make the medicine. Dr. M P Goyal kills Dr. Shrivastav. and is killed by the police.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 68
|EpisodeNumber2 = 68
|Title = Both sides of numerology
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks both sides of numerology. A person is found dead in hotel room number six. Tanya is found dead in her room, and Vikram's twin brother Vineet is found guilty of her murder.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 69
|EpisodeNumber2 = 69
|Title = Surekha insists a postmortem on her father-in-law
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about mortuaries where the dead come back to life. Prakash notices dead bodies coming back to life. Irfan labels Surekha greedy. Surekha is worried about her father-in-law's money when he is on his death bed. Surekha insists on a postmortem on her father-in-law to know about the property share, and lodges a complaint to conduct a postmortem on her father-in-law. Surekha's father-in-law comes back to life, and she is admitted to the mental asylum.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 70
|EpisodeNumber2 = 70
|Title = The witches
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about the witches. The priest Mahesh Saikya's wife wants him to start a business as his present profession is not earning enough money. A stranger asks the priest to meet him near a tree, where Banumati, a witch, resides to help him earn money. Mahesh Saikya finds a cross mark on the door and is found dead in the tree. The stranger insists Mahesh Saikya's friend Pratap meet him near the tree at zero hour to know about Mahesh Saikya's killer. Pratap is also found dead in the tree. The villagers learn of Banumati's involvement behind all the killings in the village and burn her to death.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 71
|EpisodeNumber2 = 71
|Title = Baldev Sharma's entire house starts bleeding
|ShortSummary = Irfan narrates Baldev Sharma's story. He is concerned about his two daughters' marriage. Baldev Sharma tries to sell his house to Gupta, who sees blood oozing out of the room and flees from the house. Baldev Sharma's entire house starts bleeding.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 72
|EpisodeNumber2 = 72
|Title = Anuradha claims that she is Alok's wife
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about a never ending story. Alok and his wife Payal are on their way back home after a party hit a girl with the car. Alok and Payal bring the girl home to avoid police involvement. She suffers memory loss. The girl's parents lodge a police complaint about her missing. Payal suspects Alok is having an affair with the girl. The girl identifies herself as Anuradha, and claims to be Alok's wife. Alok threatens to kill Anuradha like how he did in the previous birth while the police interfere.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 73
|EpisodeNumber2 = 73
|Title = Pakhi gets attacked by ghosts in her dreams
|ShortSummary = Pakhi has a bad dream about ghosts attacking her. She wakes up in fear and her husband Lohit finds bruises on her face and hands. Lohith takes her to a tantric who tells her about a Hazarika family who died in a car crash suspecting they might be the one disturbing her. Lohit gets angry and takes her home. Pakhi visits Hazarika's house and finds a lady who tells her that she was in love with Lohit and planned to get married but failed because of her, so she took the help of spirits to punish her. They visit the tantric again who advise them to leave Guwahati.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 74
|EpisodeNumber2 = 74
|Title = Varsha has visions of the future on her thumbnail
|ShortSummary = Varsha has a vision on her thumbnail about her dance teacher's death, who later dies in the same manner. Varsha starts wearing a glove on her hand. Years later, she removes the glove, and has a vision about an engagement being cancelled. She tells her mother about her visions but she tells her that it might be her imagination. She later has a vision of her father's death by electrocution. She stops him from going out, but months later, her father dies after getting electrocuted. Out of pain and helplessness, Varsha decides to chop off her thumb.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 75
|EpisodeNumber2 = 75
|Title = Shruti gets attacked by someone in her college and goes into a coma
|ShortSummary = Shruti is attacked by someone in her college. She gets admitted to the hospital and her father, Desai, plans revenge. The police suspect Rudraksh, one of Shruti's classmates who believes in Raavan's writings and liked Shruti. Rudraksh says he is innocent and he can rescue Shruti from the coma with the help of his mentor. He tells Desai to chant a prayer near Shruti for 21 days. Shruti gets up from the coma.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 76
|EpisodeNumber2 = 76
|Title = A person witnesses a ghost while driving from Jaipur to Alwar
|ShortSummary = A person witnesses a ghost while driving from Jaipur to Alwar, who tells him he wants to meet Bunty Chawla. The next day Bunty and his wife travel on the same road towards Alwar to visit her sister who is Vivek's widow. While driving back to Jaipur alone, he witnesses the ghost. He gets scared and calls his wife and tells her to give half of the factory to Vivek's wife and daughter. Vivek's ghost kills Bunty.
|LineColor = 423797
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 77
|EpisodeNumber2 = 77
|Title = Cursed diamond
|ShortSummary = Irfan talks about a rare cursed diamond. Ranvijay marries Anita and brings her to India, but his grandfather warns Ranvijay and Anita to stay away from the cursed diamond. Anita orders Ranvijay to make a necklace with the diamond. As soon as Anita wears the cursed diamond, she miscarries. Ranvijay instructs the jeweller to destroy the diamond, but the jeweller dies in the process.
|LineColor = 423797
}}
|}

=== Season 2 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! style="background: #F67036; color: #ffffff;"| No.
! style="background: #F67036; color: #ffffff;"| No. in season
! style="background: #F67036; color: #ffffff;"| Title
|-

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 78
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Khoon Ke Aansu
|ShortSummary = Rashida, a residence of Patna, cries tears of blood when she is in pain. Everyone believes it is the presence of spirits and keeps their distance from her, but Mohammad Aslam marries her. It is believed that Rashida's prayers for others are always accepted.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 79
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Appa dies from a heart attack, but he calls out Vertaka's name. Ananda, who works for Lakshmi, practice ''bhoota aradhana''. Ananda blesses Appa and brings him back to life. Appa had several concerns like building a temple for ''bhootas'', Sundara's marriage, and his house debt.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 80
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about people who have a habit of staying in a cemetery called Aghori. In Varanasi, Arun is trying to find his elder brother who has been missing for five days. The elder brother was murdered and his dead body was found by Aghori who performed the last rites. Arun meets the Aghori, who informs him that his elder brother is no more, and shows him his watch as proof.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 81
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Jayashree Mande sees spirits. She sees her dead father feeding her son, and her mother-in-law who comes to meet her even though she is in a coma for all the other common people.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 82
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about Om and his bike. Many years ago Om had with an accident with his bike. He and his bike are worshipped by travellers for their safe journey, and helps people who want his support. A couple has an accident, but Om takes care of them.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 83
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about Prahalad who stopped ingesting food and water.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 84
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Bihar's small village Nehara is said to be a place where people do not marry. Many years back a girl named Suman was married to Manoj. After marriage, her behaviour changes, and Manoj's uncle warns the family that there is a spirit's power in their house.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 85
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Manoj's uncle persuades Manoj's mother to perform a ritual in order to destroy the evil spirit. However, during the ritual, Manoj and his dad interfere and it is stopped. When Manoj confronts Suman she warns him that if he reveals her truth, he will lose Suman forever. Manoj's uncle and the other villagers oppose Manoj and his family, and the spirit inside Suman speaks up and leaves Suman's body.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 86
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Villagers of Pune tell Patil that someone steals human bones from the cemetery; Patil arranges a ritual ceremony by a priest to get rid of this problem. A doctor tells everyone that Radha is behind stealing human bones to make medicine. Radha is haunted by a woman's spirit, and when the priest helps her the spirit is given salvation.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 87
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Kamini meets Gopal Katik who is suffering from a financial crisis; with her help and advice he gets out of it. He marries her and takes her to his mother, who follows her and identifies that she is a spirit, known as Karna Peshachani. Gopal disbelieves his mother at first when she informs him that Kamini is a spirit. With the help of a priest, he is saved from Kamini, but loses his assets and lives a simple life.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 88
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title =
|ShortSummary = In Chitai, Chaudhary blames a priest for stealing a gold piece. The priest insists he is innocent, but Chaudhary orders him to pay the money. The priest owes Goolu Devta, where devotees write their wish on a stamp paper and tie it. A suspicious man returns this gold piece to Chaudhary.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 89
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Celebrity actor Divya Dutta suffers from claustrophobia. She and her brother share their experiences about hypnosis.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 90
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13
|Title =
|ShortSummary = In Belui, West Bengal, villagers have a belief that if a child had evil spirits in them, they should be married with a dog.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 91
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about a village called Kalyanpur in Bihar, where bats are worshipped as gods.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 92
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about a village called Kungher in Gujrat, where Chudel Mata is worshiped.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 93
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal Raheja talks about a village called Begunkodar in West Bengal, where trains never stop. Villagers say that a woman was crushed by a train and her soul haunts the station.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 94
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mahesh Thakur talks about astral travel. Mahesh shares an incident he faced where no one believed him.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 95
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about a man named Sanjay who lives in a village called Seoni near Nagpur and has a huge abdomen. He experiences immense pain and is rushed to a hospital. Doctors find twenty litres of thick fluid and a [[teratoma]] in his abdomen.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 96
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about Ashwini Kumar, a time travel expert who can look into a man's past and future. A boy named Amit goes missing on his birthday. His parents meet Ashwini, who inform that that Amit was murdered. Ashwini advised Amit's parents to call the police. The murderer is a man who gave Amit a lift that day.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 97
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about crystal healing. Indra Ghildiyal suffers from many disorders due to which she was unable to conceive. She meets Poonam Singh, a crystal healer who cures her patients with crystal stone and ''[[reiki]]''.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 98
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about a village called Sindkhed Raja in Maharashtra, where Hajrat Asad Baba licks wounds to heal them.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 99
|EpisodeNumber2 = 22
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about Barah Devi Mandir located in Kanpur.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 100
|EpisodeNumber2 = 23
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal Raheja talks about auto writing.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 101
|EpisodeNumber2 = 24
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal talks about dreams, and Shekhar Suman and Muskaan Mihani share their dreams.
|LineColor = F67036
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 102
|EpisodeNumber2 = 25
|Title =
|ShortSummary = Mishal introduces a Wiccan, Neha Lalwani. Neha shares her experience of how she became a Wiccan.
|LineColor = F67036
}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.startv.in/Show/mano-ya-na-mano/379 Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815052459/http://www.startv.in/show/mano-ya-na-mano/379 |date=15 August 2014 }}
* {{YouTube|show=manoyanamano|Mano Ya Na Mano}}
* {{Facebook|132344643476771|Mano Ya Na Mano 2}}
* {{IMDb title|3198634}}

[[Category:2006 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star One (Indian TV channel) original programming]]

C. D. Jathanna

2026-02-22T14:33:28Z

Thereforedesignpune: started some post and citations.

{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix = Bishop
| name = C. D. Jathanna, CSI
| honorific_suffix = [[Doctor of Divinity|D.D.]] ''([[Honoris causa]])'' ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]) {{small|(1993)}}
| title = Bishop in [[Karnataka Central Diocese]] of [[Church of South India]]
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| church = [[Church of South India]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Karnataka Central Diocese|Karnataka Central]]
| see =
| elected = 
| term = 1983–1993<ref name="George"/>
| quashed = 
| predecessor = [[Kenneth E. Gill]], CSI
| successor = [[S. Vasantha Kumar]], CSI
| opposed =
| other_post =Principal, [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]] ([[Karnataka]]){{small|(1967–1983)}}
| ordination = 1960<ref name="Sadananda"/>
| ordained_by = [[Basel Evangelical Mission]]
| consecration = 1983
| consecrated_by = [[I. Jesudasan]], CSI, [[Moderator of the General Assembly|Moderator]] and Sundar Clarke, CSI, Deputy Moderator, [[Church of South India Synod]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = Bishop
| laicized =

| birth_name = Constantine Devaprasad Jathanna
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|07|06}}<ref name="Sadananda">John S. Sadananda (Edited), ''Vision and Reality: Essays in honour of C. D. Jathanna'', KTCRI, Mangalore, 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d1bjAAAAMAAJ]</ref>
| baptised = 
| birth_place = [[Kuthyar,Shirva, India|Shirva]],<ref name="Sadananda"/> ([[Madras Presidency]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|07|23|1928|07|06}}
| death_place =[[Mangalore]] ([[Karnataka]])
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = 
| religion =[[Christian]]
| residence =
| parents = [[Smt.]] and [[Sri]] R. D. Jathanna
| spouse = 
| children =
| occupation = Priest
| previous_post =
*[[Councillor]], [[Mangalore City Corporation]],<ref name="Sadananda"/>
*Senat Member, [[University of Mangalore]],<ref name="Sadananda"/>
*President, [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]],
*Vice-President, [[Gandhi Peace Foundation]],<ref name="Sadananda"/>
*District and State Commissioner, [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]],<ref name="Sadananda"/>
*Member, Karnataka State Khadi And Village Industries Board,<ref name="Sadananda"/>
*Member, Karnataka State Adult Literacy Advisory Committee.<ref name="Sadananda"/>
| education =
*[[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] ([[Madras University|Madras]])<ref name="Sadananda"/>
*[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
*[[Master of Theology|Th.M.]] ([[Union Theological Seminary in Virginia|UTS]])
*[[Doctor of Theology|Dr.Theol.]] ([[University of Hamburg|Hamburg]])
| alma_mater =
*[[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]], [[Bangalore]] ([[Karnataka]])
*[[Union Theological Seminary in Virginia|Union Theological Seminary]], [[Charlottesville, Virginia]] ([[United States]])
*[[University of Hamburg]], [[Hamburg]] ([[Germany]])
| motto =
| signature =
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| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
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}}
{{Portal|Christianity}}
'''C. D. Jathanna''' (Constantine Devaprasad Jathanna) (6 July 1928<ref name="Sadananda"/>{{snd}}23 July 1996<ref name="Hiwale"/>) was the fourth<ref name="George">K. M. George, ''Church of South India: life in union, 1947–1997'', Jointly published by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Christava Sahitya Samithi, Tiruvalla, 1999, pp.36–41. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=]</ref> Bishop in [[Karnataka Central Diocese]] headquartered in Bangalore with the ''Cathedra'' of the Bishop placed at St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore.

==Studies==
===Graduate===
Jathanna studied [[Bachelor of Arts]] completing it by 1951.<ref name="Sadananda"/> For a year he worked as a Rationing Officer<ref name="Sadananda"/> with the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] ''(erstwhile Government of Madras)'' before proceeding for spiritual studies at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] during the years 1952–1955<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997'', Bangalore, 1997. p.25</ref> where he studied along with [[E. C. John]], [[Victor Premasagar]], [[N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel]] and others.

===Post-graduate===
In 1958<ref name="Sadananda"/> he pursued a postgraduate degree, [[Master of Theology]] at the [[Union Theological Seminary in Virginia]], [[Charlottesville, Virginia]] entitling his dissertation as ''[[Torah]] and [[Covenant (biblical)|Berith]] in the [[Pentateuch]]''.<ref>C. D. Jathanna, ''[[Torah]] and [[Covenant (biblical)|Berith]] in the [[Pentateuch]]'', M. Th. Thesis at the [[University of Virginia]], May 1958 available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].</ref>

===Research studies===
In 1964 Jathanna got a scholarship of the [[:de:Missionsakademie an der Universit%C3%A4t Hamburg|Mission-Academy]] and went on study leave to the [[University of Hamburg]], [[Hamburg]] where he studied Old Testament at the Faculty of Evangelical Theology under [[Klaus Koch]], a direct student of [[Gerhard von Rad]].<ref name="Sadananda"/> In 1967 he was able to complete his doctoral dissertation under the supervision of Professors Hans Joachim Kraus<ref name="Covenant"/> and Marie-Louise Henry<ref name="Covenant"/> which was later published in 1969 under the title ''The Covenant and covenant making in Pentateuch''.<ref name="Covenant">Constantine Devaprasad Jathanna, ''The Covenant and covenant making in Pentateuch'', University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 1969. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sGnamgEACAAJ]</ref>

==Ecclesiastical career==
After completing studies in spirituality at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] in 1955, Jathanna was the secretary of the Student Christian Movement (Karnataka Unit) from 1955 through 1957.<ref name="Sadananda"/>

From 1959 onwards Jathanna was assigned a pastoral role and served as an evangelist before his ordination in 1960. From 1961 onwards, Jathanna taught at the B. E. M. Theological Seminary in Mangalore (now [[Karnataka Theological College]] serving also as vice-principal of the seminary.<ref name="Sadananda"/>

After completing doctoral studies in 1967,<ref name="Sadananda"/> he was appointed principal of the [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]]. Jathanna was a member of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] and was a member of its research committee. In 1980, Jathanna visited the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Hyderabad]] along with [[Klaus Koch]] (who was visiting professor at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] as part of the research committee of the Senate.

==Recognition and honour==
[[John Sadananda]], a colleague of Jathanna at the [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]] edited a [[festschrift]] in honour of Jathanna which was entitled ''Vision and Reality: Essays in Honour of Constantine D. Jathanna'' published by the College in 1989.<ref name="Sadananda"/>

In 1993, the country's first university, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] under the Registrarship of [[D. S. Satyaranjan]] conferred the honorary doctorate degree by [[honoris causa]] upon Jathanna.<ref name="Sadananda"/>

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Kenneth E. Gill]] 1972 - 1980| title=[[Karnataka Central Diocese|CSI Bishop - in - Karnataka Central Diocese]] [[Bangalore]]
|after=[[S. Vasantha Kumar]] 1997 - 2012
| years=1983 - 1993
}}
{{S-aca}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Robert Scheuermeier]]<ref>Corinna Waltz, ''Honorary doctorate for Robert Scheuermeier'', 7.3.2013. [https://ems-online.org/en/news/article/07-03-2013-honorary-doctorate-for-robert-scheuermeier/]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 1965 - 1967| title=Principal, [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]]|after=[[C. L. Furtado]] 1983 - 1997<ref name="George"/>| years=1967 - 1983}}
{{Succession box
| before=''Post created''| title=Teacher - in - [[Old Testament]], [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]]|after=[[John Sadananda]] 1974 - 2009 [[D. Dhanaraj]] 1978 - 2015| years=1965 - 1983}}
{{S-edu}}
{{Succession box| before=[[Victor Premasagar]] 1977-1983
| title=President [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]|after=[[Gnana Robinson]] 1986-1989
| years=1983-1986<ref>[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/hall-of-fame/presidents-and-convenors-of-the-senate/ Presidents of the Senate]</ref>}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Philipose Mar Chrysostom]], 
Dinesh Chandra Gorai, 
John E. Ghose 
1992}}
{{s-ttl | title = Doctor of Divinity Degree ([[honoris causa]]) [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
| years = 1993<ref>List of the Recipients of the Degree of Doctor of Divinity (Honoris Causa). [http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/hall-of-fame/doctor-of-divinity/]</ref>}}
{{s-aft | after =
T. V. Philip, 
B. V. Subbamma, 
T. Lunkim 
1994}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jathanna, Constantine Devaprasad}}
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Karnataka Central]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:University of Virginia alumni]]
[[Category:University of Hamburg alumni]]
[[Category:Indian biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Old Testament scholars]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:20th-century biblical scholars]]

Shiv Mandir, Maharashtra

2026-02-14T15:41:16Z

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{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=September 2016}}
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{{Infobox temple
| name = Shiv Mandir, Maharashtra
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Palghar]]
| location = Vangaon village
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

[[File:Shiv Mandir Maharashtra.JPG|thumb]]

The '''Shiv Mandir, Maharashtra''' is a temple located in Vangaon village in the Palghar district of [[Maharashtra]], India. A long history associated with divine religious destinations is captured in the architecture of the outer building. It is situated at 100 m from [[Vangaon railway station|Railway station]] of [[Vangaon]], 130 km away from [[Mumbai]] and 60 km away from [[Vapi]]. The divine [[Shiva Linga]] situated inside the main building is associated with many traditional stories and is considered to be swayambhu (prayed since ancient times).{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Local people describe about long prevailing ancient stories associated with the Shiva Linga situated in the Garbhgruah of the temple.

The temple becomes overcrowded during many occasions like [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]]—during which is a fair and in the month of Shravan. Pilgrims come to get blessings from Shiv Pooja like [[Rudrabhisheka|Rudrabhishek]], Parthiv Ling Pooja, Akhand Ramayan Path, Nava Parayan ([[ramcharitmanas]]), Masparayan ([[Ramcharitmanas]]) and other religious events.

== Transport ==
Shiv Mandir is located in [[Vangaon]], 55 km north of [[Virar]] on the western railway lines of [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] Network and also in walking distance from [[Vangaon railway station|Vangaon railway Station]] to the west.

== History ==
Shiv Mandir, Vangaon has existed since ancient times. The only structures that existed were the Shiva Linga which the local people prayed to even before the temple building was constructed. The temple building was reestablished by the Thakur family and other local families of Vangaon in 19th century. Many stories, which are associated and narrated by old tribal peoples to their families, describe the Shiv Ling and the temple.

== Temple ==
Shiv Mandir is the main attraction in [[Palghar district|Palghar District]]. According to tribal ancestral stories, the shiv ling was formed at the time of ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', when Lord Shiva transformed himself to the form of madari to take Hanuman to meet Lord Ram in his childhood. The shiva linga was then observed by an old Brahmin and was prayed and preached by his family. Long held belief holds the divine Shiva Linga situated in temple fulfills desired wishes.

== External links ==
* {{official|http://www.jaisitaram.in}}

[[Category:Palghar district]]

Manohar Lal Munjal

2026-02-14T01:59:52Z

Thereforedesignpune: new post!

{{Short description|Indian engineer (born 1945)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Manohar Lal Munjal
| image =<gallery>Manohar_Lal_Munjal.jpg|Professor (Emeritus) Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
</gallery>
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|4|4}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | Technical Acoustics | Noise and Vibration Control }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Technische Universität Berlin]] | [[University of Calgary]] | Nelson Industries | [[Ford Motor Company]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Panjab University]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers
| awards = {{ublist||1975 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Medal | 1980 ASI Sir C.V. Raman Award | 1983 Nelson Acoustical Paper Award (First Prize) | 1986 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1995 Professor Rustom Choksi Award | 2005 ASI Professor S. Bhagwantam Award | 2007 ASI Sir C.V. Raman Award | 2009 [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] Academic Excellence Award | 2010 MPCST Jawaharlal Nehru National Award | 2013 [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]] Prof. Jai Krishna Memorial Award | 2022  [https://scholargps.com/ ScholarGPS] Highly Ranked Scholar - Lifetime}}
}}
'''Manohar Lal Munjal''' (born 4 April 1945) is an Indian [[acoustics|acoustical]] engineer, emeritus professor, and [[AICTE]] Distinguished Chair Professor at the Facility for Research in Technical Acoustics (FRITA) of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Emeritus Professor & AICTE Distinguished Chair Professor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mecheng.iisc.ernet.in/~frita/ |title=Honorary Professor & INSA Senior Scientist |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118225325/http://www.mecheng.iisc.ernet.in/~frita/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is known for his studies on Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=202 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Munjal,_Prof._Manohar_Lal |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N87-0968 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305005557/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N87-0968 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=M |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227133632/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=M |archive-date=2010-12-27 }}</ref> as well as the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers }}</ref> He has published five books viz. ''Noise and Vibration Control'',<ref name="Munjal2013-1">{{cite book|author=M L Munjal|title=Noise and Vibration Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPa6CgAAQBAJ|date=7 June 2013|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4434-75-1}}</ref> ''Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers With Application to Exhaust and Ventilation System Design'',<ref name="Munjal1987">{{cite book|author=M. L. Munjal|title=Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers With Application to Exhaust and Ventilation System Design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-s50vk-U68C|date=8 May 1987|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-84738-0}}</ref> ''Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers - Second Edition,'' ''Noise and Vibration Control'' ''- Second Edition'' and ''[[International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics|IUTAM]] Symposium on Designing for Quietness''<ref name="MUNJAL2013-2">{{cite book|author=Manohar Lal Munjar|title=IUTAM Symposium on Designing for Quietness: Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held in Bangalore, India, 12–14 December 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6f6CAAAQBAJ|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-0095-5}}</ref> and has contributed chapters to books edited by himself<ref name="MUNJAL2013 - Chapter">{{cite book|author=Manohar Lal Munjal|title=IUTAM Symposium on Designing for Quietness: Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held in Bangalore, India, 12–14 December 2000|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6f6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-0095-5|pages=1–|chapter=Analysis and Design of Annular Airgap lined Duct for Hot Exhaust Systems}}</ref> and others.<ref name="Mechel2008">{{cite book|author=F.P. Mechel|title=Formulas of Acoustics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVZH-MFUJVIC&pg=PA1|date=25 June 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-76832-6|pages=1–}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1986.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Nikhilmore IISc Bangalore india.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Indian Institute of Science]]
M. L. Munjal, born on 4 April 1945 in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], graduated in mechanical engineering with honors in 1966 from [[Panjab University]] and a master's degree in internal combustion engineering with distinction from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) in 1968.<ref name="M. L. Munjal on INAE">{{Cite web |url=http://inae.in/expert-search/index.php/m-l-munjal |title=M. L. Munjal on INAE |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref> He joined IISc as a member of faculty in 1968, simultaneously pursuing his doctoral studies and earned his PhD in 1971. He served IISc in many positions: chairing the department of mechanical engineering during 1991–94, the division of mechanical sciences from 1999 to 2005, and serving as the convener of the ''Chairmen of Divisions'' from 2003 to 2005.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> In between, he had three positions abroad as a visiting faculty member. In 1979, he served at [[Technische Universität Berlin]] for a year. From 1986–87, he worked at [[University of Calgary]] and Nelson Industries in Wisconsin. Then in 1994–95 he served as a visiting scientist at [[Ford Motor Company]] at their Michigan centre. Post-retirement, he served as an honorary professor, [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] senior scientist and at the ''Facility for Research in Technical Acoustics'' (FRITA) of the Indian Institute of Science.<ref name="Emeritus Professor & AICTE Distinguished Chair Professor" />

Munjal lives in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="NASI fellows" />

== Legacy ==
Munjal has done extensive research in acoustics with special focus on noise and vibration control.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=18 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He researched and wrote about designing and optimization of mufflers and his work has applications in the automotive industry and [[Heating, ventilation and air conditioning]] systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munjal|first=M L|year=2015|title=Designing for Quieter Living|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/020/04/0320-0345|journal=Resonance|volume=20 |issue=4|pages=320–345|doi=10.1007/s12045-015-0188-1|s2cid=123388691|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His research has been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Munjal=3AManohar_Lal=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected articles'' section}} and [[Google Scholar]] and [[ResearchGate]], online repositories of scientific articles, have listed 221<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-uz-V8kAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> and 121 of them respectively.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/72775000_M_L_Munjal |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> He has authored four books, ''Noise and Vibration Control,''<ref name="Munjal2013-1"/> ''Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers With Application to Exhaust and Ventilation System Design,''<ref name="Munjal1987"/> Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers - Second Edition, and Noise and Vibration Control - Second Edition.<ref name="MUNJAL2013-2"/> He has also contributed chapters to books.<ref name="Mechel2008"/><ref name="MUNJAL2013 - Chapter"/>

Munjal has undertaken over 130 industrial consultancy projects on noise control and quieter designs<ref name="Munjal on ASI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsa2016india.org/ML_Munjal.php |title=Munjal on ASI |date=2017 |publisher=Acoustical Society of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203234815/http://www.nsa2016india.org/ML_Munjal.php |archive-date=2017-02-03 }}</ref> and holds two patents and one copyright for his work.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He founded ''Facility for Research in Technical Acoustics'' (FRITA), a dedicated centre for research in acoustics under the umbrella of the department of mechanical engineering at IISc<ref name="Brief History and Information">{{Cite web |url=http://www.acousticsindia.org/intro.html |title=Brief History and Information |date=2017 |publisher=Acoustical Society of India |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=9 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509235449/http://www.acousticsindia.org/intro.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has also guided 18 doctoral and over 70 master's scholars in their studies. He sits in the editorial boards of ''International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration'',<ref name="IJAV editorial board">{{Cite web |url=http://iiav.org/ijav/index.php?va=viewpage&vaid=120 |title=IJAV editorial board |date=2017 |publisher=International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration}}</ref> ''British Journal of Noise and Health'',<ref name="Editorial Board NAH">{{Cite web |url=http://www.noiseandhealth.org/editorialboard.asp |title=Editorial Board NAH |date=2017 |publisher=Noise and Health}}</ref> ''Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Science''<ref name="IJEMS Editorial Board">{{Cite web |url=http://www.niscair.res.in/jinfo/IJEMS/ijems_eb.pdf |title=IJEMS Editorial Board |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Science}}</ref> and the ''Annals of the European Academy of Sciences''<ref name="Annals of the European Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurasc.org/annals/annals2.asp |title=Annals of the European Academy of Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=European Academy of Sciences |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118225847/http://www.eurasc.org/annals/annals2.asp |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is a former editorial board member of the ''International Journal of Conditioning Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management'' (COMADEM).<ref name="COMADEM editorial board">{{Cite web |url=http://www.comadem.com/journal |title=COMADEM editorial board |date=2017 |publisher=International Journal of Conditioning Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management}}</ref> He was also the guest editor of the Volume 109 of [[Current Science]] published in July 2015.<ref name="Guest Editorial">{{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/109/01/0007.pdf |title=Guest Editorial |date=2017 |publisher=Current Science}}</ref> His association with government agencies included the chair of the National Committee for Noise Pollution Control (1997-2015),<ref name="StewartMcManus2016">{{cite book|author1=John Stewart|author2=Francis McManus|author3=Nigel Rodgers, Val Weedon, Arline Bronzaft|title=Why Noise Matters: A Worldwide Perspective on the Problems, Policies and Solutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|date=29 April 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-93417-1|pages=41–}}</ref> and memberships in Science and Engineering Research Council of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] for two terms (1991-1994 and 2004-2007), Technology Advisory Board of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (1994–98) and Board of Research of [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (1994–97). He presided over the Acoustical Society of India during 1999–2000<ref name="President ASI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.acousticsindia.org/pre_off_bearers.html |title=President ASI |date=2017 |publisher=Acoustical Society of India |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118232325/http://www.acousticsindia.org/pre_off_bearers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and served as the vice president of the Indian National Science Academy from 2011 to 2013.<ref name="Recent Past Vice-presidents">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recent_past_office_bearers.php |title=Recent Past Vice-presidents |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501055419/https://www.insaindia.res.in/recent_past_office_bearers.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> He held the chair of the Karnataka State Industrial Investment and Development Corporation from 1991 to 1994 and is a former member of the director board of the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (1995–2001).<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He has delivered invited or keynote addresses at several seminars.<ref name="(IWCMVA-2015">{{Cite web |url=http://imechanica.org/files/FINAL_IWCMVA%202015_Information_Brochure%20.pdf |title=(IWCMVA-2015 |date=2017 |publisher=International Workshop On Computational Methods in Vibration & Acoustics}}</ref><ref name="R&C Lecture Series">{{Cite web |url=http://mnnit.ac.in/rnc/data/List%20of%20Expert%20lecture%20Under%20R&C%20Lecture%20Series.pdf |title=R&C Lecture Series |date=2017 |publisher=Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201133404/http://mnnit.ac.in/rnc/data/List%20of%20Expert%20lecture%20Under%20R%26C%20Lecture%20Series.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-01 }}</ref> He sat in the Senate of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Ropar]].<ref name="Senate">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/senate |title=Senate |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Ropar}}</ref> He held the honorary position as INAE Distinguished Professor (2010-2013) and AICTE Distinguished Chair Professor (2021-2024).

=== Books ===
* {{cite book |author=M. L. Munjal |title=Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers With Application to Exhaust and Ventilation System Design |date=8 May 1987 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, New York |isbn=978-0-471-84738-0}}
* {{cite book |author=M. L. Munjal |title=Noise and Vibration Control |date=7 June 2013 |publisher=World Scientific, Singapore |isbn=978-981-4434-75-1}}
* M. L. Munjal (2014), ''Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers - Second Edition'', John Wiley & Sons, UK. {{ISBN|978-1-118-44312-5}}.
* M. L. Munjal and B. Venkatesham (2024), ''Noise and Vibration Control – Second Edition'', IISc Press and World Scientific, Singapore. {{ISBN|978-9811283147}}

=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book |author=Manohar Lal Munjal |title=IUTAM Symposium on Designing for Quietness: Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held in Bangalore, India, 12–14 December 2000 |date=17 April 2003 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-017-0095-5 |pages=1– |chapter=Analysis and Design of Annular Airgap lined Duct for Hot Exhaust Systems}}
* M. L. Munjal, Anthony G. Galaitsis and Istvan L. Ver (2006). Passive Silencers - Chapter 9 in ''Noise and Vibration Control Engineering Principles and Practices - Second Edition'', John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
* {{cite book|author=F.P. Mechel|title=Formulas of Acoustics|date=25 June 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-76832-6|pages=1–}}

=== Selected articles ===
* M. L. Munjal and K. M. Kumar, (2023) “State of the art of rational design of efficient mufflers”, ''Noise Control Engineering Journal'', '''71'''(3), 169-179.
* M. L. Munjal (August 2020). “Theory and design of the double-tuned coaxial and flow reversal mufflers: A new perspective” ''Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C'', '''101'''(4), 619-629. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-020-00594-3.
* K. M. Kumar and M. L. Munjal (June 2019). “Direct estimation and experimental validation of the acoustic source characteristics of turbocharged diesel engine exhaust system”, ''Applied Acoustics'', '''149''', 171-180.
* K. M. Kumar and M. L. Munjal (July–August 2018). "On development of rational design guidelines for large side-inlet side-outlet perforated element mufflers", ''Noise Control Engineering Journal'', '''66'''(4), 308-323.
* K. M. Kumar and M. L. Munjal (September–October 2017). "On the crucial role of mean flow in the design of multiply-connected coaxial perforated element mufflers", ''Noise Control Engineering Journal'', '''65'''(5), 462-481.
* A. Mimani and M. L. Munjal (2016). "Design of reactive rectangular expansion chambers for broadband acoustic attenuation performance based on optimal port location", ''Acoustics Australia'', '''44'''(2), 299-323. DOI: 10.1007/s40857-016-0053-8.
* Abhishek Verma and M. L. Munjal (May 2015). "Flow-acoustic analysis of the perforated baffle three-chamber hybrid muffler configuration", ''SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems'', '''8'''(1), 370-381. DOI:10.4271/2015-26-0131.
* E. Ramya and M. L. Munjal (July–August 2014). "Improved tuning of the extended concentric tube resonator for wide-band transmission loss," ''Noise Control Engineering Journal'', '''62'''(4), 252-263.
* A. Mimani and M. L. Munjal (March 2012). "3-D acoustic analysis of elliptical chamber mufflers having an end-inlet and side-outlet: An impedance matrix approach", ''Wave Motion'', '''49'''(2), 271-295.
* B. Venkatesham, Mayank Tiwari and M.L. Munjal (October 2010). "Analytical prediction of break-out noise from a reactive rectangular plenum with four flexible walls", ''Journal of the Acoustical Society of America'', '''128'''(4), 1789-99.

== Awards and honors ==
During his early years in research, Munjal was awarded the Young Scientist Medal by the Indian National Science Academy in 1975;<ref name="Young Scientist Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=Young Scientist Medal |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> the award citation mentioned about the ''Significant Contribution in Noise Control and Vehicle Dynamics''.<ref name="Munjal on ASI" /> In 1980, the Acoustical Society of India selected his article in the ''Journal of Acoustical Society of India'' (JASI) for the Sir C.V. Raman Award and three years later, another of his article fetched him the 1983 Nelson Acoustical Paper Award First Prize; he would receive the Sir C.V. Raman Award a second time in 2007.<ref name="M. L. Munjal on INAE" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1986.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref> He received the Professor Rustom Choksi Award of the Indian Institute of Science in 1995<ref name="Professor Rustom Choksi Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ac.in/institute-awards/prof-rustom-choksi-award-for-excellence-in-research-in-scienceengineering/ |title=Professor Rustom Choksi Award |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> and the Professor S. Bhagwantam Award of the Acoustical Society of India in 2005;<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mecheng.iisc.ernet.in/users/munjal |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118225426/http://www.mecheng.iisc.ernet.in/users/munjal |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in between, he received the Mira Paul Memorial Award of the Acoustical Foundation for Education and Charitable Trust (AFECT) in 2000.<ref name="Mira Paul Memorial Award">{{Cite web |title=Mira Paul Memorial Award |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] awarded him the Academy Excellence Award for his contributions in the development of ''practical solutions for meeting defence and civilian requirements'',<ref name="DRDO Academy Excellence Award">{{Cite web |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/newsletter/2010/july_10.pdf |title=DRDO Academy Excellence Award |date=2017 |publisher=Defence Research Development Organisation}}</ref> the same year as he received the Jawaharlal Nehru National Award of the Madhya Pradesh Council for Science and Technology.<ref name="Jawaharlal Nehru National Award">{{Cite web |url=http://mpcost.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/NATIONAL-ENGG-TECH.pdf |title=Jawaharlal Nehru National Award |date=2017 |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Council for Science and Technology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322204239/http://mpcost.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/NATIONAL-ENGG-TECH.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-22 }}</ref> He was awarded the Professor Jai Krishna Memorial Award of the Indian National Academy of Engineering in 2013.<ref name="Prof. Jai Krishna Memorial Award">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/c1nooq0zyx3c92l/Previous%20year%20Receipients.pdf?dl=0 |title=Prof. Jai Krishna Memorial Award |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering}}</ref> Recently, he has been placed in the top 0.05% of scholars in his specialty (Vibration) World wide, and conferred the ScholarGPS award: Highly Ranked Scholar - Lifetime (2022, 2024)

Munjal, a fellow of the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration,<ref name="IIAV fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiav.org/index.php?va=fellows |title=IIAV fellow |date=2017 |publisher=International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration}}</ref> was elected as a fellow by the Indian National Science Academy<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1987<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and the National Academy of Sciences, India followed suit in 1990.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-06 }}</ref> He is also a fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering<ref name="INAE fellowship page">{{Cite web |url=http://inae.in/ebook/year-book-2016/files/basic-html/page134.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118034031/http://inae.in/ebook/year-book-2016/files/basic-html/page134.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2017 |title=INAE fellowship page |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering }}</ref> and the Acoustical Society of India.<ref name="ASI Hand Book 2014">{{Cite web |url=http://www.acousticsindia.org/JASIHand%20Book.pdf |title=ASI Hand Book 2014 |date=2016 |publisher=Acoustical Society of India |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100242/http://www.acousticsindia.org/JASIHand%20Book.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a Distinguished International Member of the Institute of Noise Control Engineering (INCE) USA,<ref name="Distinguished International Member INCE">{{Cite web |url=https://www.inceusa.org/membership/distinguished-international-members/ |title=Distinguished International Member INCE |date=2017 |publisher=Institute of Noise Control Engineering}}</ref> the only Indian to receive the honor,<ref name="M. L. Munjal on INAE" /> and a member of the European Academy of Sciences.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He is now an honorary fellow of the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration.<ref name="Honorary Fellows IIAV">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiav.org/index.php?va=fellows |title=Honorary Fellows IIAV |date=2017 |publisher=International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration}}</ref> The award orations delivered by Munjal include M. S. Narayanan Memorial Lecture Award of the Acoustical Society of India in 1995<ref name="M. L. Munjal on INAE" /> and the Dr. Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture of the Indian National Science Academy in 2006.<ref name="Dr. Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#guru |title=Dr. Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture |date=2017 |website=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#guru |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Duct (flow)]]
* [[Muffler]]
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1184623?c=people |title=Munjal, M. L. |date=2017 |publisher=National Library of Australia |page=Author profile and publications}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munjal, Manohar Lal}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Engineers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calgary]]
[[Category:Ford people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Indian acoustical engineers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

T. Samynada Pillai

2026-02-13T13:28:29Z

Thereforedesignpune: refine references to improve readability and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{moresources|date=December 2019}}

'''T. Samynada Pillai''' was a building contractor who constructed many prominent buildings in [[South India]].{{cn|date=May 2024}}

== Career ==

Samynada Pillai started as a building contractor in [[Bangalore]] in 1879.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Some of his famous constructions include the Seshadri Iyer Memorial Hall at [[Cubbon Park]]. He also renovated the South Indian Railway headquarters at [[Trichinopoly]] and offices at [[Madurai]]. is work in Bangalore, Trichinopoly and Madurai won him the contract to construct South Indian Railways' [[Chennai Egmore|principal railway station at Egmore]]. The Chennai Egmore railway station constructed in 1908 and the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] headquarters are some of the best remembered works of Samynada Pillai.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book|title=Madras Rediscovered|first=S.|last=Muthiah|authorlink=S. Muthiah|publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. |year=2004|isbn=81-88661-24-4|page=322}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, T. Samynada}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian civil engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Surat Metro

2026-02-10T03:58:44Z

Thereforedesignpune: general fix layout after review also and corrected details

{{Short description|Rapid transit system in Surat, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox public transit
| name = Surat Metro
| image =
| caption = GMRC Logo
| imagesize = 100px
| locale = [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]]
| transit_type = [[Rapid Transit]]
| began_operation =
| operation_will_start = {{start date and age|2027|12||df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref name="Ops from Dec 2026"/>
| system_length = {{convert|40.35|km}}
| chief_executive =
| headquarters =
| lines = 2 (Phase - I)
| stations = 38
| website = {{URL|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/|Gujarat Metro}}
| ridership =
| character = Elevated & Underground
| stock = [[Titagarh Rail Systems]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-06-27 |title=Titagarh Rail Systems bags Rs 857 cr order for Surat Metro Rail |url=https://theprint.in/economy/titagarh-rail-systems-bags-rs-857-cr-order-for-surat-metro-rail/1645126/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| vehicles =
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| el = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| average_speed = 80 km/h<ref name="Ops from Dec 2026"/>
| top_speed =
| operator =
| map =
| map_state =
| alt =
| owner = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| area served =
| line_number = * '''Under Construction:''' {{rcb|Surat Metro|Red|croute}} {{rcb|Surat Metro|Green|croute}}<ref name="Ops from Dec 2026">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Mayank|title=Surat Metro: Phase I to Start Operations in Dec 2026, Check Route, Distance, Stations and More|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/surat-metro-phase-i-to-start-operations-in-dec-2026-check-route-distance-stations-and-more-8310193.html|work=[[News18]]|date=12 July 2023|access-date=12 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| start =
| end =
| annual_ridership =
}}

'''Surat Metro''' is an under-construction [[rapid transit]] system for the city of [[Surat]] in [[Gujarat]] state of [[India]]. Two corridors with a combined length of 40.35 kilometers are under construction since 18 January 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title='Very important gifts for Ahmedabad, Surat': PM Modi launches metro rail projects in Gujarat|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pm-modi-bhoomi-poojan-ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-surat-metro/708480|access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=18 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The project is expected to be completed by December 2026 at an estimated cost of {{INRconvert|12020.32|c}}.<ref name="Ops from Dec 2026">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Mayank|title=Surat Metro: Phase I to Start Operations in Dec 2026, Check Route, Distance, Stations and More|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/surat-metro-phase-i-to-start-operations-in-dec-2029-check-route-distance-stations-and-more-8310193.html|work=[[News18]]|date=12 July 2023|access-date=12 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Surat Metro under construction pillars.jpg|thumb|Under construction pillars of Green Line near L P Savani School Station|left]]
In August 2012, the [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] (SMC) proposed four rail routes for the metro project.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_smc-to-check-feasibility-of-four-metro-routes_1723024 "SMC to check feasibility of four Metro routes"]. DNA India. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.</ref><ref name=StateApproval>{{cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2012/08/11/narendra-modi-announces-states-aproval-to-surat-metro-train-project/|title=Narendra Modi announces state's approval to Surat Metro train project|publisher=DeshGujarat.com|date=11 August 2012|access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> The [[Government of Gujarat]] approved two corridors in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-02 |title=Surat Metro Route Map, Station List, and Latest Updates - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/surat-metro/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The union government approved the project on 11 March 2019.<ref name="DPR approved by Union govt">{{Cite web|url=http://news.railanalysis.com/surat-2-metro-rail-project-approved-by-central-government/|title=DPR approved by Union govt|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> It will be implemented by [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] and financed mainly through equity from [[Government of India]] and [[Government of Gujarat]] on 50:50 basis and loan from bilateral/ multilateral agencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/surat-to-get-two-metro-rail-corridors-check-details/379888|title=Surat metro will have 2 corridors|access-date=10 March 2019 }}</ref> French development agency [[French Development Agency|AFD]] has committed to lend 250 million euros for the project, which was signed on January 28, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFD to Lend €250 million for Surat Metro Phase 1 Project|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/05/01/afd-to-lend-e250-million-for-surat-metro-phase-1-project/|date=2020-05-01|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> On 9 March 2019, the Public Investment Board (PIB) approved {{INRconvert|12000|c}} for the project.<ref name="metrorailnews.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/pib-approves-surat-metro-rail-project-dpr/|title=PIB has approved the DPR of Surat Metro|date=7 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref> On 17 December 2021, Germany Development Bank [[KfW]] and Government of India signed a €442.26 million loan pact towards the project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/india-germany-development-bank-sign-442-26-mn-loan-pact-for-surat-metro-rail-project/articleshow/88346447.cms|title=India, Germany Development Bank sign 442.26 mn loan pact for Surat Metro Rail Project|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref>

In June 2020, the construction bids were invited for Phase-1.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/first-construction-bids-invited-for-phase-1-corridor-of-surat-metro-project/ |title=First Construction bids invited for phase 1 corridor of Surat Metro project |website=www.urbantransportnews.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607155200/https://www.urbantransportnews.com/first-construction-bids-invited-for-phase-1-corridor-of-surat-metro-project/ |archive-date=2020-06-07}}</ref>

The foundation of the project was laid on 18 January 2021 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-surat-metro-projects-pm-modi-7137374/lite/|title = PM Modi to lay foundation stone of Ahmedabad, Surat metro projects on Jan 18|date = 7 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Construction was expected to be completed by the end of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-launches-ahmedabad-and-surat-metro-rail-projects-everything-you-need-to-know-11610956526405.html|title = 'Very important gifts for Surat, Ahmedabad': Modi launches 2 metro rail projects|date = 18 January 2021}}</ref> However, as of July 2023, the deadline for the completion of the first phase has been rescheduled to December 2027, due to some slowdowns and delays in work.<ref name="Ops from Dec 2027">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Mayank|title=Surat Metro: Phase I to Start Operations in Dec 2027, Check Route, Distance, Stations and More|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/surat-metro-phase-i-to-start-operations-in-dec-2027-check-route-distance-stations-and-more-8310193.html|work=[[News18]]|date=12 July 2023|access-date=12 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==Route network==
=== Phase 1 ===
The corridors are from [[Sarthana]], [[Varachha]] to [[DREAM City]] ({{convert|22|km|mi|adj=on}}) and from [[Bhesan, Surat|Bhesan]] Depot to [[Saroli, Surat|Saroli]] ({{convert|18|km|mi|adj=on}}). Sarthana-DREAM City corridor will have 20 stations and Bhesan - Saroli corridor will have 18 stations. Out of approved {{convert|40|km|mi|adj=on}} corridor, {{convert|33|km|mi|adj=on}} will be elevated, whereas {{convert|7|km|mi|adj=on}} will be underground.

In Phase 1, 20 metro stations will be built on first corridor from Sarthana to DREAM City route ([[Red Line (Surat Metro)|Red Line]]) and 18 metro stations will be built on second corridor from Bhesan to Saroli ([[Green Line (Surat Metro)|Green Line]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/surat-metro-information-route-maps-fares-tenders-updates/|title=Surat Metro – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref name="Ops from Dec 2027"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!Line Name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Length
!Stations
|-
|style="background:#{{rcr|Surat Metro|Red}}; text-align: center;"|'''[[Red Line (Surat Metro)|Red Line]]'''
|Sarthana
|DREAM City
|21.61 km
|20
|-
|style="background:#{{rcr|Surat Metro|Green}}; text-align: center;"|'''[[Green Line (Surat Metro)|Green Line]]'''
|Bhesan
|Saroli
|18.74 km
|18
|-
!colspan="3" |'''Total'''
!40.35 km
!38
|}

==Status updates==
* '''9 March 2019:''' Public Investment Board (PIB) approves 12,000 Crores INR Surat Metro rail project.<ref name="metrorailnews.in"/>
* '''11 March 2019:''' Surat metro rail project approved by central govt with combined length of 40.35 km.<ref name="DPR approved by Union govt"/>
*'''28 April 2020''': GMRC invited tenders for Detailed Design Consultancy Services for Corridor 1 and 2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/04/28/gmrc-invites-ddc-bids-for-surat-metro-phase-1s-elevated-section/|title=GMRC Invites DDC Bids for Surat Metro Phase 1's Elevated Section|date=2020-04-28|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref>
*'''30 April 2020''': GMRC invited Expression of Interest for Phase 1's General Engineering Consultant<ref>{{Cite web|title=GMRC Invites EOI for Surat Metro's General Engineering Consultant|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/05/01/gmrc-invites-eoi-for-surat-metros-general-engineering-consultant/|date=2020-05-01|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>
* '''Jun 2020''': Construction bids invited for Phase-1. Construction work to begin soon.<ref name="ref1"/>
* '''18 Jan 2021''': Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid down foundation stone of Surat Metro. Construction is expected to complete by late 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-18 |title='Very important gifts for Surat, Ahmedabad': Modi launches 2 metro rail projects |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-launches-ahmedabad-and-surat-metro-rail-projects-everything-you-need-to-know-11610956526405.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
** [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
*** [[Ahmedabad Metro]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Surat topics}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Rapid transit in Asia}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Proposed rapid transit in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Surat]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Surat Metro|Surat Metro stations]]

Langza

2026-01-28T10:20:09Z

Thereforedesignpune: new a article!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Langza
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Langza Village, Himachal Pradesh.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Langza village with [[Chau Chau Kang Nilda]]
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.2738|N|78.0816|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lahaul and Spiti district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4419.6
| population_total = 136
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 172106
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]-
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rampur, Himachal Pradesh|Rampur]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Alpine climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Langza''' is a small village located in Spiti Tehsil of [[Lahaul and Spiti district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It is set at the base of Chau Chau Kang Nilda mountain, also known as the Princess Mountain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Langza: Spiti's incredible fossil village is an unexplored gem in the Himalayas! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/langza-spitis-incredible-fossil-village-is-an-unexplored-gem-in-the-himalayas/articleshow/94213828.cms |website=Times of India Travel |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=24 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Lonely Planet |last2=Benanav |first2=Michael |last3=Bindloss |first3=Joe |last4=Brown |first4=Lindsay |last5=Butler |first5=Stuart |last6=Elliott |first6=Mark |last7=Harding |first7=Paul |last8=Holden |first8=Trent |last9=Mahapatra |first9=Anirban |last10=Mayhew |first10=Bradley |last11=McCrohan |first11=Daniel |last12=Noble |first12=John |last13=Raub |first13=Kevin |last14=Singh |first14=Sarina |last15=Stewart |first15=Iain |last16=Noble |first16=Isabella |title=Lonely Planet India |date=1 October 2019 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-78868-682-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmuyDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Langza%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT659 |access-date=24 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The hamlet may not be home to many inhabitants, but fossils from 200 million years ago can be found in abundance |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/see/story/69212/a-look-at-langza-spitis-fossil-village |access-date=24 December 2022 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=1 December 2022}}</ref>

The village has a population of 136 people only.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bisht |first=Gaurav |title=Covid-19 reaches Himachal's Hikkim village, home to world's highest post office |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/covid-19-reaches-himachal-s-hikkim-village-home-to-world-s-highest-post-office/story-Mm6XD5LnN6Z8wKlMpDT1eO.html |access-date=24 December 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The village is known as the "fossil village" of [[Spiti]] valley.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kasera |first=Urvashi |title=Langza Village, Lahaul & Spiti Valley I Real Himachal |url=https://realhimachal.in/langza/ |access-date=24 December 2022 |work=Real Himachal |date=10 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bisht |first=Gaurav |title=Himachal govt bans cheap sale of fossil souvenirs in Spiti valley |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/himachal-govt-bans-cheap-sale-of-fossil-souvenirs-in-spiti-valley-101632748666940.html |access-date=24 December 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
<gallery>
Langza village and Buddha statue.jpg|Langza
Buddha Statue at Langza village Spiti valley.jpg|Buddha Statue at Langza
</gallery>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Commonscat}}
{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Lahaul and Spiti district]]

Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board

2026-01-24T07:15:09Z

Thereforedesignpune: created new data basic info

{{Short description|Regulatory body in the Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board
| nativename = UPCB
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type = agency
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo = Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board.png
| logo_width = 100 px
| logo_caption =
| formed = {{Start date|2001|df=yes}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| headquarters = Uttarakhand
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position = R. K. Shudhanshu
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = https://ukpcb.uk.gov.in/
| footnotes =
| date1 =
| date1_name =
| date2 =
| date2_name =
}}

The '''Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board''' (UPCB)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forests |first=India Ministry of Environment and |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Annual_Report/IwARWMREJlEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Uttarakhand+Pollution+Control+Board&dq=Uttarakhand+Pollution+Control+Board&printsec=frontcover |title=Annual Report |date=2012 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India |language=en}}</ref> is an autonomous regulatory body in the [[Uttarakhand]], India, responsible for monitoring, controlling, and mitigating environmental pollution in the Uttarakhand region. Working under the [[Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974]], and the [[Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981]], the Board ensures that industries and organizations follow environmental regulations. Its key responsibilities include granting permits, monitoring air and water quality, controlling industrial emissions, and spreading awareness about environmental conservation in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=After protests, Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board orders closure of incinerator in eco-sensitive zone near Gangotri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-pollution-control-board-orders-closure-incinerator-near-gangotri-10106890/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Uttarakhand green watchdog operating with 37% staff, RTI reveals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-green-watchdog-operating-with-37-staff-rti-reveals/articleshow/123487391.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History ==
Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board was formed soon after Uttarakhand became a separate state in 2000. Before that, it functioned as a regional office under the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board. Following the state's [[Administrative law|administrative]] reorganization, it became an independent board dedicated to managing Uttarakhand's environmental affairs.

== See also ==

* [[Central Pollution Control Board]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
[[Category:Pollution in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Environment of India by state or union territory]]
[[Category:Environment of Uttarakhand]]

Oinam Mangi

2026-01-18T13:20:48Z

Thereforedesignpune: made initial article v1!

{{Short description |Indian sculptor (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=November 2025}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Oinam Mangi''' ''({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ ꯃꯪꯒꯤ}}'', born 1955) is an Indian stone sculptor from [[Manipur]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran stone sculptor still waiting for elusive Government loan : 30th nov19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..301119.nov19|access-date=2025-11-05|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
He has received the Bapu Sagat Jiban Award and the Dr Ambedkar Fellowship Award, in recognition of his contribution to sculpture art. His works are known for depicting traditional [[Meitei culture]], historical figures, and daily life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=IT Web|date=2014-11-27|title=Local stone sculpture attracts Sangai festival visitors|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/local-stone-sculpture-attracts-sangai-festival-visitors/|access-date=2025-11-05|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Veteran stone sculptor still waiting for elusive Government loan|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/11/29/IMPHAL-Nov-29-Stone-sculptor-Oinam-Mangi-70-of-Toupokpi-Maning-Leikai-under-Bishnupur-district-has-decried-that-the-State-Government-has-failed-to-give-a-positive-response-to-a-Rs-15-crore-loan.amp.html|access-date=2025-11-05|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=features channel >>Endangered art of Lamangdong stone bowls and Toupokpi sculptor By Phanjoubam Chingkheinganba ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur|url=https://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?src=features.Endangered_art_of_Lamangdong_stone_bowls_and_Toupokpi_sculptor_By_Phanjoubam_Chingkheinganba.html..|access-date=2025-11-05|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mangi was born in [[Toupokpi]] Village, [[Bishnupur district, Manipur]], as the son of Ibonungshi, a professional stone carver. His father specialized in creating utility items such as chakri (stone rice grinders) and mortars. From an early age, Mangi was inspired by his father's work and began practicing stone carving while his father was away.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
Mangi's father initially opposed his pursuit of stone sculpture due to the low income from the profession, encouraging him instead to continue his studies. Mangi completed education up to [[Tenth grade|Class X]] and also finished a [[Hindi Ratna]] course.
He works with the support of his wife, three sons, a daughter, and other assistants. Stone sculpture provides his primary source of income and supports his family.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Mangi began practicing stone sculpture in 1980, following his father's footsteps. He has created numerous statues, busts, and memorial stones over the years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> His works include:

* [[Mukna]], a traditional Meitei wrestling game
* Statues of twenty-one Indian leaders
* [[Khambana Kao Phaba]]
* [[Irom Sharmila]]
* Shampot Khoiba Loumi, a farmer tilling a field with bulls
* Statues of breastfeeding women
* Monuments of historical figures such as Paona Brajabashi, Bir Tikendrajit, Thangal General, and Hijam Irabot
* The statue of poet Dr Lamabam Kamal, planned for installation in March 2026<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

He has displayed his sculptures in the Manipur [[Sangai Festival 2014]] organized by the Manipur Tourism Department.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Work process and materials ==
Mangi sources stones from Laimaton Hill at Old Cachar Road. Sculptures are created at his home with the help of assistants. The number of workers varies according to project size, ranging from five to over a hundred, with daily wages of Rs 1,000.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Prices for his sculptures vary: a passport-size carving costs Rs 75,000, while a life-size statue costs Rs 1.6 lakh. He produces carvings for customers within Manipur and from other regions, including Myanmar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Recognition and awards ==
Mangi has received around fourteen awards for his creative work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* Bapu Sagat Jiban Award
* Dr Ambedkar Fellowship Award<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

His wife, Bilashini, is also a sculptor and has contributed to promoting his work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Mangi has stated that he has not received substantial support from the State Government. He applied for a Rs 15 crore loan to purchase a sculpting machine, which he believes would increase efficiency and quality, but the government has not responded.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Challenges and advocacy ==
Mangi has highlighted several challenges in his work:

* Manual carving is time-consuming and prone to errors
* Lack of government support for modern machinery
* Pending pension application despite crossing the age of 60<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

He has expressed the importance of stone carving in preserving [[Meitei culture]], noting that forefathers engraved history on stones, and this tradition continues to promote the art and culture of the state.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Notable projects ==
* Carving six twelve-foot pillars for the [[Manipur University of Culture]], each representing different communities<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* Sculptures of prominent historical and cultural figures in public spaces<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Visual arts}}
* [[List of Indian artists]]
* [[List of sculptors]]
* [[Oinam family]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangi, Oinam}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Stone sculptures in India]]

The Jogi's Punishment

2026-01-12T21:27:58Z

Thereforedesignpune: created first info from scratch.

{{multiple issues|
{{unreferenced|date=June 2020}}
{{all plot|date=June 2020}}
{{notability|date=June 2020}}
}}
[[File:The Lilac Fairy Book - To face p32.png|thumb|right]]
'''The Jogi's Punishment''' is an Indian [[fairy tale]], a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] story collected by Major Campbell in [[Firozpur|Feroshepore]]. [[Andrew Lang]] included it in ''[[The Lilac Fairy Book]]''.

==Synopsis==

A rajah made a jogi welcome in his city, building a house where he might receive guests. The rajah's only child was a beautiful daughter, who was betrothed to a neighboring prince. One day this daughter visited the jogi, who was instantly attracted to her. She guessed his intention and fled, and the jogi threw a lance after her, wounding her in the leg.

The next day, the jogi claimed to have been visited by a demon, which came disguised as a beautiful young woman but transformed into a hideous monster. The rajah had to find a beautiful young woman with a lance wound. When he did so, and realized it was his daughter, the jogi declared that his true daughter had been replaced in infancy by this evil spirit. The king made a chest, and they put the daughter in it and threw it in the river.

The next morning, her betrothed was hunting by the river and found the chest. He freed her and found that she was his betrothed. They married on the spot. The prince had a great monkey put in the chest in the princess's place, and the chest put back in the river. The jogi had his pupils retrieve it and then ordered them not to come into the room, whatever screams they heard. He took out a silken cord to strangle the princess. Shortly thereafter, they heard screams for help but did not enter. Eventually they did and found the jogi's body.

When the princess heard the jogi was dead, she made her peace with her father.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.classicreader.com/read.php/sid.3/bookid.1088/sec.3/ ''The Jogi's Punishment'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jogi's Punishment}}
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]

Recognition of same-sex unions in Andhra Pradesh

2026-01-12T08:38:21Z

Thereforedesignpune:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{SSM|minimal}}

[[Andhra Pradesh]] does not recognise [[same-sex marriage]]s or [[civil union]]s. However, [[Cohabitation|live-in relationships]] are not unlawful in Andhra Pradesh. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, and that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together. The [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] upheld this constitutional right in ''Chadalavada Pallavi v. State of Andhra Pradesh'' in December 2024.

==Legal history==
===Background===
[[Marriage]] in [[India]] is governed under several federal laws. These laws allow for the solemnisation of marriages according to different [[Religion in Andhra Pradesh|religions]], notably Hinduism, [[Telugu Christians|Christianity]], and [[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]. Every citizen has the right to choose which law will apply to them based on their community or religion. These laws are the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bokakhat.gov.in/pdf/The_hindu_marriage_act.pdf|title=Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|work=bokakhat|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> which governs matters of marriage, separation and divorce for Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs, the ''[[The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872|Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 |url=https://lawyerslaw.org/the-indian-christian-marriage-act-1872/ |website=lawyerslaw.org |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> and the ''[[Muslim personal law in India|Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1937-26.pdf|title= Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937|accessdate=September 6, 2022|work=legislative.gov.in}}</ref> In addition, the ''Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936'' and the ''Anand Marriage Act, 1909'' regulate the marriages of Parsis and Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2476/1/a1936_____3.pdf|title=Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936|work=www.indiacode.nic.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1909-07.pdf|title=Anand Marriage Act, 1909|work=legislative.gov.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref> The ''[[Special Marriage Act, 1954]]'' (SMA) allows all Indian citizens to marry regardless of the religion of either party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-42499619|title=అభిప్రాయం: 'లవ్ జిహాద్', ప్రేమ - 'ప్రత్యేక వివాహం'|work=BBC News|date=28 December 2017|language=te|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108120146/https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-42499619|url-status=live}}</ref> Marriage officers appointed by the government may solemnize and register marriages contracted under the SMA, which are registered with the state as a civil contract. The act is particularly popular among [[Interfaith marriage|interfaith couples]], [[Inter-caste marriage|inter-caste couples]], and spouses with [[Atheism|no religious beliefs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-43_1.pdf|title=The Special Marriage Act, 1954|work=legislative.gov|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> None of these acts explicitly bans [[same-sex marriage]].

On 14 February 2006, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in ''Smt. Seema v. Ashwani Kumar'' that the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] are obliged to register all marriages performed under the federal laws. The court's ruling was expected to reduce instances of [[child marriage]]s, [[bigamy]], [[domestic violence]] and unlawful abandonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legal-wires.com/case-study/case-study-smt-seema-v-ashwin-kumar-case/|title= Case Study: Smt Seema v. Ashwin Kumar|date=21 October 2022|work=Legal Wires}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh had already passed legislation requiring the registration of all marriages prior to the Supreme Court ruling. The [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]], consisting of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] and the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]], passed the ''Andhra Pradesh Compulsory Registration of Marriages Act, 2002'', which was later signed into law by Governor [[C. Rangarajan]]. It created local registrars of marriages for every [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|district]], which shall issue [[Marriage license|marriage certificates]] upon reception of memorandums of marriage filed by the spouses. The registrar may refuse to issue the license if the parties fail to meet the requirements to marry under the national law of their religion or community. The act defines marriage as "all marriages performed by persons belonging to any caste or religion and also the marriages performed as per any custom, practices or any traditions including the marriages performed in the tribal areas and the word 'marriage' also includes '[[remarriage]]'".<ref name="act">{{cite web|url=https://gramawardsachivalayam.ap.gov.in/gsws/downloads/05.09.2020/2%20G%20Ravindranath/Andhra%20Pradesh%20Compulsory%20Registration%20of%20Marriage%20Act,%202002.pdf|title=Andhra Pradesh Compulsory Registration of Marriages Act, 2002|work=gramawardsachivalayam.ap.gov.in|accessdate=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108120154/https://gramawardsachivalayam.ap.gov.in/gsws/downloads/05.09.2020/2%20G%20Ravindranath/Andhra%20Pradesh%20Compulsory%20Registration%20of%20Marriage%20Act,%202002.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the act generally refers to married spouses as "bride and bridegroom".<ref name="act"/>

Some same-sex couples have married in traditional marriage ceremonies, though the marriages lack legal status in Andhra Pradesh. On 18 December 2021, two men, Supriyo Chakraborty and Abhay Dang, were married in a Hindu ceremony in [[Hyderabad]], the ''[[de jure]]'' capital of Andhra Pradesh, making "it the first gay wedding in the Telugu States".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/first-in-telugu-states-gay-couple-to-announce-their-wedding-in-december/article37266711.ece/|title=First in Telugu States, gay couple to announce their wedding in December|work=The Hindu|date=31 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108131356/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/first-in-telugu-states-gay-couple-to-announce-their-wedding-in-december/article37266711.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Their wedding was attended by family members and close friends. "Our parents weren't initially the most supportive. However, they also didn't disapprove of it either. They decided to give us and themselves a good amount of time to introspect and come to a better conclusion. Now, we have their acceptance", said Chakraborty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/lifestyle-india-relationships-couples-marriage-80a26a5a6d6444c7554845de8b5a12d1|title=Indian gay couple wed despite uncertainty over gay marriage|work=Associated Press|date=19 December 2021|first=Omer|last=Farooq|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108131356/https://apnews.com/article/lifestyle-india-relationships-couples-marriage-80a26a5a6d6444c7554845de8b5a12d1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gay-couple-ties-the-knot-in-hyderabad-say-no-permission-needed-for-happiness-101640010823196-amp.html|title=Gay couple ties the knot in Hyderabad, say no permission needed for ‘happiness’|work=Hindustan Times|date=20 December 2021|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108131357/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gay-couple-ties-the-knot-in-hyderabad-say-no-permission-needed-for-happiness-101640010823196-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2022, a lesbian couple were married in a traditional Hindu ceremony in [[Srikalahasti]]. One of the women had previously been married to a man, but after meeting each other they decided to [[Elopement|elope]]. They later asked for police protection in [[Vempalle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/andhra-pradesh/kadapa-two-women-married-and-requested-for-police-protection-in-kadapa-district-of-andhra-pradesh-full-details-here-prn-gnt-1403100.html|title=Kadapa Women: లేచిపోయి పెళ్లి చేసుకున్న అమ్మాయిలు.. పోలీస్ స్టేషన్లో షాకింగ్ పంచాయితీ.., చివర్లో...|language=te|date=11 August 2022|work=Telugu News18|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108120146/https://telugu.news18.com/news/andhra-pradesh/kadapa-two-women-married-and-requested-for-police-protection-in-kadapa-district-of-andhra-pradesh-full-details-here-prn-gnt-1403100.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Live-in relationships===
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name=[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
|map={{Same-sex marriage in India|width=300}}
}}

[[Cohabitation|Live-in relationships]] ({{langx|te|కలిసి నివసించే సంబంధం}}, {{transliteration|te|kalisi nivasiñcē sambandhaṁ}}, {{IPA|te|ˈkalisi ˈniʋasiɲtɕeː ˈsambandʱam|pron}}, or {{lang|te|లివ్-ఇన్ రిలేషన్‌షిప్}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/national/live-relationships-not-illegal-rules-hc-while-granting-protection-12-couples|language=te|date=19 December 2025|title=లివింగ్ రిలేషన్ షిప్ తప్పు కాదన్న హైకోర్టు : ఆ 12మందికి భారీ ఊరట|work=Sakshi}}</ref> {{transliteration|te|liv-in rilēṣanṣip}}; {{langx|ur|اکٹھے رہنے کا تعلق}}, {{transliteration|ur|akathē rahnē kā ta'alluq}}) are not illegal in Andhra Pradesh. The Indian Supreme Court has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together, and that live-in relationships are not unlawful. State courts have upheld this constitutional right, and further ruled that if a couple faces threats from family or the community they may request police protection. However, live-in relationships do not confer all the legal rights and benefits of marriage. On 17 December 2024, the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] affirmed the right of adults in same-sex relationships to live together in ''Chadalavada Pallavi v. State of Andhra Pradesh''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.verdictum.in/court-updates/high-courts/andhra-pradesh-chadalavada-pallavi-vs-the-state-of-andhra-pradesh-and-others-aphc010545572024-habeas-corpus-1562215|title=Chadalavada Pallavi v. State of Andhra Pradesh|work=Verdictum|date=17 December 2024}}</ref> The case involved a lesbian couple who had been forcefully separated by family members. The petitioner, Chadalavada Pallavi, filed a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' petition seeking to live with her partner who had been abducted by her father and kept in forceful custody. The High Court ruled that the right to life and dignity under [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India|Article 21 of the Constitution]] guarantees adults, regardless of gender, the freedom to live with their chosen partner without interference from family members. It ordered the police to protect the couple.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/18/majors-can-live-together-irrespective-of-gender|title=‘Majors can live together irrespective of gender’|work=The New Indian Express|date=18 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/20/andhra-pradesh-hc-upholds-lesbian-couples-right-to-live-together|title=Andhra Pradesh HC upholds lesbian couple's right to live together|work=The New Indian Express|date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

===Transgender and intersex issues===
Like most of [[South Asia]], Andhra Pradesh recognizes a traditional [[third gender]] community known as ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]'' ({{lang|te|హిజ్రా}}, {{transliteration|te|hijrā}}), historically holding respected community roles, and known for their distinct culture, communities led by [[gurus]], and traditional roles as performers. In the [[Telugu states]], the community is also referred to as {{transliteration|te|śiva-śakti}} ({{lang|te|శివ-శక్తి}}, {{IPA|te|ˈʃiʋaʃakti|pron}}). Every autumn during a three-day festival performed across Andhra Pradesh and [[Telangana]], they are married to a sword that represents male power or [[Shiva]], becoming the brides of the sword.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/journalismcompetition/religion-sexuality|work=The Guardian|title=Religion and sexuality: Sweetie, a Shiva Shakti|date=22 November 2008|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108200544/https://www.theguardian.com/journalismcompetition/religion-sexuality|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the avatars of Shiva, a central figure in [[Hinduism]], is [[Ardhanarishvara]], who is depicted as half-man and half-woman, representing Shiva united with his [[shakti]]. The {{transliteration|te|śiva-śakti}} identify with this form of Shiva and worship at Shiva temples. The religious meaning of the {{transliteration|te|śiva-śakti}} role is expressed in several Hindu stories, including those of [[Arjuna]], Shiva, [[Bahuchara Mata]] and [[Krishna]]. Most people in this community belong to lower socio-economic status and live as astrologers, soothsayers, and spiritual healers.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629175703/https://india.lawi.asia/shiv-shakthis/|title=Shiv-Shakthis in the Hijra / Transgender Context|url=https://india.lawi.asia/shiv-shakthis/|archive-date=29 June 2017|accessdate=8 January 2023|work=india.lawi.asia}}</ref>

The Supreme Court's 2023 ruling in ''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]'' held that the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] does not require the legalisation of same-sex marriages but affirmed that transgender people may marry opposite-sex partners. There had already been some marriages of men to transgender women in Andhra Pradesh prior to the Supreme Court ruling, including in [[Tirumala]] in 2019.<ref>{{YouTube|id=N2dT7kmxO88|title=ఒకేసారి మూడు జంటల హిజ్రాల పెళ్లిళ్లు}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
*''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:Recognition of same-sex unions in India by state|Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]

Akadia, Gujarat

2026-01-09T19:28:28Z

Thereforedesignpune: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Akadia '''or '''Ankadia''' is a village and former [[Rajput]] petty [[princely state]] on [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsula.

== Village ==
Akadia (or '''Ankadia''') lies in Amreli [[Taluka]] of [[Amreli district]] in [[Gujarat]], western India. It is situated about twenty miles north-east of Babra, and about four miles north of [[Bhadli]], on the northern bank of the Keri river.<ref name="bg"/>

== History ==
{{princely states topics}}
The princely state, in [[Gohelwar]] ''prant'', was ruled by [[Chavda dynasty|Chavda]] Rajput Chieftains. During the [[British Raj]], it was in the charge of the colonial [[Eastern Kathiawar Agency]].

It comprised only the single village, with a population of 102 in 1901, yielding 1,250 Rupees state revenue (1903–04, all from land), paying 154 Rupees tribute to the British and [[Junagadh State]].

It was a separate tribute paying state under the [[Babra, Gujarat|Babra]] ''thana'' during British period. The ruling [[Garasia]]s were [[Chavda dynasty|Chavda]] Rajputs and this was the only independent Chavda holding in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].<ref name="bg">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar (Public Domain text)|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=356}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links and Sources ==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_171.gif Imperial Gazetteer, on DSAL.UChicago.edu - Kathiawar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430024342/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_171.gif |date=30 April 2021 }}

[[File:PD-icon.svg|10px]] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]: {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=356}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Amreli district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Amreli-geo-stub}}
{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

History of the rupee

2026-01-08T04:32:28Z

Thereforedesignpune: quick update content per sources also and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2010}}
[[File:MauryanCoin.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Silver coin of the [[Maurya Empire]], known as ''Rūpyarūpa'', with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BC.<ref name="Redy" />]]
The '''history of the rupee''' traces back to ancient times in the Indian subcontinent. The mention of ''rūpya'' by [[Pāṇini]] is seemingly the earliest reference in a text about coins.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Seaford|title=Tragedy, Ritual and Money in Ancient Greece: Selected Essays|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=January 2002|page=1599|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bo5yDwAAQBAJ&q=rupya+earliest+panini&pg=PA389|author-link=Richard Seaford|isbn=9781107171718|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061026/https://books.google.com/books?id=bo5yDwAAQBAJ&q=rupya+earliest+panini&pg=PA389#v=snippet&q=rupya%20earliest%20panini&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The term in Indian subcontinent was used for referring to a coin.<ref name=Lectures/>

The word "rupee" is derived from a [[Sanskrit]] word "rūpya", which means "wrought silver", and maybe also something stamped with an image or a coin.<ref name="etymonline1">{{cite web |author=etymonline.com |date=20 September 2008 |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=rupee&searchmode=none |title=Etymology of rupee |access-date=20 September 2008 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110165256/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=rupee&searchmode=none |url-status=live }}</ref> As an adjective it means "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", whence "coin". It is derived from the noun ''[[rūpa]]'' "shape, likeness, image".{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

''[[Arthashastra]]'', written by [[Chanakya]], prime minister to the first [[Maurya Empire|Maurya emperor]] [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (c. 340–290 BC), mentions silver coins as ''rūpyarūpa'', other types including gold coins (suvarṇarūpa), copper coins (tāmrarūpa) and lead coins (sīsarūpa) are mentioned [This claim is disputed]. Rūpa means form or shape, example, rūpyarūpa, rūpya – wrought silver, rūpa – form.<ref name="Redy">{{cite web |author=Redy |url=http://worldcoincatalog.com/AC/C3/India/AIndia.htm |title=AIndia.htm |publisher=Worldcoincatalog.com |access-date=20 June 2013 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403184349/http://worldcoincatalog.com/AC/C3/India/AIndia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the intermediate times there was no fixed monetary system as reported by the [[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]].<ref name = samuel>Trübner's Oriental Series DA TANG XIYU JI Great Tang Dynasty Records of the Western World, translated by Samuel Beal TWO VOLUMES Kegan, Paul, Trench, Teubner & Co. London • 1906 [First Edition ‐ London • 1884]</ref>

[[Sher Shah Suri]], during his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 [[Grain (mass)|grain]]s, which was also termed ''Rupiya''.<ref name="etymonline1"/><ref name="rbi-c-mogul">[http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html Mughal Coinage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085855/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |date=16 May 2008 }} at [[RBI Monetary Museum]]. Retrieved on 4 May 2008.</ref> The Mughal rulers issued coins honouring the Hindu deities in 1604–1605.

The coins depicting Ram and Sita were issued in both silver and gold; minting ended right after Akbar's death in 1605.

The silver coin remained in use during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], Maratha era, as well as in [[British India]].<ref name="rbi-c-colo">{{cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-colo.html |title=Coinage - Pre-Colonial India Coinage |publisher=Rbi.org.in |access-date=20 June 2013 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222137/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-colo.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the earliest issues of [[banknote|paper rupees]] include the ''[[Bank of Hindostan]]'' (1770–1832), the ''General Bank of Bengal and Bihar'' (1773–75, established by [[Warren Hastings]]), and the ''Bengal Bank'' (1784–1791).

The Indian rupee was a silver-based currency during much of the 19th century, which had severe consequences on the standard value of the currency, as stronger economies were on the [[gold standard]]. During British rule, and the first decade of independence, the rupee was subdivided into 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. Each anna was subdivided into 4 [[pice]]s. So one rupee was equal to 64 pice (paisa) and 192 pies as 1 Pice was equal to 3 pies. In 1957, [[decimalisation]] occurred and the rupee was divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi/Urdu for ''new paisas''). After a few years, the initial "naye" was dropped.

For many years in the early and mid-20th century, the Indian rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the British and governed from India; areas such as East Africa, Southern [[Arabia]] and the [[Persian Gulf]]. citation?

==Early uses==
[[File:Sher shah's rupee.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Rupiya]]'' issued by the [[Sher Shah Suri]], 1540–1545 CE|alt=Silver coins with raised writing]]

The word "rupee" is derived from a [[Sanskrit]] word "rūpya", which means "wrought silver", and maybe also something stamped with an image or a coin.<ref name="etymonline1"/> As an adjective it means "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", whence "coin". It is derived from the noun ''[[rūpa]]'' "rupa in sanskrit means silver".{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

[[Pāṇini]] used ''rūpya'' to mean beautiful or struck (''ahāta''). The second meaning applies to a coin.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&q=panini+rupya&pg=PA214 |title=Chandragupta Maurya and His Times |author=Radhakumud Mookerji |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804050 |year=1966 |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061022/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&q=panini+rupya&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q=panini%20rupya&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Kasikakara expands upon this, these coins that stamped were the Dinara, Kedara and Karshapana. The term ''Rupataraka'' is mentioned by [[Patanjali]] in reference to one who checks the [[Karshapana]] coins. An early [[Pali]] scripture uses the term ''Mashaka-rupa'', Mashaka being a [[token coin|token]] Karshapana. The term was no longer in much use to refer to a coin in later eras. In the [[Rajatarangini]], the term ''rupakas'' is used for gold coins, they are called ''svarna-rupakas''. The [[Kathasaritsagara]] calls the gold [[Dinar]] coins ''svarna-rupakas''.<ref name="Lectures">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n05XoH6sc6gC&q=panini+rupya&pg=PA132 |title=Lectures on Ancient Indian Numismatics |author=D. R. Bhandarkar |publisher=Asian Educational Services |pages=129–132 |isbn=9788120605497 |year=1990 |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061057/https://books.google.com/books?id=n05XoH6sc6gC&q=panini+rupya&pg=PA132#v=onepage&q=panini%20rupya&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Arthashastra]]'', written by [[Chanakya]], prime minister to the first [[Maurya Empire|Maurya emperor]] [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (c. 340–290 BC), mentions silver coins as ''rūpyarūpa'', other types of coins including gold coins (suvarṇarūpa), copper coins (tāmrarūpa) and lead coins (sīsarūpa) are also mentioned. Rūpa means form or shape, example, rūpyarūpa, rūpya – wrought silver, rūpa – form.<ref name="Redy" />

In the intermediate times there is no fixed monetary system as reported by the ''Da Tang Xi Yu Ji''.<ref name = samuel/>

During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1546, [[Sher Shah Suri]] set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 [[Grain (mass)|grain]]s, which was also termed the ''Rupiya''.<ref name="etymonline1"/><ref name="rbi-c-mogul" /> The silver coin remained in use during the [[Mughal period]], the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] era (1674–1818)<ref name="rbi-c-colo" /> and in [[British India]], as well.

== Coinage since the British period ==
{{Main|Coinage of India|Coins of British India|Coins of the Indian rupee}}
[[File:1PAISA ST.jpg|thumb|180px|right|1 Paisa coupon issued by Princely State of Sayla]]
The British settlements in Western India, [[South India]], and the Eastern Province of [[Bengal]] ([[Calcutta]]) independently developed different coinages in consonance with the local acceptability of the coins for the purposes of trade.

[[File:Rupee, 1840 - British India, Victoria.jpg|thumb|right|250px|1840 [[East India Company]] rupee. It was minted in [[Bombay]], [[Calcutta]] and [[Madras]].]]
{{Coin image box 1 double
| header = [[Indian rupee]] featuring bust of George V.
| image = File:1 Indian rupee (1918).jpg
| caption_left = '''Obverse''': Profile of [[George V]] surrounded by his name.
| caption_right = '''Reverse''': Face value, country and date.
| width = 250
| footer = Made of 91.7% silver.
| position = right
| margin = 0
}}

There are many fake coins of East India Company, with Indian gods depicted on the obverse side as shown in side-bar. Original East India Company coins show only the coat of arms of the East India Company.

The coins of Bengal were developed in the [[Mughal era|Mughal]] style and those of [[Madras]] mostly in a South Indian style. The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns. It was only in AD 1717 that the British obtained permission from the Emperor [[Farrukh Siyar]] to coin Mughal money at the [[Bombay]] mint. The British gold coins were termed Carolina, the silver coins Anglina, the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny. By early 1830, the British had become the dominant power in India. The [[Coinage Act of 1835]] provided for uniform coinage throughout India. The new coins had the effigy of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and [[Persian language|Persian]]. The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]. The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India. The [[gold silver ratio]] widened during 1870–1910. Unlike India, Britain was on the gold standard. To meet the Home Charges (i.e., expenditure in England) the colonial government had to remit a larger number of rupees due to the ratio change; this necessitated increased taxation and unrest.

[[File:Rupee1917.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[British Raj|British Indian]] 1 rupee, 1917]]
[[File:Bahawalpur Coin Gold.jpg|thumb|Rupee gold coin of [[Princely State]] of [[Bahawalpur State|Bahawalpur]]]]
The 1911 accession to the throne of the King-Emperor [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] led to the famous "pig rupee". On the coin, the king appeared wearing the chain of the Order of the Indian Elephant. Through poor engraving, the elephant looked very much like a pig. The [[Muslim]] population was enraged and the image had to be quickly redesigned.

Acute shortage of silver during the [[World War I|First World War]], led to the introduction of paper currency of one rupee and two and a half rupees. The silver coins of smaller denominations were issued in cupro-nickel. The [[World War II|Second World War]] led to experiments in coinage where the standard rupee was replaced by the "Quaternary Silver Alloy". The Quaternary Silver coins were issued from 1940. In 1947 these were replaced by pure Nickel coins.

Immediately after independence, the British coinage was continued. The monetary system remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 64 pice, or 192 pies.

The "Anna Series" was introduced on 15 August 1950. This was the first coinage of the [[India|Republic of India]]. The King's image was replaced by the Ashoka's Lion Capital. A corn sheaf replaced the tiger on the one rupee coin. The monetary system was retained with one rupee consisting of 16 Annas. The 1955 Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, that came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, introduced a "Decimal series". The rupee was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. The "Naye Paise" coins were minted in the denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Naye Paise. Both the Anna series and the Naye Paise coins were valid for some time. From 1968 onward, the new coins were called just Paise instead of Naye Paise because they were no longer 'naye' (English = new).

With high inflation in the sixties, small denomination coins which had been made from bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and [[aluminium]]-[[bronze]] were gradually minted in aluminium. This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin. A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity.

Over a period, cost-benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the 1970s. Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 led to the gradual replacement of notes by coins for these denominations in the 1990s.

During the [[World War II]],
[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] led [[Indian National Army]] (INA) liberated [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]] and parts of Nagaland from the colonial British control with the help of [[Battle of Imphal|Japanese forces]], [[Coins of British India|British Indian rupee]] was banned and [[Japanese government–issued rupee in Burma|Japanese rupee]] (1942–44) was introduced.<ref name=inan1>[https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/did-bose-hide-in-nagaland-people-remember-a-bearded-north-indian-with-gandhi-spectacles/1860182/ Did Bose hide in Nagaland? People remember a bearded ‘North Indian’ with Gandhi spectacles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053135/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/did-bose-hide-in-nagaland-people-remember-a-bearded-north-indian-with-gandhi-spectacles/1860182/ |date=27 November 2023 }}, The Print, 27 noc 2023.</ref>

==Since 1947==
{{main|Indian rupee}}
Since its Independence in 1947, [[Indian rupee]] was adopted as currency in the nation. During this period almost till mid the 1960s Indian rupee was also a legal tender in [[Trucial States]], [[Oman]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |title=Gulf rupee: When the Reserve Bank of India played central banker in West Asia |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1005110/gulf-rupee-when-the-reserve-bank-of-india-played-central-banker-in-west-asia |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Scroll.in |date=14 September 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416181455/https://scroll.in/magazine/1005110/gulf-rupee-when-the-reserve-bank-of-india-played-central-banker-in-west-asia |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Decimalisation (1950s) ===
History of Indian Rupee (₹):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inrtousd.com/exchange-rate-history-of-indian-rupee-inr/ |title=INR AND FOREIGN CURRENCY RELATIONS FROM 1947 TO 2020 |publisher=inrtousd.com |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=21 September 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dates !! Currency system
|-
| 1850–1957 || Rupee = 16 annas = 64 pices = 192 pies
|-
| From 1 April 1957 to 31 May 1964 || 1₹ = 100 naye paise
|-
| From 1 June 1964 till today || 1₹ = 100 paise
|}

The price of 16 Annas was 1 rupee in 1947. The demand for decimalization existed for over a century. Sri Lanka '''decimalised''' its rupee in 1869. The ''Indian Coinage Act'' was amended in September 1955 for the adoption of a decimal system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doctor |first=Vikram |title=The forgotten anniversary of decimalisation |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/the-forgotten-anniversary-of-decimalisation/articleshow/2659901.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-04-25 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425154038/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/the-forgotten-anniversary-of-decimalisation/articleshow/2659901.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 '[[Paisa]]' instead of 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|Annas]] or 96 [[paisa]] or 64 [[Pice]]. For public recognition, the new decimal Paisa was termed 'Naya Paisa' until 1 June 1964 when the term 'Naya' was dropped. The coins of that period also mentioned their value in terms of the rupee to avoid confusion and cheating. For example, the one paisa coin carried the text "'''एक रुपये का सौंवा भाग"(One hundredth of one rupee).'''

=== 1966 Economic crisis ===
Indian currency began with a devaluation in 1949 due to devaluation of [[Pound sterling]]. However since India's trade was largely in [[Pound sterling]] it did not register much impact like the two major devaluations of the rupee: In 1966 and 1991 in the face of economic crisis.<ref name="GT-DEX-1500-20XX-CN-MP-X" />

From 1950, India ran continued trade deficits that increased in magnitude in the 1960s. Furthermore, the Government of India had a budget deficit problem and could not borrow money from abroad or from the private corporate sector, due to that sector's negative savings rate. As a result, the government issued bonds to the RBI, what increased the money supply, leading to inflation. In 1966, foreign aid, which had hitherto been a key factor in preventing devaluation of the rupee, was finally cut off and India was told it had to liberalise its restrictions on trade before foreign aid would again materialize. The response was the politically unpopular step of devaluation accompanied by [[Economic liberalisation in India#1966 liberalisation attempt|liberalisation]]. Furthermore, the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]] led the US and other countries friendly towards Pakistan to withdraw foreign aid to India, which necessitated more devaluation. Defense spending in 1965/1966 was 24.06% of total expenditure, the highest it has been in the period from 1965 to 1989 (Foundations, pp 195). Another factor leading to devaluation was the drought of 1965/1966 which resulted in a sharp rise in prices.

At the end of 1969, the Indian Rupee was trading at around 13 British pre-decimal pence (1s 1d), or Rs. 18 = £1. A decade later, by 1979, it was trading at around 6 British new pence (6p). Finally, by the end of 1989, the Indian Rupee had plunged to a then-all-time low of about four British pence (4p). This triggered a wave of irreversible liberalisation reforms away from populist measures.

=== Post Bretton Woods (1970s) ===
[[Reserve Bank of India]] and [[Government of India]] adopted multiple adjustments to the [[Indian rupee]] following the [[Nixon shock]] of 1971 and [[Smithsonian Agreement]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wadhva |first1=Charan D. |last2=Paul |first2=Samuel |date=1973 |title=The Dollar Devaluation and India's Balance of Payments |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4362402 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=517–522 |jstor=4362402 |issn=0012-9976 |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416174751/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4362402 |url-status=live }}</ref> The currency gradually shifted from [[Par value]] system to [[Fixed exchange rate system|pegged system]] and to basket peg by 1975.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verghese |first=S. K. |date=1973 |title=International Monetary Crises and the Indian Rupee |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4362898 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=8 |issue=30 |pages=1342–1348 |jstor=4362898 |issn=0012-9976 |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416174616/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4362898 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 1991 Economic crisis ===
{{main|Economic liberalisation in India}}
In 1991, India still had a fixed exchange system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having the balance of payments problems since 1985, and by the end of 1990, it found itself in serious [[1991 India economic crisis|economic trouble]]. The government was close to default and its foreign exchange reserves had dried up to the point that India could barely finance three weeks’ worth of imports. As in 1966, India faced high inflation and large [[government budget deficit]]s. This led the government to devalue the rupee.<ref name=GT-DEX-1500-20XX-CN-MP-X/>

At the end of 1999, the Indian Rupee was devalued considerably.

=== Revaluation (2000s) ===
In the period between 2000 and 2007, the Rupee stopped declining and stabilised ranging between 1$ = ₹44– ₹48. In late 2007, the Indian Rupee reached a record high of 39 Indian national rupee per United States dollars, on account of sustained foreign investment flows into the country. This posed problems for major exporters, IT and BPO firms located in the country who were incurring losses in their earnings given the appreciation in rupee. The trend reversed with the 2008 world financial crisis as Foreign investors transferred huge sums out to their own countries. Such appreciations were reflected in many currencies, e.g. the British sterling pounds, which had gained value against the dollar and then has lost value again with the recession of 2008.

===2013 Depreciation===
Due to stagnant reforms, and declining foreign investment, rupee started depreciating in the early 2013.<ref>[http://profit.ndtv.com/news/forex/article-rupee-crashes-to-68-75-per-dollar-as-foreign-investors-flee-326381 Rupee crashes to 68.75 per dollar as foreign investors flee - NDTVProfit.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828072109/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/forex/article-rupee-crashes-to-68-75-per-dollar-as-foreign-investors-flee-326381 |date=28 August 2013 }}. Profit.ndtv.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2013.</ref> Measures were announced by the government before this drop to prevent it from dropping further, but none managed to slow down the depreciation.<ref>Bhat, Swati. (28 August 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20151214100755/http://in.reuters.com/article/markets-india-rupee-dollar-forex-idINDEE97R02J20130828 Rupee nears 69/dollar; posts biggest day fall in 18 years | Reuters]. In.reuters.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2013.</ref> After continued depreciation, and high inflation, the then Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, made a statement in the Parliament of India on the issue. He was of the view that, the present depreciation is partly led by global factors as well as domestic factors. He also asked the political parties to help his Government, tide over the crisis that the country was facing with rupee losing its value.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-SPNs5stDY External factors led to rupee fall, reduce hunger for gold: PM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022084052/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-SPNs5stDY |date=22 October 2013 }}. YouTube (30 August 2013). Retrieved on 1 December 2017.</ref>

=== 2016 Demonetisation ===
2016 saw the discontinuation of ₹500 and ₹1,000 notes due to the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|2016 Indian bank note demonetisation]] and consequently the introduction of new a ₹500 note, and a ₹2,000 note- a first for the currency. Later on, new notes of old denominations viz. ₹10, ₹20, ₹50 and ₹100 were issued with old notes of the same value still being legal tender. A ₹200 note, also a first for the Indian Rupee, is currently in circulation.

'''2023 Currency recall'''

In May 2023, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] started withdrawing the ₹2,000 notes from circulation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 2,000 notes withdrawn from circulation, RBI says will remain legal tender |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/rbi-to-withdraw-rs-2000-currency-note-from-circulation-2381590-2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=India Today |date=19 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519135549/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/rbi-to-withdraw-rs-2000-currency-note-from-circulation-2381590-2023-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Aashika |date=2023-05-25 |title=Why Has RBI Withdrawn INR 2000 Notes From Circulation |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/in/personal-finance/why-has-rbi-withdrawn-2000-rupee-note/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Forbes Advisor INDIA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528132601/https://www.forbes.com/advisor/in/personal-finance/why-has-rbi-withdrawn-2000-rupee-note/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ₹2,000 bank note which was introduced in 2016 however, will remain in legal tender until September 2023 according to [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]]. One among the main reason of removing it from circulation is the low rate of its use to the Indian current market economy<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-22 |title=What India's Removal of 2,000 Rupee Notes Means for the Economy? |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/what-india-s-removal-of-2-000-rupee-notes-means-for-the-economy |access-date=2023-05-28 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061025/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-22/what-india-s-removal-of-2-000-rupee-notes-means-for-the-economy |url-status=live }}</ref> and its printing was stopped as of 2018 - 2019.<ref name=":4" />

== Banknotes ==

=== Early paper issues ===
Notes issued by the [[Bank of Bengal]] can be categorised in the following three series.

* '''Unifaced series''': The early notes of the Bank of Bengal were printed only on one side and were issued as one ''gold mohur'' and in denominations of ₹100, ₹250, ₹500, etc.
* '''Commerce series''': Later notes had a vignette representing an allegorical female figure personifying 'commerce'. The notes were printed on both sides. On the obverse the name of the bank and the denominations were printed in three scripts, viz., ([[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Devanagari]]). On the reverse of such notes was printed a cartouche with ornamentation carrying the name of the Bank.
* '''Britannia series''': By the late 19th century, the motif 'commerce' was replaced by 'Britannia'. The new banknotes had more features to prevent forgery.

=== British India issues ===
[[The Paper Currency Act, 1861|The Paper Currency Act,1861]] gave the Government the monopoly of note issue throughout the vast expanse of British India, which was a considerable task. Eventually, the management of paper currency was entrusted to the Mint Masters, the Accountant Generals and the Controller of Currency.

* '''Victoria portrait series''': The first set of British India notes were the '[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] Portrait' series issued in denominations of ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100 and ₹1,000. These were unifaced, carried two language panels. The security features incorporated the watermark, the printed signature and the registration of the notes.
* '''Underprint series''': The unifaced Underprint series was introduced in 1867 as the Victoria Portrait series was withdrawn in the wake of a spate of forgeries. These notes were issued in denominations of ₹5, ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100, ₹500, ₹1,000 and ₹10,000.
* '''George V series''': A series carrying the portrait of [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] were introduced in 1923, and was continued as an integral feature of all paper money issues of British India. These notes were issued in denominations of ₹1, ₹{{frac|2|1|2}}, ₹5, ₹10, ₹50, ₹100, ₹1,000, and ₹10,000.

=== Reserve Bank issues during British India ===
The Reserve Bank of India was formally inaugurated on Monday, 1 April 1935 with its Central Office at Calcutta. Section 22 of the RBI Act, 1934, empowered it to continue issuing Government of India notes until its own notes were ready for issue. The bank issued the first five rupee note bearing the portrait of [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] in 1938. This was followed by ₹10 in February, ₹100 in March and ₹1,000 and ₹10,000 in June 1938. The first Reserve Bank issues were signed by the second Governor, [[Sir James Taylor]]. In August 1940, the one-rupee note was reintroduced as a wartime measure, as a [[government note]] with the status of a rupee coin. During the war, the Japanese produced high-quality forgeries of the Indian currency. This necessitated a change in the watermark. The profile portrait of George VI was changed to his full frontal portrait. The security thread was introduced for the first time in India. The George VI series continued till 1947 and thereafter as a frozen series till 1950 when post-independence notes were issued.

=== Republic of India issues ===
Following the [[Independence of India]] the Government of India brought out the new design ₹1 note in 1949. Initially, it was felt that the King's portrait is replaced by a portrait of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Finally, however, the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] was chosen. The new design of notes were largely along earlier lines. In 1953, [[Hindi]] was displayed prominently on the new notes. The economic crisis in the late 1960s led to a reduction in the size of notes in 1967. High denomination notes, like ₹10,000 notes were demonetized in 1978.

The first "[[Mahatma Gandhi Series]]" was introduced in 1996. Prominent new features included a changed watermark, windowed security thread, latent image and intaglio features for the visually handicapped.

The [[Indian 500 and 1000 rupee currency demonetisation|five hundred (₹500) and one thousand rupee notes (₹1,000) were demonetised]] by an unscheduled address to the nation by Prime Minister Narendra Modi starting from midnight 8 November 2016.<ref>{{Citation|last=Spotlight|title=[English]PM Modi's Surgical Strike on Corruption {{!}} 500,1000 Rupee Notes Not Legal Tender Anymore|date=8 November 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUpPE8UDEzo|access-date=8 November 2016|via=YouTube|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084030/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUpPE8UDEzo&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> These notes are being replaced by the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] of notes.

== Valuation history ==
[[File:INR-USD v2.svg|thumb|450px|right|INR value against USD]]
The [[Indian rupee|rupee]] was never equal to the [[United States dollar|dollar]]. At the time of independence (in 1947), India's currency was pegged to [[pound sterling]], and the exchange rate was a shilling and six pence for a rupee — which worked out to ₹13.33 to the pound.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canirmalg.wordpress.com/2017/01/23/dispelling-myths-about-indias-finances-post-independence/|title=Dispelling Myths about India's Finances post Independence|date=2017-01-23|website=Nirmal Ghorawat's Blog|language=en|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061025/https://canirmalg.com/2017/01/23/dispelling-myths-about-indias-finances-post-independence/|url-status=live}}</ref> The dollar-pound exchange rate then was $4.03 to the pound, which in effect gave a rupee-dollar rate in 1947 of around ₹3.30.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bookmyforex.com/blog/1-usd-to-inr-in-1947/|title=USD Rates in 1947 to 2018 {{!}} US Dollar to INR History {{!}} 1 USD Against INR|date=2017-10-04|website=Blog-Best Foreign Exchange|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-13|archive-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113182519/https://www.bookmyforex.com/blog/1-usd-to-inr-in-1947/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/busting-the-myth-re-1-was-not-equal-to-1-in-1947-2359873.html|title=Busting the myth: Re 1 was not equal to $1 in 1947|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2019-01-13|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101065045/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/busting-the-myth-re-1-was-not-equal-to-1-in-1947-2359873.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The pound was devalued in 1949, changing its parity from 4.03 to 2.80. India was then a part of the sterling area, and the rupee was devalued on the same day by the same percentage so that the new dollar exchange rate in 1949 became ₹4.76 — which is where it stayed till the rupee devaluation of 1966 made it ₹7.50 to the dollar and the pound moved to ₹21.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/busting-the-myth-re-1-was-not-equal-to-1-in-1947-2359873.html|title=Busting the Myth: Re 1 Was Not Equal to $1 in 1947|access-date=14 November 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920111251/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/busting-the-myth-re-1-was-not-equal-to-1-in-1947-2359873.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-column-why-the-supposed-rupee-dollar-parity-of-1947-is-a-myth/20130819.htm|title=Why the supposed rupee-dollar parity of 1947 is a myth|access-date=14 November 2017|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119080443/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-column-why-the-supposed-rupee-dollar-parity-of-1947-is-a-myth/20130819.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Exchange rate (₹ per $)
|-
| 1947
| 3.30<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1949
| 4.76<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 1966
| 7.50<ref name=":2" />
|-
| 1975
| 8.39<ref name="toirupee">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Journey-of-Indian-rupee-since-independence/articleshow/21844179.cms Journey of Indian rupee since independence], ''[[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved on 1 December 2013.</ref>
|-
| 1980
| 6.61<ref name=tradingeco>Trading Economics{{full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1985
| 12.38<ref name=tradingeco />
|-
| 1990
| 17.01<ref name=tradingeco />
|-
| 1995 (Jan)
|37.69<ref name="finance.yahoo.com">{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706011452/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2000 (Jan)
| 44.31<ref name=tradingeco />
|-
| 2005 (Jan)
| 43.50<ref name=tradingeco />
|-
| 2006 (Jan)
| 46.92 <ref name=tradingeco />
|-
| 2007 (Jan)
| 49.32 <ref name=tradingeco/>
|-
| 2008 (Jan)
| 43.30<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
| 2009 (1 Jan)
| 48.82<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
| 2010 (January)
| 46.02<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
| 2011 (1 Jan)
| 44.65 <ref>[https://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/01-01-2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061102/https://www.exchange-rates.org/exchange-rate-history/usd-inr-2011-01-01|date=15 September 2024}} Exchange Rates</ref>
|-
| 2012 (1 Jan)
|53.06 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/01-01-2012 |title=USD to INR Rates on 1/01/2012 |publisher=Exchange Rates |date=1 January 2012 |access-date=20 June 2013 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061025/https://www.exchange-rates.org/exchange-rate-history/usd-inr-2012-01-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2013 (1 Jan)
|54.78 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/01-01-2013 |title=USD to INR Rates on 1/01/2013 |publisher=Exchange Rates |date=15 May 2013 |access-date=20 June 2013 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061027/https://www.exchange-rates.org/exchange-rate-history/usd-inr-2013-01-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2014 (1 Jan)
|61.86 <ref>[https://exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/01-01-2014] Exchange Rates|date= 1 Jan 2014</ref>
|-
| 2014 (15 May)
|59.44 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/05-15-2014 |title=USD to INR Rates on 15-May-2014 |publisher=Exchange Rates |date=15 May 2014 |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415103407/http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/05-15-2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2014 (12 Sep)
|60.95<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/09-12-2014 |title=USD to INR Rates on 12-Sep-2014 |publisher=Exchange Rates |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415104654/http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/09-12-2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 (15 Apr)
|62.30<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/04-15-2015 |title=USD to INR Rates on 15-Apr-2015 |publisher=Exchange Rates |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415105301/http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/INR/04-15-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 (15 May)
| 64.22<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
| 2015 (19 Sep)
| 65.87<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2015 (30 Nov)
|66.79<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2016 (20 Jan)
|68.01<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2016 (25 Jan)
|67.63<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2016 (25 Feb)
|68.82<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
| 2016 (14 April)
| 66.56<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2016 (22 Sep)
|67.02<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2016 (24 Nov)
|67.63<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2017 (28 Mar)
|65.04<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2017 (28 April)
|64.27<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2017 (15 May)
|64.05<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2017 (14 August)
|64.13<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2017 (24 October)
|64.94 <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/rupee-rebounds-17-paise-against-us-dollar-1490743.html|title=Rupee Rebounds 17 Paise Against US Dollar|work=News18|date=13 August 2017|first=Huma|last=Tabassum|access-date=14 August 2017|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814144839/http://www.news18.com/news/business/rupee-rebounds-17-paise-against-us-dollar-1490743.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018 (9 May)
|64.80<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2018 (5 Oct)
|74.09<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2018 (9 Oct)
|74.35<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2018 (22 Oct)
|73.66<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2018 (13 Nov)
|72.56<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2018 (4 Dec)
|70.64<ref name = rupee>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/USD-INR-exchange-rate-history.html|title=US Dollar (USD) to Indian Rupee (INR) exchange rate history|website=www.exchangerates.org.uk|access-date=2019-01-13}}</ref>
|-
|2019 (6 Jan)
|69.53<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/>
|-
|2019 (12 Jan)
|70.37<ref name = rupee/>
|-
|2019 (1 Feb)
|71.44<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|access-date=2019-02-01|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706011452/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019 (10 July)
|68.37<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|access-date=2019-07-10|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706011452/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019 (13 Nov)
|72.15<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Spot Exchange Rates for 2019|url=https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/USD-INR-spot-exchange-rates-history-2019.html|website=www.exchangerates.org.uk|access-date=2020-05-08|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513175710/https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/USD-INR-spot-exchange-rates-history-2019.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020 (15 Jan)
|70.72<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|access-date=2020-01-15|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706011452/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020 (6 March)
|74.00<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Spot Exchange Rates for 2020|url=https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/USD-INR-spot-exchange-rates-history-2020.html|website=www.exchangerates.org.uk|access-date=2020-05-08|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513215921/https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/USD-INR-spot-exchange-rates-history-2020.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020 (21 April)
|76.97<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2020 (5 Nov)
|74.31<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate 5-Nov-2020|url=https://currencyconverterlive.com/USD/usd-to-inr-exchange-rate.php|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111134431/https://currencyconverterlive.com/USD/usd-to-inr-exchange-rate.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2021 (14 April)
|75.07<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate 14-Apr-2021|url=https://currencyconverterlive.com/USD/usd-to-inr-exchange-rate.php|access-date=2021-04-14|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111134431/https://currencyconverterlive.com/USD/usd-to-inr-exchange-rate.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2021 (22 May)
|72.91<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate 22-May-2021|url=https://currencyconverterlive.com/USD/usd-to-inr-exchange-rate.php|access-date=2021-05-22|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111134431/https://currencyconverterlive.com/USD/usd-to-inr-exchange-rate.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2021 (12 June)
|73.23<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate 12-June-2021|url=https://currencyconverterlive.com/USD/usd-to-inr-exchange-rate.php|access-date=2021-06-12|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111134431/https://currencyconverterlive.com/USD/usd-to-inr-exchange-rate.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2021 (5 August)
|74.18<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|access-date=2021-08-05|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706011452/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021 (7 December)
|75.45<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|access-date=2021-12-07|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706011452/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022 (5 July)
|79.27<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
|-
|2022 (18 July)
|80.03<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|access-date=2022-07-18|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706011452/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022 (17 November)
|81.62<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|access-date=2022-10-17|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706011452/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INR=X/|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|2023 (8 January)
|82.52<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Dollar to Indian Rupee Exchange Rate |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/USDINR=x?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAM2NVEQYdthcfsY8FvogWeYPIEdLy1wrhqbezx99FB2knUldJbn5bbIdRWrX5widXkj2cQlTXIJScT_qna6I7vMS2bMHWRv8aUX7TbPupzQHMF8l9fEAq9G5ZgrnznuPJuXy287ewBNOgE3RbzPy45XpF8r29X8I_wrPJq1W4KZ7}}</ref>
|-
|2025 (3 February)
|87.29<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2025-02-03 |title=Rupee Falls To All-Time Low Of 87.29 Against US Dollar, Find Out Why |url=https://news.abplive.com/business/rupee-falls-to-all-time-low-against-us-dollar-donald-trump-tariffs-on-canada-china-indian-stock-markets-down-1748734 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Other issues ==
{{Main|Pakistani rupee|French Indian rupee|Portuguese Indian rupia|Gulf rupee}}
In [[Mozambique]] the British India rupees were overstamped, and in [[Kenya]] the British East Africa company minted the rupee and its fractions as well as pice. It was maintained as the florin, using the same standard, until 1920. In [[Somalia]] the Italian colonial authority minted 'Rupia' to exactly the same standard, and called the paisa 'besa'. Early 18th-century E.I.C. rupees were used in Australia for a limited period.

* '''Jammu and Kashmir issues''': Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]] introduced paper money on watermarked paper in 1877. The notes were not very popular and were in circulation for a very short period. The notes carried the 'Sun' motif of the [[Dogras|Dogra]] family.
{{multiple image
| footer = Five-rupee note from Hyderabad

| width = 150

| image1 = Five-rupee note from Hyderabad.jpg
| alt1 = Five-rupee note from Hyderabad State

| image2 = Five-rupee note from Hyderabad anoyher side.jpg
| alt2 = Five-rupee note from Hyderabad State
}}
* '''Hyderabad issues''': The Government of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] had made several efforts to organize private bankers to set up a banking company which could issue paper money. The British, however, resisted the attempts of Indian [[princely state]]s to issue paper currency. The acute shortage of silver during the [[First World War]] and the contributions of [[Hyderabad State]] to the British war effort led them to accept, in 1918, paper currency in denominations of ₹10/- and ₹100/- issued under the Hyderabad Currency Act. The currency was designated the ''Osmania Sicca'' (OS). Rupee One and Rupees Five notes were issued subsequently in 1919 and Rupees One Thousand notes were issued in 1926. After the setting up of the India Currency Notes Press at [[Nasik]], Hyderabad notes came to be printed there.
* '''Burma issues''': Burma separated from India in 1938; however, the Reserve Bank of India acted as Banker to the Government of [[Burma]] and was responsible for note issue in terms of the Burma Monetary Arrangements Order, 1937. In May 1938 the Bank issued Burma notes which were not legal tender in India.
* '''Indo-French issues''': The French Indian rupee (FIR) was introduced by France's Bank of [[Indochina]] in [[French India|French colonies]] of [[India]].
* '''Indo-Portuguese issues ''': The Portuguese Indian Rupia was the currency of [[Portuguese India]] until 1959. It was divisible into 16 [[Portuguese Indian rupia|Tangas]] or 960 Reis. In 1959, the currency was changed to the [[Portuguese Indian Escudo]], at the rate of 1 Rupia for 6 Escudos.
* '''Persian Gulf issues''': For many years in the early and mid-20th century, the Indian rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the British and governed from India: areas such as East Africa, Southern [[Arabia]] and the [[Persian Gulf]]. The rupees used in the Persian Gulf had been bought by the Gulf states from the [[Reserve Bank of India]], who held the sterling reserves by which the rupees had originally been purchased. However, Indian rupees were being smuggled from India to the states of the Persian Gulf in exchange for gold. It was estimated in 1959 that the total amount of gold in private hands in India was about US$1.75 to 2 billion – roughly two-thirds of the value of paper money in circulation. While it was legal to own and to trade in gold within India, it was illegal to import or export gold. The Gulf Rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf Rupee (PGR), was introduced by the [[India]]n government as a replacement for the [[Indian Rupee]] for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India Amendment Act, 1 May 1959. After India devalued the rupee in June 1966, those countries still using it – [[Oman]], [[Qatar]] and what is now the [[United Arab Emirates]] (known as the Trucial States until 1971) – replaced the Gulf Rupee with their own currencies. [[Kuwait]] and [[Bahrain]] had already done so in 1961 and 1965 respectively.
* '''Emergency issues, Princely states''': During the 1940s, when mints were occupied for use in the war, an acute scarcity of small coins was felt throughout India. Princely states in Western India like [[Balvan (princely state)|Balvan]], [[Bikaner]], [[Bundi]], [[Gondal, India|Gondal]], [[Indergadh]], [[Junagadh]], [[Jasdan]], [[Kutch]] Mengni, [[Muli (princely state)|Muli]], [[Morvi]], [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]], [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], [[Nawalgarh (princely state)|Nawalgarh]] Palitana, [[Rajkot]], [[Sailana]], [[Sayla]], [[Vithalgadh]], issued "Cash Coupons" to meet the shortage.

<gallery>
Image:Government_of_India_5_Rupee_Note_1858.jpg|[[Government of India]] 5 Rupee note (1858)
Image:GULFINR.jpg|[[Hyderabad State]] OS Rupee 100 issue
Image:INR1922.jpg|Five rupees, 1922
Image:Port_rupia.JPG|[[Portuguese India]]n 1 rupee, 1924
Image:French1rupee.jpg|[[French India]]n 1 rupee, 1938
Image:1937INRpro.jpg|[[George VI]] profile portrait, RBI, 1937
Image:KGVI rupee 1 note obverse.jpg|One rupee, [[British Raj|British India]]
Image:INR1943.jpg|[[George VI]] profile portrait changed to frontal portrait, RBI, 1943
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Numismatics|Money}}
{{col div|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee]]
*[[The Revised Standard Reference Guide to Indian Paper Money]]
*[[Rupee]]
*[[Indian rupee]]
*[[Mauritian rupee]]
*[[Pakistani rupee]]
*[[Nepalese rupee]]
*[[Coinage of India]]
*[[Coins of British India]]
*[[History of the taka]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=GT-DEX-1500-20XX-CN-MP-X>{{cite web|title=Devaluation of the Rupee: Tale of Two Years, 1966 and 1991|url=http://ccs.in/ccsindia/policy/money/studies/wp0028.pdf|access-date=4 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329195215/http://www.ccs.in/ccsindia/policy/money/studies/wp0028.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085855/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html Picture of original ''Rupiya'' introduced by Sher Shah Suri]
* [http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-overview.html Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum]
* [http://www.rbi.org.in/personalised/personalisation.asp?filename=currency.html&secid=other Reserve Bank of India]

{{Pakistani rupee coins and banknotes}}
{{Rupee}}
{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of The Rupee}}
[[Category:Currencies of India]]
[[Category:Currencies of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:History of money|Rupee]]
[[Category:Financial history of India]]
[[Category:Rupee]]

2004 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh

2026-01-06T16:22:29Z

Thereforedesignpune: put up new entry

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2004 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1999 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh
| previous_year = 1999
| next_election = 2009 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh
| next_year = 2009
| election_date = 10 May 2004
| seats_for_election = 4 seats
| turnout = 59.3%

| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| last_election2 = 3
| seats2 = 1
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 2

| party1 = Indian National Congress
| last_election1 = 0
| seats1 = '''3'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 3
| map_image =
| map_caption = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| percentage1 = '''51.9%'''
| percentage2 = 44.2%
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[A. B. Vajpayee]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

The [[2004 Indian general election]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] were held for 4 seats. The [[Indian National Congress]] won 3 seats while the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] won 1 seat.

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] survived a clean sweep by the Congress as one of its candidates, [[Suresh Chandel]], managed to scrape through by a slender margin in the [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur Lok Sabha]] constituency. He defeated [[Ram Lal Thakur]], Industries Minister, by 2202 votes<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Himachal Pradesh |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040514/himachal.htm#1 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=m.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances ==

==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
|4
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}}===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
|4
|-
|}

== Results ==

===Results by Party===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 12,94,988
| 51.89
| {{increase}} 12.37
| 4
| 3
| {{increase}} 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 11,04,066
| 44.24
| {{decrease}} 2.03
| 4
| 1
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| 43,475
| 1.74
| {{increase}} 1.43
| 4
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 7,092
| 0.28
| {{increase}} 0.19
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
| 4,453
| 0.18
| {{decrease}} 0.01
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 41,412
| 1.66
| {{increase}} 1.18
| 9
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 24,95,486
! 100%
! -
! 23
! 4
! -
|}

=== Elected MPs ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! colspan="3" | Parliamentary Constituency
! rowspan="2" | Turnout
! colspan="5" | Winner
! colspan="5" | Runner-up
! colspan="2" | Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Type
! Candidate
! Colspan=2 | Party
! Votes
! Vote%
! Candidate
! Colspan=2 | Party
! Votes
! Vote%
! Votes
! %
|-
| 1
| [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]
| SC
| 51.6%
| [[Dhani Ram Shandil]]
| style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 3,11,182
|
| [[Hiranand Kashyap]]
| style=background-color:{{party color|BJP}}|
| [[BJP]]
| 2,03,002
|
| 1,08,180
| 20.46
|-
| 2
| [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
| GEN
| 61.1%
| [[Pratibha Singh]]
| style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 3,57,623
|
| [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
| style=background-color:{{party color|BJP}}|
| [[BJP]]
| 2,91,057
|
| 66,556
| 9.94
|-
| 3
| [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| GEN
| 62.0%
| [[Chander Kumar]]
| style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 3,14,555
|
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| style=background-color:{{party color|BJP}}|
| [[BJP]]
| 2,96,764
|
| 17,791
| 2.77
|-
| 4
| [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| GEN
| 62.5%
| [[Suresh Chandel]]
| style=background-color:{{party color|BJP}}|
| [[BJP]]
| 3,13,243
|
| [[Ram Lal Thakur]]
| style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 3,11,628
|
| 1,615
| 0.25
|}

==Bye-Elections Held==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Date
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
|-

!rowspan=2 |4
|rowspan=2 |[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|rowspan=2 |2007
|[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|382,128
|54.32
|[[Thakur Ram Lal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|302,069
|42.94
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};Color:white;"|80,059
|-
!colspan=12 |The bypoll was held due to the resignation of the sitting Member of Parliament, creating a vacancy in the constituency.
|-

!rowspan=2 |4
|rowspan=2 |[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|rowspan=2 |2008
|[[Anurag Singh Thakur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|374,339
|63.94
|[[Madan Lal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|199,673
|34.10
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};Color:white;"|174,666
|-
!colspan=12 |The bypoll was held after the sitting MP, Prem Kumar Dhumal, resigned from the Lok Sabha upon becoming Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh.
|-
|}

== Assembly Segment wise lead ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2007 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 45
| 23
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 23
| 41
|-
|bgcolor=#FAF8FA|
! Others
| 0
| 4
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|68
|}

== See also ==
* [[Results of the 2009 Indian general election by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Himachal Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2000s in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 Indian general election by state or union territory|Himachal Pradesh]]

{{India-election-stub}}

Christianity in Bihar

2026-01-03T18:08:26Z

Thereforedesignpune:

{{Short description|Christianity in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Christianity in Bihar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| caption =
| pop = '129,247'
(0.12%) (2011)
| regions =
| langs = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]{{•}}[[Hindi]]{{•}}
| rels = [[Christianity]]
| related_groups =
}}
'''[[Christianity]]''' in '''[[Bihar]]''', a state in eastern [[India]], is a minority religion, being practised by less than 0.5% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |title=Population by Religion in Bihar|publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2013-12-15}}</ref> The majority of Biharis are [[Hindus]], forming 83% of the state's population. [[Padri Ki Haveli]] is a Roman Catholic church in Bihar, which has existed for centuries. Several Christian establishments such as the [[Diocese of Patna (Church of North India)|Diocese of Patna]] of the [[Church of North India]], [[Emmanuel Christian Fellowship Centre]] (ECFC), [[Pentecostal Holiness Church]] and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna]] are present in Bihar.

The archdiocese has many [[suffragan diocese]]s<nowiki/>including the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bettiah]], the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bhagalpur]], the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Buxar]], the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Muzaffarpur]] and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Purnea]]. Bihar has numerous [[house church]]es<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baptistsonmission.org/News/Update-from-Bihar,-India |title=Update from Bihar Indian Pentecostal church of God Northern Region (IPCNR) is the leading and oldest Pentecostal church in Bihar. Oldest Pentecostal Fellowship started in Rajendra Nagar, Patna. |publisher=Baptistsonmission.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316001728/http://www.baptistsonmission.org/News/Update-from-Bihar,-India |archive-date=2012-03-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bihartalk.com/Christ-Church-Diocesan-School-Patna-132.html |title=Christ Church Diocesan School, Patna, Bihar |publisher=Bihartalk.com |date=2010-06-22 |accessdate=2013-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714060514/http://www.bihartalk.com/Christ-Church-Diocesan-School-Patna-132.html |archive-date=2013-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Indian Pentecostal Church of God is the leading and oldest Pentecostal church in Bihar. The earliest Pentecostal fellowship in the state was opened in Rajendra Nagar, Patna. Rev. Pramod K. Sebastian is the Pastor. Bihar also has a Christian Revival Church.

== History ==
During the [[Bettiah Raj]] of Bihar, the ethnoreligious community of [[Bettiah Christians]] was created in India in the 17th century by Christian missionaries belonging to the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin]], a Roman Catholic religious order.<ref name="John2000">{{cite book |last1=John |first1=Jose Kalapura |title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 61 |date=2000 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1011-1022 |language=English}}</ref>

They are among the subcontinent's oldest Christian communities, being established after Raja Dhurup Singh requested Joseph Mary Bernini to heal his ill wife and was successful in doing so.<ref name="John2000" /><ref name="UCA1995">{{cite web |title=Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1995/11/07/bihar-christians-have-fostered-faith-harmony-250-years&post_id=48221# |publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]] |accessdate=14 November 2020 |language=English |date=6 November 1995 |quote=Cherubim John, a writer and historian, said the Bettiah community began after Italian Capuchin Father Joseph Mary Bernini cured the local queen of an "incurable" illness. The king donated 16 hectares of land later known as the "Christian Quarters" to the Capuchins. The king allowed Father Bernini, who was on his way to Tibet, to preach, and helped build a church next to his palace.}}</ref> The Bettiah Christian Mission flourished under the patronage of the royal court of the Bettiah Rajas, steadily growing in number.<ref name="John2000" />

From the 17th century onwards, Catholic Christian missionaries of the [[Jesuit]] and [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] religious orders "established hospices at Kathmandu, Patan and Bhatgoan, the capitals of the three Malla Kings of Nepal who had permitted them to preach Christianity."<ref name="John2000" /> An indigenous Newar Christian community was thus founded in Bihar.<ref name="John2000" /> When the [[Malla (Kathmandu Valley)|Mallas]] were overthrown by the Gurkhas, the Newar Christians took refuge in [[India]], settling first in the city of [[Bettiah]] and then later moving eleven kilometres north to Chuhari, where they reside to this day.<ref name="John2000" />

==List of denominations==
*[[Bihar Mennonite Mandli]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/I53.html |title=India |publisher=GAMEO |date= |accessdate=2013-12-15}}</ref>
*[[Emmanuel Christian Fellowship Centre]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecfcministries.blogspot.in/ |title=ECFC |publisher=blogspot |accessdate=2015-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222074846/http://ecfcministries.blogspot.in/ |archive-date=2015-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Bethel Pentecostal Church]]<ref>[http://www.bethelchurchassociation.net/program.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107011612/http://www.bethelchurchassociation.net/program.htm|date=November 7, 2010}}</ref>
*[[Gospel Echoing Missionary Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gemsbihar.org/ |title=Gospel Echoing Missionary Society(GEMS) – Welcome to the Frontpage! |publisher=Gemsbihar.org |date=2013-06-21 |accessdate=2013-12-15}}</ref>
*Indian Pentecostal church of God
*[[Christian Revival Church]]

== Demography ==
{{See also|Religion in Bihar#Religious demographics}}
[[Christianity]] is 3rd largest religion of [[Bihar]], being practiced by 0.12% of the [[Demographics of Bihar|total state population]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Christianity in India by region}}

[[Category:Christianity in Bihar| ]]
[[Category:Religion in Bihar]]

Damodar Barku Shingada

2026-01-01T22:13:28Z

Thereforedesignpune: further cleaned up section for clarity also and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Indian politician (1954–2021)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Sources|date=November 2011}}
{{No footnotes|date=November 2011}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Shingada Damodar Barku
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1954|10|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dahanu]], [[Palghar district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| residence = [[Dahanu]]
| death_date ={{death date and age|2021|5|2|1954|10|1|df=y}}
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Dahanu (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Dahanu]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member]] of the [[India Parliament]] for [[Dahanu (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Dahanu]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Shingada Damodar Barku''' (1 October 1954 – 2 May 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/politics/congress-leader-damodar-shingada-dies-he-became-mp-age-25-a629/|title=Congress leader Damodar Shingada dies; He became an MP at the age of 25 | काँग्रेस नेते दामोदर शिंगडा यांचे निधन; वयाच्या २५ व्या वर्षी बनले होते खासदार | Lokmat.com|date=2 May 2021|website=LOKMAT}}</ref>) was an Indian politician.

He served as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member]] of the [[Lok Sabha]] from 2004 to 2009 and 1980 till 1996, representing the [[Dahanu (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Dahanu]] constituency of [[Maharashtra]] state. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) political party.

Shingada died on 2 May 2021, at the age of 67, due to [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/coronavirus-congress-leader-former-mp-from-dahanu-constituency-damodar-barku-shingada-died-due-to-corona-984846 | title=Coronavirus : कॉंग्रेसचे जेष्ठ नेते, डहाणू मतदार संघाचे माजी खासदार दामोदर बारकू शिंगडा यांचे कोरोनामुळे निधन | date=2 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>[https://cms.neva.gov.in/FileStructure_LS/Notices/d4b0dacc-7e4b-4aae-aedb-4be17c32a540.pdf Unknown]{{Dead link | date=January 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://kaaltarangnews.in/mp-damodar-barku-shingada-dies-today-due-to-corona-2/ | title=मोठी बातमी: कॉंग्रेस नेते, डहाणू मतदार संघाचे माजी खासदार दामोदर बारकू शिंगडा यांचे कोरोनामुळे आज निधन | date=2 May 2021 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20121130061255/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=2895 profile] [[Lok Sabha]] website

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shingada, Damodar Barku}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:People from Palghar district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Jhaverchand Meghani

2025-12-31T07:59:36Z

Thereforedesignpune: minor fix formatting based on references and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian poet, writer, social reformer and freedom fighter}}
{{Lead too short|date=May 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Jhaverchand Meghani
| image = Jhaverchand Meghani 2013-12-02 00-21.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1896|8|28}}
| birth_place = [[Chotila]], [[Bombay presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1947|3|9|1896|8|28}}
| death_place = [[Botad]], [[Bombay presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|playwright|editor|folklorist}}
| period = Pre-Independence India
| children = [[Mahendra Meghani]], [[Jayant Meghani]], [[Murli Meghani]]
| signature = Jhaverchand Meghani Signature.svg
| awards = {{awards|[[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]|(1928)}}
| website = {{official website}}
}}
'''Jhaverchand''' or '''Zaverchand Kalidas Meghani''' ({{Birth date |df=yes|1896|08|28}} – {{Death date |df=yes|1947|03|09}}) was an Indian poet, writer, social reformer and freedom fighter. He is a well-known name in the field of [[Gujarati literature|Gujarati]] literature. He was born in a Jain family in [[Chotila]] where the Government College has been renamed for this literary figure as Raashtreeya Shaayar Zaverchand Meghani College, Chotila.<ref>[https://www.deshgujarat.com/tag/chotila/ College renamed- Raashtreeya Shaayar Zaverchand Meghani College, Chotila ]</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] spontaneously gave him the title of ''Raashtreeya Shaayar'' (National Poet).

Besides this he received many awards like [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] and ''Mahida Paaritoshik'' in literature. He authored more than 100 books. His first book was a translation work of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s called ''Kathaa-u-Kaahinee'' titled ''Kurbani Ni Katha'' (Stories of martyrdom) which was first published in 1922. He contributed widely to Gujarati folk literature. He went from village to village in search of folk-lores and published them in various volumes of ''Saurashtra Ni Rasdhar''.<ref name="Desai2007">{{cite book |author=Anjali H. Desai |title=India Guide Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZR&pg=PA42 |year=2007 |publisher=India Guide Publications |isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2 |page=42}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was also the Editor of [[Phulchhab|Phulchhab Newspaper]] of Janmabhoomi group (which is being published till date from [[Rajkot]]).

A sample of his collection of folk tales from Saurashtra has recently been published in English, with the translation done by his son Vinod Meghani. The three volumes published so far are titled ''A Noble Heritage'', ''A Shade Crimson'' and ''The Ruby Shattered''.<ref name="MeghaniBhavan2003">{{cite book|author1=Zaverchand Kalidas Meghani|author2=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|title=A ruby shattered: a collection of love-legends in folk-balladry form of Saurashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8RjAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref>

His poems are taught as a part of syllabus in Gujarat Board Schools (GSEB).

==Life==
Jhaverchand Meghani was born in [[Chotila]], Gujarat to Kalidas and Dholima Meghani. His father Kalidas worked in the Police force and hence was often transferred to new places causing most of Jhaverchand's education to happen in [[Rajkot]]. He had two brothers Lalchand and Prabhashankar. He was married to a woman named Damyanti at the age of 24 and following the demise of his wife, he married Chitradevi at the age of 36. He had 9 children out of which 3 were girls namely Indu, Padmala and Murli, while 6 were boys, namely Mahendra, Mastan, Nanak, Vinod, Jayant and Ashok.<ref name="Kavilok">{{cite web | title=Jhaverchand Megahni, Kavi Zaverchand Meghani's Official website | website=Kavilok | url=https://www.kavilok.com/kavi_Zaverchand_meghani.htm | language=gu | access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref>

===Early life===

He lived a simple and sober life and his simplicity prompted his college mates to call him ''Raja Janak''.

He habitually wore a white long coat, a [[dhoti]] reaching well down the knees and a turban typically tied around his head.
He finished his matriculation in 1912 and completed his BA in 1917. He started his career in [[Kolkata]] and joined [[Jeewanlal Motichand Shah|Jeevanlal and Co.]] in 1918 as Personal Assistant and was fondly called ''Paghadee Babu'' by his colleagues and workers alike. He was soon promoted as the Manager of the company's factory at Belur, Crown Aluminium. In 1919, he went to England for a four-month tour. After coming back to India, he continued to work in [[Kolkata]] for 2 and half-years. Later, he returned to Saurashtra and joined the editorial board of the weekly ''[[Saurashtra Weekly|Saurashtra]]'' at [[Rajkot]] in 1922.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

===Contribution to the freedom struggle===
[[File:Jhaverchand Meghani 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Meghani on a 1999 stamp of India]]
In 1930, he was sentenced to 2 years in jail for writing the book ''Sindhudo'' that contained songs to inspire the youth of India that was participating in the struggle for Independence against the [[British Raj]]. It is during this time that he wrote ''Kavya Triputi'' based on Gandhiji's visit to London for the Round Table conference. During this period, he also started writing short stories independently and served as editor for ''[[Phoolchaab]]'' magazine.<ref>[http://sangeetbhavantrust.com/zaverchand.html Zaverchand Meghani]. Sangeet Bhavan trust. Retrieved on 27 November 2018.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2017}}

==Publications==

In 1926, he ventured into poetry with his book of children poems ''Veni Na Phool'' and started writing in [[Janmabhoomi (Gujarati newspaper)|Janmabhumi]] under the column ''Kalam Ane Kitaab''. He established his reputation as a critic by his independent novels. In 1936, he became the editor of ''Phoolchaab''. In 1942, he ventured into publishing with his book ''Marela Na Rudhir''. In 1945, after retiring from ''Phoolchaab'', he concentrated on personal writing. In 1946, his book ''Mansai Na Deeva'' was awarded the ''Mahida Award''. The same year, he was elected to head the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad's Sahitya Section. In 1929, he gave 6 lectures for ''Gyan Prasarak Mandali''. He also lectured at [[Santiniketan]] owing to his long association with [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Meghani was also known as a Manbhatt poet due to his significant contribution to folk ballads.<ref name="Desai2007"/>{{Failed verification|date=April 2017}} A movie song ''Man Mor Bani Thangat Kare'' in the 2013 Hindi film [[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]] is written by him.<ref name="DNA 2013">{{cite web | title=Ram-Leela song Man mor bani thanghat kare: Original poet to get credit in film | website=Bollywoodlife.com | date=23 October 2013 | url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ram-leela-song-man-mor-bani-thanghat-kare-original-poet-to-get-credit-in-film/ | access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

===Folklores===

* Doshi Ni Vato
* Sorathi Baharvatiya
* Sorathi Baharvatiya 3–1929
* Saurashtra Ni Rasdhar 1
* Saurashtra Ni Rasdhar 2
* Saurashtra Ni Rasdhar 3
* Saurashtra Ni Rasdhar 4
* Saurashtra Ni Rasdhar 5
* Kankavati 1–1927
* Kankavati 2–1928
* Dadaji Ni Vato
* Sorthi Santo-1928
* Sorthi Geetkathao-1931
* Puratan Jyot-1938
* Rang Che Barot-1945
* Loksahitya-1939
* Pagandino Panth-1942
* Charano Ane Charani Sahitya-1943
* Dhartinu Dhavan-1944
* Loksahitya Nu Samalochan-1946

===Poems===
* ''Veni Na Phool'' (1927)
* ''Killol'' (1930)
* ''Sindhudo'' (1930)
* ''Yugvandana'' (1935)
* ''Ektaro'' (1940)
* ''Bapuna Parna'' (1943)
* ''Ravindra Veena'' (1944)
* ''Midnight Lace'' (1946)

===Folk Songs===

* Radhiyali Raat 1–1925
* Radhiyali Raat 2–1925
* Radhiyali Raat 3–1927
* Radhiyali Raat 4–1942
* Chundadi 1–1928
* Chundadi 2–1929
* Rutugeeto-1929
* Halarda-1929
* Sorthi Santvani-1947
* Sorthiya Duha-1947

===Drama===

* Rano Pratap (Translation)-1923
* Raja Rani-1924
* Shah Jahan (Translation)-1927
* Vanthela-1933

===Travelogue===

* [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtrana]] Khandaroma-1928
* Sorathne Tire Tire-1933
* Parkamma-1946
* Chellu Prayan-1947

===Short stories===

* Kurbani Ni Kathao-1922
* Chinta Na Angara 1–1931
* Chinta Na Angara 2–1932
* {{cite book |last=Meghani |first=Jhaverchand |year=2015 |orig-year=1934 |title=''Jail Office Ni Baari'' |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Sanskar Sahitya Mandir |isbn=978-93-83815-25-8}}
* Dariyaparna Bahrvatiya-1932
* Pratimao-1932
* {{cite book |last=Meghani |first=Jhaverchand |year=2014 |orig-year=1935 |title=''Palkara'' |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Sanskar Sahitya Mandir |isbn=978-93-83815-11-1}}
* Dhup Chaya-1935
* Meghanini Navlikao 1 and 2–1942
* Vilopan-1946
* Anu nam te dhani

===Novels===

* {{cite book |last=Meghani |first=Jhaverchand |year=2013 |orig-year=1932 |title=''Satya Ni Shodhma'' |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Rajesh Book Sellers |isbn=978-93-85588-08-2}}
* <nowiki>''Niranjan''</nowiki>
* <nowiki>''Vasundharana Vahala Davla''</nowiki>
* <nowiki>''Sorath, Tara Vaheta Pani''</nowiki>
* Samarangan-1928
* {{cite book |last=Meghani |first=Jhaverchand |year=2013 |orig-year=1938 |title=''Aparadhi'' |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Rajesh Book Sellers |isbn=978-93-85588-15-0}}
* Vevishal
* <nowiki>''</nowiki>Ra Gangajaliyo<nowiki>''</nowiki>-1
* <nowiki>''</nowiki>Ra Gangajaliyo<nowiki>''</nowiki> -2
* <nowiki>''Bidela Dwar''</nowiki>
* Gujaratno Jay 1–1940
* Gujaratno Jay 2–1942
* Tulsi Kyaro-1940
* {{cite book |last=Meghani |first=Jhaverchand |year=2013 |orig-year=1943 |title=''Prabhu Padharya'' |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Rajesh Book Sellers |isbn=978-93-85588-17-4}}
* Kalchakra-1947
* Garvi Gujarat

===Biography===

* Annie Besant-1927
* Hungary no Taaranahaar-1927
* Narvir Lalaji-1927
* Satyavir Shradhdhanand-1927
* Sorathee Santo-1928
* Puraatan Jyot −1938
* Thakkar Bapa-1939
* Akbar Ni Yaadma-1942
* Aapnu Ghar-1942
* Panch Varas Na Pankhida-1942
* Marelana Rudhir-1942
* Aapna Gharni Vadhu Vato-1943
* Dayanand Sarasvati-1944
* {{cite book |last=Meghani |first=Jhaverchand |year=2013 |orig-year=1945 |title=''Mansaina Deeva'' |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Rajesh Book Sellers |isbn=978-93-85588-09-9}}
* Sant Deveedaas-1946
* Vasant-Rajab Smaarak Granth-1947
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jhaverchand Meghani}}
{{Wikisource|gu:સર્જક:ઝવેરચંદ મેઘાણી|Jhaverchand Meghani}}
* {{official website}}
* {{Gbooks-author|Zaverchand Kalidas Meghani}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("Meghani Jhaverchand" OR "Meghani Zaverchand K")}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meghani, Jhaverchand}}
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:People from Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:People from Botad]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
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Electoral history of Charan Singh

2025-12-21T09:13:16Z

Thereforedesignpune: started basic biography w/ refs

{{Short description|Elections featuring Prime Minister of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
[[File:Charan Singh Portrait.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Chaudhary Charan Singh in 1979]]

This is the '''electoral history of''' '''Chaudhary Charan Singh.''' [[Charan Singh]] served as the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] from July 1979 to August 1979 and [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|deputy prime minister of India]] from January 1979 to July 1979. He served as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|union minister of home affairs]] from March 1977 to July 1978 and [[Minister of Finance (India)|union minister of finance]] from 1979 to 1980. He was also a two term [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|chief minister]] of Uttar Pradesh between 1967 and 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-23 |title=Chaudhary Charan Singh was a leader who was ahead of his time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/chaudhary-charan-singh-was-a-leader-who-was-ahead-of-his-time-9739498/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chaudhary Charan Singh: Architect of rural reforms |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/anniversary/chaudhary-charan-singh-architect-of-rural-reforms/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Singh began his political journey in the 1930s as part of the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence Movement]]. He was elected to the Uttar Province Legislative Assembly in 1937 as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).

After independence, Singh initially continued as a Congress leader and won multiple assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh in year [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]], [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]], [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]], [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]. He held several cabinet ministerial positions in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |date=1993 |title=Chaudhuri Charan Singh: An Indian Political Life |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4400204 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=28 |issue=39 |pages=2087–2090 |jstor=4400204 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9385809 |title=An Indian political life: Charan Singh and Congress politics, 1937 to 1961 |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0686-9 |series=The politics of Northern India, 1937 to 1987 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref> Singh left the Congress party in 1967 and formed the [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] (BKD). His party gained significant traction, and he became the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] in 1967 with the support of a non-Congress coalition. However, his tenure was short-lived, as he resigned in 1968. In 1969, he reformed his BKD party and contested the elections, returning as [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister]] in 1970 with the support of the Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=Chaudhary Charan Singh, India's 6th PM, first non-Congress CM of UP |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/chaudhary-charan-singh-india-6th-pm-first-non-congress-cm-up-7764526/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] (1975–77), Singh was imprisoned for opposing [[Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi's]] authoritarian rule. After the Emergency, he played a key role in forming the [[Janata Party]], which won the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general elections]]. He became the [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|deputy prime minister]] and [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|home minister]] in [[Desai ministry|Desai government]]. After internal conflicts within the [[Janata Party]], Singh was backed by [[Indian National Congress|Indira Gandhi's Congress]] (I) to become the 5th [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] on 28 July 1979. However, he never faced Parliament for a vote of confidence, as Congress withdrew support, leading to his resignation on 14 January 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=From HT Archives: Morarji Desai stepsdown as PM amid Janata Party crisis {{!}} Latest News India - Hindustan Times |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fall-of-the-janata-party-desai-steps-down-amidst-resignations-and-no-confidence-motion-threat-101689361478131.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110125630/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fall-of-the-janata-party-desai-steps-down-amidst-resignations-and-no-confidence-motion-threat-101689361478131.html |archive-date=10 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Michael T. Kaufman; Special to The New York |date=1979-08-21 |title=Singh's Resignation After 24 Days Leaves Indian Politics in Turmoil |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/21/archives/singhs-resignation-after-24-days-leaves-indian-politics-in-turmoil.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In 1980, Singh founded the [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]], which emerged as a strong farmer-based party. He contested the [[1980 Indian general election|1980]] and [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general elections]], but his party could not challenge the dominance of Congress. His last electoral contest was in 1984, which he won but due to deteriorating health, he gradually withdrew from active politics. In his whole career he contested nine elections, out of which six were [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|state assembly]] elections while three were [[Lok Sabha]] elections and he won all these nine elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Weisman |first1=Steven R. |date=1987-05-30 |title=CHARAN SINGH DIES AT AGE 85; INDIA'S FIFTH PRIME MINISTER |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/30/obituaries/charan-singh-dies-at-age-85-india-s-fifth-prime-minister.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Summary ==
Charan Singh in his career contested nine elections, out of which six of them were assembly elections while three were general parliamentary elections and he won all these nine elections.

=== Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year !! Constituency !! colspan=2|Party !! Votes
!%!! Result !! Opponent !! Margin
|-
| [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Baghpat West
| {{party name with colour| Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
| 18,298
|
| {{Won}}
| Raghubir Singh
| 8420
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan=2|Kotana
| 27,075
|
| {{Won}}
| Vijaipal Singh
| 624
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]|| 33,912
|
| {{Won}}
| Shyam Lal
| 26,641
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]|| rowspan=3|[[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]]|| 59,199
|
| {{Won}}
| S. Singh
| 52,188
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| {{party name with colour| Bharatiya Kranti Dal|rowspan=2}}
|62,419
|
|{{Won}}
|Munshi Ram
|47,940
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|54,348
|
|{{Won}}
|Pritam Singh
|26,533
|-
|}

=== Lok Sabha elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year !! Constituency !! colspan=2|Party !! Votes
!%!! Result !! Opponent !! Margin
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan=3| [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
| {{party name with colour| Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
| 286,301
|
| {{Won}}
| Ram Chandra Vikal
| 121,538
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{party name with colour| Janata Party (Secular)}}
|323,077
|
| {{Won}}
| Ram Chandra Vikal
| 165,121
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{party name with colour| Lok Dal}}
| 253,463
|
| {{Won}}
| Mahesh Chand
| 85,674
|}

== Lok Sabha elections ==

=== General election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election|1984 Indian general elections]]: [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Baghpat 1984 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/1984/uttar-pradesh-%5B1947---1999%5D/baghpat/3891/8/8 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Charan Singh]]
|votes = 253,463
|percentage = 52.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahesh Chand
|votes = 167,789
|percentage = 35.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Raj Narain]]
|votes = 33,664
|percentage = 7.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 85,674
|percentage = 17.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors =
|ref =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election|1980 Indian general elections]]: [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Baghpat 1980 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=7&pcname=Baghpat&submit= |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|candidate = [[Charan Singh]]
|votes = 323,077
|percentage = 64.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ram Chandra Vikal]]
|votes = 157,956
|percentage = 31.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors =
|ref =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election|1977 Indian general elections]]: [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Baghpat 1977 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=6&pcname=Baghpat&submit= |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Charan Singh]]
|votes = 286,301
|percentage = 62.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ram Chandra Vikal]]
|votes = 164,763
|percentage = 36.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors =
|ref =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Uttar Pradesh Legislative assembly elections ==

=== 1974 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s: [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 1974 - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/}}</ref>
! Party !! Candidate !! Votes !! % !! Result
|-
| [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|| [[Charan Singh]]|| 54,348|| 63.44|| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]|| Pritam Singh|| 27,815|| 32.47|| {{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|Jasvir Singh
|1,369
|1.6
|{{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|Dasa Ram
|1,101
|1.29
|{{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|Kubadi
|620
|0.72
|{{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|Bhoopal
|410
|0.48
|{{Lost}}
|}

=== 1969 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s: [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 1969 - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3247-uttar-pradesh-1969/}}</ref>
! Party !! Candidate !! Votes !!% !! Result
|-
| [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|| [[Charan Singh]]|| 62,419|| 78.78|| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]|| Munshi Ram|| 14,479|| 18.27|| {{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|Banwari Lal
|1,769
|2.23
|{{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|Suraj Mal
|562
|0.71
|{{Lost}}
|}

=== 1967 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s: [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 1967 - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3246-uttar-pradesh-1967/}}</ref>
! Party !! Candidate !! Votes !!% !! Result
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]|| [[Charan Singh]]|| 59,199|| 85.35|| {{Won}}
|-
| IND|| S. Singh|| 7,011|| 10.10|| {{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|N. Singh
|1,635
|2.36
|{{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|Jai Prakash
|1,508
|2.17
|{{Lost}}
|}

=== 1962 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s: Kotana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 1962 - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3244-uttar-pradesh-1962/}}</ref>
! Party !! Candidate !! Votes !!% !! Result
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]|| [[Charan Singh]]|| 33,912|| 69.65|| {{Won}}
|-
| IND|| Shyam Lal|| 7,271|| 14.93|| {{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|Anup Singh
|4,400
|9.04
|{{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|Vijendra
|2,569
|5.28
|{{Lost}}
|-
|IND
|Sukhbir
|535
|1.10
|{{Lost}}
|}

=== 1957 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s: Kotana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 1957 - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3242-uttar-pradesh-1957/}}</ref>
! Party !! Candidate !! Votes !!% !! Result
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]|| [[Charan Singh]]|| 27,075|| 50.58|| {{Won}}
|-
| IND|| Vijaipal Singh|| 26,451|| 49.41|| {{Lost}}
|}

=== 1952 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s: Baghpat West<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 1952 - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3241-uttar-pradesh-1951/}}</ref>
! Party !! Candidate !! Votes !!% !! Result
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]|| [[Charan Singh]]|| 18,298|| 45.75|| {{Won}}
|-
| IND|| Raghubir Singh|| 9,878|| 24.70|| {{Lost}}
|-
|KMPP
|Pritam Singh
|8,314
|20.79
|{{Lost}}
|-
|BJS
|Onkar Datt
|3,498
|8.75
|{{Lost}}
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Electoral history of Indian politicians|Singh]]
[[Category:Charan Singh]]

Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar

2025-12-09T12:46:30Z

Thereforedesignpune:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (1947–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar সুকল্যাণ ঘোষ দস্তিদার
| caption = [[East Bengal FC]] captain Sudhir Karmakar (Left), [[Mohun Bagan]] captain Dastidar (Middle) and actor [[Dilip Kumar]] (Right) at the 1973 [[Rovers Cup]], [[Bombay]]
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1947}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|09|9|1947|01|01}}
| death_place = [[Kalighat]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| birth_place = Babupara, [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]], [[attacking midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 1960–1968
| youthclubs1 = Jalpaiguri Young Men's Association
| years1 = 1968–1969
| years2 = 1969–1975
| years3 = 1975–1979
| clubs1 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| caps1 = (-)
| goals1 = -
| caps2 = (-)
| goals2 = 71
| caps3 = (-)
| goals3 = -
| totalcaps = -
| totalgoals = -
| nationalyears1 = (-)
| nationalteam1 = India
| nationalcaps1 = 5
| nationalgoals1 = 2
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|Football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Football at the 1970 Asian Games|1970 Bangkok]]|[[Football at the 1970 Asian Games – Men's team squads|Team]]}}
}}
'''Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar''' (born 1947 - died 9 September 2018) was an Indian professional [[footballer]]<ref>{{cite news| title = Former India striker Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar passes away| work = The Times of India| date = 10 September 2018| accessdate = 27 February 2022| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-india-striker-sukalyan-ghosh-dastidar-passes-away/articleshow/65759724.cms| archive-date = 27 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220227203448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-india-striker-sukalyan-ghosh-dastidar-passes-away/articleshow/65759724.cms| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = সুকল্যাণের গোলার মতো শট মনে রাখবে ময়দান| publisher = Anandabar Patrika| accessdate = 27 February 2022| url = https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/former-footballer-sukalyan-ghosh-dastidar-died-1.862178| archive-date = 27 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220227162237/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/former-footballer-sukalyan-ghosh-dastidar-died-1.862178| url-status = live}}</ref> from [[Jalpaiguri]], who played as a [[striker (association football)|striker]] for the [[India national football team]], alongside [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution of Indian Football (Part Three): PK Banerjee – Amal Dutta – Nayeemuddin|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-three-pk-banerjee-amal-dutta-nayeemuddin/|location=Kolkata|date=13 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714062345/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-three-pk-banerjee-amal-dutta-nayeemuddin/}}</ref> and [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]. He also represented Bengal in [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|date=27 May 2012|access-date=7 March 2021|title=Memorable moments in the Santosh Trophy|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140304/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2}}</ref>

He represented the bronze-medal winning [[India national football team]] at the [[1970 Asian Games]] held at [[Bangkok, Thailand]]. He was the star striker of Mohun Bagan and won numerous accolades during his career. He was captain of [[Mohun Bagan]] in 1973. In 1975, he left Mohun Bagan to join rival [[East Bengal FC]]. He won numerous trophies as part of the India national football team and Mohun Bagan and East Bengal, including the 1970 [[Asian Games]] Bronze, the [[IFA Shield]], the [[Santosh Trophy]], the [[Calcutta Football League]] and the [[Rovers Cup]].

==Early life==

He was born in Jalpaiguri District, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] in an affluential family to parents who migrated to the northern district of Jalpaiguri from [[Barisal]], [[Bengal Presidency]] before the [[Partition of India|Partition of 1947]]. In this quaint town, which has a history of nurturing great football talents like [[P. K. Banerjee|Pradip Kumar Banerjee]], he started his training at the Jalpaiguri Young Men's Association (JYMA), where he was mentored by Rabi Gathu (রবি গাঠু স্যার), the well-known [[Manager (association football)|football coach]] at JYMA. In his early days, he was a leading player in the inter-school football tournaments and the Jalpaiguri Amateur Football League. During these tournaments, Dastidar's footballing antics used to draw huge crowds notably at the Friends Union Club grounds, the JYMA and the Jalpaiguri Town Club. He was a student of [[Jalpaiguri Zilla School]]. He played for the [[Rajasthan football team]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]] for a short while after moving from Jalpaiguri. He was recruited by [[Mohun Bagan]] soon after.

==Career==

He was part of the [[Bronze]] winning Indian [[football team]] at the [[1970 Asian Games]] led by [[Syed Nayeemuddin]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian football's finest: 50 years on, remembering the stars of 1970 Asian Games bronze-winning team|website=www.scroll.in|publisher=Scroll|first=Jaydeep|last=Basu|access-date=27 February 2022|url=https://scroll.in/field/951976/indian-footballs-finest-50-years-on-remembering-the-stars-of-1970-asian-games-bronze-winning-team|date=3 February 2020|archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024824/https://scroll.in/field/951976/indian-footballs-finest-50-years-on-remembering-the-stars-of-1970-asian-games-bronze-winning-team}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1970asiangames.html|title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1970 Bangkok Asian Games|website=IndianFootball.de|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=2 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002162324/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1970asiangames.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Amoy|title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1970 Bangkok|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1970-bangkok|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|date=26 August 2014|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195150/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1970-bangkok}}</ref> in [[Bangkok]], Thailand. After his first stint, he went on to play for the country five times.

Ghosh Dastidar joined [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] in 1970. He was part of the club's [[Bangladesh]] tour of May 1972, where they defeated [[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Dhaka Mohammedan]], but lost to [[Shadhin Bangla football team]].<ref name="Mohun Bagan to Bangladesh">{{cite web|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8|title=৭ কোটি মানুষের জন্য ভালোবাসা নিয়ে ঢাকায় এসেছিল মোহনবাগান|first=Masud|last=Alam|website=www.prothomalo.com|publisher=[[Prothom Alo|The Daily Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|trans-title=Mohun Bagan came to Dhaka with love for 7 crore people|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|agency=|date=19 April 2022|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002192020/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8}}</ref> He won a [[double (association football)|double crown]] ([[Calcutta Football League]] and [[IFA Shield]]) in his [[maiden]] season with [[Mohun Bagan]] and went on to play for the club until 1974. He scored a total of 71 goals for [[Mohun Bagan]] in all<ref>{{cite web| title = Indian football: Instances when the Kolkata derby got abandoned| publisher = Goal| accessdate = 27 February 2022| url = https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-instances-when-the-kolkata-derby-got/1u7macomvii3q199rmaibjhwhc| archive-date = 1 December 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201201234617/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-instances-when-the-kolkata-derby-got/1u7macomvii3q199rmaibjhwhc| url-status = live}}</ref> competitions and was its captain in 1973.

He represented [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]]. With Bengal in 1969, the team led by Santo Mitra, Ghosh Dastidar won title.<ref name="Novy Kapadia">{{Cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|date=27 May 2012|access-date=7 March 2021|title=Memorable moments in the Santosh Trophy|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140304/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2}}</ref> He won Santosh Trophy again in 1971–72 and 1972–73.<ref>{{cite web| title = Chance to end title wait| publisher = The New Indian Express| access-date = 27 February 2022| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2012/may/28/chance-to-end-title-wait-372263.html| archive-date = 27 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220227180830/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2012/may/28/chance-to-end-title-wait-372263.html| url-status = live}}</ref> He switched allegiance to [[East Bengal Club]]<ref>{{cite web| title = The famous FIVE who saved East Bengal from going to debris| publisher = Shyamal Bhattacharjee| accessdate = 27 February 2022| url = https://shyamalbhattacharjee.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-famous-five-who-saved-east-bengal.html?spref=tw| archive-date = 27 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220227180050/https://shyamalbhattacharjee.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-famous-five-who-saved-east-bengal.html?spref=tw| url-status = live}}</ref> in 1975.

He was famous<ref>{{cite web| title = Manjit Singh and Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar| publisher = Newsclick| accessdate = 27 February 2022| url = https://www.newsclick.in/manjit-singh-and-sukalyan-ghosh-dastidar| archive-date = 27 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220227175111/https://www.newsclick.in/manjit-singh-and-sukalyan-ghosh-dastidar| url-status = live}}</ref> for his precision long-distance shots ranging from 35 to 40 yards and he stormed the 1970s Calcutta football scene<ref>{{cite web| title = The enduring agony of a soccer fan| date = 27 February 2013| publisher = Mint| accessdate = 27 February 2022| url = https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/pz4SGRgkP4rVfKgK4FuXWN/The-enduring-agony-of-a-soccer-fan.html| archive-date = 27 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220227161332/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/pz4SGRgkP4rVfKgK4FuXWN/The-enduring-agony-of-a-soccer-fan.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Remembering Derbies| publisher = Mohun Bagan Athletic Club| accessdate = 27 February 2022| url = https://themohunbaganac.com/remembering-derbies/| archive-date = 28 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210628161833/https://themohunbaganac.com/remembering-derbies/| url-status = live}}</ref> during his heyday as a [[Striker (association football)|striker]].

==Controversies==
In 1973, when Mohun Bagan took the lead for the first time in a game in four years (Mohun Bagan had a dry spell through 1970 to 1975), through a superb shot from 35 yards by Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar, it just started [[raining cats and dogs]], and the match was abandoned. The same year, East Bengal [[centre-forward]] [[Subhash Bhowmick]] fell (that's what one would like to believe) on Mohun Bagan captain Shankar Banerjee. Banerjee's legs were smashed, his football career effectively over. Fights broke out in the stadium as the poorly refereed game went on. At the end of the match as Mohun Bagan embraced another heartbreaking and unfortunate defeat, Ghosh Dastidar walked up to the [[referee]] Bishwanath Dutta, and struck him a mighty blow on his nose. Ghosh Dastidar was arrested; but he had also ended Dutta's refereeing career. He had crushed Dutta's nose, and bone fragments had got into his eyes, affecting his vision irreparably. He has publicly apologised and repented for this mishap throughout his later life.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In 1975, he left [[Mohun Bagan]] to join arch-rival [[East Bengal FC]].

==Later life==
He settled in [[Kolkata]] after retiring from professional [[association football]] in 1979. He also served as an employee of the [[State Bank of India|Central Bank of India]]. He continued to actively mentor aspiring footballers in spite of dissonances with [[Mohun Bagan]] later on. In his public talks, he stressed<ref>{{cite web| title = Mohun Bagan Gorbo, Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar's Address| publisher = Mohun BaganGorbo| accessdate = 27 February 2022| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0WwZPD1Z4E| archive-date = 22 September 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220922102122/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0WwZPD1Z4E| url-status = live}}</ref> the need for transformation of the overall environment and sporting culture of the football scene in Calcutta and India, stressing how it was distinctly different and more constructive in the 1970s which enabled the football clubs then to successfully sustain and nurture new talents. In his later life, he was consistently critical of the present situation of [[football clubs]] in India and [[South Asia]].

He used to visit his hometown [[Jalpaiguri]] often.

==Personal life==
He has two daughters and two grandchildren. He was a pet lover.

==Death==

He died<ref>{{cite web| title = Former star Mohun Bagan and East Bengal player Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar passes away| date = 10 September 2018| publisher = Xtratime| accessdate = 27 February 2022| url = https://xtratime.in/former-star-mohun-bagan-and-east-bengal-player-sukalyan-ghosh-dastidar-passes-away/| archive-date = 27 February 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220227161344/https://xtratime.in/former-star-mohun-bagan-and-east-bengal-player-sukalyan-ghosh-dastidar-passes-away/| url-status = live}}</ref> from [[cardiac arrest]] at the age of 71, on 9 September 2018 in a private hospital in South Kolkata.

==Legacy==

His splendid performances and speedy [[midfield]] action inspired a generation of [[footballers]] and youngsters in Jalpaiguri, as well as in the Calcutta [[Maidan]] scene and nation-wide. He was part of the [[golden generation]] of [[Indian football]].

==Honours==

'''Mohun Bagan'''<ref>{{cite web |title=1960 to 1969 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/726-2/ |website=Mohun Bagan Club |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210606/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/726-2/ }}</ref>
*[[Durand Cup]]: 1974
*[[IFA Shield]]: 1969
*[[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]: 1970, 1971, 1972
*[[Calcutta Football League]]: 1969
'''East Bengal'''
*Federation Cup: 1978
*[[IFA Shield]]: 1975, 1976
*[[Durand Cup]]: 1978
*[[Calcutta Football League]]: 1975, 1977
*[[Rovers Cup]]: 1975

'''India'''
*[[Asian Games]] Bronze Medal: [[Football at the 1970 Asian Games|1970]]

'''Bengal'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1969–70 Santosh Trophy|1969–70]], 1971–72, 1972–73

==See also==
* [[History of Indian football]]
* [[History of the India national football team]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889—2000. |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukhopadhay |first=Subir |title= সোনায় লেখা ইতিহাসে মোহনবাগান ({{Translation|Mohun Bagan in the history written in gold}})|year=2018 |isbn=978-93-850172-0-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Argha |last2=Basu |first2=Rupak |title=মোহনবাগান: সবুজ ঘাসের মেরুন গল্প ({{Translation|Mohun Bagan: Green fields' Maroon stories}})|year=2022|publisher=Shalidhan |isbn=978-81-954667-0-2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh Dastidar, Sukalyan}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:People from Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1970 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1970 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in football]]

Sri Karan Narendra College of Agriculture

2025-10-25T00:39:02Z

Thereforedesignpune: expanded content

{{Multiple issues|
{{update|date=July 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Shri Karan Narendra College of Agriculture''', also '''SKN College of Agriculture''', is a college located in [[Jobner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is the first institute for agriculture education to be established in Rajasthan. It is a [[constituent college]] of [[Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner|url=http://www.sknau.ac.in/en/constituents/colleges/skn-college-of-agriculture-jobner|publisher=[[Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University]]|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>

==History==
Late Rawal Karan Singh of [[Jobner]] was inspired by [[Swami Dayanand Saraswati]] and established Anglo-Vedic High School in the year 1893. His son [[Rawal Narendra Singh]] upgraded the school to Shri Karan Narendra College of Agriculture in the year of Indian independence, July 1947. At the time of creation this was the only institute devoted to [[agricultural education]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]] in [[India]]. At present it has 15 departments and offer B.Sc.(Ag.) Hons, M.Sc.(Ag.) in 11 and [[Ph.D.]] in 8 subjects. The [[Faculty (university)|faculty]] is 100 strong and the non-teaching faculty is 400 strong. The student enrollment is about 400.

== Ranking and List of Agricultural Universities ==
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (Education Division) had released the ranking of agricultural universities of the country for the year 2020. In the released list of colleges, the college figured at the 54th position. The list was populated by names of some very prominent agricultural colleges appearing in the top slots namely 'ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute- Karnal', 'ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute- New Delhi', 'GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology- Pantnagar', 'Punjab Agricultural University- Ludhiana' and likewise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Delhi |date=2021-12-04 |title=Ranking and List of Agricultural Universities in India |url=https://www.en.krishakjagat.org/india-region/ranking-and-list-of-agricultural-universities-in-india/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Krishak Jagat |language=en}}</ref> The college remained in news in the same year for its new technique which helped a Rajasthan village (in near vicinity of college) to meet its water demand through implementation of project for recharging groundwater.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-07-15 |title=Agriculture University's new technique helps Rajasthan village meet its water demand |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/rajasthan/agriculture-universitys-new-technique-helps-this-rajasthan-village-meet-its-water-demand/na20200715090305729 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

==Admission Procedure ==
'''Degrees Offered''' : B.Sc. (Ag.) Hons, M.Sc. (Ag.), [[Ph.D.]]

'''B.Sc. (Ag.) Hons'''

Admission to B.Sc. (Ag.) Hons Part-I is done through Joint Entrance Test (JET) conducted either by the [[Rajasthan Agricultural University]], [[Bikaner]] or [[Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology]], [[Udaipur]]. The minimum eligibility for a candidate to appear in the JET is that the candidate must have passed 12th of the 10+2 (Academic) scheme of examination with Agriculture/Science groups.{{Reflist}}

==Teaching==
The college imparts training in basic at UG level as well as scientific skills, by PG level (M.Sc.(Ag.), [[Ph.D.]]) with a view to prepare a student career directly and indirectly concerned with the upliftment of agricultural community.

'''Departments'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name of Departments
! Name of Departments
! Name of Departments
|-
| Department of Agronomy
| Department of Agricultural Chemistry & Soil Science
|Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics
|-
| Department of Plant Pathology
| Department of Agricultural Zoology & [[Entomology]]
| Department of Horticulture
|-
! '''Department of Extension Education'''
! Department of Agricultural Economics
! Department of Plant Physiology
|-
| Department of Animal Production
| Department of Biochemistry
| Department of Nematology
|-
| Department of Dairy Science
| Department of Agricultural Engineering & Physics
| Department of Statistics
|}

==The First Batch==
The S. K. N College's very first batch, that had enrolled in this first agriculture college of state in the July, 1947 and they became the part of remembrance in the history of the college, always were as;

==References==
* ''Information Bulletin'' (2006–07). Faculty of Agricultural, [[Rajasthan Agricultural University]], [[Bikaner]]. [edited by: Dr. S. P. Majumdar and Dr. A. C. Mathur]
* REMINISCENCES (1947–1997). On Golden Jubilee of S K N College of Agriculture, Jobner. [Chief Editor: Dr. B.R. Chhipa]

* https://skncoa.sknau.ac.in

==External links==
*http://cs-test.ias.ac.in/cs/php/toc.php?vol=094&issue=12
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jaipur district]]

Sibte Hasan Zaidi

2025-09-24T23:11:09Z

Thereforedesignpune: created initial article with sources

{{Short description|Indian pathologist and toxicologist (1918–2008)}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}

{{infobox medical person
|birth_date={{birth date text|April 1918}}
|birth_place=[[Barabanki]], [[British Raj]]
|death_date={{death date and age|2008|04|05|1918|04|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]}}

'''Sibte Hasan Zaidi''' (April 1918 – 5 April 2008) was an Indian [[Pathology|pathologist]] and [[Toxicology|toxicologist]] recognized for his contributions to experimental toxicology. He trained in pathology at [[Hammersmith Hospital]] in London, where he also conducted research in toxicology.

Upon completing his training, Zaidi returned to [[India]] to do research in experimental toxicology. His work focused on the biological effects of industrial toxins, and he participated in national and international initiatives addressing environmental and occupational health hazards. Zaidi also served on multiple committees, including those of the [[World Health Organization]], where he provided expert advice on toxicology and public health.

==Early life and education==
Sibte Hasan Zaidi was born in [[Barabanki]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, and spent his early years in the village town of [[Jarwal]] under the care of his maternal uncle after the death of his mother, Zakia Begum. He later moved to live with his father, Syed Hasan Zaidi, a barrister, and attended Barabanki High School. In 1931, after his father died, Zaidi lived with his uncle, Sardar Husain.

Zaidi pursued higher education at Christian College and [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]] before enrolling at King George’s Medical College (now King George's [[King George's Medical University|Medical University)]] in 1940. In 1945, he completed his medical degree. In 1948, he married Qamar Ara Shanshah Husain, a clinical psychologist and the granddaughter of the Rajah of Bhatwamau.

After completing his clinical training and briefly serving as an academic in pathology at King George’s Medical College, Zaidi moved to London. There, he worked with Professor Earl J. King at the Hammersmith Hospital (now associated with Imperial College London). In 1954, he obtained a PhD. In 1952, a Diploma in Clinical Pathology. Both are from the [[University of London]].

The 21st Professor Sibte Hasan Zaidi Oration was delivered by professor Arun Tiwari, former missile scientist and author at the premier toxicology institute of the country, CSIR – [[Indian Institute of Toxicology Research]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=21st Professor Sibte Hasan Zaidi oration delivered |date=2017-11-05 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=[[Lucknow]] |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20171105/281608125703587 |access-date=2025-02-06 |via=PressReader}}</ref>

==Research==
Around 1950, Zaidi's mentor Earl J. King developed an interest in the health of coal miners in the [[Sheffield]]. Zaidi assisted by providing a description of the pathology and [[pathophysiology]] of coal miners' lungs. Zaidi and co-workers "produced the nearest approach to massive [[fibrosis]] by injecting into sensitized animals dust plus [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|tubercle bacilli]]."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Faulds|first1=JS|title=Haematite pneumoconiosis in Cumberland miners|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|date=1957|volume=10|issue=3|pages=192–193|pmid=13463104|doi=10.1136/jcp.10.3.187|pmc=1024048}}</ref>

In 1955, Zaidi traveled back to India to be named Head of the Division of Experimental Medicine and Deputy Director at the [[Central Drug Research Institute]] (CDRI) in [[Lucknow|Lucknow, India]], where his research focused on mechanisms that underlie [[peptic ulcer]], [[atherosclerosis]], [[vasospasm]], and [[eosinophilia]]. Through pharmacologic and animal studies, Zaidi and his colleagues demonstrated the requirement of a mucus barrier in the prevention of [[peptic ulcer disease]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zaidi|first1=SH|title=Experimental peptic ulceration.I. The significance of mucous barrier|journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research|date=1957|volume=46|issue=1|pages=27–37|pmid=13501871|display-authors=etal}}</ref> He received the Sir Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Prof. S.H. Zaidi Former Director, Passes Away|journal=Toxicology Research Bulletin|date=May 2008|volume=28, 1|page=2|url=http://www.iitrindia.org/pdf/iitr_toxresbulletin28%281%29.pdf|access-date=23 June 2015|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601235949/http://www.iitrindia.org/pdf/iitr_toxresbulletin28%281%29.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He also examined the mechanisms of [[hypercoagulability]] and [[thrombosis]] and developed rodent models of [[Coronary artery disease|atherosclerotic heart disease]] and [[myocardial infarction]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nityanand|first1=S|last2=Zaidi|first2=SH|title=Experimental pulmonary embolism and arteriosclerosis. Effect of vasospasm 67: 529-538|journal=American Heart Journal|date=1963|volume=67|issue=4|pages=529–537|pmid=14138816|doi=10.1016/0002-8703(64)90101-2}}</ref>

Between 1964 and 1965, Zaidi served as the third Director of the newly founded Indian Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine in Calcutta (renamed [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]]),<ref>{{cite web|last1=CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology|first1=Annual Report 2013-2014|title=Former Directors|url=http://www.iicb.res.in/ar_iicb1314.pdf|access-date=1 June 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073027/http://www.iicb.res.in/ar_iicb1314.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> where he established the institute's research infrastructure. Additionally, he initiated dissections and clarifications of the effect of exposure to industrial toxins on pulmonary [[pulmonary fibrosis|fibrosis.]]

==Industrial Toxicology Research Center (ITRC)==
Zaidi is the Founding Director of the Industrial Toxicology Research Center (ITRC) in Lucknow (now renamed [[Indian Institute of Toxicology Research|Indian Institute of Toxicology Research).]]<ref>[[Indian Institute of Toxicology Research]]</ref> The then-President of India, [[V. V. Giri]], and later President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], supported it. During his tenure at ITRC, Zaidi grew the Center and continued to work.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rahman|first1=Q|last2=Vishwanathan|first2=PN|last3=Zaidi|first3=SH|title=Some new perspectives on the biological effects of asbestos|journal=Environmental Research|date=1977|volume=14|issue=3|pages=487–498|pmid=145364|doi=10.1016/0013-9351(77)90056-1|bibcode=1977ER.....14..487R}}</ref> His research was funded continuously by the [[United States Public Health Service|Public Health Service]] of the United States through their [[Food for Peace|PL 480]] program.

==Publications==
Zaidi's monograph "Experimental Pneumoconiosis" was published by [[Johns Hopkins University Press|Johns Hopkins Press]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zaidi|first1=Sibte|title=Experimental Pneumoconiosis|date=1969|publisher=The Johns Hopkins Press|location=Baltimore|page=326|edition=First}}</ref> His editorial "Bhopal and After",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zaidi |first1=SH |year=1986 |title=Bhopal and After |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=215–216 |doi=10.1002/ajim.4700090302 |pmid=3963002}}</ref> published in the ''[[American Journal of Industrial Medicine]]'' and later quoted in several articles,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fielder |first1=MP |title=Methodological Issues in |date=2002 |publisher=Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. |isbn=978-1-4613-5163-4 |page=185 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> highlighted gaps in 1980s policy that could lead to spillage of chemicals.

==Recognition==
In 1977, Zaidi was awarded the William P. Yant Award for lifetime achievements and contributions to industrial toxicology by the [[American Industrial Hygiene Association]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=American Industrial Hygiene Association|title=The Yant Award|url=https://www.aiha.org/get-involved/outreach/Pages/Yant-Award.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220824/https://www.aiha.org/get-involved/outreach/Pages/Yant-Award.aspx|archive-date=18 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/0002889778507611 | pmid=406771 | volume=38 | issue=6 | title=Yant Memorial Lecture...1977. Some aspects of experimental infective pneumoconiosis | journal=Am Ind Hyg Assoc J | pages=239–45 | last1 = Zaidi | first1 = SH| year=1977 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zaidi|first1=SH|title=Yant Memorial Lecture...1977. Some aspects of experimental infective pneumoconiosis|journal=Journal of the American Industrial Hygiene Association|date=1977|volume=38|issue=6|pages=239–245|pmid=406771|doi=10.1080/0002889778507611}}</ref> He also served on their Editorial Board from 1977 to 1993. In 1978, the Venezuelan Society gave him the highest honor for his contributions to [[Occupational medicine|industrial medicine]]. He was awarded the Sir Ardeshirlal Dalal Gold Medal for his contributions to occupational health (1975), and the [[Padma Shri]] (1977) by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|last1=India Government Archives|title=Archives, India.Gov.In|url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1540|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601011448/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1540|archive-date=1 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Zaidi was inducted as a Founding Member of the [[Royal College of Pathologists]] and thereafter was conferred a Fellowship. He was inducted as a Fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of India (1976), the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (1972), and the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1974).<ref>{{cite web | last1=Indian National Science Academy | url=http://insaindia.org.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N74-089 | title=Deceased Fellows | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813063007/http://insaindia.org.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N74-089 | archive-date=13 August 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> These honors are listed in his official obituary, published by the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toxicology Research Bulletin|first1=Indian Institute of Toxicology Research|title=Dr. S.H. Zaidi, Former Director, Passes Away|url=http://www.iitrindia.org/pdf/iitr_toxresbulletin28(1).pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601235949/http://www.iitrindia.org/pdf/iitr_toxresbulletin28(1).pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-06-01}}</ref> SH Zaidi Memorial Oration endowed annual lectureship was established in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sibte Zaidi Oration|title=Indian institute of Toxicology Research|url=http://www.iitrindia.org/annual_events.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601051815/http://www.iitrindia.org/annual_events.htm|archive-date=1 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=The Times of India|title=The Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR) is celebrating its 46th foundation day tomorrow|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/IITR/speednewsbytopic/keyid-99759.cms|access-date=1 June 2015|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815064014/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/IITR/speednewsbytopic/keyid-99759.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The 12th oration was given by his son, Mone Zaidi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Professor SH Zaidi Oration|title=Previous Orators|url=http://www.iitrindia.org/archive_sibte_hasan_zaidi_oration.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602015529/http://www.iitrindia.org/archive_sibte_hasan_zaidi_oration.htm|archive-date=2 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Policy and positions==
In 1975, Zaidi hosted "The International Symposium on Industrial Toxicology" in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite book|last1=OCLC WorldCat|title=Environmental pollution and human health : proceedings of the (first) International Symposium on Industrial Toxicology, Lucknow, November 4-7, 1975|oclc=636880625}}</ref> He was thereafter inducted as president of the Asian Society of Environmental Industrial Toxicology (1975). He was also Professor at the Azad University in [[Kanpur]] and Visiting Professor to the [[Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf|University of Düsseldorf]] on two occasions.

Zaidi served on the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO),<ref>{{cite web|last1=World Health Organization|first1=Regional Office for South East Asia|title=Chemical Safety in South East Asia Region|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/1985-93/SEA_EH_333.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031128151626/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/1985-93/SEA_EH_333.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2003|publisher=WHO}}</ref> and the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO).<ref>{{cite book|last1=International Labor Office, Geneva|title=Occupational exposure to airborne substances harmful to health|date=1980|isbn=978-92-2-102442-2|page=28|publisher=International Labour Office|url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_107851.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2015|access-date=1 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602015842/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_107851.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> His work on the World Health Organization's Expert Committees became the basis of two key technical reports.<ref>{{cite book|last1=WHO Technical Report.|first1=Report of a WHO Study Group|title=Early detection of health impairment in occupational exposure to health hazards|date=1975|edition=571}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=WHO Technical Report Series|first1=Report of a WHO Scientific Group|title=Chemical and biochemical methodology for assessment of hazards of pesticides for man|date=1975|page=26|edition=560}}</ref> He was also an Advisor to the Occupational Health Committee of the WHO, Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the UN International Registry on Potentially Toxic Chemicals in [[Geneva]] (1977–1979), Senior Consultant to the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (1982), and WHO Consultant in Bangladesh<ref>{{cite web |last1=World health Organization |first1=WHO Project BAN OCH 001 |title=Industrial Health in Bangladesh |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/129345/sea_rc41_inf.1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2 August 2024 |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802135219/https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/129345/sea_rc41_inf.1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref> and Burma.<ref>{{cite web|last1=WHO Assignment Report|title=Occupational Toxicology, Burma|url=http://repository.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/13309|publisher=World health Organization|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610133903/http://repository.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/13309|archive-date=10 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He founded two institutes for outreach research in [[Yangon|Rangoon]] (1982–1984) and Sri Lanka (1979) under the backing of the [[United Nations]].

In India, he served as Honorary Advisor to the Ministry of Railways, a position that he retained between 1978 and 1989. He chaired the Environmental Research Committee of the Ministry of Environment of the Government of India between 1990 and 1993.

==Later life==
During the late 1990s and thereafter, Zaidi lived intermittently in India, the United Kingdom, and the United States with his son, Mone Zaidi, who is an attending physician at Mount Sinai Hospital, Mount Sinai Professor of Clinical Medicine and Professor of Pharmacological Sciences, and Director of the Center of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology at [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai]] in New York. Zaidi died at his home in [[Riverdale, New York]], on 5 April 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr Zaidi passes away|url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/157405/biopeople|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095122/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/157405/biopeople|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Prof. S.H. Zaidi, Former Director Passes Away |url=http://www.iitrindia.org/pdf/iitr_toxresbulletin28(1).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601235949/http://www.iitrindia.org/pdf/iitr_toxresbulletin28(1).pdf |archive-date=June 1, 2015 |access-date=24 Jan 2025 |website=Toxicology Research Bullettin, Industrial Toxicology Research Center}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaidi, Sibte Hasan}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian pathologists]]
[[Category:Indian toxicologists]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Twelvers]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]

Shakuntala Paranjpye

2025-09-18T12:56:29Z

Thereforedesignpune:

{{Short description|Indian actress (1906–2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shakuntala Paranjpye
| birth_date = 17 January 1906
| death_date = 3 May 2000 (aged 94)
| nationality = • [[British Indian]] (1906-1947) • [[Indian people|Indian]] (1947-2000)
| occupation = Writer, actress, social activist
| parents = [[R. P. Paranjpye|Sir R. P. Paranjpye]] (father)
| spouse = Youra Sleptzoff (divorced)
| children = [[Sai Paranjpye]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1991)
| alma_mater = [[Newnham College, Cambridge]] [[London University]]
| image = Shakuntala Paranjpye in film, Duniya Na Mane (1937).jpg
| caption =
| office2 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term2 = 1958–1964
| constituency2 = Nominated (Arts & Cinema)
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term1 = 1964–1970
| constituency1 = Nominated (Arts & Cinema)
}}

'''Shakuntala Paranjpye''' (17 January 1906 – 3 May 2000) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] writer, actress and a prominent social worker. She was a member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] during 1958–64, and served as a nominated member of [[Rajya Sabha]] during 1964–70.
<ref>[http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/alphabeticallist_all_terms.asp?alphabet=P Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952] [[Rajya Sabha]] website.</ref><ref>[http://rajyasabha.gov.in/publ/golden_jubi/nominated%20.htm Rajya Sabha website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182249/http://rajyasabha.gov.in/publ/golden_jubi/nominated%20.htm |date=27 September 2007 }} Nominated members</ref><ref>[http://rajyasabha.gov.in/publ/golden_jubi/nominated%20.htm NOMINATED MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182249/http://rajyasabha.gov.in/publ/golden_jubi/nominated%20.htm |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> In 1991, she was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, as recognition of her significant contributions in [[Colonial India|colonial]] and [[Independent India|post colonial period]] particularly pioneering work in the field of [[family planning]].<ref name=Padma/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Parkhe |first=Camil |title=Shakuntala Paranjpye: A Social Worker Who Thought About Women's Health Ahead of Times |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/shakuntala-paranjpye-a-social-worker-who-thought-about-womens-health-ahead-of-times/ |website=Punekar News|date=17 January 2022 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Shakuntala Paranjpye was the daughter of Sir [[R. P. Paranjpye]], the first Indian to be [[Senior Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Senior Wrangler]] at the [[University of Cambridge]], an educationist, and India's High Commissioner to Australia during 1944–1947.<ref name=ASHA/>{{dead link|date=April 2018}}

Shakuntala studied for the [[Mathematical Tripos]] at [[Newnham College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Aparna Basu|author2=Malavika Karlekar|title=In So Many Words: Women's Life Experiences from Western and Eastern India|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-46734-6|page=89}}</ref> She graduated there in 1929. She received a Diploma in Education from [[University of London|London University]] the next year.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Shakuntala worked in the 1930s with the [[International Labour Organization]] in [[Geneva]], Switzerland.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15374687.cms Sai speak!] The Times of India,8 July 2002.</ref> In the 1930s and 1940s, she also acted in some [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] movies.

Shakuntala wrote many plays, sketches, and novels in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Some of her work was in English.

A Hindi children's movie, ''[[Yeh Hai Chakkad Bakkad Bumbe Bo]]'',{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} which was based on a Marathi story by Shakuntala, was released in 2003.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Personal life==
Shakuntala was married for a short time to a Russian painter, Youra Sleptzoff. The couple's daughter, [[Sai Paranjpye]], was born in 1938.<ref name=ASHA>[http://www.asha-foundation.org/women/women/sai_paranjpe.php Sai Paranjpye at ASHA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217041336/http://www.asha-foundation.org/women/women/sai_paranjpe.php |date=17 December 2007 }}</ref> Soon after Sai's birth, she divorced Youra, and reared Sai in her own father's household.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Sai Paranjpye is a noted Hindi movie director and screenwriter. She is known for her comedies and children's movies. In 1991, the Government of India awarded Shakuntala the [[Padma Bhushan]] award as recognition of her significant contributions in [[Colonial India|colonial]] and [[Independent India|post colonial period]], particularly in family planning.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Padma>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php Padma Bhushan Awardees] Shakuntala Pranjpye, 1991, Maharashtra, Social Work. Sai Paranjpye, Arts, Maharashtra, 2006.</ref>

==Filmography==
*''Ganga Maiyya'' (1955)
*''[[Lokshahir Ram Joshi]]'' (1947)
*''Ramshastri'' (1944)
*''Jawani Ka Rang'' (1941)
*''Paisa'' (1941)
*''Stree'' (1938)
*''[[Duniya Na Mane]]'' (1937)
*''Jeevan Jyoti'' (1937)
*''[[Kunku]]'' (1937)
*''Sultana Chand Biwi'' (1937)
*''Bahadur Beti'' (1935)
*''Kali Waghan'' (1935)
*''Typist Girl'' (1935)
*''Bhakta Prahlad'' (1934)
*''Bhedi Rajkumar'' (1934)
*''Partha Kumar'' (1934)
*''[[Sairandhri (1933 Marathi film)|Sairandhri]]'' (1933)

==Authorship==
*''Three years in Australia'', (English), Poona, 1951
* ''Sense and nonsense'', (English), New Delhi, Orient Longman, 1970.[http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/search?q=au%3AShakuntala+Paranjpye&qt=hot_author]
* ''Kāhi Āmbat, Kāhi Goad'', (Marathi), Pune, Śrīvidyā Prakāshan, 1979.
* ''Desh-Videshichyā Lok-Kathā'', (Marathi)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0660939}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranjpye, Shakuntala}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian birth control activists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Palanhera

2025-08-13T20:47:53Z

Thereforedesignpune: made first post basic info!

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Palanhera''' is a small village in [[Mahwa, Rajasthan|Mahwa]] Tehsil in [[Dausa district]] of [[Rajasthan]] State, India. It comes under Palan Hera Panchayath. It belongs to Jaipur Division . It is located 77 KM towards East from District head quarters Dausa. 7 KM from Mahwa. 135 KM from State capital Jaipur.

== Etymology ==
The name of Palanhera is widely believed by the local villagers to have originated from the Rajput [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chauhan]], who emerged victorious over the [[Jats]] during the 18th century.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* Rathore, A. (n.d.). Palanhera (jagir). Rajput Provinces of India. [https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/palanhera Palanhera (Jagir)]
* Chauhan, K.S.S. (2024) The estate of Palanhera, THE ESTATE OF PALANHERA. Available at: [https://jagirpalanhera.blogspot.com/2022/06/the-estate-of-palanhera.html THE ESTATE OF PALANHERA] (Accessed: 13 June 2024).{{unreliable source?|certain=yes|date=June 2024}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Dausa district]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Bilawali Lake

2025-08-13T01:38:01Z

Thereforedesignpune: started the biography with sources.

{{Short description|Lake in Indore, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}

{{Infobox body of water
| name = Bilawali Lake
| image =
| alt =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Bilawali lake within Indore
| basin_countries = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| location = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coords = {{Coord|22|38|N|75|50|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| inflow = Inflow Channel from Limbodi Lake
| outflow = Regulated, one channel towards Chhota Bilawali Lake
| islands = One
| cities = [[Indore]]
| frozen = no
| caption =
| catchment = {{convert|4|km2|mi2}}
| area = {{convert|2|-|2.5|km2|mi2}}
| depth = {{convert|9.14|m|ft}}
| max-depth = {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Bilawali Lake''' is located on Indore-Khandwa Road (Indore-Icchapur State Highway) in [[Indore]]. The total area of the lake and its surrounding protected region is 400 hectares (around 4 square kilometers) and falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Indore Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=FPJ |title=Bilawali Lake: Oasis in midst of city’s concrete jungle |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/bilawali-lake-oasis-in-midst-of-citys-concrete-jungle |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=freepressjournal.in |date=31 May 2019 |location=Indore |language=English}}</ref>

==History==
Bilawali Lake was created by the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore State]] in the early 20th century. It completed 100 years of existence in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=HT Correspondent |first1=Vinit |title=Indore’s Bilawali tank turns 100 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/indore-s-bilawali-tank-turns-100/story-wwlk8gdtleagYNe3IMXMXP.html |publisher=hindustantimes.com |location=Indore |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bilawali lake turns 100, IMC plans celebration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/bilawali-lake-turns-100-imc-plans-celebration/articleshow/54455923.cms |access-date=9 November 2021 |agency=TNN |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=22 Sep 2016 |location=Indore |language=English}}</ref> After the independence of India and extinction of the royal houses, religious sites started mushrooming up around the lake and over the years it was encroached upon by the people living in its vicinity. Illegal activities like fishing, poaching, cattle grazing, waste dumping, etc., almost destroyed the lake's ecology.

==Tourism==
The lake is flocked by tourists who wish to spend quality time among the soothing waves. The development of a canoeing & kayaking stadium is also underway, and there are further plans to develop it as a water-sports & tourism destination.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bilawali will be developed as a major tourist spot: Min
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/bilawali-will-be-developed-as-a-major-tourist-spot-min/articleshow/72099811.cms |access-date=9 November 2021 |agency=TNN |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=18 Nov 2019 |location=Indore |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IMC plans to transform Bilawali Lake into a premier water sports destination |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/imc-plans-to-transform-bilawali-lake-into-a-premier-water-sports-destination/articleshow/117532877.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 June 2024 |access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref>

==Fishing==
Fishing activities also take place in the lake. A set of fish are harvested by the Fisheries Department.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choukse |first1=Sagar |title=Bilawali Lake gets its fish back after four months |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/bilawali-lake-gets-its-fish-back-after-four-months/articleshow/61893316.cms |access-date=9 November 2021 |agency=TNN |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2 Dec 2017 |location=Indore |language=English}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Sirpur Lake]]
* [[Indore]]
* [[Yashwant Sagar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Indore}}
{{Indore Metropolitan Region}}

[[Category:Indore|Indore]]

West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1951–52

2025-08-02T22:13:18Z

Thereforedesignpune: Starting New Bio

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1951–52
| team1_image = Flag of Australia.svg
| team1_name = Australia
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 20 October 1951
| to_date = 29 January 1952
| team1_captain = [[Lindsay Hassett]] [[Arthur Morris]] {{small|(3rd Test)}}
| team2_captain = [[John Goddard (cricketer)|John Goddard]] [[Jeff Stollmeyer]] {{small|(5th Test)}}
| no_of_tests = 5
| team1_tests_won = 4
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Lindsay Hassett]] (402)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Frank Worrell]] (337)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] (23)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Alf Valentine]] (24)
| player_of_test_series =
}}

The [[West Indies cricket team]] toured Australia in the 1951–52 season and played five [[Test cricket|Test matches]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. The series was billed as the "World Championship of cricket", with both teams having beaten [[England cricket team|England]] in the previous 18 months. In the event, the series was a disappointment with Australia winning fairly easily by four matches to one.

After the Australian leg of the tour, the West Indies team moved on to New Zealand where the [[West Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1951–52|first Test matches]] between [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] and West Indies were played.

==The West Indies touring team==
The West Indies team was captained by [[John Goddard (cricketer)|John Goddard]], who had led the side to series victories over [[India national cricket team|India]] and England.

The full side was:
* [[John Goddard (cricketer)|John Goddard]], captain
* [[Jeff Stollmeyer]], vice-captain
* [[Denis Atkinson]]
* [[Robert Christiani]]
* [[Wilfred Ferguson]]
* [[Gerry Gomez]]
* [[Sammy Guillen]]
* [[Prior Jones]]
* [[Roy Marshall]]
* [[Allan Rae (cricketer)|Allan Rae]]
* [[Sonny Ramadhin]]
* [[Ken Rickards]]
* [[John Trim (cricketer)|John Trim]]
* [[Alf Valentine]]
* [[Clyde Walcott]]
* [[Everton Weekes]]
* [[Frank Worrell]]

All of the players except Guillen and Marshall had played Test cricket before the tour, and the two exceptions made their debuts during the Australian leg of the tour.

==The Test matches==

===First Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–13 November 1951
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 216 (70 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[John Goddard (cricketer)|John Goddard]] 45
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ray Lindwall]] 4/62 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 226 (64.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ray Lindwall]] 61
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Alf Valentine]] 5/99 (25 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 245 (69 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Everton Weekes]] 70
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Doug Ring]] 6/80 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 236/7 (85.7 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Arthur Morris]] 48
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sonny Ramadhin]] 5/90 (40 overs)

| result = Australia won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62730.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| umpires = [[Andrew Barlow]] (Aus) and [[Herb Elphinston]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Gil Langley]] (Aus) and [[Roy Marshall]] (WI) made their Test debuts.
}}

West Indies batted uneasily against the speed of [[Ray Lindwall]] and [[Keith Miller]], with Goddard, coming in at No 9, top-scoring with 45. The Australians were similarly diffident against Ramadhin and Valentine, but Miller and Lindwall, as batsmen, were more aggressive. Valentine took five for 99 and [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]] recorded that five catches were dropped off his bowling in the space of half an hour.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]
| edition = 1953
| publisher = [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]
| chapter = West Indies in Australia and New Zealand, 1951-52
| pages = 821
}}</ref> Weekes with 70 and Gomez (55) set a target, but [[Doug Ring]]'s leg-breaks took six for 80. After five overs from the West Indies opening bowlers Gomez and Worrell, Goddard relied entirely on Ramadhin and Valentine, and they bowled more than 80 consecutive overs between them. Innings of more than 40 apiece from [[Arthur Morris]], [[Neil Harvey]] and [[Graeme Hole]] took Australia to a narrow victory, despite Ramadhin's five for 90.

===Second Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 30 November–5 December 1951
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 362 (107.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Robert Christiani]] 76
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ray Lindwall]] 4/66 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 517 (151.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Lindsay Hassett]] (132)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Alf Valentine]] 4/111 (30.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 290 (84.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[John Goddard (cricketer)|John Goddard]] 57
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Keith Miller]] 3/50 (13.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 137/3 (34.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ken Archer]] 47
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Frank Worrell]] 2/7 (2 overs)

| result = Australia won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62731.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Andrew Barlow]] (Aus) and [[Herb Elphinston]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Jeff Stollmeyer]] (WI) passed 1,000 runs in Tests.<ref name="2TestCA">{{cite web|title=West Indies in Australia and New Zealand 1951/52 (2nd Test)|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20015.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020231225/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20015.html|archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Ray Lindwall]] (Aus) reached 100 wickets in Tests.''<ref name="2TestCA"/>
}}

West Indies batted consistently, with 50s for Worrell (64), Walcott (60), Christiani (76) and Gomez (54). But after Australia had been reduced to 27 for two wickets, [[Lindsay Hassett]] was dropped behind the wicket and he went on to score 132 and to put on 235 with [[Keith Miller]], who made 129. Lindwall and Ring then led the tail to a total of 517. Short-pitched bowling by Lindwall and Miller accounted for several of the West Indies batsmen in the second innings, and despite 50s for Weekes and Goddard the Australians needed only 136 to win.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]
| edition = 1953
| publisher = [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]
| chapter = West Indies in Australia and New Zealand, 1951-52
| pages = 824–826
}}</ref>

===Third Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 22–25 December 1951
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 82 (25.7 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Graeme Hole]] 23
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Frank Worrell]] 6/38 (12.7 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 105 (24.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Everton Weekes]] 26
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] 6/62 (12 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 255 (74.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Doug Ring]] 67
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Alf Valentine]] 6/102 (27.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 233/4 (73.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jeff Stollmeyer]] 47
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Doug Ring]] 3/62 (16.5 overs)

| result = West Indies won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62732.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| umpires = [[Mel McInnes]] (Aus) and [[Ron Wright (umpire)|Ron Wright]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sammy Guillen]] (WI) made his Test debut.
*''[[Frank Worrell]] (WI) passed 1,000 runs in Tests.''<ref name="3TestCA">{{cite web|title=West Indies in Australia and New Zealand 1951/52 (3rd Test)|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20041.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020231210/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20041.html|archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] (Aus) reached 100 wickets in Tests.''<ref name="3TestCA"/>
}}

Rain had seeped under the covers and 22 wickets fell on the first day for 207 runs. Worrell took six for 38 in Australia's first innings, and [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] took six for 62 when bowling unchanged throughout the West Indies innings. Australia's captain [[Arthur Morris]] – Hassett was injured – rejigged the batting order for the second innings. [[Ian Johnson (cricketer)|Ian Johnson]] and [[Geff Noblet]] were out before the end of the first day, but in easier conditions Ring made 67 and Morris 45, while Valentine took six for 102. West Indies needed 233 to win and at 141 for four seemed to be wobbling, but dropped catches allowed Christiani and Gomez to see them home.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]
| edition = 1953
| publisher = [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]
| chapter = West Indies in Australia and New Zealand, 1951-52
| pages = 828–830
}}</ref>

===Fourth Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 31 December–3 January 1951
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 272 (75.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Frank Worrell]] 108
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Keith Miller]] 5/60 (19.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 216 (73.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Neil Harvey]] 83
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[John Trim (cricketer)|John Trim]] 5/34 (12 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 203 (59.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jeff Stollmeyer]] 54
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] 3/51 (14.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 260/9 (97 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Lindsay Hassett]] 102
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Alf Valentine]] 5/88 (30 overs)

| result = Australia won by 1 wicket
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62733.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Mel McInnes]] (Aus) and [[Ron Wright (umpire)|Ron Wright]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Gerry Gomez]] (WI) passed 1,000 runs in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Indies in Australia and New Zealand 1951/52 (4th Test)|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20054.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020231248/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20054.html|archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>
* [[John Trim (cricketer)|John Trim]] (WI) became the first, and {{as of|2024|lc=yes}} the only player, to be dismissed for a [[Pairs in Test and first-class cricket|pair]] in a Test match by being [[run out]] in both innings.<ref>{{cite web|first=Steven|last=Lynch|title=Has anyone top-scored for their side in more consecutive innings than Joe Root?|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ask-steven-has-anyone-top-scored-for-their-side-in-more-consecutive-innings-than-joe-root-1275347|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=31 August 2021|access-date=28 November 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109162242/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ask-steven-has-anyone-top-scored-for-their-side-in-more-consecutive-innings-than-joe-root-1275347|archive-date=9 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Test records - Pairs by run out|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;dismissal=4;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;orderbyad=reverse;qualmax2=0;qualmin1=2;qualmin2=0;qualval1=innings;qualval2=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=match|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 November 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128044116/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;dismissal=4;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;orderbyad=reverse;qualmax2=0;qualmin1=2;qualmin2=0;qualval1=innings;qualval2=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=match|archive-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

An exciting Test began with a century for Worrell, retrieving West Indies from 30 for three with assistance from Gomez and Christiani. Miller took five for 60. [[Neil Harvey]], with 83, and Miller put on 124 for the fourth wicket but the other Australian batsmen failed and Trim took five for 34. West Indies lost wickets regularly, though there were 50s for Stollmeyer and Gomez before a late-order collapse left Australia to get 260. Hassett made 102, but wickets fell to the spin of Ramadhin and Valentine, and at 222 for nine, the match seemed lost. But Ring, with 32, and Johnston made 38 for the last wicket to bring an unlikely victory and win the series.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]
| edition = 1953
| publisher = [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]
| chapter = West Indies in Australia and New Zealand, 1951-52
| pages = 829–831
}}</ref>

===Fifth Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 25–29 January 1952
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 116 (36.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Colin McDonald (Australian cricketer)|Colin McDonald]] 32
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Gerry Gomez]] 7/55 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 78 (29.6 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sammy Guillen]] 13[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Keith Miller]] 5/26 (7.6 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 377 (113.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Keith Miller]] 69
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Frank Worrell]] 4/95 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 213 (67.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jeff Stollmeyer]] 104
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ray Lindwall]] 5/52 (21 overs)

| result = Australia won by 202 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62734.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]]. [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Herb Elphinston]] (Aus) and [[Mel McInnes]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Colin McDonald (Australian cricketer)|Colin McDonald]], [[George Thoms]] and [[Richie Benaud]] (Aus) made their Test debuts.
}}

First-day humidity helped the swing bowling of Gomez, who took seven for 55, and Worrell (three for 42), but West Indies fared even worse against the bouncers of Lindwall, Johnston and Miller. Australia's dominance was built on painstaking 60s by [[Colin McDonald (Australian cricketer)|Colin McDonald]], in his first Test match, Hassett, Miller and [[Graeme Hole]], though Gomez completed a [[ten-wicket haul]] in the match. Lindwall and Miller kept up a barrage of bouncers against the West Indies and only Stollmeyer, who made 104, lasted long. Lindwall finished with five for 52. [[Richie Benaud]] claimed his first Test wicket with the final delivery of the match.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]
| edition = 1953
| publisher = [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]
| chapter = West Indies in Australia and New Zealand, 1951-52
| pages = 834–836
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External sources==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/61910.html Tour home] at [[ESPN Cricinfo]]
* {{Cricketarchive|ref=Archive/Events/0/West_Indies_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand_1951-52|name=West Indies in Australia and New Zealand 1951/52}}

{{International cricket in 1951–52}}
{{International cricket tours of Australia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1951-52}}
[[Category:1951 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:1951 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1952 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:1952 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of Australia|1951-52]]
[[Category:Australian cricket seasons from 1945–46 to 1969–70]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1945–46 to 1960]]

Tarakeswar Degree College

2025-07-31T13:09:39Z

Thereforedesignpune: improved intro also and updated info based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2012}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Tarakeswar Degree College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Tarakeswar Degree College logo.gif
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto = From Quality Awareness
To Quality Assurance
To Quality Sustenance
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Undergraduate college [[Public college]]
| established = {{start date and age|1986}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University of Burdwan]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president = Dr. Sujit Roy
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Amal Kanta Hati
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = [[Tarakeswar]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 712410
| coordinates = {{coord|22.8822586|N|88.0046473|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = [http://www.tarakeswardegreecollege.org/ Tarakeswar Degree College]
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tarakeswar Degree College''', established in 1986,<ref name=UGC/> is an undergraduate general and honours degree college in [[Tarakeswar]] in [[Hooghly district]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. It is affiliated to [[University of Burdwan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Burdwan |url=http://www.buruniv.ac.in/CollegeDetails.php?col_code=220 |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055639/http://www.buruniv.ac.in/CollegeDetails.php?col_code=220 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
Sri Srimat Dandiswami Hrishikesh Ashram Mahanta Maharaj of Tarakeswar Math donated 3.5 acres of land for the purpose of establishing the college campus. Support from Member of Parliament Sri Anil Basu and Minister of West Bengal Fire & Emergency Services Department Sri Pratim Chatterjee, Sri Shankar Ray Chowdhury, Ex-General of Army & Member of Rajya Sabha, who madecontributions from their Local area development funds became instrumental in shaping the college.

==Departments==

===Science===

*[[Physics]]
*[[Mathematics]]
*[[Computer science|Computer Science]]
*[[Chemistry]]

'''Arts and Commerce'''
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
*[[English language|English]]
*[[History]]
*[[Sanskrit]]
*[[Geography]]
*[[Philosophy]]
*[[Political science|Political Science]]
*[[Music]]
*[[Sociology]]
*[[Education]]
*[[Physical education|Physical Education]]
*[[Business administration|Business Administration]]
*[[Accounting|Accountancy]]
*[[Economics]]
*[[Audit|Auditing]]

==Accreditation==
Recently,{{when?|daet=September 2019|date=September 2019}} Tarakeswar Degree College has been awarded a B grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Institutions Accredited / Re-accredited by NAAC with validity|url=http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Institutions_Accredited_by_NAAC_with_validity.pdf|publisher=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]|accessdate=22 February 2012|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054040/http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Institutions_Accredited_by_NAAC_with_validity.pdf|archivedate=12 May 2012}}</ref> The college is also recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission]</ref> In November 2016, a new NAAC accreditation score of 2.43 points (B grade) was awarded.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.buruniv.ac.in/Notices/IC_2015502_NOT_WEBPAGE.pdf|title = List of NAAC Accredited Colleges/ Institutes|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tarakeswardegreecollege.org/ Tarakeswar Degree College]

{{University of Burdwan}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Burdwan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1986]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}