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Long jump

2026-05-09T08:21:19Z

Theodore2940: Started Some Article From Scratch

{{Short description|Track and field event}}
{{About||the World War II plot|Operation Long Jump|the programming function|longjmp}}
{{Distinguish|standing long jump}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{AI-generated|partial=y|date=January 2026|reason=Mid-2024 edits made [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_jump&diff=1221402265&oldid=1218020249 here]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] such as superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of 2023-24 LLMs, etc}}
{{Infobox athletics event
|event= Long jump
|image= 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships - 26072013 - Maximiliano Rodriguez Magi of Spain during the Men's Long jump - T12.jpg
|caption= A [[Para-athletics classification|visually impaired (T12)]] athlete performing the long jump at the [[2013 IPC Athletics World Championships]] in Lyon
|WRmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Powell (long jumper)|Mike Powell]] {{T&Fcalc|8.95}} (1991)}}
|ORmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Beamon]] {{T&Fcalc|8.90}} {{AthAbbr|A}} (1968)}}
|CRmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Powell (athlete)|Mike Powell]] {{T&Fcalc|8.95}} (1991)}}
|ICRmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Iván Pedroso]] {{T&Fcalc|8.62}} (1999)}}
|WRwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|URS}} [[Galina Chistyakova]] {{T&Fcalc|7.52}} (1988)}}
|ORwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]] {{T&Fcalc|7.40}} (1988)}}
|CRwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]] {{T&Fcalc|7.36}} (1987)}}
|ICRwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brittney Reese]] {{T&Fcalc|7.23}} (2012)}}
}}
[[File:Women's Long Jump Final - 28th Summer Universiade 2015.webm|thumb|[[Athletics at the 2015 Summer Universiade – Women's long jump|Women's Long Jump Final]] – [[2015 Summer Universiade|28th Summer Universiade 2015]]]]
The '''long jump''' is a [[track and field]] event in which athletes combine speed, strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a takeoff point. Along with the [[triple jump]], the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the "horizontal jumps". This event has a history in the [[ancient Olympic Games]] and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948.

==Rules==
[[File:Wind indicator in long jump area at TNT - Fortuna Meeting in Kladno 16June2010 118.jpg|thumb|An indicator of wind direction and a device for measuring wind speed (here +2.6 m/s) along a run-up track]]
At the elite level, competitors run down a runway (usually coated with the same [[All-weather running track|rubberized surface]] as running tracks, [[crumb rubber]] or [[vulcanized rubber]], known generally as an [[all-weather track]]) and jump as far as they can from a wooden or synthetic board, 20 centimetres or eight inches wide, that is built flush with the runway, into a pit filled with soft damp sand. If the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot past the foul line, the jump is declared a foul and no distance is recorded. To detect this occurrence, a layer of [[plasticine]] is placed at a 90° angle immediately after the board. An official (similar to a [[referee]]) will also watch the jump and make the determination. In recent times, [[high-speed camera|camera technology]] and [[laser|laser sensors]] have replaced the plasticine at elite competitions (like [[Diamond League]] meetings). The competitor can initiate the jump from any point behind the foul line; however, the distance measured will always be perpendicular from the foul line to the nearest break in the sand caused by any part of the body or uniform. Therefore, it is in the best interest of the competitor to get as close to the foul line as possible. Competitors are allowed to place two marks along the side of the runway in order to assist them to jump accurately. At a lesser meet and facilities, the plasticine will likely not exist, the runway might be a different surface or jumpers may initiate their jump from a painted or taped mark on the runway. At a smaller meet, the number of attempts might also be limited to four or three.

Each competitor has a set number of attempts. That would normally be three trials, with three additional jumps being awarded to the best eight or nine (depending on the number of lanes on the track at that facility, so the event is equatable to track events) competitors. All valid attempts will be recorded but only the best mark counts towards the results. The competitor with the longest valid jump (from either the trial or final rounds) is declared the winner at the end of competition. In the event of an exact tie, then comparing the next best jumps of the tied competitors will be used to determine place. In a large, multi-day elite competition (like the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]] or [[IAAF World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]), a qualification is held in order to select at least twelve finalists. Ties and automatic qualifying distances are potential factors. The qualification usually takes place in two groups, with each competitor having three attempts. In the final, a set of three trial rounds will be held, with the best eight performers advancing to the final rounds (attempts four to six). At the [[2025 World Athletics Championships – Men's long jump|2025 World Championships]], the international athletics governing body [[World Athletics]] added a new procedure. After the three trial round jumps in the final, the top ten received an additional fourth attempt, the subsequent top eight a fifth attempt and the subsequent top six a final sixth attempt.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tokyo 2025 {{!}} Men – Long Jump – Final – Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7190593/AT-LJ-M-f----.RS6.pdf|publisher=[[World Athletics]]|date=17 September 2025|access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tokyo 2025 {{!}} Women – Long Jump – Final – Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7190593/AT-LJ-W-f----.RS6.pdf|publisher=[[World Athletics]]|date=17 September 2025|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref> (For specific rules and regulations in United States Track & Field see Rule 185)<ref name="usatf">{{cite web| url = http://www.usatf.com/about/rules/2006/| title = USATF – 2006 Competition Rules| access-date = 29 October 2006| publisher = USA Track & Field| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2 November 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061102014358/http://www.usatf.com/about/rules/2006/2006USATFRules_Article3.pdf}}:*See Rule 185 in </ref>

For record purposes, the maximum accepted [[wind assistance]] is {{convert|2|m/s|mph|spell=in}}.

===Take-off-zone reform===
[[World Athletics]] considered fundamental rule changes to the long jump. In a test phase that began with the 2025 indoor season, athletes took off from a wider zone instead of the traditional take-off board. This new 40-centimetre take-off zone was introduced by World Athletics to reduce the number of invalid attempts (around 30%) which had become common in recent years. The international athletics governing body was convinced that the new take-off zone would not only improve fairness and excitement for the athletes but also provide a more thrilling experience for the spectators.<ref name="take-off zone">{{cite web|title=The long jump revamp begins with a Take-Off Zone trial in Dusseldorf this weekend|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/long-jump-athletics-rules-history-world-records-olympics-techniques|last=Watta|first=Evelyn|date=5 February 2025|access-date=8 February 2025|website=olympics.com|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee|IOC]]}}</ref>

Traditionally, the jump distance is measured perpendicularly from the foul line to the nearest break in the sand. Under the new trial, the measurement was instead taken from the exact point where the jumper's front foot left the zone.<ref name="take-off zone"/> Consequently, the effective jump distance determined the outcome of the competition.

During the test phase, the jumps were also recorded according to the traditional rules and were therefore eligible for records and top lists.

On 5 December 2025, World Athletics announced that the testing phase had been completed and the reform had been ditched.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Athletics ditches long jump take-off zone reform|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251205-world-athletics-ditches-long-jump-take-off-zone-reform|date=5 December 2025|access-date=25 January 2026|website=france24.com|publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of physical training and fitness}}
[[File:Halteres from ancient Greece.JPG|thumb|[[Halteres (ancient Greece)|Halteres]] used in athletic games in ancient Greece]]
{{Multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width = 300
| image1 = Long jump Ancient Greeece.jpg
| width1 =
| image2 = A competitor in the long jump, Black-figured Tyrrhenian amphora showing athletes and a combat scene, Greek, but made for the Etruscan market, 540 BC, found near Rome, Winning at the ancient Games, British Museum (7675649600).jpg
| width2 =
| footer = A long jump from standing. The jumper on the left performs a distinctive [[Isometric exercise#Isometric presses as preparation for explosive power movements|isometric press]], primarily by applying downward pressure onto his bent rear leg. This acts as a means of preloading the muscles prior to engaging in the jump. The halteres would be swung up and down before taking off on an upswing. The jumper to the right of him is mid-flight and performs a distinctive bending and tucking of his legs in order to increase the distance of the jump. The vase on the right shows a jumper coming in to land.
}}The long jump is the only known jumping event of ancient Greece's original Olympics' pentathlon events. All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare. The long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines.<ref name="AOG_book">{{cite book|last=Swaddling|first=Judith|title=The Ancient Olympic Games|year=1999|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=0292777515|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientolympicga00swad}}</ref> After investigating the surviving depictions of the ancient event it is believed that unlike the modern event, athletes were only allowed a short running start.<ref name="AOG_book" /> The athletes carried a weight in each hand, which were called [[Halteres (ancient Greece)|halteres]] (between 1 and 4.5 kg). These weights were swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase momentum. It was commonly believed that the jumper would throw the weights behind him in midair to increase his forward momentum; however, halteres were held throughout the duration of the jump. Swinging them down and back at the end of the jump would change the athlete's center of gravity and allow the athlete to stretch his legs outward, increasing his distance. The jump itself was made from the ''bater'' ("that which is trod upon"). It was most likely a simple board placed on the stadium track which was removed after the event. The jumpers would land in what was called a ''skamma'' ("dug-up" area). The idea that this was a pit full of sand is wrong. Sand in the jumping pit is a modern invention.<ref name="Stephen G. Miller 2004, p.66">[[#Miller|Miller]], p. 66</ref> The ''skamma'' was simply a temporary area dug up for that occasion and not something that remained over time.

The long jump was considered one of the most difficult of the events held at the Games since a great deal of skill was required. Music was often played during the jump and Philostratus says that pipes at times would accompany the jump so as to provide a rhythm for the complex movements of the halteres by the athlete.<ref name="AOG_book" /> Philostratus is quoted as saying, "The rules regard jumping as the most difficult of the competitions, and they allow the jumper to be given advantages in rhythm by the use of the flute, and in weight by the use of the halter."<ref>[[#Miller|Miller]], p. 67</ref> Most notable in the ancient sport was a man called [[Chionis of Sparta|Chionis]], who in the 656 BC Olympics staged a jump of {{T&Fcalc|7.05}}.<ref name="ancient_origins">{{cite web | url = http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/communities/athletics/athleticsancient.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311052052/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/communities/athletics/athleticsancient.html | archive-date = 11 March 2007 | title = Ancient Origins | access-date = 29 October 2006 | website = The Times/The Sunday Times }}</ref>

There has been some argument by modern scholars over the long jump. Some have attempted to recreate it as a [[triple jump]]. The images provide the only evidence for the action so it is more well received that it was much like today's long jump. The main reason some want to call it a triple jump is the presence of a source that claims there once was a fifty-five ancient foot jump done by a man named Phayllos.<ref>[[#Miller|Miller]], p. 68</ref>

The long jump has been part of modern Olympic competition since the inception of the [[Summer Olympic Games|Games]] in 1896. In 1914, Dr. Harry Eaton Stewart recommended the "running broad jump" as a standardized track and field event for women.<ref name="Tricard">{{cite book | last = Tricard | first = Louise Mead | title = American Women's Track & Field: A History, 1895 Through 1980| date= 1 July 1996 | publisher = McFarland & Company | isbn = 0-7864-0219-9 | pages = 60–61}}</ref> However, it was not until 1948 that the women's long jump was added to the [[Athletics at the Olympics|Olympic athletics programme]].

==Technique==
[[File:Women heptathlon LJ French Athletics Championships 2013 t144221.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.25|An athlete performing the long jump as part of the [[heptathlon]] at the [[2013 French Athletics Championships]] at [[Stade Charléty]] in Paris]]
There are five main components of the long jump: the approach run, the last two strides, takeoff, action in the air, and landing. Speed in the run-up, or approach, and a high leap off the board are the fundamentals of success. Because speed is such an important factor of the approach, it is not surprising that many long jumpers also compete successfully in sprints. Classic examples of this long jump / sprint doubling are performances by [[Carl Lewis]] and [[Heike Drechsler]].

===Approach===
The objective of the approach is to gradually accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at takeoff. The most important factor for the distance travelled by an object is its [[velocity]] at takeoff – both the speed and angle. Elite jumpers usually leave the ground at an angle of 20° or less;<ref>{{cite web|title=Long jump: Know how it works, rules, history and world records|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/long-jump-athletics-rules-history-world-records-olympics-techniques|last=Nag|first=Utathya|date=30 April 2021|access-date=14 June 2022|website=olympics.com|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee|IOC]]|archive-date = 22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522071026/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/long-jump-athletics-rules-history-world-records-olympics-techniques}}</ref> therefore, it is more beneficial for a jumper to focus on the speed component of the jump. The greater the speed at takeoff, the longer the trajectory of the center of mass will be. The importance of takeoff speed is a factor in the success of sprinters in this event.

The length of the approach is usually consistent distance for an athlete. Approaches can vary between 12 and 19 steps on the novice and intermediate levels, while at the elite level they are closer to between 20 and 22 steps. The exact distance and number of steps in an approach depends on the jumper's experience, sprinting technique, and conditioning level. Consistency in the approach is important as it is the competitor's objective to get as close to the front of the takeoff board as possible without crossing the line with any part of the foot.

===Last two steps===
The objective of the last two steps is to prepare the body for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible.

The penultimate step is longer than the previous ones and than the final one before takeoff. The competitor begins to lower his or her center of gravity to prepare the body for the vertical impulse. The last step is shorter because the body is beginning to raise the center of gravity in preparation for takeoff.

The last two steps are extremely important because they determine the velocity at which the competitor will enter the jump.

===Takeoff===
[[File:Long jump takeoff board.jpg|thumb|right|Takeoff board]]
The objective of the takeoff is to create a vertical impulse through the athlete's center of gravity while maintaining balance and control.

This phase is one of the most technical parts of the long jump. Jumpers must be conscious to place the foot flat on the ground, because jumping off either the heels or the toes negatively affects the jump. Taking off from the board heel-first has a braking effect, which decreases velocity and strains the joints. Jumping off the toes decreases stability, putting the leg at risk of buckling or collapsing from underneath the jumper. While concentrating on foot placement, the athlete must also work to maintain proper body position, keeping the torso upright and moving the hips forward and up to achieve the maximum distance from board contact to foot release.

There are four main styles of takeoff: the double-arm style, the kick style, the power sprint or bounding takeoff, and the sprint takeoff.

====Double-arm====
The double-arm style of takeoff works by moving both arms in a vertical direction as the competitor takes off. This produces a high hip height and a large vertical impulse.

====Kick====
The kick style takeoff is where the athlete actively cycles the leg before a full impulse has been directed into the board then landing into the pit. This requires great strength in the hamstrings. This causes the jumper to jump to large distances.

====Power sprint or bounding====
The power sprint takeoff, or bounding takeoff, is one of the more common elite styles. Very similar to the sprint style, the body resembles a sprinter in full stride. However, there is one major difference. The arm that pushes back on takeoff (the arm on the side of the takeoff leg) fully extends backward, rather than remaining at a bent position. This additional extension increases the impulse at takeoff.

====Sprint====
The sprint takeoff is the style most widely instructed by coaching staff. This is a classic single-arm action that resembles a jumper in full stride. It is an efficient takeoff style for maintaining velocity through takeoff.

The "correct" style of takeoff will vary from athlete to athlete.

===Action in the air and landing===
[[File:Carlos Chinin decathlon.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.25|A [[decathlon|decathlete]] landing a jump close to the 8-metre mark]]

There are three major flight techniques for the long jump: the hang, the hitch-kick, and the sail. Each technique is to combat the forward rotation experienced from take-off but is basically down to preference from the athlete. Once the body is airborne, there is nothing that the athlete can do to change the direction they are traveling and consequently where they are going to land in the pit. However, certain techniques influence an athlete's landing, which can affect the distance measured. For example, if an athlete lands feet first but falls back because they are not correctly balanced, a lower distance will be measured.

====Hang====
Following the pivotal takeoff phase, the jumper executes a deliberate maneuver wherein the free leg descends until it aligns directly beneath the hips. This strategic positioning, characterized by an elongated and streamlined body silhouette, is meticulously crafted to minimize rotational forces. By maximizing the distance between both the arm and leg extremities and the hips—the theoretical center of mass—the rotational inertia is significantly increased. Leveraging the principle that longer levers rotate at a slower pace than shorter ones, this configuration facilitates a controlled and stable aerial trajectory.

As the free leg descends to meet the takeoff leg, forming an angle of 180° relative to the ground, a symmetrical alignment is achieved with both knees positioned directly beneath the hips. This alignment marks the apex of stability during the airborne phase, as minimal rotational tendencies are manifested. This aerodynamically advantageous posture, colloquially termed the "180° position", epitomizes the pinnacle of equilibrium, affording the jumper enhanced control and poise amidst the dynamic forces encountered in flight.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Four Phases of the Long Jump: Approach, Takeoff, Flight, & Landing|url=https://www.ncacoach.org/uploads/Goodwin-GI.pdf|publisher=Grand Island Senior High|last=Goodwin|first=Justin|access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref>

====Hitch-kick====
In the realm of athletic performance, particularly in the domain of jumping techniques, a prevalent strategy observed among practitioners involves the utilization of a single-step arm and leg cycle. This technique, ingrained within the repertoire of many athletes, serves a fundamental purpose: to mitigate and alleviate the forward rotation momentum experienced during the jump. Characterized by a deliberate and synchronized motion of the arms and legs, this cycling maneuver is strategically devised to offset the rotational forces generated at the moment of takeoff.

Central to the efficacy of this technique is its capacity to orchestrate secondary [[Rotation|rotations]] of both the upper and lower extremities, thereby fostering a mechanical equilibrium that counterbalances the initial rotational impulses triggered upon liftoff. By implementing this methodological approach, athletes can harness the principles of [[biomechanics]] to optimize their jumping performance, enhancing stability, control, and overall efficiency in their aerial endeavors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jasminan |first1=V. |last2=Chandana |first2=A.W.S. |date=2021 |title=Two dimensional analysis of changes in athlete's center of mass during the long jump flight phase |journal=International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovation |volume=05 |issue=3 |pages=154–158 |doi=10.36037/ijrei.2021.5304 |issn=2456-6934|doi-access=free }}</ref> This nuanced understanding underscores the intricate interplay between physics and human [[Kinetics (physics)|kinetics]], illuminating the sophisticated strategies employed by athletes to excel in their athletic pursuits.

====Sail====
The "sail technique" represents a fundamental long jump approach widely employed by athletes in competitive settings. Following the culmination of the takeoff phase, practitioners swiftly elevate their legs into a configuration aimed at touching the toes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Long Jump Technique and Training|url=https://www.everythingtrackandfield.com/long-jump-technique-and-training|website=everythingtrackandfield.com|last=Giroux|first=Jim|access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> This maneuver serves as an entry-level strategy particularly beneficial for novice jumpers, facilitating an early transition into the landing posture. However, despite its utility in expediting the landing process, this technique fails to mitigate the inherent forward rotational [[momentum]] of the body effectively. Consequently, while advantageous for its simplicity and expedited landing preparation, the sail technique lacks the requisite mechanisms to adequately counteract excessive forward rotation, posing a notable limitation to its effectiveness in optimizing jump performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bouchouras |first1=Georgios |last2=Moscha |first2=Dimitra |last3=Papaiakovou |first3=Georgios |last4=Nikodelis |first4=Thomas |last5=Kollias |first5=Iraklis |date=January 2009 |title=Angular momentum and landing efficiency in the long jump |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/17461390802594243 |journal=European Journal of Sport Science |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=53–59 |doi=10.1080/17461390802594243 |issn=1746-1391|url-access=subscription |access-date=29 April 2024 }}</ref>

====Somersault====
In the 1970s, some jumpers used a forward somersault, including [[Tuariki Delamere]] who used it at the 1974 [[NCAA]] Championships, and who matched the jump of the then Olympic champion [[Randy Williams]]. The somersault jump has potential to produce longer jumps than other techniques because in the flip, no power is lost countering forward momentum, and it reduces wind resistance in the air.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Flip That Led To A Flap |last=Reid |first=Ron |date=29 July 1974 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1974/07/29/616167/the-flip-that-led-to-a-flap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203190409/http://si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1088829/index.htm |archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref> The front flip jump was subsequently banned for fear that it was unsafe.

==Records==
{{See also|Men's long jump world record progression|Women's long jump world record progression}}
[[File:50 años de México 68 - 27.jpg|thumb|[[Bob Beamon]] at a press event at the [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario|Olímpico Universitario]] to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his record jump of 8.90 metres—which became known as the [[Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump|leap of the century]]]]
The men's long jump world record has been held by just four individuals for the majority of time since the [[IAAF]] (now [[World Athletics]]) started to ratify records. The first mark recognized by the IAAF in 1912, the {{T&Fcalc|7.61}} performance by [[Peter O'Connor (athlete)|Peter O'Connor]] in August 1901, stood just short of 20 years (nine years as an IAAF record). After it was broken in 1921, the record changed hands five times until [[Jesse Owens]] set the mark of {{T&Fcalc|8.13}} at the 1935 [[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]] track meet in Ann Arbor, Michigan, a record that was not broken for over 25 years, until 1960 by [[Ralph Boston]]. Boston improved upon it and exchanged records with [[Igor Ter-Ovanesyan]] three times over the next seven years. At the [[1968 Summer Olympics]], [[Bob Beamon]] jumped {{T&Fcalc|8.90}} at an altitude of {{cvt|2292|m|ft}},<ref name="beamon1986">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/02640418608732104|pmid=3586109|year=1986|last=Ward-Smith|first=A. J.|title=Altitude and wind effects on long jump performance with particular reference to the world record established by Bob Beamon|journal=Journal of Sports Sciences|volume=4|issue=2|pages=89–99}}</ref> a record jump not exceeded for almost 23 years, and which remains the second longest [[wind-assisted|wind legal]] jump of all time; it has now stood as the Olympic record for over {{age|1968|10|18}} years. On 30 August 1991, [[Mike Powell (long jumper)|Mike Powell]] of the United States set the current men's world record at the [[1991 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] in [[Tokyo]]. It was in a [[1991 World Championships in Athletics – Men's long jump|dramatic showdown]] against [[Carl Lewis]] who also surpassed Beamon's record that day, but his jump was [[wind-assisted]] (and thus not legal for record purposes). Powell's record of {{T&Fcalc|8.95}} has now stood for over {{age|1991|08|30}} years.

Some jumps over {{T&Fcalc|8.95}} have been officially recorded. Wind-assisted {{T&Fcalc|8.99}} were recorded by Powell at [[Athletics abbreviations#Circumstances and conditions|high altitude]] in [[Sestriere]] in 1992. A potential world record of {{T&Fcalc|8.96}} was recorded by [[Iván Pedroso]] also in Sestriere. Despite a "legal" wind reading, the jump was not validated because videotape revealed a person standing in front of the wind gauge, invalidating the reading (and costing Pedroso a [[Ferrari]] valued at $130,000—the prize for breaking the record at that meet).<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19950804&id=9C9SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CTYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2460,4819264 Pedroso may lose record] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916015009/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19950804&id=9C9SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CTYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2460,4819264 |date=16 September 2018 }}. ''The Victoria Advocate'' (4 August 1995).</ref> As mentioned above, Lewis jumped {{T&Fcalc|8.91}} moments before Powell's record-breaking jump with the wind exceeding the maximum allowed. This jump remains the longest ever not to win an Olympic or World Championship gold medal, or any competition in general.

The women's world record has seen more consistent improvement, though the current record has stood longer than any other long jump world record by men or women. The longest to hold the record prior was by [[Fanny Blankers-Koen]] during [[World War II]], who held it for over 10 years. There have been four occasions when the record was tied and three when it was improved upon twice in the same competition. The current women's world record is held by [[Galina Chistyakova]] of the former Soviet Union who leapt {{T&Fcalc|7.52}} in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] on 11 June 1988, a mark that has now stood for over {{age|1988|06|11}} years.

==Continental records==
*Updated 24 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/jumps/long-jump/all/men |title=Men's Long Jump {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/jumps/long-jump/all/women |title=Women's Long Jump {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2| Area
!scope="colgroup" colspan=3| Men
!scope="colgroup" colspan=3| Women
|-
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Wind (m/s)
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Wind (m/s)
!scope="col"| Athlete
|-
!scope="row"| [[Confederation of African Athletics|Africa]] {{small|(''[[List of African records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|8.65}}''' {{AthAbbr|A}} ||align=center| +1.3 || {{flagathlete|[[Luvo Manyonga]]|RSA}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|7.17}}''' ||align=center| +1.1 || {{flagathlete|[[Ese Brume]]|NGR}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian Athletics Association|Asia]] {{small|(''[[List of Asian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|8.48}}''' ||align=center| +0.6 || {{flagathlete|[[Mohammed Al-Khuwalidi]]|KSA}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|7.01}}''' || align=center| +1.4 || {{flagathlete|[[Weili Yao]]|CHN}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[European Athletic Association|Europe]] {{small|(''[[List of European records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|8.86}}''' {{AthAbbr|A}} ||align=center| +1.9 || {{flagathlete|[[Robert Emmiyan]]|URS}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|7.52}}''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || align=center| +1.4 || {{flagathlete|[[Galina Chistyakova]]|URS}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2| [[North America, Central America and Caribbean Athletic Association|North, Central America and Caribbean]] {{small|(''[[List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics|records]]'')}}
|rowspan=2| '''{{T&Fcalc|8.95}}''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' ||rowspan=2 align=center| +0.3 || rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Mike Powell (long jumper)|Mike Powell]]|USA}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|7.49}}''' ||align=center| +1.3 ||rowspan=2| {{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|-
| '''{{T&Fcalc|7.49}}''' {{AthAbbr|A}} ||align=center| +1.7
|-
!scope="row"| [[Oceania Athletics Association|Oceania]] {{small|(''[[List of Oceanian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|8.54}}''' ||align=center| +1.7 || {{flagathlete|[[Mitchell Watt]]|AUS}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|7.13}}''' ||align=center| +1.8 || {{flagathlete|[[Brooke Stratton|Brooke Buschkuehl]]|AUS}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[CONSUDATLE|South America]] {{small|(''[[List of South American records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|8.73}}''' ||align=center| +1.2 || {{flagathlete|[[Irving Saladino]]|PAN}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|7.26}}''' {{AthAbbr|A}} ||align=center| +1.8 || {{flagathlete|[[Maurren Maggi]]|BRA}}
|}

==All-time top 25==
===Men===
*{{As of|2024|June}}<ref name=AlltimeM>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/jumps/long-jump/all/men/senior |title=Long Jump – men – senior – all |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Wind (m/s) !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|1 || align="center"|1 || {{T&Fcalc|8.95}} || align="center" |+0.3 || {{Sortname|Mike|Powell|Mike Powell (long jumper)}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|30 August 1991 || [[Tokyo]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|2 || align="center"|2 || {{T&Fcalc|8.90}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center" |+2.0 || {{Sortname|Bob|Beamon}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|18 October 1968 || [[Mexico City]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|3 || align="center"|3 || {{T&Fcalc|8.87}} || align="center" |−0.2 || {{Sortname|Carl|Lewis}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|30 August 1991 || [[Tokyo]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|4 || align="center"|4 || {{T&Fcalc|8.86}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center" |+1.9 || {{Sortname|Robert|Emmiyan}} || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || align="right"|22 May 1987 || [[Tsaghkadzor]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5| || align="center"|5 || {{T&Fcalc|8.84}} || align="center" |+1.7 || {{Sort|Lewis, Carl|''Lewis #2''}} || rowspan=5| || align="right"|30 August 1991 || [[Tokyo]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center"|6 || {{T&Fcalc|8.79}} || align="center" |+1.9 || {{Sort|Lewis, Carl|''Lewis #3''}} || align="right"|19 June 1983 || [[Indianapolis]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.79}} {{athAbbr|i}} || || {{Sort|Lewis, Carl|''Lewis #4''}} || align="right"|27 January 1984 || [[New York City]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center"|8 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|8.76}} || align="center" |+1.0 || {{Sort|Lewis, Carl|''Lewis #5''}} || align="right"|24 July 1982 || [[Indianapolis]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +0.8 || {{Sort|Lewis, Carl|''Lewis #6''}} || align="right"|18 July 1988 || [[Indianapolis]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| rowspan=3 align="center"|5 || rowspan=3 align="center"|10 || {{T&Fcalc|8.74}} || align="center" |+1.4 || {{Sortname|Larry|Myricks}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|18 July 1988 || [[Indianapolis]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| {{T&Fcalc|8.74}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center" |+2.0 || {{Sortname|Erick|Walder}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|2 April 1994 || [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| {{T&Fcalc|8.74}} || align="center" |−1.2 || {{Sortname|Dwight|Phillips}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|7 June 2009 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|8 || align="center"|13 || {{T&Fcalc|8.73}} || align="center" |+1.2 || {{Sortname|Irving|Saladino}} || {{flagu|Panama}} || align="right"|24 May 2008 || [[Hengelo]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3| || align="center"|14 || {{T&Fcalc|8.72}} || align="center" |−0.2 || {{Sort|Lewis, Carl|''Lewis #7''}} || rowspan=3| || align="right"|26 September 1988 || [[Seoul]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center"|15 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|8.71}} || align="center" |−0.4 || {{Sort|Lewis, Carl|''Lewis #8''}} || align="right"|13 May 1984 || [[Westwood, California|Westwood]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +0.1 || {{Sort|Lewis, Carl|''Lewis #9''}} || align="right"|19 June 1984 || [[Los Angeles]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| rowspan=2 align="center"|9 || rowspan=2 align="center"|15 || {{T&Fcalc|8.71}} || align="center" |+1.9 || {{Sortname|Iván|Pedroso}} || {{flagu|Cuba}} || align="right"|18 July 1995 || [[Salamanca]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| {{T&Fcalc|8.71}} {{athAbbr|i}} || || {{Sortname|Sebastian|Bayer}} || {{flagu|Germany}} || align="right"|8 March 2009 || [[Turin]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3| || rowspan=3 align="center"|19 || rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|8.70}} || align="center" |+0.9 || {{Sort|Myricks, Larry|''Myricks #2''}} || rowspan=3| || align="right"|17 June 1989 || [[Houston]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +0.7 || {{Sort|Powell, Mike|''Powell #2''}} || align="right"|27 July 1993 || [[Salamanca]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +1.6 || {{Sort|Pedroso, Iván|''Pedroso #2''}} || align="right"|12 August 1995 || [[Gothenburg]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|11 || align="center"|22 || {{T&Fcalc|8.69}} || align="center" |+0.5 || {{Sortname|Tajay|Gayle}} || {{flagu|Jamaica}} || align="right"|28 September 2019 || [[Doha]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2| || rowspan=2 align="center"|23 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|8.68}} || align="center" |+1.0 || {{Sort|Lewis, Carl|''Lewis #10''}} || rowspan=2| || align="right"|5 August 1992 || [[Barcelona]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +1.6 || {{Sort|Pedroso, Iván|''Pedroso #3''}} || align="right"|17 June 1995 || [[Lisbon]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|12 || align="center"|23 || {{T&Fcalc|8.68}} || align="center" |+1.7 || {{Sortname|Juan Miguel|Echevarría}} || {{flagu|Cuba}} || align="right"|30 June 2018 || [[Bad Langensalza]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Echevarria extends long jump world lead to 8.68m in Bad Langensalza|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/bad-langensalza-echevarria-2018|publisher=[[IAAF]]|last=Mulkeen|first=Jon|date=30 June 2018|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930161445/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/bad-langensalza-echevarria-2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|13 || rowspan=13| || {{T&Fcalc|8.66}} || align="center" |+1.6 || {{Sortname|Louis|Tsatoumas}} || {{flagu|Greece}} || align="right"|2 June 2007 || [[Kalamata]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=2 align="center"|14 || {{T&Fcalc|8.65}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center" |+1.3 || {{Sortname|Luvo|Manyonga}} || {{flagu|South Africa}} || align="right"|22 April 2017 || [[Potchefstroom]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| {{T&Fcalc|8.65}} || align="center"|−0.3 || {{Sortname|Miltiadis|Tentoglou}} || {{flagu|Greece}} || align="right"|8 June 2024 || [[Rome]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=European Athletics Championships {{!}} Results {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7158244?eventId=10229617|website=worldathletics.org|publisher=[[World Athletics]]|access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|16 || {{T&Fcalc|8.63}} || align="center" |+0.5 || {{Sortname|Kareem|Streete-Thompson}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|4 July 1994 || [[Linz]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|17 || {{T&Fcalc|8.62}} || align="center" |+0.7 || {{Sortname|James|Beckford|James Beckford (athlete)}} || {{flagu|Jamaica}} || align="right"|5 April 1997 || [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|18 || {{T&Fcalc|8.59}} {{athAbbr|i}} || || {{Sortname|Miguel|Pate}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|1 March 2002 || [[New York City]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|19 || {{T&Fcalc|8.58}} || align="center" |+1.8 || {{Sortname|Jarrion|Lawson}}|| {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|3 July 2016 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Six world leads on third day of US Olympic Trials|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/us-olympic-trials-2016-felix-gatlin-henderson|publisher=[[IAAF]]|last=Jordan|first=Roy|date=4 July 2016|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-date=5 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705172102/http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/us-olympic-trials-2016-felix-gatlin-henderson|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=2 align="center"|20 || {{T&Fcalc|8.56}} {{athAbbr|i}} || || {{Sortname|Yago|Lamela}} || {{flagu|Spain}} || align="right"|7 March 1999 || [[Maebashi]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| {{T&Fcalc|8.56}} || align="center" | +0.2 || {{Sortname|Aleksandr|Menkov}} || {{flagu|Russia}} || align="right"|16 August 2013 || [[Moscow]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=3 align="center"|22 || rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|8.54}} || align="center" |+0.9 || {{Sortname|Lutz|Dombrowski}} || {{flagu|East Germany}} || align="right"|28 July 1980 || [[Moscow]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" | +1.7 || {{Sortname|Mitchell|Watt}} || {{flagu|Australia}} || align="right"|29 July 2011 || [[Stockholm]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" | +1.2 || {{Sortname|Wayne|Pinnock}} || {{flagu|Jamaica}} || align="right"|23 August 2023 || [[Budapest]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Budapest 2023 {{!}} Men – Long Jump – Qualification – Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138987/AT-LJ-M-q----.RS4.pdf|publisher=[[World Athletics]]|date=23 August 2023|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824085250/https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138987/AT-LJ-M-q----.RS4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|25 || {{T&Fcalc|8.53}} || align="center" |+1.2 || {{Sortname|Jaime|Jefferson}}|| {{flagu|Cuba}} || align="right"|12 May 1990 || [[Havana]] ||
|}

====Key====
Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 '''distances''' and the top 25 '''athletes''':

{{legend2|#f6F5CE|Light Yellow: ''denotes top performance for '''athletes''' in the top 25 '''distances'''''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#FFFFFF|White: ''denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 '''distances''', by repeat athletes''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Green: ''denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 '''athletes''' who fall outside the top 25 distances''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

====Para marks====
Performances by disabled athletes that would qualify for the all-time top 25:
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!Class
!Mark
!Wind (m/s)
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!{{refh}}
|-
| align="center"|[[T61-64 (classification)|T64]] || {{T&Fcalc|8.72}} || align="center"|+1.6 || {{flagathlete|[[Markus Rehm]]|GER}} || 25 June 2023 || [[Rhede]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leichtathletik.de/aktuelles/news/news-detail/78163-markus-rehm-verbessert-para-weltrekord-auf-872-meter|date=26 June 2023|title=Markus Rehm verbessert Para-Weltrekord auf 8,72 Meter|website=www.leichtathletik.de {{!}} Das Leichtathletik-Portal|last=Sapper|first=Svenja|language=de|access-date=20 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220165317/https://www.leichtathletik.de/aktuelles/news/news-detail/78163-markus-rehm-verbessert-para-weltrekord-auf-872-meter|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

====Assisted marks====
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of [[wind-assisted]] jumps (equal or superior to 8.53 m). Only the best assisted mark that is superior to the legal best is shown:
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!Mark
!Wind (m/s)
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.99}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center"|+4.4 || {{flagathlete|[[Mike Powell (long jumper)|Mike Powell]]|USA}} || align="right"|21 July 1992 || [[Sestriere]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.92}} || align="center"|+3.3 || {{flagathlete|[[Juan Miguel Echevarría]]|CUB}} || align="right"|10 March 2019 || [[Havana]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.91}} || align="center"|+2.9 || {{flagathlete|[[Carl Lewis]]|USA}} || align="right"|30 August 1991 || [[Tokyo]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.79}} || align="center"|+3.0 || {{flagathlete|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}} || align="right"|21 May 1992 || [[Havana]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.78}} || align="center"|+3.1 || {{flagathlete|[[Fabrice Lapierre]]|AUS}} || align="right"|18 April 2010 || [[Perth]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|8.68}} || align="center"|+4.9 || {{flagathlete|[[James Beckford (athlete)|James Beckford]]|JAM}} || align="right"|19 May 1995 || [[Odessa, Texas|Odessa]] ||
|-
| align="center"|+3.7 || {{flagathlete|[[Marquis Dendy]]|USA}} || align="right"|25 June 2015 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.66}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center"|+4.0 || {{flagathlete|[[Joe Greene (long jumper)|Joe Greene]]|USA}} || align="right"|21 July 1992 || [[Sestriere]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.64}} || align="center"|+3.5 || {{flagathlete|[[Kareem Streete-Thompson]]|CAY}} || align="right"|18 June 1994 || [[Knoxville]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.63}} || align="center"|+3.9 || {{flagathlete|[[Mike Conley, Sr.|Mike Conley]]|USA}} || align="right"|20 June 1986 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.59}} || align="center"|+2.9 || {{flagathlete|[[Jeff Henderson (athlete)|Jeff Henderson]]|USA}} || align="right"|3 July 2016 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.57}} || align="center"|+5.2 || {{flagathlete|[[Jason Grimes]]|USA}} || align="right"|27 June 1982 || [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|8.53}} || align="center"|+4.9 || {{flagathlete|[[Kevin Dilworth]]|USA}} || align="right"|27 April 2002|| [[Fort-de-France]] ||
|}

===Women===
*{{As of|2024|February}}<ref name=AlltimeW>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/jumps/long-jump/all/women/senior |title=Long Jump – women – senior – all |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Wind (m/s) !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|1 || align="center"|1 || {{T&Fcalc|7.52}} || align="center" |+1.4 || {{Sortname|Galina|Chistyakova}} || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || align="right"|11 June 1988 || [[Leningrad]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|2 || align="center"|2 || {{T&Fcalc|7.49}} || align="center" |+1.3 || {{Sortname|Jackie|Joyner-Kersee}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|22 May 1994 || [[New York City]] ||
|-
| || align="center"|2 || {{T&Fcalc|7.49}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center" |+1.7 || {{Sort|Joyner-Kersee, Jackie|''Joyner-Kersee #2''}} || || align="right"|31 July 1994 || [[Sestriere]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|3 || align="center"|4 || {{T&Fcalc|7.48}} || align="center" |+1.2 || {{Sortname|Heike|Drechsler}} || {{flagu|East Germany}} || align="right"|9 July 1988 || [[Neubrandenburg]] ||
|-
| rowspan=7| || align="center"|4 || {{T&Fcalc|7.48}} || align="center" |+0.4 || {{Sort|Drechsler, Heike|''Drechsler #2''}} || rowspan=7| || align="right"|8 July 1992 || [[Lausanne]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5 align="center"|6 || rowspan=5|{{T&Fcalc|7.45}} || align="center" |+0.9 || {{Sort|Drechsler, Heike|''Drechsler #3''}} || align="right"|21 June 1986 || [[Tallinn]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +1.1 || {{Sort|Drechsler, Heike|''Drechsler #4''}} || align="right"|3 July 1986 || [[Dresden]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +0.6 || {{Sort|Joyner-Kersee, Jackie|''Joyner-Kersee #3''}} || align="right"|13 August 1987 || [[Indianapolis]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +1.0 || {{Sort|Chistyakova, Galina|''Chistyakova #2''}} || align="right"|11 June 1988 || [[Leningrad]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +1.6 || {{Sort|Chistyakova, Galina|''Chistyakova #3''}} || align="right"|12 August 1988 || [[Budapest]] ||
|-
| align="center"|11 || {{T&Fcalc|7.44}} || align="center" |+2.0 || {{Sort|Drechsler, Heike|''Drechsler #5''}} || align="right"|22 September 1985 || [[Berlin]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|4 || align="center"|12 || {{T&Fcalc|7.43}} || align="center" |+1.4 || {{Sortname|Anişoara|Cuşmir|Anişoara Cuşmir-Stanciu}} || {{flagu|Romania|1965}} || align="right"|4 June 1983 || [[Bucharest]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|5 || align="center"|13 || {{T&Fcalc|7.42}} || align="center" |+2.0 || {{Sortname|Tatyana|Kotova}} || {{flagu|Russia}} || align="right"|23 June 2002 || [[Annecy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4| || rowspan=3 align="center"|14 || rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|7.40}} || align="center" |+1.8 || {{Sort|Drechsler, Heike|''Drechsler #6''}} || rowspan=4| || align="right"|26 July 1984 || [[Dresden]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +0.7 || {{Sort|Drechsler, Heike|''Drechsler #7''}} || align="right"|21 August 1987 || [[Potsdam]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +0.9 || {{Sort|Joyner-Kersee, Jackie|''Joyner-Kersee #4''}} || align="right"|29 September 1988 || [[Seoul]] ||
|-
| align="center"|17 || {{T&Fcalc|7.39}} || align="center" |+0.3 || {{Sort|Drechsler, Heike|''Drechsler #8''}} ||align="right"|21 August 1985 || [[Zurich]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|6 || align="center"|17 || {{T&Fcalc|7.39}} || align="center" |+0.5 || {{Sortname|Yelena|Belevskaya}} || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || align="right"|18 July 1987 || [[Bryansk]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3| || align="center"|17 || {{T&Fcalc|7.39}} || || {{Sort|Joyner-Kersee, Jackie|''Joyner-Kersee #5''}} || rowspan=3| || align="right"|25 June 1988 || [[San Diego]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center"|20 || {{T&Fcalc|7.37}} {{athAbbr|i}} || || {{Sort|Drechsler, Heike|''Drechsler #9''}} || align="right"|13 February 1988 || [[Vienna]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|7.37}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center" |+1.8 || {{Sort|Drechsler, Heike|''Drechsler #10''}} || align="right"|31 July 1991 || [[Sestriere]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center"|7 || align="center"|20 || {{T&Fcalc|7.37}} || || {{Sortname|Inessa|Kravets}} || {{flagu|Ukraine}} || align="right"|13 June 1992 || [[Kyiv]] ||
|-
|rowspan=3| || rowspan=3 align="center"|23 || rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|7.36}} || align="center" |+0.4 || {{Sort|Joyner-Kersee, Jackie|''Joyner-Kersee #6''}} || rowspan=3| || align="right"|4 September 1987 || [[Rome]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +1.8 || {{Sort|Belevskaya, Yelena|''Belevskaya #2''}} || align="right"|11 June 1988 || [[Leningrad]] ||
|-
| align="center" | +1.8 || {{Sort|Drechsler, Heike|''Drechsler #11''}} || align="right"|28 May 1992 || [[Jena]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|8 || rowspan=19| || {{T&Fcalc|7.33}} || align="center" |+0.4 || {{Sortname|Tatyana|Lebedeva}} || {{flagu|Russia}} || align="right"|31 July 2004 || [[Tula, Russia|Tula]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=3 align="center"|9 || rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|7.31}} || align="center" |+1.5 || {{Sortname|Olena|Khlopotnova}} || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || align="right"|12 September 1985 || [[Almaty|Alma Ata]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" | +1.9 || {{Sortname|Marion|Jones}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|31 May 1998 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" | +1.7 || {{Sortname|Brittney|Reese}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|2 July 2016 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Reese's big leap highlights early action at US Olympic Trials|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/us-olympic-trials-2016-reese|publisher=[[IAAF]]|last=Jordan|first=Roy|date=3 July 2016|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008125035/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/us-olympic-trials-2016-reese|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|12 || {{T&Fcalc|7.30}} || align="center" |−0.8 || {{Sortname|Malaika|Mihambo}} || {{flagu|Germany}} || align="right"|6 October 2019 || [[Doha]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Doha 2019 {{!}} Women – Long Jump – Final – Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-LJ-W-f----.RS6.pdf?v=-1461356668|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=6 October 2019|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207151426/https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-LJ-W-f----.RS6.pdf?v=-1461356668|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|13 || {{T&Fcalc|7.27}} || align="center" |−0.4 || {{Sortname|Irina|Simagina|Irina Meleshina}} || {{flagu|Russia}} || align="right"|31 July 2004 || [[Tula, Russia|Tula]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|14 || {{T&Fcalc|7.26}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center" |+1.8 || {{Sortname|Maurren|Maggi}} || {{flagu|Brazil}} || align="right"|25 June 1999 || [[Bogotá]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=2 align="center"|15 || {{T&Fcalc|7.24}} || align="center" |+1.0 || {{Sortname|Larysa|Berezhna}} || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || align="right"|25 May 1991 || [[Granada]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| {{T&Fcalc|7.24}} {{athAbbr|i}} || || {{Sortname|Ivana|Španović}} || {{flagu|Serbia}} || align="right"|5 March 2017 || [[Belgrade]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=2 align="center"|17 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|7.21}} || align="center" |+1.6 || {{Sortname|Helga|Radtke}} || {{flagu|East Germany}} || align="right"|26 July 1984 || [[Dresden]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" | +1.9 || {{Sortname|Lyudmila|Kolchanova}} || {{flagu|Russia}} || align="right"|27 May 2007 || [[Sochi]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=4 align="center"|19 || rowspan=4|{{T&Fcalc|7.20}} || align="center" |−0.3 || {{Sortname|Vali|Ionescu}} || {{flagu|Romania|1965}} || align="right"|1 August 1982 || [[Bucharest]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" | +2.0 || {{Sortname|Irena|Oženko}} || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || align="right"|12 September 1986 || [[Budapest]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" | +0.8 || {{Sortname|Yelena|Sinchukova}} || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || align="right"|20 June 1991 || [[Budapest]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" | +0.7 || {{Sortname|Irina|Mushailova}} || {{flagu|Russia}} || align="right"|14 July 1994 || [[Saint Petersburg]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center"|23 || {{T&Fcalc|7.18}} {{athAbbr|i}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || || {{Sortname|Tara|Davis-Woodhall}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|16 February 2024 || [[Albuquerque]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=World 60m hurdles records for Holloway and Jones in Albuquerque|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/grant-holloway-tia-jones-world-60m-hurdles-records-albuquerque|website=worldathletics.org|publisher=[[World Athletics]]|last=Greif|first=Andrew|date=17 February 2024|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224090912/https://worldathletics.org/news/report/grant-holloway-tia-jones-world-60m-hurdles-records-albuquerque|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=3 align="center"|24 || rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|7.17}} || align="center" |+1.8 || {{Sortname|Irina|Valyukevich}} || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || align="right"|18 July 1987 || [[Bryansk]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" | +0.6 || {{Sortname|Tianna|Bartoletta}} || {{flagu|United States}} || align="right"|17 August 2016 || [[Rio de Janeiro]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Rio 2016 {{!}} Women – Long Jump – Final – Results|url=https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATW061101_Results_2016_08_17_7e3a866b_f263_4c6c_aac5_aade94a0bd85.pdf|work=Rio 2016 official website|date=17 August 2016|access-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920171334/https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATW061101_Results_2016_08_17_7e3a866b_f263_4c6c_aac5_aade94a0bd85.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align="center" | +1.1 || {{Sortname|Ese|Brume}} || {{flagu|Nigeria}} || align="right"|29 May 2021 || [[Chula Vista, California|Chula Vista]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Brume and Malone break records in Chula Vista|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/chula-vista-field-festival-2021|website=worldathletics.org|publisher=[[World Athletics]]|last=Mulkeen|first=Jon|date=30 May 2021|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622102105/https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/chula-vista-field-festival-2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

====Key====
Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 '''distances''' and the top 25 '''athletes''':

{{legend2|#f6F5CE|Light Yellow: ''denotes top performance for '''athletes''' in the top 25 '''distances'''''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#FFFFFF|White: ''denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 '''distances''', by repeat athletes''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Green: ''denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 '''athletes''' who fall outside the top 25 distances''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

====Assisted marks====
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of [[wind-assisted]] jumps (equal or superior to 7.17 m). Only the best assisted mark that is superior to the legal best is shown:
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!Mark
!Wind (m/s)
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|7.63}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center"|+2.1 || {{flagathlete|[[Heike Drechsler]]|GER}} || align="right"|21 July 1992 || [[Sestriere]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|7.27}} || align="center"|+2.7 || {{flagathlete|[[Yulimar Rojas]]|VEN}} || align="right"|13 June 2021 || [[La Nucia]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|7.24}} || align="center"|+2.8 || {{flagathlete|[[Tara Davis-Woodhall|Tara Davis]]|USA}} || align="right"|9 July 2022 || [[Chula Vista]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|7.23}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center"|+4.3 || {{flagathlete|[[Fiona May]]|ITA}} || align="right"|29 July 1995 || [[Sestriere]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|7.22}} || align="center"|+4.3 || {{flagathlete|[[Anastassia Mirochuk-Ivanova]]|BLR}} || align="right"|6 July 2012 || [[Grodno]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|7.19}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || align="center"|+3.7 || {{flagathlete|[[Susen Tiedtke]]|GER}} || align="right"|28 July 1993 || [[Sestriere]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|7.17}} || align="center"|+3.6 || {{flagathlete|[[Eva Murková]]|TCH}} || align="right"|26 August 1984 || [[Nitra]] ||
|}

==Olympic medalists==
===Men===
{{Olympic medalists in men's long jump}}

===Women===
{{Olympic medalists in women's long jump}}

==World Championship medalists==
===Men===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in men's long jump}}

===Women===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's long jump}}

==World Indoor Championship medalists==
===Men===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Championships|width=250|labelwidth=200|columns=2}}
|-
|[[1985 IAAF World Indoor Games|1985 Paris]]{{ref label|WIG|A}} {{DetailsLink|1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Jan Leitner]]|TCH}}||7.96 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Gyula Pálóczi]]|HUN}}||7.94 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Giovanni Evangelisti]]|ITA}}||7.88 m
|-
|[[1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1987 Indianapolis]] {{DetailsLink|1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Larry Myricks]]|USA}}||8.23 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Paul Emordi]]|NGR}}||8.01 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Giovanni Evangelisti]]|ITA}}||8.01 m
|-
|[[1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1989 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Larry Myricks]]|USA}}||8.37 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Dietmar Haaf]]|FRG}}||8.17 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Mike Conley Sr.|Mike Conley]]|USA}}||8.11 m
|-
|[[1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1991 Seville]] {{DetailsLink|1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Dietmar Haaf]]|GER}}||8.15 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Jaime Jefferson]]|CUB}}||8.04 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Giovanni Evangelisti]]|ITA}}||7.93 m
|-
|[[1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1993 Toronto]] {{DetailsLink|1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}}||8.23 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Joe Greene (long jumper)|Joe Greene]]|USA}}||8.13 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Jaime Jefferson]]|CUB}}||7.98 m
|-
|[[1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1995 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}}||8.51 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Mattias Sunneborn]]|SWE}}||8.20 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Erick Walder]]|USA}}||8.14 m
|-
|[[1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1997 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}}||8.51 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Kirill Sosunov]]|RUS}}||8.41 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Joe Greene (athlete)|Joe Greene]]|USA}}||8.41 m
|-
|[[1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1999 Maebashi]] {{DetailsLink|1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}}||8.62 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Yago Lamela]]|ESP}}||8.56 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Erick Walder]]|USA}}||8.30 m
|-
|[[2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2001 Lisbon]] {{DetailsLink|2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}}||8.43 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Kareem Streete-Thompson]]|CAY}}||8.16 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Carlos Calado]]|POR}}||8.16 m
|-
|[[2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2003 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Dwight Phillips]]|USA}}||8.29 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Yago Lamela]]|ESP}}||8.28 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Miguel Pate]]|USA}}||8.21 m
|-
|[[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2004 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Savanté Stringfellow]]|USA}}||8.40 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[James Beckford (athlete)|James Beckford]]|JAM}}||8.31 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Vitaliy Shkurlatov]]|RUS}}||8.28 m
|-
|[[2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2006 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Ignisious Gaisah]]|GHA}}||8.30 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Irving Saladino]]|PAN}}||8.29 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Andrew Howe]]|ITA}}||8.19 m
|-
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2008 Valencia]] {{DetailsLink|2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Godfrey Khotso Mokoena]]|RSA}}||8.08 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Chris Tomlinson]]|GBR}}||8.06 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Mohammed Al-Khuwalidi]]|KSA}}||8.01 m
|-
|[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2010 Doha]] {{DetailsLink|2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Fabrice Lapierre]]|AUS}}||8.17 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Godfrey Khotso Mokoena]]|RSA}}||8.08 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Mitchell Watt]]|AUS}}||8.05 m
|-
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2012 Istanbul]] {{DetailsLink|2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Mauro Vinícius da Silva]]|BRA}}||8.23 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Henry Frayne (athlete)|Henry Frayne]]|AUS}}||8.23 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Aleksandr Menkov]]|RUS}}||8.22 m
|-
|[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2014 Sopot]] {{DetailsLink|2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Mauro Vinícius da Silva]]|BRA}}||8.28 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Li Jinzhe]]|CHN}}||8.23 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Michel Tornéus]]|SWE}}||8.21 m
|-
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2016 Portland]] {{DetailsLink|2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Marquis Dendy]]|USA}}||8.26 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Fabrice Lapierre]]|AUS}}||8.25 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Huang Changzhou]]|CHN}}||8.21 m
|-
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2018 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Juan Miguel Echevarría]]|CUB}}||8.46 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Luvo Manyonga]]|RSA}}||8.44 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Marquis Dendy]]|USA}}||8.42 m
|-
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2022 Belgrade]] {{DetailsLink|2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Miltiadis Tentoglou]]|GRE}}||8.55 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Thobias Montler]]|SWE}}||8.38 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Marquis Dendy]]|USA}}||8.27 m
|-
|[[2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2024 Glasgow]] {{DetailsLink|2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Miltiadis Tentoglou]]|GRE}}||8.22 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Mattia Furlani]]|ITA}}||8.22 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Carey McLeod]]|JAM}}||8.21 m
|-
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2025 Nanjing]] {{DetailsLink|2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Mattia Furlani]]|ITA}}||8.30 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Wayne Pinnock]]|JAM}}||8.29 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Liam Adcock]]|AUS}}||8.28 m
|-
|[[2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2026 Toruń]] {{DetailsLink|2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Gerson Baldé]]|POR}}||8.46 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Mattia Furlani]]|ITA}}||8.39 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Bozhidar Sarâboyukov]]|BUL}}||8.31 m
|}

====Medal table====
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| flag_template =
| event =
| team =
| gold_CUB = 6 | silver_CUB = 1 | bronze_CUB = 1
| gold_USA = 5 | silver_USA = 1 | bronze_USA = 7
| gold_BRA = 2 | silver_BRA = 0 | bronze_BRA = 0
| gold_GRE = 2 | silver_GRE = 0 | bronze_GRE = 0
| gold_ITA = 1 | silver_ITA = 2 | bronze_ITA = 4
| gold_AUS = 1 | silver_AUS = 2 | bronze_AUS = 2
| gold_RSA = 1 | silver_RSA = 2 | bronze_RSA = 0
| gold_GER = 1 | silver_GER = 1 | bronze_GER = 0
| gold_POR = 1 | silver_POR = 0 | bronze_POR = 1
| gold_TCH = 1 | silver_TCH = 0 | bronze_TCH = 0
| gold_GHA = 1 | silver_GHA = 0 | bronze_GHA = 0
| gold_SWE = 0 | silver_SWE = 2 | bronze_SWE = 1
| gold_ESP = 0 | silver_ESP = 2 | bronze_ESP = 0
| gold_RUS = 0 | silver_RUS = 1 | bronze_RUS = 2
| gold_CHN = 0 | silver_CHN = 1 | bronze_CHN = 1
| gold_JAM = 0 | silver_JAM = 2 | bronze_JAM = 1
| gold_HUN = 0 | silver_HUN = 1 | bronze_HUN = 0
| gold_NGR = 0 | silver_NGR = 1 | bronze_NGR = 0
| gold_CAY = 0 | silver_CAY = 1 | bronze_CAY = 0
| gold_PAN = 0 | silver_PAN = 1 | bronze_PAN = 0
| gold_GBR = 0 | silver_GBR = 1 | bronze_GBR = 0
| gold_KSA = 0 | silver_KSA = 0 | bronze_KSA = 1
| gold_BUL = 0 | silver_BUL = 0 | bronze_BUL = 1
}}

===Women===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Championships|width=250|labelwidth=200|columns=2}}
|-
|[[1985 IAAF World Indoor Games|1985 Paris]]{{ref label|WIG|A}} {{DetailsLink|1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Helga Radtke]]|GDR}}||6.88 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Tatyana Rodionova (long jumper)|Tatyana Rodionova]]|URS}}||6.72 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Nijolė Medvedeva]]|URS}}||6.44 m
|-
|[[1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1987 Indianapolis]] {{DetailsLink|1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Heike Drechsler]]|GDR}}||7.10 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Helga Radtke]]|GDR}}||6.94 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Yelena Belevskaya]]|URS}}||6.76 m
|-
|[[1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1989 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Galina Chistyakova]]|URS}}||6.98 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Marieta Ilcu]]|ROU|1965}}||6.86 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Larysa Berezhna]]|URS}}||6.82 m
|-
|[[1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1991 Seville]] {{DetailsLink|1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Larysa Berezhna]]|URS}}||6.84 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Heike Drechsler]]|GER}}||6.82 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Marieta Ilcu]]|ROU}}||6.74 m
|-
|[[1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1993 Toronto]] {{DetailsLink|1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Marieta Ilcu]]|ROU}}||6.84 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Susen Tiedtke]]|GER}}||6.84 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Inessa Kravets]]|UKR}}||6.77 m
|-
|[[1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1995 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Lyudmila Galkina]]|RUS}}||6.95 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Irina Mushailova]]|RUS}}||6.90 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Susen Tiedtke|Susen Tiedtke-Greene]]|GER}}||6.90 m
|-
|[[1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1997 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Fiona May]]|ITA}}||6.86 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Chioma Ajunwa]]|NGR}}||6.80 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Agata Karczmarek]]|POL}}||6.71 m
|-
|[[1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1999 Maebashi]] {{DetailsLink|1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Tatyana Kotova]]|RUS}}||6.86 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Shana Williams]]|USA}}||6.82 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Iva Prandzheva]]|BUL}}||6.78 m
|-
|[[2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2001 Lisbon]] {{DetailsLink|2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Dawn Burrell]]|USA}}||7.03 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Tatyana Kotova]]|RUS}}||6.98 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Niurka Montalvo]]|ESP}}||6.88 m
|-
|[[2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2003 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Tatyana Kotova]]|RUS}}||6.84 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Inessa Kravets]]|UKR}}||6.72 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Maurren Maggi]]|BRA}}||6.70 m
|-
|[[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2004 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Tatyana Lebedeva]]|RUS}}||6.98 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Tatyana Kotova]]|RUS}}||6.93 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Carolina Klüft]]|SWE}}||6.92 m
|-
|[[2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2006 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Tianna Bartoletta|Tianna Madison]]|USA}}||6.80 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Naide Gomes]]|POR}}||6.76 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Concepción Montaner]]|ESP}}||6.76 m
|-
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2008 Valencia]] {{DetailsLink|2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Naide Gomes]]|POR}}||7.00 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Maurren Maggi]]|BRA}}||6.89 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Irina Meleshina|Irina Simagina]]|RUS}}||6.88 m
|-
|[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2010 Doha]] {{DetailsLink|2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Brittney Reese]]|USA}}||6.70 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Naide Gomes]]|POR}}||6.67 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Keila Costa]]|BRA}}||6.63 m
|-
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2012 Istanbul]] {{DetailsLink|2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Brittney Reese]]|USA}}||7.23 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Janay DeLoach Soukup|Janay DeLoach]]|USA}}||6.98 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Shara Proctor]]|GBR}}||6.89 m
|-
|[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2014 Sopot]] {{DetailsLink|2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Éloyse Lesueur]]|FRA}}||6.85 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Katarina Johnson-Thompson]]|GBR}}||6.81 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Ivana Španović]]|SRB}}||6.77 m
|-
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2016 Portland]] {{DetailsLink|2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Brittney Reese]]|USA}}||7.22 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Ivana Španović]]|SRB}}||7.07 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Lorraine Ugen]]|GBR}}||6.93 m
|-
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2018 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Ivana Španović]]|SRB}}||6.96 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Brittney Reese]]|USA}}||6.89 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Sosthene Moguenara]]|GER}}||6.85 m
|-
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2022 Belgrade]] {{DetailsLink|2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Ivana Španović|Ivana Vuleta]]|SRB}}||7.06 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Ese Brume]]|NGR}}||6.85 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Lorraine Ugen]]|GBR}}||6.82 m
|-
|[[2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2024 Glasgow]] {{DetailsLink|2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Tara Davis-Woodhall]]|USA}}||7.07 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Monae' Nichols]]|USA}}||6.85 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Fátima Diame]]|ESP}}||6.78 m
|-
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2025 Nanjing]] {{DetailsLink|2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Claire Bryant]]|USA}}||6.96 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Annik Kälin]]|SUI}}||6.83 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Fátima Diame]]|ESP}}||6.72 m
|-
|[[2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2026 Toruń]] {{DetailsLink|2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's long jump}}
|{{flagmedalist|[[Agate de Sousa]]|POR}}||6.92 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Larissa Iapichino]]|ITA}}||6.87 m
|{{flagmedalist|[[Natalia Linares]]|COL}}||6.80 m
|}
====Medal table====
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| flag_template =
| event =
| team =
| gold_USA = 7 | silver_USA = 4 | bronze_USA = 0
| gold_RUS = 4 | silver_RUS = 3 | bronze_RUS = 1
| gold_URS = 2 | silver_URS = 1 | bronze_URS = 3
| gold_SRB = 2 | silver_SRB = 1 | bronze_SRB = 1
| gold_POR = 2 | silver_POR = 2 | bronze_POR = 0
| gold_GDR = 2 | silver_GDR = 1 | bronze_GDR = 0
| gold_ROU = 1 | silver_ROU = 1 | bronze_ROU = 1
| gold_ITA = 1 | silver_ITA = 1 | bronze_ITA = 0
| gold_FRA = 1 | silver_FRA = 0 | bronze_FRA = 0
| gold_GER = 0 | silver_GER = 2 | bronze_GER = 2
| gold_NGR = 0 | silver_NGR = 2 | bronze_NGR = 0
| gold_GBR = 0 | silver_GBR = 1 | bronze_GBR = 3
| gold_BRA = 0 | silver_BRA = 1 | bronze_BRA = 2
| gold_UKR = 0 | silver_UKR = 1 | bronze_UKR = 1
| gold_SUI = 0 | silver_SUI = 1 | bronze_SUI = 0
| gold_ESP = 0 | silver_ESP = 0 | bronze_ESP = 4
| gold_POL = 0 | silver_POL = 0 | bronze_POL = 1
| gold_BUL = 0 | silver_BUL = 0 | bronze_BUL = 1
| gold_SWE = 0 | silver_SWE = 0 | bronze_SWE = 1
| gold_COL = 0 | silver_COL = 0 | bronze_COL = 1
}}
*{{note label|WIG|A}} Known as the ''World Indoor Games''

==World leading marks==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{Sticky header}}
===Men===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1960 in the sport of athletics|1960]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.21}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ralph Boston]]|USA}}
|[[Walnut, California|Walnut]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1961 in the sport of athletics|1961]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.28}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ralph Boston]]|USA}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1962 in the sport of athletics|1962]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.31}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Ter-Ovanesyan]]|URS}}
|[[Yerevan]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1963 in the sport of athletics|1963]]
|8.33 m (27 ft 4 in)<ref>{{Cite news|title=US long jumper Shinnick retroactively recognised as world record-breaker|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/heritage/news/phil-shinnick-long-jump-world-record-official|access-date=28 June 2021|website=worldathletics.org|publisher=[[World Athletics]]|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628203456/https://www.worldathletics.org/heritage/news/phil-shinnick-long-jump-world-record-official|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Phil Shinnick]]|USA}}
|[[Modesto, California|Modesto]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1964 in the sport of athletics|1964]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.34}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ralph Boston]]|USA}}
|[[Los Angeles]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1965 in the sport of athletics|1965]]
|8.35 m (27 ft 5 in)<ref>{{Cite news|title=BOSTON LEAPS 27-5; Breaks Own Record -- Connolly Hits 233-2 in Hammer Throw|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/30/archives/boston-leaps-275-breaks-own-record-connolly-hits-2332-in-hammer.html|date=30 May 1960|access-date=16 September 2021|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916120523/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/30/archives/boston-leaps-275-breaks-own-record-connolly-hits-2332-in-hammer.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Ralph Boston]]|USA}}
|[[Modesto, California|Modesto]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1966 in the sport of athletics|1966]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.23}} {{AthAbbr|i}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Ter-Ovanesyan]]|URS}}
|[[Dortmund]]
|-
|{{T&Fcalc|8.23}}
|[[Leselidze (town)|Leselidze]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1967 in the sport of athletics|1967]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.35}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Ter-Ovanesyan]]|URS}}
|[[Mexico City]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1968 in the sport of athletics|1968]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.90}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Bob Beamon]]|USA}}
|[[Mexico City]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1969 in the sport of athletics|1969]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|8.21}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Ter-Ovanesyan]]|URS}}
|[[Odesa]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Waldemar Stępień]]|POL}}
|[[Chorzów]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1970 in the sport of athletics|1970]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.35}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Josef Schwarz]]|FRG}}
|[[Stuttgart]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1971 in the sport of athletics|1971]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.25}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Track and Field Statistics|website=trackfield.brinkster.net|url=http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Top10Yearly.asp?Year=1969-1972&EventCode=MF3&P=F|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129104618/http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Top10Yearly.asp?Year=1969-1972&EventCode=MF3&P=F|archive-date=29 January 2023|access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>
|{{flagathlete|[[Ron Coleman (long jumper)|Ron Coleman]]|USA}}
|[[Irvine, California|Irvine]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1972 in the sport of athletics|1972]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.34}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Randy Williams]]|USA}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|8.24 m (27 ft {{frac|1|2}} in)
|{{flagathlete|[[James McAlister]]|USA}}
|[[Westwood, Los Angeles|Westwood]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.30}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Arnie Robinson]]|USA}}
|[[Modesto, California|Modesto]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.45}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nenad Stekić]]|YUG}}
|[[Montreal]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.35}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Arnie Robinson]]|USA}}
|[[Montreal]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.27}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nenad Stekić]]|YUG}}
|[[Nova Gorica]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.32}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nenad Stekić]]|YUG}}
|[[Rovereto]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.52}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Larry Myricks]]|USA}}
|[[Montreal]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.54}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lutz Dombrowski]]|GDR}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.62}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Carl Lewis]]|USA}}
|[[Sacramento (California)|Sacramento]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.76}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Carl Lewis]]|USA}}
|[[Indianapolis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.79}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Carl Lewis]]|USA}}
|[[Indianapolis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.79}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Carl Lewis]]|USA}}
|[[New York City]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.62}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Carl Lewis]]|USA}}
|[[Brussels]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.61}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Robert Emmiyan]]|URS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.86}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Robert Emmiyan]]|URS}}
|[[Tsaghkadzor]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.76}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Carl Lewis]]|USA}}
|[[Indianapolis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.70}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Larry Myricks]]|USA}}
|[[Houston]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.66}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mike Powell (long jumper)|Mike Powell]]|USA}}
|[[Villeneuve d'Ascq]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.95}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mike Powell (long jumper)|Mike Powell]]|USA}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.68}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Carl Lewis]]|USA}}
|[[Barcelona]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.70}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mike Powell (athletics)|Mike Powell]]|USA}}
|[[Salamanca]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.74}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Erick Walder]]|USA}}
|[[El Paso]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.71}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}}
|[[Salamanca]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.58}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Erick Walder]]|USA}}
|[[Springfield, Missouri|Springfield]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.63}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}}
|[[Padua]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.60}}
|{{flagathlete|[[James Beckford (athlete)|James Beckford]]|JAM}}
|[[Bad Langensalza]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.62}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}}
|[[Maebashi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.65}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}}
|[[Jena]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.43}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Iván Pedroso]]|CUB}}
|[[Lisbon]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.59}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Miguel Pate]]|USA}}
|[[New York City]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.53}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yago Lamela]]|ESP}}
|[[Castellón de la Plana]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.60}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dwight Phillips]]|USA}}
|[[Linz]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.60}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dwight Phillips]]|USA}}
|[[Helsinki]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.56}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Irving Saladino]]|PAN}}
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.66}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Louis Tsatoumas]]|GRE}}
|[[Kalamáta]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.73}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Irving Saladino]]|PAN}}
|[[Hengelo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.74}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dwight Phillips]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.47}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Christian Reif]]|GER}}
|[[Barcelona]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.54}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mitchell Watt]]|AUS}}
|[[Stockholm]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|8.35}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Greg Rutherford]]|GBR}}
|[[Chula Vista, California|Chula Vista]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Morgunov (athlete)|Sergey Morgunov]]|RUS}}
|[[Cheboksary]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.56}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Aleksandr Menkov]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.51}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Greg Rutherford]]|GBR}}
|[[Chula Vista, California|Chula Vista]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.52}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jeff Henderson (athlete)|Jeff Henderson]]|USA}}
|[[Toronto]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.58}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jarrion Lawson]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.65}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Luvo Manyonga]]|RSA}}
|[[Potchefstroom]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.68}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Juan Miguel Echevarría]]|CUB}}
|[[Bad Langensalza]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.69}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tajay Gayle]]|JAM}}
|[[Doha]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.41}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Juan Miguel Echevarría]]|CUB}}
|[[Madrid]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.60}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Miltiadis Tentoglou]]|GRE}}
|[[Kallithea]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.55}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Miltiadis Tentoglou]]|GRE}}
|[[Belgrade]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.54}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Wayne Pinnock]]|JAM}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.65}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Miltiadis Tentoglou]]|GRE}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.46}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Miltiadis Tentoglou]]|GRE}}
|[[Madrid]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2026 in the sport of athletics|2026]]
|{{T&Fcalc|8.46}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gerson Baldé]]|POR}}
|[[Toruń]]
|}
{{col-2}}

===Women===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1960 in the sport of athletics|1960]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hildrun Laufer-Claus|Hildrun Claus]]|GDR}}
|[[Erfurt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1961 in the sport of athletics|1961]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.48}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Shchelkanova]]|URS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1962 in the sport of athletics|1962]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.62}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Shchelkanova]]|URS}}
|[[Brussels]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1963 in the sport of athletics|1963]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.60}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Shchelkanova]]|URS}}
|[[Kurayoshi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1964 in the sport of athletics|1964]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.76}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mary Rand]]|GBR}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1965 in the sport of athletics|1965]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.71}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Shchelkanova]]|URS}}
|[[Kyiv]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1966 in the sport of athletics|1966]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.73}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Shchelkanova]]|URS}}
|[[Dortmund]]
|-
|{{T&Fcalc|6.73}}
|[[Dnipro]]petrovsk
|-
!scope="row"|[[1967 in the sport of athletics|1967]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.63}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ingrid Becker]]|FRG}}
|[[Kyiv]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1968 in the sport of athletics|1968]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.82}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Viorica Viscopoleanu]]|ROU|1965}}
|[[Mexico City]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1969 in the sport of athletics|1969]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|6.64}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heide Rosendahl]]|FRG}}
|[[Leverkusen]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Sieglinde Ammann]]|SUI}}
|[[Vienna]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1970 in the sport of athletics|1970]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.84}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heide Rosendahl]]|FRG}}
|[[Turin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1971 in the sport of athletics|1971]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.81}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Margrit Olfert|Margrit Herbst]]|GDR}}
|[[Leipzig]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1972 in the sport of athletics|1972]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.78}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heide Rosendahl]]|FRG}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.76}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Angela Voigt|Angela Schmalfeld]]|GDR}}
|[[Dresden]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|6.77}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Angela Voigt|Angela Schmalfeld]]|GDR}}
|[[East Berlin]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Marianne Voelzke]]|GDR}}
|[[East Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.76}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lidiya Alfeyeva]]|URS}}
|[[Nice]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.99}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Siegrun Siegl]]|GDR}}
|[[Dresden]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.82}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vilma Bardauskienė]]|URS}}
|[[Krasnodar]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.09}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vilma Bardauskienė]]|URS}}
|[[Prague]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.90}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brigitte Wujak]]|GDR}}
|[[Potsdam]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Kolpakova]]|URS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|{{T&Fcalc|6.96}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jodi Anderson]]|USA}}
|[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.20}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Valy Ionescu]]|ROU|1965}}
|[[Bucharest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.43}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anișoara Cușmir-Stanciu|Anișoara Cușmir]]|ROU|1965}}
|[[Bucharest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Drechsler|Heike Daute]]|GDR}}
|[[Dresden]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.44}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Drechsler]]|GDR}}
|[[East Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.45}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Drechsler]]|GDR}}
|[[Tallinn]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.45}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|[[Indianapolis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.52}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Galina Chistyakova]]|URS}}
|[[Leningrad]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.30}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Galina Chistyakova]]|URS}}
|[[Lipetsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.35}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Galina Chistyakova]]|URS}}
|[[Bratislava]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.37}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Drechsler]]|GER}}
|[[Sestriere]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.48}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Drechsler]]|GER}}
|[[Lausanne]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.21}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Drechsler]]|GER}}
|[[Zurich]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.49}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]|USA}}
|[[New York City]]
|-
|{{T&Fcalc|7.49}} {{athAbbr|A}}
|[[Sestriere]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|7.09}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Drechsler]]|GER}}
|[[Liévin]]
|-
|[[Sindelfingen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.12}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Chioma Ajunwa]]|NGR}}
|[[Atlanta]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lyudmila Galkina]]|RUS}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.31}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Marion Jones]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.26}} {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Maurren Maggi]]|BRA}}
|[[Bogotá]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.09}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Fiona May]]|ITA}}
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.12}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Kotova]]|RUS}}
|[[Turin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.42}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Kotova]]|RUS}}
|[[Annecy]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Maurren Maggi]]|BRA}}
|[[Milan]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.33}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Lebedeva]]|RUS}}
|[[Tula, Russia|Tula]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.04}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Irina Meleshina|Irina Simagina]]|RUS}}
|[[Sochi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.12}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Kotova]]|RUS}}
|[[Novosibirsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.21}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lyudmila Kolchanova]]|RUS}}
|[[Sochi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.12}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Naide Gomes]]|POR}}
|[[Monaco]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.10}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brittney Reese]]|USA}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.13}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Olga Kucherenko]]|RUS}}
|[[Sochi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.19}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brittney Reese]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.23}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brittney Reese]]|USA}}
|[[Istanbul]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.25}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brittney Reese]]|USA}}
|[[Doha]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.02}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tianna Bartoletta]]|USA}}
|[[Oslo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.14}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tianna Bartoletta]]|USA}}
|[[Beijing]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.31}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brittney Reese]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.24}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivana Vuleta|Ivana Španović]]|SRB}}
|[[Belgrade]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lorraine Ugen]]|GBR}}
|[[Birmingham]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.30}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Malaika Mihambo]]|GER}}
|[[Doha]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.07}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Malaika Mihambo]]|GER}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.17}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ese Brume]]|NGR}}
|[[Chula Vista, California|Chula Vista]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.13}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brooke Stratton|Brooke Buschkuehl]]|AUS}}
|[[Chula Vista, California|Chula Vista]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.14}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivana Španović|Ivana Vuleta]]|SRB}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.22}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Malaika Mihambo]]|GER}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|7.13}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Tara Davis-Woodhall]]|USA}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
|[[New York City]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2026 in the sport of athletics|2026]]
|{{T&Fcalc|7.07}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Alexis Brown]]|USA}}
|[[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]]
|}
{{col-end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Sport of athletics}}
* [[National records in long jump]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Cited sources==
* {{cite book|ref=Miller|last=Miller|first=Stephen G.|author-link=Stephen G. Miller|title= Ancient Greek Athletics|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientgreekathl00mill|url-access=registration|place= New Haven|publisher= Yale University Press|year= 2004|isbn=0300115296}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| last = Guthrie
| first = Mark
| title = Coach Track & Field Successfully
| publisher = Human Kinetics
| year = 2003
| location = Champaign, Illinois
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/coachingtrackfie0000guth/page/149 149–155]
| isbn = 0-7360-4274-1
| url = https://archive.org/details/coachingtrackfie0000guth/page/149
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Rogers
| first = Joseph L.
| title = USA Track & Field Coaching Manual
| publisher = Human Kinetics
| year = 2000
| location = Champaign, Illinois
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/usatrackfieldcoa0000unse/page/141 141–157]
| isbn = 0-88011-604-8
| url = https://archive.org/details/usatrackfieldcoa0000unse/page/141
}}
* {{cite video
| last1 = Gregoire
| first1 = Ernie
| last2 = Myricks
| first2 = Larry
| title = World Class Track & Field Series: Long Jump
| medium = VHS
| publisher = Championship Books & Video Productions
| location = Ames, Iowa
| date= 1991 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Long jump}}
* [http://www.iaaf.org/disciplines/throws/long-jump IAAF long jump homepage]
* [https://tljdb.net The Long Jump DataBase]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4C8qG50w_rw Powell vs Lewis Tokyo 91 (video)]

{{Athletics events}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Long Jump}}
[[Category:Long jump| ]]
[[Category:Events in track and field]]
[[Category:Ancient Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Nirmal Maji

2026-05-08T10:35:56Z

Theodore2940:

{{Short description|Indian politician from West Bengal (b.1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nirmal Maji
| office = Minister of State, [[Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start = 20 December 2018
| predecessor =
| constituency2 = [[Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency|177 - Uluberia Uttar, Howrah]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|09|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Lurnpur, [[West Bengal]], India
| parents = Dharmadas Maji (father)
| education = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S]].; [[Obstetrics and gynaecology|DGO]]; [[Master of Physical Therapy|MTPT]]
| alma_mater = [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata]] [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Politician Medical Specialist
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 25 May 2011
| predecessor2 = Mohan Mondal
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 2blankname = Department
| 2namedata = Labour
| appointer = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| term_end = 4 May 2021
}}

'''Nirmal Maji''' (born 15 September 1960) is an Indian medical administrator, practitioner and politician from [[West Bengal]], who served as president of Indian Medical Association from Bengal branch.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-18 |title=IMA seniors lodge plaint against doctor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ima-seniors-lodge-plaint-against-doc/articleshow/100316593.cms |access-date=2023-12-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A member of [[Trinamool Congress]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinamool leader Nirmal Maji refers dog to SSKM hospital for hemo-dialysis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/tmc-leader-says-love-us-love-our-dog-257421-2015-06-13 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=India Today |date=14 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref> he is currently serving as member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency|Uluberia Uttar constituency]] since 2011. He also served as Cabinet Minister of State for Labour in West Bengal from 2018 till 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Minister In Hospital After Brain Stroke |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/west-bengal-minister-nirmal-maji-in-hospital-after-brain-stroke-2290185 |access-date=2024-10-02 | date=4 September 2020 | agency=Press Trust India |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamata cabinet to get 4 new members today |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mamata-cabinet-to-get-4-new-members-today/cid/1679399 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Maji was linked to Dog Dialysis Scandal in 2015. An incident at [[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital|SSKM Hospital]] where his relative's dog was allegedly allowed to use the human dialysis unit, causing significant public and political outcry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhabani |first=Soudhriti |date=2015-06-14 |title=Trinamool leader Nirmal Maji refers dog to SSKM hospital for hemo-dialysis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/tmc-leader-says-love-us-love-our-dog-257421-2015-06-13 |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singhania |first=Meghna A. |date=2019-12-21 |title=Dog Dialysis at SSKM Hospital: After MCI reprimand, WB governor asks health department to remove WBUHS Vice Chancellor |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/dog-dialysis-at-sskm-hospital-after-mci-reprimand-wb-governor-asks-health-department-to-remove-wbuhs-vice-chancellor |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maji, Nirmal}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

By Two Love

2026-05-07T23:12:05Z

Theodore2940: Put Up Initial Stub and Citations

{{short description|2022 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = By Two Love
| image = By Two Love poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Hari Santhosh]]
| writer = Hari Santhosh
| producer = Nisha Venkat Konanki
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dhanveerah]]|[[Sreeleela]]}}
| cinematography = Mahen Simha
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| studio = [[KVN Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|02|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 141 minutes<ref name="vk" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''By Two Love''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Hari Santhosh]]. Produced by [[KVN Productions]], it stars [[Dhanveerah]] and [[Sreeleela]]. The film tells the story of two youngsters in [[Bangalore]], Balu and Leela, who lead an independent life and don't resonate with the traditional idea of marriage and children. The film has score and soundtrack composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]].

The film was released theatrically on 18 February 2022.

==Plot==
Balu is a die-hard [[Sachin Tendulkar]] fan, who has a problem with his family since his father has married for the second time. Leelu is unhappy with her younger brother's conduct in life. Yet, their mother keeps taking the side of her younger brother.

Balu and Leela, hailing from different towns, decide to leave their respective homes and land up in the cosmopolitan city of [[Bangalore]], looking for jobs. They accidentally meet in a cab and get into a fight. Unfortunately, the two land jobs at the same office, a professional [[Matrimonial website|matrimonial company]] ''Mr & Mrs Matrimony''. Time passes by, Balu and Leelu become good friends, and eventually, fall in love with each other. Balu and Leelu decide to take their life to the next stage and test themselves and find whether they are fit enough to start a family. Their quest lead them to adopt an infant child and start a [[live-in relationship]] and names the child as Puppy.

Initially, life is rosy, but it doesn't stay that way. In the end, they realize that running a family isn't easy and part ways, leaving Puppy to its fate. When they reach their hometowns. Balu finds that he misunderstood his father where he reconciles with him and Balu reveals about Leelu and Puppy to his father and Leelu also tells the same to her mother. The parents advice them to reconcile with each other. Balu and Leelu meet and apologize to each other and search for Puppy, but to no avail. An auto driver, who gave Puppy to Balu and Leelu finds Puppy and brings him to Balu and Leelu, thus reconciling with each other.

In a [[mid-credits scene]], Balu and Leelu get married in presence of their parents, friends and Puppy.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dhanveerah]] as Balakrishna aka Balu
* [[Sreeleela]] as Leela aka Leelu
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Leela's mother
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Balu's father
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Auto driver
* Shivaraj K R Pete as Shiva, Balu's friend
* Nakul Sharma as Siddhu, Leela's younger brother
* [[Tabla Nani]] as House owner
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Kalyan Kumar, Managing director of Mr & Mrs Matrimony
* Hemanth Shetty as Balu's friend
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in December 2020 with Dhaveerrah and [[Sreeleela]] paired opposite each other.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2020 |title=Dhanveerrah and Sreeleela to star in 'By2Love' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/dec/19/dhanveerrah-and-sreeleela-to-star-in-by2love-2238159.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206194331/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/dec/19/dhanveerrah-and-sreeleela-to-star-in-by2love-2238159.html |archive-date=6 February 2021 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Santosh stated that he wrote ''By Two Love'' from his own experiences about the idea of marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-17 |title=ByTwo Love was born out of Hari Santhosh's dilemma over marriage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bytwo-love-was-born-out-of-hari-santhoshs-dilemma-over-marriage/articleshow/89636113.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Filming was completed in April 2021, and Santosh confirmed that he had begun pre-production work of ''By Two Love''<nowiki/>'s [[Telugu language|Telugu]] remake under the production of [[Sai Korrapati]]'s [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-21 |title=Hari Santhosh plans to remake 'By Two Love' in Telugu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/apr/26/hari-santhosh-plans-to-remake-by-two-love-in-telugu-2294757.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Release==
''By Two Love'' was released theatrically on 18 February 2022.

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album has four singles composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], and released on [[Anand Audio]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bytwo Love {{!}} B Ajaneesh Loknath |url=https://gaana.com/album/bytwo-love |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=[[Gaana.com]]}}</ref>{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:16
| headline = Track listings
| title1 = I Hate Love
| extra1 = [[B Ajaneesh Loknath]], C R Bobby
| length1 = 3:43
| title2 = Bytwo Bytwo
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length2 = 3:20
| title3 = Neene Neene
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length3 = 3:29
| title4 = Huduga Hudugi
| extra4 = [[Naveen Sajju]]
| title5 = Pogadiro Ranga
| length5 = 3:56
| extra5 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Haricharan]]
| length4 = 3:48
}}

== Reception ==
Reviewing the film for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Sunayana Suresh wrote: "The film has some interesting nuances of the frailties and complexities of the current generation, who prefer being detached and baggage free."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=2022-02-18 |title=ByTwo Love Movie Review : An attempt to understand modern love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bytwo-love/movie-review/89661122.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320082737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bytwo-love/movie-review/89661122.cms |archive-date=20 March 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' critic A. Sharadhaa called it a "roller coaster ride" which " shouldered on the two young actors." She stated that the film was an urban tale that ran on familiar territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2022 |title=By Two Love is all about relationship management |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/feb/19/by-two-love-is-all-aboutrelationship-management-2421129.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221075405/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/feb/19/by-two-love-is-all-aboutrelationship-management-2421129.html |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> On technical aspects, ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' reviewer Avinash G. Ram wrote: "{{Sic|Ajaneesh had the opportunity to make background music more effective. Full marks must be given to Mahen Simha's cinematography. Mahen has built the entire cinema with great ease}}"<ref name="vk">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-18 |title=By Two Love Review: ಇದು ಈ ಕಾಲದ ಪರಯೋಗಾತಮಕ ಲವ ಸಟೋರ! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/dhanveer-sreeleela-achyuth-kumar-sadhu-kokila-starrer-bytwo-love-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/89665343.cms |website=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>

Jagadish Anagdi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' termed it an "epic misfire." "The first half thoroughly tests our patience with too many unrelated scenes. It starts with an action sequence which, in no way, is linked to the plot. Double entendres are embarrassing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-18 |title='Bye Two Love' review: An epic misfire |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/bye-two-love-review-an-epic-misfire-1082997.html |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|15386856}}

[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hari Santhosh]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]

Tanvi Ram

2026-05-07T08:14:57Z

Theodore2940:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name = Shruthi Ram
| birth_place = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019–present
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Shruthi Ram''', known by her [[stage name]] '''Tanvi Ram''', is an Indian actress who works primarily in [[Malayalam cinema]] apart from a few [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. She was a Miss Kerala 2012 Finalist.<ref name="NIE">{{cite web |title=Soubin Shahir has not done a character like 'Ambili' before: Tanvi Ram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/aug/05/soubin-shahir-has-not-done-a-character-like-ambili-before-tanvi-ram-2014147.html |work=The Indian Express |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> She is best known for her roles in [[Ambili (film)|''Ambili'']] (2019) and [[2018 (film)|''2018'']] (2023).

==Career==
Born in [[Kannur]], Tanvi started her career as a banking professional in [[Bengaluru]] for seven years before she turned her focus towards acting.<ref name="NIE"/> She landed her first role in the film [[Ambili (film)|''Ambili'']] (2019) alongside [[Soubin Shahir]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A year since my life changed,' says Tanvi Ram as 'Ambili' clocks one |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/a-year-since-my-life-changed-says-tanvi-ram-as-ambili-clocks-one/articleshow/77464924.cms?from=mdr |work=The Times of India | date=10 August 2020 |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> She next acted in the film ''[[Kappela]]'' (2020).<ref>{{cite news|author1=Express News Service|title=Roshan Mathew's Kappela to soon stream on Netflix, Biju Menon's 41 on Sun Nxt|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/may/14/roshan-mathews-kappela-to-soon-stream-on-netflix-biju-menons-41-on-sun-nxt-2142954.html|access-date=2 July 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 May 2020}}</ref>

She made her debut in [[Telugu cinema]] opposite [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] in the film ''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tanvi Ram to mark her debut in Telugu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tanvi-ram-to-mark-her-debut-in-telugu-with-this-film/articleshow/82181202.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2021 |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> She portrayed a significant role in the film [[2018 (film)|''2018'']] (2023) which became an all-time blockbuster.

She also played lead role in ''[[Abhilasham]]'' (2025) alongside Saiju Kurup.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saiju Kurup - Tanvi Ram starrer 'Abhilasham' wraps up the shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/watch-the-romantic-flick-abhilasham-starring-saiju-kurup-and-tanvi-ram/articleshow/106920015.cms |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She also play Radha in the 2024 Telugu film ''[[KA (film)|KA]]'' opposite Kiran Abbavaram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Kiran Abbavaram's pan-Indian flick 'Ka' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/26/kiran-abbavaram-pan-indian-flick-telugu-film-release-tanvi-ram-movie.html |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-14 |title=Kiran Abbavaram's action drama 'KA' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kiran-abbavarams-action-drama-ka-gets-a-release-date/article68751845.ece |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=Telugu movies releasing this Diwali 2024: Kiran Abbavaram's KA, Dulquer Salmaan's Lucky Baskhar and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/telugu-movies-releasing-during-diwali-2024-kiran-abbavarams-ka-dulquer-salmaans-lucky-baskhar-and-more-1355094 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Ambili (film)|Ambili]]'' || Teena Kurian || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kappela]]'' || Annie || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2022 || ''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]'' || Pushpa Thomas || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Tanvi Ram pens a heartwarming note expressing her gratitude to 'Ante Sundaraniki' team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tanvi-ram-pens-a-heartwarming-note-expressing-her-gratitude-to-ante-sundaraniki-team/articleshow/92327503.cms |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=20 June 2022 |publisher=etimes.in}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]'' || Commissioner's daughter || rowspan="7"|Malayalam || Cameo appearance
|
|-
|| ''[[Thallumaala]]'' || Treesa Reji ||
|
|-
|| ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]'' || Nangakutty ||
|
|-
|| ''[[Mukundan Unni Associates]]'' || Adv. Jyothi Lakshmi ||
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Enkilum Chandrike]]'' || Sujina ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basil Joseph and Suraj Venjaramoodu-starrer Enkilum Chandrike gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/24/basil-joseph-and-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrerenkilum-chandrikegets-ott-release-date-41472.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Khali Purse of Billionaires]]'' || Nidhi ||
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan, Tanvi Ram join Khali Purse of Billionaires |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/oct/01/dhyan-sreenivasan-tanvi-ram-join-khali-purse-of-billionaires-27029.html |access-date=11 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express|date=October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || Manju ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2022 |title=Jude Anthony Joseph Unveils Title of his Upcoming Film Based on 2018 Kerala Floods |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jude-anthony-joseph-unveils-title-of-his-upcoming-film-based-on-2018-kerala-floods-6319135.html |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[KA (film)|KA]]'' || Radha || Telugu || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025 || ''[[Aap Kaise Ho]]'' || Nirmala|| rowspan=2 | Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-04 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Aap Kaiso Ho gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/04/dhyan-sreenivasans-aap-kaiso-ho-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Abhilasham]]'' || Sherin Moosa || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-17 |title=Abhilasham gets a release date, trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/17/abhilasham-gets-a-release-date-trailer-out |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Param Sundari (film)|''Param Sundari'']]
|Parvathy
|[[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Param Sundari' Review: Yes, stereotyping of Malayalis is a red flag in this passable love drama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/08/30/param-sundari-movie-review-janhvi-kapoor-sidharth-malhotra-bollywood.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website='Param Sundari' Review: Yes, stereotyping of Malayalis is a red flag in this passable love drama |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm9774065}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Tanvi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]

Delhi–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System

2026-05-02T16:28:40Z

Theodore2940: Put Up The Post First Draft

{{Short description|Indian rail system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox public transit
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| owner = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| area served = {{plainlist|
* [[Delhi]]
* [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
* [[Panipat district|Panipat]]
* [[Karnal district|Karnal]]
}}
| locale = [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]
| transit_type = {{ublist|[[Higher-speed rail|Semi-high speed rail]]|[[Regional rail]]}}
| lines = 1 line
| line_number =
| start = Sarai Kale Khan
| end = Karnal New ISBT
| stations = 22
| annual_ridership =
| chief_executive =
| website =
| began_operation =
| operator =
| character =
| vehicles =
| headway = 5{{endash}}10 minutes
| system_length = 136.30 km
| notrack = 2
| track_gauge = ({{RailGauge|1435mm|lk=on}} [[standard gauge]])
| el = 25 kV, 50 Hz AC [[overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| map = {{Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Delhi–Karnal Regional Rapid Transit System''' ('''Delhi–Karnal Namo Bharat''') is an approved, {{Convert|136.30|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high speed rail]] corridor connecting [[Delhi]], [[Sonipat]], [[Panipat]] and [[Karnal]] in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjhDhrAplQVCTQteLqikoM/NHAI-approves-Delhi-RRTS-projects-worth-Rs53500-crore.html|title=NHAI approves Delhi RRTS projects worth Rs53,500 crore|date=2017-07-19|work=Mint|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920092955/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjhDhrAplQVCTQteLqikoM/NHAI-approves-Delhi-RRTS-projects-worth-Rs53500-crore.html|archive-date=2017-09-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/nhai-delhi-regional-rapid-transit-system-gurgaon-panipat-1025263-2017-07-20|title=NHAI to construct 2 rapid transit corridors from Delhi to decongest traffic|last=Kumar|first=Ajay|date=2017-07-20|work=India Today|access-date=2017-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720034542/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nhai-delhi-regional-rapid-transit-system-gurgaon-panipat/1/1006350.html|archive-date=2017-07-20|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the three [[RapidX]] corridors planned under Phase-1 of the Rapid Rail Transport System of the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC). The project is expected to cost {{INRConvert|34740|c|lk=on}}.<ref name=":0"/>

==Route and stations==

The line will start from Sarai Kale Khan station, which will allow interchange with [[Delhi Alwar RRTS|Delhi-Alwar RapidX]] and [[Delhi Meerut RRTS|Delhi-Meerut RapidX]] lines, as well as connectivity to the [[Nizamuddin railway station]], [[Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]] and [[Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station]]. There will be total 22 stations on the corridor out of which two will be underground and the rest will be elevated.<ref>{{cite web |title=NCRTC{{!}}Delhi-Panipat corridor |url=http://ncrtc.in/delhi-panipat-corridor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414092138/http://ncrtc.in/delhi-panipat-corridor/ |archive-date=14 April 2018 |access-date=15 July 2018 |website=nrctc.in }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!No.
!Station name
!Connections
!Layout
!Status
|-
|1
|[[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|'''Sarai Kale Khan''']]
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}} {{ric|Indian Railways}} '''[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]''' {{rint|bus}} '''[[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus|Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]]'''
|Elevated
|{{Partial|Construction works underway}}
|-
|2
|'''Indraprastha'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|Elevated
| rowspan="22" {{Planned}}
|-
|3
|'''Kashmere Gate'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}} {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}} {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}} {{rint|bus}} '''[[Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus|Kashmere Gate ISBT]]'''
|Underground
|-
|4
|Jharoda Majra
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
|5
|'''Bhalaswa'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
|6
|'''Alipur'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|7
|'''Narela'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
|8
|'''Kundli'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
|9
|'''KMP'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|10
|'''Bahalgarh Chowk'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|11
|'''Murthal'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|12
|'''Bahri'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|13
|'''Gannaur'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|14
|'''Samalkha'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|15
|'''Panipat ISBT'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|16
| '''Panipat City'''
|None
|Underground
|-
|17
| '''Panipat Sector 18'''
| None
|Elevated
|-
|18
| '''Ganjbar-Badauli-Kohand'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|19
| '''Gharunda'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|20
| '''Karnal Bypass'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|21
| '''Karnal Sector 7'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|22
| '''Karnal ISBT'''
|None
|Elevated
|}

==Inter-connectivity ==

It will connect with the following multi-model transports:

* [[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor]] near [[Kundli, Haryana|Kundli]]
* [[National Highway 44 (India)]] (NH44), track will mostly run along NH44
* [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] interchange near Sonipat

==Status==

* '''19 July 2017''' - NHAI granted in-principle approval.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/rapid-rail-projects-connecting-delhi-to-alwar-and-panipat-get-approval/story-MhnjmteJdY7KwC9F0xSZjO.html|title=Rapid rail projects connecting Delhi to Alwar and Panipat get approval|date=2017-07-19|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721112536/http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/rapid-rail-projects-connecting-delhi-to-alwar-and-panipat-get-approval/story-MhnjmteJdY7KwC9F0xSZjO.html|archive-date=2017-07-21|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''13 March 2020''' - DPR approved by NCRTC Board.
* '''18 January 2021''' - Delhi Panipat RRTS corridor approved by Government of Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=Haryana state approves Delhi - Panipat RRTS|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/commuter-rail/haryana-state-approves-delhi-panipat-rrts/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=International Railway Journal|language=en}}</ref>
* '''12 March 2021''' - Process to identify Station land for extension to Karnal begins (3 more stations).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Process to identify land for rapid transit system begins|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/process-to-identify-land-for-rapid-transit-system-begins-223873|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
*'''18 August 2021''' - DPR pending with Central Government since Dec 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Delhi-Panipat corridor: Rapid transit system awaits final nod|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/delhi-panipat-corridor-rapid-transit-system-awaits-final-nod-298683|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-18|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818062617/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/delhi-panipat-corridor-rapid-transit-system-awaits-final-nod-298683 |archive-date=18 August 2021 }}</ref>
*'''14 Dec 2021''' - Centre has not received the Delhi government's approval for its financial commitment with regard to DPR of the Delhi-Panipat RRTS.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2021|title=2 RRTS corridors stuck with Delhi, says Centre|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/2-rrts-corridors-stuck-with-delhi-says-centre/articleshow/88264842.cms|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*'''8 Feb 2023''' - Delhi Government not agreed to provide financial support for Delhi-Panipat RRTS and Delhi-SNB RRTS, and also hasn't made full payment for Delhi-Meerut RRTS.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-08 |title=Delhi hasn't made full payment for RRTS corridor: Centre |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-hasnt-made-full-payment-for-rrts-corridor-centre/articleshow/97707227.cms |access-date=2023-02-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*'''17 Dec 2023''' - Delhi government expressed its willingness to grant an in-principle/administrative approval for Delhi-Panipat RRTS project, provided its share of contribution was met by the Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title=For Delhi-Alwar & Delhi-Panipat RRTS Corridors, Govt Working on Cabinet Note For MoU With NCRTC |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/for-delhi-alwar-delhi-panipat-rrts-corridors-govt-working-on-cabinet-note-for-mou-with-ncrtc-article-106055326 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
*'''31 Dec 2023''' - Delhi government releases 50 crores as initial fund for Delhi-Panipat RRTS.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-31 |title=Delhi govt releases Rs 150 crore for construction of two RRTS corridors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/govt-releases-150cr-for-construction-of-two-rrts-corridors/articleshow/106412590.cms |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*'''3 October 2025''' – NCRTC begins pre-construction preparatory work, including utility diversion (power lines, cables, transformers) across ~22 km between Narela and Murthal (Sonipat). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-03 |title=NCRTC begins utility shifting for Delhi–Panipat RRTS, pre-construction on |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/ncrtc-begins-utility-shifting-for-delhi-panipat-rrts-pre-construction-on-101759447812222.html |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*'''12 November 2025''' - PIB Approves Delhi-Panipat RRTS Corridor, enabling the project to proceed to the Union Cabinet for final sanction. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=After Delhi-Meerut, two new rapid rail routes get approval: Check proposed routes, cost and other details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/after-delhi-meerut-two-new-rapid-rail-routes-get-approval-check-proposed-routes-cost-and-other-details/articleshow/125271033.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Cite report| title=Draft Detailed Project Report of Delhi-Panipat RRTS| url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Draft%20Detail%20Project_RRTS.pdf|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113194422/http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Draft%20Detail%20Project_RRTS.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-13|url-status=live}}

{{RapidX|Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat=yes}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi-Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Delhi]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Haryana]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]
[[Category:Rapid transit in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Panipat]]

Bahlul Khan Lodi

2026-04-30T20:04:33Z

Theodore2940: creating data

{{Short description|Founder of the Lodi Dynasty (reigned 1451–1489)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bahlul Khan Lodi
| succession = 29th [[Sultan of Delhi]]
| title = Bahlul Shah Ghazi
| image = Coin of Bahlul Lodi.jpg
| image_size = 280
| caption = Billon Tanka (80 ratti) of Bahlul Lodi
| reign = 19 April 1451 – 12 July 1489
| coronation = 19 April 1451
| predecessor = [[Alam Shah]]
| successor = [[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikandar Lodi]]
| spouse = Shams Khatun Bibi Ambha
| issue = Khawja Bayazid Barbak Shah [[Sikandar Khan Lodi]] Mubarak Khan Alam Khan Taj Murassa Jamal Khan Yaqub Khan Fath Khan Musa Jalal Khan<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Awadh Bihari |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_First_Afghan_Empire_in_India_1451_15.html?id=DVIbAAAAIAAJ |title=The First Afghan Empire in India, 1451-1526 A. D. |date=1956 |publisher=Bookland |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12767/ |archive-date=2018-09-25|page=309}}</ref>
| full name = Bahlol Khan Lodi bin Malik Kala Khan Lodi bin Malik Bahram Khan Lodi
| royal house =
| royal anthem =
| house = [[Lodi dynasty]]
| house-type = Parents House:
| father = Malik Kala Khan Lodi
| mother =
| birth_date = {{C.|1421}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 12 July 1489 (aged 67–68)
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Bahlul Lodi]] Delhi
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Bahlul Khan Lodi''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|بهلول لودی}}}}; died 12 July 1489) was the chief of the [[Pashtuns|Afghan]] [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodi]] tribe.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |first=Clifford Edmund |last=Bosworth |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0231107143 |page=304}}</ref> He was the founder of the [[Lodi dynasty]] from the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Catherine B. |last1=Asher |first2=Cynthia |last2=Talbot |title=India Before Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521005395 |page=116}}</ref> upon the abdication of the last claimant from the previous [[Sayyid]] rule.<ref>{{cite book |title=History & Civics 9 |first=Sudeshna |last=Sengupta |isbn=9788183323642 |page=126 |year=2008 |publisher=Ratna Sagar (P) Limited}}</ref> Bahlul became [[Sultan]] of the dynasty on 19 April 1451<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=122–125}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> (855 [[Hijri year|AH]]).

== Early life ==
Bahlul's grandfather, Malik Bahram Khan Lodi, was a [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodi]] tribal chief from [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]].<ref name="SultanateOfDelhi">History and Culture of the Indian People ''[https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/mode/2up The Delhi Sultanate]'' Vol-VI (1980) by R.C. Majudar, A.D. Pusalker and A.K. Majumdar (Third Edition)</ref> He later took service under the governor of Multan, Malik Mardan Daulat. Bahram had five sons. His eldest son, Malik Sultan Shah Lodi, later served under the [[Sayyid dynasty]] ruler [[Khizr Khan]] and distinguished himself by killing in the battle Khizr's worst enemy, Mallu Iqbal Khan. He was rewarded with the title of Islam Khan and in 1419 appointed the governor of [[Sirhind]]. Bahlul, the son of Malik Kala Khan Lodi (the younger brother of Malik Sultan) was married to Malik Sultan's daughter.<ref name="Majumdar">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.134–36, 139–142</ref><ref name=Mahajan>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, pp.245–51</ref>

In his youth, Bahlul was involved in the trading of horses and once sold his finely bred horses to the Sayyid dynasty Sultan [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]]. As a payment he was granted a ''pargana'' and raised to the status of ''amir''. After the death of Malik Sultan, he became the governor of [[Sirhind]]. He was then allowed to add [[Lahore]] to his charge. Once, Sultan [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] asked for his help when the Malwa Sultan [[Mahmud Khalji]] invaded his territory. Bahlul joined the imperial army with 20,000 mounted soldiers. By his cleverness, he was able to project himself as a victor over the army of the Malwa Sultan and Sultan Muhammad Shah conferred on him the title of ''Khan-i-Khanan''. He also accepted Bahlul's occupation over a large part of Punjab.<ref name="Majumdar"/><ref name=Mahajan/>

In 1443, Bahlul attacked Delhi but he did not succeed. During the reign of last Sayyid ruler Sultan Alam Shah, Bahlul again made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Delhi in 1447. In 1448, when Alam Shah retired to [[Badaun]], a minister of Alam Shah, Hamid Khan invited him to occupy the throne of Delhi. After the voluntary abdication of the throne by Alam Shah, Bahlul Shah ascended the throne of [[Delhi]] on 19 April 1451 and adopted the title of ''Bahlul Shah Ghazi''. Alam Shah continued to live in Badaun until his death in July 1478.<ref name="Majumdar"/><ref name=Mahajan/>

==Reign==
[[File:Map_of_the_Sharqi_Dynasty_of_the_Jaunpur_Sultanate.png|thumb|left|Bahlul Lodi conquered the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] (Sharqis dynasty) in 1479.]]
After ascending to the throne, Bahlul decided to dispose of Hamid Khan. His cousin and brother-in-law Malik Mahmud Khan alias Qutb-ud-din Khan (Governor of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]]) imprisoned Hamid Khan.<ref name="Mahajan"/>

In 1479, Sultan Bahlul Khan Lodi defeated and annexed the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] based at [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]. He fortified the city of Jaunpur and turned it into a [[kasbah]] with several [[mosque]]s and [[madrasa]]s.

Bahlul did much to stop rebellions and uprisings in his territories, and extended his holdings over [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] and upper [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Just like the previous [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultans]], he kept [[Delhi]] the capital of his kingdom.

In 1486, he appointed his son, Babrak Shah as [[viceroy]] of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]. In time, this proved to be problematic, as his second son, Nizam Khan ([[Sikandar Lodi]]) was named successor, and a power struggle ensued{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} upon his death in July 1489.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muntakhabu-'rūkh |url=https://persian.packhum.org/pf?file=03601020&ct=0 |chapter= SULṬĀN BUHLŪL [IBN I KĀLĀ]* LODĪ |chapter-url=https://persian.packhum.org/pf?file=03601021&ct=92 |author=Al-Badāoni |author-link=Al-Badauni |translator1-first=George S. A. |translator1-last=Ranking |translator2-first=Wolseley |translator2-last=Haig |translator3-first=W. H. |translator3-last=Lowe |via=[[Packard Humanities Institute]], Persian Literature in Translation website}}</ref>

The site of his grave is disputed. The [[Archeological Survey of India]] has long designated a building close to the shrine of the noted [[Sufi]] saint [[Nasiruddin Chirag-e-Delhi]] in a locality that goes by his name, 'Chirag Delhi', as [[Tomb of Bahlul Lodi|Bahlul Lodi's tomb]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040509191553/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/01/stories/2004030100750200.htm Delhi's Valley of Kings] [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 1 March 2004.</ref> Other historians argue that the [[Sheesh Gumbad]] in the [[Lodi Gardens]] is actually to be identified with his tomb.<ref>[[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]], ''The Tomb of Buhlul Lodi'', The Bulletin of SOAS, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1975, pp. 550–61.</ref>

==Marriages==
[[File:Tomb of Bahlol Lodi.JPG|thumb|Tomb of Bahlol Lodi]]
[[File:Graves inside bahlol lodi's tomb.jpg|thumb|Graves inside Bahlol Lodi's tomb.]]
Bahlul married two times:
* Shams Khatun, daughter of Malik Sultan Shah Lodi, his first cousin;{{efn|also identified by the name of Firdausi.<ref name="SultanateOfDelhi"/>}}
* Bibi Ambha, daughter of a [[Hindu]] goldsmith{{efn|original name, Ziba; romanized as ''Zībā''.<ref name="SultanateOfDelhi"/>}}

== See also ==
* [[Sher Shah Suri]]
* [[Jaunpur Sultanate]]
* [[Shaikh Sama'al-Din Kamboh]]
* [[Tomb of Bahlul Lodi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{commons category}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Ala-ud-Din]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| years = 1451–1489 }}
{{s-aft| rows = 2 | after = [[Sikandar Lodi]] }}
{{s-non| reason = New dynasty }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Lodi dynasty]]
| years = 1451–1525 }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodi, Bahlul}}
[[Category:1489 deaths]]
[[Category:Sultans of the Lodi dynasty]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from Dera Ismail Khan District]]

Abdul Rashid Dar

2026-04-24T22:02:59Z

Theodore2940: creating info

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and politician (1949–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Rashid Dar
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Member of Legislative Council|MLC]]
| office = Chairman of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
| term_end = 2008
| term_start = 2000
| 2blankname = Deputy
| 2namedata = [[P Namgyal]]
| governor = [[Girish Chandra Saxena]] [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]] [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Farooq Abdullah]] [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| predecessor = ''Himself''
| successor = [[Ghulam Nabi Lone]]
| office2 = Deputy Chairman of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 1997
| term_end2 = 2000
| office1 = [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association|Member of Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]]
| 3blankname1 = Patron
| 3namedata1 = [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]
| 4namedata1 = [[Denis Marshall (politician)|Dennis Marshall]] [[Arthur R. Donahoe]] [[William Shija]]
| 4blankname1 = Secretary-General
| 5blankname1 = Elected from
| 5namedata1 = [[Asia]]
| term_end1 = 2007
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end3 = 1990
| constituency3 = [[Shangus]]
| predecessor3 = [[Maqbool Dar]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| successor3 = Abdul Majid
| office3 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| governor3 = [[Jagmohan]]
| term_start3 = 1987
| office5 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|Member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
| term_start5 = 1996
| term_end5 = 2002
| term_start6 = 2002
| term_end6 = 2008
| image = APJ Abdul Kalam and AR Dar.jpg
| caption = AR Dar (right) with President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|APJ Abdul Kalam]] at SKICC Srinagar.
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu Kashmir National Conference]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1949|4|13}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|02|28|1949|4|13}}
| death_place = Srinagar, India
}}
'''Abdul Rashid Dar''' (''unknown'' – 28 February 2020) was a politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2020-02-29 |title=Former LC Chairman Rashid Dar Passes Away |url=https://kashmirlife.net/former-lc-chairman-rashid-dar-passes-away-224571/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] and served as the Chairman of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]].

== Political career ==
Dar started his career with the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|J&K National Conference]] (JKNC) in 1987 when he contested the state assembly election from [[Shangus Assembly constituency|Shangus]], [[Anantnag]]. In the election Dar was put up against the incumbent [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] MLA [[Maqbool Dar]], who served as the Home Minister (Mos) of India and former minister Ashraf Khan. Dar won the election and was elected MLA as a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Election Results in 1987 |url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/1987-election-results.html |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> He served in the state assembly till 1990 when the assembly was dissolved. Later on in 1996, Dar was elected to the upper house the Legislative Council of the state. During his initial term, he was nominated as the Vice Chairman of the Council, and two years later was elected as its Chairman. In 2001, he was re-elected as the Chairman as well as a member of the Legislative Council for a second term, followed by election for a third term in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor dissolves Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/02/19/Governor-dissolves-Jammu-and-Kashmir-State-Assembly/8715635403600/ |access-date=2021-09-17 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>

=== Commonwealth Parliamentary Association ===
Abdul Rashid Dar was elected as the Regional Representative from Asia Region to the CPA Executive Committee for a period of three years at the CPA General Assembly meeting. The meetings were held in [[Windhoek|Windhoek (Namibia)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-12-01 |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764136/1/jpi_december_2002.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213213534/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764136/1/jpi_december_2002.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=eparlib.nic.in }}</ref>

=== Legislative Council ===
[[File:Abdul Rashid Dar.jpg|thumb|left|251x251px|alt= Rfer caption |Abdul Rashid Dar as the Chairman presiding over a meeting of the J&K Legislative Council.]]A.R. Dar was elected to the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]] in 1996. Two years later, he was elected as the Deputy Chairman of the house.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Election as the Chairman ===
In 2001, Dar was elected as the Chairman of the J&K Legislative Council. Dar and [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]] parted ways. He remained independent while also continuing to serve as the Chairman of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== No Confidence Motion ===
In 2004 a [[Motion of no confidence|No confidence motion]] was moved against Dar. Deputy Chairman [[P Namgyal]] led proceedings of the house, majority of the members voted in support of Dar, after proving his support in the house he continued his term as the Chairman till 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Jammu & Kashmir|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040819/j%26k.htm#1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=www.tribuneindia.com|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802193610/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040819/j%26k.htm#1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
=== Public offices ===
Dar has held the following positions;
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Description
|-
|1987
|MLA [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|J&K Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|1996
|Elected to [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|J&K Legislative Council]]
|-
|1998
|Deputy Chairman J&K Legislative Council

|-
|2001
|Elected to [[17th Lok Sabha|J&K Legislative Council]]
(2nd term)
|-
|2001
|Elected to [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association|Commonwealth Parliament]]
|-
|2001
|Chairman J&K Legislative Council
|-
|2002
|Chairman J&K Legislative Council
(Re-elected) 3rd Term
|}

== Death ==
Dar died on 28 February 2020. His death was condoled by the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JK National Conference]]. Among the leaders were former minister and founder of "[[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party|Apni Party]]" [[Altaf Bukhari|Syed Muhammad Altaf Bukhari]], former MLA [[Pahalgam]] [[Rafi Ahmed Mir|Rafi Ahmad Mir]], J&K Congress Ex-President, [[Ghulam Ahmad Mir|G.A Mir]], Former Minister and ex-State Congress president, Peerzada Muhammad Sayeed, Ex MLA Shangus, Gulzar Ahmad Wani, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] leader, [[Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami]], [[Hakeem Yasin|Hakeem Muhammad Yaseen]], [[Ghulam Hassan Mir]], Manzoor Ganie and Chairman Political Migrants Front, Sheikh [[Mohyeddin|Mohi-ud Din]], Shabnam, expressed profound grief over his demise.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Excelsior|first=Daily|date=2020-02-28|title=Former LC Chairman Rashid Dar passes away|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/former-lc-chairman-rashid-dar-passes-away/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dar, Abdul Rashid}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Chairs of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1987–1996|Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Hira Lal (skier)

2026-04-24T12:11:39Z

Theodore2940: stub

{{Short description|Indian skier (born 1980)}}
{{for|the Indian politician|Hira Lal (politician) }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox alpine ski racer
|name = Hira Lal
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|disciplines = [[Giant slalom]]
|club =
|full_name =
|skis =
|boots =
|bindings =
|sponsor =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|11|26|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh]], India
|height =
|weight =
|wcdebut =
|website =
|olympicteams = 1 – ([[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics|2006]])
|olympicmedals = 0
|olympicgolds =
|worldsteams = 2 – ([[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2015|2015]], [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2017|2017]])
|worldsmedals = 0
|worldsgolds =
|wcseasons =
|wcwins =
|wcpodiums =
|wcoveralls =
|wctitles =
|show-medals = no
|medals =
}}
'''Hira Lal''' (born 26 November 1980) is an Indian [[Alpine skiing|alpine skier]]. He competed in the [[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's giant slalom|men's giant slalom]] at the [[2006 Winter Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/hira-lal-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050813/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/hira-lal-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Hira Lal Olympic Results |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

==Alpine skiing results==
All results are sourced from the [[International Ski Federation|International Ski Federation (FIS)]].<ref name="FISprofile">{{cite web |url=https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=AL&competitorid=33582 |title=Hira Lal |website=FIS-Ski |publisher=International Ski Federation |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>

===Olympic results===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" width="40%"
|- style="background-color:#369; color:white;"
|rowspan="2" colspan="1" width="4%"|'''Year'''
|- style="background-color:#4180be; color:white;"
| width="3%"|Age
| width="5%"|Slalom
| width="5%"|Giant Slalom
| width="5%"|{{nowrap|Super-G}}
| width="5%"|Downhill
| width="5%"|Combined
| width="5%"|Team Event
|- style="background-color:#8CB2D8; color:white;"
|-
| [[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics|2006]] || ''25'' || — || [[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's giant slalom|DNF]] || — || — || — || —
|}

===World Championship results===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!   Year   !!  Age  !!  Slalom  !!  Giant   slalom  !! Super-G !! Downhill !!Combined
|-
| [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2015|2015]] || ''35'' || |[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's slalom|BDNF1]] || [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's giant slalom|103]] || — || — || —
|-
| [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2017|2017]] || ''37'' || |[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2017 – Men's slalom|BDNS1]] || [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2017 – Men's giant slalom|82]] || — || — || —
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Hira}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Skiers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male alpine skiers]]
[[Category:Olympic alpine skiers for India]]
[[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2017 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-alpine-skiing-bio-stub}}

Once Upon a Time in Madras

2026-04-22T04:40:17Z

Theodore2940: new new data

{{Short description|Indian Tamil language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Once Upon A Time in Madras.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Prasadh Murugan
| writer = Prasadh Murugan
| producer = {{ubl
| Captain MP Anand
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]
* Shaan
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
* [[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaji]]
* [[Pavithra Lakshmi]]
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1995)|Anjali Nair]]
}}
| cinematography = {{ubl
|K S Kalidoss
| R Kannan
}}
| editing = San Lokesh
| music = [[Jose Franklin]]
| studio = {{ubl
|Friday Film Factory
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|12|13}}
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref name="censor" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Once Upon a Time in Madras''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hyperlink film|hyperlink]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Prasadh Murugan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 March 2024 |title=Bharath's 'Once Upon a Time in Madras' wrapped up! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-wrapped-up/articleshow/108608374.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404074905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-wrapped-up/articleshow/108608374.cms |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film features an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], Shaan, [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaji]], [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1995)|Anjali Nair]], and [[Pavithra Lakshmi]] in important roles. The film is produced by Captain MP Anand under Friday Film Factory, and co-produced by Haroon, Bala, and PGS. The film's technical crew includes editor San Lokesh, cinematographers K. S. Kalidoss and [[R. Kannan]], and music composer Jose Franklin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title=It's a wrap for Bharath's 'Once Up on a Time in Madras' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Mar/19/its-a-wrap-for-bharaths-once-up-on-a-time-in-madras |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404215311/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Mar/19/its-a-wrap-for-bharaths-once-up-on-a-time-in-madras |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Once Upon A Time in Madras'' was released in theatres on 13 December 2024.<ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
Rangaraj, a retired army officer, shoots a young boy, Sudharshan, when he attempts to pluck mangoes from a nearby tree. During the investigation, it was discovered that the bullet missed Sudharshan's corpse. To evade accountability, Rangaraj disposes of the gun in the [[Cooum River|Coovum canal]], where an unknown individual retrieves it.

Savitri, a sanitary worker and single mother, aspires to provide her transgender daughter Karthi "Aarthi" with a medical education. Savitri has borrowed ₹80,000 from a loan shark, Moorthy, who demands repayment with interest within a day. Fearing for her daughter's safety, Savitri contacts the police station but receives no assistance. Desperate, Savitri comes across a gun and hands it over to her friend Jothi, a former associate of Moorthy. Jothi and Savitri attempt to sell the gun to a pawnbroker for ₹30,000. However, the pawnbroker is arrested before Savitri can finalise the sale. Meanwhile, Aarthi is raped by Moorthy. Witnessing her daughter's suffering, Savitri confronts Moorthy and fatally shoots him. Jothi intervenes, fighting off Moorthy's men and ensuring Savitri's safety.

Anitha's father, a staunch casteist, opposes her relationship with a colleague from a different community. He discovers a gun in his car and rushes to the registrar's office upon learning that Anitha is getting married. En route, he accidentally hits a biker and offers the injured rider, Kathir, a ride. During their conversation, Anitha's father learns that Kathir is, in fact, his daughter's lover, on his way to marry Anitha at the registrar's office. Kathir, a social worker and communist thinker, reveals to Anitha's father that her fiancé is pregnant, prompting Anitha's father to shoot and kill him with the gun. At the registrar's office, Anitha's father discovers his daughter marrying someone else, revealing that Kathir was not her lover. Anitha's father is overcome with guilt upon seeing another girl waiting for Kathir and realising that he killed an innocent man.

Raja is seeking funds for his wife Rachel's kidney transplant surgery. The hospital demands payment by the next day, but Raja refuses to ask his wealthy in-laws for help, citing self-respect, since they had earlier rejected him for their daughter. Unable to arrange, Raja approaches Rachel's parents, but they refuse to help. In a desperate bid to secure the funds, Raja agrees to work for his former boss, thereby killing Kowsi, a social worker and communist thinker. After the murder, a dispute arises over the money, and Raja's boss kills his associate. Raja then kills his boss, burns the body, and escapes with the money. At the hospital, Raja is devastated to learn that the kidney donor is none other than Kowsi, whom he had killed earlier that morning. Rachel passes away, leaving Raja consumed by guilt for killing the donor who could have saved his wife. The police track Raja down in his car and shoot him to death.

Madhi, a newlywed, discovers that her husband Aravind and their house help Sampath are a gay couple. Madhi confronts Aravind, who confesses the truth, and she also learns that her father-in-law is responsible for her pregnancy. Madhi seeks medical help to abort the child, but her in-laws discover her plan and beat her for bringing disrespect to their family and attempting to abort their heir. Madhi discovers a gun in her bag and shoots her father-in-law for raping her and her mother-in-law for sedating her to facilitate the rape.

Finally, the journey of the gun is revealed. Savitri had initially discovered the gun in the Coovum canal, which she used to kill Moorthy. After disposing of the body, Moorthy's henchman placed the gun in Anitha's father's car. Anitha's father had used the gun to kill Kathir, mistaking him for Anitha's lover. Raja's boss was hired by Anitha's father to kill Kowsi, and the boss's associate secretly hides the gun, which he uses to negotiate with his boss. However, Raja, using that gun, killed his boss after a dispute over money and visited the hospital to pay for Rachel's surgery. Fearing the police, Raja placed the gun in Madhi's bag. Madhi, who now possesses the gun, used it to kill her parents-in-law.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Raja
* Shaan as Kathir
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Savitri
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Anitha's father
* [[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaji]] as Jothi, Savitri's friend
* [[Pavithra Lakshmi]] as Anitha
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1995)|Anjali Nair]] as Madhi
* PG Saravanan as Moorthy
* [[Kaniha]] as Kowsi (Special appearance)
* B Dhayalan
* Disha Govindharaj as Karthi "Aarthi"
* Radhika
* Jegan Kaviraj as Moorthy's henchman
* Pasupathy Raj as Madhi's father
* Aroul D. Shankar as Madhi's father-in-law
* Gayathri Krishnan as a doctor
* Porkodi Senthil as Madhi's mother-in-law
* Sini Yudhan as Rachel, Raja's wife
* Kalki as Raja's associate
* Syed as Raja's boss
* Mrithula Suresh as Kathir's lover
* Soundarya Priyan as Anitha's mother
* Vignesh Mohandas as Anitha's brother
}}

== Production ==
Actor [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] who was last seen in ''[[Ippadiku Kadhal]]'' (2024) joined hands with debutant director Prasad Murugan for his upcoming [[Hyperlink film|hyperlink]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film titled ''Once Upon A Time in Madras''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=21 November 2024 |title=Bharath's Once Upon a Time in Madras gets a new release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/21/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-gets-a-new-release-window |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127230706/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/21/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-gets-a-new-release-window |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=29 November 2024 |title=Once Upon A Time In Madras Trailer: A hyperlink thriller driven by crime, love and politics |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/29/once-upon-a-time-in-madras-trailer-a-hyperlink-thriller-driven-by-crime-love-and-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202121802/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/29/once-upon-a-time-in-madras-trailer-a-hyperlink-thriller-driven-by-crime-love-and-politics |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the director informed that a transgender person was cast in the film for an important role, rather than making a male artist perform so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2024 |title=Once Upon a Time in Madras teaser: Fate seems to bring together strangers in the city of Chennai |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/02/once-upon-a-time-in-madras-teaserfate-seems-to-bring-together-strangers-in-the-city-of-chennai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914142229/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/02/once-upon-a-time-in-madras-teaserfate-seems-to-bring-together-strangers-in-the-city-of-chennai |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2024 |title=First look of Bharath's 'Once Upon a Time in Madras' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras/articleshow/109248812.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424202814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras/articleshow/109248812.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The technical crew consists of editor San Lokesh, cinematographers K S Kalidoss and R Kannan, stunt choreographer Sugan and music composer Jose Franklin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Bharath's Once Upon A Time In Madras Set for Sept 26 release |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2024/08/30/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-set-for-sept-26-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830101451/https://newstodaynet.com/2024/08/30/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-set-for-sept-26-release/ |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=[[News Today]] |language=en}}</ref> In mid-March 2024, Prasad Murugan revealed that the [[principal photography]] had been completed and the film was in post-production stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=18 March 2024 |title=It's a wrap for Bharath's Once Up on a Time in Madras |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/18/its-a-wrap-for-bharaths-once-up-on-a-time-in-madras |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127084423/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/18/its-a-wrap-for-bharaths-once-up-on-a-time-in-madras |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Once Upon A Time in Madras
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jose Franklin]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Divo (record label)|Divo Music]]
| producer = [[Jose Franklin]]
| prev_title = [[Take Diversion]]
| prev_year = 2022
| year = 2024
| misc = {{Singles
|single1 = Po Po Che Guevera
|single1date = 28 September 2024
}}
}}

The soundtrack and background are composed by [[Jose Franklin]]. The first single "Po Po Che Guevera" released on 28 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2024 |title=First single 'Po Po Che Guevera' from Once Upon a Time in Madras out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/28/first-single-po-po-che-guevera-from-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-out |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214234052/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/28/first-single-po-po-che-guevera-from-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-out|archive-date=14 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Po Po Che Guevera
| length1 = 3:04
| lyrics1 = Jegan Kaviraj M
| extra1 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
}}
{{clear}}

== Release ==
''Once Upon A Time in Madras'' released in theatres on 13 December 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=27 November 2024 |title=Bharath's Once Upon A Time in Madras gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/27/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-gets-new-release-date |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126180605/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/27/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-gets-new-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier it was scheduled for release on 26 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=Bharath's Once Upon A Time In Madras gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/29/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926181043/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/29/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film received an "A" certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref name="censor">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2024 |title=Bharath's Once Upon a Time in Madras clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/03/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-clears-censorship-formalities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203220612/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/03/bharaths-once-upon-a-time-in-madras-clears-censorship-formalities |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated three out of five star and stated that "Once Upon a Time in Madras is a satisfying film that avoids overreach, making it a solid watch. It’s like finding a favorite tune played in a different key – familiar yet distinct."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=11 December 2024 |title=Once Upon A Time In Madras Movie Review : Gun-driven tale hits more than it misses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/once-upon-a-time-in-madras/movie-review/116204472.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212002933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/once-upon-a-time-in-madras/movie-review/116204472.cms |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated two out of five stars and wrote "''Once Upon a Time in Madras'' feels like a loaded chamber with no real firepower. The film misfires due to shoddy editing and poor execution, leaving its potentially impactful themes undermined."<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=13 December 2024 |title=Once Upon a Time in Madras Movie Review: A missed opportunity for a narrative with explosive potential |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Dec/13/once-upon-a-time-in-madras-movie-review-a-missed-opportunity-for-a-narrative-with-explosive-potential |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213104419/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Dec/13/once-upon-a-time-in-madras-movie-review-a-missed-opportunity-for-a-narrative-with-explosive-potential |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Chimur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:57:04Z

Theodore2940: Put Up A Pg More To Come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Chimur
| map_image =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2009
| reservation = None
}}
'''Chimur''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] of [[Maharashtra]] since 1967. Before that, the area were broadly represented as [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency]] as it is two-seat constituency during 1951 and 1957 elections. During 1962 elections [[Gondia Lok Sabha constituency]] comes in existence and abolished before 1967 to come as Chimur in 1967. After delimitation of 2008, it comes as [[Gadchiroli-Chimur Lok Sabha constituency]] for 2009 elections to [[15th Lok Sabha]]

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''1952-67 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Ramchandra Martand Hajarnavis]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2"|Krishnarao Thakur
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vilas Muttemwar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Mahadeo Shivankar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Vilas Muttemwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[Namdeo Harbaji Diwathe|Namdeo Diwathe]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[Jogendra Kawade]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
| [[Republican Party of India]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Namdeo Harbaji Diwathe|Namdeo Diwathe]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Mahadeo Shivankar]]
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''2008 onwards : See [[Gadchiroli-Chimur Lok Sabha constituency]]''}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Chimur]]
* [[Gadchiroli-Chimur Lok Sabha constituency]] (2009 elections to 15th Lok Sabha onwards )
* [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency]] (See 1952 - 1957 elections to 1st and 2nd Lok Sabha )
* [[Gondia Lok Sabha constituency]] ( 1962 election to 3rd Lok Sabha )
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.5|79.4|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chimur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:1967 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

The Story of Hira and Lal

2026-04-18T19:20:43Z

Theodore2940: creating some details basic info!

'''The Story of Hira and Lal''' is an [[India]]n folktale published in ''The Modern Review'', in 1907. The tale is a local form of the international cycle of the ''[[Animal as Bridegroom]]'' or ''The Search for the Lost Husband'', in that a woman marries a man of supernatural origin (a snake or serpent), loses him and must regain him. The tale also contains tale type AaTh 977, "The Eloping Couple and the Robbers", wherein a protagonist couple flee from their families, find shelter with robbers that kill the male half of the couple, but deities' mercy restores the man to life - a type that the indexes only report in India and [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Mazharul |author-link=Mazharul Islam (poet) |title=Folklore, the Pulse of the People: In the Context of Indic Folklore |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |date=1985 |pages=165–166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFG3NjdeBMoC&dq=%22Serpent+Husband+and+the+Jealous+Girl+%22&pg=PA98}}</ref>

== Sources ==
The tale was first published in the journal ''[[Modern Review (Calcutta)|The Modern Review]]'', in 1907, by one Shaikh Chilli, and sourced from [[Hindustan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chilli |first=Shaikh |title=The Story of Lal and Hira |journal=The Modern Review |volume=2 |date=1907 |pages=367–371 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.09803/page/367/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=A bibliography of South Asian folklore |last=Kirkland |first=Edwin C. |date=1966 |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics |page=43 (entry nr. 1306)}}</ref> [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} sourced it from the [[Ganges Valley]].<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 104.</ref>

== Publication ==
Author [[Ruskin Bond]] republished the tale as ''The Friendship of Heera and Lal''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ruskin |first=Bond |title=The Rupa Book of Favourite Fairy Tales |publisher=Rupa& Co. |date=2006 |pages=123–127}}</ref> Journalist [[Murkot Kunhappa]] reprinted the tale as ''Hira and Lal''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Three bags of gold,: and other Indian folk tales |last=Kunhappa |first=Murkot |date=1963 |location=New York |publisher=Asia Pub. House |pages=74–84}}</ref>

== Summary ==
A poor grass-cutter ventures in the jungle to cut grass to sell. One day, he goes to fetch grass and finds the carcass of a dead snake which he intends to use to tie the bundle, but, suddenly, the carcass transforms into a shining ruby, or Lal, which he hides in his [[Pagri (turban)|pagri]] or turban. The man decides to present the Raja with the ruby. The Raja gives the ruby to his wife, the Rani, for safekeeping, but the ruby turns into a baby. The royal couple decide to raise the baby and name him ''Lal'' ('ruby'). He goes to school and meets a princess named Hira ('diamond'), whom he falls in love with. After some time, Hira is set to be married to another Raja, and Lal's father wants him to cease all contact with her. Lal disobeys his orders and rides to Hira's wedding, and they elope on two horses to regions unknown.

Some time later, Hira and Lal take shelter with an old woman, who is the wife and mother of a pair of robbers. The old woman's maidservant, in tears, tells the couple about the robbers and bids them escape. The couple mount on their horses, as the robber lady tries to stop them, to no avail. As soon as they flee the house, the woman shouts that "two fat birds are escaping", alerting the approaching father-son robbers of their escaping victims. The robbers chase after the prince and the princess, but Lal shoots an arrow behind him and kills the younger robber. Lal and Hira then reach a ''[[Caravanserai|serai]]'' where they spend the night. The next morning, an old man seeks employment with the pair. They hire him. Unbeknownst to them, the old man is the older robber. He beheads Lal and threatens to kill Hira, but she distracts him by making him look at a kite and kills him. Hira cries over the corpse of her beloved Lal, earning the pity of passersby. Fortunately for her, deities [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] are walking nearby when they hear the lamentations. Parvati wishes to investigate, but Shiva tells her that they are just a mortal person's weeping. Still, the goddess convinces Shiva to heed Hira's cries, and the god reconnects Lal's head to is body, then uses his divine blood (which the story says is [[amrita]]) to revive him. Lal is restored to life and Hira worships Shiva and Parvati in gratitude.

Next, the human couple depart to a large and populous city, and lodge themselves in a nearby inn. Lal goes to the city to buy some provisions, and enters the shop of a betel-seller, a sorceress, who falls in love with him. Offering some betels, the sorceress tricks Lal with some leaves and turns him into a goat. Noticing her lover's delay, Hira, still in male clothes, makes the same course as Lal did and passes by the same shops. The shopkeepers mistake her for Lal, and Hira, seizing the opportunity, replies she will take the provisions on her return. She finally reaches the same betel-seller, who tries to trick Hira, but the princess avoids anything she offers.

Hira enters another street and meets an old woman preparing sweetmeats, which she explains is for her son who was chosen as sacrifice to the local princess. Hira offers to replace the woman's son as sacrifice, and goes to meet the princess. Still in the male disguise, she marries the princess, and, on the wedding night, the princess begins to foam at the mouth, and a black snake comes out of her thigh. Hira kills the serpent, releasing the princess from her curse. In return, the city's king offers Hira a reward, and Hira asks to be given authority over the city for a single hour and orders every citizen to bring their cattle, birds and beasts to the palace at once. It happens thus, and every citizen joins the gathering, save for the betel-seller. Hira correctly deduces the betel-seller is missing, and some soldiers bring the sorceress and her goat with her. The goat rushes to Hira's side, and the sorceress spins a story the animal was to be a sacrifice to goddess Kali. Hira, still in her authority, orders the sorceress to be burnt, and restores Lal to human form by reciting some mantras.

Lal marries both Hira and the city's princess. Marital life is a blissful one, until one day, the princess suggests Hira to ask Lal about his origins. At first, Hira declines wanting to know, but changes her mind and begins to ask Lal about it. The prince warns her about asking such a question, for she will regret it. Despite the warning, Hira insists to know about his past and caste, and he goes to a stream. The more Hira questions him, the deeper Lal enters the stream. After he is completely submerged, Lal becomes a giant black snake and slithers under the waves, leaving a bereft Hira crying at the river margin. The tale ends.<ref>Shaikh Chilli. ''[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.28584/page/119/mode/1up Folk-tales of Hindustan]''. 1908. pp. 119-131.</ref><ref>Shaikh Chilli. ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023979721/page/n165/mode/1up Folk-tales of Hindustan]''. Bahadurganj, Allahabad: Panini Office, 1913. pp. 98-108.</ref>

== Analysis ==
===Tale type===
In [[Stith Thompson]] and Warren Roberts's ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'', the tale is classified under its own Indic [[tale type|type]], 425D Ind, "Search for Serpent Husband": the heroine marries a man of mysterious origin; jealous women probe her into asking his name or origins; he reveals it and turns into a snake; after many hardships, she reunites with him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=63 (entry "Chilli, 119–131")}}</ref>{{efn|The word "Indic" refers to tale types that, although not registered in the [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther]] international index, exist in the oral and written literature of these three [[South Asian]] countries.}}

The middle part of the story, where the pair meets the thieves, Lal is killed, but the deities revive him, is classified as another tale type found in India, which was incorporated in Thompson's 1961 revision of the international [[Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index|Aarne-Thompson Index]]. In this type, AaTh 977, "The Eloping Couple and the Robbers", a prince and princess elope and eventually take shelter with a band of robbers, which chase after them and kill the prince; the princess mourns for her lover, when gods heed her cries and restore him; later, the prince is turned into an animal by a witch.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |pages=122–123}}</ref><ref>Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p. 344.</ref> However, German folklorist [[Hans-Jörg Uther]], in his 2004 revision of the international index, discontinued the typing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Uther |first=H.-J. |author-link=Hans-Jörg Uther |year=2011 |orig-year=2004 |title=The Types of International Folktales: A classification and bibliography based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson |edition=2nd printing |series=Folklore Fellows' Communications |volume=286 (Part III) |location=Helsinki, FI |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |page=8 |isbn=978-951-41-1067-2 |url=https://edition.fi/kalevalaseura/catalog/book/769}}</ref>

===Motifs===
The protagonist's name, ''Lal'', means "ruby".<ref>Steel, F. Annie Webster; Temple, R. Carnac. ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn8k2n&view=1up&seq=363&skin=2021&q1=%22the%20ruby%20prince%22 Wide-awake stories: a collection of tales told by little children, between sunset and sunrise, in the Panjab and Kashmir]''. Bombay: Education Society's Press, 1884. p. 347.</ref><ref>"Сказки народов Памира" [Fairy tales from the Peoples of Pamir]. Перевод с памирских языков. Сост. и коммент. А. Л. Грюнберга и И. М. Стеблин-Каменского. Предисловие А. Н. Болдырева. М., Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства «Наука», 1976. pp. 512-513 (Notes to Tale nr. 1).</ref>

According to [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} study of motifs of Indian literature and oral folklore, the tale contains the [[Motif (folkloristics)|motifs]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|B604.1]] "Marriage to snake"<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 80.</ref> and D391 "Transformation: serpent (snake) to person".<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 103.</ref>

==== The husband's transformation ====
According to [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} study of motifs of Indian literature and oral folklore, the tale contains the [[Motif (folkloristics)|motif]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|D432.3.1]] "Transformation: [[ruby]] to person".<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 104.</ref>

==== The husband's vanishing ====
In his work about ''Cupid and Psyche'' and other ''Animal as Bridegroom'' tales, Swedish scholar {{ill|Jan-Öjvind Swahn|sv|Jan-Öjvind Swahn}} identified that, in certain tales, the heroine causes her supernatural husband's disappearance by inquiring his name. Swahn named this [[Motif (folkloristics)|motif]] ''The Name Taboo'' and surmised that it occurred "primarily in India".<ref>Swahn, Jan Öjvind. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=s3_YAAAAMAAJ&q=%22name+taboo%22 The Tale of Cupid and Psyche]''. Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup. 1955. pp. 238, 251.</ref> In Thompson and Roberts's ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'', this motif appears in Indic type 425D Ind, "Search for Serpent Husband": the heroine insists to know her husband's caste or name, and he, in return, gives her an answer, but vanishes in the water [[Shapeshifting|like a snake]].<ref>Thompson, Stith; Roberts, Warren Everett. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WxnXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22his+name+or+his+caste%22 Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, and Ceylon]''. Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1960. p. 63.</ref> This episode corresponds with motifs C32.2., "Tabu: questioning supernatural husband"; C32.2.1, "Tabu: asking name of supernatural husband"; C32.2.2, "Tabu: asking where supernatural husband comes from", and C32.2.3, "Tabu: asking for caste of supernatural husband."<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 85.</ref>

== Variants ==
=== Manikkam and Moothiam ===
Author M. N. Venkataswami collected an Indian tale from informant Sandhā (Puli) Abboy, from "[[Nagpur]] country".<ref>Venkataswami, M. N.. ''Folk Stories of the Land of India''. Madras Methodist Publishing House. pp. xviii-xix.</ref> In this tale, titled ''Manikkam and Moothiam'', a poor woodcutter laments his poor station in life: no parents, no child and a wife to care for. One day, he goes to the forest to gather wood and finds a dried tree. He uproots it and finds a diamond. The story then explains that Nagendra, the king of serpents, exiled his son to ''Naraloka'' for 20 years and cast a diamond off his head, his own son - the same diamond found by the woodcutter. The woodcutter brings the diamond home with him and sees that his luck changes for the better: he sells more firewood for better prices. After some time, the woodcutter, now rich, goes to check on the diamond and finds a baby. He and his wife decide to raise the baby as their own son. Ten years later, princess Moothiam ("pearl") goes to the ''patashala'' to learn the ''Kalas'' ("arts"), and so does the woodcutter's son, named Manikkam. After some years, the king thinks to himself that the princess has learned enough and decides to take her out of school so she can spend her days inside. Moothiam convinces Manikkam to elope. They make arrangements (some dresses and jewels), meet at the temple of Mahakal and depart on their horses.

Some time later, they rest by the house of an old woman, mother of seven robbers. A ''Komti'' passes by the robbers' house and alerts the pair about the robbers. The pair then makes their escape, but are pursued by the robbers. Moothiam shoots arrows at the robbers and kills all of them save one, whom they decide to spare and take as a groom. This leads to a fatal mistake: as soon as Manikkam says he wants to rest, he gives his scimitar to the last robber, who kills the youth. The robber, in return, is killed by the princess, who mourns for her fallen friend. Deities Parwati and [[Parameshvara (epithet)|Parmeshwara]] heed her cries and descend to Earth as an old couple. Shiva senses that the youth is the son of the king of serpents and gives the princess a ''vibhudikaya'' to apply on his body to revive him. The princess does that and Manikkam comes back to life. The princess and the youth reach another city where they live together.

In this city, the king convinces Manikkam to marry Moothiam, so they set up a date for their wedding. However, a flower-woman, a witch, falls in love with Manikkam and turns him into a goat with an enchanted garland. Moothiam finds the sorceress, punishes her and marries Manikkam. The youth also marries the second king's daughter. Since his time in Naraloka is running out, and to expedite the process, Manikkam's mother goes to the human realm under human guise and sells some ''Gangaraingu pandlu'' fruit to them. Manikkam notices the fruit is from the serpent realm. The next day, the fruit seller tries to convince the women to eat some of his plate, knowing that her son's nails contain poison - a stratagem that also fails. The third time, the fruit seller induces both women to ask about their husband's origins. Manikkam tells her to go to the sea shore. Moothiam and people assemble near the sea-shore; Mannikam reveals he is the son of [[Nagaraja]], turns into a large snake and dives into the sea, back to [[Nagaloka]].

Moothiam swims after him, despite the force of the waves, and Manikkam, in snake form, catches his human wife and takes her to his father's garden. Manikkam gives her garments to wear and milk from the cosmic cow to eat, and recommends her to clean the way to a [[hillock]] of pebbles and thorns and prepare food and milk for his father when he comes. The father, noticing the kind action, shall grant her a boon. The first time, Moothiam trembles with fear before the king of snakes and forgets to ask for the boon. Some time later, Manikkam's snake wife learns that his human wife is in the serpent realm, and gives her a dirty rag smeared with oil to be washed clean as a conch-shell. Manikkam summons some cranes flying overhead and orders them to clean the piece of cloth. The snake-wife also gives her a pot full of holes and orders her to empty a well. Manikkam orders the little frogs to fill up the holes. The next time his father comes to the hillock, on the full moon, Moothiam still shakes with fear. The third time, she takes heart and asks Nagaraja for the diamond on his head. Nagendra gives her the diamond. Manikkam then takes Moothiam back to the human realm.<ref>Venkataswami, M. N.. ''Folk Stories of the Land of India''. Madras Methodist Publishing House. pp. 1-24.</ref>

=== Prince Ruby and Princess Diamond ===
Professor Sadhana Naithani published a tale originally collected by [[William Crooke]] from a student in [[Jwalapur]]. In this tale, titled by Crooke as ''Prince Ruby and Princess Diamond'', a Jat and a Gujar are friends. One day, the Jat buys an earthen pot and places a snake inside it. He gives the pot to his wife and she puts it on the oven. She opens it and finds a garland of rubies.{{efn|This element is classified, according to [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} study of motifs of Indian literature and oral folklore, as [[Motif (folkloristics)|motif]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|D425.1.3.]] "Transformation: snake to garland".<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 104.</ref>}} The Jat decides to sell the garland to the Rajá. The Rajá takes it and places it in a cot, and, the next morning, a baby appears in the place of the garland. The Rajá and his wife, the Rani, deduce that the rubies have turned into a boy. Twelve years later, they decide to marry the boy, named Prince Lal, to a girl "born of a diamond", but evil viziers kill the Rajá to usurp his kingdom. The Rani escapes with the boy to another kingdom. Prince Lal becomes friends with a girl named Hira Princess at school. The boy and the princess elope and ride two horses to regions unknown, and stop to rest at the house of a family of "free booters". Prince Lal kills the 14 booters. Their father, in revenge, wears a disguise and offers to be the duo's ''syce''. The false ''syce'' cuts off the prince's head and Hira Princess, in retaliation, kills him. She cries for her fallen friend. Her pleas are heard by Párbati and Mahadeva. Mahadeva tells the princess to use her blood to revive him. Prince Lal comes back to life, goes to his father's kingdom and fights the usurpers to regain the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naithani |first=Sadhana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmyVKwxmeyUC&dq=%22ruby+prince%22+india&pg=PA165 |title=In Quest of Indian Folktales: Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |date=2006 |pages=164–166 (text), 167 (notes) |isbn=9780253112026}}</ref>

=== Lal and Heera (Magahi) ===
In an Indian tale in the [[Magahi language]] collected by {{ill|Ramprasad Singh|hi|रामप्रसाद सिंह}} with the title "लाल आउ हीरा" ("Lal and Heera"), a merchant loses his fortune when disaster strikes his country and he has to forage for wood in the forest to sell and earn his living. One day, he brings some roasted grains to eat in the forest, and finds a snake next to a bundle. He takes a stick to shoo away the snake, and discovers a red stone next to it. He takes the stone and the wood to sell, and the buyer offers a huge amount of money for the stone. The stone, a ruby, changes hands until a king buys it and gives it to the queen for safekeeping. Later, the monarch sends an emissary to request the queen brings the gem, but the queen discovers a baby boy inside the chest instead of the ruby. They decide to raise the boy and name him Lal, placing him at the same classes as princess Heera, their daughter.

As time passes, Lal and Heera fall in love, but their teacher reports them to the king, who decides to place them in separate schools. Thus, the couple decide to elope, take some horses and flee the kingdom. They reach a well next to a house, which they learn belongs to a band of seven thieves. They spend some time in the house before the thieves arrive, and reach an inn, where they spend the night. The thieves, plus their sister, reach the inn and lie to the innkeeper that they are looking for their fleeing brother-in-law (Lal). The thieves, posing as Lal's relatives, take him with them, but Lal and Heera flee on two quick horses, the thieves after the pair. Lal and Heera kill the bandits, but spare one of them to be their servant. Heera loses an anklet on the road and asks Lal and the thief-servant to fetch it for her. When Lal reaches down to grab it, the thief beheads the youth. Heera cries for Lal's death in a temple, and the tree leaves join in her mourning. Suddenly, deities Parvati and Mahade pass by Heera and learn of her ordeal. Parvati asks Mahade to revive the youth, and he bids Heera to bring some water from the lake. Heera fetches water, which Mahade sprinkles over Lal's body, prickles his own finger and brings it to the youth's mouth, restoring him to life.

Lal and Heera then ride to another kingdom, where they set up a tent and Lal goes to buy some provisions. However, when he enters the store, the shopkeeper falls in love with him, douses a betel leaf with some magic and gives it to Lal, turning him into a sheep which she ties to a pole. Noticing Lal's delay, Heera dons a male disguise and enters the city. The local princess falls in love with Heera's male disguise and marries "him", but on the wedding night, Heera avoids sleeping with her. Heera, in male disguise, says it is a tradition from their land being gifted a sword. Later, Heera, as the local king's son-in-law, asks him to order a curfew before a certain hour of the night, and to allow people to graze their sheep at night. By doing this, Heera locates the shopkeeper and threatens her to restore Lal to human form. After she does so, Heera kills the shopkeeper and brings Lal with her back to the princess.

Heera, Lal and the princess live together. One day, however, the princess finds Lal sprawled in his bed and tries to wake him up. Lal jumps out of bed and tries to avoid both of his wives. Heera and the princess notice that they do not know Lal's caste, and decide to ask him. He eventually jumps into a pond, turns into a snake, and slithers away in the water. Both girls mourn for Lal's disappearance, and the king announces with a tabla (drum) he will give half of his kingdom to whoever has news of Lal. An old man takes up the challenge and goes to the same pond where Lal vanished, hiding in a tree hollow: soon, he watches as a fairy and Indra Maharaj come out of the pond, Lal with them as their tabla player, as they dance to music, and return to the lake. The old man goes to report to the princesses about the discovery and takes them to the pond. That same night, Heera and the princess witness the event, as Indra Maharaj and some fairies dance with Lal and enter the pond; the girls try to grab their co-husband before he vanishes with the dawn. Lal says that their try is futile, but concocts a plan: they shall wait for the next night, give him too much ganja ("गाँजा", in the original) so he performs badly at the tabla, forcing Indra to ask for another music player, which is to be provided by one of the princesses; after they perform, the girls are to ask Indra to return Lal to them. It happens thus: Lal is intoxicated by the ganja, the princesses perform for Indra and ask him to return Lal to them. Indra allows the girls to have him. The trio return home to the palace.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magadha kī lokakathāem̐: Sañcayana |volume=2 |author=Rāma Prasāda Siṃha |publisher=Magahī Akādamī |date=1996 |pages=87–93 (text for tale nr. 34) |language=Hindi}}</ref>

=== The Snake's Son ===
In an Indian tale in the [[Magahi language]] collected by {{ill|Ramprasad Singh|hi|रामप्रसाद सिंह}} with the title "नाग के बेटा" ("The Snake's Son"), a king worries for he is wealthy, but has no son. He also has a fort a snake slithers in through a wall. The snake learns the wall will eventually crumble on it, and it happens thus. The commotion draws the attention of the king's servants, who find the crushed snake and a baby on the snake's mouth. The servants bring the baby to the king, who raises him and, with the auspices of a Brahmin, names him Lal Shahzada ("लाल सहजादा"), but he is warned that, if the prince reveals his name, he will turn into a snake and vanish, since the baby was born of the snake's mouth. As the boy grows up and reaches marriageable age, the king sends emissaries to find a suitable bride. A priest learns that, on the other side of the river, lives a princess named Lal Shahzadi ("Ruby Princess"), and they set a date for their marriage, but Lal Shahzada's father's death delays their plans. Years pass, and Lal Shahzada is mocked for not having a bride. After confronting his mother, he learns of his arranged marriage to Lal Shahzadi and rides to her kingdom. He stops by her kingdom's gates and her father wants to kill him, but faints at the prince's beauty, then regains his consciousness and decides to marry his daughter to the prince.

Lal Shahzada and Lal Shahzadi marry and spend some time in relative peace and happiness. After a while, the couple make a turn home to his kingdom. Lal Shahzada places his wife on a palanquin, while he goes to find some fodder for their horses. He meets an old thieving woman who has some fodder. The old woman, however, sights the prince and wishes to marry him to her daughter, so she turns him into a sheep to keep him with her. Lal Shahzadi notices her husband's delay, dons a male disguise and goes to look for Lal Shahzada, eventually meeting the thieving woman. The princess deduces there is something with the old woman, but makes her way to the prince's kingdom as the prince himself. She introduces herself as Lal Shahzada and requests that every subject comes to meet their sovereign. At the gathering, the princess notices the thieving woman is not there. She comes to the gathering with the sheep, and the princess asks to have the sheep, but the thieving woman refuses, saying the sheep is human. So the princess orders the woman to restore the sheep back into Lal Shahzada. It happens thus, and the thieving woman is punished for her magics.

After the old woman dies, her daughter, wishing to have Lal Shahzada to herself, goes to talk to the princess and questions that she does not know her husband's name. Lal Shahzadi mulls over the question and asks Lal Shahzada about his name. He explains that if he tells her his name, he will turn into a snake and vanish. Still, the princess does not believe his words and both go to near a pond. Lal Shahzada enters the waters, shouts that he is the son of a snake named Lal Shahzada, turns into a snake and slithers away. The princess mourns for her husband's loss. Some time later a holy man appears and advises her how she can rescue him: fill bowls of warm milk and place them on the four corners of the pond; three snakes will come to drink the milk, and the fourth will stand by, which will be her husband; she is to hold he fourth snake and never let it go until it resumes human form. The princess does as instructed and sights her husband's snake form, which she holds tight until he is restored to human form. They reunite and live happily.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magadha kī lokakathāem̐: Sañcayana |volume=2 |author=Rāma Prasāda Siṃha |publisher=Magahī Akādamī |date=1996 |pages=56-58 (text for tale nr. 23) |lang=Hindi}}</ref>

=== Heer Princess and Lal Kunwar ===
In an Indian tale from [[Haryana]] titled "हीर शहजादी और लाल कुंवर" ("Heer Princess and Lal Kunwar"), a queen prays to the Serpent God for a son, and is given one she names Lal Kunwar. One day, she is bathing her son, whose body is shining with a red aura. The king, his father, takes a look at him and dies, leaving the boy fatherless and having to be tutored by the Prime Minister. When he is thirteen years old, the prince beats the Prime Minister's son, and the Prime Minister's wife wants the prince dead. Thus, the widowed queen and the prince are taken to the forest to be killed by some soldiers, who decide to spare them provided they flee to another kingdom. The queen agrees and escapes to the land of Shahjahan Nagar to raise her son. In time, the local Princess Heer has been promised to Lal Kunwar (Prince Lal) or Lal Shahzada ("लाल शहजादा", in the original; "Ruby Prince"), whom she calls Veerlal, since before their births, and suspects he is of the serpent clan, but knows she cannot ask him about his lineage. Lal Kunwar keeps silent about his origins, but introduces himself as a prince. Heer then tries to convince her father to allow their marriage, but the monarch refuses. Thus, Lal and Heer mount their horses and flee to the forest. Lal goes to forage for roots and herbs while Heer takes a bath in a pond, when a Bhil youth finds them and fatally shoots the prince with an arrow. The Bhil kidnaps the princess on his horse, but Heer drops a shoe for him to catch. While he is distracted, she kills him with an arrow. Heer returns to tend to Lal's body, prepares a pyre for him, and mourns. A passing divine couple, Shiva and Parvati, listen to the mortal's cries and Parvati bids Shiva to help them, and Shiva revives Lal, to Heer's happiness. Lal advises Heer to don a male disguise and they ride to the city of king Ksatrabha for rations. Heer also requests some betel leaf for [[Betel quid|paan]]. Lal buys provisions and goes to buy some betel leaves from a female seller, who falls in love with him and tricks the prince, turning him into a calf by tying a thread around his neck. The betel seller keeps Lal as her lover.

Meanwhile, Heer notices Lal's delay and goes to investigate, discovering he disappeared after talking to the betel seller. Late at night, Heer hears a scream and finds a man kidnapping a woman. Heer kills the man and releases the woman, who reveals she is the local princess, daughter of king Ksatrabha. Heer, still in male disguise, introduces herself as "Lal Kunwar" and marries the princess with the king's gratitude. Heer, in male garments, wanders the streets in the morning in search of Lal, and devises a plan: she invents a ritual occasion which everyone is to attend and bring their animals to be fed. The betel seller comes with the calf, which has a black thread around its neck. Heer suspects there is something with the animal and unties the black thread, restoring Lal to normal. The betel seller is punished by being stomped by an elephant, Heer explains everything to king Ksatrabha, and Lal Kunwar marries both princesses and brings his mother to live with them. The tale then explains Lal Kunwar is the prince of Naglok ("नागलोक का कुमार", in the original), the world of snakes, and cannot reveal his origins, as his mother prayed to the serpent deity ("सर्प देवता", in the original), lest he turns back into a snake. One day, however, Ksatrabha's daughter asks Lal Kunwar about his lineage, and the prince warns her not to press further, but she insists to know. On revealing his origins, he becomes a snake and slithers away. Heer and the other princess mourn for him.

Heer then organizes a festival to praise the gods in hopes of finding Lal Kunwar again and sends invitations to all. During the festival, a Brahmin appears late and goes to eat. Heer then asks the reason for his tardiness, and he recalls a story: he climbed a [[peepal tree]] distant from his village and saw a snake court nearby, a large snake on a throne sided by a younger one, as the snakes danced for them; the younger one stayed behind, hit its head on the tree three times and cried out for Heer. Heer Princess asks to be taken to the peepal tree. Heer and the Brahmin witness as a cadre of snakes prepare everything for their dance and dance to king Nagraj, and sight a coiled snake. After the dance finishes, the coiled snake goes to hit its head on the tree and cry for Heer, when the princess herself appears to him. Heer and Lal admit they suffer for their parting, and Heer asks what she can do to rescue him. Lal Kunwar advises her to clear her mind for ten days, offer milk for the snake court, worship the Snake King and ask for human Lal Kunwar. With this, Lal Kunwar slithers back to the snake hole, as Heer prepares herself: she places milk bowls, burns incenses and worships Nagraj. The Snake King is satisfied with Heer's devotion and offers her whatever boon she may request. Heer Princess then asks for Lal Kunwar back. Nagraj delivers him to the princess and they reunite, then return to Kshatrabha's palace. Lal Kunwar's other wife apologizes for her mistake. King Kshatrabha makes Lal Kunwar his successor, and he retakes his father's kingdom by defeating the prime minister.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vaśishṭha |first=Sureśa |title=Hariyāṇavī Loka Kathāem̐ |location=Dillī |publisher=Jīvana Jyoti Prakāśana |date=1994 |pages=40–48 |lang=Hindi}}</ref>

=== The Ignorant Wife ===
In an Indian tale collected from [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] with the title ''The Ignorant Wife'', a woman named Heera has married a man named Lal, unaware of his true serpentine nature. One day, while she is taking a bath, a strand of her long hair is washed away by the river and swallowed by a fish. A fisherman catches the fish, finds the hair and presents to the king. The king falls in love with its owner and orders the fisherman to find her, on penalty of death. The fisherman consults with a female magician who promises to find the girl. She drives a magical chariot, lands near the river and pays Heera a visit in her palace, pretending to be a relative of her grandmother, a sister. Heera is moved by the false grand-aunt's tears and takes her in, hiding her in the storeroom from her husband Lal. After Lal returns home, the magician spies on Lal and Heera eating from their own plates and formulates a plan: she comments with Heera that she has never eaten from her husband's plate. Driven by the false relative's words, Heera takes a handful of food from Lal's plate, angering him. Lal leaves the palace and Heera follows him to the river bank. Lal enters the river and slowly becomes a serpent, while Heera keeps asking him why he does not share his food with her. He tries to talk to her, but she refuses to understand, so he turns into a serpent and vanishes into the river. Heera mourns for her husband's disappearance. The magician falsely comforts Heera and bids her take a bath with her in the middle of the river, but takes the girl to her magical chariot, utters an incantation and departs with Heera to the king's palace. The magician introduces Heera to the king, who wishes to marry her, but Heera declines, saying she will do penance by the crossroads in order to wait for her husband, and if Lal does not return, she agrees to marry him. The king agrees to her terms and gives her a place to do penance. Years pass, and Lal does not appear to Heera. Meanwhile, in the month of Poos, where a celebration of snakes is held at night, attracting hermits and snake charmers. One day, a beggar men and his son take shelter and pray for a nearby [[peepal tree]] to open and take them, while the pair watches the event of the snake celebration, which Lal attends in snake form, crying out for Heera; Lal joins the other shapeshifting snakes in their dance. The beggar and his son climb out the peepal tree and reach Heera's location, telling her about the snake dance and the one crying out for Heera. The woman gives the pair shelter and asks to be taken there. The following Sunday, she climbs out the same peepal tree and waits for the snake retinue: the snakes appear before the Serpent King, they dance, while Lal, in snake form, keeps himself apart and weeps. As dawn comes, the snakes disappear, and Lal goes to join them, when Heera climbs down the tree and grabs her husband's serpentine form. The man orders to be released and calls her nonbeliever, admonishing her for her questioning. Heera feels sorry for their separation and asks what can be done so that they can be reunited. Lal then advises Heera that if she can earn the blessing of Lal's father, the Serpent King, he can be released from this curse and become human forever. Thus, Heera, the following Sunday, prepares dishes for the Serpent King. The Serpent King appears with his kin, and notices the offering made for him, bidding whoever made them to come forth and ask for a boon. Heera comes out of hiding and asks for a son, then explains she is married to the Serpent King's son, Lal, and wishes to have him back, retelling her whole story. Touched by her tale of sacrifice, the Serpent King lifts the curse on Lal, and he returns to human form. Lal reunites with Heera, and they exchange their leftovers with each other.<ref>{{cite book |first=Prabha |last=Pant |title=Echoes of Kumaon: Myths Magic And Mountain Tales |translator=Shweta Awasthi |publisher=BFC Publications |date=2025 |pages=34-38 (tale nr. 5) |isbn=9789371205474}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Champavati]]
* [[The Golden Crab]]
* [[Princess Himal and Nagaray]]
* [[Sasisena Kavya]]
* [[The Snake Prince]]
* [[Prince Lal Maluk]]
* [[The Tale of the Woodcutter and his Daughters]]
* [[Tulisa, the Wood-Cutter's Daughter]]
* [[The Story of Halahal Kumar (Odia folktale)|The Story of Halahal Kumar]]
* [[The Ruby Prince (Punjabi folktale)|The Ruby Prince]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hira and Lal, The Story of}}
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Asian fairy tales]]
[[Category:ATU 400-459]]
[[Category:ATU 850-999]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princesses]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fictional princes]]
[[Category:Fictional snakes]]
[[Category:Gemstones in culture]]
[[Category:Male characters in fairy tales]]

Jaya Jaya Hē Telangāṇa

2026-04-17T18:05:19Z

Theodore2940:

{{Short description|State song of Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title = {{lang|te|జయ జయహే తెలంగాణ}}
| transcription = {{translit|te|italic=no|Jaya Jaya Hē Telangāṇa}}
| english_title = Victory to Telangana
| image =
| image_size = 250
| alt =
| author = [[Ande Sri]]
| caption =
| prefix = State
| type = Song
| country = [[Telangana]], India
| alt_title =
| en_alt_title =
| alt_title_2 =
| en_alt_title_2 =
| music_date =
| published =
| readopted =
| until =
| successor =
| predecessor = "[[Maa Telugu Thalliki|Mā Telugu Talliki]]" {{small|(until 16 March 2021)}}
| adopted = {{start date and years ago|2024|02|04|df=y|p=y}} {{small|(officially)}}
| sound =
| sound_title = }}

"'''{{translit|te|italic=no|Jaya Jaya Hē Telangāṇa}}'''"<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2015 |title=Jaya Jaya He Telangana song |url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/news/2024/06/telangana-state-song/ |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> is the state song of [[Telangana]]. It was composed by [[Ande Sri]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Reddy|first=L. V. Venkat Ram|date=May 26, 2014|title='Jaya Jaya He Telangana' to be the new state song|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140526/nation-current-affairs/article/jaya-jaya-he-telangana-be-new-state-song|access-date=15 July 2016|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rao|first=Ch Sushil|date=2014-05-31|title=An unlettered poet composes new Telangana state song|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/An-unlettered-poet-composes-new-Telangana-state-song/articleshow/35853482.cms|access-date=15 July 2016|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-an-illiterate-poet-ande-sri-composes-new-telangana-state-song-jaya-jayahe-telang-4633047-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605120354/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-an-illiterate-poet-ande-sri-composes-new-telangana-state-song-jaya-jayahe-telang-4633047-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2014|title=An illiterate poet Ande Sri composes new Telangana state song 'Jaya jayahe Telangana Janani Jana Kethanam'|access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> The song was adopted by many organisations and schools in Telangana during the [[Telangana movement]], replacing [[Maa Telugu Thalliki|"Maa Telugu Talliki"]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=V |first=Swathi |date=2014-06-01 |title=A man of many letters: Ande Sri |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/A-man-of-many-letters-Ande-Sri/article11637939.ece |access-date=2022-09-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 16 March 2021, in the Telangana State Assembly, Chief Minister [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]] clarified that Jaya Jaya He Telangana had not been officially adopted as the state song of Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/mar/18/we-have-no-state-song-clarifies-telangana-cm-kcr-2278022.html|title=Jaya Jaya He Telangana of Telangana|date=16 March 2021}}</ref> Jaya Jaya He Telangana was officially adopted as the state song of Telangana by the [[Revanth Reddy]] cabinet on 4 February 2024.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/telangana-to-change-ts-vehicle-registration-name-state-emblem-announces-new-state-song/articleshow/107430352.cms?from=mdr | title=Telangana to change TS vehicle registration name, state emblem; Announces new state song | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=5 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/cm-revanth-reddy-crucial-decisions-on-telangana-talli-state-anthem--news-349409 | title=CM Revanth Reddy's crucial decisions on Telangana Talli, State Anthem - News | date=5 February 2024 }}</ref>

==Lyrics==
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{|class="wikitable"
![[Telugu language|Telugu]] original
![[Romanisation of Telugu]]
![[Help:IPA/Telugu|IPA transcription]]
![[English language|English]] [[translation]]
|- style="white-space:nowrap;valign:top;"
|<poem>జయ జయహే తెలంగాణ జననీ జయకేతనం
ముక్కోటి గొంతుకలు ఒక్కటైన చేతనం
తరతరాల చరితగల తల్లీ నీరాజనం
పది జిల్లల నీ పిల్లలు ప్రణమిల్లిన శుభతరుణం
జై తెలంగాణ – జై జై తెలంగాణ!

పోతనది పురిటిగడ్డ, రుద్రమది వీరగడ్డ
గండరగండడు కొమురం భీముడే నీ బిడ్డ
కాకతీయ కళాప్రభల కాంతిరేఖ రామప్ప
గొలుకొండ నవాబుల గొప్ప వెలుగే చార్ మినార్
జై తెలంగాణ – జై జై తెలంగాణ!

జానపద జన జీవన జావలీలు జాలువారే
కవి గాయక వైతాళిక కళలా మంజీరాలు
జాతిని జాగృత పరిచే గీతాల జన జాతర
అనునిత్యం నీ గానం అమ్మ నీవే మా ప్రాణం
జై తెలంగాణ – జై జై తెలంగాణ!

గొదావరి కృష్ణమ్మలు మన బీళ్ళకు మళ్ళాలి
పచ్చని మాగాణాల్లో పసిడి సిరులు పండాలి
సుఖశాంతుల తెలంగాణ సుభిక్షంగా ఉండాలే
స్వరాష్ట్రమై తెలంగాణ స్వర్ణ యుగం కావాలి
జై తెలంగాణ – జై జై తెలంగాణ!</poem>
|<poem>Jaya jayahē telangāṇa jananī jayakētanaṃ
Mukkōṭi gontukalu okkaṭaina cētanaṃ
Taratarāla caritagala tallī nīrājanaṃ
Padi jillala nī pillalu praṇamillina shubhataruṇaṃ
Jai Telangāṇa – jai jai Telangāṇa!

Pōtanadi puriṭigaḍḍa, rudramadi vīragaḍḍa
Gaṇḍaragaṇḍaḍu komuraṃ bhīmuḍē nī biḍḍa
Kākatīya kaḷāprabhala kāntirēkha rāmappa
Golukoṇḍa navābula goppa velugē cār minār
Jai Telangāṇa – jai jai Telangāṇa!

Jānapada jana jīvana jāvalīlu jāluvārē
Kavi gāyaka vaitāḷika kaḷalā manjīrālu
jātini jāgr̥ta paricē gītāla jana jātara
Anunityaṃ nī gānaṃ amma nīvē mā prāṇaṃ
Jai Telangāṇa – jai jai Telangāṇa

Godāvari kriṣṇammalu mana bīḷḷaku maḷḷāli
Paccani māgāṇāllō pasiḍi sirulu paṇḍāli
Sukhashāntula Telangāṇa subhikṣaṅgā uṇḍālē
svarāṣṭrramai Telangāṇa svarṇa yugaṁ kāvāli
Jai Telangāṇa – jai jai Telangāṇa</poem>
|<poem>[d͡ʒa.ja d͡ʒa.ja.ɦeː t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa d͡ʒa.na.niː d͡ʒa.ja.keː.t̪a.nam̃ {{!}}]
[muk̚.koː.ʈi ɡon̪.t̪u.ka.lu ok̚.ka.ʈaɪ̯.na t͡ʃeː.t̪a.nam̃ {{!}}]
[t̪a.ɾa.t̪a.ɾaː.la t͡ʃa.ɾi.t̪a.ɡa.la t̪al.liː niː.ɾaː.d͡ʒa.nam̃ {{!}}]
[pa.d̪i d͡ʒil.la.la niː pil.la.lu pɾa.ɳa.mil.li.na sʰu.bʱa.t̪a.ɾu.ɳam̃ {{!}}]
[d͡ʒaɪ̯ t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa {{!}} d͡ʒaɪ̯ d͡ʒaɪ̯ t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa ‖]

[poː.t̪a.na.d̪i pu.ɾi.ʈi.ɡaɖ.ɖa {{!}} ɾu.d̪ɾa.ma.d̪i ʋiː.ɾa.ɡaɖ.ɖa {{!}}]
[ɡaɳ.ɖa.ɾa.ɡaɳ.ɖa.ɖu ko.mu.ɾam̃ bʱiː.mu.ɖeː niː biɖ.ɖa {{!}}]
[kaː.ka.t̪iː.ja ka.ɭaː.pɾa.bʱa.la kaːn̪.t̪i.ɾeː.kʰa ɾaː.map̚.pa {{!}}]
[ɡo.lu.koɳ.ɖa na.ʋaː.bu.la ɡop̚.pa ʋe.lu.ɡeː t͡ʃaːɾ mi.naːɾ {{!}}]
[d͡ʒaɪ̯ t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa {{!}} d͡ʒaɪ̯ d͡ʒaɪ̯ t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa ‖]

[d͡ʒaː.na.pa.d̪a d͡ʒa.na d͡ʒiː.ʋa.na d͡ʒaː.ʋa.liː.lu d͡ʒaː.lu.ʋaː.ɾeː {{!}}]
[ka.ʋi ɡaː.ja.ka ʋaɪ̯.t̪aː.ɭi.ka ka.ɭa.laː man.d͡ʒiː.ɾaː.lu {{!}}]
[d͡ʒaː.t̪i.ni d͡ʒaː.ɡɾu.t̪a pa.ɾi.t͡ʃeː ɡiː.t̪aː.la d͡ʒa.na d͡ʒaː.t̪a.ɾa {{!}}]
[a.nu.nit̪.jam̃ niː ɡaː.nam̃ am.ma niː.ʋeː maː pɾaː.ɳam̃ {{!}}]
[d͡ʒaɪ̯ t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa {{!}} d͡ʒaɪ̯ d͡ʒaɪ̯ t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa ‖]

[ɡo.d̪aː.ʋa.ɾi kɾiʂ.ɳam.ma.lu ma.na biːɭ.ɭa.ku maɭ.ɭaː.li {{!}}]
[pat̚.t͡ʃa.ni maː.ɡaː.ɳaːl.loː pa.si.ɖi si.ɾu.lu paɳ.ɖaː.li {{!}}]
[su.kʰa.sʰaːn̪.t̪u.la t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa su.bʱik.ʂaŋ.ɡaː uɳ.ɖaː.leː {{!}}]
[sʋa.ɾaːʂ.ʈɾa.maɪ̯ t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa sʋaɾ.ɳa ju.ɡam̃ kaː.ʋaː.li {{!}}]
[d͡ʒaɪ̯ t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa {{!}} d͡ʒaɪ̯ d͡ʒaɪ̯ t̪e.laŋ.ɡaː.ɳa ‖]</poem>
|<poem>Victory to thee, [[Telangana Thalli|Mother Telangana]], victory to thy flag
Thy bodhi led to three crore voices
O Mother, victory to thy history of many eras
A victory brought by thy progeny of ten districts
Victory to Telangana – victory, victory to Telangana!

[[Bammera Potana|Land]] of great [[Pothana]], realm of brave [[Rudrama Devi|Rudramma]]
Of top of all thy son [[Komaram Bheem]] most valiant
The fine glint of [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] and of [[Ramappa Temple|Ramappa]]
[[Charminar]] serves as the pinnacle of great [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda]]
Victory to Telangana – victory, victory to Telangana!

Folklore is the javelin of life
[[Taal (instrument)|Manjeera]] as the poet's choral art
Like an acumen of songs, while ensuring fair
Mother, always in our passion of carol you are
Victory to Telangana – victory, victory to Telangana!

[[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] shall be in our blood
Green veins shall be grown in green lands
May prosperous Telangana prosper even more
This independent Telangana needs a golden age
Victory to Telangana – victory, victory to Telangana!</poem>
|} </div>

==See also==
*[[Telangana Thalli]]
*[[Telangana Language Day]]
*[[List of Telangana poets]]
*[[National Anthem of Kingdom of Hyderabad]]
*[[List of Indian state songs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RohuvGC5GMM Jaya Jayahe Telangana]
{{Indian state songs}}
{{National anthems of Asia}}
[[Category:Culture of Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian state anthems]]

Gauhati West Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:50Z

Theodore2940: Put Up Initial Info and Citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gauhati West
| constituency_no = 54
| type = SLA
| map_image = Gauhati West Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency|Gauhati]]
| district = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Ramendra Narayan Kalita]]
| party = {{Party index link|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =
| abolished= 2023
}}
'''Gauhati West Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. Gauhati West was also part of [[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency]].

This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Govinda Kalita]]
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Biren Ram Phookun
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Kiran Chandra Bezbarua
| {{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Tarini Kanta Boro
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Ramendra Narayan Kalita]]
| {{full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| {{full party name with color|Natun Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| {{full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| Hemanta Talukdar
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Ramendra Narayan Kalita]]
| {{full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| Hemanta Talukdar
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Ramendra Narayan Kalita]]
| {{full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
! colspan="4"| ''Constituency abolished''
|}

== Election results ==
===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Gauhati West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Ramendra Narayan Kalita
|votes = 1,32,184
|percentage = 64.06
|change = +41.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Jury Sharma Bordoloi
|votes = 42,274
|percentage = 20.48
|change = -14.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hemanta Talukdar
|votes = 12,397
|percentage = 6.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pranab Sarmah
|votes = 5,838
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Deba Kumar Barman
|votes = 4,269
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jayanta Boro
|votes = 1,771
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = The National Road Map Party of India
|candidate = Md. Javed Hussain Tanwar
|votes = 1,741
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Md. Iftazur Rahman
|votes = 763
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Bharatiya Gana Parishad
|candidate = Subimal Biswas
|votes = 684
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Mitan Sarkar
|votes = 613
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Pulak Ranjan Chakrabarty
|votes = 612
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Rashtriya Pragati Party
|candidate = Hasnur Ali
|votes = 496
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Rashtriya Janshakti Party
|candidate = Manas Pratim Das
|votes = 398
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,280
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 89,910
|percentage = 43.58
|change = +36.39
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,06,320
|percentage = 81.24
|change = +15.37
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,53,557
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Gauhati West}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hemanta Talukdar
|votes = 54,343
|percentage = 34.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manoj Ram Phukan
|votes = 43,017
|percentage = 27.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Ramendra Narayan Kalita
|votes = 35,361
|percentage = 22.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashok Anand Singhal
|votes = 12,642
|percentage = 8.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = Prasanna Malla Buzar Baruah
|votes = 6,174
|percentage = 3.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Parul Saikia
|votes = 1,382
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Basumatary
|votes = 1,374
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ranjeet Kumar Deka
|votes = 1,114
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Minorities Front
|candidate = Hasina Ahmed
|votes = 738
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Chandra Kamal Bhagwati
|votes = 707
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Nanda Kishor Soni
|votes = 646
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,326
|percentage = 7.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,57,498
|percentage = 65.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Guwahati]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord|26.12|91.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Kamrup Metropolitan district| ]]
[[Category:Guwahati]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

Pilibhit Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:18Z

Theodore2940: new new pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pilibhit
| constituency_no = 127
| map_image = 127-Pilibhit.svg
| mla = [[Sanjay Singh Gangwar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,68,537 (2017)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Pilibhit Assembly constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|piːliːbʱiːt̪}}) is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=14 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 127.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 14 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=14 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=14 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/pilibhit.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=14 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Pilibhit Assembly constituency is KCs Nagar, Amaria, Jahanabad, Pilibhit MB, Gularia Bhindara NP & Jahanabad NP of Pilibhit Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Pilibhit Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/pilibhit.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Niranjan Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ram Roop Singh
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Babu Ram
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ali Zaheer
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Dhirendra Sahai
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Charanjit Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Seyed Ali Ashrafi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Riyaz Ahmad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Balkrishna Gupta
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Raj Rai Singh
|-
|2000^
|Balkrishna Gupta
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Riyaz Ahmad]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Singh Gangwar|Sanjay Gangwar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Pilibhit]]}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sanjay Singh Gangwar
| votes = 1,36,486
| percentage = 54.20
| change = +32.97
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Riyaz Ahmad
| votes = 93,130
| percentage = 36.98
| change = +9.61
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Arshad Khan
| votes = 14,532
| percentage = 5.77
| change = -19.71
}}{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Jan Shakti Ekta Party|JSEP]]
| candidate = Chandrasen
| votes = 1,010
| percentage = 0.40
| change = +0.40
}}{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Rashtriya Kisan Majdoor Party|RKMP]]
| candidate = Mohammad Yusuf Malik
| votes = 989
| percentage = 0.39
| change = +0.39
}}{{Election box candidate
| party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
| candidate = None of the Above
| votes = 1,818
| percentage = 0.72
| change = +0.72
}}{{Election box majority
| votes = 43,356
| percentage = 17.23
| change = +15.34
}}{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,51,842
| percentage = 68.34
| change = +2.17
}}{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +26.83
}}{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Pilibhit]]}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = [[Riyaz Ahmad]]
| votes = 61,578
| percentage = 27.37
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sanjay Singh Gangwar
| votes = 57,343
| percentage = 25.48
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Satya Pal
| votes = 47,771
| percentage = 21.23
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Peace Party of India
| candidate = Azam Mir Khan
| votes = 30,614
| percentage = 13.60
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = B. K. Gupta
| votes = 12,422
| percentage = 5.52
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITMC]]
| candidate = Shravan Dutt Singh
| votes = 5,733
| percentage = 2.55
| change =
}}{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,235
| percentage = 1.89
| change =
}}{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,25,023
| percentage = 66.17
| change =
}}{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Pilibhit<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Singh Gangwar
|votes = {{formatnum:125506}}
|percentage = 48.08
|change = -6.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shailendra Singh Gangwar
|votes = {{formatnum:118536}}
|percentage = 45.41
|change = +8.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shane Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:12099}}
|percentage = 4.64
|change = -1.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1188}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6970}}
|percentage = 2.67
|change = -14.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:261009}}
|percentage = 68.89
|change = +0.56
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Pilibhit<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Singh Gangwar
|votes = {{formatnum:136486}}
|percentage = 54.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Riaz Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:93130}}
|percentage = 36.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Arshad Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:14532}}
|percentage = 5.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1818}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43356}}
|percentage = 17.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:251819}}
|percentage = 68.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Pilibhit district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pilibhit]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pilibhit district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Namma Oorina Rasikaru

2026-04-13T21:11:05Z

Theodore2940: Info

{{Short description|2021 Indian Kannada-language web series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = Drama
| based_on = {{Based on|''Namma Oorina Rasikaru''|[[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]]}}
| director = Nandita Yadav
| starring = [[Rajesh Nataranga]] [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] [[P. Sheshadri]] [[Sumukha]] [[Mandya Ramesh]] B. Suresh
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| released = {{Start date|2021|12|23|df=y}}
}}

'''Namma Oorina Rasikaru''' is a 2021 Indian Kannada-language drama web series directed by Nandita Yadav. The series is based on the literary work of [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]] and stars [[Rajesh Nataranga]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], [[P. Sheshadri]], [[Sumukha]], [[Mandya Ramesh]] and B. Suresh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gorur literary classic now a web series on Katte |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/gorur-literary-classic-now-a-web-series-on-katte-991250.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series is set in the village of Gorur during the pre-Independence period and follows the daily lives of its residents. It presents a series of episodic narratives depicting social customs, relationships and community life, often drawing on humour and satire.<ref name="TOIreview">{{cite web |title=Namma Oorina Rasikaru Season 1 Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/namma-oorina-rasikaru/season-1/seasonreview/88429599.cms |website=The Times of India |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>

The stories are adapted from the works of [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]] and address themes such as caste, social practices and reform.<ref name="OTTreview">{{cite web |title=Namma Oorina Rasikaru review |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/namma-oorina-rasikaru-review-brilliant-cast-presents-a-fun-take-on-social-injustice-casteism-and-more/4782ef63f5347 |website=OTTplay |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]]
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
* [[P. Sheshadri]]
* [[Sumukha]]
* [[Mandya Ramesh]]
* B. Suresh

== Production ==
The series is an adaptation of the writings of [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]]. It was directed by Nandita Yadav and produced for the Kannada OTT platform Katte.<ref>{{cite web |title=Director Nandita Yadav talks about Namma Oorina Rasikaru web series |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/director-nandita-yadav-talks-about-mandya-ramesh-b-suresh-starrer-namma-oorina-rasikaru-web-series/articleshow/81275386.cms |website=Vijay Karnataka |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was released on the OTT platform Katte in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namma Oorina Rasikaru trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/kannada/namma-oorina-rasikaru-trailer-rajesh-nataranga-lakshmi-gopalaswamy-and-p-sheshadri-starrer-namma-oorina-rasikaru-official-trailer/videoshow/88429528.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Namma Oorina Rasikaru'' received generally positive reviews from critics.

A reviewer from ''The Times of India'' rated the series 3.5 out of 5 stars, describing it as "a simple, quirky and entertaining tale" and noting that it brings to life the world of [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar|Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar’s]] stories through its characters and setting.<ref name="TOIreview" />

The review also highlighted the series' focus on everyday village life and its episodic storytelling format.

Writing for ''OTTplay'', the critic praised the ensemble cast and described the series as offering a "fun take on social injustice, casteism and more".<ref name="OTTreview" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*

[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Uttarakhand Information Commission

2026-04-13T11:59:33Z

Theodore2940: creating some post needs work

{{Short description|Statutory body in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Uttarakhand Information Commission
|| native_name =
| established = 3 October 2005
| location = RTI Bhawan, Ladpur, Dehradun–248008<ref name="utic ref1">{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand Information Commission |url=http://uic.gov.in/ |website=Uttarakhand Information Commission |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125235408/http://uic.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://uic.uk.in/}}
| motto = सूचना जनाधिकार:॥ ''(Suchana Janadhikarah) Information is the right of the people.'' ([[Sanskrit]])
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| chiefjudgetitle = State Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = Radha Raturi
| chiefjudgetitle2 =
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}

'''Uttarakhand Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted as per [[Right to Information Act, 2005|The Right to Information Act, 2005]] by the state government of [[Uttarakhand]] through a notification in [[Government gazette|official Gazette]]. The commission will have one State Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (IC) to be appointed by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] as chairperson, the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Legislative assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a state [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] nominated by the Chief Minister.

== History and objective ==

Uttarakhand Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Uttarakhand Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.<ref name="utic ref4">{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand information commissioner orders probe in mining scam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/dec/24/uttarakhand-information-commissioner-orders-probe-in-mining-scam-2080449.html |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="utic ref5">{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand Information Commissioner recommends CBI probe in Kumbh Mela |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-information-commissioner-recommends-cbi-probe-in-kumbh-mela_1570691.html |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=Zee News |date=31 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="utic ref6">{{cite news |last1=Gusain |first1=Raju |title=2013 Uttarakhand floods: RTI reveals officials partied on relief fund |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/uttarakhand-floods-kedarnath-relief-fund-party-rti-291756-2015-05-31 |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=India Today |date=31 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.

Uttarakhand Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public.

== Composition ==

Uttarakhand Information Commission members should consist of a:<ref name="sic ref3">{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Parita |title=State Information Commission |url=http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=kanoon.nearlaw.com |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012610/http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

1. State Chief Information commissioner<ref name="utic ref7">{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand: Top babus vie for three information panel posts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-top-babus-vie-for-three-information-panel-posts/story-HO1tmEJdvgIg5BOfamsqhL.html |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=6 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and

2. Not more than ten State Information Commissioners.<ref name="utic ref2">{{cite news |last1=Anab |first1=Mohammad |title=RTI Club accuses Information Commission of being 'inactive' for past two months |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/rti-club-accuses-information-commission-of-being-inactive-for-past-two-months/articleshow/88397151.cms |access-date=26 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=21 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The Chief and other members of State Information Commission are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the Chief Minister as chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and a state Cabinet Minister.

The members of State Information Commission should be of eminence in public life<ref name="sic ref7" /> and are not permitted to hold any other [[office of profit]] or any position which is connected with any political party and are also barred from carrying on any business or continuing any profession in any field.

Radha Raturi is the current Chief Information commissioner of Uttarakhand Information Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radha Raturi appointed CIC, first woman to hold this office |url=https://www.prashantnews.com/radha-raturi-appointed-cic/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Prashant News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==List of Chief Information Commissioners==

{| class="wikitable" ;"
|-
! S. No.
! Name
! colspan="3"|Term of office<ref>{{cite web| url=https://uic.uk.in/index/past-ic-profile.php | title=Chief information commissioners | access-date=2024-01-18}}</ref>
|-
|1.
| Dr. R. S. Tolia
| 18 October 2005
| 17 October 2010
| {{age in years and days|18 October 2005|17 October 2010}}
|-
|2.
| Nrip Singh Napalchyal
| 19 October 2010
| 1 April 2015
| {{age in years and days|19 October 2010|1 April 2015}}
|-
|3.
| Shatrughna Singh
| 19 November 2016
| 18 May 2021
| {{age in years and days|19 November 2016|18 May 2021}}
|-
|4.
| Anil Chandra Punetha
| 1 January 2022
| 9 May 2024
| {{age in years and days|1 January 2022|10 May 2024}}
|-
|6.
| Radha Raturi ''(First women CIC)''
| 12 April 2025
| 12 April 2028
| {{age in years and days|12 April 2025 |12 April 2028}}
|-
|}

== Tenure and service ==

The tenure of the Uttarakhand State Chief Information Commissioner and a State Information Commissioner for holding office will be a term of 3 years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier and will not be eligible for reappointment on completion of tenure.<ref name="sic ref2">{{cite news |title=Information Commissioners' Tenures, Salaries Now Firmly in Centre's Hands |url=https://thewire.in/government/centre-rti-act-information-commissioners-tenure-salary-retirement-benefits |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=25 October 2019}}</ref> Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

Uttarakhand Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and State Information Commissioner's (IC) salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and functions ==

Uttarakhand State Information Commission prepares report on the implementation of the provisions of State Information Commission act and submits an annual report to the state government which is placed by the later before the state legislature.<ref name="sic ref14">{{cite news |title=How the Right to Information Act is being steadily scuttled |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-the-right-to-information-act-is-being-steadily-scuttled-1868754-2021-10-24 |access-date=19 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=24 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref9">{{cite news |title=Over 2.5 Lakh RTI Appeals, Plaints Pending with 26 Information Commissions across India |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/over-25-lakh-rti-appeals-plaints-pending-with-26-information-commissions-across-india/65422.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=moneylife.in |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref1" /><ref name="sic ref13">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Only State To File Annual Reports Under RTI Act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-only-state-to-file-annual-reports-under-rti-act-uttar-pradesh-does-none-2115539 |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=12 October 2019}}</ref>

The commission on reasonable grounds can order inquiry into any matter related to the Act.

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.
The commission can call for and examine any record which it considers necessary and is under the possession of the public authority and any such record should not be withheld from it on any grounds during the inquiry of a complaint.

The commission has the power of the civil court during the course of enquiry and in respect of the following matters:

Any complaint which requires the discovery and inspection of documents relating to it.

Powers exercised for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped [[affidavit]].

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Uttarakhand Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Due to shortage of available staff and vacancies not being filled, there is backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> The maximum number of appeals and complaints pending as per October 2014 records were in state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. However, some states like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Uttarakhand Information Commissions plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency in public life and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://uic.uk.in/ Official website]



[[Category:State agencies of Uttarakhand|I]]
[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]

Jayendra Pratap Singh Rathore

2026-04-05T10:19:09Z

Theodore2940: new...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jayendra Pratap Singh Rathore
| office = Minister of Co-operation [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 25 March 2022
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor = [[Mukut Bihari]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 7 July 2022
| 2blankname2 = [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata2 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| office3 = State Vice President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| term_start3 = 2000
| term_end3 = 2005
| birth_date =
| death_ date =
| birth_place = Mohanpur Mamrejpur, [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| country = {{flag|India}}
| father = Balram Singh Rathore
| mother = Saroj Rathore
| children = 2 sons
| spouse = Priya Singh Rathore
| alma_mater = [[IIT BHU]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]) ([[Master of Technology|M.Tech]])
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Jayendra Pratap Singh Rathore''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]], represents [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a [[Minister of State|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] Co-operation in [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upcmo.up.nic.in/state_minister_ic.htm|title=Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Office, Lucknow |publisher=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/independent_state_ministers|title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Independent State Ministers|website=upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in}}</ref>

He was also the incumbent State Vice President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]] from 2000 to 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-jps-rathore-news-cooperation-minister-jps-rathore-will-become-a-member-of-any-house-for-the-first-time-22784253.html|website=[[Dainik Jagran]]|title=Cooperation Minister JPS Rathore will become a member of any House for the first time|access-date=2022-08-06}}</ref>

==Early life==
After completing his education at the primary school in his native village, Rathore pursued his intermediate studies at [[Government Inter College Barabanki|Government Inter College]]. Following this, he attended BHU for higher education, where he obtained both his B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees from [[IIT BHU]].<ref name="Bio" />

==Political career==
On 7 July 2022, the Chief Minister, [[Yogi Adityanath]], appointed Jayendra Pratap Singh Rathore as the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Co-operation in the [[Uttar Pradesh government]], as a part of his [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/gis-2023-ahmedabad-companies-plan-to-invest-rs-38-000-crore-in-uttar-pradesh-101674280552437.html|title=GIS 2023: Ahmedabad companies plan to invest ₹38,000 crore in Uttar Pradesh|date=January 21, 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-to-lead-domestic-roadshows-mantris-to-fan-out-across-country/articleshow/96556393.cms|title=UP CM Yogi Adityanath to lead domestic roadshows, mantris to fan out across country|date=December 28, 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rathore was born in Mohanpur, Mamrejpur, to Balram Singh Rathore and Saroj Rathore. He was married to Priya Singh Rathore, and they have two sons.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/journey-started-with-student-politics-now-jps-rathore-became-minister-of-state-bareilly-news-bly4793246123|title=Journey started from student politics, now JPS Rathore becomes Minister of State|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Jayendra Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Yogi ministry]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ludhiana–Jakhal line

2026-04-02T17:48:59Z

Theodore2940: Details

{{Short description|Railway line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Ludhiana–Dhuri–Jakhal line
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Dhurii.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = [[Dhuri Junction railway station]]is an important railway station on Ludhiana-Jakhal line
| type =
| system = Electrified
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Ludhiana}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Jakhal}}
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1901
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|129|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = 1 (single)
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| elevation = Ludhiana {{convert|248|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, Jakhal {{convert|225|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| website =
| map = {{Ludhiana–Jakhal line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Ludhiana–Dhuri–Jakhal line''' is a railway line connecting {{stnlnk|Ludhiana}} in the Indian state of the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and {{stnlnk|Jakhal}} in [[Haryana]]. The line is under the administrative jurisdiction of [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]].

==History==
In 1893, an agreement for the construction, working and maintenance of the broad-gauge Ludhiana–Dhuri–Jakhal railway line, via Sangrur, was signed between the [[British Raj]] and the native principalities of [[Jind State]], [[Malerkotla State]] and [[Patiala State]], since the line was situated partly in British territory and partly in the territory lying in the native principalities.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6n7vV0eiS3YC&q=Jakhal-Ludhiana+line+Punjab+revenue&pg=PA220 |title= Haryana: Past and Present| page=220| first= Suresh K|last=Sharma|date= February 2006|publisher= Mittal Publications| location=New Delhi| isbn = 81-8324-046-1 | access-date=26 February 2014| via=Google Books}}</ref> in 1901, this new line was commissioned, possibly by the Southern Punjab Railway Co.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_sang9.htm#ch7c|title= Chapter VII – Communications|access-date= 26 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083351/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_sang9.htm#ch7c|archive-date= 4 March 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref>

It was later extended to {{stnlnk|Hisar Junction}}.

==Electrification==
The electrification of the Jakhal–Ludhiana line was sanctioned in 2013, with construction commencing from the Ludhiana end in March 2016, and the foundation stone being laid at Gill. Successful CRS trials were conducted up to Dhuri Junction from Ludhiana Junction in 2019. The electrification of 62 km-long stretch of Dhuri to Jakhal on Ludhiana–Jakhal line was completed and trial runs were successfully carried out in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 July 2020|title=Northern Railway completes electrification work on 130 km line in Punjab, Haryana|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/16/northern-railway-completes-electrification-work-on-130-km-line-in-punjab-haryana-2170697.html|access-date=27 August 2020}}</ref>

==Tracks==
Detailed survey for the doubling of the Ludhiana–Sangrur–Jakhal line has been ordered.<ref name="hindutantimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/patiala/railways-to-conduct-feasibility-survey-to-provide-connectivity-to-five-takhts/article1-1152531.aspx|title=Railways to conduct feasibility survey to provide connectivity to five Takhts|publisher=The Hindustan Times, 17 November 2013|access-date=26 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314022359/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/patiala/railways-to-conduct-feasibility-survey-to-provide-connectivity-to-five-takhts/article1-1152531.aspx|archive-date=14 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Railway reorganisation==
Southern Punjab Railway was taken over by the state and merged with [[North Western Railway (British India)|North Western Railway]] in 1930.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/Southern_Punjab_Railway|title= Southern Punjab Railway | publisher= fibis | access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>

With the [[partition of India]] in 1947, North Western Railway was split. While the western portion became Pakistan West Railway, and later [[Pakistan Railways]], the eastern part became [[Eastern Punjab Railway]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8v-zRmScc0MC&q=Eastern+Punjab+Railway&pg=PA136 |title=Management of Indian Railways, 1989|isbn= 81-7099-183-8| work=Readings in Indian Railway Finance by KB Verma|page=136|last=SM Imamul Haque|year=1989| publisher= Mittal Publications, A 1/8 Mohan Garden, New Delhi 110059| access-date = 26 February 2014}}</ref>

In 1952, [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] was formed with a portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]], west of Mughalsarai, Bikaner Railway and Eastern Punjab Railway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 26 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/ludhiana-junction-ldh/342 Trains at Ludhiana]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/jakhal-junction-jhl/678 Trains at Jakhal]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/search/ludhiana-ldh-to-jakhal-jhl/342/0/678 Trains from Ludhiana to Jakhal]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ludhiana-Jakhal line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Delhi railway division|*]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1901]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]

Madhabi Puri Buch

2026-04-02T09:26:28Z

Theodore2940: Done

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madhabi Puri Buch
| alma_mater = [[IIM Ahmedabad]] [[Delhi University]]
| office = [[Chairperson]] of the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]
| predecessor = Ajay Tyagi<ref name="prev-chairperson" />
| successor = [[Tuhin Kanta Pandey]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2022|03|01|df=yes}}
| term_end = 28 February 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|1|12|df=y}}
| image = Madhabi Puri Buch - SEBI 597x768.jpg
| spouse = Dhaval Buch<ref name="husband" />
}}
'''Madhabi Puri Buch''' (born 12 January 1965) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[business executive]] who is the [[former]] chairperson of the securities regulatory body in India, [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI), for 3 years. She was the first woman to lead SEBI, and the first person from the private sector to be appointed to this position.<ref name="Business Standard">{{Cite news |title=Who is Madhabi Puri Buch? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425015041/https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch |archive-date=2022-04-25 |access-date=2022-04-28 |work=[[Business Standard|Business Standard India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Lalatendu |date=2022-03-06 |title=Madhavi Puri Buch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhavi-puri-buch/article65192846.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306182136/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhavi-puri-buch/article65192846.ece |archive-date=2022-03-06 |access-date=2022-04-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

From April 2017 to March 2022, she functioned as a whole time member of SEBI, and was responsible for important regulatory orders. Buch has been credited with bringing rapid changes that improved the system as well as improved the efficiency of the regulatory body.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Modak |first=Samie |title=How Madhabi Puri Buch Is Changing Sebi |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/report/how-madhabi-puri-buch-is-changing-sebi/20220620.htm |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621025447/https://www.rediff.com/business/report/how-madhabi-puri-buch-is-changing-sebi/20220620.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2024, [[Hindenburg Research]], a [[Short (finance)|short-selling]] activist firm, accused her and her husband of having a stake in dubious offshore entities used to [[Adani Group#Stock manipulation and accounting fraud allegations|artificially inflate shares]] of companies owned by the [[Adani Group]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Upadhyay | first=Jayshree P | title=India market regulator chief says she complied with all required disclosures | website=Reuters | date=2024-09-13 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-market-regulator-chief-says-complied-with-all-required-disclosures-2024-09-13/ | access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Desk | first=DH Web | title=Who is Madhabi Puri Buch, Sebi chief accused by Hindenburg Research of having stakes in obscure offshore funds used in Adani 'scandal'? | website=Deccan Herald | date=2024-08-11 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-sebi-chief-accused-by-hindenburg-research-of-having-stakes-in-obscure-offshore-funds-used-in-adani-scandal-3146071#3 | access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref><ref name="hind">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-10 |title=Whistleblower Documents Reveal SEBI’s Chairperson Had Stake In Obscure Offshore Entities Used In Adani Money Siphoning Scandal |url=https://hindenburgresearch.com/sebi-chairperson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810163305/https://hindenburgresearch.com/sebi-chairperson/ |archive-date=2024-08-10 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[Hindenburg Research]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Shukla | first=Nikhil Inamdar & Archana | title=Madhabi Puri Buch: Allegations mount against India market regulator | website=BBC Home | date=2024-09-09 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly3kvzp317o | access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref> They denied the claims.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-08-10 |title=SEBI chief Madhabi Buch, husband deny Hindenburg charge as ‘baseless’; Adani Group says allegations ‘malicious, mischievous’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sebi-chief-madhabi-buch-husband-deny-hindenburg-allegations-as-baseless/article68510890.ece |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810223050/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sebi-chief-madhabi-buch-husband-deny-hindenburg-allegations-as-baseless/article68510890.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=Sebi chief, husband reject Hindenburg allegations: 'Our life and finances are an open book' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sebi-chief-husband-reject-hindenburg-allegations-our-life-and-finances-are-an-open-book/articleshow/112437997.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811052557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sebi-chief-husband-reject-hindenburg-allegations-our-life-and-finances-are-an-open-book/articleshow/112437997.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The anti-corruption ombudsman, [[Lokpal]], dismissed the complaint and gave a clean chit to Buch, citing a lack of credible evidence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Shivendra |date=2025-05-28 |title=Lokpal gives clean chit to former Sebi Chief Madhabi Buch, calls complaints "politically motivated" |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lokpal-gives-clean-chit-to-former-sebi-chief-madhabi-buch-calls-complaints-politically-motivated/articleshow/121467824.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Education==
Buch was educated at [[Fort Convent School, Mumbai]], and at [[Convent of Jesus and Mary|Convent of Jesus and Mary, Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Madhabi Puri Buch, the first woman to head market regulator Sebi? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-the-first-woman-to-head-market-regulator-sebi-12653912.htm |work=cnbctv18.com |date=28 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She graduated with a specialization in Mathematics from the [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-02-28 |title=Who is Madhabi Puri Buch, the first woman to head market regulator Sebi? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-the-first-woman-to-head-market-regulator-sebi-12653912.htm |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317123801/https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-the-first-woman-to-head-market-regulator-sebi-12653912.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and later went on to obtain an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]].<ref name="Mint">{{Cite web |last=Gawande |first=Jayshree P. Upadhyay, Priyanka |date=2022-02-28 |title=Know the Sebi chairperson, Madhabi Puri Buch |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/know-the-sebi-chairperson-madhabi-puri-buch-11646056612248.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813202252/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/know-the-sebi-chairperson-madhabi-puri-buch-11646056612248.html |archive-date=2024-08-13 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=All you want to know about Madhabi Puri Buch, the first-ever woman to head SEBI |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/all-you-want-to-know-about-madhabi-puri-buch-the-first-ever-woman-to-head-sebi |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428040806/https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/all-you-want-to-know-about-madhabi-puri-buch-the-first-ever-woman-to-head-sebi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Corporate career ===
Her career started in 1989 with [[ICICI Bank]]. Between 1993 and 1995, Buch worked as lecturer at [[West Cheshire College]] in [[England]]. She worked in various profiles across companies for 12 years, including sales, marketing and product development.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vanamali |first=Krishna Veera |date=2022-03-02 |title=Who is Madhabi Puri Buch, the new SEBI chief? |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/current-affairs/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-the-new-sebi-chief-122030200075_1.html |access-date=2022-05-30 |archive-date=2022-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530044039/https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/current-affairs/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-the-new-sebi-chief-122030200075_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She also led operations. In 2006 she joined [[ICICI Securities]] and later went on to become their [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] from February 2009 to May 2011. After this, Buch moved to [[Singapore]] to join Greater Pacific Capital in 2011. Between 2011 and 2017 she worked in various capacities as executive director of many companies like [[Zensar Technologies]], InnoVen Capital, and [[Max Healthcare]]. Buch also served as an independent director of the Indian School of Development Management (ISDM) and as consultant for [[New Development Bank]] (BRICS bank).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Who is Madhabi Puri Buch, the first woman to head market regulator Sebi? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-the-first-woman-to-head-market-regulator-sebi-12653912.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428040806/https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-the-first-woman-to-head-market-regulator-sebi-12653912.htm |archive-date=2022-04-28 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=[[CNBCTV18]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Career at SEBI ===
[[File:Mrs_Madhabi_Puri_Buch.jpg|alt=Madhabi Puri Buch sitting in front of the Indian flag, with her hands on a table|thumb|Madhabi Puri Buch as chairperson of [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]]]]
In April 2017, Buch was appointed as a whole time director at SEBI and given charge of portfolios like collective investment schemes, surveillance and investment management.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Who is Madhabi Puri Buch, the first female head of SEBI? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-the-first-female-head-of-sebi-324205-2022-02-28 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=[[Business Today (India)]] |language=en}}</ref> When her tenure ended, she was appointed to a seven-member technology committee formed to help SEBI design in-house technological systems. Known for her technology and data agnostic attitude, Buch has passed a few landmark regulatory orders. In 2018, she passed an order against the [[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara Group]] to return the Rs.14,000 crore [[Sahara India Pariwar investor fraud case|raised]] from investors through fully convertible debentures. This was after they violated a SEBI order asking them to furnish the details of repayment to investors. In January 2021, Buch conducted a detailed investigation into insider trading by [[CNBC Awaaz]] journalist Hemant Ghai and barred him, his mother and wife from accessing the stock markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEBI Confirms Ban Order against CNBC Awaaz Ex-Co-host Hemant Ghai, His Wife and Mother |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/sebi-confirms-ban-order-against-cnbc-awaaz-ex-co-host-hemant-ghai-his-wife-and-mother/65039.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428050040/https://www.moneylife.in/article/sebi-confirms-ban-order-against-cnbc-awaaz-ex-co-host-hemant-ghai-his-wife-and-mother/65039.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SEBI debars host of CNBC Awaaz show |url=https://www.sify.com/finance/sebi-debars-host-of-cnbc-awaaz-show-news-topnews-vbsdembhgbaff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428050040/https://www.sify.com/finance/sebi-debars-host-of-cnbc-awaaz-show-news-topnews-vbsdembhgbaff.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 28, 2022 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> In May 2021, she passed an order against Savla and Ajitkumar for sharing unpublished price sensitive information of Deep Industries stock on the basis of their connection and interaction on social media platform.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zachariah |first=Reena |title=Sebi order kicks off storm; social media links can't prove insider trading |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-order-kicks-off-storm-social-media-links-cant-prove-insider-trading/articleshow/63919102.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428051008/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-order-kicks-off-storm-social-media-links-cant-prove-insider-trading/articleshow/63919102.cms |archive-date=2022-04-28 |access-date=2022-04-28 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In August 2021, she identified 15 entities trading in unfair practices in the Zee Entertainment Enterprises stock post its results announcements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=3 most striking orders issued by new SEBI chief Madhabi Buch |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/3-most-striking-orders-issued-by-new-sebi-chief-madhabi-buch-8174541.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=2024-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909105149/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/3-most-striking-orders-issued-by-new-sebi-chief-madhabi-buch-8174541.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 March 2022, Buch was appointed as the SEBI chairperson for a period of 3 years. She replaced Ajay Tyagi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEBI {{!}} Former Chairmen / WTMs of SEBI |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/boardmember/BoardMemberAction.do?doFormerMember=yes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802192938/https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/boardmember/BoardMemberAction.do?doFormerMember=yes |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[SEBI]]}}</ref><ref name="prev-chairperson">{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Palak |date=2022-03-02 |title=Madhabi Puri Buch replaces Ajay Tyagi as SEBI chief |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/madhabi-puri-buch-replaces-ajay-tyagi-as-sebi-chief/article65092299.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228112005/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/madhabi-puri-buch-replaces-ajay-tyagi-as-sebi-chief/article65092299.ece |archive-date=2022-02-28 |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=[[Business Line]] |quote=Madhabi Puri Buch, who will take over the reins of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) on Tuesday from outgoing chairman Ajay Tyagi}}</ref> Joining SEBI at a challenging time, Buch was questioned by the parliamentary committee in reference to the [[NSE co-location scam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEBI chairperson Madhabi Puri Buch likely to be questioned on NSE scam by parliamentary panel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/03/sebi-chairperson-madhabi-puri-buch-likely-to-be-questioned-on-nse-scam-by-parliamentary-panel-2437503.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428042558/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/03/sebi-chairperson-madhabi-puri-buch-likely-to-be-questioned-on-nse-scam-by-parliamentary-panel-2437503.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Being a person from the private sector herself, Buch decided to undertake an overhaul of the organization to improve productivity, enhance accountability and improve fairness at SEBI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Jayshree P. |date=2022-05-30 |title=Sebi's Buch taps pvt sector experience to boost productivity |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/sebis-buch-taps-pvt-sector-experience-to-boost-productivity-11653850843287.html |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live mint]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=2022-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530014945/https://www.livemint.com/market/sebis-buch-taps-pvt-sector-experience-to-boost-productivity-11653850843287.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In her first 100 days as chairperson, she has brought about rapid changes in the organization, processes and regulation of the markets. Buch introduced the corporate system of KRAs to drive focused action on areas that needed attention. She emphasized on cyber security and use of technology and data. She has driven the process of seeking extensive market feedback on any key policy changes. Observers say that Buch has put onus on intermediaries to make changes to their systems to evolve with market dynamics. When she took over, the securities market in India followed a T+2 [[T+2|clearance process]]. She pushed custodians and clearing corporations to gear up for the T+1 and T+0 clearance process, which would lead to investors receiving their money and shares faster. In 2024, the T+0 settlement system was introduced in a phased manner.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagasundaram |first=Dhanya |date=2024-03-28 |title=T+0 settlement kick starts today. What does it mean? How does it affect you? |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/t0-settlement-kick-starts-today-what-does-it-mean-how-does-it-affect-you-11711594988012.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328064724/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/t0-settlement-kick-starts-today-what-does-it-mean-how-does-it-affect-you-11711594988012.html |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live mint]]}}</ref> Buch also sought additional powers from the government to monitor social media channels to crack down on front running in the markets.<ref name=":0" />

In 2025, the government invited applications for the post of SEBI chairperson, indicating that it would not grant another extension to her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Aman |date=2025-01-27 |title=SEBI Chief Madhabi Puri Buch May Not Get Extension As Govt Invites Applications For Post |url=https://www.news18.com/india/sebi-chief-madhabi-puri-buch-may-not-get-extension-as-govt-invites-applications-for-post-9203331.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129075433/https://www.news18.com/india/sebi-chief-madhabi-puri-buch-may-not-get-extension-as-govt-invites-applications-for-post-9203331.html |archive-date=2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref> On 27 February 2025, the government appointed Finance and Revenue Secretary Tuhin Kanta Pandey as the new chairperson of SEBI.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-02-27 |title=Revenue Secretary Tuhin Pandey appointed SEBI chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/revenue-secretary-tuhin-pandey-appointed-sebi-chief/article69272160.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302170600/https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/revenue-secretary-tuhin-pandey-appointed-sebi-chief/article69272160.ece |archive-date=2025-03-02 |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Shivendra |date=2025-03-01 |title=Sebi new chairman Tuhin Kanta Pandey takes charge, says goal to make regulator best market institution |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tuhin-kanta-pandey-takes-charge-as-sebi-chief/articleshow/118648881.cms |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302170724/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tuhin-kanta-pandey-takes-charge-as-sebi-chief/articleshow/118648881.cms |archive-date=2025-03-02 |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In August 2024, [[Hindenburg Research]], a [[Short (finance)|short-selling]] activist firm, accused Puri Buch and her husband of having a stake in offshore entities which invested money into India. They alleged that these same funds, managed by [[IIFL Wealth]], were used by [[Vinod Adani]] to [[Adani Group#Stock manipulation and accounting fraud allegations|artificially inflate shares]] of companies owned by the [[Adani Group]].<ref name="hind"/> This put Buch into the spotlight, since SEBI had previously faced difficulties in finding out the [[Beneficial ownership|beneficial owners]] of similar [[Offshore company|off-shore funds]] that had invested in Adani companies.<ref name="Andy_M_Bloomberg">{{cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Andy |date=12 August 2024 |title=Hindenburg Steps Up for Adani Round Two. With SEBI |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-08-12/hindenburg-s-latest-adani-report-is-great-political-fodder?accessToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzb3VyY2UiOiJTdWJzY3JpYmVyR2lmdGVkQXJ0aWNsZSIsImlhdCI6MTcyMzQyNDgzMCwiZXhwIjoxNzI0MDI5NjMwLCJhcnRpY2xlSWQiOiJTSTJZU0JUMEFGQjUwMCIsImJjb25uZWN0SWQiOiI3MEFDQzU0Q0Y5NjE0OENEOTFBOTlFMjBGNkQ4N0ZDRiJ9.6PP221PwPlyuMTzFMecvdQbjSttz9zYeu3OQ9n4gkgo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813202253/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-08-12/hindenburg-s-latest-adani-report-is-great-political-fodder?accessToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzb3VyY2UiOiJTdWJzY3JpYmVyR2lmdGVkQXJ0aWNsZSIsImlhdCI6MTcyMzQyNDgzMCwiZXhwIjoxNzI0MDI5NjMwLCJhcnRpY2xlSWQiOiJTSTJZU0JUMEFGQjUwMCIsImJjb25uZWN0SWQiOiI3MEFDQzU0Q0Y5NjE0OENEOTFBOTlFMjBGNkQ4N0ZDRiJ9.6PP221PwPlyuMTzFMecvdQbjSttz9zYeu3OQ9n4gkgo |archive-date=13 August 2024 |accessdate=12 August 2024 |website=bloomberg.com |publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2024 |title=SC rejects plea to review its January verdict upholding SEBI probe into Adani-Hindenburg case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-rejects-plea-to-review-its-january-verdict-upholding-sebi-probe-into-adani-hindenburg-case/article68407295.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813202254/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-rejects-plea-to-review-its-january-verdict-upholding-sebi-probe-into-adani-hindenburg-case/article68407295.ece |archive-date=13 August 2024 |accessdate=12 August 2024 |website=thehindu.com |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud, Chief Justice of India |date=2024-01-03 |title=Judgement in Vishal Tiwari vs Union of India & Ors. |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/5354/5354_2023_1_1501_49132_Judgement_03-Jan-2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417190328/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/5354/5354_2023_1_1501_49132_Judgement_03-Jan-2024.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-17 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=[[Supreme Court of India]] |publisher=}}</ref>

The couple refuted the allegations made against them and said that all disclosures have already been furnished to SEBI over the years.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> They also issued a statement a day after the report was released, detailing that the fund did not invest in any securities involving the Adani Group when they were invested, and that they had invested in the fund since the fund manager was a close friend.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=Hindenburg-Adani Case: SEBI chief Madhabi Puri Buch, husband’s 15-point rebuttal to allegations, ‘attempting to attack’ |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/hindenburgadani-case-sebi-chief-madhabi-puri-and-husband-dhaval-buch-respond-to-allegations-attempting-to-attack-11723375754189.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811152557/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/hindenburgadani-case-sebi-chief-madhabi-puri-and-husband-dhaval-buch-respond-to-allegations-attempting-to-attack-11723375754189.html |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-08-11 |title=Hindenburg vs SEBI: Madhabi Puri Buch, husband issue detailed rebuttal against allegations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/hindenburg-attacking-credibility-attempting-character-assassination-sebi-chief-madhabi-husband-issue-detailed-rebuttal/article68513015.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811135307/https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/hindenburg-attacking-credibility-attempting-character-assassination-sebi-chief-madhabi-husband-issue-detailed-rebuttal/article68513015.ece |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Buch termed Hindenburg’s allegations an attempt at “character assassination” after the regulator’s enforcement action and “show cause” notice to the short seller for violating Indian rules.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-12 |title=$2.4 billion wiped off Adani shares after Hindenburg allegations against regulator |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/indias-adani-shares-drop-after-hindenburg-allegations-sebi-chairs-past-2024-08-12/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812102214/https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/indias-adani-shares-drop-after-hindenburg-allegations-sebi-chairs-past-2024-08-12/ |archive-date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

Adani Group calls the claims "malicious, mischievous".<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-08-10 |title=SEBI chief Madhabi Buch, husband deny Hindenburg charge as ‘baseless’; Adani Group says allegations ‘malicious, mischievous’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sebi-chief-madhabi-buch-husband-deny-hindenburg-allegations-as-baseless/article68510890.ece |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810223050/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sebi-chief-madhabi-buch-husband-deny-hindenburg-allegations-as-baseless/article68510890.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> India's [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha]], [[Rahul Gandhi]], asked Buch to resign.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title=’If investors lose their…’: Rahul Gandhi targets SEBI’s Madhabi Puri Buch, PM Modi and Adani over Hindenburg allegations |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/why-hasn-t-sebi-chairperson-madhabi-puri-buch-resigned-asks-rahul-gandhi-amid-hindenburg-adani-case-gautam-adani-modi-11723386070233.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811153550/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/why-hasn-t-sebi-chairperson-madhabi-puri-buch-resigned-asks-rahul-gandhi-amid-hindenburg-adani-case-gautam-adani-modi-11723386070233.html |archive-date=2024-08-11 |accessdate=2024-08-11 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |publisher=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title=Rahul Gandhi warns of stock market risk after new Hindenburg report on SEBI chief: ‘Umpire is compromised’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-warns-of-stock-market-risk-after-new-hindenburg-report-umpire-is-compromised-101723387115466.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813202258/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-warns-of-stock-market-risk-after-new-hindenburg-report-umpire-is-compromised-101723387115466.html |archive-date=13 August 2024 |accessdate=11 August 2024 |website=[[The Hindustan Times]] |publisher=}}</ref>

After a few days, the [[Indian National Congress]] accused Buch of receiving rental income from a company SEBI was investigating.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-06 |title=Sebi Chief Madhabi Puri Buch got rental income from firm under probe: Congress |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sebi-chief-madhabi-puri-buch-got-rental-income-from-firm-under-probe-congress/articleshow/113136200.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907061337/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sebi-chief-madhabi-puri-buch-got-rental-income-from-firm-under-probe-congress/articleshow/113136200.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-06 |title=SEBI chief Madhabi Buch faces conflict of interest allegations, Congress questions PM’s inaction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-levels-fresh-conflict-of-interest-charges-against-sebi-chief-questions-pms-inaction/article68613313.ece |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907020609/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-levels-fresh-conflict-of-interest-charges-against-sebi-chief-questions-pms-inaction/article68613313.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It has also alleged as she had continued to earn significant amounts of money through her vested [[employee stock option plans]] (ESOPs) of [[ICICI Bank]], long after she had left the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-03 |title=SEBI Chief Madhabi Buch questioned by Congress over ICICI Bank payments, discrepancies in salary, and ESOPs post-retirement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/non-compliance-with-income-tax-act-irregularity-in-retiral-benefit-congress-questions-no-salary-paid-to-buch-claim/article68600901.ece |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909105148/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/non-compliance-with-income-tax-act-irregularity-in-retiral-benefit-congress-questions-no-salary-paid-to-buch-claim/article68600901.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Neha |last2=Sood |first2=Varun |date=2024-09-05 |title=Mint Explainer: Sebi’s Madhabi Puri Buch and the fuss over her ICICI payouts |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/sebi-chair-madhabi-puri-buch-allegations-icici-bank-payouts-esops-benefits-salary-11725454149741.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |quote=Congress party politician Pawan Khera has alleged that the chairperson of India’s equity and commodities market regulator, Madhabi Puri Buch, received ₹16.8 crore in benefits from her ex-employer ICICI Group. ICICI Bank Ltd and Buch have denied the allegations. But Khera has intensified his charges, alleging that Buch’s post-retiral benefits from ICICI Group were higher than the salary she drew from the private lender. |archive-date=2024-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909105148/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/sebi-chair-madhabi-puri-buch-allegations-icici-bank-payouts-esops-benefits-salary-11725454149741.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, [[Subhash Chandra|Subhash Chandra Goenka]] of [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] blamed her for the collapse of a merger between his company and [[Sony India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Roshni |last2=Tiwari |first2=Khushboo |date=2024-09-02 |title='Sebi chairperson Buch is corrupt', alleges Zee's Subhash Chandra |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/zee-s-subhash-chandra-accuses-sebi-chief-madhabi-puri-buch-of-corruption-124090201201_1.html |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=[[Business Standard]] |archive-date=2024-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909105148/https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/zee-s-subhash-chandra-accuses-sebi-chief-madhabi-puri-buch-of-corruption-124090201201_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-02 |title=Subhash Chandra levels allegations against SEBI chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/subhash-chandra-levels-allegations-against-sebi-chief/articleshow/113000915.cms |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909105148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/subhash-chandra-levels-allegations-against-sebi-chief/articleshow/113000915.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2024, around 1000 staff members of [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] staged a rare protest outside the regulator’s headquarters demanding Buch’s resignation. They complained of a toxic work culture in a letter to the finance ministry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Inamdar |first=Nikhil |last2=Shukla |first2=Archana |date=2024-09-09 |title=Madhabi Puri Buch: Allegations mount against India market regulator |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly3kvzp317o |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |publication-place=Mumbai |archive-date=2024-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909105149/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly3kvzp317o |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Koustav |date=2024-09-09 |title=Caught in a whirlwind: Sebi's Madhabi Puri Buch faces mounting scrutiny |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/sebi-madhabi-puri-buch-cotroversy-allegations-hindenburg-congress-internal-protests-2596441-2024-09-09 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

In November 2024, Gautam Adani and his associates were charged by the New York district court for bribing Indian government officials to get favourable energy contracts. [[Rahul Gandhi]] reacted by demanding Adani's arrest and a probe against Puri.<ref>{{cite web | last=Nair | first=Preetha | title=Rahul Gandhi demands Adani's immediate arrest after US indictment, probe against Sebi chief Buch | website=The New Indian Express | date=2024-11-21 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/21/rahul-gandhi-demands-adanis-immediate-arrest-after-us-indictment-probe-against-sebi-chief-buch | access-date=2024-11-21}}</ref>

In February 2025, a [[Mumbai]] court ordered the [[Anti-Corruption Bureau (Maharashtra)|Anti-Corruption Bureau]] (ACB) to register an [[First information report|FIR]] against her and five others over a complaint that she and other SEBI officials facilitated market manipulation, and enabled corporate fraud by allowing the listing of a company that did not meet the prescribed norms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Rishabh |date=2025-03-02 |title=Mumbai court orders FIR against ex-Sebi chief Madhabi Puri Buch, 5 others |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/madhabi-puri-buch-fir-case-sebi-stock-market-regulations-fraud-125030200320_1.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-03-02 |title=FIR on Madhabi Puri Buch: Court orders FIR against ex-SEBI Chief Madhabi Puri Buch, five others in stock market fraud |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/court-orders-fir-against-ex-sebi-chief-madhabi-puri-buch-five-others/article69281676.ece |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
Buch was born in 1966 as Madhabi Puri to Kamal Puri and his wife.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-02 |title=Who is Madhabi Puri Buch, the new SEBI chief? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/current-affairs/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-the-new-sebi-chief-122030200075_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707005206/https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/current-affairs/who-is-madhabi-puri-buch-the-new-sebi-chief-122030200075_1.html |archive-date=2022-07-07 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Her father worked for the corporate sector while her mother was an academic with doctorate in political science.<ref>{{Cite web |title='I always wanted to be able to make a difference' |url=https://specials.rediff.com/getahead/2009/mar/05slide1-madhabi-puri-buch-you-can-always-make-a-difference.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810050947/https://specials.rediff.com/getahead/2009/mar/05slide1-madhabi-puri-buch-you-can-always-make-a-difference.htm |archive-date=2022-08-10 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> At the age of eighteen she got engaged to Dhaval Buch who was a director at FMCG multinational [[Unilever]]. They got married when she turned 21 and subsequently gave birth to her son, Abhay. Buch says she owes much of her success to her son and her husband who has been her friend, philosopher and guide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Madhavi Puri Buch: Sebi's new boss knows how to go off the beaten path |url=https://bullstrade.in/madhavi-puri-buch-sebis-new-boss-knows-how-to-go-off-the-beaten-path/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Bulls Trade |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="husband">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-10 |title=Who is Dhaval Buch, SEBI chairperson's husband named in Hindenburg report? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-dhaval-buch-sebi-chairpersons-husband-named-in-hindenburg-report-101723309953488.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810185249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-dhaval-buch-sebi-chairpersons-husband-named-in-hindenburg-report-101723309953488.html |archive-date=2024-08-10 |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Buch was one of the survivors of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 Mumbai terrorist attacks]]. She was with her husband at the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] who was attending a Unilever meeting at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=Madhavi Puri Buch: Sebi's new boss knows how to go off the beaten path |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/madhavi-puri-buch-sebis-new-boss-knows-how-to-go-off-the-beaten-path/2447210/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428042233/https://www.financialexpress.com/market/madhavi-puri-buch-sebis-new-boss-knows-how-to-go-off-the-beaten-path/2447210/ |archive-date=2022-04-28 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The new chairperson of market regulator SEBI: Madhabi Puri Buch, biography, Family, Education, Career and Contact |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/the-new-chairperson-of-market-regulator-sebi-madhabi-puri-buch-biography-family-education-career-and-contact-rc1028378 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519173340/https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/the-new-chairperson-of-market-regulator-sebi-madhabi-puri-buch-biography-family-education-career-and-contact-rc1028378 |archive-date=2022-05-19 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buch, Madhabi Puri}}
[[Category:Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]

List of Scheduled Tribes in Assam

2026-03-30T11:52:01Z

Theodore2940: Post

{{Short description|Ethnic groups in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

The [[Constitution of India]] categorizes the tribes of [[Assam]] into two groups: Scheduled Tribes (Hills) and Scheduled Tribes (Plains).<ref name="st" /> Since hills tribes living in the plains and plains tribes living in the hills in large numbers are not recognised as scheduled tribes in the respective places, the census data may not reflect the correct figures.<ref name="st" /> Assamese language is used as the [[lingua franca]] by almost all the tribes.<ref name="st" /> According to the 2001 census, [[Scheduled Tribes]] made up 12.4 percent of Assam's population.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_assam.pdf|title=Data highlights: The Scheduled Tribes|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=4 September 2012}}</ref> The [[Assam Tribune]] reported in 2009 that the tribal communities of Assam were accounted for 15.64 percent of the total population.<ref name="st">{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=jul1009/edit2|title=The Scheduled Tribes of Assam|publisher=Assam Tribune|date=10 July 2009|accessdate=4 September 2012}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|thumb|Autonomous division of North East India]]
[[File:Mising Autonomous Council.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Mising Autonomous Council]], with core areas in orange and satellite areas in green]]

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Assam has a Scheduled Tribes (ST) population of 3,884,371 which makes up 12.44% of the state's total population. The major Scheduled Tribes in Assam are the [[Boro people|Boro]] (35.06%), [[Mising people|Miri]] (17.52%), [[Karbi people|Karbi]] (11.08%), [[Rabha people|Rabha]] (7.63%), and [[Bodo–Kachari people|Kachari]] (6.52%).<ref name=2011STpop/>

{{Pie chart
|caption=Language of Scheduled Tribes of Assam, 2011 census<ref name=language>{{cite web|title=ST-15: Scheduled tribe by mother tongue (for each tribe separately) (State/UT level), Assam - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://new.census.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12550/download/15663/ST-18-00-15-DDW-2011.XLSX}}</ref>
|value1 = 33.39
|label1 = Boro
|value2 = 24.73
|label2 = Assamese
|value3 = 15.39
|label3 = Miri/Mishing
|value4 = 11.31
|label4 = [[Karbi language|Karbi]]/Mikir
|value5 = 4.09
|label5 = Garo
|value6 = 3.05
|label6 = Dimasa
|value7 = 2.55
|label7 = Rabha
|other = yes
|other-color = black
|footer=
}}

{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of Scheduled Tribes of Assam, 2011 census<ref name=2011STpop>{{cite web|title=A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix), Assam - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43017/download/46685/ST-18-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx}}</ref>
|value1 = 17.42
|label1 = Autonomous district
|value2 = 77.97
|label2 = Outside autonomous district
|other = yes
|other-label=Generic Tribes of both the region
|other-color = orange
|footer=According to 2011 census, only two district viz, [[Karbi Anglong]] and [[Dima Hasao]] are considered as autonomous district
}}

However, the Scheduled status of these tribes is subject to specific territories. In the autonomous districts of [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] and [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]], the prominent tribal groups are the [[Karbi people|Karbi]] (63.63%), [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]] (including Kachari) (15.22%), any [[Kuki people|Kuki tribe]] (4.94%), and any [[Naga people|Naga tribe]] (4.4%). Outside these two autonomous districts, the main Scheduled Tribes are the Boro (44.96%), Miri (22.46%), Rabha (9.78%), Kachari (including Sonwal) (8.38%), [[Lalung people|Lalung]] (6.03%), and [[Garo people|Garo]] (4.49%).<ref name="2011STpop" />

In terms of linguistic demographics, 33.39% of the total Scheduled Tribe population in Assam speak [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], 24.73% speak [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 15.39% speak Miri/[[Mising language|Mishing]], 11.31% speak [[Karbi language|Karbi/Mikir]], 4.09% speak [[Garo language|Garo]], 3.05% speak [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]], and 2.55% speak [[Rabha language|Rabha]].<ref name=language/> Other languages spoken among the Scheduled Tribes include [[Hajong language|Haijong]] (26,540 speakers), [[Lalung language|Lalung]] (25,373), [[Deori language|Deori]] (24,766), [[Zeme language|Zemi]] (19,561), [[Kuki languages|Kuki]] (18,652), [[Hmar language|Hmar]] (17,584), [[Khasi language|Khasi]] (11,520), and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (11,163). Additionally, there are speakers of [[Rengma language|Rengma]], [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]], Hindi, [[Pnar language|Pnar/Synteng]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Ao language|Ao]], [[Thadou language|Thado]], [[Kachari language|Kachari]], and [[Mizo language|Luhasi/Mizo]] languages.<ref name=language/>

==List of tribes ==

=== In the autonomous districts of [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] and [[Dima Hasao district|North Cachar Hills]] ===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Chakma people|Chakma]]
* [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]], [[Kachari (tribe)|Kachari]]
* [[Garo people|Garo]]
* [[Hajong people|Hajong]]
* [[Hmar people|Hmar]]
* [[Khasi people|Khasi]], Jaintia, Synteng, Pnar, War, Bhoi, Lyngngam
* [[Lakher]]
* [[Man people|Man]] (Tai speaking)
* [[Karbi people|Karbi]]
* [[Pai People|Pawi]]
* [[Synteng|Syntheng]]
* [[Lalung people|Lalung]]
* Any [[Mizo people|Mizo]] (Lushai) tribes
* Any [[Naga tribes]]
* Any [[Kuki people|Kuki tribes]]
{{div col end}}

=== In the State of Assam excluding Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills ===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Barmans in Cachar]]
* [[Boro Tribe|Boro]], Borokachari
* [[Deori (tribe)|Deori]]
* [[Hajong people|Hajong]]
* [[Kachari (tribe)|Kachari]], Sonowal
* [[Lalung people|Lalung]]
* [[Mech Tribe|Mech]]
* [[Jingpo people|Singhpo]]
* [[Mising People|Miri]]
* [[Rabha people|Rabha]]
* [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]]
* [[Hajong people|Hajong]]
* [[Garo people|Garo]]
* [[Mising people|Mising]]
{{div col end}}

== Demographics ==
{| class="wikitable"
!ST Code
!Scheduled Tribe
!Population<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43017</ref>
(as of 2012)
|-
| colspan="3" |In the Autonomous districts
|-
|001
|[[Chakma people|Chakma]]
|2,032
|-
|002
|[[Dimasa people|Dimasa]], Kachari
|1,02,961
|-
|003
|[[Garo people|Garo]]
|25,315
|-
|004
|[[Hajong people|Hajong]]
|436
|-
|005
|[[Hmar people|Hmar]]
|15,735
|-
|006
|[[Khasi people|Khasi]], Jaintia, Synteng, Pnar, War, Bhoi, Lyngngam
|15,936
|-
|007
|Any [[Kuki people|Kuki tribes]]
|33,399
|-
|008
|[[Mara people|Lakher]]
|37
|-
|009
|[[Manchu people|Man (Tai speaking)]]
|1,269
|-
|010
|Any [[Mizo people|Mizo (Lushai) tribes]]
|880
|-
|011
|[[Karbi people|Karbi]]
|4,30,452
|-
|012
|Any [[Naga tribes]]
|29,767
|-
|013
|[[Pawi people|Pawi]]
|3
|-
|014
|[[Pnar people|Syntheng]]
|5
|-
|015
|[[Lalung people|Lalung]]
|18,525
|-
| colspan="3" |In state of Assam excluding Autonomous districts
|-
|016
|[[Barmans in Cachar]]
|6,716
|-
|017
|[[Boro people|Boro]], [[Bodo–Kachari people|Boro-Kacharis]]
|13,61,735
|-
|018
|[[Deori people|Deori]]
|52,185
|-
|019
|Hajong
|642
|-
|020
|[[Kachari (tribe)|Kachari, Sonowal]]
|2,53,344
|-
|021
|Lalung
|1,82,663
|-
|022
|[[Mech people|Mech]]
|9,883
|-
|023
|[[Hill Miri people|Miri]]
|6,80,424
|-
|024
|[[Rabha people|Rabha]]
|2,96,189
|-
|025
|Dimasa
|19,702
|-
|026
|Hajong
|34,253
|-
|027
|[[Jingpo people|Singhpo]]
|2,342
|-
|028
|[[Khamti people|Khampti]]
|1,106
|-
|029
|[[Garo people|Garo]]
|1,36,077
|-
! colspan="2" |Total population
!38,84,371
|}

==Demand for inclusion in Scheduled list==
In Assam, STs are divided into two categories—ST (Plains), with ten percent [[Reservation in India|reservation]], and ST (Hills), with five percent reservation. Fourteen communities are listed under these categories, with a population of about 4 million, comprising 12.4 percent of the state’s population, as per the [[2011 census of India]].<ref name="caravan-magazine">{{cite web|url=
https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/st-classification-assam-2025|title=The new ST classification in Assam is political eyewash|website=caravanmagazine.in|date=1 January 2026|access-date=4 February 2026|last=Pegu|first=Manoranjan}}</ref> A number of non-ST groups have been demanding Scheduled Tribe status, including the [[Tai Ahom]], [[Rajbanshi people|Koch-Rajbongshi]], [[Chutia people|Chutia]], [[Moran people|Moran]], [[Matak rajya|Matak]] and [[Tea-garden community|Tea Tribes]], accounting for a little less than a third of the states’ population.<ref name="caravan-magazine"/> Their demands are opposed by the existing ST population of Assam.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1089213/what-assams-new-scheduled-tribe-reservation-proposal-could-mean-for-its-marginalised-groups|title=What Assam’s new Scheduled Tribe reservation proposal could mean for its marginalised groups|website=scroll.in|date=12 December 2025|access-date=4 February 2026|last=Zaman|first=Rokibuz}}</ref><ref name="India-Today-NE">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/mood-of-assam-assam-supports-st-status-for-six-communities-existing-tribes-push-back-1339157-2026-02-02|title=Mood of Assam: Assam supports ST status for six communities, existing tribes push back|publisher=India Today NE|date=2 February 2026|access-date=4 February 2026|last=Habib|first=Atiqul}}</ref> A contentious issue is that the [[Other Backward Class]] category was implemented based on the [[Mandal Commission]] in August 1990, but these groups want to avail [[affirmative action]] under the category of Schedule Tribe. An Assam government report from 29 November 2025 declared that “Presently, 27% reservation is available for OBCs…Once these six communities are declared as ST, a proportionate share can be deducted and made available to the new six communities with a separate nomenclature, such as ST (valley), to avoid any conflict with the existing tribal communities”.<ref name="scroll"/> However, Daniel Langthasa, an activist-turned-politician from [[Dima Hasao]], a hilly region under the [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Sixth Schedule]], declared that: “We have to compete for central government jobs with those who have been living in the plains, who have access to proper roads, schools and colleges, who have been [[Ahomisation|assimilated]] into the [[Assamese people|mainstream]] and have a [[Sanskritisation|higher social status]]”.<ref name="scroll"/><ref name="India-Today-NE-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/video/assam-former-congress-leader-daniel-langthasa-announces-new-regional-party-pledges-2026-poll-battle-1278239-2025-09-16|title=Assam: Former Congress leader Daniel Langthasa announces new regional party, pledges 2026 poll battle|publisher=India Today NE|date=16 September 2025|access-date=4 February 2026|author=Staff Reporter}}</ref>

According to Crémin, the identity criteria of modern ST communities in Assam rest more on the knowledge of ethnolinguistics, the founding myths and the religious practices specific to the group. According to this view, construction of identity around ST status is a process originating from an administrative definition, leading to a reification of the identities that determine belonging, as well as social, political and territorial claims.<ref name="Crémin">{{cite journal|last=Crémin|first=Emilie|title=Construction de l’identité tribale et revendications territoriales des Miri-Mising au Nord-est de l’Inde|date=2020|url=https://journals.openedition.org/eps/9781#quotation|journal=Espace populations sociétés. Space populations societies|volume=2020/1-2|issue=|pages=}}</ref> The present challenge facing the Assam government is to broaden affirmative action to communities without tampering with the cultural rights and the constitutional protections of the existing ST groups.<ref name="caravan-magazine"/> This has led some writers such as Manoranjan Pegu to centre the debate on the question of “''To be or not to be a Scheduled Tribe''”?<ref name="caravan-magazine"/> For the pre-existing ST population, broadening of affirmation action under the category of ST is problematic because, in the words of Daniel Langthasa, the proposals are being made on behalf of those “...who have been assimilated into the mainstream and have a higher social status”.<ref name="scroll"/>

==See also==
*[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scheduled Tribes in Assam}}
[[Category:Tribes of Assam| ]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]

Stuxnet

2026-03-27T04:25:17Z

Theodore2940: enhanced references for consistency based on references

{{Short description|Computer worm first discovered in 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox computer virus
| common_name = Stuxnet
| image =
| caption =
| technical_name =
'''As Stuxnet'''
* By [[Microsoft]]
:Worm:Win32/Stuxnet.[Letter]
:TrojanDropper:Win32/Stuxnet
* By [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]]
:W32.Stuxnet
:W32.Stuxnet!lnk
* By [[Sophos]]
:Troj/Stuxnet-[Letter]
:Trojan-Dropper.Win32.Stuxnet.[Letter]
:Worm.Win32.Stuxnet.[Letter]
:TR/Drop.Stuxnet.[Letter].[Number]
* By [[Kaspersky Lab|Kaspersky]]
:Worm.Win32.Stuxnet
* By [[F-Secure]]
:Trojan-Dropper:W32/Stuxnet
:Rootkit:W32/Stuxnet
* By [[Trend Micro]]
:RTKT_STUXNET.[Letter]
:LNK_STUXNET.[Letter]
:WORM_STUXNET.[Letter]
| classification = [[Computer worm]]
| type = [[Dropper (malware)|Dropper]]
| subtype =
| isolation_date =
| origin = [[United States]]
| infection_vector =
| author = [[Equation Group]]
| ports_used =
| platform = {{ubl|[[Windows 2000]]|[[Windows XP]]|[[Windows Server 2003]]|[[Windows Vista]]|[[Windows Server 2008]]|[[Windows 7]]|[[Windows Server 2008 R2]]}}Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2010/11/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf |title=W32.Stuxnet Dossier |date=November 2010 |publisher=[[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104195500/https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2010/11/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf |archive-date=2019-11-04}}</ref>
| file_size = ~0.5MB
| language = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]] and others
}}
{{Israel and nuclear weapons}}

'''Stuxnet''' is a malicious [[computer worm]] first uncovered on 17 June 2010<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuxnet : A worm which targets SCADA systems |url=https://www.cert-ist.com/public/en/SO_detail?code=stuxnet |website=CERT-IST Computer Emergency Response Team |access-date=7 June 2025 |date=2010-09-08 |quote=Stuxnet was discovered on June 17, 2010 by the Belarusian Company VirusBlokAda (a company that develops antivirus products). At that time most of the attention of the analysts was caught by the fact that this worm uses a previously unknown vulnerability in Windows (a "0-day" flaw): the ". LNK" vulnerability which led Microsoft to release early in August the out-of-band patch MS10-046. This is only after further analysis that analysts found that Stuxnet was in fact designed to target SCADA systems.}}</ref> and thought to have been in development since at least 2005. Stuxnet targets [[supervisory control and data acquisition]] (SCADA) systems and is believed to be responsible for causing substantial damage to the [[nuclear program of Iran|Iran nuclear program]] after it was first installed on a computer at the [[Natanz Nuclear Facility]] in 2009.<ref name="realstory">{{cite journal |date=2013-02-26 |title=The Real Story of Stuxnet |journal=IEEE Spectrum |doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2013.6471059 |s2cid=29782870 |language=en |last1=Kushner |first1=David |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=48–53 |bibcode=2013IEEES..50c..48K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Ashish |date=2015-04-10 |title=Iran's Growing Cyber Capabilities in a Post-Stuxnet Era |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/iran-s-growing-cyber-capabilities-in-a-post-stuxnet-era/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Although neither the [[United States]] nor [[Israel]] has openly admitted responsibility, multiple independent news organizations claim Stuxnet to be a [[cyberweapon]] built jointly by the two countries in a collaborative effort known as [[Operation Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/06/confirmed-us-israel-created-stuxnet-lost-control-of-it/ |title=Confirmed: US and Israel created Stuxnet, lost control of it |work=Ars Technica |date=June 2012 |access-date=2017-06-15 |archive-date=2019-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506093359/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/06/confirmed-us-israel-created-stuxnet-lost-control-of-it/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/stuxnet-was-work-of-us-and-israeli-experts-officials-say/2012/06/01/gJQAlnEy6U_story.html|title=Stuxnet was work of U.S. and Israeli experts, officials say |author=Ellen Nakashima |date=2012-06-02 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2015-09-08 |archive-date=2019-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504083116/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/stuxnet-was-work-of-us-and-israeli-experts-officials-say/2012/06/01/gJQAlnEy6U_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |last2=Mazzetti |first2=Mark |title=The Secret History of the Push to Strike Iran |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/04/magazine/iran-strike-israel-america.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |date=2019-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315042409/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/04/magazine/iran-strike-israel-america.html |archive-date=15 March 2023 |id={{ProQuest|2283858753}}}}</ref> The program, started during the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]], was rapidly expanded within the first months of [[Barack Obama]]'s presidency.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |date=2012-06-01 |title=Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2012-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601112345/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stuxnet specifically targets [[programmable logic controller]]s (PLCs), which allow the automation of electromechanical processes such as those used to control machinery and industrial processes including [[gas centrifuge]]s for separating nuclear material. Exploiting four [[Zero-day vulnerability|zero-day]] flaws in the systems,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/stuxnet-attackers-used-4-windows-zero-day-exploits/7347 |title=Stuxnet attackers used 4 Windows zero-day exploits |work=[[ZDNet]] |date=2010-09-14 |access-date=2014-04-12 |archive-date=2014-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125225130/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/stuxnet-attackers-used-4-windows-zero-day-exploits/7347 |url-status=dead |first=Ryan |last=Naraine}}</ref> Stuxnet functions by targeting machines using the [[Microsoft Windows]] operating system and networks, then seeking out [[Simatic|Siemens Step7]] software. Stuxnet reportedly compromised Iranian PLCs, collecting information on industrial systems and causing the fast-spinning centrifuges to tear themselves apart.<ref name="realstory" /> Stuxnet's design and architecture are not domain-specific and it could be tailored as a platform for attacking modern SCADA and PLC systems (e.g., in factory assembly lines or power plants), most of which are in Europe, [[Japan]] and the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karnouskos |first1=Stamatis |title=IECON 2011 – 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society |chapter=Stuxnet worm impact on industrial cyber-physical system security |date=November 2011 |pages=4490–4494 |doi=10.1109/IECON.2011.6120048 |isbn=978-1-61284-972-0 |s2cid=1980890 |chapter-url=https://papers.duckdns.org/files/2011_IECON_stuxnet.pdf |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424052718/https://papers.duckdns.org/files/2011_IECON_stuxnet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Stuxnet reportedly destroyed almost one-fifth of Iran's [[nuclear centrifuge]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/stuxnet-was-far-more-dangerous-than-previous-thought-2013-11 |title=The Stuxnet Attack on Iran's Nuclear Plant Was 'Far More Dangerous' Than Previously Thought |work=Business Insider |date=2013-11-20|access-date=2014-02-08 |archive-date=2014-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509020404/http://www.businessinsider.com/stuxnet-was-far-more-dangerous-than-previous-thought-2013-11 |url-status=live |last=Kelley |first=Michael}}</ref> Targeting industrial control systems, the worm infected over 200,000 computers and caused 1,000 machines to physically degrade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mac-solutions.net/en/news/129-sheep-dip-your-removable-storage-devices-to-reduce-the-threat-of-cyber-attacks |title=Sheep dip your removable storage devices to reduce the threat of cyber attacks |website=www.mac-solutions.net |access-date=2017-07-26 |archive-date=2017-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904015230/https://www.mac-solutions.net/en/news/129-sheep-dip-your-removable-storage-devices-to-reduce-the-threat-of-cyber-attacks |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Stuxnet has three modules: a [[Computer worm|worm]] that executes all routines related to the main [[Payload (computing)|payload]] of the attack, a [[File shortcut|link file]] that automatically executes the propagated copies of the worm and a [[rootkit]] component responsible for hiding all malicious files and processes to prevent detection of Stuxnet.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://about-threats.trendmicro.com/us/webattack/54/STUXNET%20Malware%20Targets%20SCADA%20Systems |title=STUXNET Malware Targets SCADA Systems |publisher=Trend Micro |date=January 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144254/http://about-threats.trendmicro.com/us/webattack/54/STUXNET%20Malware%20Targets%20SCADA%20Systems |url-status=live}}</ref> It is typically introduced to the target environment via an infected [[USB flash drive]], thus crossing any [[Air gap (networking)|air gap]]. The worm then propagates across the network, scanning for [[Siemens]] Step7 software on computers controlling a PLC. In the absence of either criterion, Stuxnet becomes dormant inside the computer. If both the conditions are fulfilled, Stuxnet introduces the infected rootkit onto the PLC and Step7 software, modifying the code and giving unexpected commands to the PLC while returning a loop of normal operation system values back to the users.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/03/stuxnet-201104 |title=A Declaration of Cyber-War |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=April 2011 |access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831181802/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/03/stuxnet-201104 |url-status=live |last=Gross |first=Michael Joseph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=ad4b3d10-b808-414c-b4c3-ae4a2ed85560&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments |title=Exploring Stuxnet's PLC Infection Process |publisher=Symantec |date=23 January 2014 |access-date=22 September 2010 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621221438/https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=ad4b3d10-b808-414c-b4c3-ae4a2ed85560&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Discovery ==
Stuxnet, discovered by Sergey Ulasen from a Belarusian antivirus company [[VirusBlokAda]], initially spread via [[Microsoft Windows]], and targeted Siemens [[industrial control system]]s. While it is not the first time that hackers have targeted industrial systems,<ref name="Siemans-Cyber">{{cite web|url=http://www.totallyintegratedautomation.com/2010/09/building-a-cyber-secure-plant/|publisher=Siemens|title=Building a Cyber Secure Plant|work=Totally Integrated Automation |access-date=5 December 2010 | date=30 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421092726/https://www.totallyintegratedautomation.com/2010/09/building-a-cyber-secure-plant/|archive-date=2021-04-21}}</ref> nor the first publicly known intentional act of [[cyberwarfare]] to be implemented, it is the first discovered [[malware]] that spies on and subverts industrial systems,<ref name=compworld /> and the first to include a [[programmable logic controller]] (PLC) [[rootkit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.virusbulletin.com/conference/vb2010/abstracts/indepth-look-stuxnet|title=Last-minute paper: An indepth look into Stuxnet|publisher=Virus Bulletin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209121553/https://www.virusbulletin.com/conference/vb2010/abstracts/indepth-look-stuxnet|archive-date=2021-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11414483|title=Stuxnet worm hits Iran nuclear plant staff computers|work=BBC News | date=26 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716012344/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11414483|archive-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>

The worm initially spreads indiscriminately, but includes a highly specialized malware payload that is designed to target only Siemens [[SCADA|supervisory control and data acquisition]] (SCADA) systems that are configured to control and monitor specific industrial processes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-introduces-first-known-rootkit-scada-devices|title=Stuxnet Introduces the First Known Rootkit for Industrial Control Systems|author=Nicolas Falliere|publisher=Symantec|date=6 August 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911051845/http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-introduces-first-known-rootkit-scada-devices|archive-date=11 September 2012|access-date=9 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=APtehran>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/09/25/world/middleeast/AP-ML-Iran-Cyber-Attacks.html |title=Iran's Nuclear Agency Trying to Stop Computer Worm |agency=Associated Press |location=Tehran |date=25 September 2010 |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100925234352/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/09/25/world/middleeast/AP-ML-Iran-Cyber-Attacks.html?_r=1 |archive-date=25 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Stuxnet infects PLCs by subverting the [[WinCC|Step-7]] software application that is used to reprogram these devices.<ref name="Keizer1">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/2626009/malware/is-stuxnet-the--best--malware-ever-.html|magazine=[[InfoWorld]]|title=Is Stuxnet the 'best' malware ever?|date=16 September 2010|last=Keizer|first=Gregg|access-date=16 September 2010|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505170423/https://www.infoworld.com/article/2626009/is-stuxnet-the--best--malware-ever-.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=RewritingPlaybook>{{cite magazine |last1=Cherry |first1=Steven |last2=Langner |first2=Ralph |title=How Stuxnet Is Rewriting the Cyberterrorism Playbook |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/podcast/telecom/security/how-stuxnet-is-rewriting-the-cyberterrorism-playbook |magazine=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |date=13 October 2010 |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414155345/https://spectrum.ieee.org/podcast/telecom/security/how-stuxnet-is-rewriting-the-cyberterrorism-playbook |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Different variants of Stuxnet targeted five Iranian organizations,<ref>{{cite news
| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12465688
| title=Stuxnet Virus Targets and Spread Revealed
| date=15 February 2011
| access-date=17 February 2011
| work=BBC News
| archive-date=25 November 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125040044/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12465688
| url-status=live
}}</ref> with the probable target widely suspected to be [[Enriched uranium|uranium enrichment]] infrastructure in [[Iran]];<ref name=RewritingPlaybook /><ref name=BBC /><ref>{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Claudine |date=23 September 2010 |title=Stuxnet virus: worm 'could be aimed at high-profile Iranian targets{{'-}} |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8021102/Stuxnet-virus-worm-could-be-aimed-at-high-profile-Iranian-targets.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8021102/Stuxnet-virus-worm-could-be-aimed-at-high-profile-Iranian-targets.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=28 September 2010 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] noted in August 2010 that 60 percent of the infected computers worldwide were in Iran.<ref>{{cite news |last=MacLean |first=William |title=Update 2-Cyber attack appears to target Iran-tech firms |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE68N1OI20100924 |work=Reuters |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114140035/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE68N1OI20100924 |url-status=live }}</ref> Siemens stated that the worm caused no damage to its customers,<ref name=compworld /> but the Iran nuclear program, which uses [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737|embargoed]] Siemens equipment procured secretly, was damaged by Stuxnet.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-confirms-stuxnet-worm-halted-centrifuges/ |work=CBS News |title=Iran Confirms Stuxnet Worm Halted Centrifuges |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512080538/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-confirms-stuxnet-worm-halted-centrifuges/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYTimes20100929">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/30/world/middleeast/30worm.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&hpw |title=In a Computer Worm, a Possible Biblical Clue |last1=Bronner |first1=Ethan |last2=Broad |first2=William J. |author2-link=William Broad |date=29 September 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925044718/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/30/world/middleeast/30worm.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&hpw |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Software-smart-bomb-fired-at-Iranian-nuclear-plant-Experts/articleshow/6617686.cms
| title=Software smart bomb fired at Iranian nuclear plant: Experts
| publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com
| date=24 September 2010
| access-date=28 September 2010
| archive-date=14 November 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114141129/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Software-smart-bomb-fired-at-Iranian-nuclear-plant-Experts/articleshow/6617686.cms
| url-status=live
}}</ref> [[Kaspersky Lab]] concluded that the sophisticated attack could only have been conducted "with [[nation-state]] support".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2010/Kaspersky_Lab_provides_its_insights_on_Stuxnet_worm |location=Russia |work=Kaspersky |title=Kaspersky Lab provides its insights on Stuxnet worm |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=7 November 2011 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116092936/https://www.kaspersky.com/about/press-releases |url-status=live }}</ref> [[F-Secure]]'s chief researcher [[Mikko Hyppönen]], when asked if possible nation-state support were involved, agreed: "That's what it would look like, yes."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002040.html|location=Finland |work=F-Secure |title=Stuxnet Questions and Answers – F-Secure Weblog |date=1 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505195313/https://archive.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002040.html|archive-date=2021-05-05}}</ref>

In May 2011, the [[PBS]] program ''[[Need to Know (PBS)|Need To Know]]'' cited a statement by [[Gary Samore]], White House Coordinator for Arms Control and [[Weapon of mass destruction|Weapons of Mass Destruction]], in which he said "we're glad they [the Iranians] are having trouble with their centrifuge machine and that we{{snd}} the U.S. and its allies{{snd}} are doing everything we can to make sure that we complicate matters for them", offering "winking acknowledgement" of United States involvement in Stuxnet.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/security/video-cracking-the-code-defending-against-the-superweapons-of-the-21st-century-cyberwar/9456/ Gary Samore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427015157/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/security/video-cracking-the-code-defending-against-the-superweapons-of-the-21st-century-cyberwar/9456/ |date=27 April 2018 }} speaking at the 10 December 2010 Washington Forum of the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]] in Washington DC, reported by C-Span and contained in the PBS program ''Need to Know'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110522023118/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/security/video-cracking-the-code-defending-against-the-superweapons-of-the-21st-century-cyberwar/9456/ "Cracking the code: Defending against the superweapons of the 21st century cyberwar"], 4 minutes into piece)</ref> According to ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', a showreel that was played at a retirement party for the head of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF), [[Gabi Ashkenazi]], included references to Stuxnet as one of his operational successes as the IDF chief of staff.<ref name=retirement>{{cite news|last=Williams |first=Christopher |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/8326387/Israel-video-shows-Stuxnet-as-one-of-its-successes.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/8326387/Israel-video-shows-Stuxnet-as-one-of-its-successes.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Israel video shows Stuxnet as one of its successes |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=14 February 2012 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 1 June 2012, an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Stuxnet was part of a US and Israeli intelligence operation named ''[[Operation Olympic Games]]'', devised by the [[NSA]] under President [[George W. Bush]] and executed under President [[Barack Obama]].<ref name="sanger2012June">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html |title=Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 June 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |last=Sanger |first=David E. |author-link=David E. Sanger|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225103053/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html|archive-date=2017-02-25}}</ref>

On 24 July 2012, an article by Chris Matyszczyk from [[CNET]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17852_3-57478515-71/thunderstruck-a-tale-of-malware-ac-dc-and-irans-nukes/|title=Thunderstruck! A tale of malware, AC/DC, and Iran's nukes|last=Matyszczyk|first=Chris|website=[[CNET]]|date=24 July 2012|access-date=8 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220217025810/https://www.cnet.com/news/thunderstruck-a-tale-of-malware-acdc-and-irans-nukes/|archive-date=17 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> reported that the [[Atomic Energy Organization of Iran]] e-mailed [[F-Secure]]'s chief research officer [[Mikko Hyppönen]] to report a new instance of malware.

On 25 December 2012, an Iranian semi-official news agency announced there was a cyberattack by Stuxnet, this time on the industries in the southern area of the country. The malware targeted a power plant and some other industries in [[Hormozgan province]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20842113|title=Iran 'fends off new Stuxnet cyber attack{{'-}}|work=BBC News|date=25 December 2012|access-date=28 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807095642/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20842113|archive-date=2016-08-07}}</ref>

According to [[Eugene Kaspersky]], the worm also infected a nuclear power plant in Russia. Kaspersky noted, however, that since the power plant is not connected to the public Internet, the system should remain safe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/stuxnet-gone-rogue-hit-russian-nuke-plant-space-station/|title=Stuxnet, gone rogue, hit Russian nuke plant, space station|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|last=Shamah|first=David|date=11 November 2013|access-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920120029/http://www.timesofisrael.com/stuxnet-gone-rogue-hit-russian-nuke-plant-space-station/|archive-date=2017-09-20}}</ref>

== History ==
The worm was first identified by the security company [[VirusBlokAda]] in mid-June 2010.<ref name="Keizer1" /> Journalist [[Brian Krebs]]'s blog post on 15 July 2010 was the first widely read report on the worm.<ref name="krebs20100715">{{cite web
| url=http://krebsonsecurity.com/2010/07/experts-warn-of-new-windows-shortcut-flaw/
| title=Experts Warn of New Windows Shortcut Flaw
| access-date=3 March 2011
| author=Krebs, Brian
| date=17 July 2010
| work=Krebs on Security
| archive-date=2 September 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902123724/https://krebsonsecurity.com/2010/07/experts-warn-of-new-windows-shortcut-flaw/
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="gross201104">{{cite magazine
| url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/03/stuxnet-201104
| title=A Declaration of Cyber-War
| date=April 2011
| last=Gross
| first=Michael Joseph
| magazine=Vanity Fair
| publisher=Condé Nast
| access-date=31 December 2015
| archive-date=31 August 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831181802/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/03/stuxnet-201104
| url-status=live
}}</ref> The original name given by VirusBlokAda was "Rootkit.Tmphider;"<ref>{{cite web|title=Rootkit.TmpHider|url=http://www.wilderssecurity.com/showthread.php?p=1712134#post1712134|work=wilderssecurity.com|publisher=Wilders Security Forums|access-date=25 March 2014|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215102221/http://www.wilderssecurity.com/showthread.php?p=1712134#post1712134|url-status=live}}</ref> Symantec, however, called it "W32.Temphid", later changing it to "W32.Stuxnet".<ref>{{cite web |last=Shearer |first=Jarrad |title=W32.Stuxnet |date=13 July 2010 |work=[[Broadcom#Symantec enterprise security|Symantec]] |publisher=[[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] |url=http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2010-071400-3123-99 |access-date=25 March 2014 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104215049/http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2010-071400-3123-99 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its current name is derived from a combination of keywords found in the software (".stub" and "mrxnet.sys").<ref>{{cite web |last=Zetter |first=Kim |title=How digital detectives deciphered Stuxnet, the most menacing malware in history |date=11 July 2011 |work=arstechnica.com |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet-the-most-menacing-malware-in-history/ |access-date=25 March 2014 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514060226/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet-the-most-menacing-malware-in-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Karl |title=Stuxnet opens cracks in Iran nuclear program |work=abc.net.au |date=26 October 2011 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/10/26/3348123.htm |access-date=25 March 2014 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224154457/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/10/26/3348123.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The timing of the discovery has been attributed to the virus accidentally spreading beyond its intended target due to a programming error introduced in an update. This may have caused the worm to spread to an engineer's computer connected to the centrifuges, further propagating when the engineer later connected to the internet at home.<ref name="sanger2012June" />

Kaspersky Lab experts initially estimated that Stuxnet began spreading around March or April 2010,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.securelist.com/en/blog/325/Myrtus_and_Guava_the_epidemic_the_trends_the_numbers |title=Myrtus and Guava: the epidemic, the trends, the numbers |first=Alexander |last=Gostev |date=26 September 2010 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101113112/http://www.securelist.com/en/blog/325/Myrtus_and_Guava_the_epidemic_the_trends_the_numbers |archive-date=1 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but the first variant of the worm appeared in June 2009.<ref name="Keizer1" /> On 15 July 2010, the day the worm's existence became widely known, a [[distributed denial-of-service]] attack targeted the servers of two leading mailing lists on industrial-systems security. This attack, from an unknown source but possibly related to Stuxnet, disabled one of the lists, interrupting a key information source for power plants and factories.{{r|gross201104}} Separately, researchers at [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] uncovered a version of the Stuxnet computer virus that was used to attack Iran's nuclear program in November 2007, with evidence indicating it was under development as early as 2005, when Iran was still setting up its [[uranium enrichment]] facility.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyberwar-stuxnet-idUSBRE91P0PP20130226 | work=Reuters | first=Jim | last=Finkle | title=Researchers say Stuxnet was deployed against Iran in 2007 | date=26 February 2013 | access-date=6 July 2021 | archive-date=15 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815220007/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyberwar-stuxnet-idUSBRE91P0PP20130226 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The second variant, with substantial improvements, appeared in March 2010, reportedly due to concerns that Stuxnet was not spreading fast enough. A third variant, with minor improvements, followed in April 2010.{{r|gross201104}} The worm contains a component with a build timestamp from 3 February 2010.<ref name="eset_microscope">{{cite web |url=https://www.welivesecurity.com/media_files/white-papers/Stuxnet_Under_the_Microscope.pdf |title=Stuxnet Under the Microscope, Revision 1.31 |author1=Aleksandr Matrosov |author2=Eugene Rodionov |author3=David Harley |author4=Juraj Malcho |name-list-style=amp |access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122123326/https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Stuxnet_Under_the_Microscope.pdf|archive-date=2022-01-22}}</ref> On 25 November 2010, [[Sky News]] in the United Kingdom reported receiving information from an anonymous source at an unidentified [[IT security]] organization claiming that Stuxnet, or a variation of the worm, had been traded on the [[black market]].<ref name="cyber terrorists">{{cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Stuxnet-Worm-Virus-Targeted-At-Irans-Nuclear-Plant-Is-In-Hands-Of-Bad-Guys-Sky-News-Sources-Say/Article/201011415827544 |title=Super Virus A Target For Cyber Terrorists |first=Sam |last=Kiley |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=25 November 2010 |archive-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128093507/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Stuxnet-Worm-Virus-Targeted-At-Irans-Nuclear-Plant-Is-In-Hands-Of-Bad-Guys-Sky-News-Sources-Say/Article/201011415827544 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, [[Kaspersky Lab]] reported that the [[Equation Group]] had used two of the same zero-day attacks prior to their use in Stuxnet, in another malware called fanny.bmp.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://securelist.com/a-fanny-equation-i-am-your-father-stuxnet/68787/ |title=A Fanny Equation: 'I am your father, Stuxnet{{'-}} |work=[[Kaspersky Lab]] |date=17 February 2015 |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-date=2021-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319221224/https://securelist.com/a-fanny-equation-i-am-your-father-stuxnet/68787/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/loneicewolf/fanny.bmp/|title=fanny.bmp code|website=[[GitHub]]|date=23 October 2021|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203123746/https://github.com/loneicewolf/fanny.bmp|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaspersky Lab noted that "the similar type of usage of both exploits together in different computer worms, at around the same time, indicates that the Equation Group and the Stuxnet developers are either the same or working closely together".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://securelist.com/files/2015/02/Equation_group_questions_and_answers.pdf |title=Equation Group Questions and Answers |website=securelist.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217023145/https://securelist.com/files/2015/02/Equation_group_questions_and_answers.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>

In 2019, ''Chronicle'' researchers Juan Andres Guerrero-Saade and Silas Cutler presented findings indicating that at least four distinct threat actor malware platforms collaborated in developing the different versions of Stuxnet.<ref>{{cite web|last=Seals|first=Tara |date=9 April 2019 |title=SAS 2019: Stuxnet-Related APTs Form Gossip Girl, an 'Apex Threat Actor{{'-}}|url=https://threatpost.com/stuxnet-apts-gossip-girl/143595/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=threatpost.com|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728022133/https://threatpost.com/stuxnet-apts-gossip-girl/143595/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chronicle|date=2019-04-12|title=Who is GOSSIPGIRL?|url=https://medium.com/chronicle-blog/who-is-gossipgirl-3b4170f846c0|access-date=2020-07-15|website=Medium|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722082746/https://medium.com/chronicle-blog/who-is-gossipgirl-3b4170f846c0|url-status=live}}</ref> The collaboration was referred to as 'GOSSIP GIRL', a name derived from a threat group mentioned in classified [[Communications Security Establishment|CSE]] slides that included Flame.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 2010|title=CSEC SIGINT Cyber Discovery: Summary of the current effort|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1690221/doc-4-csec-sigint-discocon-2010.pdf|website=Electrospaces|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323101629/https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1690221/doc-4-csec-sigint-discocon-2010.pdf|archive-date=2015-03-23}}</ref> GOSSIP GIRL is described as a cooperative umbrella encompassing the [[Equation Group]], [[Flame (malware)|Flame]], [[Duqu]], and Flowershop (also known as 'Cheshire Cat').<ref>{{cite web|last=Bencsáth|first=Boldizsár|title=Territorial Dispute – NSA's perspective on APT landscape|url=https://www.crysys.hu/publications/files/tedi/ukatemicrysys_territorialdispute.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110210924/https://www.crysys.hu/publications/files/tedi/ukatemicrysys_territorialdispute.pdf|archive-date=2022-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Marschalek|first1=Marion|last2=Guarnieri|first2=Claudio|title=Big Game Hunting: The Peculiarities of Nation-State Malware Research|website=[[YouTube]]|date=25 August 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVlMYXLB0m0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/hVlMYXLB0m0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Barth|first=Bradley|date=10 April 2019|title=GOSSIPGIRL – Stuxnet group had '4th man;' unknown version of Flame & Duqu found|url=https://www.scmagazineuk.com/gossipgirl-stuxnet-group-4th-man-unknown-version-flame-duqu-found/article/1581579|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806024942/https://www.scmagazineuk.com/gossipgirl-stuxnet-group-4th-man-unknown-version-flame-duqu-found/article/1581579|archive-date=6 August 2020}}</ref>

In 2020, researcher Facundo Muñoz presented findings suggesting that Equation Group may have collaborated with Stuxnet developers in 2009 by providing at least one zero-day exploit,<ref>{{cite web|last=BetaFred|title=Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-061 – Critical|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2010/ms10-061|access-date=2020-09-29|website=docs.microsoft.com|language=en-us|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006130903/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2010/ms10-061|url-status=live}}</ref> and one exploit from 2008<ref>{{cite web|last=BetaFred|title=Microsoft Security Bulletin MS08-067 – Critical|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2008/ms08-067|access-date=2020-09-29|website=docs.microsoft.com|language=en-us|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206031538/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/SecurityBulletins/2008/ms08-067|url-status=live}}</ref> that was actively used by the [[Conficker]] computer worm and Chinese hackers.<ref>{{cite web|last=fmm|date=2020-09-28|title=The Emerald Connection: EquationGroup collaboration with Stuxnet|url=https://fmmresearch.wordpress.com/2020/09/28/the-emerald-connection-equationgroup-collaboration-with-stuxnet/|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Facundo Muñoz Research|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930073726/https://fmmresearch.wordpress.com/2020/09/28/the-emerald-connection-equationgroup-collaboration-with-stuxnet/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017, a group of hackers known as [[The Shadow Brokers]] leaked a collection of tools attributed to Equation Group, including new versions of both exploits compiled in 2010. Analysis of the leaked data indicated significant code overlaps, as both Stuxnet's exploits and Equation Group's exploits were developed using a set of libraries called the "Exploit Development Framework", also leaked by [[The Shadow Brokers]].

== Affected countries ==
A study of the spread of Stuxnet by [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] showed that the main affected countries in the early days of the infection were Iran, Indonesia and India:<ref name="W32.Stuxnet">{{cite web |url=http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2010-071400-3123-99 |title=W32.Stuxnet |access-date=2 March 2011 |publisher=[[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] |date=17 September 2010 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104215049/http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2010-071400-3123-99 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Share of infected computers
|-
| Iran
| 58.9%
|-
| Indonesia
| 18.2%
|-
| India
| 8.3%
|-
| Azerbaijan
| 2.6%
|-
| United States
| 1.6%
|-
| Pakistan
| 1.3%
|-
| Other countries
| 9.2%
|}

Iran was reported to have fortified its cyberwar abilities following the Stuxnet attack, and has been suspected of retaliatory attacks.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-cyberattacks-denial-idUSBRE88M06O20120923 Iran denies hacking into American banks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170905/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/23/us-iran-cyberattacks-denial-idUSBRE88M06O20120923 |date=24 September 2015 }}" Reuters, 23 September 2012</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/HTML/IF11406.web.html | title=Iranian Offensive Cyberattack Capabilities |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.congress.gov | date=13 January 2020}}</ref> These include attacks against United States banks in the [[Operation Ababil]] campaign of 2012-2013,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Ababil (2012) {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref> the 2012 Shamoon attack against oil giant Saudi Aramco,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compromise of Saudi Aramco and RasGas {{!}} CFR Interactives |url=https://www.cfr.org/cyber-operations/compromise-saudi-aramco-and-rasgas |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shamoon – Darknet Diaries |url=https://darknetdiaries.com/transcript/30/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=darknetdiaries.com |language=en}}</ref> and the 2014 strike against Las Vegas Sands Corporation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-12 |title=Las Vegas Sands' network hit by destructive malware in Feb: Bloomberg |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/las-vegas-sands-network-hit-by-destructive-malware-in-feb-bloomberg-idUSKBN0JQ045/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Las Vegas Sands' Casino Network hit by Destructive Malware |url=https://thehackernews.com/2014/12/las-vegas-casino-hacked.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=The Hacker News |language=en}}</ref>

== Operation ==
Unlike most malware, Stuxnet does little harm to computers and networks that do not meet specific configuration requirements; "The attackers took great care to make sure that only their designated targets were hit ... It was a [[Marksman|marksman's]] job."{{r|broad20110115}} While the worm is promiscuous, it makes itself inert if Siemens software is not found on infected computers, and contains safeguards to prevent each infected computer from spreading the worm to more than three others, and to erase itself on 24 June 2012.{{r|gross201104}}

For its targets, Stuxnet contains, among other things, code for a [[man-in-the-middle attack]] that fakes industrial process control sensor signals so an infected system does not shut down due to detected abnormal behavior.{{r|gross201104}}{{r|broad20110115}}<ref name=SonsOfStuxnet>{{cite magazine|author1=Steven Cherry|author2=with Larry Constantine|title=Sons of Stuxnet|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/podcast/telecom/security/sons-of-stuxnet|magazine=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|date=14 December 2011|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414174152/https://spectrum.ieee.org/podcast/telecom/security/sons-of-stuxnet|url-status=dead}}</ref> Such complexity is unusual for [[malware]]. The worm consists of a layered attack against three different systems:

# The [[Microsoft Windows|Windows operating system]],
# Siemens PCS 7, [[WinCC]] and STEP7 industrial software applications that run on Windows and
# One or more Siemens S7 PLCs.

=== Windows infection ===
Stuxnet attacked Windows systems using an unprecedented four [[Zero-day (computing)|zero-day]] attacks (plus the [[CPLINK]] [[vulnerability (computing)|vulnerability]] and a vulnerability used by the [[Conficker]] worm<ref>{{cite web|url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/dd452420.aspx|title=Conficker Worm: Help Protect Windows from Conficker|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=10 April 2009|access-date=6 December 2010|archive-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518213908/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/dd452420.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>). It is initially spread using infected removable drives such as [[USB flash drive]]s,<ref name=RewritingPlaybook /><ref name="eset_microscope" /> which contain Windows shortcut files to initiate executable code.<ref>{{cite web|last=Buda|first=Alex|title=Creating Malware using the Stuxnet LNK Exploit|url=http://www.rubydevices.com.au/blog/stuxnetLnkExploit|publisher=Ruby Devices|date=4 December 2016|access-date=18 March 2017|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318174047/http://www.rubydevices.com.au/blog/stuxnetLnkExploit|url-status=live}}</ref> The worm then uses other exploits and techniques such as [[peer-to-peer]] [[remote procedure call]] (RPC) to infect and update other computers inside private networks that are not directly connected to the Internet.<ref name=wired /><ref>{{cite web|author=Liam O Murchu|url=https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=12adb5c4-1b6b-41dc-95a5-e6320371a847&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments|title=Stuxnet P2P component|publisher=[[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]]|date=17 September 2010|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117171829/https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-p2p-component|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="symantec_dossier" /> The number of zero-day exploits used is unusual, as they are highly valued and [[Hacker (computer security)|malware creators]] do not typically make use of (and thus simultaneously make visible) four different zero-day exploits in the same worm.<ref name=BBC /> Amongst these exploits were remote code execution on a computer with Printer Sharing enabled,<ref>{{cite web|last=Microsoft|title=Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-061 – Critical|url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms10-061.aspx|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|access-date=20 August 2015|date=14 September 2010|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320051551/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms10-061.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> and the LNK/PIF vulnerability,<ref>{{cite web|last=Microsoft|title=Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-046 – Critical|url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms10-046.aspx|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|access-date=20 August 2015|date=2 August 2010|archive-date=12 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812084743/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms10-046.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> in which file execution is accomplished when an icon is viewed in Windows Explorer, negating the need for user interaction.<ref>{{cite web|first=Alexander|last=Gostev|title=Myrtus and Guava, Episode MS10-061|url=https://securelist.com/blog/incidents/29747/myrtus-and-guava-episode-ms10-061/|publisher=[[Kaspersky Lab]]|access-date=20 August 2015|date=14 September 2010|archive-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823200012/https://securelist.com/blog/incidents/29747/myrtus-and-guava-episode-ms10-061/|url-status=live}}</ref> Stuxnet is unusually large at half a megabyte in size,<ref name=wired>{{cite magazine|author=Kim Zetter|title=Blockbuster Worm Aimed for Infrastructure, But No Proof Iran Nukes Were Target|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/09/stuxnet-2/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=23 September 2010|access-date=4 November 2016|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105160748/https://www.wired.com/2010/09/stuxnet-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> and written in several different programming languages (including [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[C++]]) which is also irregular for malware.<ref name=compworld /><ref name="Keizer1" /><ref name=SonsOfStuxnet /> The Windows component of the malware is promiscuous in that it spreads relatively quickly and indiscriminately.<ref name="eset_microscope" />

The malware has both [[Protection ring|user mode and kernel mode]] [[rootkit]] ability under Windows,<ref name="symantec_dossier" /> and its [[device driver]]s have been [[digital signature|digitally signed]] with the private keys of two [[public key certificate]]s that were stolen from separate well-known companies, [[JMicron]] and [[Realtek]], both located at [[Hsinchu Science Park]] in Taiwan.<ref name="eset_microscope" /><ref name=wired /> The [[Code signing|driver signing]] helped it install [[Protection ring|kernel mode]] rootkit drivers successfully without users being notified, and thus it remained undetected for a relatively long period of time.<ref name=kaspersky>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2010/Kaspersky_Lab_provides_its_insights_on_Stuxnet_worm |title=Kaspersky Lab provides its insights on Stuxnet worm |publisher=Kaspersky Lab |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=27 September 2010 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116092936/https://www.kaspersky.com/about/press-releases |url-status=live }}</ref> Both compromised certificates have been [[certificate revocation|revoked]] by [[Verisign]].

Two websites in Denmark and Malaysia were configured as [[Command and control (malware)|command and control]] servers for the malware, allowing it to be updated, and for [[industrial espionage]] to be conducted by uploading information. Both of these [[domain name]]s have subsequently been redirected by their [[DNS]] service provider to [[Dynadot]] as part of a global effort to disable the malware.<ref name="symantec_dossier" />{{r|gross201104}}

=== Step 7 software infection ===
[[File:Step7 communicating with plc.svg|thumb|right|Overview of normal communications between Step 7 and a Siemens [[Programmable logic controller|PLC]]]]
[[File:Stuxnet modifying plc.svg|thumb|right|Overview of Stuxnet hijacking communication between Step 7 software and a Siemens PLC]]
According to researcher Ralph Langner,<ref>{{cite journal
| url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/03/stuxnet-201104
| title=A Declaration of Cyber-War
| journal=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]
| date=April 2011
| last=Gross
| first=Michael Joseph
| access-date=4 March 2011
| archive-date=31 August 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831181802/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/03/stuxnet-201104
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.langner.com/en/2010/09/14/ralphs-step-by-step-guide-to-get-a-crack-at-stuxnet-traffic-and-behavior/
| title=Ralph's Step-By-Step Guide to Get a Crack at Stuxnet Traffic and Behaviour
| last=Langner
| first=Ralph
| newspaper=Ot-Base by Langner
| date=14 September 2010
| access-date=4 March 2011
| archive-date=25 June 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625153256/http://www.langner.com/en/2010/09/14/ralphs-step-by-step-guide-to-get-a-crack-at-stuxnet-traffic-and-behavior/
| url-status=live
}}</ref> once installed on a Windows system, Stuxnet infects project files belonging to Siemens' [[WinCC]]/[[PCS 7]] SCADA control software<ref>{{cite web
| url=https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=0c21cbc7-0c40-44e7-8539-8d682b80103c&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments
| title=Stuxnet Infection of Step 7 Projects
| first=Nicolas
|last=Falliere
| publisher=Symantec
| date=26 September 2010
| access-date=9 February 2011
| archive-date=3 January 2015
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103013845/http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-infection-step-7-projects
| url-status=live
}}</ref> (Step 7), and subverts a key communication library of WinCC called <code>s7otbxdx.dll</code>. Doing so intercepts communications between the WinCC software running under Windows and the target Siemens PLC devices, when the two are connected via a data cable. The malware is able to modify the code on PLC devices unnoticed, and subsequently to mask its presence from WinCC if the control software attempts to read an infected block of memory from the PLC system.<ref name="symantec_dossier" />

The malware also used a [[Zero-day (computing)|zero-day exploit]] in the WinCC/SCADA database software in the form of a hard-coded database password.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2010-2772|title=Vulnerability Summary for CVE-2010-2772|date=22 July 2010|access-date=7 December 2010|publisher=[[National Vulnerability Database]]|archive-date=11 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811213718/http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2010-2772|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== PLC infection ===
[[File:S7300.JPG|thumb|left|Siemens Simatic S7-300 PLC CPU with three I/O modules attached]]

Stuxnet's payload targets only those SCADA configurations that meet criteria that it is programmed to identify.{{r|gross201104}}

Stuxnet requires specific subordinate system to be attached to the targeted Siemens S7-300 controller system: [[variable-frequency drive]]s (frequency converter drives) and its associated modules. It only attacks those PLC systems with variable-frequency drives from two specific vendors: [[Vacon]] based in Finland and Fararo Paya based in Iran.<ref name="chien">{{cite web|url=https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=550505c5-c38a-4e0c-b590-f731bb3a60ad&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments|title=Stuxnet: A Breakthrough|first=Eric |last=Chien |publisher=Symantec|date=12 November 2010|access-date=14 November 2010|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118011202/http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-breakthrough|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, it monitors the frequency of the attached motors, and only attacks systems that spin between 807 [[Hertz|Hz]] and 1,210 Hz. This is a much higher frequency than motors typically operate at in most industrial applications, with the notable exception of [[gas centrifuge]]s.<ref name="chien" /> Stuxnet installs malware into memory block DB890 of the PLC that monitors the [[Profibus]] messaging bus of the system.<ref name="symantec_dossier" /> When certain criteria are met, it periodically modifies the frequency to 1,410 Hz and then to 2 Hz and then to 1,064 Hz, and thus affects the operation of the connected motors by changing their rotational speed.<ref name="chien" /> It also installs a rootkit{{snd}} the first such documented case on this platform{{snd}} that hides the malware on the system and masks the changes in rotational speed from monitoring systems.

== Removal ==
Siemens has released a detection and removal tool for Stuxnet. Siemens recommends contacting customer support if an infection is detected and advises installing Microsoft updates for security vulnerabilities and prohibiting the use of third-party [[USB flash drive]]s.<ref name="Siemens">{{cite web|url=https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/document/43876783/simatic-wincc-simatic-pcs-7%3A-information-about-malware-viruses-trojan-horses?dti=0&lc=en-WW|access-date=24 September 2010|publisher=[[Siemens]]|title=SIMATIC WinCC / SIMATIC PCS 7: Information concerning Malware / Virus / Trojan|archive-date=23 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923212600/https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/document/43876783/simatic-wincc-simatic-pcs-7:-information-about-malware-viruses-trojan-horses%3Fdti%3D0%26lc%3Den-WW|url-status=live}}</ref> Siemens also advises immediately upgrading password access codes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/privacy/siemens-warns-stuxnet-targets-of-password-risk/|title=Siemens warns Stuxnet targets of password risk|date=20 July 2010|access-date=23 March 2023|website=[[CNET]]|first=Tom |last=Espiner |archive-date=9 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109160245/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-20011095-83.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The worm's ability to reprogram external PLCs may complicate the removal procedure. Symantec's Liam O'Murchu warns that fixing Windows systems may not fully solve the infection; a thorough audit of PLCs may be necessary. Despite speculation that incorrect removal of the worm could cause damage,<ref name=compworld /> Siemens reports that in the first four months since discovery, the malware was successfully removed from the systems of 22 customers without any adverse effects.<ref name="Siemens" /><ref name="crve">{{cite web|url=http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Stuxnet-also-found-at-industrial-plants-in-Germany-1081469.html|title=Stuxnet also found at industrial plants in Germany|author=crve|publisher=[[The H]]|date=17 September 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|archive-date=21 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921075008/http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Stuxnet-also-found-at-industrial-plants-in-Germany-1081469.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Control system security ==
{{Main|Control system security}}
Prevention of control system security incidents,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.securityincidents.org/|access-date=14 October 2010|publisher=Security Incidents Organization|title=Repository of Industrial Security Incidents|archive-date=26 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426194554/http://www.securityincidents.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> such as from viral infections like Stuxnet, is a topic that is being addressed in both the public and the private sector.

The US Department of Homeland Security [[National Cyber Security Division]] (NCSD) operates the Control System Security Program (CSSP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us-cert.gov/control_systems/|access-date=14 October 2010|publisher=[[United States Department of Homeland Security|DHS]]|title=DHS National Cyber Security Division's CSSP|archive-date=8 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008004511/http://www.us-cert.gov/control_systems/|url-status=live}}</ref> The program operates a specialized [[computer emergency response team]] called the [[Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team]] (ICS-CERT), conducts a biannual conference ({{abbr|ICSJWG|Industrial Control Systems Joint Working Group}}), provides training, publishes recommended practices, and provides a self-assessment tool. As part of a Department of Homeland Security plan to improve American computer security, in 2008 it and the [[Idaho National Laboratory]] (INL) worked with Siemens to identify security holes in the company's widely used Process Control System 7 (PCS 7) and its software Step 7. In July 2008, INL and Siemens publicly announced flaws in the control system at a Chicago conference; Stuxnet exploited these holes in 2009.<ref name="broad20110115">{{cite news
|last1 = Broad
|first1 = William J.
|author-link = William Broad
|last2 = Markoff
|first2 = John
|author2-link = John Markoff
|last3 = Sanger
|first3 = David E.
|author3-link = David E. Sanger
|title = Israel Tests on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html?_r=1&ref=general&src=me&pagewanted=all
|access-date = 16 January 2011
|newspaper = New York Times
|date = 15 January 2011
|archive-date = 20 September 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110920071931/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html?_r=1&ref=general&src=me&pagewanted=all
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

Several industry organizations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isa.org/MSTemplate.cfm?MicrositeID=988&CommitteeID=6821|access-date=14 October 2010|publisher=[[International Society of Automation]]|title=ISA99, Industrial Automation and Control System Security|archive-date=10 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110194234/http://www.isa.org/MSTemplate.cfm?MicrositeID=988&CommitteeID=6821|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iec.ch/cgi-bin/procgi.pl/www/iecwww.p?wwwlang=E&wwwprog=pro-det.p&He=IEC&Pu=62443&Pa=2&Se=1&Am=&Fr=&TR=&Ed=1|access-date=14 October 2010|publisher=[[International Electrotechnical Commission]]|title=Industrial communication networks – Network and system security – Part 2-1: Establishing an industrial automation and control system security program}}</ref> and professional societies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_chemitc/sec_callout.asp?CID=1733&DID=6429|access-date=14 October 2010|publisher=ACC ChemITC|title=Chemical Sector Cyber Security Program|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019140808/http://americanchemistry.com/s_chemitc/sec_callout.asp?CID=1733&DID=6429|archive-date=19 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.api.org/meetings/topics/pipeline/upload/Pipeline_SCADA_Security_Standard.pdf|access-date=19 November 2010|publisher=[[API]]|title=Pipeline SCADA Security Standard|archive-date=19 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119190725/http://api.org/meetings/topics/pipeline/upload/Pipeline_SCADA_Security_Standard.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> have published standards and best practice guidelines providing direction and guidance for control system end-users on how to establish a [[control system security]] management program. The basic premise that all of these documents share is that prevention requires a multi-layered approach, often termed ''[[Defense in depth (computing)|defense in depth]]''.<ref>{{cite conference|title=2008 Automation Summit: A User's Conference|author=Marty Edwards (Idaho National Laboratory) & Todd Stauffer (Siemens)|url=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/science/NSTB.pdf|page=35|publisher=United States Department of Homeland Security|access-date=18 January 2011|archive-date=20 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120032529/http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/science/NSTB.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The layers include policies and procedures, awareness and training, [[network segmentation]], [[access control]] measures, [[physical security]] measures, [[system hardening]], e.g., [[patch management]], and system monitoring, anti-virus and [[intrusion prevention system]] (IPS). The standards and best practices{{who|date=December 2010}} also all{{synthesis inline|date=December 2010}} recommend starting with a risk analysis and a control system security assessment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.controlglobal.com/articles/2010/StuxnetWorm1010.html|access-date=14 October 2010|publisher=controlglobal.com|title=The Can of Worms Is Open-Now What?|archive-date=1 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001122724/http://www.controlglobal.com/articles/2010/StuxnetWorm1010.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tofinoexida201202">{{cite web |url=http://www.exida.com/index.php/News/new_whitepaper_the_7_steps_to_ics_and_scada_security/ |title=The 7 Steps to ICS Security |access-date=3 March 2011 |date=16 February 2012 |publisher=Tofino Security and exida Consulting LLC |last1=Byres |first1=Eric |last2=Cusimano |first2=John |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123141949/http://www.exida.com/index.php/News/new_whitepaper_the_7_steps_to_ics_and_scada_security/ |archive-date=23 January 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Target and origin ==
{{See also|Operation Olympic Games}}
{{Update section|date=December 2017}}
Stuxnet may be the largest and costliest development effort in malware history.{{r|gross201104}} Developing its abilities would have required a team of capable programmers, in-depth knowledge of [[industrial process]]es, and an interest in attacking industrial infrastructure.<ref name=compworld>{{cite web| url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2515570/network-security/siemens--stuxnet-worm-hit-industrial-systems.html
| last=McMillan
| first=Robert
| date=16 September 2010
| magazine=Computerworld
| agency=IDG News
| access-date=16 September 2010
| title=Siemens: Stuxnet worm hit industrial systems
| archive-date=20 February 2019
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220034909/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2515570/network-security/siemens--stuxnet-worm-hit-industrial-systems.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="Keizer1" /> Eric Byres, who has years of experience maintaining and troubleshooting Siemens systems, told ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' that writing the code would have taken many man-months, if not man-years.<ref name="wired" /> [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] estimates that the group developing Stuxnet would have consisted of between five and thirty people, and would have taken six months to prepare.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/sep/24/stuxnet-worm-national-agency|title=Stuxnet worm is the 'work of a national government agency{{'-}}|date=24 September 2010|access-date=27 September 2010|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Josh|last=Halliday|archive-date=22 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822123431/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/sep/24/stuxnet-worm-national-agency|url-status=live}}</ref>{{r|gross201104}} ''[[The Guardian]]'', the [[BBC]] and ''[[The New York Times]]'' all claimed that (unnamed) experts studying Stuxnet believe the complexity of the code indicates that only a nation-state would have the abilities to produce it.<ref name=BBC /><ref name=guardian /><ref name=nyt>{{cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |author-link=John Markoff |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/27/technology/27virus.html |title=A Silent Attack, but Not a Subtle One |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 September 2010 |access-date=27 September 2010 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206055520/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/27/technology/27virus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The self-destruct and other safeguards within the code implied that a Western government was responsible, or at least is responsible for its development.{{r|gross201104}} However, software security expert [[Bruce Schneier]] initially condemned the 2010 news coverage of Stuxnet as hype, stating that it was almost entirely based on speculation.<ref>{{cite news
| url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/06/iran-nuclear-computer-technology-security-stuxnet-worm.html
| title=The Story Behind The Stuxnet Virus
| first=Bruce
| last=Schneier
| date=6 October 2010
| work=Forbes
| access-date=22 August 2017
| archive-date=30 August 2017
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830063315/https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/06/iran-nuclear-computer-technology-security-stuxnet-worm.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref> But after subsequent research, Schneier stated in 2012 that "we can now conclusively link Stuxnet to the centrifuge structure at the Natanz nuclear enrichment lab in Iran".<ref>{{cite web |last=Schneier |first=Bruce |url=http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2012/02/another_piece_o.html |title=Another Piece of the Stuxnet Puzzle |publisher=Schneier on Security |date=23 February 2012 |access-date=4 March 2012 |archive-date=26 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226224354/http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2012/02/another_piece_o.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In late December 2008, Dutch engineer [[Erik van Sabben]] travelled to Iran, allegedly to infiltrate the Natanz nuclear facility on behalf of [[General Intelligence and Security Service|Dutch intelligence]] and install equipment infected with Stuxnet.<ref>{{cite news |last=Modderkolk |first=Huib |date=8 January 2024 |title=Sabotage in Iran: Een missie in duisternis |trans-title=Sabotage in Iran: A Mission in Darkness |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/kijkverder/v/2024/sabotage-in-iran-een-missie-in-duisternis~v989743/ |work=De Volksrant |language=nl |access-date=26 June 2025 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108225855/https://www.volkskrant.nl/kijkverder/v/2024/sabotage-in-iran-een-missie-in-duisternis~v989743/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref >{{cite web | last=Waterfield | first=Bruno | title=Dutch spies hid engineer's role in paralysing Iran nuclear project | website=The Times and The Sunday Times | date=2024-01-08 | url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/article/dutch-spies-hid-engineers-role-in-stalling-iran-nuclear-project-dtqh3s2hq | access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref> He died two weeks after the Stuxnet attack at age 36 in an apparent single-vehicle motorcycle accident in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kovacs |first1=Eduard |date=10 January 2024 |title=Dutch Engineer Used Water Pump to Get Billion-Dollar Stuxnet Malware Into Iranian Nuclear Facility: Report |url=https://www.securityweek.com/dutch-engineer-used-water-pump-to-get-billion-dollar-stuxnet-malware-into-iranian-nuclear-facility-report/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515023816/https://www.securityweek.com/dutch-engineer-used-water-pump-to-get-billion-dollar-stuxnet-malware-into-iranian-nuclear-facility-report/ |archive-date=2024-05-15 |website=Security Week}}</ref>

=== Iran as a target ===
Ralph Langner, the researcher who identified that Stuxnet infected PLCs,<ref name=RewritingPlaybook /> first speculated publicly in September 2010 that the malware was of Israeli origin, and that it targeted Iranian nuclear facilities.<ref>{{cite news
| url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2010/1001/Clues-emerge-about-genesis-of-Stuxnet-worm
| title=Clues Emerge About Genesis of Stuxnet Worm
| last=Bright
| first=Arthur
| newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]
| date=1 October 2010
| access-date=4 March 2011
| archive-date=6 March 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306114249/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2010/1001/Clues-emerge-about-genesis-of-Stuxnet-worm
| url-status=live
}}</ref> However Langner more recently, at a [[TED (conference)|TED]] conference, recorded in February 2011, stated that "My opinion is that the [[Mossad]] is involved, but that the leading force is not Israel. The leading force behind Stuxnet is the cyber superpower{{snd}} there is only one; and that's the United States."<ref>{{cite AV media |last=Langner |first=Ralph |date=February 2011 |title=Ralph Langner: Cracking Stuxnet, a 21st-century cyber weapon |medium=video |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/ralph_langner_cracking_stuxnet_a_21st_century_cyber_weapon |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED]] |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201101050/http://www.ted.com/talks/ralph_langner_cracking_stuxnet_a_21st_century_cyberweapon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kevin Hogan, Senior Director of Security Response at Symantec, reported that most infected systems were in [[Iran]] (about 60%),<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2519584/network-security/iran-was-prime-target-of-scada-worm.html|first=Robert |last=McMillan |date=23 July 2010|title=Iran was prime target of SCADA worm|access-date=17 September 2010|magazine=[[Computerworld]]|archive-date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905183534/http://www.computerworld.com/article/2519584/network-security/iran-was-prime-target-of-scada-worm.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which has led to speculation that it may have been deliberately targeting "high-value infrastructure" in Iran<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11388018|title=Stuxnet worm 'targeted high-value Iranian assets{{'-}}|work=BBC News|date=23 September 2010|access-date=23 September 2010|last=Fildes|first=Jonathan|archive-date=24 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924033904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11388018|url-status=live}}</ref> including either the [[Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant]] or the [[Natanz Nuclear Facility|Natanz nuclear facility]].<ref name=wired /><ref>{{cite web|first=Paul |last=Woodward |url=http://warincontext.org/2010/09/26/iran-confirms-stuxnet-found-at-bushehr-nuclear-power-plant/|title=Iran confirms Stuxnet found at Bushehr nuclear power plant|publisher=Warincontext.org|date=22 September 2010|access-date=28 September 2010|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320070804/http://warincontext.org/2010/09/26/iran-confirms-stuxnet-found-at-bushehr-nuclear-power-plant/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/27/6_mysteries_about_stuxnet |title=6 mysteries about Stuxnet |publisher=Blog.foreignpolicy.com |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209181744/http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/27/6_mysteries_about_stuxnet |url-status=dead }}</ref> Langner called the malware "a one-shot weapon" and said that the intended target was probably hit,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0921/Stuxnet-malware-is-weapon-out-to-destroy-Iran-s-Bushehr-nuclear-plant|title=Stuxnet malware is 'weapon' out to destroy ... Iran's Bushehr nuclear plant?|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|date=21 September 2010|access-date=23 September 2010|last=Clayton|first=Mark|archive-date=24 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924065250/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0921/Stuxnet-malware-is-weapon-out-to-destroy-Iran-s-Bushehr-nuclear-plant|url-status=live}}</ref> although he admitted this was speculation.<ref name=wired /> Another German researcher and spokesman of the German-based [[Chaos Computer Club]], Frank Rieger, was the first to speculate that Natanz was the target.{{r|gross201104}}

==== Natanz nuclear facilities ====
[[File:Natanz nuclear.jpg|right|thumb|[[Anti-aircraft gun]]s guarding Natanz Nuclear Facility]]
According to the Israeli newspaper ''[[Haaretz]]'', in September 2010 experts on Iran and computer security specialists were increasingly convinced that Stuxnet was meant "to [[sabotage]] the uranium enrichment facility at Natanz{{snd}} where the centrifuge operational capacity had dropped over the past year by 30 percent".<ref>{{cite news
| first=Yossi
|last=Melman
| url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/computer-virus-in-iran-actually-targeted-larger-nuclear-facility-1.316052
| title=Computer virus in Iran actually targeted larger nuclear facility
| newspaper=Haaretz
| date=28 September 2010
| access-date=1 January 2011
| archive-date=22 January 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122133842/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/computer-virus-in-iran-actually-targeted-larger-nuclear-facility-1.316052
| url-status=live
}}</ref> On 23 November 2010 it was announced that uranium enrichment at Natanz had ceased several times because of a series of major technical problems.<ref>{{cite web
| url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/international/iran-pauses-uranium-enrichment-at-natanz-nuclear-plant-1.326276
| title=Iran pauses uranium enrichment at Natanz nuclear plant
| publisher=Haaretz
|first=Yossi
|last=Melman
| date=24 November 2010
| access-date=24 November 2010
| archive-date=24 November 2010
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124013831/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/iran-pauses-uranium-enrichment-at-natanz-nuclear-plant-1.326276
| url-status=live
}}</ref> A "serious nuclear accident" (supposedly the shutdown of some of its centrifuges<ref name=economist />) occurred at the site in the first half of 2009, which is speculated to have forced [[Gholam Reza Aghazadeh]], the head of the [[Atomic Energy Organization of Iran]] (AEOI), to resign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mirror.wikileaks.info/wiki/Serious_nuclear_accident_may_lay_behind_Iranian_nuke_chief%27s_mystery_resignation |title=Serious nuclear accident may lay behind Iranian nuke chief's mystery resignation |publisher=WikiLeaks |date=16 July 2009 |access-date=1 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230121529/http://mirror.wikileaks.info/wiki/Serious_nuclear_accident_may_lay_behind_Iranian_nuke_chief%27s_mystery_resignation/ |archive-date=30 December 2010 }}</ref> Statistics published by the [[Federation of American Scientists]] (FAS) show that the number of enrichment centrifuges operational in Iran mysteriously declined from about 4,700 to about 3,900 beginning around the time the nuclear incident WikiLeaks mentioned would have occurred.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.isisnucleariran.org/assets/pdf/ISIS_Analysis_IAEA_Report_16Nov2009.pdf |title=IAEA Report on Iran |publisher=[[Institute for Science and International Security]] |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=1 January 2011 |archive-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311033912/http://www.isisnucleariran.org/assets/pdf/ISIS_Analysis_IAEA_Report_16Nov2009.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Institute for Science and International Security]] (ISIS) suggests, in a report published in December 2010, that Stuxnet is a reasonable explanation for the apparent damage<ref name=ISIS-1>{{cite web |url=http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/stuxnet_FEP_22Dec2010.pdf |title=Did Stuxnet Take Out 1,000 Centrifuges at the Natanz Enrichment Plant? |publisher=[[Institute for Science and International Security]] |date=22 December 2010 |access-date=27 December 2010 |archive-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910192149/http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/stuxnet_FEP_22Dec2010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> at Natanz, and may have destroyed up to 1,000 centrifuges (10 percent) sometime between November 2009 and late January 2010. The authors conclude:

{{Blockquote|The attacks seem designed to force a change in the centrifuge's rotor speed, first raising the speed and then lowering it, likely with the intention of inducing excessive vibrations or distortions that would destroy the centrifuge. If its goal was to quickly destroy all the centrifuges in the FEP [Fuel Enrichment Plant], Stuxnet failed. But if the goal was to destroy a more limited number of centrifuges and set back Iran's progress in operating the FEP, while making detection difficult, it may have succeeded, at least temporarily.<ref name=ISIS-1/>}}

The [[Institute for Science and International Security]] (ISIS) report further notes that Iranian authorities have attempted to conceal the breakdown by installing new centrifuges on a large scale.<ref name=ISIS-1/><ref name="Spiege l 26 December 2010">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/0,1518,736604,00.html |title=Stuxnet-Virus könnte tausend Uran-Zentrifugen zerstört haben |magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=26 December 2010 |access-date=27 December 2010 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227155849/http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/0,1518,736604,00.html |url-status=live |first=Christian |last=Stöcker |language=de}}</ref>

The worm worked by first causing an infected Iranian IR-1 centrifuge to increase from its normal operating speed of 1,064 [[hertz]] to 1,410 hertz for 15 minutes before returning to its normal frequency. Twenty-seven days later, the worm went back into action, slowing the infected centrifuges down to a few hundred hertz for a full 50 minutes. The stresses from the excessive, then slower, speeds caused the aluminium centrifugal tubes to expand, often forcing parts of the centrifuges into sufficient contact with each other to destroy the machine.<ref name="Stark">{{cite magazine|author=Stark, Holger|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,778912,00.html|title=Mossad's Miracle Weapon: Stuxnet Virus Opens New Era of Cyber War|magazine=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=8 August 2011|access-date=15 August 2011|archive-date=15 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815150818/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,778912,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) cameras installed in the Natanz facility recorded the sudden dismantling and removal of approximately 900–1,000 centrifuges during the time the Stuxnet worm was reportedly active at the plant. Iranian technicians, however, were able to quickly replace the centrifuges and the report concluded that uranium enrichment was likely only briefly disrupted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warrick |first1=Joby |title=Iran's Natanz nuclear facility recovered quickly from Stuxnet cyberattack |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/irans-natanz-nuclear-facility-recovered-quickly-from-stuxnet-cyber-attack/2011/02/15/ABUIkoQ_story.html |access-date=23 March 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=15 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124000904/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/irans-natanz-nuclear-facility-recovered-quickly-from-stuxnet-cyber-attack/2011/02/15/ABUIkoQ_story.html |archive-date=24 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On 15 February 2011, the [[Institute for Science and International Security]] released a report concluding that:
{{Blockquote|Assuming Iran exercises caution, Stuxnet is unlikely to destroy more centrifuges at the Natanz plant. Iran likely cleaned the malware from its control systems. To prevent re-infection, Iran will have to exercise special caution since so many computers in Iran contain Stuxnet.

Although Stuxnet appears to be designed to destroy centrifuges at the Natanz facility, destruction was by no means total. Moreover, Stuxnet did not lower the production of [[Low-enriched uranium|low enriched uranium (LEU)]] during 2010. LEU quantities could have certainly been greater, and Stuxnet could be an important part of the reason why they did not increase significantly. Nonetheless, there remain important questions about why Stuxnet destroyed only 1,000 centrifuges. One observation is that it may be harder to destroy centrifuges by use of cyber attacks than often believed.<ref name=ISIS-2>{{cite web|url=http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/stuxnet-malware-and-natanz-update-of-isis-december-22-2010-reportsupa-href1/8|title=Stuxnet Malware and Natanz: Update of ISIS December 22, 2010 Report|publisher=[[Institute for Science and International Security]]|date=15 February 2011|access-date=10 July 2011|archive-date=7 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807063612/http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/stuxnet-malware-and-natanz-update-of-isis-december-22-2010-reportsupa-href1/8|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

==== Iranian reaction ====
The [[Associated Press]] reported that the semi-official [[Iranian Students News Agency]] released a statement on 24 September 2010 stating that experts from the [[Atomic Energy Organization of Iran]] met in the previous week to discuss how Stuxnet could be removed from their systems.<ref name=APtehran /> According to analysts, such as [[David Albright]], Western intelligence agencies had been attempting to sabotage the Iranian nuclear program for some time.<ref name="sabotage">{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/iran/signs-of-sabotage-in-tehran-s-nuclear-programme-1.658481|title=Signs of sabotage in Tehran's nuclear programme|newspaper=Gulf News|date=14 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120230019/http://gulfnews.com/news/region/iran/signs-of-sabotage-in-tehran-s-nuclear-programme-1.658481|archive-date=20 November 2010}}</ref><ref name=EyesCyberwar>{{cite news|first=Dan |last=Williams |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLV83872|title=Wary of naked force, Israel eyes cyberwar on Iran|work=Reuters|date=7 July 2009|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519121118/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLV83872|url-status=live}}</ref>

The head of the [[Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant]] told [[Reuters]] that only the personal computers of staff at the plant had been infected by Stuxnet and the state-run newspaper ''Iran Daily'' quoted [[Reza Taghipour]], Iran's telecommunications minister, as saying that it had not caused "serious damage to government systems".<ref name=nyt /> The Director of Information Technology Council at the Iranian Ministry of Industries and Mines, Mahmud Liaii, has said that: "An [[Cyberwarfare|electronic war]] has been launched against Iran ... This computer worm is designed to transfer data about production lines from our industrial plants to locations outside Iran."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article797363.ece|title=Under cyber-attack, says Iran|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|first=Atul|last=Aneja|date=26 September 2010|access-date=27 September 2010|archive-date=29 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929062917/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article797363.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In response to the infection, Iran assembled a team to combat it. With more than 30,000 IP addresses affected in Iran, an official said that the infection was fast spreading in Iran and the problem had been compounded by the ability of Stuxnet to mutate. Iran had set up its own systems to clean up infections and had advised against using the Siemens SCADA antivirus since it is suspected that the antivirus contains embedded code which updates Stuxnet instead of removing it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinn.ir/Default.aspx?TabId=56&nid=193428 |script-title=fa:شبکه خبر :: راه های مقابله با ویروس"استاکس نت"|publisher=Irinn.ir|language=fa|access-date=28 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621130831/http://www.irinn.ir/Default.aspx?TabId=56&nid=193428|archive-date=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=afp>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jnTuOwD-HMJB9A8JQUC_-E_o2IYw|title=Stuxnet worm rampaging through Iran: IT official|publisher=AFP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930235902/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jnTuOwD-HMJB9A8JQUC_-E_o2IYw|archive-date=30 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/09/israel-questions-about-the-stuxnet-attack-on-iranian-computers.html|title=IRAN: Speculation on Israeli involvement in malware computer attack|work=Los Angeles Times|date=27 September 2010|access-date=28 September 2010|archive-date=28 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928045055/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/09/israel-questions-about-the-stuxnet-attack-on-iranian-computers.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=post>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/27/AR2010092706229.html|title=Iran struggling to contain 'foreign-made' 'Stuxnet' computer virus|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=27 September 2010|access-date=28 September 2010|first1=Thomas|last1=Erdbrink|first2=Ellen|last2=Nakashima|archive-date=2 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041632/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/27/AR2010092706229.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Hamid Alipour, deputy head of Iran's government Information Technology Company, "The attack is still ongoing and new versions of this virus are spreading." He reported that his company had begun the cleanup process at Iran's "sensitive centres and organizations".<ref name=afp /> "We had anticipated that we could root out the virus within one to two months, but the virus is not stable, and since we started the cleanup process three new versions of it have been spreading", he told the [[Islamic Republic News Agency]] on 27 September 2010.<ref name=post />

On 29 November 2010, Iranian president [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] stated for the first time that a computer virus had caused problems with the controller handling the centrifuges at its Natanz facilities. According to [[Reuters]], he told reporters at a news conference in Tehran: "They succeeded in creating problems for a limited number of our centrifuges with the software they had installed in electronic parts."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/gadgets/0,1518,731881,00.html|title=Ahmadinedschad räumt Virus-Attack ein|magazine=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=29 November 2010|access-date=29 December 2010|archive-date=20 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220052129/http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/gadgets/0,1518,731881,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/1130/Stuxnet-Ahmadinejad-admits-cyberweapon-hit-Iran-nuclear-program|title=Stuxnet: Ahmadinejad admits cyberweapon hit Iran nuclear program|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=30 November 2010|access-date=29 December 2010|archive-date=5 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205094238/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/1130/Stuxnet-Ahmadinejad-admits-cyberweapon-hit-Iran-nuclear-program|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the same day two Iranian nuclear scientists were targeted in separate, but nearly simultaneous car bomb attacks near [[Shahid Beheshti University]] in Tehran. [[Majid Shahriari]], a [[Quantum mechanics|quantum physicist]], was killed. [[Fereydoon Abbasi]], a high-ranking official at the [[Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics (Iran)|Ministry of Defense]] was seriously wounded. ''Wired'' speculated that the assassinations could indicate that whoever was behind Stuxnet felt that it was not sufficient to stop the nuclear program.<ref name="wired1" /> That same ''Wired'' article suggested the Iranian government could have been behind the assassinations.<ref name="wired1" /> In January 2010, another Iranian nuclear scientist, a physics professor at [[Tehran University]], was killed in a similar bomb explosion.<ref name="wired1">{{cite magazine |last=Zetter |first=Kim |url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/11/stuxnet-sabotage-centrifuges/ |title=Iran: Computer Malware Sabotaged Uranium Centrifuges | Threat Level |magazine=Wired |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-date=11 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311084917/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/11/stuxnet-sabotage-centrifuges/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 January 2012, a director of the Natanz nuclear enrichment facility, [[Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan]], was killed in an attack quite similar to the one that killed Shahriari.<ref name="Fox News">{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-denies-role-in-iranian-scientists-death/ |title=US Denies Role in Iranian Scientist's Death |publisher=Fox News |date=7 April 2010 |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-date=13 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213004215/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/01/11/report-bomb-kills-iran-university-professor/?test=latestnews |url-status=live }}</ref>

An analysis by the FAS demonstrates that Iran's enrichment capacity grew during 2010. The study indicated that Iran's centrifuges appeared to be performing 60% better than in the previous year, which would significantly reduce Tehran's time to produce bomb-grade uranium. The FAS report was reviewed by an official with the IAEA who affirmed the study.<ref name=FAS>{{cite web|author=Monica Amarelo|url=https://fas.org/press/news/2011/issuebrief_iran.html|title=New FAS Report Demonstrates Iran Improved Enrichment in 2010|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]|date=21 January 2011|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215104145/http://www.fas.org/press/news/2011/issuebrief_iran.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= Haaretz>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/international/report-iran-s-nuclear-capacity-unharmed-contrary-to-u-s-assessment-1.338522 |title=Report: Iran's nuclear capacity unharmed, contrary to U.S. assessment |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=22 January 2011 |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=25 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125182209/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/report-iran-s-nuclear-capacity-unharmed-contrary-to-u-s-assessment-1.338522 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author= Jeffrey Goldberg|url= https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/01/report-irans-nuclear-program-going-full-speed-ahead/70031/|title= Report: Report: Iran's Nuclear Program Going Full Speed Ahead|magazine= [[The Atlantic]]|date= 22 January 2011|access-date= 11 March 2017|archive-date= 12 November 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161112025144/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/01/report-irans-nuclear-program-going-full-speed-ahead/70031/|url-status= live}}</ref>

European and US officials, along with private experts, told Reuters that Iranian engineers were successful in neutralizing and purging Stuxnet from their country's nuclear machinery.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-stuxnet-idUSTRE81D24Q20120214|title=Experts say Iran has 'neutralized' Stuxnet virus|work=Reuters|date=14 February 2012|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817061036/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-stuxnet-idUSTRE81D24Q20120214|url-status=live}}</ref>

Given the growth in Iranian enrichment ability in 2010, the country may have intentionally put out misinformation to cause Stuxnet's creators to believe that the worm was more successful in disabling the Iranian nuclear program than it actually was.{{r|gross201104}}

==== Israel ====
[[Israel]], through [[Unit 8200]],<ref>{{cite news
| last=Beaumont
| first=Peter
| date=30 September 2010
| title=Stuxnet worm heralds new era of global cyberwar
| url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/sep/30/stuxnet-worm-new-era-global-cyberwar
| work=Guardian.co.uk
| location=London
| access-date=17 December 2016
| archive-date=30 December 2016
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230195849/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/sep/30/stuxnet-worm-new-era-global-cyberwar
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="sanger">{{cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |author-link=David E. Sanger |date=1 June 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&seid=auto&smid=tw-nytimespolitics&pagewanted=all |title=Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran |work=The New York Times |access-date=1 June 2012 |archive-date=17 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917203356/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&seid=auto&smid=tw-nytimespolitics&pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> has been speculated to be the country behind Stuxnet in multiple media reports<ref name=guardian /><ref name=economist>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/09/stuxnet_worm |title=The Stuxnet worm: A cyber-missile aimed at Iran? |newspaper=The Economist |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=27 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927170936/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/09/stuxnet_worm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=FP>{{cite magazine|last=Hounshell|first=Blake|url=http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/27/6_mysteries_about_stuxnet|title=6 mysteries about Stuxnet|magazine=Foreign Policy|date=27 September 2010|access-date=28 September 2010|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209181744/http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/27/6_mysteries_about_stuxnet|url-status=dead}}</ref> and by experts such as [[Richard A. Falkenrath]], former Senior Director for Policy and Plans within the US [[Office of Homeland Security]].<ref name=Yahoo!>{{cite news
|title = Falkenrath Says Stuxnet Virus May Have Origin in Israel: Video. Bloomberg Television
|date = 24 September 2010
|url = https://finance.yahoo.com/video/marketnews-19148628/falkenrath-says-stuxnet-virus-may-have-origin-in-israel-video-22090127#video=22147179
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121204121558/http://finance.yahoo.com/video/marketnews-19148628/falkenrath-says-stuxnet-virus-may-have-origin-in-israel-video-22090127#video=22147179
|archive-date = 4 December 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>{{r|nyt}} Yossi Melman, who covers intelligence for Israeli newspaper ''Haaretz'' and wrote a book about Israeli intelligence, also suspected that Israel was involved, noting that [[Meir Dagan]], the former (up until 2011) head of the national intelligence agency [[Mossad]], had his term extended in 2009 because he was said to be involved in important projects. Additionally, in 2010 Israel grew to expect that Iran would have a nuclear weapon in 2014 or 2015{{snd}} at least three years later than earlier estimates{{snd}} without the need for an Israeli military attack on Iranian nuclear facilities; "They seem to know something, that they have more time than originally thought", he added.<ref name="NYTimes20100929" />{{r|broad20110115}} Israel has not publicly commented on the Stuxnet attack but in 2010 confirmed that cyberwarfare was now among the pillars of its defense doctrine, with a military intelligence unit set up to pursue both defensive and offensive options.<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Dan |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BE30920091215 |title=Spymaster sees Israel as world cyberwar leader |work=Reuters |access-date=29 May 2012 |date=15 December 2009 |archive-date=28 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228170744/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BE30920091215 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Dan Williams|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE68R0GB.htm|title=Cyber takes centre stage in Israel's war strategy|publisher=Reuters, 28 September 2010|access-date=17 October 2010|archive-date=1 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001091330/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE68R0GB.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Antonin Gregoire|url=http://www.iloubnan.info/politics/actualite/id/52568/titre/Stuxnet,-the-real-face-of-Cyber-Warfare|title=Stuxnet, the real face of cyber warfare|publisher=Iloubnan.info, 25 November 2010|access-date=25 November 2010|archive-date=26 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126171827/http://iloubnan.info/politics/actualite/id/52568/titre/Stuxnet,-the-real-face-of-Cyber-Warfare|url-status=live}}</ref> When questioned whether Israel was behind the virus in the fall of 2010, some Israeli officials{{who|date=July 2017}} broke into "wide smiles", fueling speculation that the government of Israel was involved with its genesis.<ref name="nyt-19stuxnet">{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |author-link=William Broad |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |author2-link=David E. Sanger |title=Worm in Iran Can Wreck Nuclear Centrifuges |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/19/world/middleeast/19stuxnet.html |work=The New York Times |date=18 November 2010 |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=19 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219052914/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/19/world/middleeast/19stuxnet.html |url-status=live }}</ref> American presidential advisor Gary Samore also smiled when Stuxnet was mentioned,{{r|broad20110115}} although American officials have suggested that the virus originated abroad.<ref name="nyt-19stuxnet" /> According to ''The Telegraph'', Israeli newspaper ''Haaretz'' reported that a video celebrating operational successes of [[Gabi Ashkenazi]], retiring [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) Chief of Staff, was shown at his retirement party and included references to Stuxnet, thus strengthening claims that Israel's security forces were responsible.<ref name="WilliamsCTelegraph">{{cite news
| last = Williams
| first = Christopher
| title = Israeli security chief celebrates Stuxnet cyber attack
| newspaper = The Telegraph
| location = London
| date = 16 February 2011
| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8326274/Israeli-security-chief-celebrates-Stuxnet-cyber-attack.html
| access-date = 23 February 2011
| archive-date = 19 February 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110219063134/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8326274/Israeli-security-chief-celebrates-Stuxnet-cyber-attack.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In 2009, a year before Stuxnet was discovered, Scott Borg of the United States Cyber-Consequences Unit (US-CCU)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usccu.us/|title=The U.S. Cyber Consequences Unit|author=|website=The U.S. Cyber Consequences Unit|access-date=1 December 2010|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323151302/http://www.usccu.us/|url-status=live}}</ref> suggested that Israel may prefer to mount a cyberattack rather than a military strike on Iran's nuclear facilities.<ref name=EyesCyberwar /> In late 2010 Borg stated: "Israel certainly has the ability to create Stuxnet and there is little downside to such an attack because it would be virtually impossible to prove who did it. So a tool like Stuxnet is Israel's obvious weapon of choice."<ref name=economist2>{{cite news|title=A worm in the centrifuge: An unusually sophisticated cyber-weapon is mysterious but important|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=30 September 2010|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2010/09/30/a-worm-in-the-centrifuge|access-date=12 October 2010|archive-date=10 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010090003/http://www.economist.com/node/17147818|url-status=live}}</ref> Iran uses [[P-1 centrifuge]]s at Natanz, the design for which [[A. Q. Khan]] stole in 1976 and took to Pakistan. His [[black market]] [[Nuclear proliferation#Pakistan|nuclear-proliferation network]] sold P-1s to, among other customers, Iran. Experts believe that Israel also somehow acquired P-1s and tested Stuxnet on the centrifuges, installed at the [[Negev Nuclear Research Center|Dimona]] facility that is part of [[Israel and nuclear weapons|its own nuclear program]].{{r|broad20110115}} The equipment may be from the United States, which received P-1s from [[Libya and nuclear technology|Libya's former nuclear program]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |author-link=David E. Sanger |date=25 September 2010 |title=Iran Fights Malware Attacking Computers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/world/middleeast/26iran.html?_r=2&src=me |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526234757/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/world/middleeast/26iran.html?_r=2&src=me |url-status=live }}</ref>{{r|broad20110115}}

Some have also cited several clues in the code such as a concealed reference to the word ''MYRTUS'', believed to refer to the [[Latin language|Latin]] name ''[[wikt:myrtus|myrtus]]'' of the [[Myrtaceae|Myrtle]] tree, which in Hebrew is called ''hadassah''. Hadassah was the birth name of the former Jewish queen of Persia, Queen [[Esther]].<ref name=MES>{{cite web |title= Iran/Critical National Infrastructure: Cyber Security Experts See The Hand of Israel's Signals Intelligence Service in The 'Stuxnet' Virus Which Has Infected Iranian Nuclear Facilities |date=1 September 2010 |url=http://www.mideastsecurity.co.uk/?tag=stuxnet-myrtus-myrtle |publisher=Mideastsecurity.co.uk |access-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208204541/http://www.mideastsecurity.co.uk/?tag=stuxnet-myrtus-myrtle |archive-date=8 December 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Riddle|first=Warren|url=http://www.switched.com/2010/10/01/mysterious-myrtus-biblical-reference-spotted-in-stuxnet-code/|title=Mysterious 'Myrtus' Biblical Reference Spotted in Stuxnet Code|publisher=SWITCHED|date=1 October 2010|access-date=6 October 2010|archive-date=1 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001142357/http://www.switched.com/2010/10/01/mysterious-myrtus-biblical-reference-spotted-in-stuxnet-code/|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, it may be that the "MYRTUS" reference is simply a misinterpreted reference to [[SCADA]] components known as ''RTUs'' (Remote Terminal Units) and that this reference is actually "My RTUs"–a management feature of SCADA.<ref name=scada_rtus>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorola.com/web/Business/Products/SCADA%20Products/_Documents/Static%20Files/SCADA_Sys_Wht_Ppr-2a_New.pdf|title=SCADA Systems Whitepaper|publisher=Motorola|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=1 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001113541/http://www.motorola.com/web/Business/Products/SCADA%20Products/_Documents/Static%20Files/SCADA_Sys_Wht_Ppr-2a_New.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, the number 19790509 appears once in the code and may refer to the date ''1979 May 09'', the day [[Habib Elghanian]], a Persian Jew, was executed in [[Tehran]].<ref name="symantec_dossier">{{cite web|url=http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf|title=W32.Stuxnet Dossier|publisher=Symantec Corporation|access-date=1 October 2010|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707184843/http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370107,00.asp|title=Symantec Puts 'Stuxnet' Malware Under the Knife|magazine=PC Magazine|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814140253/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370107,00.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/10/stuxnet-deconstructed/|title=New Clues Point to Israel as Author of Blockbuster Worm, Or Not|magazine=Wired|first=Kim|last=Zetter|date=1 October 2010|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215125816/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/10/stuxnet-deconstructed/|url-status=live}}</ref> Another date that appears in the code is "24 September 2007", the day that Iran's president [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] spoke at [[Columbia University]] and made comments questioning the validity of the [[Holocaust]].{{r|gross201104}} Such data is not conclusive, since, as noted by Symantec, "attackers would have the natural desire to implicate another party".<ref name="symantec_dossier" />

==== United States ====
There has also been several reports on the involvement of the United States and its collaboration with Israel,<ref name="us">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stuxnet-worm-a-us-cyber-attack-on-iran-nukes/|title=Stuxnet Worm a U.S. Cyber-Attack on Iran Nukes?|publisher=CBS News|first=Tucker|last=Reals|date=24 September 2010|access-date=27 September 2010|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016133651/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20017507-501465.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Snowden Der Spiegel Interview|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-whistleblower-edward-snowden-on-global-spying-a-910006.html|magazine=Der Spiegel|access-date=3 October 2015|language=en, de|archive-date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706080155/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-whistleblower-edward-snowden-on-global-spying-a-910006.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with one report stating that "there is vanishingly little doubt that [it] played a role in creating the worm".{{r|gross201104}} It has been reported that the United States, under one of its most secret programs, initiated by the Bush administration and accelerated by the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/obama-cyberattacks-us-israeli-against-iran-2012-6|title=Obama Administration Admits Cyberattacks Against Iran Are Part of Joint US-Israeli Offensive|last=Kelley|first=Michael B.|date=1 June 2012|website=Business Insider|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203211236/http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-cyberattacks-us-israeli-against-iran-2012-6|url-status=live}}</ref> has sought to destroy Iran's nuclear program by novel methods such as undermining Iranian computer systems. A [[United States diplomatic cables leak|leaked diplomatic cable]] showed how the United States was advised to target Iran's nuclear abilities through 'covert sabotage'.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |date=18 January 2011 |title=WikiLeaks: the US advised to sabotage Iran nuclear sites by German thinktank |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/18/wikileaks-us-embassy-cable-iran-nuclear |work=The Guardian |access-date=19 January 2011 |location=London |archive-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908201914/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/18/wikileaks-us-embassy-cable-iran-nuclear |url-status=live }}</ref> An article in ''The New York Times'' in January 2009 credited a then-unspecified program with preventing an Israeli military attack on Iran where some of the efforts focused on ways to destabilize the centrifuges.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Sanger
|first = David E.
|author-link = David E. Sanger
|date = 10 January 2009
|title = U.S. Rejected Aid for Israeli Raid on Iranian Nuclear Site
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/washington/11iran.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
|work = The New York Times
|access-date = 12 October 2013
|archive-date = 16 October 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065926/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/washington/11iran.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
|url-status = live
}}</ref> A ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' article claimed that Stuxnet "is believed to have been created by the United States".<ref>{{cite magazine
| url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/02/cyberwar-issues-likely-to-be-addressed-only-after-a-catastrophe
| title=Cyberwar Issues Likely to Be Addressed Only After a Catastrophe
| date=17 February 2011
| author=Kim Zetter
| magazine=Wired
| access-date=18 February 2011
| archive-date=18 February 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218154415/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/02/cyberwar-issues-likely-to-be-addressed-only-after-a-catastrophe/
| url-status=live
}}</ref> Dutch historian Peter Koop speculated that the [[Tailored Access Operations]] could have developed Stuxnet, possibly in collaboration with Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koop|first=Peter|date=2013-12-12|title=Hoe onderschept de NSA ons dataverkeer?|url=https://decorrespondent.nl/485/hoe-onderschept-de-nsa-ons-dataverkeer/31326229055-d9b3a5cf|access-date=2022-02-22|website=[[De Correspondent]]|language=nl|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222111223/https://decorrespondent.nl/485/hoe-onderschept-de-nsa-ons-dataverkeer/31326229055-d9b3a5cf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The fact that John Bumgarner, a former intelligence officer and member of the United States Cyber-Consequences Unit (US-CCU), published an article prior to Stuxnet being discovered or deciphered, that outlined a strategic cyber strike on centrifuges<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.stripes.com/news/cone-of-silence-surrounds-u-s-cyberwarfare-1.158090
| title=Cone of silence surrounds U.S. cyberwarfare
| date=18 October 2011
| author=Chris Carroll
| newspaper=Stars and Stripes
| access-date=30 October 2011
| archive-date=7 March 2012
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307021747/http://www.stripes.com/news/cone-of-silence-surrounds-u-s-cyberwarfare-1.158090
| url-status=live
}}</ref> and suggests that cyber attacks are permissible against nation states which are operating uranium enrichment programs that violate international treaties gives some credibility to these claims. Bumgarner pointed out that the centrifuges used to process fuel for nuclear weapons are a key target for ''cybertage'' operations and that they can be made to destroy themselves by manipulating their rotational speeds.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.crows.org/images/stories/pdf/IOI/IO%20Journal_Vol2Iss2_0210.pdf
|title = Computers as Weapons of War
|date = 27 April 2010
|author = John Bumgarner
|publisher = IO Journal
|access-date = 30 October 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111219174833/http://www.crows.org/images/stories/pdf/IOI/IO%20Journal_Vol2Iss2_0210.pdf
|archive-date = 19 December 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

In a March 2012 interview with ''[[60 Minutes]]'', retired [[US Air Force]] General [[Michael Hayden (general)|Michael Hayden]]{{snd}} who served as director of both the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and [[National Security Agency]]{{snd}} while denying knowledge of who created Stuxnet said that he believed it had been "a good idea" but that it carried a downside in that it had legitimized the use of sophisticated cyber weapons designed to cause physical damage. Hayden said: "There are those out there who can take a look at this ... and maybe even attempt to turn it to their own purposes". In the same report, Sean McGurk, a former cybersecurity official at the [[Department of Homeland Security]] noted that the Stuxnet source code could now be downloaded online and modified to be directed at new target systems. Speaking of the Stuxnet creators, he said: "They opened the box. They demonstrated the capability ... It's not something that can be put back."<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57390124/stuxnet-computer-worm-opens-new-era-of-warfare/
|title = Stuxnet: Computer worm opens new era of warfare
|publisher = [[60 Minutes]] (CBS News)
|date = 4 March 2012
|access-date = 9 March 2012
|first = Steve
|last = Kroft
|archive-date = 15 October 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131015171113/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57390124/stuxnet-computer-worm-opens-new-era-of-warfare/
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==== Joint effort and other states and targets ====
{{update section|date=June 2012}}
In April 2011, Iranian government official Gholam Reza Jalali stated that an investigation had concluded that the United States and Israel were behind the Stuxnet attack.<ref>{{cite news
| author = CBS News staff
| author-link = CBS News
| title = Iran blames U.S., Israel for Stuxnet malware
| publisher = CBS News
| date = 16 April 2011
| url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-blames-us-israel-for-stuxnet-malware/
| format = SHTML
| access-date = 15 January 2012
| archive-date = 24 April 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120424151137/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/04/16/501364/main20054574.shtml
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Frank Rieger stated that three European countries' intelligence agencies agreed that Stuxnet was a joint United States-Israel effort. The code for the Windows injector and the PLC payload differ in style, likely implying collaboration. Other experts believe that a US-Israel cooperation is unlikely because "the level of trust between the two countries' intelligence and military establishments is not high".{{r|gross201104}}

A ''Wired'' magazine article about US General [[Keith B. Alexander]] stated: "And he and his cyber warriors have already launched their first attack. The cyber weapon that came to be known as Stuxnet was created and built by the NSA in partnership with the CIA and Israeli intelligence in the mid-2000s."<ref>{{cite magazine
| author = James Balford
| title = The secret war
| magazine = Wired
| date = 12 June 2013
| url = https://www.wired.com/2013/06/general-keith-alexander-cyberwar/all/
| access-date = 2 June 2014
| archive-date = 24 June 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180624045719/https://www.wired.com/2013/06/general-keith-alexander-cyberwar/all/
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

[[China]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.forbes.com/firewall/2010/12/14/stuxnets-finnish-chinese-connection/|title=Stuxnet's Finnish-Chinese Connection|work=[[Forbes]]|date=14 December 2010|access-date=19 April 2011|last=Carr|first=Jeffrey|archive-date=18 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418094630/http://blogs.forbes.com/firewall/2010/12/14/stuxnets-finnish-chinese-connection/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jordan]], and [[France]] are other possibilities, and Siemens may have also participated.{{r|gross201104}}{{r|us}} Langner speculated that the infection may have spread from USB drives belonging to Russian contractors since the Iranian targets were not accessible via the Internet.<ref name=RewritingPlaybook /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0924/Stuxnet-worm-mystery-What-s-the-cyber-weapon-after|title=Stuxnet worm mystery: What's the cyber weapon after?|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|date=24 September 2010|access-date=21 January 2011|last=Clayton|first=Mark|archive-date=27 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927170750/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0924/Stuxnet-worm-mystery-What-s-the-cyber-weapon-after|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, it was reported that an Iranian mole working for Dutch intelligence at the behest of Israel and the CIA inserted the Stuxnet virus with a USB flash drive or convinced another person working at the Natanz facility to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-how-a-secret-dutch-mole-aided-the-us-israeli-stuxnet-cyber-attack-on-iran-160026018.html|title=Revealed: How a secret Dutch mole aided the U.S.-Israeli Stuxnet cyberattack on Iran|website=news.yahoo.com|date=2 September 2019 |access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903172309/https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-how-a-secret-dutch-mole-aided-the-us-israeli-stuxnet-cyber-attack-on-iran-160026018.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Secret-Dutch-mole-aided-Stuxnet-attack-on-Irans-nuke-program-report-600430|title=Secret Dutch mole aided Stuxnet attack on Iran's nuke program – Report|work=[[Jerusalem Post]]|date=2 September 2019|last=Bob|first=Yonah Jeremy|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905010321/https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Secret-Dutch-mole-aided-Stuxnet-attack-on-Irans-nuke-program-report-600430|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sandro Gaycken from the [[Free University Berlin]] argued that the attack on Iran was a ruse to distract from Stuxnet's real purpose. According to him, its broad dissemination in more than 100,000 industrial plants worldwide suggests a field test of a cyber weapon in different security cultures, testing their preparedness, resilience, and reactions, all highly valuable information for a cyberwar unit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeit.de/2010/48/Computerwurm-Stuxnet|title=Stuxnet: Wer war's? Und wozu?|newspaper=[[Die ZEIT]]|date=26 November 2010|access-date=19 April 2011|last=Gaycken|first=Sandro|archive-date=20 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420065905/http://www.zeit.de/2010/48/Computerwurm-Stuxnet|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[United Kingdom]] has denied involvement in the worm's creation.<ref name="grauniad">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/may/30/military-cyberwar-offensive|title=UK developing cyber-weapons programme to counter cyber war threat|last=Hopkins|first=Nick|date=31 May 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=31 May 2011|location=United Kingdom|archive-date=10 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910083707/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/may/30/military-cyberwar-offensive|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2013, [[Edward Snowden]] claimed that Stuxnet was cooperatively developed by the United States and Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/08/snowden_us_israel_stuxnet/|title=Snowden: US and Israel Did Create Stuxnet Attack Code|author=Iain Thomson|website=The Register|date=8 July 2013|access-date=8 July 2013|archive-date=10 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710195741/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/08/snowden_us_israel_stuxnet/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Deployment in North Korea ===
According to a report by Reuters, the NSA also tried to sabotage [[North Korea]]'s [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear program]] using a version of Stuxnet. The operation was reportedly launched in tandem with the attack that targeted Iranian centrifuges in 2009–10. The North Korean nuclear program shares a number of similarities with the Iranian, both having been developed with technology transferred by Pakistani nuclear scientist [[A.Q. Khan]]. The effort failed, however, because North Korea's extreme secrecy and isolation made it impossible to introduce Stuxnet into the nuclear facility.<ref>{{cite news|last=Menn|first=Joseph|title=Exclusive: U.S. tried Stuxnet-style campaign against North Korea but failed – sources|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-northkorea-stuxnet-idUSKBN0OE2DM20150529|access-date=31 May 2015|work=Reuters|date=29 May 2015|archive-date=13 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213161547/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-northkorea-stuxnet-idUSKBN0OE2DM20150529|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Stuxnet 2.0 cyberattack ===
In 2018, [[Gholamreza Jalali]], Iran's chief of the [[National Organization for Passive Defense]], claimed that his country fended off a Stuxnet-like attack targeting the country's telecom infrastructure. Iran's [[Ministry of Information and Communications Technology of Iran|Telecommunications minister]], [[Mohammad-Javad Azari Jahromi]] has since accused Israel of orchestrating the attack. Iran plans to sue Israel through the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) and is also willing to launch a retaliation attack if Israel does not desist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cybersecurity-insiders.com/iran-says-israel-launched-stuxnet-2-0-cyber-attack/|title=Iran says Israel launched Stuxnet 2.0 Cyber Attack|first=Naveen|last=Goud|date=6 November 2018|access-date=6 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207021512/https://www.cybersecurity-insiders.com/iran-says-israel-launched-stuxnet-2-0-cyber-attack/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Related malware ==

=== "Stuxnet's Secret Twin" ===
A November 2013 article<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/11/19/stuxnets_secret_twin_iran_nukes_cyber_attack | title = Stuxnet's Secret Twin | magazine = Foreign Policy | date = 19 November 2013 | access-date = 11 March 2017 | archive-date = 4 December 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141204132954/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/11/19/stuxnets_secret_twin_iran_nukes_cyber_attack | url-status = live }}</ref> in Foreign Policy magazine claims existence of an earlier, much more sophisticated attack on the centrifuge complex at Natanz, focused on increasing centrifuge failure rate over a long time period by stealthily inducing uranium hexafluoride gas overpressure incidents. This malware was capable of spreading only by being physically installed, probably by previously contaminated field equipment used by contractors working on Siemens control systems within the complex. It is not clear whether this attack attempt was successful, but follow-up by a different, simpler, and more conventional attack is indicative that it was not.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

=== Duqu ===
{{Main|Duqu}}
On 1 September 2011, a new worm was found, thought to be related to Stuxnet. The Laboratory of Cryptography and System Security (CrySyS) of the [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]] analyzed the malware, naming the threat '''Duqu'''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.crysys.hu/publications/files/bencsathPBF11duqu.pdf | title = Duqu: A Stuxnet-like malware found in the wild, technical report | publisher = Laboratory of Cryptography of Systems Security (CrySyS) | date = 14 October 2011 | access-date = 13 November 2011 | archive-date = 21 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190421025710/https://www.crysys.hu/publications/files/bencsathPBF11duqu.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crysys.hu/in-the-press.html |title=Statement on Duqu's initial analysis |publisher=Laboratory of Cryptography of Systems Security (CrySyS) |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=25 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004111047/http://crysys.hu/in-the-press.html |archive-date=4 October 2012 }}</ref> [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]], based on this report, continued the analysis of the threat, calling it "nearly identical to Stuxnet, but with a completely different purpose", and published a detailed technical paper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_duqu_the_precursor_to_the_next_stuxnet.pdf |title=W32.Duqu – The precursor to the next Stuxnet (Version 1.2) |publisher=[[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025145245/https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_duqu_the_precursor_to_the_next_stuxnet.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The main component used in Duqu is designed to capture information<ref name=SonsOfStuxnet /> such as keystrokes and system information. The exfiltrated data may be used to enable a future Stuxnet-like attack. On 28 December 2011, Kaspersky Lab's director of global research and analysis spoke to Reuters about recent research results showing that the platform Stuxnet and Duqu both originated in 2007, and is being referred to as Tilded due to the ~d at the beginning of the file names. Also uncovered in this research was the possibility for three more variants based on the Tilded platform.<ref>{{cite news |last=Finkle |first=Jim |title=Stuxnet weapon has at least 4 cousins: researchers |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cybersecurity-stuxnet-idUSTRE7BR1EV20111228 |work=Reuters |date=28 December 2011 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161301/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/28/us-cybersecurity-stuxnet-idUSTRE7BR1EV20111228 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Flame ===
{{Main|Flame (malware)}}
In May 2012, the new malware "Flame" was found, thought to be related to Stuxnet.<ref name=Zetter>{{cite news |title=Meet 'Flame,' The Massive Spy Malware Infiltrating Iranian Computers |first=Kim |last=Zetter |url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/05/flame/ |newspaper=Wired |date=28 May 2012 |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530213153/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/05/flame/ |archive-date=30 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers named the program "Flame" after the name of one of its modules.<ref name=Zetter /> After analysing the code of Flame, Kaspersky Lab said that there is a strong relationship between Flame and Stuxnet. An early version of Stuxnet contained code to propagate infections via USB drives that is nearly identical to a Flame module that exploits the same vulnerability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2012/Resource_207_Kaspersky_Lab_Research_Proves_that_Stuxnet_and_Flame_Developers_are_Connected|title=Resource 207: Kaspersky Lab Research Proves that Stuxnet and Flame Developers are Connected|date=11 June 2012|publisher=Kaspersky Lab|access-date=13 June 2012|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116092936/https://www.kaspersky.com/about/press-releases|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Media coverage ==
Since 2010, there has been extensive international news media coverage on Stuxnet and its aftermath. In early commentary, ''[[The Economist]]'' pointed out that Stuxnet was "a new kind of cyber-attack".<ref>{{cite news|title=The Meaning of Stuxnet|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2010/09/30/the-meaning-of-stuxnet|newspaper=The Economist|date=30 September 2010|access-date=18 April 2015|archive-date=30 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330224907/http://www.economist.com/node/17147862|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 July 2011, ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' then published an article detailing how network security experts were able to decipher the origins of Stuxnet. In that piece, Kim Zetter claimed that Stuxnet's "cost–benefit ratio is still in question".<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Kim Zetter|title=How Digital Detectives Deciphered Stuxnet, the Most Menacing Malware in History|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=8 July 2011|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309033011/https://www.wired.com/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later commentators tended to focus on the strategic significance of Stuxnet as a cyber weapon. Following the Wired piece, Holger Stark called Stuxnet the "first digital weapon of geopolitical importance, it could change the way wars are fought".<ref>{{cite news|author=Holger Stark|title=Mossad's Miracle Weapon: Stuxnet Virus Opens New Era of Cyber War|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/mossad-s-miracle-weapon-stuxnet-virus-opens-new-era-of-cyber-war-a-778912.html|work=Der Spiegel|date=8 August 2011|access-date=18 April 2015|archive-date=12 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412223510/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/mossad-s-miracle-weapon-stuxnet-virus-opens-new-era-of-cyber-war-a-778912.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, Eddie Walsh referred to Stuxnet as "the world's newest high-end asymmetric threat".<ref>{{cite news|author=Eddie Walsh|title=2011: The year of domestic cyber threat|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/20121181245291117.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=1 January 2012|access-date=18 April 2015|archive-date=18 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418100836/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/20121181245291117.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ultimately, some claim that the "extensive media coverage afforded to Stuxnet has only served as an advertisement for the vulnerabilities used by various cybercriminal groups".<ref>{{cite news|author=Vyacheslav Zakorzhevsky|title=Sality & Stuxnet – Not Such a Strange Coincidence|url=http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2010/Sality_Stuxnet_Not_Such_a_Strange_Coincidence|publisher=Kaspersky Lab|date=5 October 2010|access-date=18 April 2015|archive-date=18 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418101908/http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2010/Sality_Stuxnet_Not_Such_a_Strange_Coincidence|url-status=live}}</ref> While that may be the case, the media coverage has also increased awareness of cyber security threats.

[[Alex Gibney]]'s 2016 documentary ''[[Zero Days]]'' covers the phenomenon around Stuxnet.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 February 2016 |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jamesball/us-hacked-into-irans-critical-civilian-infrastructure-for-ma |title=U.S. Hacked into Iran's Critical Civilian Infrastructure For Massive Cyberattack, New Film Claims |work=[[BuzzFeed]] |first=James |last=Ball |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719204217/https://www.buzzfeed.com/jamesball/us-hacked-into-irans-critical-civilian-infrastructure-for-ma |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Zero-day (computing)|zero-day]] (also known as 0-day) vulnerability is a computer-software vulnerability that is unknown to, or unaddressed by, those who should be interested in mitigating the vulnerability (including the vendor of the target software). Until the vulnerability is mitigated, hackers can exploit it to adversely affect computer programs, data, additional computers or a network.

In 2016, it was revealed that General [[James Cartwright]], the former head of the U.S. Strategic Command, had leaked information related to Stuxnet. He later pleaded guilty for lying to FBI agents pursuing an investigation into the leak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/us/marine-general-james-cartwright-leak-fbi.html|title=James Cartwright, Ex-General, Pleads Guilty in Leak Case|last=Savage|first=Charlie|date=17 October 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112112828/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/us/marine-general-james-cartwright-leak-fbi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/world-war-three-by-mistake|title=World War Three, by Mistake|date=23 December 2016|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227001300/http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/world-war-three-by-mistake|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 January 2017, he was granted a full pardon in this case by President Obama, thus expunging his conviction.

[[Darknet Diaries]]' [https://darknetdiaries.com/episode/29/ Podcast episode Stuxnet], discusses Stuxnet with guest [[Kim Zetter]] and references the book [[Kim Zetter|Count Down to Zero Day]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Stuxnet – Darknet Diaries | website=Darknet Diaries – True stories from the dark side of the Internet. | date=2019-01-02 | url=https://darknetdiaries.com/episode/29/ | access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Besides the aforementioned [[Alex Gibney]] documentary ''[[Zero Days]]'' (2016), which looks into the malware and the cyberwarfare surrounding it, other works which reference Stuxnet include:
* In ''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]'', [[List of Castle episodes#Season 8 (2015–16)|season 8, episode 18 "Backstabber"]] Stuxnet is revealed to have been (fictionally) created by [[MI6]], and a version of it is used to take down the London power grid.
* ''Trojan Horse'' is a novel written by Windows utility writer and novelist [[Mark Russinovich]]. It features the usage of the Stuxnet virus as a main plot line for the story, and the attempt of Iran to bypass it.
* In ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Arise]]'', Stuxnet is the named type of computer virus which infected [[Motoko Kusanagi|Kusanagi]] and Manamura allowing false memories to be implanted.
* In July 2017, MRSA ([[Mat Zo]]) released a track named "Stuxnet" through [[Hospital Records]].
* In Ubisoft's 2013 video game ''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist]]'', the protagonist, Sam Fisher, makes use of a mobile, airborne headquarters ("Paladin") which is said at one point within the game's story mode to have been targeted by a Stuxnet-style virus, causing its systems to fail and the plane to careen towards the ocean, and would have crashed without Fisher's intervening.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o77cNhuoI4A |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/o77cNhuoI4A |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Splinter Cell Blacklist – Mission 10 'American Fuel{{'-}}|date=17 September 2013 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* In Michael Mann's 2015 movie ''[[Blackhat (film)|Blackhat]]'', the code shown as belonging to a virus used by a hacker to cause the coolant pumps explosion in a nuclear plant in Chai Wan, Hong Kong, is actual Stuxnet decompiled code.
* In the third episode of ''[[Star Trek: Discovery]]'', "[[Context Is for Kings]]", characters identify a segment of code as being part of an experimental transportation system. The code shown is decompiled Stuxnet code.<ref>{{cite web |title=According to Star Trek: Discovery, Starfleet still runs Microsoft Windows |url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/10/3/16412372/star-trek-discovery-cbs-windows-code-command-line |website=The Verge |date=3 October 2017 |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111121502/https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/10/3/16412372/star-trek-discovery-cbs-windows-code-command-line |url-status=live }}</ref> Much of the same code is shown in the episode "Pyre" of ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'', this time as a visual representation of a "diagnostic exploit" breaking into the control software for nuclear missiles.

== See also ==

{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[2024 Lebanon pager explosions]]
* [[Advanced persistent threat]]
* [[DigiNotar]]
* [[Killer poke]]
* [[List of security hacking incidents]]
* [[Mahdi (malware)]]
* [[Natanz]]
* [[Nitro Zeus]]
* [[Operation High Roller]]
* [[Operation Merlin]]
* [[Pin control attack]]
* [[Programmable logic controller]]
* [[Regin (malware)]]
* [[Stars virus]]
* [[Tailored Access Operations]]
* [[Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack]]
* [[Zero Days]]}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web
|url = https://www.ted.com/talks/ralph_langner_cracking_stuxnet_a_21st_century_cyber_weapon
|title = Ralph Langner: Cracking Stuxnet, a 21st-century cyber weapon
|publisher = [[TED (Conference)|TED]]
|date = March 2011
|access-date = 13 May 2011
|last = Langner
|first = Ralph
|archive-date = 1 February 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201101050/http://www.ted.com/talks/ralph_langner_cracking_stuxnet_a_21st_century_cyberweapon.html
|url-status = live
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.langner.com/en/2010/12/26/the-short-path-from-cyber-missiles-to-dirty-digital-bombs/
|title = The short path from cyber missiles to dirty digital bombs
|department = Blog
|publisher = Langner Communications GmbH
|date = 26 December 2010
|access-date = 13 May 2011
|archive-date = 19 April 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170419094857/http://www.langner.com/en/2010/12/26/the-short-path-from-cyber-missiles-to-dirty-digital-bombs/
|url-status = live
}}
* Ralph Langner's [http://www.digitalbond.com/2012/01/31/langners-stuxnet-deep-dive-s4-video/ Stuxnet Deep Dive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017163356/https://www.digitalbond.com/2012/01/31/langners-stuxnet-deep-dive-s4-video/ |date=17 October 2012 }}
* {{cite report |last=Langner |first=Ralph |title=To Kill a Centrifuge: A Technical Analysis of What Stuxnet's Creators Tried to Achieve |date=November 2013 |url=http://www.langner.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/To-kill-a-centrifuge.pdf |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613132728/http://www.langner.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/To-kill-a-centrifuge.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web
|url = https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=ad4b3d10-b808-414c-b4c3-ae4a2ed85560&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments
|title = Exploring Stuxnet's PLC Infection Process
|department = Blogs: Security Response
|publisher = [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]]
|date = 21 September 2010
|access-date = 13 May 2011
|first = Nicolas
|last = Falliere
|archive-date = 21 June 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210621221438/https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=ad4b3d10-b808-414c-b4c3-ae4a2ed85560&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments
|url-status = live
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002040.html
|title = Stuxnet Questions and Answers
|department = News from the Lab (blog)
|publisher = [[F-Secure]]
|date = 1 October 2010
|access-date = 13 May 2011
|archive-date = 5 May 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505195313/https://archive.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002040.html
|url-status = live
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2010/27c3-4245-en-adventures_in_analyzing_stuxnet.html
|title = 27C3: Adventures in analyzing Stuxnet
|last1 = Dang
|first1 = Bruce
|last2 = Ferrie
|first2 = Peter
|publisher = [[Chaos Computer Club]] e.V.
|date = 28 December 2010
|access-date = 13 May 2011
|archive-date = 11 October 2015
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151011213142/http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2010/27c3-4245-en-adventures_in_analyzing_stuxnet.html
|url-status = live
}}
* {{cite news
|url = http://blogs.technet.com/b/markrussinovich/archive/2011/03/30/3416253.aspx
|title = Analyzing a Stuxnet Infection with the Sysinternals Tools, Part 1
|department = Mark's Blog
|agency = [[MSDN Blogs]]
|publisher = Microsoft Corporation
|date = 30 March 2011
|access-date = 13 May 2011
|first = Mark
|last = Russinovich
|author-link = Mark Russinovich
|archive-date = 23 April 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110423024408/http://blogs.technet.com/b/markrussinovich/archive/2011/03/30/3416253.aspx
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite magazine
|url = https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet/all/1
|title = How Digital Detectives Deciphered Stuxnet, the Most Menacing Malware in History
|department = Threat Level Blog
|magazine = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
|date = 11 July 2011
|access-date = 11 July 2011
|first = Kim
|last = Zetter
|archive-date = 28 March 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140328025407/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet/all/1
|url-status = live
}}
* {{cite news
|url = http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57390124/stuxnet-computer-worm-opens-new-era-of-warfare/
|title = Stuxnet: Computer worm opens new era of warfare
|work = [[60 Minutes]]
|publisher = [[CBS News]]
|date = 4 March 2012
|access-date = 4 March 2012
|first = Steve
|last = Kroft
|archive-date = 15 October 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131015171113/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57390124/stuxnet-computer-worm-opens-new-era-of-warfare/
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite news
|last = Sanger
|first = David E.
|author-link = David E. Sanger
|date = 1 June 2012
|title = Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&seid=auto&smid=tw-nytimespolitics&pagewanted=all
|work = The New York Times
|access-date = 1 June 2012
|archive-date = 17 September 2022
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220917203356/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&seid=auto&smid=tw-nytimespolitics&pagewanted=all
|url-status = live
}}
* [[Kim Zetter]], ''Countdown to Zero Day: Stuxnet and the Launch of the World's First Digital Weapon''. New York: [[Crown Publishing Group]], 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-7704-3617-9}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://securelist.com/a-fanny-equation-i-am-your-father-stuxnet/68787 fanny.bmp] – at Securelist
* [https://github.com/loneicewolf/fanny.bmp fanny.bmp source] – at GitHub
* [https://archive.org/details/Stuxnet Stuxnet code] – at Internet Archive

{{Hacking in the 2010s}}
{{Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}
{{Iran–United States relations}}
{{North Korea–United States relations}}

[[Category:2010 in computing]]
[[Category:2010 in Iran]]
[[Category:2010 in North Korea]]
[[Category:Computer access control]]
[[Category:Cryptographic attacks]]
[[Category:Cyberattacks on energy sector]]
[[Category:Cyberattacks]]
[[Category:Cyberwarfare in Iran]]
[[Category:Cybercrime in India]]
[[Category:Cyberwarfare]]
[[Category:Exploit-based worms]]
[[Category:2010s in hacking]]
[[Category:Industrial computing]]
[[Category:Iran–Israel relations]]
[[Category:Iran–United States relations]]
[[Category:North Korea–United States relations]]
[[Category:Israel–United States relations]]
[[Category:Windows malware]]
[[Category:Nuclear program of Iran]]
[[Category:Nuclear program of North Korea]]
[[Category:Privilege escalation exploits]]
[[Category:Rootkits]]
[[Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict]]
[[Category:Malware targeting industrial control systems]]

Hanglai Jagoi

2026-03-25T15:28:17Z

Theodore2940: adjusted lead per sources for clarity

{{Short description|Puppet dancing theatre in Meitei civilization}}
{{About|a [[puppetry]] of the [[Meitei intangible cultural heritage]]|the overall playthings|Meitei traditional toys|the dolls|Dolls in Meitei civilisation}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = Hanglai Jagoi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = Hang-Lai Jagoi
| etymology = Puppet dancing
| genre = [[Jagoi]]
| signature =
| instruments =
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = [[Meitei culture]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Langnf|mni|'''Hanglai Jagoi'''|puppetry dancing}}{{efn|sometimes also referred to as '''Manipuri puppetry'''}} is a [[Meitei tradition]]al form of [[puppet theatre]], originated from [[Manipur]]. It is one of the most remarkable [[intangible cultural heritages of Meitei civilization]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form Tale of battle against all odds |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-12-With-art-and-culture-forming-an-indelible-part-of-the-very-ethos-of-Ma.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |others=[[Ministry of Culture (India)]] |title=Indian Horizons April-June 2013 |url=https://www.iccr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Indian%20Horizons%20April-June%202013.pdf |website=Indian Council for Cultural Relations |publisher=[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] |page=26 |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
According to scholars, the exact timing of the origin of Hanglai Jagoi ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯪꯂꯥꯏ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|}}) lies in uncertainty, but it is generally accepted that the art form emerged before the arrival of [[Hinduism in Manipur]]. The art form had significant developments during the reigns of Meitei kings {{langnf|mni|[[Ching-Thang Khomba]]|[[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra]]}} and {{langnf|mni|[[Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba]]|[[Gambhir Singh]]}}. In their eras, the art form was performed during the organizations of [[Manipuri Raas Leela]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯥꯁ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|}}) and [[Ratha Yatra]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯕ ꯀꯨꯝꯍꯩ}}|}}). Later, it came to be associated with the art form of Goura Leela ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯒꯧꯔꯥ ꯂꯤꯂꯥ ꯀꯨꯝꯍꯩ}}|}}) too.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Types ==
Hanglai Jagoi ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯡꯂꯥꯏ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|}}) is of four types: (1) [[Rod puppet]]ry, (2) [[Shadow puppet]]ry, (3) [[Glove puppet]]ry, and (4) [[String puppet]]ry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Materials for puppets ==
The traditional {{langnf|mni|Hanglai|puppet}} was made of wood, paper, ragged clothes, dried paddy, etc. Later, other materials were used as substitutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form Tale of battle against all odds |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-12-With-art-and-culture-forming-an-indelible-part-of-the-very-ethos-of-Ma.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form : 15th dec23 ~ Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..151223.dec23 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=}}</ref>

== Dying conditions {{Anchor|Dying state|Extinction}} ==
The art form of Hanglai Jagoi ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯪꯂꯥꯏ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|}}) is in the state of dying, mainly because of the challenges it faces, including but not limited to [[acculturation]], [[modernization]], different socio-cultural factors as well as lack of supports, demands, patronage, etc.
Artists are required to be financially safe independently, because all the needs of the art forms are usually born by themselves, due to lack of public supports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form Tale of battle against all odds |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-12-With-art-and-culture-forming-an-indelible-part-of-the-very-ethos-of-Ma.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form : 15th dec23 ~ Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..151223.dec23 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=}}</ref>

Important factors for its downfall include technological advancements and reduction in public interests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Preservation ==
Gurumayum Basanta Sharma ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯒꯨꯔꯨꯃꯌꯨꯝ ꯕꯁꯟꯇ ꯁꯔꯃꯥ}}|}}) of Thiyam Leishangkhong area in [[Imphal West district]] is preserving and promoting the art form of Hanglai Jagoi ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯡꯂꯥꯏ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|}}) in [[Manipur]] and abroad.
In recognition of his dedicated effort to preserve and promote the traditional Meitei puppetry, he was honoured by the [[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training]] (CCRT), [[Ministry of Culture (India)]], for the ''"Senior Fellowship for 2020-21"'', from July 1, 2023, for a 2-year period.
He learned the art form from different teachers, including from his late father, Gurumayum Jadu Sharma ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯒꯨꯔꯨꯃꯌꯨꯝ ꯖꯥꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯃꯥ}}|}}), who was also once an artist of the very puppet theatre, in Manipur, since 1986, from the age of 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form Tale of battle against all odds |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-12-With-art-and-culture-forming-an-indelible-part-of-the-very-ethos-of-Ma.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
During his father's time, the art form was performed for more than 20 times in a year, but in present-day times, it is performed only during certain festivals or particular events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He is working with the ''"Moppet Decoration and Cultural Centre, Yumnam Huidrom Thiyam Leishangkhong"'', for a very long time, teaching the art forms to interested learners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form Tale of battle against all odds |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-12-With-art-and-culture-forming-an-indelible-part-of-the-very-ethos-of-Ma.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form : 15th dec23 ~ Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..151223.dec23 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Classicism in Meitei culture]]
* [[National recognition of Meitei culture]]
* [[Animals in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Birds in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Constitutionalism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Plants in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilization]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Tensuba, K. C. (1993). Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais. India: Inter-India Publications.
* Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. (2014). (n.p.): ARECOM (Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur).
* Ahuja, C. (2012). Contemporary Theatre of India: An Overview. India: [[National Book Trust]], India.
* Outlook. (2007). India: Hathway Investments Pvt Limited.

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Civilization|India|Music|Mythology|Religion|Society|Theatre}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Puppetry]]
[[Category:Meitei theatre]]

Denikaina Ready

2026-03-25T08:21:22Z

Theodore2940: Put Up First Pg W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Denikaina Ready
| image = Denikaina Ready poster.jpg
| alt = Naangallam Appve Appadi
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[G. Nageswara Reddy]]
| based_on = ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'' (Malayalam)
| producer = [[Mohan Babu]]
| screenplay = [[Gopimohan]] [[Kona Venkat]]
| story = B. V. S. Ravi [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Udayakrishnan]] [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Sibi K. Thomas]]
| starring = [[Vishnu Manchu]] [[Hansika Motwani]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| narrator = [[Prabhas]]
| cinematography = Siddharth Ramaswamy
| editing = M. R. Varma
| studio = [[24 Frames Factory]]
| distributor = 24 Frames Factory (worldwide)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/118352.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123202417/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/118352.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2014|title=24 frames factory bags 'Erra Bus' worldwide release rights|work= indiaglitz.com |date= 11 November 2014|access-date= 11 November 2014}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|10|24|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|title=Denikaina Ready release on Oct 24|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-07/news-interviews/34305586_1_damarukam-manchu-vishnu-bvs-ravi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126050142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-07/news-interviews/34305586_1_damarukam-manchu-vishnu-bvs-ravi|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹11 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2012
|url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2012/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Denikaina Ready '''''({{translation|Ready for anything}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[G. Nageswara Reddy]] and produced by [[Mohan Babu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/81937.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511064921/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/81937.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2012|title=Vishnu-Hansika's film titled as Denikaina Ready|website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/76356.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108082207/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/76356.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2012|title=Vishnu-Hansika film goes on floor |website=IndiaGlitz |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref> The film features [[Vishnu Manchu]] and [[Hansika Motwani]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Can-Hansika-bring-luck-to-Vishnu/articleshow/12865865.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707074602/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-25/news-interviews/31398305_1_hansika-motwani-luck-charm-tamil|url-status=live|archive-date=7 July 2012|title=Can Hansika bring luck to Vishnu? |date=25 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/vishnu-manchu-hansika-motwani-getting-cosy-254 |title=Vishnu Manchu, Hansika Motwani getting cosy? |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=21 February 2012 |access-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512073349/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/vishnu-manchu-hansika-motwani-getting-cosy-254 |archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> The film is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/denikainaready_moviereview.php |title=Dhenikaina Ready Movie Review |work=Telugu Cinema |access-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027171530/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/denikainaready_moviereview.php |archive-date=27 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was a commercial success at the box office.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=March 2021}}
Veera Narasimha Naidu ([[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]) is a faction leader in Kurnool, who raises his sister Saraswati ([[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]) with love and affection to make her forget the loss of their mother. Around the time of marriage, she elopes with Basha ([[Suman (actor)|Suman]]), whom she loves, which leads to the death of their father. Thus enraged, Narasimha Naidu cuts Basha's leg, which creates a rift between the two families. In a case to win the property belonging to Saraswati, Basha wins the case against Narasimha Naidu after a long 25 years. Seeing the sorrow of Saraswati, her son Sulaiman ([[Vishnu Manchu]]) vows to unite the two families and waits for a situation.

Meanwhile, on a suggestion by Sampangi Sastry ([[M. S. Narayana]]), Narasimha Naidu appoints his man Bangarraju ([[Brahmanandam]]) to find a great scholar to perform a Mahachandi Yagam. He contacts Agnihotra Narasimha Sastry ([[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam]]) but as he is unavailable, he goes to the college where Krishna Sastry ([[Samrat reddy|Samrat Reddy]]), the son of Narasimha Sastry studies. Krishna Sastry, in a fit of rage (as his love interest Aparna is close to Sulaiman), shows Sulaiman to Bangarraju and tells him that he is Krishna Sastry, but prefers to be called Sulaiman. Though reluctant initially to accept, Sulaiman accepts that he is Krishna Sastry as this would be a golden chance to unite the two families. He, along with his friend David ([[Vennela Kishore]]) and a group of Brahmins (Played by [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]], Master Bharath, Raghava, Kadambari Kiran, Ananth and others) goes to the palace of Narasimha Naidu.

There he manages to act well, only to be noticed by Sharmila ([[Hansika Motwani]]), daughter of Narasimha Naidu. Though she tries to screen his true colors, he escapes by his wit and timing. In an unexpected turn of events, Bangarraju visits Krishna Sastry's home to pay Sambhavana, but shockingly finds out the truth that Sulaiman is acting as Krishna Sastry. Fearing for his life, he discloses the facts and wants the Yagam to be completed as soon as possible. Sulaiman, though interested in Sharmila, considers his mother's wish very important and starts plotting various plans to intimate feelings on Saraswati in Narasimha Naidu's heart, but all goes in vain. Meanwhile, Narasimha Naidu's opponent Rudrama Naidu ([[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]) attacks Sharmila and Sulaiman saves her. Sharmila falls for him and Narasimha feels that the attack was done by Basha.

Things get worse for Sulaiman as Aparna, (Bangarraju's daughter and Krisha's lover) returns to the palace, proposes to him and warns him that if he refuses to reciprocate the feelings, she would reveal the secret. Meanwhile, Sampangi Sastry, who is in deep frustration as Bangarraju did not allow him perform the Yagam, wants to take revenge. Sulaiman plays a very clever game to hide his skin playing with the weaknesses of everyone. Everything goes smooth until Sharmila tells about her proposal of marriage with Krishna Sastry to her dad and her dad sends his brothers to talk with Krishna's Parents. Sulaiman reveals his identity to Sharmila and sets to Krishna Sastry's House. There too he plays a game with the weaknesses of Krishna Sastry's mother so that she would refer to Sulaiman as her son before Narasimha Naidu's brothers. Things get on the right path and marriage planning activities are done in full swing.

Rudrama Naidu's son wants to marry Sharmila so that he can torture her to the core. This plan disturbs him and Rudrama Naidu threatens Narasimha Sastry to leave her or else his son Krishna Sastry would be killed. Thus Narasimha Sastry summons Krishna Sastry and finds out that he neither loves Sharmila nor performed the Yagam. Sulaiman enters the scene, plays a game again, forces Narasimha Sastry to misrepresent Sulaiman as Krishna Sastry at that place. Sulaiman makes Narasimha Naidu to invite Saraswati for the marriage and Basha says that he would come to the marriage only for Sharmila. Thus when the family along with Sulaiman visit the temple, Rudrama Naidu attacks Narasimha Naidu's family and Sulaiman makes a call to Basha that he is attacked. Basha reaches there with his men and in an emotional juncture, he saves Narasimha's family and Narasimha saves Saraswati. After learning the truth that Sulaiman acted as Krishna Sastry, he asks about the reason for the fraud and Sulaiman tells him that it was to unite the two families. Thus the two families unite and Sulaiman marries Sharmila.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vishnu Manchu]] as Sulaiman / Fake Krishna Sastry
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Sharmila
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Bangaraju
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Veera Narasimha Naidu
* Aishwarya Gorak as Aparna
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Basha
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Rudrama Naidu
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Malinga Sastry
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as David
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Sampangi Sastry
* [[Subbaraju]] as Veera Narasimha Naidu's brother
* [[Nagineedu]] as Veera Narasimha Naidu's father
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Saraswathi
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as Narasimha Sastry
* [[Master Bharath]] as Raghulingam Sastry
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Veera Narasimha Naidu's brother
* Samrat Reddy as Krishna Sastry
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]]
* [[Satyam Rajesh]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as ACP K. Divakar
* [[L. B. Sriram]]
* [[Prabhas]] (Cameo) Voice
{{Colend}}

==Production==

===Filming===
It was officially launched on 5 January 2012 in Hyderabad. The first schedule was held in Hyderabad itself. The pooja and Muhurtham shot were done in IRCT College Gachibowli RTTC Bhavan Gachibowli. Exclusively for the songs, the crew went to Bangkok and shot the songs in the most beautiful locations which are apt for the songs. Another large portion was filmed in Tirupathi for the want of the village environment & serenity. A parody song was shot with all the characters in the movie in the sets of Manikonda Hyderabad. The CG work was done in Thinksmart, a post-production company owned by [[Vishnu Manchu]] himself. A song featuring over 50 junior artists and Vishnu was shot on the beaches of Bangkok. In fact, most of the film was shot in sets of Manikonda, which cost a whopping sum of more than 5 crores. The shooting of this movie is going on in and around Hyderabad for the past few days. The director is filming the climax scenes on [[Vishnu Manchu]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Brahmanandam]] and the goons. With this schedule the completed except for songs and some talkie part. [[G. Nageswara Reddy]], who has a brand name of comedy films director is directing this out and out, comedy entertainer. [[Hansika Motwani]] is paired up with [[Vishnu Manchu]] for the first time in her career. [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] & [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]] are scoring the music and audio of the movie will be released soon after the completion of the shoot. [[Kona Venkat]] is the script writer for this film. Director G Nageshwar Reddy shot this laugh riot in the exotic locales of Malaysia, Bangkok, AP, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Denikaina Ready audio on Sep 28|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/news-interviews/34060706_1_manchu-vishnu-laugh-riot-hansika-motwani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103185323/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/news-interviews/34060706_1_manchu-vishnu-laugh-riot-hansika-motwani|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

==Release==
The film received a U/A certificate from the censor board and is planned to be released in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/dhenikaina-ready-gets-ua.html|title='Dhenikaina Ready' gets U/A - 123telugu.com|website=www.123telugu.com|date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> After the grand audio release in Malayalam with the eminent and tall figures from the Kolliwood are scheduled to appear for the fabulous audio launch of ''Denikaina Ready''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/dhenikaina-ready-gets-english-subtitles.html|title=Dhenikaina Ready gets English subtitles|date=22 October 2012 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> The film's formal censor certificate is not issued by the board due to its highly objectionable matter. Apparently, the movie hurts the sentiments of Brahmin communities. Many of them have gone to court against the producers of the film. This has upset the release plans of the movie. "It is blackmail, what the censor member is doing", said a very livid Mohan Babu. Vishnu Manchu also took to Twitter and said "Ridiculous how the respected member is harassing. This is pure blackmail. I am going to fight this and will not let her stop my film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/mohan-babu-is-very-angry-with-censor-board.html|title=Mohan Babu is very angry with Censor Board!|date=22 October 2012 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> The movie's censor issues have been resolved after the revising committee cleared the movie with some major objections and the film was released on 24 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/dhenikaina-ready-grand-release-on-24th.html|title=Dhenikaina Ready grand release on 24th!|date=23 October 2012 |publisher=123telugu.com|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr. NTR]] was rumoured to make a cameo appearance in this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/jr-ntr-guest-role-manchu-vishnus-movie-2/|title=Jr. NTR Guest Role in Manchu Vishnu"s Movie |publisher=timesofap |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=30 August 2012}}</ref> The audio release of this film was held on 23 September. [[Prabhas]] has dubbed for few dialogues for [[Vishnu Manchu]] in this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-12/news-interviews/33788596_1_audio-release-hansika-motwani-manchu-vishnu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112071123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-12/news-interviews/33788596_1_audio-release-hansika-motwani-manchu-vishnu |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2012 |title=Denikaina Ready audio on Sep 23 |date=12 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref> The film hit the screens in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/86018.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913081102/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/86018.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2012 |title=Denikaina Ready audio on Sep 23, film before Dasara |website=IndiaGlitz |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref>

===Controversy===
In this film, Brahmins are shown eating chicken [[Haleem]] and chicken chops, and a married Brahmin woman commenting that any male touch reminded of her husband, which caused friction among the community. Brahmin organizations protested against the film makers and reached Mohan Babu's house. The protesters were indiscriminately beaten with sticks,<ref>{{cite web|title=mohan babus security staff attack brahmins|url=http://www.andhraheadlines.com/state/mohan_babus_security_staff_attack_brahmins-4-107446.html|publisher=Andhra Headlines|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613111711/http://www.andhraheadlines.com/state/mohan_babus_security_staff_attack_brahmins-4-107446.html|archive-date=13 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> which led to further retaliation by Brahmins who threw shoes on Vishnu's car.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmins Retaliate Strongly|url=http://desitwits.com/Brahmins-Retaliate-Strongly-newslinks-tollywood-site-1724873|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121121341/http://desitwits.com/Brahmins-Retaliate-Strongly-newslinks-tollywood-site-1724873|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 January 2013|publisher=desitwits}}</ref> Mohan Babu commented on the protesters saying "Those who protested in front of my house are not real Brahmans and they are all blackmailers and they might have come for some money" which further irked the Brahmin community.

Based on a local court's directive, the Malkajgiri police booked cases against actors M. Mohan Babu, M. Vishnu, and director G. Nageswar Reddy for portraying Brahmins in a poor light. A student from Malkajgiri, G. Pavan Kumar, filed a petition in the court urging it to direct police to book cases against the producer, director and lead actors of ''Denikaina Ready'' for insulting the Brahmin community.<ref>{{cite web|title=Denikaina Ready' actors booked for insulting Brahmin|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/hyderabad/34836722_1_book-cases-brahmin-community-directive|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103172152/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/hyderabad/34836722_1_book-cases-brahmin-community-directive|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 October 2012}}</ref> Writer of the movie BVS Ravi has given a public apology through ABN channel for hurting the Brahmin community unintentionally.

The Censor board of Andhra Pradesh has not issued the censor certificate for this movie as it wanted the producers of the film to remove some controversial scenes. However, the producers of the film went ahead and obtained the certificate from the censor board in Mumbai.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Denikaina Ready
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| cover =
| released = 28 September 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:20
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]] Satyam Audios (Malayalam)
| producer = [[Mohan Babu]]
| chronology = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| prev_title = [[Billa II]]
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2012
| next_title = [[Aadhi Bhagavan]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
The audio album of the film has been composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishnu to enter into Mallu turf with Denikaina Ready|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/86500.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101010000/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/86500.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2015|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Denikaina Ready audio on Sep 28|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Denikaina-Ready-audio-on-Sep-28/articleshow/16526201.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> The soundtrack features five tracks that belong to varied genres including a parody. The audio album was released on 28 September at the lavish Gandharva Mahal set erected for the film ''[[Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?]]''. Dr Brahmanandam launched the first audio CD and handed over the first copy to Padmasri Dr. Mohan Babu. Dr. Mohan Babu, Kota Srinivasa Rao, L. B. Sriram, AVS, Kona Venkat, Gopi Mohan, BVSN Ravi, Nageswara Reddy, Chakri, Ramajogayya Shastri, Ananta Sriram and others graced the function and wished for success.<ref>{{cite web|title=Denikaina Ready Songs Released Grandly|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/49896/tollywood/denikaina-ready-songs-released-grandly-news-details|publisher=supergoodmovies.com|access-date=29 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930233539/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/49896/tollywood/denikaina-ready-songs-released-grandly-news-details|archive-date=30 September 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Naalage Nenuntanu
| music1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Pillandham Keka Keka
| music2 = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| extra2 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]], Parinika
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Ninnu Choodakunda
| music3 = Chakri
| extra3 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| lyrics3 = Bhaskara Bhatla
| length3 =
| title4 = Pilla Neevalla
| music4 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra4 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Shrraddha Pandit]]
| lyrics4 = [[Anantha Sreeram]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Panche Kattuko
| music5 = Chakri
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| lyrics5 = Bhaskara Bhatla
| length5 =
}}

==Release==
The film was dubbed into [[Malayalam]] as ''Endhinum Ready'' and was released simultaneously with [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meetbollywoodstars.blogspot.com/2012/09/denikaina-ready-will-also-be-released.html|title=Denikaina Ready will also be released in Malayalam |publisher=MeetBollywoodStars |date=27 September 2012 |access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> It was dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Naangaellam Appave Appadi'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://i1.wp.com/kollytalk.com/posters/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Naanga-Ellam-Appave-Appadi-From-February-14.jpg?resize=390%2C532 |title=Naangellam Appave Appadi film poster |work=Kollytalk |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060500/http://i1.wp.com/kollytalk.com/posters/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Naanga-Ellam-Appave-Appadi-From-February-14.jpg?resize=390,532 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Hindi as ''Sabse Badi Hera Pheri 2'' in 2015 and Bhojpuri as ''Sabse Bada Gadbad Ghotala''.

==Critical reception==
Mahesh Koneru of 123telugu.com gave a review of rating 3.5/5 stating "Overall, you will walk out of the theater happy. ''Denikaina Ready'' is a good, time pass entertainer that makes for a nice holiday watch."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-dhenikaina-ready-enjoyable-comedy-drama.html|title=Review : Dhenikaina Ready – Enjoyable comedy drama|date=24 October 2012 |publisher=123telugu.com|access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Jeevi of idlebrain.com gave a review of 3.25/5 stating "''Denikaina Ready'' is a comedy film with an underlying sentiment. The Interval twist is interesting. The director has succeeded in creating a typical Priyadarshan type of satire of mistaken identities. The plus points of the film are Vishnu - Brahmanandam comedy. On the flip side, the story depends on the clichéd aspect of Rayalaseema faction wars. On a whole, ''Denikaina Ready'' has enough ingredients to work at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-denikainaready.html|title=Denikaina Ready review - Telugu cinema - Vishnu Manchu & Hansika Motwani|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Super Good Movies gave a review of rating 3/5 stating "A Good Entertainer from Vishnu, Brahmanandam Combination. You must watch."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/50711/tollywood/denikaina-ready-movie-review-movie-review-details|title=Denikaina Ready Movie Review|publisher=supergoodmovies.com|access-date=24 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026134314/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/50711/tollywood/denikaina-ready-movie-review-movie-review-details|archive-date=26 October 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref> zimbio.com gave a review stating "''Denikaina Ready'' good entertainer. Go enjoy it !!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zimbio.com/Telugu+Movies/articles/BBf57ko3DHP/Denikaina+Ready+Movie+Review |title=Denikaina Ready Movie Review !! |access-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027050509/http://www.zimbio.com/Telugu+Movies/articles/BBf57ko3DHP/Denikaina+Ready+Movie+Review |archive-date=27 October 2012}}</ref> apherald gave a review of rating 3.75/5 stating "Hilarious movie. Songs could have been better composed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/6760/Denikaina-Ready-Telugu-Movie-Review-,-Rating|title=Denikaina Ready Telugu Movie Review , Rating|publisher=apherald.com|access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Telugu.way2movies.com gave a review of rating 3/5 stating the film to be a "High on Entertainment!!!".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/reviewssingle_telugu/Denikaina-Ready-Movie-Review-6-259232.html|title=Denikaina Ready Movie Review|publisher=telugu.way2movies.com|access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> mirchi9.com gave a review stating "''Denikaina Ready'' is a very good comedy entertainer which can be watched along with your family and friends in this holiday season."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/denikaina-ready-review/|title=Denikaina Ready Review|date=24 October 2012 |publisher=mirchi9.com|access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Sify.com gave a review of rating 3/5 stating "''Denikaina Ready'' is a time pass flick. Although it runs with formula comedy scenes, it also has some genuine comedy sequences and the film moves on with regular doses of laughs."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/denikaina-ready-review-review-telugu-15011115.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428201019/http://www.sify.com/movies/denikaina-ready-review-review-telugu-15011115.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|title=Movie Review - Denikaina Ready Review|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> This got a wide release in more than 300 plus centers and got a 100-day run in 8 centers and a 175-day run in 1 center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugu.wa2movies.com/reviewssingle_telugu/Denikaina-Ready-Movie-Review-6-259232.html |title=Denikaina Ready Movie Run |publisher=telugu.way2movies.com |access-date=24 October 2012 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)]]
|Bharath
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|}

== Remake ==
''[[Khiladi (2013 film)|Khiladi]]'' is a remake of 2012 Telugu movie Denikaina Ready which itself was a remake of the 1999 Malayalam film [[Udayapuram Sulthan]].

== Home media ==
This film is available for streaming on [[Sun NXT|Sun Nxt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Denikaina Ready (Telugu) Full Movie Online {{!}} Sun NXT |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/telugu-movie-denikaina-ready-2012/detail/7449 |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=www.sunnxt.com}}</ref> and [[JioCinema|Jiocinema]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhenikaina Ready (2012) Telugu Movie: Watch Full HD Movie Online On JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/dhenikaina-ready/3497032/watch |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=www.jiocinema.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2393775}}

{{G. Nageswara Reddy}}

[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. Nageswara Reddy]]
[[Category:2012 action comedy films]]

HMIS Kumaon

2026-03-25T01:51:32Z

Theodore2940: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval 1947}}
|name=''Kumaon''
|ordered=20 December 1939
|awarded=
|builder=[[William Hamilton and Company]]
|laid_down=12 December 1940
|launched=2 May 1942
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=30 November 1942
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=1949
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Scrapped 1949
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}
|displacement=*{{convert|656|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|820|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full
|length={{convert|174|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|power=*{{convert|2000|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
*2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
|propulsion=*2 shafts
*2 [[steam turbine]]s
|speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range={{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|complement=60
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × single [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|12-pounder {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*1 × single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun
|notes=
}}
}}

'''HMIS ''Kumaon'' (J182)''' was a {{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}} built for the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during the Second World War.

==Design and description==
The ''Bangor'' class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as [[steam turbine]]s were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. ''Kumaon'' displaced {{convert|656|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)|standard]] load and {{convert|820|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|174|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|10|ft|3|in|m|1}}.<ref>Lenton, pp. 253–54</ref> The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=c1>Chesneau, p. 64</ref>

She was powered by two [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two [[Admiralty three-drum boiler]]s. The engines produced a total of {{convert|2000|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. ''Kumaon'' carried a maximum of {{convert|160|LT|t|0}} of [[fuel oil]] that gave her a range of {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=l3>Lenton, p. 254</ref>

The turbine-powered ''Bangor''s were armed with a [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|12-pounder {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]] and a single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war.<ref name=l3/> For escort work, her minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=c1/>

==Construction and career==
HMIS ''Kumaon'' was ordered from the [[William Hamilton and Company]] originally for the [[Royal Navy]] as HMS ''Middlesbrough'' in 1939. However, before she was launched, she was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy and eventually commissioned as ''Kumaon''.<ref name=u-middlesborough>{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/7982.html |title=HMS Middlesbrough (J 164) of the Royal Navy - British Minesweeper of the Bangor class - Allied Warships of WWII |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> The ship was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]], and escorted numerous convoys between [[Africa]], [[British India]] and [[Australia]] in 1943–45.<ref name=nh-1943>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943b.htm |title=Eastern Fleet War Diary 1943 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name=nh-1944>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1944-11.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1944 |publisher=Naval-history.net |date=1944-12-30 |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name=nh-1945>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1945 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}
*{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}

{{Bangor class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumaon (J164)}}
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1942 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]

1926 Indian general election

2026-03-22T11:25:54Z

Theodore2940: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1926 Indian general election
| country = British India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1923 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1923
| next_election = 1930 Indian general election
| next_year = 1930
| election_date = 1926
| seats_for_election = 105 seats contested

| image1 =File:Shri Vithalbhai Patel.jpg
| leader1 =[[Vithalbhai Patel]]
| party1 = Swaraj Party
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 38
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Photo of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya ji.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=116|cHeight=150|oTop=0|oLeft=8}}
| leader2 = [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Nationalist Party (India)
| alliance2 =
| seats2 = 22
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| majority_seats = 53
}}

{{Politics of India}}

General elections were held in [[British Raj|British India]] between 28 October and late November 1926 to elect members of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] and the provincial legislative councils.<ref>"Indian General Election. The Communal Issue., Hindu v. Moslem", ''The Times'', 29 October 1926, p15, Issue 44415</ref>

The [[Swaraj Party]] was victorious in provincial council elections in [[Bengal]] and [[Madras]], and also made gains in [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. However, at the national level, the party saw their number of seats reduced.<ref>"The British Empire. Dominions in Conference", ''The Times'', 1 January 1927, p5, Issue 44468</ref>

==Results==
===Central Legislative Assembly===
{{Election results
|party1=[[Swaraj Party]]|seats1=38
|party2=[[Nationalist Party (India)|Nationalist Party]]|seats2=22
|party3=Central Muslims and Allies|seats3=18
|party4=Minor parties, unattached independents, unknown|seats4=5
|party5=Europeans|seats5=9
|party6=Independents|seats6=13
|source=Schwartzberg Atlas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=110 |title=-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>
}}

==Members of Central Legislative Assembly==
<ref>{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ravindra |title=Selected Works of Vithalbhai J. Patel: 1930–1932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=intqr8e6n7UC |isbn=9788170994237 |year=1995 |publisher=Mittal Publications}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Year Book |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k0iAQAAMAAJ |year=1828}}</ref>

===Officials===
*'''Government of India:''' [[James Crerar|Sir James Crerar]] (Home Member), [[Alexander Muddiman]] (Home Member), [[George Rainy (administrator)|Sir George Rainy]] (Railways, Commerce & Ecclesiastical Member), [[George Ernest Schuster]] (Finance Member), [[Brojendra Lal Mitter|Sir Brojendra Mitter]] (Law Member), [[Bhupendra Nath Mitra]] (Industries & Labour Member), [[Evelyn Berkeley Howell]], Alfred Alen Lethbridge Parsons, [[Hubert Arthur Sams]], Gerard Macworth Young, [[Kodikal Sanjiva Row]], [[Clement Wansbrough Gwynne]], [[John Coatman]], [[Frank Noyce|Sir Frank Noyce]], Hattiangadi Shankar Rau
*'''Provinces:''' [[Samuel Henry Slater]] (Madras), A. Upendra Pai (Madras), [[John Monteath]] (Bombay), Vyvyan Macleod Ferrers (Bombay), Joseph Charles French (Bengal), Rajnarayan Banarji (Bengal), J. T. Donovan (Bengal), Nasiruddin Ahmad (Bengal), Hugh Stuart Crosthwaite (United Provinces), M. Keane (United Provinces), Khan Bahadur Mian Abdul Aziz (Punjab), Ram Prasad Narayan Sahi (Bihar & Orissa), Shyam Narayan Singh (Bihar & Orissa), Kismet Leland Brewer Hamilton (Central Provinces), H. C. Greenfield (Central Provinces), [[William Alexander Cosgrave]] (Assam), Ernest Frederick Baum (Burma), H. Tonkinson (Burma)

===Nominated non-officials===
*'''Provinces:''' Rai Bahadur Satya Charan Mukherjee (Bengal), Keshab Chandra Roy (Bengal), Dr. Ratanji Dinshah Dalal (Bombay), [[Muhammad Yamin Khan]] (United Provinces), Sardar Bahadur Jawahar Singh (Punjab), Sardar Bahadur Captain Hira Singh Brar (Punjab), Hony. Captain Rao Bahadur Ch. Lal Chand (Punjab), Sir Zulfikar Ali Khan (Punjab), [[Madhav Shrihari Aney]] (Berar), [[Mariadas Ruthnaswamy]] (Madras), [[R. Srinivasa Sarma]] (Bihar & Orissa)
*'''Special Interests:''' [[Henry Gidney]] (Anglo-Indian), Rev. Jotish Chandra Chatterjee (Indian Christians), Sir James Simpson (Associated Chambers of Commerce), L. V. Heathcote (Associated Chambers of Commerce), G. W. Chambers (Associated Chambers of Commerce), [[Narayan Malhar Joshi]] (Labour Interests), [[M. C. Rajah]] (Depressed Classes)

===Elected non-officials===
*'''Ajmer-Merwara:''' [[Harbilas Sarda]]
*'''Assam:''' Tarun Ram Phookan (Assam Valley General), Srischandra Dutta (Surma Valley cum Shillong General), Maulvi [[Abdul Matin Chaudhury]] (Muslim), T. A. Chalmers (Europeans)
*'''Bengal:''' T. C. Goswami (Calcutta Suburbs General), Bhabendra Chandra Roy (Presidency General), Amar Nath Dutt (Burdwan General), [[K. C. Neogy]] (Dacca General), [[Satyendra Chandra Mitra]] (Chittagong & Rajshahi General), Mohamed Rafique (Calcutta & Suburbs Muslim), [[Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy]] (Burdwan & Presidency Muslim), Sir [[Abdul Halim Ghaznavi]] (Dacca), Haji Choudhary Mohamad Ismail Khan (Dacca Muslim), Muhammad Anwar-ul-Azim (Chittagong Muslim), [[Khabeeruddin Ahmed]] (Rajshahi), Sir Darcy Lindsay (Europeans), Arthur Moore (Europeans), Col. J. D. Crawford (Europeans), Dhirendra Kanta Lahiri Chaudhury (Landholders), Rai Bahadur Tarit Bhushan Roy (Marwari Association), J. F. Fyfe (Bengal Chamber of Commerce)
*'''Bihar & Orissa:''' [[Nilakantha Das]] (Orissa General), Bhabananda Das (Orissa General), Rajivarandan P. Sinha (Patna-cum-Shahabad General), [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] (Patna-cum-Shahabad General), Siddheswar Prasad Singh (Gaya-cum-Monghyr General), Ganganand Sinha (Bhagalpur, Purnea & Santhal Parganas), Ramnarayan Singh (Chota Nagpur General), Khan Bahadur Sarfaraz Hussain Khan (Patna & Chota Nagpur cum Orissa Muslim), Moulvi Badl-us-zaman (Bhagalpur Muslim), Maulvi Muhammad Shafee (Tirhut Muslim), Raja Raghunandan Parshad Singh (Landholders), Gaya Prasad Singh (Muzaffarpur-cum-Champaran General), Hari Prasad Lal
*'''Bombay:''' [[M. R. Jayakar]] (Bombay City General), Jamnadas Mehta (Bombay City General), Lalchand Navalrai (Sind Rural General), [[Seth Harchandrai Vishandas]] (Sindh General), [[Vithalbhai Patel]] (Bombay Northern General), [[N. C. Kelkar]] (Bombay Central General), Sarabhai Nemchand Haji (Bombay Central General), [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (Bombay City Muslim), [[Fazal I Rahimtoola]] (Bombay Central Muslim), [[Abdullah Haroon]] (Sindh Muslim), [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]](Sindh Muslim), Wadero Mohomed Panah Ghulam Kadirkhan Dakhan (Sind Muslim), Sir Hugh Cocke (Europeans), E. F. Sykes (Europeans), [[Homi Mody]] (Bombay Millowners Association), [[Purshotamdas Thakurdas]] (Indian Merchants' Chamber and Bureau), [[Wahid Baksh Bhutto]] (Sindh Jagirdars & Zamindars), [[Joseph Baptista]], [[Sir Cowasji Jehangir, 2nd Baronet|Sir Jehangir Cowasji]], Kikabhai Premchand
*'''Burma:''' Jehangir K. Munshi (General), U. Tok Kyi (General), U. Hla Tun Pru (General), W. Stenhouse Lamb (European)
*'''Central Provinces:''' [[B. S. Moonje]] (Nagpur General), [[Hari Singh Gour]] (Hindi Divisions General), Dwarka Prasad Misra (Hindi Divisions General), Dr. Abdul Qadir Siddiq (Muslim), Seth Jamnadass (Landholders)
*'''Delhi:''' Lala Rang Behari Lal
*'''Madras:''' [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] (Madras City General), [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] (East and West Godavari cum Krishna General), Battena Perumalla Nayudu (Guntur-cum-Nellore General), Chetluru Doraiswamy Ayyangar (Madras ceded districts & Chittoor General), [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] (Salem and Coimbatore cum North Arcot General), M. K. Acharya (South Arcot General), [[A. Rangaswami Iyengar]] (Tanjore cum Trichinopoly General), M. R. Ry. Mudumbi Srinivasachariar Seshayyangar (Madura and Ramnad-cum-Tinnevelly General), M. R. Ry. G. Sarvothama Rao Avargal (West Coast & Nilgiris General), Abdul Latif Sahib Farookhi (North Madras Muslim), Maulvi Syed Murtuza Sahab Bahadur (South Madras Muslim),[[Haji Abdullah|Khan Bahadur Haji Abdullah Haji Kassim]] (West Coast & Nilgiris Muslim), William Alexander (European), K. V. Rangaswami Ayyangar (Landholders), Vidya Sagar Pandya (Madras Indian Commerce), [[T. Rangachari]], Rama Iyengar, [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]], T. N. Ramakrishna Reddi, Bhupatiraju Venkatapatiraju
*'''NWFP:''' [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum]]
*'''Punjab:''' Pandit Thakur Das Bhargava (Ambala General), [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] (Jullundur General), [[Diwan Chaman Lall]] (West Punjab General), Abdul Haye (East Punjab Muslim), Sir Zulfiqar Ali Khan (East Central Punjab Muslim), [[Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz]] (West Central Punjab Muslim), [[Ghazanfar Ali Khan]] (North Punjab Muslim), Sayyed Hussain Shah (North-West Punjab Muslim), Makhdum Syed Rajan Baksh Shah (South-West Punjab Muslim), Sardar Gulab Singh (West Punjab Sikh), Sardar Kartar Singh (East Punjab Sikh)
*'''United Provinces:''' [[Motilal Nehru]] (UP Cities General), Chaudhri Mukhtar Singh (Meerut General), Pandit Shamlal Nehru (Meerut General), [[H. N. Kunzru]] (Agra General), Lala Girdharilal Agarwala (Agra General), [[C. S. Ranga Iyer]] (Rohilkhand & Kumaon General), [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] (Allahabad & Jhanshi General), [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]] (Benares and Gorakpur General), Pandit Krishna Kant Malaviya (Benares and Gorakpur General), Munshi Iswar Saran (Lucknow General), Sankata Prasad Bajpai (Lucknow General), Kunwar Rananjay Singh (Fyzabad General), Tasadduq Ahmad Khan Sherwani (UP Cities General), Dr. L. K. Hyder (Agra Rural Muslim), Sir Muhammad Yakub (Rohilkhand & Kumaon Muslim), Lala Tirloki Nath (Landholders), Tracey Gavin Jones (European), J. Ramsay Scott (European), [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]]

==Elected members of Council of State==
<ref name=Debates>{{cite book |title=The Council of State Debates Official Report Vol VII |year=1926 |publisher=Government Of India Press. |url=https://archive.org/stream/councilofstatede033429mbp/councilofstatede033429mbp_djvu.txt}}</ref>
* John William Anderson Bell (Bengal Chamber of Commerce)
* Mahmood Suhrawardy (West Bengal : Muhammadan)
* [[Khan Bahadur Abdul Karim|Maulvi Abdul Karim]] (East Bengal: Muhammadan)
* Lokenath Mukherjee (West Bengal: Non-Muhammadan), Swaraj
* Rai Bahadur Nalini Nath Sett (West Bengal : Non-Muhammadan)
* [[Arthur Froom|Sir Arthur Froom]] (Bombay Chamber of Commerce)
* Mian Ali Baksh Muhammad Hussain (Sind : Muhammadan)
* Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer (Bombay Presidency : Muhammadan)
* Manmohandas Ramji Vora (Bombay : Non-Muhammadan)
* [[Pheroze Sethna]] (Bombay: Non-Muhammadan)
* Ratansi D. Morarji (Bombay: Non-Muhamaddan)
* Maneckji Dadabhoy (Bombay: Non-Muhamaddan)
* Nawab Sahibzada Sayad Mohammad Mehr Shah (East and West Punjab: Muhammadan)
* Lala Ram Saran Das (Punjab: Non-Muhammadan)
* Saiyed Mohamad Padshah Sahib Bahadur (Madras : Muhammadan)
* Dr. [[U. Rama Rao]] (Madras: Non-Muhammadan), Swaraj
* V. Ramadas Pantulu (Madras: Non-Muhammadan)
* Sir [[C. Sankaran Nair]] (Madras: Non-Muhammadan)
* Pundi Chetlur Desika Chari (Burma: General)
* [[Edgar Holberton|Sir Edgar Holberton]] (Burma Chamber of Commerce)
* Maulvi Golam Mostafa Chaudhury (Assam : Muhammadan)
* [[Seth Govind Das]] (Central Provinces: General)
* Shah Muhammad Zubair (Bihar and Orissa: Muhammadan)
* [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] (Bihar and Orissa: Non-Muhammadan)
* [[Mahendra Prasad]] (Bihar and Orissa: Non-Muhammadan)
* Saiyid Alay Nabi (United Provinces West: Muhammadan)
* Raja Moti Chand (United Provinces Southern: Non-Muhammadan)
* Raja Sir Rampal Singh (United Provinces Central : Non-Muhamrnudan)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangladeshi elections}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{Pakistani elections}}

[[Category:1926 elections in India|General election]]
[[Category:October 1926 in Asia|Indian general election]]
[[Category:November 1926 in Asia|Indian general election]]
[[Category:1926 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in British India]]

Yelahanka

2026-03-17T17:42:45Z

Theodore2940: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=June 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2012}}
}}
{{for|the insect genus|Yelahanka (leafhopper)}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yelahanka
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Bangalore Urban
| image_skyline = YelahankaNewTown.jpg
| image_alt = Yelahanka
| image_caption = Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan Road, Yelahanka New Town
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = up
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13|06|50|N|77|35|54|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Bengaluru
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Greater Bengaluru Authority|GBA]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 915
| population_total = 300,000
| population_as_of = <ref name="expressindia.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Why-this-Bangalore-suburb-is-calling/648153/ |title=Why this Bangalore suburb is calling - Express India |access-date=26 June 2012 |archive-date=21 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013037/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Why-this-Bangalore-suburb-is-calling/648153/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560063,560064,560065,560092,560106 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincodesearch.website/yelahanka-560064|title=Pincode of Yelahanka, Karnataka|website=pincodesearch.website|access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-80
| registration_plate = KA-50
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Yelahanka''' is an area in North Bangalore and also a [[Taluk]] of [[Bangalore Urban district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister Siddaramaiah's New Year gift: 50 new taluks, including Yelahanka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/dec/05/chief-minister-siddaramaiahs-new-year-gift-50-new-taluks-including-yelahanka-1718662.html |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=The New Indian Express|date=5 December 2017 }}</ref> coming under the [[Greater Bengaluru Authority#City Corporations under GBA|Bangalore North City Corporation]]. It is the oldest part of present Municipal Bengaluru (Bangalore) city and the northern end of the city. It is [[Kempe Gowda I|Nadaprabhu Kempegowda I]], of the Yelahanka Prabhu clans, who laid the foundation of present-day Bengaluru through the creation of a "mud fort town" in 1537 CE.

Yelahanka Air Force Station
This is an important Indian Air Force base in Yelahanka.

==History==
Yelahanka had been in existence prior to the 12th century. The region was called 'Ilaipakka Naadu' in Tamil during the rule of [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]]. A stone tablet of 1267 A.D found in Doddaballapur mentions '''Dechi Devarasa''', ruling the region with Yelahanka as his capital under the aegis of [[Hoysala]] monarch [[Narasimha III]].

The founder of Bangalore Kempegowda I, was born in Yelahanka. He was the Chieftain and feudatory of the area during the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya|King Krishna Deva Raya]] of Vijayanagara. Yelahanka has a history of more than 500 years. Chieftain Kempegowda who built Bangalore fort and the Yelahanka Town in 1537 AD, transferred his capital from Yelahanka to Bangalore after Bangalore city was built.

Later, during Hoysala reign, the city came to be known as 'Elavanka' and gradually shifted to 'Yelahanka'.<ref>Shaasana Parishodhane by Dr M.G. Manjunaatha, Dept. of Kannada, Mysuru Univ.</ref> It was also known as Elavank.<ref>Dr. [[Mike Mohamed Ghouse]], Center for Pluralism, Washington, DC.</ref>

Of the numerous rulers of different dynasties who ruled with Yelahanka as their capital, the Kempe Gowdas are the most acclaimed. ''Hiriya Kempe Gowda'' (Kempe Gowda the First) built a fort in the adjoining village of Bengaluru and developed it as his new capital, probably due to its strategic location and slightly cooler climate being at a higher altitude. It was his son, ''Immadi Kempe Gowda'', who had the famous watchtowers built in the four directions of the new city.

Some temples in Yelahanka—like the Venugopala Swamy Temple—have remained as a testimony to its rich past. Although a Fort's remnant could not be traced, a street nearby the Venugopala Swamy Temple is still known as 'Kote Beedi' or 'Fort Street'.

==Modern Yelahanka==
Yelahanka lies to the north of Bengaluru. It was a municipal council and taluk (lies below the district level in administrative setup) headquarters prior to the formation of BBMP (a metro corporation annexing the original Bangalore area and its suburbs) and now forms a part of Greater Bengaluru, under the North City Corporation. Developed as well-planned township during the early 1980s to the north of the city by the Karnataka Housing Board, it is known by several names like 'Yelahanka Upanagara', 'Yelahanka Satellite Town', 'Yelahanka New Town' or simply 'Housing Board'.

[[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44 (NH 44)]] passes through Yelahanka. The newly constructed Navayuga Devanahalli KIAL Expressway (also a part of NH 44) also passes through the area and the northeastern fringes of Yelahanka, acting as a bypass road. State Highway 9 (Bangalore - Hindupur, also known as Doddaballapur Road) passing in the south of Yelahanka bisects the area into Old Town and New Town. Yelahanka's business areas are Hospital Main Road and BB road in Yelahanka and New Town are 16th 'B' Cross, Mother Dairy Cross and Yelahanka New Town, fourth phase.

Yelahanka has several lakes surrounding it, adjoining: [[Yelahanka Lake|Old Yelahanka]], [[Puttenahalli Lake (Yelahanka)|Puttenahalli]], Attur, Ananthapura, and Allalasandra. The [[Puttenahalli Lake (Yelahanka)|lake]] at Puttenahalli ({{cvt|3|km}} up the [[State Highway 9 (Karnataka)|SH 9]]) has been declared a bird sanctuary.

Yelahanka is emerging as a premium and preferred residential locality in North Bangalore, known for its good infrastructure, educational institutions, proximity to employment hubs, and abundance of green spaces.

Most major retail brands have a presence in Yelahanka. Major ones include [[Centro (store)| Yelahanka Central]], Galleria Mall, and [[DMart]] in Yelahanka New Town.

[[File:Yelahanka New Town.jpg|thumb|Yelahanka Satellite Town, Yelahanka, Bangalore.]]

==Geography==
Yelahanka is at an elevation of about {{convert|915|m|sigfig=3}} above mean [[sea level]]. Due to its higher altitude from mean sea level, it is lush green and has pleasant weather year-round.
* The summer season lasts from March to mid-May, with temperatures ranging between {{cvt|23 and 38|C}}
* At the end of May, the monsoon season starts and lasts until the end of October. There are about {{convert|45|inch}} of rain annually. Yelahanka is served by both southwest as well as northeast monsoon.
* Winters are mild and lasts from November to February, with temperatures ranging between {{cvt|13 and 28|C}}.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Yelahanka had a population of 93,263. Males constituted 54% of the population and females 46%. The literacy rate was 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 80%, and female literacy was 68%. Eleven percent of the population were under 6 years of age.

As per recent estimates, the population of Yelahanka has risen to about 300,000 in 2012.<ref name="expressindia.com"/>

==Connectivity==
Yelahanka has connectivity via road, rail, and air. [[Yelahanka Junction railway station|Yelahanka railway station]] has railway lines connecting [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|KR Puram]] and [[Baiyyappanahalli railway station|Byappanahalli]] in the east and [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshwanthpur]] in the northwest.

=== Metro ===
[[Yelahanka metro station]] is an upcoming important elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India

===Roadways===
Yelahanka is connected with downtown Bangalore through a network of roads and a six-lane dual carriageway highway. The same highway connects Yelahanka with [[Kempegowda International Airport]]. [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC (Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation)]], [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] serves Yelahanka with its network of buses. There are regular BMTC [[Volvo]] A/C Bus services and other buses to Bangalore from Yelahanka.

National Highway 44 (North–South Corridor) also passes through Yelahanka.

Karnataka State Highway 9 starts at Yelahanka main road near Yelahanka traffic police station and ends near the Andhra Pradesh border near Vidurashwatha, where it continues as AP SH 472 until Hindupuram.

Yelahanka is also served by a host of private taxi companies operating in the Greater Bangalore area and also the auto rickshaw services within the Bangalore Metropolitan Area.

===Rail===
[[File:Yelahanka Station board.jpg|thumb|Yelahanka Station board]]
[[Yelahanka Junction railway station|Yelahanka Jn. (code YNK)]] is a junction railway station of South Western Railway Zone, served by Indian Railways. Yelahanka Jn. comes under the jurisdiction of Bangalore Division and is about {{cvt|15|km}} north of Bangalore City Railway station (SBC).

The station lies on the train line connecting Bangalore with North, West, and Central India via [[Guntakal Junction railway station|Guntakal]] Junction. There are four routes merging at the station - (south) one from [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshwantpur (YPR)]] and the other from [[Baiyyappanahalli railway station|Byapanahalli]] – [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram (KJM)]]. (north) one from Chikkballapur and the other from Doddballapur connecting all major cities in the country.

The station is served by regularly scheduled train services originating, terminating, and passing through Bangalore Metropolitan region. The majority of express and passenger trains halt at Yelahanka Jn. station, connecting it to all major cities and towns in the country. There are passenger train services that connect Yelahanka Jn. to nearby towns and other parts of Bangalore.

Yelahanka Jn. has a computerized Indian Railway ticket booking office.

[http://www.rwf.indianrailways.gov.in/index.jsp Rail Wheel Factory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210034739/http://www.rwf.indianrailways.gov.in/index.jsp |date=10 December 2014 }} (earlier known as Wheel and Axle Plant) is situated in Yelahanka. It is a state-of-the-art plant, meeting the bulk of the requirement of wheels, axles, and wheel sets for the Indian Railways. The spare capacity available is profitably utilized to meet the domestic demands for non-railway customers and exports.

==Administration==
* The [[Yelahanka Assembly constituency|Yelahanka Vidhan Sabha constituency]] has been repreresented by [[S. R. Vishwanath]] since 2008.
* The authority responsible for the upkeep of Yelahanka is BNCC (Bangalore North City Corporation), under the GBA (Greater Bengaluru Authority).
* There are two police stations within Yelahanka, one in Yelahanka and the other in Yelahanka New town and one Traffic police Station in Yelahanka.
* Yelahanka has its own [[Regional Transport Office|RTO]] '''KA-50''', located in Singanayakanahalli.
* Yelahanka has its own Sub-Registrar office at NES Office inside Mini Soudha Building.
* Yelahanka has two BMTC depots – '''depots 11 & 30''' located at Puttenahalli.
* Yelahanka is the headquarters of Yelahanka Zone, Yelahanka division, Yelahanka sub-division and [[Yelahanka Ward]]

==Industries ==
* Yelahanka is a traditional place of weavers. The silk handloom has been the lifeline of Yelahanka people for over 2 centuries, and even now in areas like Kamakshamma layout, Agrahara layout, Kogilu, Maruti Nagar, and Chowdeshwari layout silk saree development can be seen. And saree products are being marketed over here.
* Yelahanka has one amongst the largest milk dairies of Karnataka State, known as 'Mother Dairy', a processing unit of the state run by the [[Karnataka Milk Federation|Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF)]].
* Yelahanka houses the [[Rail Wheel Factory]] (formerly Wheel and Axle Plant), a Production Unit of Indian Railways. It is the largest manufacturer of Railway Wheels and Axles producing 2.2 lakh cast wheels from three electric arc furnaces and 1.3 lakh forged axles annually. [https://rwf.indianrailways.gov.in/]
* Other industry includes [[AstraZeneca|Astra Zeneca Pharmaceuticals]], [http://www.esanosys.com Esanosys Technologies], [[Federal-Mogul]] Goetze (India) Limited (formerly Escorts Mahle Goetze), Ranflex India Pvt. Ltd. Hobel Flexibles Inc & Sri Pradhyumna Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Leonsoft solutions, R L FINE CHEM, CENTUM ELECTRONICE, PROVIMI, VENKTESWARA CLOTHING UNIT II.

==Agriculture/farming==
Crops like [[Paddy field|paddy]], [[rice]], and Raagi ([[millet]]) were cultivated at a small scale in the area with irrigation from numerous lakes in the area, prior to Yelahanka's urbanization. The villages surrounding Yelahanka, especially Allalasandra, were famous for Guava fruit and grapes. Agriculture and farming are no longer practised here due to urbanization and industrialization.

Governmental research facilities exist around Yelahanka in the form of [[Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra]] (GKVK) under the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru|University of Agricultural Sciences]] and [[Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants|Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP)]] under the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)]].

== See more ==
[[Katigenahalli (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones|Katigenahalli (Bengaluru) Inscription and herostone]]

==Education==
There are many schools and colleges in Yelahanka. The first International school established was [[Mallya Aditi International School|Aditi International School]] in the year 1993. It is a highly prestigious day school that offers ICSE, ISC, IGCSE Cambridge AS and A-level programs. Other educational institutions in Yelahanka include [[KNN College of Nursing]],<ref name="school2college">{{Cite web |url=http://www.school2college.com/college-knn-college-and-school-of-nursing.html |title=K N N College of Nursing, Bangalore, Admission 2012 |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529001810/http://www.school2college.com/college-knn-college-and-school-of-nursing.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> [[Nagarjuna Vidyaniketan]], [[Seshadripuram Public School]], [[Ryan International School]], [[National Public School, Yelahanka|National Public School]], [[Delhi Public School]], [[Canadian International School (Bangalore)|Canadian International School]], [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust|Bhavan's]], [[Chrysalis High]], [[Presidency School]], [[Poorna Pragna Education Centre]], [[Kendriya Vidyalaya RWF]]

There are many technical education institutions in and around Yelahanka. Some of the prominent engineering colleges in the vicinity are [[REVA University]], [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology]], [[BMS Institute of Technology]], [[Brindavan College of Engineering]], Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, [[Sai Vidya Institute of Technology]], [[Reva Institute of Technology and Management]], HKBK College of Engineering, [[East West College of Engineering]] and [[Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Bangalore]]. Also present is Manipal Institute of technology (Bengaluru) which is a highly prestigious college for engineering studies .

[[Vibgyor High School]], has its 20th branch in Yelahanka.

[[Srishti Institute of Art Design and Technology]], has six campuses across Yelahanka New Town.

[[White Petals School]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wpseducation.com/|title=White Petals International Pre-School {{!}}|last=Pre-School|first=White Petals International|website=www.wpseducation.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-18|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119015415/http://www.wpseducation.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (WPS) is located in fourth Phase Yelahanka. It has been awarded as "Best Upcoming School" by Education Today.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Defence establishments==
* The [[Indian Air Force]] has a presence in Yelahanka with an [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Air Force Station]] and a defence airport situated on NH7. An [[Aero India|international air show]] is held every two years which attracts manufacturers and sellers of defence equipment, defence aircraft, and "next gen" fighters.
* The [[Border Security Force|BSF (Border Security Force)]] has a training center in Yelahanka. The Special Operations training center is located on NH7, towards the northern part of the suburb, on the road leading to BIAL.
* [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF (Central Reserve Police Force)]] has a training school for their officers and troops at Yelahanka, with residential campuses for the troops. CRPF campus is located in a lush green environment on Doddaballapur Road.
* [[Karnataka Police#Reserve police|Karnataka State Reserve Police]] has its training facility at Yelahanka. The academy is located in the northern part of the suburb, near the Air Force station.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ksp.gov.in/home/aboutus-specialunits.php |title=Karnataka State Police |access-date=26 June 2012 |archive-date=14 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614173616/http://www.ksp.gov.in/home/aboutus-specialunits.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&q=Yelahanka&pg=PA41 | title=Mysore: a gazetteer compiled for government | publisher=Karnataka Gazetteer | year=2004 | access-date=24 February 2012 | author=Rice, B. Lewis | pages=40–48| isbn=9788120609778 }}
* {{note|yelahankagov}}Government of [[Karnataka]]. [http://www.yelahankacity.gov.in/ City of Yelahanka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025070728/http://www.yelahankacity.gov.in/ |date=25 October 2005 }}. "Yelahanka City Municipal Council". Accessed 2 November 2005.

==External links==
*[[Yelahanka Junction railway station]]
* {{commons category-inline}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North Bengaluru]]

Reverse image search

2026-03-16T07:35:18Z

Theodore2940:

{{short description|Content-based image retrieval}}
[[Image:GoogleImageSearch.png|thumb|Reverse image search using [[Google Images]]]]

'''Reverse image search''' is a [[content-based image retrieval]] (CBIR) [[Query string|query]] technique that involves providing the CBIR system with a sample image that it will then base its search upon; in terms of [[information retrieval]], the sample image is very useful. In particular, reverse image search is characterized by a lack of search terms. This effectively removes the need for a user to guess at keywords or terms that may or may not return a correct result. Reverse image search also allows users to discover content that is related to a specific sample image<ref>{{cite web|title=How to search by image|url=https://support.google.com/images/answer/1325808?hl=en|accessdate=2 November 2013}}</ref> or the popularity of an image, and to discover manipulated versions and derivative works.<ref>{{cite web|title=Video searching with Frompo|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/compound-eye/2011/08/16/googles-reverse-image-search/|publisher=Frompo.com|accessdate=2 November 2013}}</ref>

A '''visual search engine''' is a [[search engine (computing)|search engine]] designed to search for information on the [[World Wide Web]] through a reverse image search. Information may consist of [[web page]]s, locations, other images and other types of documents. This type of search engines is mostly used to search on the mobile Internet through an image of an unknown object (unknown search query). Examples are buildings in a foreign city. These search engines often use techniques for [[content-based image retrieval]].

A visual search engine searches images, patterns based on an [[algorithm]] which it could [[image recognition|recognize]] and gives relative information based on the selective or apply pattern match technique.

==Uses==
Reverse image search may be used to:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tineye.com/faq#why|title=FAQ - TinEye - Why use TinEye?|work=[[TinEye]]|access-date=2014-12-02|archive-date=2019-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722071915/https://tineye.com/faq#why|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Locate the source of an image.
* Find higher resolution versions.
* Discover webpages where the image appears.
* Find the content creator.
* Get information about an image.

==Algorithms==
Commonly used reverse image search algorithms include:<ref>[http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80803/CVPR%5F2009%5Fbundle.pdf Bundling Features for Large Scale Partial-DuplicateWeb Image Search] [[Microsoft]].</ref>
* [[Scale-invariant feature transform]] – to extract local features of an image<ref>[http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/wism/2009/3817/00/3817a366-abs.html A New Web Image Searching Engine by Using SIFT Algorithm] computer.org</ref>
* [[Maximally stable extremal regions]]
* [[Bag-of-words model in computer vision|Vocabulary tree]]

== Visual information searchers ==
[[File:Imatge cercadors 1.jpg|thumb|Screenshot of results shown by the image searcher through example GOS]]

=== Image search ===
An [[image search engine]] is a search engine that is designed to find an image. The search can be based on keywords, a picture, or a web [[Hyperlink|link]] to a picture. The results depend on the search criterion, such as [[metadata]], distribution of color, shape, etc., and the search technique which the browser uses.
[[File:Imatge wiki 2.png|thumb|Diagram of a search realized through example based on detectable regions from an image]]

==== Image search techniques ====
Two techniques currently used in image search:

'''Search by metadata:''' Image search is based on comparison of metadata associated with the image as keywords, text, etc. and it is obtained by employing a set of images sorted by relevance. The metadata associated with each image can reference the title of the image, format, color, etc. and can be generated manually or automatically. This metadata generation process is called audiovisual indexing.

'''Search by example:''' In this technique, also called [[reverse image search]], the search results are obtained through the comparison between images using [[content-based image retrieval]] computer vision techniques. During the search the content of the image is examined, such as color, shape, texture or any visual information that can be extracted from the image. This system requires a higher [[Computational complexity theory|computational complexity]], but is more efficient and reliable than search by metadata.

There are image searchers that combine both search techniques. For example, the first search is done by entering a text. The images obtained are then used to refine the search.

=== Video search ===
A [[video search engine]] is a [[search engine (computing)|search engine]] designed to search video on the net. Some video searchers process the search directly in the Internet, while others shelter the videos from which the search is done. Some searchers also enable to use as search parameters the [[File format|format]] or the length of the video. Usually the results come with a miniature capture of the video.

==== Video search techniques ====
Currently, almost all video searchers are based on keywords (search by metadata) to perform searches. These keywords can be found in the title of the video, text accompanying the video or can be defined by the author. An example of this type of search is [[YouTube]].

=== 3D Models searcher ===
A searcher of 3D models aims to find the file of a 3D modeling object from a [[database]] or network. At first glance the implementation of this type of searchers may seem unnecessary, but due to the continuous documentary inflation of the Internet, every day it becomes more necessary indexing information.

==== 3D Models search techniques ====
[[File:3D models search techniques.png|thumb|3D models search techniques]]
These have been used with traditional text-based searchers (keywords / tags), where the authors of the [[search engine indexing|indexed]] material, or Internet users, have contributed these tags or keywords. Because it is not always effective, it has recently been investigated in the implementation of search engines that combine the search using text with the search compared to 2D drawings, 3D drawings and 3D models.

[[Princeton University]] has developed a search engine that combines all these parameters to perform the search, thus increasing the efficiency of search.<ref name= funk>{{cite journal | last1= Funkhouser | first1= Thomas | first2 = Patrick | last2 = Min | first3 = Michael | last3 = Kazhdan | first4 = Joyce | last4 = Chen | first5 = Alex | last5 = Halderman | first6 = David | last6 = Dobkin | first7 = David | last7 = Jacobs | year= 2002 | title= A Search Engine for 3D Models | journal= ACM Transactions on Graphics |url=https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~funk/tog03.pdf | volume= 22 | issue =1 | pages= 83–105 |doi = 10.1145/588272.588279 | s2cid= 1178691 }}</ref>

=== Mobile visual search ===
A mobile image searcher is a type of [[search engine]] designed exclusively for mobile phones, through which you can find any information on [[Internet]], through an image made with the own [[mobile phone]] or using certain words ([[Keyword (computer programming)|keywords]]). '''Mobile Visual Search''' solutions enable you to integrate image recognition software capabilities into your own branded mobile applications. '''Mobile Visual Search''' (MVS) bridges the gap between [[online and offline]] media, enabling you to link your customers to [[digital content]].

==== Introduction ====
Mobile phones have evolved into powerful image and video processing devices equipped with high-resolution cameras, color displays, and hardware-accelerated graphics. They are also increasingly equipped with a global positioning system and connected to broadband wireless networks. All this enables a new class of applications that use the camera phone to initiate search queries about objects in visual proximity to the user (Figure 1). Such applications can be used, e.g., for identifying products, comparison shopping, finding information about movies, compact disks (CDs), real estate, print media, or artworks.

==== Process ====
Typically, this type of search engine uses techniques of [[query by example]] or [[Content-based image retrieval|Image query by example]], which use the content, shape, texture and color of the image to compare them in a [[database]] and then deliver the approximate results from the query.

The process used in these searches in the [[mobile phone]]s is as follows:

First, the image is sent to the server application. Already on the server, the image will be analyzed by different analytical teams, as each one is specialized in different fields that make up an image. Then, each team will decide if the submitted image contains the fields of their speciality or not.

Once this whole procedure is done, a central computer will analyze the data and create a page of the results sorted with the efficiency of each team, to eventually be sent to the [[mobile phone]].

==Application in popular search systems==

===Yandex===
[[Yandex Search|Yandex]] Images offers a global reverse image and photo search. The site uses standard Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) technology used by many other sites, but additionally uses artificial intelligence-based technology to locate further results based on query.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.buddinggeek.com/yandex-reverse-image-search/ |url-access= |title=How Does Yandex Reverse Image Search Work? Detailed Guide |date=February 27, 2022 |editor-last=Raj |editor-first=Abhishek |website=www.buddinggeek.com |publisher=Budding Geek |access-date=May 5, 2022 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote= }}</ref> Users can drag and drop images to the toolbar for the site to complete a search on the internet for similar looking images. The Yandex images searches some obscure social media sites in addition to more common ones offering content owners means of tracking plagiarism of image or photo intellectual property.

===Google Images===

Google's [[Google Images#Search by Image feature|Search by Image]] is a feature that uses reverse image search and allows users to search for related images by uploading an image or copying the image URL. Google accomplishes this by analyzing the submitted picture and constructing a mathematical model of it. It is then compared with other images in Google's databases before returning matching and similar results. When available, Google also uses [[metadata]] about the image such as description. In 2022 the feature was replaced by [[Google Lens]] as the default visual search method on Google, and the old Search by Image function remains available within Google Lens.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Li |first1=Abner |title=Google Images on the web now uses Google Lens |url=https://9to5google.com/2022/08/10/google-lens-image-search/ |website=[[9to5Google]] |access-date=2 December 2022 |date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

===TinEye===

[[TinEye]] is a search engine specialized for reverse image search. Upon submitting an image, TinEye creates a "unique and compact digital signature or fingerprint" of said image and matches it with other indexed images.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tineye.com/faq#how|title=FAQ - TinEye - How does TinEye work?|work=TinEye}}</ref> This procedure is able to match even very edited versions of the submitted image, but will not usually return similar images in the results.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tineye.com/faq#similar|title=FAQ - TinEye - Can TinEye find similar images??|work=TinEye}}</ref>

=== Lenso.ai ===
Lenso.ai is a web-based reverse image search engine that uses [[artificial intelligence]] to identify image sources and detect visually similar images,<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=Lenso.ai: AI-Powered Reverse Image Search for Face Recognition & Photo Detection |url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/309307/20250207/lensoai-ai-powered-reverse-image-search-face-recognition-photo-detection.htm |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=TechTimes}}</ref> and perform [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] searches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lenso.ai launches facial recognition search engine |url=https://www.biometricupdate.com/202409/lenso-ai-launches-facial-recognition-search-engine |website=Biometric Update |date=2024-09-01 |access-date=2025-12-22}}</ref>

===Pixsy===

Pixsy reverse image search technology detects image matches<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pixsy.com/find/|title=Find stolen images - Pixsy|work=Pixsy|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-US}}</ref> on the public internet for images uploaded to the Pixsy platform.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theabundantartist.com/pixsy-review-find-fight-image-theft/|title=Pixsy.com review: Find & Fight Image Theft - Online Marketing for Artists -|date=2015-07-02|work=Online Marketing for Artists|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-US}}</ref> New matches are automatically detected and alerts sent to the user. For unauthorized use, Pixsy offers a compensation recovery service<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artlawjournal.com/pixsy-infringement-tool/|title=Pixsy: Find and Get Paid for Image Theft|date=2014-10-18|website=artlawjournal.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pixsy.com/resolve/|title=Resolve image theft - Pixsy|work=Pixsy|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-US}}</ref> for commercial use of the image owners work. Pixsy partners with over 25 law firms and attorneys around the world to bring resolution for copyright infringement. Pixsy is the strategic image monitoring service for the Flickr platform and users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://petapixel.com/2019/04/09/flickr-teams-up-with-pixsy-for-the-first-end-to-end-photo-theft-solution/|title=Flickr Teams Up with Pixsy to Get You Paid When Photos Are Stolen|website=petapixel.com|date=9 April 2019 |access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref>

=== eBay ===
[[eBay]] ShopBot uses reverse image search to find products by a user uploaded photo. eBay uses a ResNet-50 network for category recognition, [[image hash]]es are stored in [[Bigtable|Google Bigtable]]; [[Apache Spark]] jobs are operated by [[Google Cloud Dataproc]] for image hash extraction; and the image ranking service is deployed by [[Kubernetes]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3098162|work=acm.org|year=2017 |doi=10.1145/3097983.3098162 |last1=Yang |first1=Fan |last2=Kale |first2=Ajinkya |last3=Bubnov |first3=Yury |last4=Stein |first4=Leon |last5=Wang |first5=Qiaosong |last6=Kiapour |first6=Hadi |last7=Piramuthu |first7=Robinson |title=Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining |chapter=Visual Search at eBay |pages=2101–2110 |arxiv=1706.03154 |isbn=9781450348874 |s2cid=22367645 }}</ref>

=== SK Planet ===
[[SK Planet]] uses reverse image search to find related fashion items on its e-commerce website. It developed the vision encoder network based on the [[TensorFlow]] ''inception-v3'', with speed of convergence and generalization for production usage. A [[recurrent neural network]] is used for multi-class classification, and fashion-product region-of interest detection is based on ''Faster R-CNN''. SK Planet's reverse image search system is built in less than 100 man-months.<ref>[https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.07859 Visual Fashion-Product Search at SK Planet]</ref>

=== Alibaba ===
[[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]] released the ''Pailitao'' application in 2014. Pailitao ({{zh|拍立淘}}, literally means shopping through a camera) allows users to search for items on Alibaba's E-commercial platform by taking a photo of the query object. The Pailitao application uses a deep CNN model with branches for joint detection and feature learning to discover the detection mask and exact discriminative feature without background disturbance. [[GoogLeNet]] V1 is employed as the base model for category prediction and feature learning.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3219820|work=acm.org|year=2018 |doi=10.1145/3219819.3219820 |last1=Zhang |first1=Yanhao |last2=Pan |first2=Pan |last3=Zheng |first3=Yun |last4=Zhao |first4=Kang |last5=Zhang |first5=Yingya |last6=Ren |first6=Xiaofeng |last7=Jin |first7=Rong |title=Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining |chapter=Visual Search at Alibaba |pages=993–1001 |arxiv=2102.04674 |isbn=9781450355520 |s2cid=50776405 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/coinmonks/shopping-with-your-camera-visual-image-search-meets-e-commerce-at-alibaba-8551925746d0|title=Shopping With Your Camera: Visual Image Search Meets E-Commerce at Alibaba|work=Alibaba Tech|date=September 2020 }}</ref>

===Pinterest===
[[Pinterest]] acquired startup company ''VisualGraph'' in 2014 and introduced visual search on its platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/06/pinterest-visualgraph/|title=Pinterest Acquires Image Recognition And Visual Search Startup VisualGraph|author=Josh Constine|publisher=AOL|work=TechCrunch|date=6 January 2014 }}</ref> In 2015, Pinterest published a paper at the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[SIGKDD|Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining]] conference and disclosed the architecture of the system. The pipeline uses [[Apache Hadoop]], the open-source ''Caffe'' [[convolutional neural network]] framework, ''[[Cascading (software)|Cascading]]'' for batch processing, ''PinLater'' for messaging, and [[Apache HBase]] for storage. Image characteristics, including local features, deep features, salient color signatures and salient pixels are [[Feature extraction|extracted]] from user uploads. The system is operated by [[Amazon EC2]], and only requires a cluster of 5 GPU instances to handle daily image uploads onto Pinterest. By using reverse image search, Pinterest is able to extract visual features from fashion objects (e.g. shoes, dress, glasses, bag, watch, pants, shorts, bikini, earrings) and offer product recommendations that look similar.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2788621|work=acm.org|year=2015 |doi=10.1145/2783258.2788621 |last1=Jing |first1=Yushi |last2=Liu |first2=David |last3=Kislyuk |first3=Dmitry |last4=Zhai |first4=Andrew |last5=Xu |first5=Jiajing |last6=Donahue |first6=Jeff |last7=Tavel |first7=Sarah |title=Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining |chapter=Visual Search at Pinterest |pages=1889–1898 |isbn=9781450336642 |s2cid=1153609 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://engineering.pinterest.com/blog/building-scalable-machine-vision-pipeline|title=Building a scalable machine vision pipeline|work=Pinterest Engineering |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906230722/https://engineering.pinterest.com/blog/building-scalable-machine-vision-pipeline|archive-date=2015-09-06}}</ref>

===JD.com===
[[JD.com]] disclosed the design and implementation of its real time visual search system at the [[International Middleware Conference|Middleware '18 conference]]. The [[peer review]]ed paper focuses on the [[algorithms]] used by JD's distributed hierarchical image feature extraction, indexing and retrieval system, which has 300 million daily active users. The system was able to sustain 80 million updates to its database per hour when it was deployed in production in 2018.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3284028.3284030|website=acm.org|year=2018 |doi=10.1145/3284028.3284030 |last1=Li |first1=Jie |last2=Liu |first2=Haifeng |last3=Gui |first3=Chuanghua |last4=Chen |first4=Jianyu |last5=Ni |first5=Zhenyuan |last6=Wang |first6=Ning |last7=Chen |first7=Yuan |title=Proceedings of the 19th International Middleware Conference Industry |chapter=The Design and Implementation of a Real Time Visual Search System on JD E-commerce Platform |pages=9–16 |arxiv=1908.07389 |isbn=9781450360166 |s2cid=53713854 }}</ref>

===Bing===
[[Microsoft Bing]] published the architecture of their reverse image searching of system at the KDD'18 conference. The paper states that a variety of features from a query image submitted by a user are used to describe its content, including using [[Deep neural networks|deep neural network]] encoders, category recognition features, [[face recognition]] features, color features and duplicate detection features.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3219819.3219843|website=acm.org|year=2018 |doi=10.1145/3219819.3219843 |last1=Hu |first1=Houdong |last2=Wang |first2=Yan |last3=Yang |first3=Linjun |last4=Komlev |first4=Pavel |last5=Huang |first5=Li |last6=Chen |first6=Xi (Stephen) |last7=Huang |first7=Jiapei |last8=Wu |first8=Ye |last9=Merchant |first9=Meenaz |last10=Sacheti |first10=Arun |title=Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining |chapter=Web-Scale Responsive Visual Search at Bing |pages=359–367 |isbn=9781450355520 |s2cid=3427399 }}</ref>

===Amazon===
[[Amazon.com]] disclosed the architecture of a visual search engine for fashion and home products named ''Amazon Shop the Look'' in a paper published at the KDD'22 conference. The paper describes the lessons learned by Amazon when deployed in production environment, including image synthesis-based data augmentation for retrieval performance optimization and accuracy improvement.<ref>[https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3534678.3539071 Amazon Shop the Look: A Visual Search System for Fashion and Home]</ref>

==Research systems==
Microsoft Research Asia's Beijing Lab published a paper in the [[Proceedings of the IEEE]] on the Arista-SS (Similar Search) and the Arista-DS (Duplicate Search) systems. Arista-DS only performs duplicate search algorithms such as [[principal component analysis]] on global image features to lower computational and memory costs. Arista-DS is able to perform duplicate search on 2 billion images with 10 servers but with the trade-off of not detecting near duplicates.<ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6210348 Duplicate-Search-Based Image Annotation Using Web-Scale Data] Microsoft.</ref>

==Open-source implementations==
In 2007, the Puzzle library is released under the [[ISC license]]. Puzzle is designed to offer reverse image search visually similar images, even after the images have been resized, re-compressed, recolored and/or slightly modified.<ref>[https://github.com/jedisct1/libpuzzle The Puzzle library]</ref>

The ''image-match'' [[open-source]] project was released in 2016. The project, licensed under the [[Apache License]], implements a reverse image search engine written in [[Python (programming language)|Python]].<ref>[https://github.com/ProvenanceLabs/image-match ProvenanceLabs / image-match]</ref>

Both the ''Puzzle library'' and the ''image-match'' projects use algorithms published at an IEEE ICIP conference.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Chi Wong | first1=H. | last2=Bern | first2=M. | last3=Goldberg | first3=D. | title=Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing | chapter=An image signature for any kind of image | date=2002 | volume=1 | doi=10.1109/ICIP.2002.1038047 | isbn=0-7803-7622-6 }}</ref>

In 2017, [[Facebook]] released the ''FAISS Library'' under the [[MIT License]].<ref>{{cite arXiv | last1=Douze | first1=Matthijs | last2=Guzhva | first2=Alexandr | last3=Deng | first3=Chengqi | last4=Johnson | first4=Jeff | last5=Szilvasy | first5=Gergely | last6=Mazaré | first6=Pierre-Emmanuel | last7=Lomeli | first7=Maria | last8=Hosseini | first8=Lucas | last9=Jégou | first9=Hervé | title=The Faiss library | date=2024 | class=cs.LG | eprint=2401.08281 }}</ref> FAISS can be used to perform similarity search and clustering of dense vectors, which is used in reverse image search engines and image similarity search engines.<ref>[https://medium.com/data-science/building-an-image-similarity-search-engine-with-faiss-and-clip-2211126d08fa Building an Image Similarity Search Engine with FAISS and CLIP]</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv | last1=Oquab | first1=Maxime | last2=Darcet | first2=Timothée | last3=Moutakanni | first3=Théo | last4=Vo | first4=Huy | last5=Szafraniec | first5=Marc | last6=Khalidov | first6=Vasil | last7=Fernandez | first7=Pierre | last8=Haziza | first8=Daniel | last9=Massa | first9=Francisco | last10=El-Nouby | first10=Alaaeldin | last11=Assran | first11=Mahmoud | last12=Ballas | first12=Nicolas | last13=Galuba | first13=Wojciech | last14=Howes | first14=Russell | last15=Huang | first15=Po-Yao | last16=Li | first16=Shang-Wen | last17=Misra | first17=Ishan | last18=Rabbat | first18=Michael | last19=Sharma | first19=Vasu | last20=Synnaeve | first20=Gabriel | last21=Xu | first21=Hu | last22=Jegou | first22=Hervé | last23=Mairal | first23=Julien | last24=Labatut | first24=Patrick | last25=Joulin | first25=Armand | last26=Bojanowski | first26=Piotr | title=DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision | date=2023 | class=cs.CV | eprint=2304.07193 }}</ref>

In 2019, a book published by [[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]] documents how a simple reverse image search system can be built in a few hours. The book covers image feature extraction and similarity search, together with more advanced topics including scalability using GPUs and search accuracy improvement tuning.<ref>{{cite book |last=Koul |first=Anirudh |date= October 2019 |title=Practical Deep Learning for Cloud, Mobile, and Edge |chapter= Chapter 4. Building a Reverse Image Search Engine: Understanding Embeddings |url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/practical-deep-learning/9781492034858/ch04.html |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] |isbn=9781492034865 }}</ref> The code for the system was made available freely on [[GitHub]].<ref>[https://github.com/PracticalDL/Practical-Deep-Learning-Book/ Practical-Deep-Learning-Book source repository]</ref>

==Reverse video search==

The processing demands for performing reverse video search would be astoundingly high. There is no simple tool to just upload the video to find the matching results. At present there is no technology that can successfully perform a reverse video search.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/how-reverse-video-search/464654/|title=VHow to Use Reverse Video Search (& Why It's Useful)
|work=searchenginejournal | date=September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitbin.com/how-find-source-of-video/|title=How to Find Source of a Video with Reverse Image Search?
|work=Alibaba DigitBin|date=October 2020 }}</ref>

==Production reverse image search systems==
{{See also|List of CBIR engines}}
* [[Google Images]] and [[Google Lens]]<ref>[https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/how-to-do-a-reverse-image-search-from-your-phone How to Do a Reverse Image Search From Your Phone]</ref>
* [[Bing (search engine)|Bing]]
* [[Yandex Search|Yandex Images]]

==See also==
{{Commonscat}}
* [[Content-based image retrieval]]
* [[Visual search engine]]
* [[FindFace]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Computer vision}}

[[Category:Applications of computer vision]]
[[Category:Image search]]

Archana Sarat

2026-03-15T13:56:33Z

Theodore2940: creating new info

{{Short description|Indian author}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

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'''Archana Sarat''' is an Indian author,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.womensweb.in/2017/05/26-noteworthy-debut-books-indian-women-authors/|title=21 Noteworthy Debut Books By Indian Women Authors Published Recently That Are A Must Read|date=2017-05-30|work=Women's Web: For Women Who Do|access-date=2017-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref> a short story writer,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aslytherinstark.wordpress.com/2017/08/19/a-writer-raccoon-interview-with-archana-sarat-the-author-of-birds-of-prey/|title=A Writer Raccoon Interview with Archana Sarat ~ The author of Birds of Prey|date=2017-08-19|work=Books & Random Ramblings|access-date=2017-11-01|language=en-US|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025158/https://aslytherinstark.wordpress.com/2017/08/19/a-writer-raccoon-interview-with-archana-sarat-the-author-of-birds-of-prey/|url-status=dead}}</ref> a flash fiction author and poet.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://wearethecity.in/archana-sarat-readomania/|title=Inspirational Woman: Archana Sarat {{!}} Author of Readomania|date=2017-05-11|work=WeAreTheCity India|access-date=2017-11-01|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005653/http://wearethecity.in/archana-sarat-readomania/|archive-date=2017-11-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is known for her 2016 novel, ''Birds of Prey'', a psychological crime thriller.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Understanding-abuse/article17058239.ece|title=Understanding abuse|last1=Chandru|first1=Srilaxmi|date=2017-01-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-01|last2=Chandru|first2=Srilaxmi|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jan/30/come-listen-to-the-stories-of-birds-with-birds-of-prey-1564827.html|title=Come, listen to the stories of 'birds' with 'Birds of Prey'|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-01}}</ref> The novel has been adapted for the screen in Tamil on the OTT platform, [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]]. It is titled ''[[Irai (web series)|Irai]]''<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Irai Official Teaser {{!}} an aha Original Series {{!}} Sarath Kumar, Rajesh M Selva {{!}} Radaan Mediaworks|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwo4ehUiT1w|language=en|access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref>, and stars [[R. Sarathkumar]]. It is directed by [[Rajesh M. Selva]] and produced by Radaan Mediaworks.

== Early life ==
Archana Sarat was born in Thoothukudi or Tuticorin, a port city in South [[Tamil Nadu]]. She was raised in [[Chennai]]. After being schooled at Sindhi Model Senior Secondary School at [[Kellys]], she went on to obtain a bachelor's degree in commerce from M.O.P. Vaishnav College at [[Nungambakkam]], Chennai. She also pursued her Chartered Accountancy Course. Currently, she is a partner in her family firm, M/S P.T.Ponnaiah & Co, which was established in the year 1979 offering services in the fields of Audit and Assurance, Taxation, Business Formation, Business Support, Business Advisory and other related fields.<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|title=P.T.Ponnaiah & Co|url=http://ptpindia.com/|access-date=2021-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

She is married to Sarat, a Corporate Lawyer and Company Secretary, and lives in [[India]].<ref>Sanjan Krishna Sarat</ref>

== Books and publications ==
Archana Sarat is the author of Birds of Prey, a gripping psychological crime thriller. She is also the author of Sleeping Dogs, a mystery thriller, that was released in September 2022.

She writes flash fiction every Saturday, titled "Saturday Shots."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2015-12-21/india-a-nation-of-novelists-every-november/1528396|title=India, a nation of novelists every November|website=www.radioaustralia.net.au|language=en-intl|access-date=2017-11-01}}</ref> She is the author of ''Tit for Tat'', an ebook collection of flash fiction stories, published by Readomania. Her flash fiction also appears in the Sunday Literature Section of the Free Press Journal Newspaper.

Women's Web declared her book, ''Birds of Prey'' as one among ‘21 Noteworthy Debut Books By Indian Women Authors Published Recently That Are A Must Read.’<ref name=":0" /> The novel, which has been adapted for the screen in Tamil is available on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]] and is titled ''Irai''<ref name=":2" />''.'' It stars [[R. Sarathkumar]] and is directed by [[Rajesh M. Selva]] and produced by Radaan Mediaworks.

Archana's book, Tales from the History of Mathematics,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tales From The History Of Mathematics |url=https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/40869731 |website=Goodreads |access-date=13 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> won the Best Children's/ Young Adults Book 2019 at the Valley of Words International Literary Festival at Dehardun, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://valleyofwords.org/interview/the-history-of-mathematics-archana-sarat/|title=The History of Mathematics - Archana Sarat|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809023632/https://valleyofwords.org/interview/the-history-of-mathematics-archana-sarat/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Archana is the author of finance-related articles in [[The Times of India]], [[The Economic Times]], The SEBI and Corporate Laws Journal, The CA Newsletter, etc.<ref name=":1" />

Her Science Fiction short story was published in April 2008 in the ''Science Reporter'', a magazine run by CSIR – NISCAIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources). Her short stories and poetry have been published in the DNA Me Magazine, the [[Chicken Soup for the Soul|Chicken Soup for the Soul series]], Vengeance - A NaNoWriMo India Anthology, the Jukebox Anthology, the Telegram and the GloMag Journal.

=== Novels ===
* Birds of Prey (Readomania)
* Tales from the History of Mathematics (Readomania)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tales from The History of Mathematics |url=https://www.archanasarat.com/books/historyofmathematics |website=Archana Sarat |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>
* Sleeping Dogs (Readomania)

=== Short story collections ===
* Tit for Tat (Readomania)

=== Anthologies (co-authored) ===
* Vengeance (NaNoWriMo India Anthology)
* Jukebox (Readomania)
* Chicken Soup for the Indian Teenage Soul
* Chicken Soup for the Indian Romantic Soul
* Chicken Soup for the Indian Mother's Soul

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarat, Archana}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

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#REDIRECT [[Beechcraft King Air#Accidents and incidents]]

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Bengali language movement

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Theodore2940:

{{Short description|1948–1956 political movement in East Pakistan}}
{{About|the movement in Bangladesh|the movements in India|Bengali language movements in India}}
{{Featured article}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Bengali language movement
| subtitle =
| partof = [[Independence of Bangladesh]]
| image = 1952 Bengali Language movement.jpg
| caption = Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in [[Dhaka]]
| date = 1948 – 1956
| place = [[East Pakistan]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]])
| coordinates =
| causes = Decision of the [[central government of Pakistan]] and the [[government of East Bengal]] to make [[Urdu]] the only state language
| methods = *[[Political demonstration]]
*[[Strike action]]
| status =
| result = *Declaration of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as the official state language of Pakistan along with Urdu in 1956
*Losing majority of [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] in [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 1954
| side1 = *[[Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad|State Language Action Committee]]
*[[Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod|All-Parties Central State Language Action Committee]]
*[[Tamaddun Majlish|Pakistan Tamaddun Majlish]]
*[[East Pakistan Renaissance Society]]
*[[Dhaka University Central Students' Union|Dhaka University Central Student's Union]]
*Students of [[Dhaka University]]
*[[Bengalis|Bengali]] civilians
| side2 = * {{flagdeco|Pakistan}} [[Government of Pakistan]]
** {{flagicon|Pakistan|military}} [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
*** {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Pakistan Army]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Government of East Pakistan]]
** {{symbol|Former logo of Punjab Police Pakistan.svg}} [[Pakistan Police]]
* [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Bihari people]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistan Muslim League.svg}} [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 = Collective leadership
| leadfigures2 = * {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Sir Ghulam Muhammad]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Iskander Mirza]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Nurul Amin]]
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| injuries =
| fatalities =
| arrests =
| damage =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| effect =
| effect_label =
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| notes =
| side4 =
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| buildings =
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}}
{{Culture of Bangladesh}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}

The '''Bengali language movement'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|বাংলা ভাষা আন্দোলন|Bangla bhasha andōlon}}{{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋlaˑ ˈbʱaʃaˑ ˈand̪olɔn|pron}}}} was a political movement in [[East Bengal]]{{efn|Renamed [[East Pakistan]] in 1955. East Bengal was the administrative division of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] corresponding to today's Bangladesh from 1947 to 1955.}} in 1952, advocating the recognition of the [[Bengali language]] as a co-[[lingua franca]] of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The movement wanted to allow its use in government affairs, the continuation of its use as a medium of education, its use in media, currency and stamps, and to maintain its writing in the [[Bengali alphabet]] and [[Bengali script]].

When the Dominion of Pakistan was formed after the separation of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, when the British left, it was composed of various ethnic and linguistic groups, with the geographically non-contiguous [[East Bengal]] province having a mainly [[ethnicity|ethnic]] [[Bengali people|Bengali]] population. In 1948, the [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Government of the Dominion of Pakistan]] ordained as part of [[Islamization]] of [[East Pakistan]] or [[East Bengal]] that [[Urdu]] will be the sole federal language, alternately Bengali writing in the [[Perso-Arabic script]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal |title=Nation and Its Modes of Oppressions in South Asia |date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-81044-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJGZEAAAQBAJ&q=bengali+in+arabic+script |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maloney |first1=Clarence |title=Language and Civilization Change in South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=[[Brill Archive]] |isbn=978-90-04-05741-8 |pages=145, 146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_oUAAAAIAAJ&dq=bengali+in+arabic+script&pg=PA145 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ES"/> or [[Roman script]] ([[Romanisation of Bengali]])<ref name="ES">{{cite book |editor1-last=হোসেন |editor1-first=সেলিনা |editor2-last=বিশ্বাস |editor2-first=সুকুমার |editor3-last=চৌধুরী |editor3-first=শফিকুর রহমান |title=1513. একুশের স্মারকগ্রন্থ' ৮৬ - সম্পাদনায় |date=21 February 1986 |publisher=[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |location=[[Bangladesh]] |pages=52–73 |url=https://online.fliphtml5.com/lzrut/mjxv/#p=69 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> or [[Arabic]] as the state language of the whole of Pakistan was also proposed,<ref name="বা">{{cite news |last1=প্রিনস |first1=এরশাদুল আলম |script-title=bn:বাংলা হরফের ওপর শয়তানি আছর |url=https://banglanews24.com/opinion/news/bd/555426.details |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[banglanews24.com]] |date=20 February 2022|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michael Edward |last2=Ganguly |first2=Sumit |title=Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia |date=2003 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-52333-2 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC&dq=arabic+state+language+pakistan&pg=PA77 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zein |first1=Subhan |last2=Coady |first2=Maria R. |title=Early Language Learning Policy in the 21st Century: An International Perspective |date=22 September 2021 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-030-76251-3 |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmpEEAAAQBAJ&dq=arabic+state+language+pakistan&pg=PA136 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaube |first1=Shibani Kinkar |title=The Idea of Nation and Its Future in India |date=26 October 2016 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-315-41432-4 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CElDwAAQBAJ&dq=arabic+state+language+pakistan&pg=PA122 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ES"/> sparking extensive protests among the [[Bengali language|Bengali-speaking]] majority of [[East Bengal]]. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the [[University of Dhaka]] and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956.

The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in East Bengal and later East Pakistan, and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements, including the [[6 Point Movement|6-Point Movement]] and subsequently the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain, 1987|Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]]. In Bangladesh, 21 February (''Ekushey February'') is observed as [[Language Movement Day]], a national holiday. The [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims. On 17 November 1999, [[UNESCO]] declared 21 February as [[International Mother Language Day]],<ref>Glassie, Henry and Mahmud, Feroz.2008.Living Traditions. Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Series-II. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Dhaka. International Mother Language Day</ref> in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethnolinguistic rights of people around the world.

==Background==
The present-day nations of Pakistan and Bangladesh were part of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]]. From the mid-19th century, the [[Urdu]] language had been promoted as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]] by political and religious leaders, such as [[Khwaja Salimullah|Sir Khwaja Salimullah]], [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]], [[Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk]] and [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]].<ref name="urducontrov">{{cite web | url = http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper675 | title = Urdu Controversy – is dividing the nation further | access-date = 20 February 2008 | last = Upadhyay | first = R | date = 1 May 2003 | work = Papers | publisher = South Asia Analysis Group | archive-date = 25 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225042954/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper675%20 | url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref name="B2g">{{cite journal
| last = Rahman | first = Tariq | year = 1997 | title = The Medium of Instruction Controversy in Pakistan | journal = Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–154 | doi = 10.1080/01434639708666310 | issn = 0143-4632}}</ref> Urdu is a [[Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian branch]], closely related to [[Hindi]] and belonging to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages. It developed under [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic Language|Arabic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] influence on [[apabhramsha]]s (last linguistic stage of the medieval Indian Aryan language [[Pali]]–[[Prakrit]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Halder |first=Shashwati |year=2012 |chapter=Apabhrangsha |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Apabhrangsha |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> in South Asia during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="National Council for Promotion of Urdu language 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/pers_pp/index.htm |title=A Historical Perspective of Urdu |publisher=[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu]] language |access-date=15 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611133436/http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/pers_pp/index.htm |archive-date=11 June 2007 }}</ref> With its [[Perso-Arabic script]], the language was considered a vital element of the Islamic culture for Indian Muslims; [[Hindi]] and the [[Devanagari script]] were seen as fundamentals of [[Hinduism|Hindu culture]].<ref name="urducontrov" />

While Urdu became common among Muslims in northern India, Muslims in [[Bengal]]—then a province in the eastern part of British India—primarily spoke Bengali. Bengali is an [[List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan language]] that arose from the eastern [[Middle Indic languages]] around 1000 CE<ref name="bhatta">{{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=T |editor=Garry, J. |editor2=Rubino, C. |title=Encyclopedia of World's Languages: Past and Present (Facts About the World's Languages) |year=2001 |publisher=HW Wilson |location=New York |isbn=0-8242-0970-2 |chapter=Bangla}}</ref> and developed considerably with a rich literature, history and cultural identity. Unlike many other Indic Languages, Bengali got patronage from the States and Empires in the Middle Ages. During the [[Bengal Renaissance]], the modern Bengali literature developed its stronghold. Bengalis irrespective of religious identity used Bengali language. Supporters of Bengali opposed Urdu even before the [[partition of India]], when delegates from Bengal rejected the idea of making Urdu the lingua franca of Muslim India in the 1937 [[Lucknow]] session of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. The Muslim League was a [[British India]]n political party that became the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a [[Muslim]] state separate from British India.<ref name="tariqcontrov">{{cite journal
| last = Rahman | first = Tariq |author-link=Tariq Rahman |date=February 1997
| title = The Urdu-English Controversy in Pakistan | journal = Modern Asian Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
| volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 177–207 | issn = 1469-8099
| doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00016978
| jstor=312861| s2cid = 144261554 }}</ref>

==Early stages of the movement==
[[Image:Partition of India.PNG|thumb|Britain's holdings on the [[Indian subcontinent]] were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: the [[Dominion of India]], the [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962|Union of Burma]] (now Myanmar), [[Dominion of Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]), and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (including [[East Bengal]], from 1956 [[East Pakistan]], 1971-today [[Bangladesh]]).]]

After the partition of India in 1947, Bengali-speaking people in [[East Bengal]], the non-contiguous eastern part of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], made up 44 million of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan's 69 million people.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Al Helal |first=Bashir |year=2012 |chapter=Language Movement |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> The Dominion of Pakistan's government, civil services, and military, however, were dominated by personnel from the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan.<ref name="JSToldenburg">{{cite journal
| last = Oldenburg | first = Philip |date=August 1985
| title = 'A Place Insufficiently Imagined': Language, Belief, and the Pakistan Crisis of 1971
| journal = The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher = [[Association for Asian Studies]] | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 711–733 | issn = 0021-9118 | doi = 10.2307/2056443
| jstor=2056443| s2cid = 145152852 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In November 1947, a key resolution at a national education summit in [[Karachi]] advocated Urdu and English as the sole state languages.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jabeen | first1 = Mussarat | last2 = Chandio | first2 = Amir Ali | last3 = Qasim | first3 = Zarina | journal = South Asian Studies: A Research Journal of South Asian Studies | title = Language Controversy: Impacts on National Politics and Secession of East Pakistan | year = 2010 | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–124}}</ref> Opposition and protests arose immediately. Students from Dhaka rallied under the leadership of [[Principal Abul Kashem|Abul Kashem]], the secretary of [[Tamaddun Majlish]], a Bengali Islamic cultural organisation. The meeting stipulated Bengali as an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan and as a medium of education in East Bengal.<ref name="umarharv1">{{Harvnb|Umar|1979|p=35}}</ref> However, the [[Pakistan Public Service Commission]] removed Bengali from the list of approved subjects, as well as from currency notes and stamps. The central education minister [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]] made extensive preparations to make Urdu the only state language of the Dominion of Pakistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=227–28}}</ref> Public outrage spread, and many Bengali students met on the University of Dhaka campus on 8 December 1947 to formally demand that Bengali be made an official language. To promote their cause, Bengali students organised processions and rallies in Dhaka.<ref name="Banglapedia" />

Leading Bengali scholars argued why Urdu should not be the only state language. The writer [[Abul Mansur Ahmed]] said if Urdu became the state language, the educated society of East Bengal would become 'illiterate' and 'ineligible' for government positions.<ref name="umarharvmansur">{{Harvnb|Umar|1979|pp=30–32}}</ref> The first [[Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad]] (National Language Action Committee), an organisation in favour of Bengali as a state language was formed towards the end of December 1947. Professor [[Nurul Huq Bhuiyan]] of the Tamaddun Majlish convened the committee.<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref name="Sri">{{cite book |title=Ekusher Shongkolon '80 |year=1980 |publisher=[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |language=bn |pages=102–103}}</ref> Later, Parliament member [[Shamsul Huq]] convened a new committee to push for Bengali as a state language.

===Dhirendranath Datta's proposal===
[[File:Dhirendranath datta.jpg|thumb|Dhirendranath was the key figure to raise the demand for [[Bengali language|Bengali]] with its [[Bengali script|traditional script]] as a state language in Pakistan assembly.]]
Assembly member [[Dhirendranath Datta]] proposed legislation in the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] to allow members to speak in Bengali and authorise its use for official purposes.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Datta's proposal was supported by legislators Prem Hari Burman, [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]] and Sris Chandra Chattaopadhyaya of East Bengal, as well as the people from the region.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Prime minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and the Muslim League denounced the proposal as an attempt to divide the Pakistani people, thus the legislation was defeated.<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref name="swadhinotajuddho">{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Hasan Hafizur |title=Bangladesher Swadhinota juddher Dolilpotro |year=1982 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information, People's Republic of Bangladesh]] |oclc=416657937}}</ref>

===Fazlur Rahman's proposal ===
Since the partition of the country in 1947, the Union Minister representing East Pakistan [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]] campaigned for the implementation of Bengali language written in Arabic script (Bengali language with the "Hurful Qur'an"). At the Nikhil Pakistan Teachers' Conference held in Karachi on 29 December 1948, Fazlur Rahman proposed to write Bengali in Arabic script for the sake of Islamization of the language. East Bengal Provincial Education Department Secretary Fazle Ahmad Karim Fazli was one of the main initiators of the effort to introduce the Arabic alphabet in Bengal. Both Karim Fazli and Fazlur Rahman established a society called 'Hurful Qur'an Samity' with a Maulana named Zulfikar Ali of Chittagong and tried to form a movement to introduce Arabic letters in Bengal through him. Abdul Hakim, the former director of the East-Bengal Education Department said; "Some funny legends are heard in Dhaka about a Bengali Wazir Sahib's own knowledge of Urdu. He wanted to fulfill his ardent desire to beautify the in order to be admired by the all-powerful Urdu Mahal of the Centre. For this purpose, a sum of Rs. 35,000 per annum for the publication of books was arranged to hand over the central sanction to the aforesaid Provincial Education Secretary."<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:আরবি অক্ষরে বাংলা শিক্ষাদানের ষড়যন্ত্র - (স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনের গােড়াপত্তন) |url=https://songramernotebook.com/archives/66029 |website=Songramer Notebook |access-date=7 December 2022 |date=21 July 2019 |title=Site is undergoing maintenance }}</ref> In response, [[Muhammad Shahidullah]] opposed the proposal, fearing further complications, and advocated making Bengali unchanged as the state language of East Bengal and one of the state languages of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Umar |first1=Badruddin |script-title=bn:পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রাজনীতি (East Bengal's language movement and contemporary politics) |date=1970 |publisher=[[Anandhara Prakashan]] |url=https://doc.liberationwarbangladesh.net/books/fnes/#p=204 |pages = 185–187 |access-date=5 May 2022|language=bn }}</ref>

===Proposal for Romanisation of Bengali===
[[File:Qudrat Khuda.jpg|thumb|right|[[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda]] proposed the romanisation of Bengali in the early stage of language movement.]]
During that time, [[romanisation of Bengali]] was also proposed along with other proposals regarding the determination of the state language of Pakistan.<ref name="ES"/><ref name=BAH>[[Bashir Al Helal]], [https://doc.liberationwarbangladesh.net/books/yztg/#p=584 History of the Language Movement, forthcoming publication, February 1995, pp. 685-692]</ref> After 1947, many other East Pakistani academics, including [[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda]] and Nazirul Islam Mohammad Sufian, supported the idea of writing Bengali in Roman script.<ref name=BAH/> In 1948, Mohammad Ferdous Khan opposed it in his pamphlet "The language problem of today".<ref name=BAH/>

Abul Fazl Muhammad Akhtar-ud-Din supported the Roman alphabet in his article entitled "Bangla Bornomalar Poribortton" (বাংলা বর্ণমালার পরিবর্ত্তন, Changes in the Bengali Alphabet) published in [[Daily Azad]] on 18 April 1949.<ref name=BAH/>

The romanisation proposal continued on even after 1952. In 1957, the East Pakistan Education Commission recommended the use of the revised Roman script in adult education.<ref name=BAH/>

Around 1957–1958, there was a significant demand for the use of Roman letters again. At that time [[Muhammad Abdul Hye|Muhammad Abdul Hai]] and [[Muhammad Enamul Haque]] opposed it.<ref name=BAH/>

===Agitations of 1948===
Students of the [[University of Dhaka]] and other colleges of the city organised a general strike on 11 March 1948 to protest the omission of Bengali language from official use, including coins, stamps and recruitment tests for the navy. The movement restated the demand that Bengali be declared an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan. Political leaders such as Shamsul Huq, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[Shawkat Ali]], [[M Sirajul Islam]], [[Kazi Golam Mahboob]], [[Oli Ahad]], Abdul Wahed and others were arrested during the rallies.

===Agreement with Khawaja Nazimuddin===
In the afternoon of 11 March, a meeting was held to protest police brutality and arrests. A group of students marching towards the chief minister [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]'s house was stopped in front of the [[Dhaka High Court]]. The rally changed its direction and moved in the direction of the Secretariat building. Police attacked the procession injuring several students and leaders, including [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]].<ref name="helal263">{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=263–265}}</ref> Continuing strikes were observed the following four days. Under such circumstances, the chief minister Nazimuddin signed an accord with the student leaders agreeing to some terms and conditions, without complying to the demand that Bengali be made a state language.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> On 6 April 1948, in East Bengal Assembly resolution was passed making Bengali an official language of the province by Nazimuddin led Muslim League government of East Bengal.

===Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to Dhaka===
On November 18, 1948, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] visited East Pakistan. On November 27, he addressed a student meeting at the playground of Dhaka University. In that meeting, the demand for Bengali language in the certificate issued by the Dhaka University Central Student Union was again raised, but he refrained from making any comments. In a meeting of the National Language Working Council held under the chairmanship of Ataur Rahman Khan on November 17, [[Aziz Ahmad (novelist)|Aziz Ahmad]], [[Abul Kashem]], [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[Kamruddin Ahmed]], [[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1929)|Abdul Mannan]], [[Tajuddin Ahmed]] and others drafted a memorandum and sent it to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. The Prime Minister did not respond to this either.<ref name=VAAncholicItihash-P5-P27>{{cite book |script-title=bn:ভাষা আন্দোলনের আঞ্চলিক ইতিহাস (Bhasha Andolaner Ancholik Itihash, Regional history of language movement) |last1=Malek |first1=Abdul |editor-first1=Abu Muhammad Delwar |editor-last1=Hossain |year=2000 |publisher=Selina Hossain, Director, Research Compendium Department of Folklore, [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |location=Dhaka |isbn=984-07-4045-8 |pages=5–27 }}</ref><ref name=Islam>{{cite book |last1=Islam |first1=Rafiqul |title=Amar Ekushey O Shohid Minar (আমার একুশে ও শহীদ মিনার, My Ekhushey (21st) and Martyr's Monument) |year=2000 |publisher=Poroma |location=Dhaka |language=bn |isbn=984-8245-39-1 |pages=62–85 }}</ref>

===Muhammad Ali Jinnah's visit to Dhaka===
[[Image:Quaid-delivering-speech copy2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] on 21 March 1948 told at a public meeting that ''State language of Pakistan is going to be Urdu and no other language.''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jinnah.pk/2009/09/27/national-consolidation/ |title=National Consolidation |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521104719/http://jinnah.pk/2009/09/27/national-consolidation/ |archive-date=21 May 2014 }}</ref>]]
After the height of civic unrest, Governor-General of Pakistan [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] arrived in Dhaka on 19 March 1948. On 21 March, at a civic reception at [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Race Course Maidan]], he claimed that the language issue was designed by a "[[fifth column]]" to divide Pakistani Muslims.<ref>{{Harvnb|Umar|2004|p=34}}</ref><ref name="SA9">{{cite web |title=De-Pakistanisation of Bangladesh |url=http://www.saag.org/%5Cpapers22%5Cpaper2199.html |author=R. Upadhyay |publisher=Bangladesh Monitor, South Asia Analysis Group |date=7 April 2007 |access-date=16 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611044641/http://www.saag.org/papers22/paper2199.html |archive-date=11 June 2007}}</ref> Jinnah further declared, in English, that "Urdu, and only Urdu" embodied the spirit of Muslim nations and would remain as the state language,<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Uddin|2006|pp=2–4}}</ref><ref name="UStudies">{{cite book |editor1=James Heitzman |editor2=Robert Worden |url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/ |title=Bangladesh: A Country Study |access-date=16 June 2007 |chapter=Pakistan Period (1947–71) |chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/14.htm |publisher=Government Printing Office, Country Studies US |year=1989 |isbn=0-16-017720-0}}</ref><ref name="sayeed">{{cite journal |last=Sayeed |first=Khalid Bin |title=Federalism and Pakistan |journal=Far Eastern Survey |publisher=Institute of Pacific Relations |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=139–143 |issn=0362-8949 |date=September 1954 |doi=10.2307/3023818 |jstor=3023818}}</ref> labelling those who disagreed with his views as "Enemies of Pakistan". Jinnah delivered a similar speech at [[Curzon Hall]] of the University of Dhaka on 24 March <ref name="JSToldenburg" /> where Language activist [[Abdul Matin (language activist)|Abdul Matin]] stood up at the chair and shouted, ''No. It can not be''. Other students also supported him during that time.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ekusher Smriticharon '80|year=1980 |publisher=[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |location=Dhaka |language=Bengali| page=113}}</ref><ref name="Banglabazar Patrika, Magh 30, 1399">''Banglabazar Patrika'', Magh 30, 1399 {February 12, 1993]</ref> Thus at both meetings, Jinnah was interrupted by large segments of the audience. He later called a meeting of a state language committee of action and overruled the contract that was signed by Khawaja Nazimuddin with the student leaders.<ref name="helal263" /> On 28 March, the day before leaving Dhaka, Jinnah gave a radio address reasserting his "Urdu-only" policy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Umar|2004|p=35}}</ref>

=== Proposal for Arabic language ===
{{See also|Arabic in Islam}}
[[Image:Mohammod Sohidullah.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Shahidullah was a central figure in the proposal to make Arabic the state language.]]
[[Muhammad Shahidullah]] believed that Bengalis could learn Urdu at the same time as learning English, he also believed that: "When Arabic becomes the state language of Pakistan, the creation of the state of Pakistan will be justified."<ref>{{cite book |last1= Hashmi |first1=Taj |title=Fifty Years of Bangladesh, 1971–2021: Crises of Culture, Development, Governance, and Identity |date=22 April 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-97158-8 |pages=61, 75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWBsEAAAQBAJ&dq=bengali+written+in+arabic+script&pg=PA61 |language=en|quote=While Fazlur Rahman (1905-1966), a Central Minister from East Bengal, proposed that Bengali be written in Arabic script for the sake of Islamization of the language, Dr Muhammad Shahidullah (1884- 1969), renowned Bengali scholar and a linguist, believed that Bengalis could learn Urdu as they learned English, but he also believed that: "The day Arabic becomes the state language of Pakistan, the creation of the state of Pakistan becomes justified." 84. (Badruddin Umar, Purbo Banglar Bhasha Andolon o Tatkalin Rajniti (Language Movement & Contemporary Politics in East Bengal), Vol 1, Maula Brothers, Dhaka 1970, pp. 180, 256-9, 272.)}}</ref> Therefore, in December 1949, he assumed the presidency of the East Pakistan Arabic Language Association, approved a draft memorandum to be submitted to the Assembly, where it was requested to government for Arabic to be made the state language of Pakistan and for the provision of 'Darse Koran' or Quran teaching in various centers and mosques of the city.<ref name=pb>{{cite book |last1=Umar |first1=Badaruddin |title= Purbo Banglar Bhasha Andolan O Totkalin Rajneeti (East Bengal's Language Movement and Contemporary Politics) |date=1970 |url=https://doc.liberationwarbangladesh.net/books/fnes/#p=301|publisher =Ananddhara Prakashan |pages=3–5, 282–284 |access-date=8 December 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> On January 18, 1950, some students of [[Rajshahi College]] called a meeting to demand that Arabic be made the state language.<ref name=pb/> [[State Bank of Pakistan|3 State Bank]] Governor [[Zahid Husain (banker)|Zahid Hussain]] proposed to make Arabic the state language and this proposal was then supported by Syed Akbar Shah, member of [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Sindh Legislative Council]] and Vice-Chancellor of [[University of Sindh|Sindh Arabic University]].<ref name=pb/> On 1 February 1951 at the session of the World Muslim Conference in Karachi, the leader of the Ismaili community [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]] said, if Arabic is made the state language of Pakistan, common communication will be established between the Muslims of the Arab world, North Africa and Indonesia.<ref name=pb/> On February 10, 1951, the Secretary of the Pakistan Buddhist League, Rabindranath Burmi, issued a statement opposing these proposals in favour of Urdu instead of Arabic as state language.<ref name=pb/> These proposals to make Arabic the state language did not gain much support in any part of Pakistan.<ref name =pb/> However, according to Badruddin Umar, as this demand was related to the question of development of Islamic culture, it indirectly supported the demand of the introduction of Arabic script in Bengali language to some extent in some groups.<ref name=pb/>

===Proposal by Language Committee===
[[File:MohammadAkramKhan.jpg|thumb|East Bengal Language Committee headed by [[Muhammad Akram Khan]] recommended writing Bengali through Arabic characters.]]
Shortly thereafter, the East Bengal Language Committee, presided by [[Mohammad Akram Khan|Maulana Akram Khan]], was formed by the East Bengal government to prepare a report on the language problem.<ref name="ciil-ebooks.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/benling/chapter4.html |title=Chapter 4: Other Activities |last=Mandal |first=Ranita |date=24 June 2002 |work=Muhammad Shahidullah & His Contribution To Bengali Linguistics |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, India |access-date=23 June 2007}}</ref>

At 1949, Language Committee of the East-Bengal Government conducted a survey among teachers, intellectuals, high civil servants, members of the Legislative Council, according to which, out of 301 respondents, 96 favoured the introduction of the Arabic script, 18 the Roman script and 187 gave opinion in favour of the retention of the Bengali script. Besides, many people did not give any answer.<ref name=BAH/>

The committee produced its report by 6 December 1950; but it was not published before 1958. Here an effective measure was proposed by the government to solve the language problem, where they recommended writing Bengali through Arabic characters.{{full citation needed|date=January 2023}}<ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2023}} [[Daily Azad]], 24 May 1950</ref>

==Events of 1952==
[[Image:4th Feb 1952 NobabPureRoad.jpg|thumb|Procession march held on 4 February 1952 at Nawabpur Road, Dhaka]]
[[Image:1952 Bengali Language movement.jpg|thumb|Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in [[Dhaka]]]]
The Urdu-Bengali controversy was reignited when Liaqat Ali Khan's successor, Prime Minister [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], staunchly defended the "Urdu-only" policy in a speech on 27 January 1952.<ref name="helal263" /> On 31 January, the ''[[Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod]]'' (All-Party Central Language Action Committee) was formed in a meeting at the Bar Library Hall of the University of Dhaka, chaired by [[Maulana Bhashani]].<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Umar|2004|pp=192–193}}</ref> The central government's proposal of writing the Bengali language in [[Arabic script]] by Pakistan's Bengali education minister [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]] was vehemently opposed at the meeting. The action committee called for an all out protest on 21 February, including strikes and rallies.<ref name="helal263" /> In an attempt to prevent the demonstration, the provincial government of chief minister Nurul Amin, imposed [[Section 144]] in Dhaka, thereby banning any gathering.<ref name="Banglapedia"/>

According to the earlier decision, students of Dhaka University and other educational institutions gathered at Dhaka University premises on February 4. The rally protested the proposal to write Bengali in Arabic script and demanded Bengali as the state language. The students took out a huge demonstration after their assembly.<ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2023}} [[Daily Azad]], February 5, 1952, p 3</ref>

On February 11, 1952, a long circular (No. 10) titled 'Rashtra Bhashar Andolan' was promoted to the Secretariat of the Bengali Provincial Organizing Committee before the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]]'. In this circular, the Communist Party's statement, line, and organizational duties regarding the language movement are clearly indicated.<ref>পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রাজনীতি, (East Bengal language movement and contemporary politics) Volume III, Badruddin Umar, 1972, page 243</ref>

In accordance with the principles and lines of the State Language Movement laid down in Party Circular No. 10 of the East Bengal Organizing Committee of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]] dated February 11, they circulated a cyclostyled manifesto on February 20, which read, "Respond to the call of the All-Union State Language Working Committee. Do strike, hartal, meeting and march across the province on 21st February to demand Bengali as one of the national languages with equal status for all languages." This brief manifesto calls for, "English shall no longer be the official language; Want equality of all languages of Pakistan; [[Bengali language|Bengali]]s, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]s, [[Pathan]]s, [[Sindhis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]]s, [[Urdu speakers]] etc. have to be given the right to get education in their own mother tongue and conduct government affairs; We want to make Bengali language one of the national languages. Instead of English, Urdu, Bengali - the movement to give equal status to all languages in the state. English made English as the state language in order to continue the imperialist and feudal system of exploitation while keeping the various linguistic communities of Pak-India backward. The League government also adopted English as the state language for the same purpose; has kept and wants to make the only child the state language. Making one language the state language will leave the various linguistic communities of Pakistan backward and will hinder the overall development of Pakistan. Therefore, all the Bengali, Punjabi, Pathan, Siddhi, Belche, Urdu speaking nations of Pakistan should come together in the movement to give equal status to the different languages of Pakistan and make them the state language."<ref>পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রাজনীতি, (East Bengal language movement and contemporary politics) Volume III, Badruddin Umar, 1972, page 251-252</ref>

===21 February===

At nine o'clock in the morning, students began gathering on the University of Dhaka premises in defiance of Section 144. The university vice-chancellor and other officials were present as armed police surrounded the campus. By a quarter past eleven, students gathered at the university gate and attempted to break the police line. Police fired [[tear gas]] shells towards the gate to warn the students.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> A section of students ran into the Dhaka Medical College while others rallied towards the university premises cordoned by the police. The vice-chancellor asked police to stop firing and ordered the students to leave the area. However, the police arrested several students for violating section 144 as they attempted to leave. Enraged by the arrests, the students met around the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and blocked the legislators' way, asking them to present their insistence at the assembly. When a group of students sought to storm into the building, police opened fire and killed a number of students, including [[Abdus Salam (language martyr)|Abdus Salam]], [[Rafiq Uddin Ahmed]], [[Abul Barkat]] and [[Abdul Jabbar (activist)|Abdul Jabbar]].<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{cite news
| title =Dhaka Medical College Hostel Prangone Chatro Shomabesher Upor Policer Guliborshon. Bishwabidyalayer Tinjon Chatroshoho Char Bekti Nihoto O Shotero Bekti Ahoto
| language =bn
| work =The Azad
| date =22 February 1952
}}</ref> The Government reported that 3 people died and 69 were injured on that day.<ref>{{cite news|title=RED DANGER SEEN IN EAST PAKISTAN: Bengal Premier Foresees New Trouble, Though Recent Outbreaks Were Curbed|first=Michael|last=James|date=11 March 1952|newspaper=New York Times}} {{ProQuest|112392067}}</ref> As the news of the killings spread, disorder erupted across the city. Shops, offices and public transport were shut down and a general strike began.<ref name="UStudies" /> At the assembly, six legislators including [[Manoranjan Dhar]], Boshontokumar Das, Shamsuddin Ahmed and [[Dhirendranath Datta]] requested that chief minister [[Nurul Amin]] visit wounded students in hospital and that the assembly be adjourned as a sign of mourning.<ref name="bashir377393">{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=377–393}}</ref> This motion was supported by some treasury bench members including [[Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish]], Shorfuddin Ahmed, Shamsuddin Ahmed Khondokar and Mosihuddin Ahmed.<ref name="bashir377393" /> However, Nurul Amin refused the requests.<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref name="bashir377393" />

On the same day, the East Bengal Organizing Committee of the [[Communist Party of Bangladesh|East Pakistan Communist Party]] circulated a cyclostyled manifesto entitled "To build a united East Bengal Tumdal United Movement against the barbaric killings of the tyrant [[Amin ministry|Nurul Amin government]]", calling on all institutions and the multi-lingual public of Pakistan, regardless of party affiliation. Support is invited for the following demands:
* Leaving chair by Nazim Nurul Amin Sarkar
* Want to make Bengali one of the national languages immediately
* We want the punishment of the killer, we want a private commission of inquiry, we want full compensation for the dead and injured.
* Seek immediate release of all political prisoners,
* Demand withdrawal of Security Act, Section 144 and all repressive laws.<ref>পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রাজনীতি, (East Bengal language movement and contemporary politics) Volume III, Badruddin Umar, 1972, page 316-317</ref>

===22 February===
Disorder spread across the province as large processions ignored [[section 144]] and condemned the actions of the police.<ref name="helal263" /> More than 30,000 people congregated at Curzon Hall in Dhaka. During the continued protests, police actions led to the death of four more people. This prompted officers and clerks from different organisations, including colleges, banks and the radio station, to boycott offices and join the procession.<ref name="UStudies" /> Protesters burned the offices of two leading pro-government news agencies, the ''Jubilee Press'' and the ''Morning News''.<ref>{{cite news
| title =Banglake Pakistaner Onnotomo Rashtrabhasa Korar Jonno Purbobongo Babostha Porishoder Shoparesh. Shukrobar Shohorer Obosthar Aaro Obonoti: Shorkar Kortrik Shamorik Bahini Tolob. Police O Shenader Gulite Charjon Nihoto O Shotadhik Ahoto: Shatghontar Jonno Curfew Jari. Shohidder Smritir Proti Sroddha Gyaponarthay Shotosfurto Hartal Palan
| language =bn
| work =The Azad
| date =23 February 1952}}</ref> Police fired on a major ''janaza'', or mourning rally, as it was passing through [[Nawabpur Road]]. The shooting killed several people including activist [[Sofiur Rahman]] and a nine-year-old boy named Ohiullah.<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|p=483}}</ref>

===Continued unrest===
[[Image:22 Feb 1952 DURoad.jpg|thumb|22 February rally after ''[[Islamic funeral|janaja]]'' at Dhaka Medical College on the University Dhaka road, Dhaka]]
Through the night of 23 February, students of Dhaka Medical College worked on the construction of a ''Shaheed Smritistombho'', or Monument of Martyrs. Completed at dawn on 24 February, the monument had a handwritten note attached to it with the words ''"Shaheed Smritistombho"''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/its-true-3041 |title=Its True! |date=21 February 2015 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Inaugurated by the father of the slain activist Sofiur Rahman, the monument was destroyed on 26 February by police.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shaheed_Minar |title=Shaheed Minar |last=Rafique |first=Ahmed |website=Banglapedia |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> On 25 February, industrial workers in the town of [[Narayanganj]] observed a general strike.<ref>{{Harvnb|Umar|2004|p=218}}</ref> A protest followed on 29 February whose participants faced severe police beating.<ref name="umarnarayan">{{Harvnb|Umar|1979|pp=417–418}}</ref>

The government censored news reports and withheld exact casualty figures during the protests. Most pro-government media held [[Hindus]] and [[East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)|communists]] responsible for encouraging the disorder and student unrest.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=515–523}}</ref> The families of Abul Barkat and Rafiq Uddin Ahmed tried to charge the police with murder, but the charges were dismissed by the police. On 8 April government report on the incidents failed to show any particular justification for police firings on the students.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=546–552}}</ref>

===Reaction in West Pakistan===
Although the Language Movement is considered to have laid the foundations for [[ethnic nationalism]] in many of the Bengalis of East Bengal and later East Pakistan, it also heightened the cultural animosity between the authorities of the two wings of Pakistan.<ref name="B2g" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Uddin|2006|pp=120–121}}</ref><ref name="BH">{{cite web
|title = History of Bangladesh
|url = http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/history.html
|publisher = Discovery Bangladesh
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070609211143/http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/history.html
|archive-date= 9 June 2007
|access-date = 21 June 2007
}}</ref> In the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan, the movement was seen as a sectional uprising against Pakistani national interests.<ref name="AS">{{cite journal
| last = Rahman | first = Tariq |author-link=Tariq Rahman |date=September 1997 | title = Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan | journal = Asian Survey |publisher=University of California Press
| volume = 37 | issue = 9 | pages = 833–839 | issn = 0004-4687
| doi = 10.2307/2645700
| jstor=2645700}}</ref> The rejection of the "Urdu-only" policy was seen as a contravention of the [[Islamic culture|Perso-Arabic culture]] of Muslims and the founding ideology of Pakistan, the [[two-nation theory]].<ref name="B2g" /> Some of the most powerful politicians from the [[Dominion of Pakistan#Territory|western wing]] of Pakistan considered Urdu a product of Indian Islamic culture, but saw Bengali as a part of "Hinduized" Bengali culture.<ref name="JSToldenburg" /> Most stood by the "Urdu only" policy because they believed that only a single language, one that was not indigenous to Pakistan, should serve as the national language. This kind of thinking also provoked considerable opposition in the western wing, wherein there existed several linguistic groups.<ref name="JSToldenburg" /> As late as in 1967, military dictator Ayub Khan said, "East Bengal is ... still under considerable Hindu culture and influence."<ref name="JSToldenburg" />

==Aftermath==
[[File:Rally on 21Feb1954 Abdul Hamid and Bangabandhu.jpg|thumb|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (centre) and [[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani|Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]] (left) marching barefoot to pay tribute at [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] (Martyrs' monument) in Dhaka on 21 February 1954]]
[[File:21feb1956 Shaheed Minar Dhaka.png|thumb|Maulana Bhashani after the foundation stone laying program for Shaheed Minar by Abul Barkat's family members on 21 February 1956]]
The ''Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod'', with support from the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami Muslim League]], decided to commemorate 21 February as ''Shohid Dibosh''. On the first anniversary of the protests, people across East Bengal wore black badges in solidarity with the victims. Most offices, banks and educational institutions were closed to observe the occasion. Student groups made agreements with college and police officials to preserve law and order. More than 100,000 people assembled at a public meeting held in Dhaka, where community leaders called for the immediate release of Maulana Bhashani and other political prisoners.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> However, Pakistani politicians such as [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]] aggravated sectional tensions by declaring that anyone who wanted Bengali to become an official language would be considered an "enemy of the state". Bengali students and civilians disobeyed the restrictions to celebrate the anniversary of the protests. Demonstrations broke out on the night of 21 February 1954 with various halls of the University of Dhaka raising black flags in mourning.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=594–609}}</ref>

===United Front in 1954===
Political tensions came to a held as elections to the provincial assembly of East Bengal were held in 1954. The ruling Muslim League denounced the opposition [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] coalition, which—led by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] and the Awami League—wanted greater provincial autonomy. Several United Front leaders and activists were arrested.<ref name="Helal601603">{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=600–603}}</ref> A meeting of parliament's Muslim League members, chaired by prime minister [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]], resolved to give official recognition to Bengali. This decision was followed by a major wave of unrest as other ethnic groups sought recognition of other regional languages. Proponents of Urdu such as [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]] condemned any proposal to grant official status to Bengali. He led a rally of 100,000 people to protest against the Muslim League's decision.<ref name="Pakspace">{{cite web| url = http://www.therepublicofrumi.com/chronicle/1954.htm| title = UF elections victory| work = Chronicles of Pakistan| access-date = 11 December 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118214900/http://www.therepublicofrumi.com/chronicle/1954.htm| archive-date = 18 January 2012}}</ref> Consequently, the implementation failed and the United Front won a vast majority of seats in the legislative assembly, while the representation of the Muslim League was reduced to a historic low.<ref name="UStudies" /><ref name="Pakspace" />

The [[Third Huq ministry|First United Front ministry]] ordered the creation of the [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] to promote, develop, and preserve Bengali language, literature, and heritage.<ref name="Banglapedia2">{{cite book |last=Al Helal |first=Bashir |year=2012 |chapter=Bangla Academy |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Academy |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> However, the United Front rule was temporary, as [[Governor General of Pakistan|Governor General]] [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]] cancelled the government and started Governor's rule on 30 May 1954.<ref name="Helal601603" /> The United Front again formed the ministry on 6 June 1955 after the governor's regime ended. The Awami League did not participate in this ministry though.<ref name="bashir608613">{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=608–613}}</ref>

Following the return of the United Front to power, the anniversary on 21 February 1956 was observed for the first time in a peaceful atmosphere. The Government supported a major project to construct a new Shaheed Minar. The session of the constituent assembly was stopped for five minutes to express condolence for the students slain in the police shootings. Major rallies were organised by Bengali leaders and all public offices and businesses remained closed.<ref name="bashir608613" /><ref>{{cite news
| title =Gambhirjopurno Poribeshay Shaheed Dibosh Utjapon
| work =Weekly Notun Khobor
| language =bn
| date =26 February 1956}}</ref>

===Constitutional status as a state language===
[[File:Emblem of Pakistan (1954-1972).svg|thumb|[[State emblem of Pakistan]] was adopted with Bengali translation of the national motto [[Faith, Unity, Discipline]].]]
With the defeat of the Muslim League in the East Bengal assembly elections, the central government became flexible in recognising Bengali as the state language of Pakistan along with Urdu. At least a few thousand people protested in the National Assembly on April 22 against the decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAKISTANIS IN RIOT ON LANGUAGE ISSUE|date=23 April 1954|newspaper=New York Times}} {{ProQuest|113105078}}</ref>

On 7 May 1954, the constituent assembly resolved, with the Muslim League's support, to grant official status to Bengali.<ref name="Pakspace" /> Bengali was adopted as an official language of Pakistan along with Urdu in the article 214(1) when the first [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|constitution of Pakistan]] was enacted on 29 February 1956.<ref name="bashir608613" /> [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]] raised the language related clauses of the constitution in Parliament. According to the clauses, Bengali language was given equal recognition as state language like Urdu. In Parliament and the Legislative Assembly, besides Urdu and English, there was an opportunity to speak in Bengali. The constitution also provided opportunities for higher education in Bengali.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAKISTANIS MAKE BENGALI OFFICIAL: East Zone Tongue Is Raised to Status Equal to Urdu, the Western Language|first=John|last=Callahan|date=8 May 1954|newspaper=New York Times}} {{ProQuest|112939727}}</ref>

However, the military government formed by [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] made attempts to re-establish Urdu as the sole national language. On 6 January 1959, the military regime issued an official statement and reinstated the official stance of supporting the 1956 constitution's policy of two state languages.<ref name="lambert">{{cite journal
|last = Lambert |first = Richard D.
|title = Factors in Bengali Regionalism in Pakistan |journal = Far Eastern Survey |publisher= Institute of Pacific Relations |volume = 28
|issue = 4 |date=April 1959 |issn = 0362-8949 | pages =49–58
|doi = 10.2307/3024111
|jstor = 3024111}}</ref>

=== Standard Bengali Movement ===
The Bengali language movement and the banning of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s works by the central government of Pakistan led to a movement by the intellectuals of Dhaka that led to an increase in the use of [[West Bengali dialect|Central Standard Bengali]] in the city in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/dhaka-360/2017/11/15/565707|script-title=bn:ঢাকার ভাষা, ঢাকাইয়া ভাষা, নাকি অন্য ভাষা|trans-title=The language of Dhaka, the language of Dhaka, or another language|language=bn|first=Abul Hasan|last=Rubel|date=15 November 2017|access-date=28 September 2022|newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]]}}</ref>

===Independence of Bangladesh===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}
Although the question of official languages was settled by 1956, the military regime of Ayub Khan promoted the interests of [[West Pakistan]] at the expense of [[East Pakistan]]. Despite forming the majority of the national population, the East Pakistani population continued to be under-represented in the civil and military services, and received a minority of state funding and other government help. Due to regional economic, social, and political imbalances, sectional divisions grew,<ref>{{Harvnb|Uddin|2006|pp=120, 126}}</ref> and the Bengali ethnic nationalist Awami League invoked the [[Six point movement|6-point movement]] for greater provincial autonomy. One demand was that East Pakistan be called ''Bangladesh'' (Land/Country of Bengal), which subsequently led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="B2g" /><ref name="JSToldenburg" />

==Cultural impact and celebration==
===Bangladesh===
[[File:International Mother Language Day Celebration.PNG|thumb|right|[[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]], or the Martyr's monument, located near [[Dhaka Medical College]] commemorates those who died during the protests on 21 February 1952.]]
The Language Movement had a major cultural impact on Bengali society. It has inspired the development and celebration of the Bengali language, literature and culture. 21 February, celebrated as [[Language Movement Day]] or ''Shohid Dibosh'' (Martyrs' Day), is a major national holiday in Bangladesh. A month-long event called the [[Ekushey Book Fair]] is held every year to commemorate the movement. ''[[Ekushey Padak]]'', one of the highest civilian awards in Bangladesh, is awarded annually in memory of the sacrifices of the movement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Sanjida |year=2012 |chapter=National Awards |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=National_Awards |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Songs such as [[Abdul Gaffar Choudhury]]'s ''[[Ekusher Gaan]]'', set to music by Shaheed [[Altaf Mahmud]], as well as plays, works of art and poetry played a considerable role in rousing the people's emotions during the movement.<ref name="cultureimp">{{cite book |last=Aminzade |first=Ronald |author2=Douglas McAdam |author3=Charles Tilly |date=17 September 2001 |chapter=Emotions and Contentious Politics |title=Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PNEOZRRt8C&q=bangladesh+language+movement |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge]] |page=42 |isbn=0-521-00155-2 |access-date=24 June 2007}}</ref> Since the events of February 1952, poems, songs, novels, plays, films, cartoons, and paintings were created to capture the movement from the varied point of views. Notable artistic depictions include the poems ''Bornomala, Amar Dukhini Bornomala'' and ''February 1969'' by [[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]], the film ''[[Jibon Theke Neya]]'' by [[Zahir Raihan]], the stage play ''Kobor'' by [[Munier Chowdhury]] and the novels ''Ekushey February'' by Raihan and ''Artonaad'' by [[Shawkat Osman]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Rafiqul |title=Amar Ekushey O Shaheed Minar |year=2000 |publisher=Poroma |location=Dhaka |language=bn |isbn=984-8245-39-1 |pages=62–85}}</ref>

Two years after the first monument was destroyed by the police, a new ''[[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]]'' (Monument of Martyrs) was constructed in 1954 to commemorate the protesters who died. Work on a larger monument designed by the architect [[Hamidur Rahman (artist)|Hamidur Rahman]] began in 1957 with the support of the United Front ministry, and was approved by a planning committee chaired by [[University of Dhaka]] Vice-Chancellor [[Mahmud Husain]] and College of Fine Arts principal [[Zainul Abedin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=The Wastes of Time |date=1996 |publisher=Institute of Islamic Culture |oclc=41452432}}</ref> Hamidur Rahman's model consisted of a large complex in the yard of the Dhaka Medical College Hostel. The design included a half-circular column symbolising a mother with her martyred sons standing at the dais in the centre of the monument. Although the imposition of martial law in 1958 interrupted the work, the monument was completed and inaugurated on 21 February 1963 by [[Abul Barkat]]'s mother, Hasina Begum. Pakistani forces demolished the monument during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, but the Bangladeshi government reconstructed it in 1973.<ref>{{cite book |last=Imam |first=Jahanara |author-link=Jahanara Imam |title=Ekattorer Dingulee |year=1986 |publisher=Shondhani Prokashani |location=Dhaka |language=bn |isbn=984-480-000-5 |page=44}}</ref> [[Ekushey Television]], one of the oldest privately owned television channels in Bangladesh, was named after the date of the event.<ref name="moreover">{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Afsan|date=1999|title=Move over BTV|url=https://www.himalmag.com/more-over-btv/|newspaper=Himal Magazine|access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref>

===India===
Apart from Bangladesh, there was also a movement in the Indian state of [[Assam]] to give equal status to the Bengali language. On May 19, 1961, at [[Silchar railway station]], 11 Bengalis were martyred by police firing while demanding the recognition of Bengali as a state language. Later, Bengali was granted the status of a semi-official language in three districts of Assam where the Bengali-speaking population is predominant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Gautam |date=2008-03-20 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} Jharkhand {{!}} Court route for language status |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080520/jsp/jharkhand/story_9294570.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118171741/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080520/jsp/jharkhand/story_9294570.jsp |archive-date=2012-01-18 |access-date=2012-01-18 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]] in India celebrate 21 February as Language Movement Day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-21|title=Tripura, Bangladesh celebrate international mother language day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/tripura-bangladesh-celebrate-international-mother-language-day/articleshow/11981174.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-21 |title=This day, that year: When they gave away their lives for mother tongue |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/blogs/this-day-that-year-when-they-gave-away-their-lives-for-mother-tongue/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Worldwide: International Mother Language Day===
Bangladesh officially sent a proposal to UNESCO to declare 21 February as [[International Mother Language Day]]. The proposal was supported unanimously at the 30th General Conference of UNESCO held on 17 November 1999.<ref name="UN1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pmo.gov.bd/21february/imld_back.htm|title=International Mother Language Day – Background and Adoption of the Resolution|work=Government of Bangladesh|access-date = 21 June 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070520205804/http://www.pmo.gov.bd/21february/imld_back.htm| archive-date=20 May 2007}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Bengali language activists|Bengali language activists]]
* [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)]]
* [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]
* [[Tamaddun Majlish]]
* [[Women in the Bengali language movement]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book | last = Al Helal | first = B | author-link = Bashir Al Helal | year = 2003 | title = Bhasha Andoloner Itihas (History of the Language Movement) | publisher = [[Agamee Prakashani]], Dhaka | isbn = 984-401-523-5 | language = bn}}
* {{Cite book | last = Umar | first = Badruddin | author-link= Badruddin Umar| year = 1979 | script-title = bn:পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রজনীতি | title = Purbo-Banglar Bhasha Andolon O Totkalin Rajniti | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265835 | location = Dhaka | publisher = Agamee Prakashani | language = bn}}
* {{Cite book | last = Umar | first = Badruddin | year = 2004 | title = The Emergence of Bangladesh: Class Struggles in East Pakistan (1947–1958) | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-579571-7}}
* {{Cite book | last = Uddin | first = Sufia M. | year = 2006 | title = Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation | publisher = The University of North Carolina Press | place = Chapel Hill | isbn = 0-8078-3021-6}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | author = Anwar S. Dil | title = Bengali language movement to Bangladesh | publisher = Ferozsons | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-969-0-01577-8}}
* {{cite book | author = Robert S. Stern | title = Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia: Dominant Classes and Political Outcomes in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh | publisher = Praeger Publishers | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-275-97041-3}}
* {{cite book | author = Syed Manzoorul Islam | title = Essays on Ekushey: The Language Movement 1952 | publisher = [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] | year = 1994 | isbn = 984-07-2968-3}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|Language movement}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002011317/https://mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/bengali_heritage/bangla_language_movement.htm Notable Contributors to the Language Movement]
* [http://www.mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/Articles/fatemolla/makers_of_history.htm The Makers of History: International Mother Language Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015213851/http://www.mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/Articles/fatemolla/makers_of_history.htm |date=15 October 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement Language movement at Banglapedia]
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to the Language Movement
|list =
{{Language Movement}}
{{Bangladesh liberation|Origins}} }}

[[Category:Linguistic history of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1952 in East Bengal]]
[[Category:History of the Awami League]]
[[Category:Linguistic rights]]
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[[Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Arabization]]
[[Category:Islamization]]
[[Category:Romanization of Brahmic]]
[[Category:Language conflict in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Student protests in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Student protests in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1952 protests]]
[[Category:Political movements in Bangladesh]]
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[[Category:Secularism in Bangladesh]]
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[[Category:Islamism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Islamism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Independence of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:History of the Bengali language]]
[[Category:Bengali language in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Muslim League (1947–1958)]]

Soan papdi

2026-03-05T14:44:11Z

Theodore2940:

{{Short description|Indian dessert}}
{{redirect|Soan Papdi|the 2015 Tamil language film by that name|Soan Papdi (film)}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Soan papdi
| image = Son papadi.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Soan papdi
| alternate_name = Son papdi, sohan papdi, san papri, shonpapdi, shompapri, shonpapdi, patisa
| country = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]]
| creator =
| course =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Gram flour]], [[sugar]], [[flour]], [[ghee]], [[milk]], [[cardamom]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaoz.com.au/diwali/menu_sohan.shtml | title=Diwali | access-date=September 17, 2012}}</ref>
| variations =
| calories = 30
| other =
}}
'''Soan papdi''' is a popular dessert in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Soan Papdi">{{cite web | url=http://www.food-india.com/recipe/R051_R75/R074.htm | title=Soan Papdi |publisher=Food-india.com | access-date=September 17, 2012}}</ref> It is made of [[gram flour]] (besan), [[Flour#Plain or all-purpose flour|all-purpose flour]], [[ghee]], sugar, and milk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soan Papdi Recipe: How to make Soan Papdi Recipe for Diwali at Home {{!}} Homemade Soan Papdi Recipe |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/soan-papdi/rs55051868.cms |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=recipes.timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It is usually cube-shaped or served as flakes, and has a crisp and flaky texture. Traditionally sold loose in rolled paper cones, modern industrial production has led to it being sold in the form of tightly formed cubes.<ref name="Soan Papdi"/> It is frequently given as a traditional [[Diwali]] gift.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-15 |title=Why everyone gifts Soan Papdi on Diwali (and secretly re-gifts it too) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/why-everyone-gifts-soan-papdi-on-diwali-and-secretly-re-gifts-it-too/articleshow/124543962.cms |access-date=2025-10-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Origin ==
Soan papdi, whose name means "golden flaky layer", has no definitively confirmed origin.

One hypothesis is that it originated in the western state of [[Maharashtra]], India. Other sources name [[Uttar Pradesh]] or [[Gujarat]] as the originator of this sweet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-23 |title=Explained: The History Of The Flakiest Indian Dessert, Soan Papdi |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/trending/explained-how-was-soan-papdi-invented-582782.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-15 |title=Why everyone gifts Soan Papdi on Diwali (and secretly re-gifts it too) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/why-everyone-gifts-soan-papdi-on-diwali-and-secretly-re-gifts-it-too/articleshow/124543962.cms |access-date=2025-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[File:Pashmak.jpg|thumb|''Pashmak'']]
[[Anthropology of food|Culinary anthropologist]] [[Kurush Dalal|Kurush F. Dalal]] states that soan papdi is a [[Iranian cuisine|Persian dish]], with the word "soan" being of [[Persian language|Persian origin]] from the dessert sohan [[pashmak]]i.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Diwali is incomplete without soan papdi; what makes this humble dish so popular in India? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/diwali-soan-papdi-humble-dish-popular-india-8222785/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Indian Express |date=21 October 2022 |language=en-US |quote=Kurush F Dalal, archaeologist and culinary anthropologist, calls it an “incredibly versatile” dish. “Soan papdi is a Persian dish. It comes from [the word] ‘sohan pashmaki’.}}</ref>

It bears some resemblance to [[dragon's beard candy]] in China, ''[[kkul-tarae]]'' in Korea,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cotton Candy |url=https://stonesoup.com/post/cotton-candy/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=stonesoup.com|date=13 May 2020 }}</ref> and Persian [[Pashmak|pashmaki]], which gave rise to the Turkish [[pişmaniye]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-01-30 |title=20 Indian Desserts You Need to Try - Nomad Paradise |url=https://nomadparadise.com/indian-desserts/ |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=Nomad Paradise |language=en-US |quote=Believed to have been derived from the Turkish Pismaniye, soan papdi is often referred to as Indian candy floss as it has a strand-like texture that makes it so soft and flaky.}}</ref>

== Ingredients ==
Its main ingredients are [[sugar]], [[gram flour]], [[flour]], [[ghee]], [[almond]], [[milk]], and [[cardamom]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaoz.com.au/diwali/menu_sohan.shtml |publisher=Indiaoz.com.au |title=Diwali | access-date=September 17, 2012}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sohan (confectionery)]]
* [[Sohan halwa]]
* [[Pişmaniye]], a similar Turkish dessert
* [[Pashmak]], a similar Iranian dessert
* [[Dragon's beard candy]], a similar Chinese dessert
** ''[[Kkul-tarae]]'', its Korean variant

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6pYxJl-gnI Annotated video recipe], illustrates traditional hand-made technique for creating Soan Papdi's crisp multi-layers (filmed at ''Shreya's Sweets'' [[Hampankatta]], Mangalore); ·Permaculturetravel· YouTube Channel
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yM1gvS3_GVo Demonstration of modern mechanized equipment], in the making of [[pişmaniye]], a related Turkish confection

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Cuisine of India}}
{{Cuisine of Pakistan}}



[[Category:Amorphous solids]]
[[Category:Breakfast]]
[[Category:Candy]]
[[Category:Chickpea dishes]]
[[Category:Halva]]
[[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]
[[Category:Pulled candy]]
[[Category:Semolina desserts]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Sugar confectionery]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cuisine]]


[[Category:Indian confectionery]]
[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Street food in India]]
[[Category:Pakistani confectionery]]
[[Category:Pakistani desserts]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi confectionery]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi desserts]]
[[Category:Iranian confectionery]]
[[Category:Iranian desserts]]


[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Rajasthani cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Legume desserts]]
[[Category:Pakistani legume dishes]]
[[Category:Indian legume dishes]]

Neerkumizhi

2026-03-04T05:17:51Z

Theodore2940: New

{{short description|1965 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neerkumizhi
| image = Neerkumizhi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| based_on = {{based on|''Neerkumizhi''|K. Balachander}}
| producer = A. K. Velan
| starring = [[Nagesh]] [[Sowcar Janaki]] [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] [[Major Sundarrajan]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
| cinematography = Nimay Ghosh
| editing = V. B. Natarajan
| music = [[V. Kumar]]
| studio = Thirumalai Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1965|10|23}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Neerkumizhi''''' ({{IPA|ta|n̪iːɾkumiɻi|pron}} {{Translation|Water bubble}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[K. Balachander]] in his directorial debut. It portrayed the stories of patients and staff in a hospital setting. The film is based on Balachander's play of the same name. It was released on 23 October 1965. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Chiranjeevi'' (1969),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=4 August 2018 |title=The sweet and sour real life romance of reel actors Savitri and Gemini |work=[[Daily FT]] |url=http://www.ft.lk/columns/The-sweet-and-sour-real-life-romance-of-reel-actors-Savitri-and-Gemini/4-660242 |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124651/http://www.ft.lk/columns/The-sweet-and-sour-real-life-romance-of-reel-actors-Savitri-and-Gemini/4-660242 |archive-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Aaradimanninte Janmi]]'' (1972).<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2015 |title=தமிழ் டூ மலையாளம் உண்டல்லோ? |language=ta |pages=12 |work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2020}}
Sethu, an orphan is a patient who is constantly playing pranks on the other hospital patients, the nurse in-charge and the doctors. A romantic bond develops between a young doctor, Indra and another patient, a football player, Arun much to the chagrin of her father, the senior-most doctor in the hospital. The football player has a greedy brother who tries to arrange for his sibling to be killed. How Sethu, on learning that he is terminally ill cherishes the short time he has to live and takes it upon himself to unite the lovers forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
* [[Nagesh]] as Sethu<ref name="characters" />
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Dr. Indra<ref name="characters" />
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Arun<ref name="characters" />
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Dr. Balakrishnan
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as the nurse in-charge<ref name="characters" />
* I. S. R. as patient
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* Shoba as nurse

== Production ==
''Neerkumizhi'' marked the directorial debut of [[K. Balachander]] who earlier worked as a screenwriter and it was based on his stage play of the same name.<ref name="KB school" /> The film was produced by A. K. Velan under Thirumalai Films. Cinematography was handled by Nimay Ghosh, and the art direction by Ranganna.<ref name="poster" /> A. K. Velan who saw the play decided to adapt it as a film and insisted Balachander to direct the film adaptation to which he agreed despite initial reservations due to his lack of knowledge about film direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பாலச்சந்தர் |first=கே. |author-link=K. Balachander |date=8 January 1995 |title=நினைவலைகள் – 23 |trans-title=Reminiscences – 23 |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1995-01-08/kalki1995-01-08.pdf |access-date=13 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=12–14 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Nagesh]], [[Major Sundarrajan]] and [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]], who were part of the play, returned to the film adaptation.<ref name="KB school" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=23 December 2014 |title=He took Tamil cinema beyond hero-centric creations |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/he-took-tamil-cinema-beyond-herocentric-creations/article6719996.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605172119/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/he-took-tamil-cinema-beyond-herocentric-creations/article6719996.ece |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> Balachander said that he was advised by friends and relatives to change the title but he was adamant and kept the title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balasubramanian |first=V. |date=18 February 2011 |title=Director felicitated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Director-felicitated/article15448350.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712061529/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Director-felicitated/article15448350.ece |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[V. Kumar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1965 |title=Neerkumizhi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/neerkumizhi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1330388143 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206060730/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/neerkumizhi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1330388143 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> in his debut.<ref name="Sport & Pastime" /> Balachander wanted [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] to sing the song "Aadi Adangum" as he felt that "his emphasis on certain words and letters always produced the effect required."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=19 December 2013 |title=Temple bell timbre |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/temple-bell-timbre/article5478471.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225043232/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/temple-bell-timbre/article5478471.ece |archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref> The title song is based on "[[The Green Leaves of Summer]]".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Krishnaswamy |first=S. |date=2 October 1966 |title=Madras Film Letter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuIhmCTlqAgC&q=neerkumizhi |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |volume=87 |page=43 |access-date=8 March 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aadi Adangum Vazhkkaiyada
| lyrics1 = [[Suratha]]
| extra1 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| length1 = 3:16
| title2 = Kanni Nadhiyoram
| lyrics2 = [[Alangudi Somu]]
| extra2 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 3:13
| title3 = Neeril Neendhidum
| lyrics3 = Alangudi Somu
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 = 3:26
| total_length = 9:55 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Neerkumizhi'' was released on 23 October 1965,<ref name="poster" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=1965 – நீர்க்குமிழி – திருமலை பிக். |trans-title=1965 – Neerkumizhi – Thirumalai Pic. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails28.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180308071424/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails28.asp |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> during [[Diwali]] day.<ref name="Sport & Pastime" /> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 14 November 1965, said that despite its few flaws, the film could be watched once for Nagesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=சேகர் |last2=சந்தர் |date=14 November 1965 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: நீர்க்குமிழி |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39542--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201023132216/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39542--2 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Writing in ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'', T. M. Ramachandran named it his favourite Diwali release of the year because "it blazes a new trail in screen entertainment", while calling it better than the original play.<ref name="Sport & Pastime" /> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film for its story and Nagesh's performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=7 November 1965 |title=நீர்க்குமிழி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/nov/07-11-1965/p24.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220723062557/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/nov/07-11-1965/p24.jpg |archive-date=23 July 2022 |access-date=20 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=24 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="characters">{{Cite news |last=ராஜகுமாரன் |first=எஸ். |date=14 August 2015 |title=ஆடி அடங்கும் வாழ்க்கையடா! – 50 ஆண்டுகள் நிறைவு செய்த நீர்க்குமிழி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/52796-50.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928114926/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/52796-50.html |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="poster">{{Cite news |date=23 October 1965 |title=Neerkumizhi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19651023&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="KB school">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=3 May 2011 |title=The KB school |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-kb-school/article1986770.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404085651/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-kb-school/article1986770.ece |archive-date=4 April 2018 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Sport & Pastime">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=4 December 1965 |title=A Basket of Mixed Fruits |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12064/page/n559/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230206062210/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12064/page/n559/mode/2up |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |pages=51 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=19}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1965 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

The Cloud Door

2026-03-03T23:45:10Z

Theodore2940: basic expand section for consistency and updated info based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Cloud Door
| image = The_Cloud_Door_title.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Mani Kaul]]
| screenplay = Mani Kaul
| based_on = {{Based on|''Avimaraka''|[[Bhāsa]]}} {{Based on|''Padmavat''|[[Malik Muhammad Jayasi|Mohammed Jayasi]]}}
| producer = [[Regina Ziegler]] Lalitha Krishna
| starring = [[Anu Aggarwal]] [[Murad Ali]] [[Rohit Raj]]
| music = [[Ustad Zia Fariddudin Dagar]]
| cinematography = [[Anil Mehta]]
| editing = Lalitha Krishna
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1994|09|28|[[New York Film Festival]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 29 minutes
| country = Germany India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''The Cloud Door''''' ({{langx|hi|बादल द्वार}}, {{langx|de|Die Himmelspforte}}) is a 1994 [[short subject|short]] Indo-German [[drama film]], directed by acclaimed [[India]]n director [[Mani Kaul]] and featuring Hindu erotic literary themes.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/28/movies/film-festival-review-far-from-commercial-and-quirky-to-the-hilt.html |title=Movie Review - Whispering Pages - Film Festival Review; Far From Commercial and Quirky to the Hilt |publisher=movies.nytimes.com |date=28 September 1994 |access-date=2009-03-06 |last=James |first=Caryn |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204163730/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/28/movies/film-festival-review-far-from-commercial-and-quirky-to-the-hilt.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was produced by the German producer Regina Ziegler. ''The Cloud Door'' was featured along with other short films such as [[Susan Seidelman]]'s ''The Dutch Master'' and [[Ken Russell]]'s ''The Insatiable Mrs. Kirsch'', as a part of Ziegler Films' compilation of short [[erotic film]]s called ''Erotic Tales''.<ref>{{cite web | title= Erotic Tales Vol. 1 | website=Amazon UK | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000AYRKSG | access-date=2009-03-05 }}</ref>

[[Mani Kaul]] drew upon three literary sources for it: the [[Sanskrit]] play ''Avimaraka'', written by [[Bhāsa]] around 5th-7th century; the [[Sufi]] epic love poem ''[[Padmavat]]'', written by [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi|Mohammed Jayasi]] in the 13th century; and the erotic Indian tales ''[[Śukasaptati]]''.<ref name="Ziegler" />

==Plot==
An Indian king overhears a parrot telling erotic stories to his daughter. Enraged, he wishes to kill the parrot. The princess intervenes and saves the parrot's life by explaining to her father that the bird does not know what it is saying. In gratitude, the bird flies to the princess's lover and leads him through a labyrinth to the princess's private chambers. The princess and the lover spend the night making love.<ref name="Ziegler">{{cite web | title=The Cloud Door | url=http://www.ziegler-film.com/en/productions/erotictales/produktion/die-himmelspforte.html | access-date=2011-06-04 | publisher=Ziegler Films | archive-date=28 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728135303/http://www.ziegler-film.com/en/productions/erotictales/produktion/die-himmelspforte.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
In January 1995, ''The Cloud Door'' was screened once for the public at the [[International Film Festival of India]] in Mumbai as part of the ''Erotic Tales'' program. Kaul, known for his aesthetic work, had never previously made an Indian erotic film, despite the country's rich history of erotic folk art and literature. The single-screening of the film caused an uproar due to its erotic nature and on-screen nudity, and resulted in the police being called in to prevent rioting.<ref name="Ziegler"/> An extra screening, exclusively for the press, was held later at a different venue.<ref name="Ziegler"/> The film was also screened at the Munich Film Festival, [[Locarno International Film Festival]], [[New York Film Festival]] and the Robert Flaherty Film Seminar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flahertyseminar.org/?sb=2&mb=3&yr=0#1994|title=Films screened at The Robert Flaherty Film Seminar|publisher=www.flahertyseminar.org|access-date=2009-03-07|date=|archive-date=25 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725044242/http://www.flahertyseminar.org/?sb=2&mb=3&yr=0#1994|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] reviewer Todd McCarty said the film "features pictorial beauty, slow-building sensuality and surprising humor that combine to rich effect".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/1994/film/reviews/the-cloud-door-1200438102/|title=The Cloud Door Review - Read Variety's Analysis Of The Movie The Cloud Door|publisher=www.variety.com|access-date=2009-03-06|date=31 August 1994|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172046/https://variety.com/1994/film/reviews/the-cloud-door-1200438102/|url-status=live}}</ref> The reviewer for the [[New York Times]] said that the film, when viewed with subtitles and deprived of its cultural context of Muslim and Hindu literature, "becomes a succession of brightly colored images that almost tell a story: a beautiful woman, perhaps a courtesan; a green, long-tailed parrot who repeats the erotic phrases he's picked up in her room; potential lovers; a fish that laughs".<ref name="nytimes"/> Another review observed that ''The Cloud Door'' has plenty of humorous and sensual imagery and flows like a folk tale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/au/lp/prj/flm/arc/fpc/en1602407.htm|title=The Cloud Door|publisher=Goethe-Institut Australien|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405143539/http://www.goethe.de/ins/au/lp/prj/flm/arc/fpc/en1602407.htm|archive-date=5 April 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-03-05}}</ref> Beautiful nothingness perhaps, but still nothingness. Certainly, the actors here are very attractive, and the costumes and sets are gorgeous, but the story has very few memorable moments to make this film memorable.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0112694|title=The Cloud Door}}
{{Mani Kaul}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cloud Door}}
[[Category:1994 short films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Kaul]]
[[Category:German erotic drama films]]
[[Category:German drama short films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:1994 German films]]

Randhir Singh of Kapurthala

2026-03-02T18:30:09Z

Theodore2940: expanded content

{{Short description|Raja of Kapurthala from 1852–1870}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sir Randhir Singh
| image = Photograph of Raja Randhir Singh of Kapurthala State, by Jean Baptiste Oscar Malitte, ca.1860.jpg
| succession = Raja of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]
| reign = 13 September 1852 – 2 April 1870
| predecessor = Nihal Singh
| successor = Kharak Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1831|3|26}}
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Photograph of Raja Randhir Singh of Kapurthala State, by Jean Baptiste Oscar Malitte, ca.1860
| birth_place = Kapurthala Fort, [[Kapurthala State]], [[Sikh Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1870|4|2|1831|3|26}}
| death_place = at sea onboard the ''[[SS Golconda (1887)|SS Golconda]]'', off the [[Gulf of Aden]]
| burial_place = Cremated at [[Nashik]], on the banks of the [[Godavari River]]
| religion = [[Sikh]]
| title = [[Raja]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]
| father = Nihal Singh Sahib Bahadur
| mother = Pratap Kaur Sahiba
| spouse = 3 wives
| issue = 3 sons and 4 daughters
| dynasty = [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia dynasty]]
| coronation =
| full name = Randhir Singh Bahadur Sahib
}}
'''Sir Randhir Singh Sahib Bahadur''' (26 March 1831 – 2 April 1870) was the ruling [[Raja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] in [[British India]] from 1852 until his death in 1870.

== Biography ==
Randhir Singh succeeded his father Nihal Singh Sahib Bahadur as the ruler of Kapurthala on 13 September 1852. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Randhir Singh assisted the British, first at [[Jalandhar]] and later led a mixed force in [[Awadh]] where he fought against the rebel soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Buckland|first=Charles|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|year=1999|publisher=COSMO Publications |isbn=9788170208976|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_dA0RAwd4oC}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2017}}

He had two sons and one daughter by his first wife, one son by his second, and three daughters by his third wife, Rajkumari Bibiji (née Henrietta Hodges and later Henrietta Melvina Oliver) (c. 1843-1893), who was the daughter of Robert Theodore Hodges, former tutor to Raja Randhir Singh when the latter was prince and heir apparent.<ref>[https://www.all-saints-doddinghurst.co.uk/churchyard-special-interest-2 All Saints Churchyard Special Historical Interest Part 2], all-saints-doddinghurst.co.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.bacsa.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/chowkidar_13_02.pdf "Mail Box"], in: ''Chowkidar'', Vol. 13, No. 2, Autumn 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2025.</ref> By the late 1850s, the ruler's annual income was only one lakh rupees, so he sought to marry the daughter of a Britisher who managed his estate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://womeninrail.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/UK-Sikh-Stories-Rail-Cities-No-Video-Version.pdf |title=Sikh & Punjab History: Stories from across the GB rail network |publisher=Women in Rail |year=2024 |pages=12–17}}</ref> Randhir married Henrietta in 1859 but the couple would divorce a decade later in 1869. After their divorce, Henrietta took their daughters to England.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bance |first=Peter |title=Hellen Marion Rundheer Kaur Sahiba Ahluwalia |url=https://southasianbritain.org/people/hellen-marion-rundheer-kaur-sahiba-ahluwalia/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=South Asian Britain}}</ref> In 1864, Randhir Singh had invited two Christian missionaries to set themselves up in his domain to preach, making him one of the first non-Christian Indian nobles to do so.<ref name=":0" />

Randhir Singh died near the [[Gulf of Aden]] on 2 April 1870 on a visit to Europe on board the [[SS Golconda (1887)|SS ''Golconda'']].

== Honours ==
* Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI) (10 December 1864).

== Family ==
{{Expand section|date=October 2025}}
His sons included Raja Kharak Singh Sahib Bahadur, who succeeded him and [[Harnam Singh|Raja Harnam Singh]]. Among his grandsons were Maharaja [[Jagatjit Singh]], who ruled Kapurthala for 67 years, [[Sardar]] Bhagat Singh, who was one of the few Indian justices of High Court during the [[British Raj]], and [[Stuart Gilbert]], the British translator. Among his daughters were Melvina Kaur Sahiba (Princess Melvina Rundheer Singh Ahluwalia) and Hellen Marion Ahluwalia (AKA Helen Marion Kaur Sahiba and Princess Helen Rundheer Singh Ahluwalia).<ref>[https://essexcdp.com/129th-anniversary/ 129th Anniversary of the Death of Maharajah Duleep Singh], essexcdp.com. Retrieved 5 July 2025.</ref><ref>[https://essexcdp.com/duleepsinghtrail/ The Duleep Singh Trail], essexcdp.com. Retrieved 5 July 2025.</ref>

=== Sons ===

* Kharak Singh
* [[Harnam Singh]]

=== Daughters ===

* Princess Melvina R S Ahluwalia (b. 1860)<ref name=":0" />
* Princess Victoria Ahluwalia (died as an infant)<ref name=":0" />
* Princess Helen Marion Ahluwalia (1864–1887)<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia dynasty]] of [[Kapurthala State]]|26 March|1831|2 April|1870}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=Nihal Singh}}
{{s-ttl|title=Raja of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]
|years=1852–1870}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kharak Singh of Kapurthala|Kharak Singh]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Maharajas of Kapurthala State]]
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1870 deaths]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]

Sanjeeda Sheikh

2026-02-28T15:16:49Z

Theodore2940: quick update

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjeeda Sheikh
| image = Sanjeeda Sheikh attends Manish Malhotra’s show The Walk of Mijwan (04).jpg
| caption = Sheikh in Manish Malhotra's Show
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|12|20}}
| birth_place = [[Kuwait City]], Kuwait
| occupation = Actress
| awards = [[Zee Gold Awards]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Aamir Ali]]|2012|2021|end=div}}
| children = 1
| yearsactive = 2003–present
}}

'''Sanjeeda Sheikh''' (born 20 December 1984) is an Indian actress who works in the [[Entertainment industry in India|Hindi]] films and television.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanjeeda-Sheikh-reaches-1-million-followers-on-Instagram-thanks-fans/articleshow/54793984.cms |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh thanks her fans |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Sheikh is best known for playing Namrata "Nimmo" Mathuria in ''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]'', Ayesha Shergill in ''[[Kayamath]]'', Nitya Goenka / Durga in ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' and Kamini Mathur in ''[[Love Ka Hai Intezaar]]''. Sheikh has since been part of the films ''[[Taish]]'' (2020), ''[[Kaali Khuhi]]'' (2020) and ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]'' (2024) and the web series ''[[Heeramandi]]'' (2024).

==Early life==
She was born 20 December 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/discussion/368939/birthday-special-photos-sanjeeda-shaikh-which-prove-why-she-beauty-personified |title=Birthday Special! Photos of Sanjeeda Shaikh which prove why she is beauty personified! |publisher=Pinkvilla |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916214547/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/discussion/368939/birthday-special-photos-sanjeeda-shaikh-which-prove-why-she-beauty-personified |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[Kuwait]] into a Muslim family who hail from [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I will not kiss anyone on screen, not even my husband Aamir: she got separated from Samir Ali Sanjeeda Sheikh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-will-not-kiss-anyone-on-screen-not-even-my-husband-aamir-sanjeeda-sheikh/articleshow/58983174.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Wadhwa |first1=Akash}}</ref>
<ref>[https://m.ndtv.com/entertainment/domestic-violence-case-filed-against-tv-actress-sanjeeda-shaikh-and-her-family-1745167 Domestic Violence Case Filed Against TV Actress Sanjeeda Shaikh And Her Family] NDTV</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sanjeeda-sheikh-brother-face-domestic-violence-charges-after-sister-in-law-files-fir/story-mN0jYsjBKLHKfUPaRkfdWK.html Sanjeeda Sheikh, brother face domestic violence charges as sister-in-law files FIR] ''Hindustan Times''</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/legal-trouble-for-sanjeeda-sheikh/articleshow/60319973.cms Sanjeeda Sheikh's sister-in-law files domestic violence case against her and her brother] ''The Times of India''</ref>

== Career ==
===Debut and success in television (2003–2019)===
[[File:Sanjeeda at STAR Plus Dandia Shoot2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Sheikh in 2014]]
Sanjeeda has played various roles on television soap operas. She made her acting debut as Nimmo in the 2005 [[Television|TV]] series ''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeeda Shaikh photos: The Kayamath actress' organic glamour is earning her million admirers {{!}} Entertainment News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/photo-gallery/sanjeeda-shaikh-latest-photos-the-kayamath-actress-organic-glamour-is-earning-her-million-admirers/529755 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> After that, she appeared as a vamp in the 2007 [[Star Plus]] series ''[[Kayamath]]''. In the same year, she participated in a dancing competition show named ''[[Nach Baliye 3]]'', with husband [[Aamir Ali]], the couple won the competition.<ref name="Win">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-20/tv/27906409_1_sanjeeda-sheikh-aamir-sanjeeda-aamir-ali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111041259/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-20/tv/27906409_1_sanjeeda-sheikh-aamir-sanjeeda-aamir-ali |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2013 |title=Aamir-Sanjeeda are really excited |date=20 September 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref>

In 2008, she appeared in the serial ''[[Kya Dill Mein Hai|Kya Dill Main Hai]]'' opposite Aamir Ali which was telecasted on [[9X (TV channel)|9X]] channel.

In 2014, Sheikh appeared as Durga Thakur, an ambitious and confident young woman, who is seeking justice for her sister, in ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''. The serial was the breakthrough of her career as her performance was acclaimed by critics and viewers and it was one of the most successful shows of [[StarPlus|Star Plus]] at that time.<ref>{{cite news |title=14 TV shows get axed this year |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/14-TV-shows-get-axed-this-year/articleshow/45523886.cms |access-date=16 December 2014 |work=The Times of India |publisher=Shruti Jambhekar |date=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vatsal-seth-scares-ek-hasina-thi-co-star-sanjeeda-sheikh/ |title=Vatsal Seth scares 'Ek Hasina Thi' co-star Sanjeeda Sheikh |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2016, she appeared as Dhani in ''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]'' which was the first time Sheikh played an onscreen mother, of a 5-year-old child.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanjeeda-Shaikh-to-replace-Eisha-Singh-in-Ishq-Ka-Rang-Safed/articleshow/52479770.cms |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh will replace Esha Singh in Ishq Ka Rang Safed |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanjeeda-Sheikh-Saas-bahu-shows-will-never-fade-away/articleshow/53110539.cms |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh: 'Saas-bahu' shows will never fade away |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/From-Sunny-Leone-to-Sanjeeda-Sheikh-Beat-Pe-Booty-fever-grips-TV-celebs/articleshow/53736343.cms |title=From Sunny Leone to Sanjeeda Sheikh: 'Beat Pe Booty' fever grips TV celebs |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/photos/369149/ekta-kapoor-aamir-sanjeeda-arjun-bijlani-and-others-ring-karishma-tannas-birthday |title=Ekta Kapoor, Aamir-Sanjeeda, Arjun Bijlani and others ring in Karishma Tanna's birthday! |publisher=Pinkvilla |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225143201/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/photos/369149/ekta-kapoor-aamir-sanjeeda-arjun-bijlani-and-others-ring-karishma-tannas-birthday |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/369061/bffs-mouni-roy-and-sanjeeda-shaikh-dancing-tunes-ambarsariya-most-graceful |title=BFFs Mouni and Sanjeeda dancing to the tunes of Ambarsariya is the most graceful thing today! |publisher=Pinkvilla |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224195411/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/369061/bffs-mouni-roy-and-sanjeeda-shaikh-dancing-tunes-ambarsariya-most-graceful |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In March 2017 Sheikh appeared as Renya in a [[supernatural]] [[web series]], titled ''[[Gehraiyaan (web series)|Gehraiyaan]]'', opposite her ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' co-star [[Vatsal Sheth]]. The web series is directed by debutante director Sidhant Sachdev and produced by the [[Vikram Bhatt]] production house.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/367596/sanjeeda-sheikh-looks-intense-her-comeback-show-check-out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201180155/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/367596/sanjeeda-sheikh-looks-intense-her-comeback-show-check-out |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2016 |title=Sanjeeda Shaikh looks intense in her comeback show! Check out |publisher=Pinkvilla }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanjeeda-sheikh-vatsal-seth-to-feature-in-a-supernatural-show/articleshow/56775799.cms |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh, Vatsal Seth to feature in a supernatural show |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2017, Sheikh appeared as Kamini Mathur, a superstar, in a tv series titled ''[[Love Ka Hai Intezaar]]'', opposite [[Keith Sequeira]] aired by [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]. The show was earlier titled as ''Kya Tu Meri Lage''.

===Further expansion (2020–present)===
In 2020, Sheikh made her Hindi film debut with ''[[Taish]]'', playing Jahaan opposite [[Harshvardhan Rane]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Taish' review: Web series explores the importance of anger management |url=https://scroll.in/reel/977029/taish-review-web-series-explores-the-importance-of-anger-management |website=Scroll.in |date=29 October 2020 |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102200923/https://scroll.in/reel/977029/taish-review-web-series-explores-the-importance-of-anger-management |url-status=live }}</ref> That same year, she played the character of Priya in the [[Netflix]] horror film ''[[Kaali Khuhi]]'', opposite [[Shabana Azmi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shabana-azmi-sanjeeda-shaikh-satyadeep-mishra-star-in-netflixs-thriller-drama-kaali-khuhi-watch-trailer/|title=Shabana Azmi, Sanjeeda Shaikh, Satyadeep Mishra star in Netflix's thriller drama Kaali Khuhi, watch trailer|accessdate= 16 October 2020|website= Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Sheikh first release of 2024, was ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]'', where she played an Air Force officer's wife Saachi, opposite [[Karan Singh Grover]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Fighter goes the extra mile for realism: Hrithik Roshan and Indian Air Force cadets collaborate; see picture |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/fighter-goes-extra-mile-realism-hrithik-roshan-indian-air-force-cadets-collaborate-see-picture/ |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526052722/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/fighter-goes-extra-mile-realism-hrithik-roshan-indian-air-force-cadets-collaborate-see-picture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' stated, "Sanjeeda Shaikh provide the right support to able front-footers."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Fighter' Review: Hrithik Roshan, Deepika Padukone soar in this aerial actioner |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/fighter-movie-review-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-and-anil-kapoor-soar-in-this-aerial-actioner-2493383-2024-01-25 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126110927/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/fighter-movie-review-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-and-anil-kapoor-soar-in-this-aerial-actioner-2493383-2024-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> A commercial success, it became the [[List of Hindi films of 2024|highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2024 |title=Hrithik Roshan and Deepika Padukone's 'Fighter' declared a box office HIT; film's lifetime collections revealed as it makes its OTT debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/hrithik-roshan-and-deepika-padukones-fighter-declared-a-box-office-hit-films-lifetime-collections-revealed-as-it-makes-its-ott-debut/articleshow/108667102.cms |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the same year, she played a courtesan Waheeda in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s series ''[[Heeramandi]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/heeramandi-first-look-sanjay-leela-bhansali-manisha-koirala-sonakshi-sinha-aditi-rao-hydari-richa-chadha-101706760393079.html|title=Heeramandi first look: Sanjay Leela Bhansali series starring Manisha, Sonakshi, Aditi, Richa will take you back to another era|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201090037/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/heeramandi-first-look-sanjay-leela-bhansali-manisha-koirala-sonakshi-sinha-aditi-rao-hydari-richa-chadha-101706760393079.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shomini Sen of ''[[WION]]'' noted, "Sanjeeda Sheikh create an impact with her tragic character."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-heeramandi-review-sanjay-leela-bhansali-delivers-a-riveting-story-in-a-familiar-set-up-716989|title=Heeramandi review: Sanjay Leela Bhansali delivers a riveting story in a familiar set up|work=WION News|access-date=1 May 2024|date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Sanjeeda sheikh aamir ali colors indian telly awards.jpg|thumb|upright|Sanjeeda Sheikh with former husband [[Aamir Ali]]]]
On 2 March 2012, she married her longtime boyfriend [[Aamir Ali]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aamir-Sanjeeda's wedding reception |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/aamir-sanjeeda-s-wedding-reception-12465 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418153949/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/aamir-sanjeeda-s-wedding-reception-12465 |archive-date=18 April 2012 |access-date=27 July 2012 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Ashwini Sawant |date=3 March 2012 |title=Aamir Ali-Sanjeeda Sheikh's nikaah |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/slideshow_aamir-ali-sanjeeda-sheikh-s-nikaah_1657994#top |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=5 March 2012 |title=TV star Aamir Ali, Sanjeeda Sheikh tie the knot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aamir-ali-sanjeeda-sheikh-tie-the-knot-95091-2012-03-04 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh about Amir Ali |date=14 February 2016 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/aamir-has-changed-a-lot-after-marriage-sanjeeda-sheikh/story-VTUIrDqy6A9OXl9gcDcraI.html |publisher=Hindusthan Time}}</ref> In August 2020, it was revealed that the couple has a one-year old daughter, Ayra Ali, through [[surrogacy]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/revealed-telly-couple-sanjeeda-shaikh-and-aamir-ali-have-a-four-month-old-daughter/articleshow/73171459.cms Telly couple Sanjeeda Shaikh and Aamir Ali have a four-month-old daughter]-''Times of India''</ref> The couple separated in 2020 after 8 years of marriage<ref>[https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/tv/aamir-ali-speaks-about-breakup-with-wife-sanjeeda-sheikh-for-the-first-time/18005888 Post Opting For Surrogacy, Aamir Confirms Marital Woes With Sanjeeda Sheikh] - ''IDiva''</ref> and were granted divorce in 2021 with Sheikh getting their daughter's custody.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2022 |title=Aamir Ali and Sanjeeda Shaikh Divorce After Nine Years of Marriage, Actress Gets Daughter's Custody: Report |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-ali-and-sanjeeda-shaikh-divorce-after-nine-years-of-marriage-actress-gets-daughters-custody-report-4628906.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/actor-aamir-ali-opens-up-about-his-failed-marriage-access-to-daughter/articleshow/93803001.cms | title=Aamir ali: Actor Aamir Ali opens up about his failed marriage, access to daughter - the Economic Times }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 2003
| scope="row" | ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
| Nilli
|
|-
| 2005
| scope="row" | ''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]''
| Priya
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| 2006
| scope="row" | ''[[Shubham (film)|Shubham]]''
| Priya
| [[Kannada]] film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/11shubham.htm|title=Review: Shubham|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=11 April 2006|last=Vijayasarthy|first=R. G.}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| scope="row" | ''[[Pankh]]''
| Kusum
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| scope="row" | ''[[Ashke]]''
| Jiya
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Nawabzaade]]''
| Herself
| Guest appearance in song "Mummy Kasam"
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| scope="row" | ''[[Taish]]''
| Jahaan Brar
|Hindi-Punjabi bilingual film
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Kaali Khuhi]]''
| Priya
|
|-
| 2022
| scope="row" | ''Main Te Bapu''
|Mahi
| Punjabi film
|-
|rowspan="1"|2024
| ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]''
| Saachi Gill
|
|-
| 2026
| style="background:#ffc;" | ''[[Dhamaal 4]]'' {{dagger}}
| {{TableTBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2026 |last=Khan |first=Lubna |title=Dhamaal 4 Gets New Release Date, Averts Box Office Clash With Dhurandhar 2, Toxic Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/dhamaal-4-gets-new-release-date-averts-box-office-clash-with-dhurandhar-2-toxic-deets-inside-ws-l-9838684.html |access-date=18 January 2026|website=[[News18 India]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| style="background:#ffc;" | ''Kun Faya Kun'' {{dagger}}
| {{TBA}}
| Post-production<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kun-faya-kun-harshvardhan-rane-sanjeeda-shaikh-kushan-nandy-paint-happy-picture-sets-film/ |title=Kun Faya Kun: Harshvardhan Rane, Sanjeeda Shaikh & Kushan Nandy paint a happy picture on the sets of the film |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=26 November 2020 |access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2006–2007
|''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]''
| Nimmo
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Nimmo to go off air |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Nimmo-to-go-off-air/articleshow/15672159.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| 2007–2009
| ''[[Kayamath]]''
| Ayesha Shergill
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Dhaani, Nimmo or Ayesha: Which one is your favourite Sanjeeda Sheikh role? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/dhaani-nimmo-or-ayesha-kayamath-ishq-ka-rang-safed-kya-hoga-nimmo-ka-11796-2016-06-01 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 3|Nach Baliye 3]]''
| Contestant
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2007 |title=Rakhi-Abhishek were very good dancers |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/24as.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Kya Dill Mein Hai]]''
| Naina Oberoi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2008 |title=Aamir-Sanjeeda's a couple again |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-sanjeeda-s-a-couple-again-1186716 |website=DNA}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 4|Nach Baliye 4]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2008 |title=Aamir-Sanjeeda to host 'Nach Baliye 4'? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/aamir-sanjeeda-to-host-nach-baliye-4-_10809.html |website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Jaane Pehchaane Se... Ye Ajnabbi]]''
| Ayesha
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/talking-point-with-sanjeeda-sheikh/604803/ |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh talks about Jaane Pehchaane Se…Ye Ajnabbi |date=12 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha|Zara Nachke Dikha 2]]''
| Contestant
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Piya Ka Ghar Pyaara Lage|Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?]]''
| rowspan="2" | Sejal Mehta
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=30 August 2011 |title=I am at ease with comedy: Sanjeeda Sheikh |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/i-am-at-ease-with-comedy-sanjeeda-sheikh/articleshow/16160167.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Piya Ka Ghar Pyaara Lage]]''
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=15 December 2012 |title=Sanjeeda quits one show for another |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanjeeda-quits-one-show-for-another/etarticleshow/17613406.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Ramleela – Ajay Devgn Ke Saath]]''
| Surpanakha
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2012 |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh plays Surpanakha, the seductress on Life OK's Ramleela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanjeeda-Sheikh-plays-Surpanakha-the-seductress-on-Life-OKs-Ramleela/articleshow/16966729.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Badalte Rishton Ki Dastaan]]''
| Meera Ranaut
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2013 |title=Sanjeeda on her role in Badalte Rishton Ki... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanjeeda-on-her-role-in-Badalte-Rishton-Ki-/articleshow/18688097.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''
| Durga Thakur / Nitya Mitra / Durga Dev Goenka
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Power Couple (Indian TV series)|Power Couple]]''
| Contestant
| 4th place
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=29 February 2016 |title=Power Couple: Aamir Ali and Sanjeeda Sheikh evicted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/power-couple-aamir-ali-and-sanjeeda-sheikh-evicted/photostory/51192577.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]''
| Dhani
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Love Ka Hai Intezaar]]''
| Kamini Mathur
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=30 May 2017 |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh and Keith Sequeira's Love Ka Hai Intezaar is the No. 1 show in UK |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sanjeeda-sheikh-and-keith-sequeiras-love-ka-hai-intezaar-is-the-no-1-show-in-uk-lifetv-980097-2017-05-30 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gehraiyaan (web series)|Gehraiyaan]]''
| Dr. Reyna Kapoor
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Heeramandi|Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar]]''
|Waheeda
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=9 May 2024 |title=Sanjeeda Shaikh discusses her character Waheeda in Heeramandi |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/sanjeeda-shaikh-discusses-her-character-waheeda-in-heeramandi-1503298673.html |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''
| rowspan="12"|Herself
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2008 |title=Sanjeeda as choreographer? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanjeeda-as-choreographer/articleshow/3260001.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/moulli-sangeeta-sanjeeda-in-bidaai/580487/ |title=Moulli, Sangeeta, Sanjeeda in Bidaai |date=19 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 6|Bigg Boss 6]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2013 |title='Bigg Boss 6': And the winner is... Urvashi Dholakia |url=https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-6-and-the-winner-is-urvashi-dholakia-2013-01-12-1.490775 |website=Emirates247}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 8|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=18 September 2015 |title=Drashti Dhami, Gautam Gulati and Sanjeeda Sheikh on 'Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded/Drashti-Dhami-Gautam-Gulati-and-Sanjeeda-Sheikh-on-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa/articleshow/49014416.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=16 October 2015 |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh-Aamir Ali on Tashan-e-Ishq |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sanjeeda-Sheikh-Aamir-Ali-on-Tashan-e-Ishq/articleshow/49418178.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhagyalakshmi (2015 TV series)|Bhagyalaxmi]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=19 October 2015 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/bhagyalaxmi-sanjeeda-sheikh-visits-the-sets-87894.25.html |website=INDIA TV NEWS|date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Swaragini – Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Roop – Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=Kundali Bhagya Ganesh Utsav Maha Episode: Dheeraj Dhooper, Additi Gupta, Asha Negi, Karan Tacker And Others Set The Stage on Fire – View Pics |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/television-news-kundali-bhagya-ganesh-utsav-maha-episode-dheeraj-dhooper-additi-gupta-asha-negi-karan-tacker-and-others-set-the-stage-on-fire-view-pics-3317925/ |website=India.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tantra (TV series)|Tantra]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2018 |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh shows off her dancing skills in Tantra |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/sanjeeda-sheikh-shows-off-her-dancing-skills-in-tantra-2162122.html |website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=30 December 2018 |title=Naagin 3: Gauhar Khan, Drashti Dhami, Sanjeeda Sheikh to be part of Mahir and Vishaka's wedding celebration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-3-gauhar-khan-drashti-dhami-sanjeeda-sheikh-to-be-part-of-mahir-and-vishakas-wedding-celebration/articleshow/67311402.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''Bas Ek Baar''
| Soham Naik
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yaD8guPaf0k Bas Ek Baar | Soham Naik | Aamir Ali | Sanjeeda Sheikh | Anurag Saikia | Latest Hindi Songs]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| ''Ajnabee''
| Soham Naik
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=oHTSok_Y-94 Ajnabee | Soham Naik | Aamir Ali | Sanjeeda Sheikh | Anurag Saikia | Latest Hindi Songs]</ref>
|-
| ''Tum Aaoge''
| Soham Naik, Ritrisha Sarmah
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FhHg3QVZils Tum Aaoge | Soham Naik | Aamir Ali | Sanjeeda | Anurag Saikia | Kunaal Vermaa | Latest Hindi Songs]</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019
| ''Sajda Karu''
| [[Stebin Ben]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HD-FonJ6gD0 Sajda Karu - Sanjeeda Sheikh & Aamir Ali | Stebin Ben | Asad Khan| Raqueeb Alam| Zee Music Originals]</ref>
|-
| ''Kalla Sohna Nai''
| [[Akhil (singer)|Akhil]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_87sQk_Ybsk Kalla Sohna Nai - AKHIL ft. Sanjeeda Sheikh | Babbu | MixSingh | Latest Song 2019]</ref>
|-
| ''Ruka Hoon''
| [[Jigar Saraiya]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=W6RzUBLTYw4 Ruka Hoon | Jigar Saraiya | Sachin - Jigar | Sanjeeda Shaikh | Official Music Video]</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''Toh Aa Gaye Hum''
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Mithoon]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2021 |title=Jubin Nautiyal and Sanjeeda Sheikh Play Lovers in Love Ballad 'Toh Aa Gaye Hum' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jubin-nautiyal-and-sanjeeda-sheikh-play-lovers-in-love-ballad-toh-aa-gaye-hum-3249719.html |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Saiyaan''
|[[Jass Manak]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2021 |title=Jass Manak New Punjabi Song: रिलीज हुआ जस मानक का नया गाना सईया, फैंस को खूब पसंद आ रहा वीड‍ियो |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/punjabi/video/jass-manak-valentine-special-punjabi-naya-gaana-saiyaan/335782 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Chaha Hai Tujhko''
|[[Sanjeev Rathod]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Citation |title=Chaha Hai Tujhko starring Pearl V Puri and Sanjeeda Shaikh sung by Sanjeev Rathod - Tips Official |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gTxcvBXTac |language=en |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP sources section|date=March 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Award
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Category
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Show/Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Result
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Ref.
|-
|2006
|[[Indian Telly Award]]
|Best Fresh New Face (Female)
|Nimmo
|[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008
|[[Zee Gold Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Negative Role
| rowspan="2"|Ayesha
| rowspan="2"|''[[Kayamath]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantvinfo.com/boroplus-gold-awards-on-zee-tv/ |title=2008 Gold Award winner list |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073638/http://www.indiantvinfo.com/boroplus-gold-awards-on-zee-tv/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award]]
|Best Actress in a Negative Role
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2011
|[[Zee Gold Awards]]
|Most Stylish Actress
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiantelevisionawards.m.webs.com/site/mobile?dm_path=%2Fboroplus-gold-awards&fw_sig_api_key=522b0eedffc137c934fc7268582d53a1&fw_sig_premium=0&fw_sig_time=1478091225508&fw_sig_permission_level=0&fw_sig=cd85d72e5e0f3f5753b16ef1f27fa16e&fw_sig_access_token=7c7b61c825b8fdceb2b6b6d161903ecd102645e7&fw_sig_session_key=8e468454081d15c7bfc77a2211120a8fd13104db45e4a2bd55f6b38351dbdba4-98408485&fw_sig_url=http://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/&fw_sig_social=1&fw_sig_tier=0&fw_sig_permissions=none&fw_sig_site=98408485&fw_sig_partner=webs&fw_sig_locale=en-US&fw_sig_is_admin=0&fb_sig_network=fw#3032 |title=Winner of Gold Award 2011}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Desh Ki Dhadkan - Best Actress
| rowspan="2"|Durga
| rowspan="2"|''[[Ek Haseena Thi (TV series)|Ek Haseena Thi]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Gr8! Performer Of The Year (Female)
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2014 |title=ITA Awards 2014 winners list |work=indiantelevisionacademy.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107232303/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2014 |archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| Best Debut Actress
| Jiya
| ''[[Ashke]]''
| {{won}}
|
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
{{Main|List of Hindi television actresses}}
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|sanjeeda-sheikh}}
* {{IMDb name|1266956}}

{{Nach Baliye 3}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheikh, Sanjeeda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Nach Baliye winners]]
[[Category:People from Kuwait City]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]

World Tamil Conference

2026-02-26T18:56:05Z

Theodore2940: slightly updated references for clarity also and corrected details

{{Short description|Tamil language conference}}
{{About-distinguish|the occasional conferences organised by the [[International Association for Tamil Research]]|World Classical Tamil Conference 2010}}
{{Update|reason=mostly focuses on the 2019 iteration|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2014}}

The '''World Tamil Conference''' ({{langx|ta|உலகத் தமிழ் மாநாடு}}) is a series of occasional conferences to discuss the social growth of the [[Tamil language]]. Each conference is attended by thousands of Tamil enthusiasts around the world. Conferences are hosted in various cities in India, as well as world cities with a significant Tamil population. The conference aims in promoting the heritage of Tamil language

A similar conference called [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]], unapproved by the '''International Association for Tamil Research''', was held in Tamil Nadu conducted by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] under the leadership of [[M. Karunanidhi]]. Not all agreed with the academic and intellectual{{who|date=August 2020}} rigour of the latter event{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}. Despite these criticisms upholding such a huge event portraying the value of Tamil language and culture is being appreciated vastly and credited to the DMK supremo as commonly believed by the people in the state of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2010/06/karunanidhi-and-politics-of-tamil.html|title=Karunanidhi and the politics of Tamil culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://transcurrents.com/tc/2010/06/world_tamil_classical_conferen.html |title=transCurrents: World Tamil Classical Conference in Tamil Nadu Will Boost Chief Minister Karunanidhi's Image |website=transcurrents.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619004541/http://transcurrents.com/tc/2010/06/world_tamil_classical_conferen.html |archive-date=2010-06-19}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-political-uses-of-tamil/638301/0|title = The political uses of Tamil|date = 25 June 2010}}</ref> The theme song of the World Classical Tamil conference, Semmozhiyana Thamizh mozhiyam, was composed by Oscar award winner [[A. R. Rahman]]. The song was written by [[M. Karunanidhi]] where he has used popular quotes from Sangam poetry.

The latest edition of the conference was held on July 3–7, 2019 in Chicago. The 10th conference was jointly hosted by International Association of Tamil Research, Federation of Tamil Sangams in North America (FeTNA) and Chicago Tamil Sangam (CTS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chicagotamilsangam.org/wordpress36/?page_id=2665|title = Our Objectives}}</ref> The theme song of the 10th World Tamil Conference was composed by American Composer [[Rajan Somasundaram|Raleigh Rajan]], titled 'Yaadhum Oore Anthem'. He has composed the first ever musical form for the 2000 year old poetry, Yaadhum Oore, written by [[Sangam period]] poet [[Kaniyan Pungundranar]]. Rajan mentioned that as a tribute to one of the most progressive ancient poetry that calls for unity and equality, he composed the theme song to cover multiple genres of music and brought in many international musicians of varying genres, ethnicity and languages including academy nominated singer [[Bombay Jayashri]],[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] and [[North Carolina Symphony|Durham Symphony]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/2290362|title = உலக கலைஞர்களின், கணீர் குரலில் உலகத் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சி மாநாட்டு பாடல்|date = 4 June 2019}}</ref>

== List of conferences ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+List of conferences<ref>{{cite news|title=World Classical Tamil Conference – a perspective|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/World-Classical-Tamil-Conference-ndash-a-perspective/article13671531.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 June 2010|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
!Official title
!Host city
!Host country
!Year
!Chief Organizer
|-
|1st International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|1966
|[[Xavier Thaninayagam|Fr. Thani Nayagam ]]
|-
|2nd International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Chennai]]
|{{flag|India}}
|1968
|[[M. Bhaktavatsalam]] and [[C. N. Annadurai]]
|-
|3rd International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Paris]]
|{{flag|France}}
|1970
|[[Xavier Thaninayagam|Fr. Thani Nayagam]]
|-
|[[1974 Tamil conference incident|4th International Tamil Research conference]]
|[[Jaffna]]
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|1974
|[[Xavier Thaninayagam|Fr. Thani Nayagam]]
|-
|5th International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Madurai]]
|{{flag|India}}
|1981
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|-
|6th International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|1987
|[[S. Samy Velu]]
|-
|7th International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Port Louis]]
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|1989
|[Armoogum Parsuramen - Minister of Education, Arts and Culture]
|-
|8th International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Thanjavur]]
|{{flag|India}}
|1995
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|-
|9th International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|2015
|
|-
|10th International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Chicago]]
|{{flag|USA}}
|2019
|[[International Association for Tamil Research]], [[FeTNA]] & [[Chicago Tamil Sangam]]
|-
|11th International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|2023
|[[Nandhan Masilamani, Organising Secretary International Association for Tamil Research-India Branch]]
|-
|12th International Tamil Research Conference
|[[Chennai]]
|{{flag|India}}
|2025
|[[International Association for Tamil Research]], [[DMK]] & [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=IATR and the World Classical Tamil Conference |date=23 July 2010 |first=Noboru |last=Karashima |author-link=Noboru Karashima |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/iatr-and-the-world-classical-tamil-conference/article528744.ece |access-date=20 September 2014}}

[[Category:Tamil diaspora]]
[[Category:Language advocacy organizations]]
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Cultural conferences]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1966]]

== External links ==
[https://tamilnation.org/conferences/tamil_studies/iatr66_kuala_lumpur/#Conference%20Programme First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, 1966]

{{Tamil-stub}}

Sariska Tiger Reserve

2026-02-24T06:39:12Z

Theodore2940: edit

{{Short description|Protected area in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{redirect|Sariska|the racehorse|Sariska (horse)}}
{{Refimprove section|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sariska Tiger Reserve
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Sariska_Tiger_Reserve,_Alwar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Jungle in Sariska Tiger Reserve
| image_size =
| map = India Rajasthan#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| relief = y
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-id = Q2572177
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Alwar District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Alwar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27|19|3|N|76|26|13|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area_km2 = 1203.34
| established = 1979
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Government of Rajasthan
}}
'''Sariska Tiger Reserve''' is a [[tiger reserve]] in [[Alwar district]], [[Rajasthan]], India. It stretches over an core tiger habitat area of {{cvt|881|km2}} and 322.23 km² of buffer area making 1203.34 km² total area of tiger reserve.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Sariska tiger reserve | url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/sariska.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505034001/https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/sariska.pdf | archive-date=2021-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-07 |title=Govt seeks extension of Sariska tiger conservation plan till 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/sariska-tiger-conservation-plan-extended-to-2026-amidst-growing-challenges/articleshow/113993078.cms |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is comprising scrub-thorn [[arid forest]]s, [[dry deciduous forest]]s, grasslands, and rocky hills. This area was preserved for hunting, for the [[Alwar]] state and was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1958. It was given the status of a tiger reserve making it a part of India's [[Project Tiger]] in 1978. The wildlife sanctuary was declared a national park in 1982, with a total area of about {{convert|273.8|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sariska National Park – complete detail – updated|url=http://natureconservation.in/sariska-national-park-complete-detail-updated/|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref> It is the first reserve in the world with successfully relocated tigers. It is an important biodiversity area in the [[Aravalli_Range#Northern_Aravalli_leopard_and_wildlife_corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor]].

The park is a part of the [[Aravalli Range]] and the [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]] [[ecoregion]].<ref name="WWF, SA: NI">{{WWF ecoregion |id=im0206 |name=Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests|access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref> It is rich in mineral resources, such as [[copper]]. In spite of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]'s 1991 ban on mining in the area, [[marble]] mining continues to threaten the environment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Illegal-mining-threatens-Sariska/articleshow/6738062.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103185018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-13/jaipur/28227927_1_illegal-mining-mine-owners-jamwa-ramgarh |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-11-03 |title=Illegal mining threatens Sariska |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date= 2010 |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref>

==Geography==
*Area: {{cvt|881|km2}}
*Elevation: between {{cvt|300|and|722|m}}
*Rainfall: average {{cvt|700|mm}} per year<ref name=Mondal2011/>
*Forest types: tropical, dry, deciduous, and tropical thorn

==Flora==
[[File:Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan - Picture 2.jpg|thumb|Sariska Tiger Reserve view]]
The dominant tree in the forests is dhok (''[[Anogeissus]] pendula''). Other trees include the salar (''[[Boswellia serrata]]''), kadaya ([[Sterculia]] urens), dhak (''[[Butea monosperma]]''), gol (''[[Lannea coromandelica]]''), ber (''[[Ziziphus mauritiana]]'') and khair (''[[Acacia catechu]]''). Bargad (''[[Ficus benghalensis]]''), arjun (''[[Terminalia arjuna]]''), gugal (''[[Commiphora wightii]]'') or [[bamboo]]. Shrubs are numerous, such as kair (''[[Capparis decidua]]''), adusta (''[[Justicia adhatoda|Adhatoda vesica]]'') and jhar ber (''[[Ziziphus nummularia]]'').{{cn|date=September 2021}}

==Fauna==
[[File:Sambar deer, Sariska.jpg|thumb|Sambar deer in Sariska]]
[[File:Peacock in Sariska.jpg|thumb|Peacock in Sariska]]
Apart from the [[Bengal tiger]], the reserve harbours many [[wildlife]] species, including [[sloth bear]], [[Indian leopard]], [[jungle cat]], [[caracal]], [[striped hyena]], [[golden jackal]], [[chital]], [[sambar deer]], [[nilgai]], [[wild boar]], [[small Indian civet]], [[Javan mongoose]], [[ruddy mongoose]], [[honey badger]], [[rhesus macaque]], and [[Northern plains gray langur]], and [[Indian hare]].<ref name=Mondal2011>{{cite journal |last1=Mondal |first1=K. |last2=Gupta |first2=S. |last3=Qureshi |first3=Q. |last4=Sankar |first4=K. |year=2011 |title=Prey selection and food habits of leopard (''Panthera pardus fusca'') in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India |journal=Mammalia |volume=75 |issue= 2|pages=201–205 |doi=10.1515/mamm.2011.011 |s2cid=83984484 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273071627}}</ref>
Bird species present include [[grey francolin]], [[white-throated kingfisher]], [[Indian peafowl]], [[bush quail]], [[sandgrouse]], [[treepie]], [[golden-backed woodpecker]], [[crested serpent eagle]], and the [[Indian eagle-owl]].{{cn|date=November 2019}}

== Tiger extinction and relocation ==
=== Tiger extension ===
In 2003, 16 tigers lived in the reserve. In 2004, it was reported that no tigers were sighted in the reserve, and that no indirect evidence of tiger presence was found, such as pug marks, scratch marks on trees, or scats. The Rajasthan Forest Department explained that "the tigers had temporarily migrated outside the reserve and would be back after the monsoon season". [[Project Tiger]] staff backed this assumption. In January 2005, it was reported that there were no tigers left in Sariska.<ref>{{cite news |title=Have you seen a tiger at Sariska since June? If yes, you’re the only one |date=2005 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/archive_full_story.php?content_id=63280 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=26 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125607/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/archive_full_story.php?content_id=63280 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In July 2008, two tigers from [[Ranthambhore National Park]] were relocated to Sariska Tiger Reserve. Another female tiger was relocated in February 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sankar |first1=K. |last2=Qureshi |first2=Q. |last3=Nigam |first3=P. |last4=Malik |first4=P. K. |last5=Sinha |first5=P. R. |last6=Mehrotra |first6=R. N. |last7=Gopal |first7=R., Bhattacharjee, S., Mondal, K. and Gupta, S. |year=2010 |title=Monitoring of reintroduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India: preliminary findings on home range, prey selection and food habits |journal=Tropical Conservation Science |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=301–318 |doi=10.1177/194008291000300305 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2012, two tiger cubs and their mother were spotted in the reserve bringing the total number of tigers to seven with five adults.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sariska reserve gets tiger number 007 |date=2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |first1=R. |last1=Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Sariska-reserve-gets-tiger-number-007/articleshow/16619141.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019201438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-01/jaipur/34196784_1_sariska-reserve-second-big-cat-tigress-st-2 |url-status=live|archive-date=2013-10-19|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref> In July 2014, two more cubs were spotted, so that there were 11 tigers in total.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two tiger cubs spotted in Rajasthan's Sariska Tiger Reserve |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/two-tiger-cubs-spotted-in-rajasthans-sariska-tiger-reserve/ |website=Bihar Prabha |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref>

As of October 2018, there were 18 tigers including five cubs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/tigress-st-12-gives-birth-to-3-cubs-at-sariska/articleshow/65649721.cms |title=Tigress ST-12 gives birth to 3 cubs at Sariska |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref> By 2020, the tiger population in the reserve has risen to 20.<ref>{{cite news |author=Khati, D. S. |title=How the lockdown impacted our tiger reserves {{!}} Analysis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-the-lockdown-impacted-our-tiger-reserves-analysis/story-tpof0sKjh7kK5oYIQ9ffwO.html |access-date=13 June 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2020}}</ref>
Tiger population rose to 30 tigers in 2023.

===Relocation efforts===
[[File:The Last Hunter 2.jpg|thumb|Tiger in Sariska Tiger Reserve. The collar around its neck is used to track and monitor it.]]
In 2005, the [[Government of Rajasthan]], in cooperation with the [[Government of India]] and [[Wildlife Institute of India]], planned the re-introduction of tigers to Sariska and also the relocation of villages.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajasthan-plots-return-of-big-cats/articleshow/1225265.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-09-09/india/27846760_1_sariska-reserve-wildlife-institute-ranthambore |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-23 |title=Rajasthan plots return of big cats |date=2005-09-09 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref> Plans to construct a bypass were also discussed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sariska-on-road-to-recovery-literally/articleshow/608870.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143346/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-27/india/27789284_1_sariska-reserve-wildlife-institute-tigers |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-23 |title=Sariska on road to recovery, literally |date=2006-11-27 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref> It was decided to import one male and two females from [[Ranthambore National Park]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Sariska-to-get-three-tigers/articleshow/2838422.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143352/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-05/flora-fauna/27757165_1_sariska-male-tiger-wildlife-institute |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-23 |title=Sariska to get three tigers |date=2008-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref> The Wildlife Institute of India along with the Government of Rajasthan started tracking the relocated tigers with the help of [[ISRO]]'s [[reconnaissance satellite]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/india-turns-to-spy-technology-to-save-tigers-523033.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802065045/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/india-turns-to-spy-technology-to-save-tigers-523033.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2009 |title=India turns to spy technology to save tigers |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=2006 |access-date=2011-10-06 |first=J. |last=Huggler}}</ref> The first aerial translocation of the male tiger from Ranthambhore to Sariska was carried out on 28 June 2008 by helicopter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=S. |year=2015 |title = Sariska: The Tiger Reserve Roars Again |publisher=Niyogi Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=9789383098712 }}</ref>

Only two of the four villages' experts were actually moved, though the second, Kankwari, was shifted long after the tigers were re-introduced. However, Kankwari fort has been renovated by the state tourism department, which can possibly violate wildlife protection norms.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mazoomdaar, J. |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/now-who-s-crouching |title=Now, Who's Crouching? |website=Open Magazine |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref> The first relocated village was Bhagani. The diversion of roads crossing the reserve, an issue critical to the survival of its wildlife, continues to be a problem.<ref>{{cite news |date=2008 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-04/flora-fauna/27942597_1_sariska-tiger-reserve-core-area-thanagazi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143325/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-04/flora-fauna/27942597_1_sariska-tiger-reserve-core-area-thanagazi |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-23 |title=Sariska Tiger Reserve vetoes road conversion proposal |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref>

One more tigress was shifted to Sariska from Ranthambhore in February 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=National : Young tigress at home in Sariska |date=2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/06/stories/2009030656230800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310085621/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/06/stories/2009030656230800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-03-10 |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref> On 28 July 2010, another tigress was brought from Ranthambhore National Park. Totaling five tigers—two males and three females—were living in the reserve until November 2010 when the first relocated tiger died<ref>{{cite web|author=Mazoomdaar, J. |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/dispatched-to-die |title=Dispatched to Die |publisher=Open Magazine |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref> due to poisoning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?703603 |title=Sariska Tiger Was Poisoned: Forensic Report |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref>
The first three of the relocated tigers came from one father, and the first two tigresses have the same mother.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mazoomdaar, J. |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/conservation-the-new-killer |title=Conservation: the New Killer |newspaper=Open Magazine |access-date=2011-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Proved-Siblings-sent-to-mate-in-Sariska/Article1-561269.aspx |title=Proved: Siblings sent to mate in Sariska |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2010 |access-date=2011-10-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021231547/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Proved-Siblings-sent-to-mate-in-Sariska/Article1-561269.aspx |archive-date=2012-10-21}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Forests Department, Haryana#Leopards|Leopards of Haryana]]
* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]]
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Dang, H. (2005). ''Sariska National Park''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7387-177-9}}
* Ziddi, S. (1998). ''A guide to the wildlife parks of Rajasthan''. Photo-Eye Publications, Jaipur.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.wpsi-india.org/tiger/sariska.php "Sariska Tiger Reserve"]. Wildlife Protection Society of India. Retrieved 31 December 2017.

{{National Parks of India}}
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}

[[Category:Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:National parks in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1955]]
[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Alwar district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Adinatha temple, Khajuraho

2026-02-18T21:25:00Z

Theodore2940: creating new place

{{Short description|Jain temple in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Adinatha temple
| native_name = आदिनाथ मन्दिर
| native_name_lang = sa
| image = Krajuraho Adinath temple 2010.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| map_size = 250
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.845111|79.936607|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| deity = [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha Rishabhadeva]]
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| established = 11th century CE
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]]
| designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i)(iii)}}(i)(iii)
| designation1_date = 1986 ([[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 240]
}}
'''Adinatha temple''' ([[IAST]]: Ādinātha Mandir) is a [[Digambara]] [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|temple]] located at [[Khajuraho]] in [[Madhya Pradesh, India]]. It is dedicated to [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]], although its exterior walls also feature Hindu deities. This particular temple was originally built as a [[Hindu temple]] before being subsequently made into a Jain temple.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Flügel |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIgqBgAAQBAJ |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues |date=2006-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-23552-0 |pages=406 |language=en}}</ref> This temple is part of [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] along with other temples in [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web|title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 25 June 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
The Adinatha temple is dated to the late 11th century CE.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Adinatha|2016}} It was probably constructed slightly later than the [[Vamana Temple, Khajuraho|Vamana temple]].{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}} The architectural features of the Pārśvanātha and Adinātha temples exhibit significant evidence suggesting that these structures were initially constructed as Hindu temples before being subsequently adopted by the Jain community in the 13th century.<ref name=":0" />

In the garbhgraha, there is a black schist (or basalt) statue of Lord Adinath with a three line inscription. It gives the date (samvat 1215 (1158 AD). It gives the name of the donor as Kumarnandi and the sculptor as Ramaveva. It mention that Kumarnandi was the disciple of Bhanukirti, who was disciple of Rajanandi, who was disciple of Ramachandra of [[Mula Sangha]]. The inscription includes 3 [[shardulavikridita]] verses in literary Sanskrit.<ref>[B.L Nagarch, Jaina Inscriptions of Khajuraho, In Hīrālāla Jaina Smriti Granth, Dharmacandra Jaina & R. K. Sharma (eds.), Sharada Pub. House. pp. 69-74 (2002)]</ref>

The temple has been classified as a [[Lists of Indian Monuments of National Importance|Monument of National Importance]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].{{sfn|ASI MP List|2016}}

== Architecture ==

The plan and design of the Adinatha temple is similar to that of the [[Vamana Temple, Khajuraho|Vamana temple]]. There are only a few differences between the two temples. For example, the top row of the outer wall of the Adinatha temple depicts a flying [[vidyadhara]], while that of the Vamana temple shows diamond-shaped decorations. The curvilinear [[shikhara|tower]] of the Adinatha temple is of better proportions than that of the Vamana temple. This, combined with a somewhat more evolved sculptural style, suggests that the Adinatha temple was constructed after the Vamana temple.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Adinatha|2016}}

Only two major parts of the temple now survive: the [[antarala|vestibule]] and the sanctum.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}} The roof of the vestibule is particularly remarkable for its elegant design.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Adinatha|2016}}

== Sculptures ==

The exterior walls of the temple have three bands of sculptures featuring [[surasundari]]s (graceful women), flying [[vidyadhara]] couples, [[vyala]]s (mythical lion-like being), and a dancer with musicians.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}} Despite the shrine's Jain affiliation, the external walls also feature carvings of the Hindu deities.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=209}} The niches feature sculptures of the Jain [[Yakshini]]s: [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]], [[Chakreshvari]], and [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]].{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}}

<gallery mode="packed">
Pretty sculptures.jpg | Adinatha temple sculptures
Adinath Temple Sculptures.jpg | Close-up of a sculpture
Jain group of temples - Khajuraho 22.jpg | Chandela-era statue of Adinatha in the sanctum
</gallery>

One sculpture found at the temple shows a sitting Adinatha with an [[ushnisha]] on his head. It features a [[dharmachakra]] with a small bull figure.{{sfn|Umakant Premanand Shah|1987|p=121}} The right side of the seat has the figure of a pot-bellied [[yaksha]] with a cup and a moneybag in his hands. The left side has the figure of the [[yakshini]] [[Chakreshvari]] sitting on a [[Garuda]]. She has four arms; each of the two upper arms hold a chakra.{{sfn|Umakant Premanand Shah|1987|p=122}}

Another sculpture with similar iconography also features a yaksha, a yakshini, and a bull with a dharmachakra. The Adinatha is shown sitting in [[Lotus position|padmasana]] pose on a cushioned seat with lotuses and diamond motifs.{{sfn|Umakant Premanand Shah|1987|p=122}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{commons category}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ali Javid |author2=Tabassum Javeed |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |year=2008 |publisher=Algora |isbn=978-0-87586-482-2 }}
* {{cite web |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |title=Adinatha Temple |url=http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur_khajuraho_adinathatemple.html |access-date=2016-11-16 |ref={{harvid|ASI Bhopal Adinatha|2016}} }}
* {{cite web |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Madhya Pradesh |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp |access-date=2016-11-16 |ref={{harvid|ASI MP List|2016}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102195954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp |archive-date=2 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite book |author=Umakant Premanand Shah |authorlink=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina Iconography |publisher=Abhinav |year=1987 |isbn=9788170172086 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC&pg=PA122 }}
{{refend}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Khajuraho Group of Monuments}}

[[Category:Khajuraho]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:11th-century Jain temples]]

Multicameralism

2026-02-15T20:00:50Z

Theodore2940: refined content also and added references

{{Short description|Legislature with three or more chambers}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}

[[File:Unibicameral Map.svg|400px|thumb|{{legend|#38b4d8|Nations with a bicameral legislature.}}
{{legend|#b0e947|Nations with a unicameral legislature and an advisory body.}}
{{legend|#f09c30|Nations with a unicameral legislature.}}
{{legend|#333333|Nations with no legislature.}}
{{legend|#e0e0e0|Data not available.}}]]

{{Legislature}}
[[File:Bundeshaus 1902 unten.png|thumb|[[Switzerland]] has a [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]]. The image shows the [[Federal Palace of Switzerland]], with the [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]] (top) and the [[Council of States (Switzerland)|Council of States]] (bottom).]]

In contrast to [[unicameralism]], and [[bicameralism]], '''multicameralism''' is the condition in which a [[legislature]] is divided into more than two deliberative assemblies, which are commonly called "chambers" or "houses".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Democratic constitutional design and public policy : analysis and evidence |date=2006 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |others=Roger D. Congleton, Birgitta Swedenborg, Studieförbundet Näringsliv och samhälle |isbn=978-0-262-27073-1 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |oclc=74275466 |quote=Multicameralism remained commonplace within Europe until approximately 1800, after which most European governments gradually became bicameral, partly as a consequence of reforms associated with the French Revolution, but also as a consequence of new constitutional theories and subsequent pressures for constitutional reform}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Passaglia |first=Paolo |date=2018 |title=Unicameralism, Bicameralism, Multicameralism: Evolution and Trends in Europe |url=http://on-federalism.eu/attachments/291_download.pdf |journal=Perspectives on Federalism |volume=10 |number=2 |pages=4 |quote=The real patterns of the past are those that disappeared because they were abolished more or less recently. Most of them can be jointly defined as ‘multicameralism’, because they featured a number of chambers greater than two.}}</ref> This usually includes [[tricameralism]] with three chambers, but can also describe a system with any amount more. The word "multicameral" can also relate in other ways to its literal meaning of "many chambered" with use in science or biology.

== Prevalence ==
Approximately half of the world's sovereign states are unicameral, and newer democracies and more recent constitutions are more often unicameral than not. More specifically many countries have switched to unicameralism whereas the opposite is rare. Nevertheless, many current [[parliament]]s and [[congress]]es have more than one chambers (usually bicameral), which some{{Who|date=February 2026}} claim provides multiple perspectives and a form of [[separation of powers]] within the government.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

== History ==
Many societies in medieval Europe had quasi-legislative assemblies in the form of the [[Estates of the realm|Estates of the Realm]], typified by [[Estates General (France)|those of France]]. Typically, this body had three chambers representing the three grand divisions of society; the clergy, nobles, and commoners; however, this was not universally the rule; [[Medieval]] [[Scandinavia]]n [[Deliberative assembly|deliberative assemblies]] traditionally had four estates: the [[nobility]], the [[clergy]], the [[Bourgeoisie|burghers]], and the [[peasants]]. The [[Sweden|Swedish]] and [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Riksdag of the Estates]] survived the longest of these bodies, having four separate legislative houses. Sweden abandoned its four-chamber parliament in 1866, transitioning to a bicameral [[Riksdag]] for more than a century before moving to today's unicameral assembly in 1974 (see [[History of the Riksdag]]).

When the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] was seized by Russia from Sweden, the four-chambered [[Diet of Finland]], of identical structure to the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates, was established. It continued to legislate for Finland until 1906, being the only ancient legislature to survive to the 20th century while maintaining the traditional estates. In that year, the Diet's four ancient chambers were disbanded and replaced by the modern unicameral [[Parliament of Finland]].

The [[Parliament of England]] developed in the opposite direction, merging the two aristocratic estates into the [[House of Lords]], the archetypal [[upper house]], leaving the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] as the elective [[lower house]]; in time, the English and later British parliaments became the standard model on which the modern bicameral legislature is based.

== Modern multicameralism ==
Of the ancient assemblies in Europe, only Finland's survived to see the 20th century. As the armies of [[Revolutionary France]] conquered much of Europe in the name of [[liberalism]] and [[popular sovereignty]], most countries’ newly established or re-established legislative assemblies were structured after either the (originally) unicameral French [[National Assembly]] or the bicameral [[British Parliament]]. Since the 19th century, tricameral legislatures have been a rare constitutional curiosity, with the overwhelming majority of assemblies having one or two chambers.

=== Yugoslavia ===
The [[Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia]] originally had two chambers. After [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] adopted a [[1963 Constitution of Yugoslavia|new constitution in 1963]], its legislature was restructured into four chambers each representing the various sectors of Yugoslav society with an additional chamber representing the general population.<ref>[[wikisource:en:Constitution of Yugoslavia (1963)|1963 Constitution of Yugoslavia]] on [[WikiSource]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arhiv Jugoslavije - The Constitution of the SFRY, April 7, 1963 |url=http://www.arhivyu.gov.rs/active/en/home/glavna_navigacija/leksikon_jugoslavije/konstitutivni_akti_jugoslavije/ustav_sfrj_1963.html |website=www.arhivyu.gov.rs}}</ref> The Federal Assembly was the only legislature anywhere with five chambers, with a constitutional amendment later adding a sixth component described as either a chamber or sub-chamber.<ref>{{cite web |last=Acetto |first=Matej |date= |title=On Law and Politics in the Federal Balance: Lessons from Yugoslavia |url=https://www.pf.uni-lj.si/media/accetto.-.on.law.and.politics.in.the.federal.balance.pdf |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=www.pf.uni-lj.si}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2005 |title=The changing faces of Federalism |url=http://www.inv.si/DocDir/zaposleni/mitja%20zagar/The%20Collapse%20of%20the%20Yugoslav%20federalism%20and%20the%20Viability%20of%20Asymmetrical%20Federalism_m.pdf |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=www.inv.si}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The changing faces of federalism : institutional reconfiguration in Europe from East to West |date=2005 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |others=Sergio Ortino, Mitja Žagar, Vojtech Mastny |isbn=0-7190-6996-3 |location=Manchester, UK |pages=115 |oclc=56875231 |quote=The council of nations, which was a to reflect a pluralistic ethnic structure and to assure equality among federal units and ethnic communities in the federal parliament, was still a 'sub-chamber' of the federal chamber in the five-chamber federal assembly. Its competences were very limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lapenna |first=Ivo |date=1972 |title=Main features of the Yugoslav constitution 1946-1971 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/incolq21&i=228 |journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=209–229 |doi=10.1093/iclqaj/21.2.209 |quote=Ten years later, the Constitution of 1963 completely changed the whole structure of the Federal Assembly and of all the other organs of State authority. It introduced a heavy and complicated system of five or, in some cases, even six "Councils", for which the term "Chamber" seems more appropriate in order to avoid confusion between these bodies and various other councils.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Yugoslavia adopted yet [[1974 Constitution of Yugoslavia|another constitution in 1974]], abolishing the Federal Assembly and replacing it with a bicameral legislature simply known as the Assembly of Yugoslavia.<ref>[[wikisource:en:Constitution of Yugoslavia (1974)|Constitution of Yugoslavia]] on [[WikiSource]]</ref>

=== South Africa ===
Perhaps the best-known multicameral assembly in modern times is the [[Tricameral Parliament]] of the waning days of Apartheid South Africa; established in an effort to stabilize the collapsing [[Apartheid]] system, it was intended to give limited representation to the country's [[Cape Coloureds|Cape Coloured]] and [[Indian South Africans|Indian]] populations to stabilize white-minority rule. The assembly failed to stem calls for [[universal suffrage]], and was tremendously unpopular with the non-white population. When [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|apartheid was abolished]], the Tricameral Parliament disappeared with it, replaced with today's [[Parliament of South Africa|bicameral assembly]].

== Benefits ==
Proponents of multicameral legislatures hold that multiple legislative chambers offer the opportunity to re-debate and correct errors in either chamber in parallel, and in some cases to introduce legislation in either chamber.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Advocates of multicameralism also contend that multiple legislative chambers are (best) able to represent the various important sectors of society (such as culturally or linguistically distinct, geographically different or similarly interested populations that comprise a country - i.e. the various [[List of states and territories of the United States|states]] of the [[United States|United States of America]] or [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces]] of [[Canada]], each with their own geographical borders, subcultures, interests and even languages i.e. [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), which may not be able to be adequately represented by a singular legislative body. Supporters of multicameralism also posit that a critical weakness of a unicameral system can be a potential [[Tyranny of the majority|lack of restraint]] on the [[majority]] ([[mob rule]]) and incompatibility with the separation of powers between the [[Legislative branch|legislative]] and [[Executive (government)|executive]] branches of government, particularly noticeable in [[parliamentary system]]s where the leaders of the parliamentary majority also dominate the executive.

== See also ==
* [[Federalism]]
* [[Polycentric law]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|Law}}

[[Category:Legislatures]]
[[Category:Forms of government]]
[[Category:Multicameral legislatures]]

Navarasan

2026-02-13T01:36:19Z

Theodore2940: Done

{{short description|Indian Kannada film director and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = '''Navarasan'''
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|01|03|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = *director
*Actor
*Screenwriter
*Producer
| years_active = 2014–present
| known_for = [[Damayanthi (film)|Damayanthi]]
| spouse = Krishna Priya (m. 2024)
| parents =
}}

'''Navarasan''' (born 3 January 1985) is an Indian [[Kannada]] film director, actor, producer and screenwriter. He is best known for the 2019 film ''[[Damayanthi (film)|Damayanthi]]''.

==Career==

Navarasan is mainly known for his works in [[horror movie|horror]] and [[thriller movie|thriller]] movies. He was trained for action and direction at Koothupattarai Institute in [[Chennai]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In the year 2014, Navarasan made his debut as an actor in a [[Tamil movie]] ''Nee En Uyire'' directed by Vikas Lathiraj.<ref>{{cite news |title=Women power to the fore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/women-power-to-the-fore/articleshow/17279738.cms |access-date=16 June 2020 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

His work in the [[Kannada film industry]] began as both producer and actor in a [[horror movie|horror]] movie ''Raakshasi'' (remake of ''[[Pisaasu]]''), which was released in the year 2015. Navasaran played a lead role in this film along with [[Sindhu Lokanath]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Raakshasi synopsis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/raakshasi/movieshow/63229383.cms |access-date=17 June 2020 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Raakshasi audio launch at Ambedkar Ground in Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/rakshasi-audio-launch-at-ambedkar-ground-in-bengaluru/articleshow/49322103.cms |access-date=17 June 2020 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

While he gained experience in various departments of the film industry he decided to test his direction skills with the film ''[[Vaira (film)|Vaira]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vaira movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/vaira/movie-review/60971420.cms |access-date=17 June 2020 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Vaira is an entertainer, don't go by A-rating, appeals actor-director Navarasan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/oct/05/vaira-is-an-entertainer-dont-go-by-a-rating-appeals-actor-director-navarasan-1666877.html |accessdate=17 June 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The good feedback he received for ''Vaira'' gave him
the confidence to come up with the big budget film ''[[Damayanthi (film)|Damayanthi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Director Navarasan is back with 'Damayanti' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/director-navarasan-is-back-with-damayanti/articleshow/65340014.cms |access-date=17 June 2020 |work=Times of India}}</ref> The movie was released in many languages including: [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] as ''Damayanthi'' and ''Samharini'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Samharini synopsis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/samharini/movieshow/72238284.cms#referrer=https://www.google.com |access-date=17 June 2020 |work=Times of India}}</ref> Kannada actress [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] acted as a lead in this film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Radhika Kumaraswamy will be seen as a doctor and ghost in 'Damayanti' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/nov/26/radhika-kumaraswamy-will-be-seen-as-a-doctor-and-ghost-in-damayanti-director-navarasan-2067228.html |accessdate=17 June 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
''Damayanthi'' gave Navarasan his big break in the Indian film industry as a director.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" colspan="3"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Role
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Language
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
! Director !! Producer !! Actor
|-
|2014
|''Nee En Uyire''
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|Navarasan
|Tamil
|
|-
|2015
|''Raakshasi''
| {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|Siddharth
|Kannada
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[Vaira (film)|Vaira]]''
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|Raj
|Kannada
|
|-
|''Psycho Shankra''
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|Psycho Shankar
|Kannada
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Psycho Shankra synopsis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/psycho-shankra/movie-review/61603308.cms |access-date=17 June 2020 |work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Aa Karaala Ratri]]''
| {{no}} || {{partial|Distributor}} || {{yes}}
|Kannappa
|Kannada
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Damayanthi (film)|Damayanthi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || Kannada ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=10246130}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:People from Kolar district]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Unnao gold treasure incident

2026-02-04T21:34:37Z

Theodore2940: creating basic details v1!

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Daundia Khera
| native_name =
| alternate_name =Sangrampur
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Location shown within the Uttar Pradesh state of India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|09|59|N|80|39|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| location =
| region = [[Unnao district]]
| type =
| part_of = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| builder =
| material = Stone
| built =
| abandoned =
| epochs =
| cultures =
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations = October 2013
| archaeologists = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| condition = Ruins
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website =
| notes =
}}

In October 2013, in [[Sangrampur, Unnao|Sangrampur]] (Daundia Khera) village in the [[Unnao district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], a local seer named Shobhan Sarkar dreamt that over 1000 tonnes of [[gold]] were buried under the ruins of an old fort of a 19th-century king, [[Ram Baksh Singh]]. Sarkar wrote to the President of India, the [[Ministry of Mines (India)]] and the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) to consider excavation for the supposed hoard. The excavation work began on 18 October 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-24577192 |title=BBC News - Tight security at India 'treasure hunt' site |work=BBC News |access-date=2013-10-19}}</ref> On 29 October 2013, the ASI announced that there was no gold buried in the location and stopped excavation work.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akash Deep Ashok|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/up-gold-hunt-no-more-gold-shobhan-sarkar-archaeological-survey-of-india-215840-2013-10-28 |title=Gold dream over in UP, India wakes up to reason|publisher=India Today |date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/no-hidden-gold-in-unnao-declares-asi_886689.html|title=No hidden gold in Unnao, declares ASI|publisher=Zee News |date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-29}}</ref> More news was released on 29 October 2013, saying that ASI Director General Pravin Srivastava said the digging area was now planned to be widened, but clarified that the excavation work by his 12-member team had not been stopped.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-12-days-of-digging-in-Unnao-no-gold-yet-in-treasure-hunt/articleshow/24884737.cms | title=no gold treasure yet digging continue | work=The Times Of India| access-date=2013-10-30}}</ref> On 18 November 2013, ASI stopped the excavation and began filling up the trenches.<ref name=ASI_stops>{{cite news|title=No sign of gold, ASI stops Unnao digging|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/no-sign-of-gold-asi-stops-unnao-digging/1196575/|access-date=1 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 November 2013}}</ref>

==Village history==
Sangrampur, also known as Daundia Khera, is a village located in the [[Bighapur]] [[tehsil]] of Unnao district, about 100 km south of Lucknow city in Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=nic >{{cite web |title= Places of interest |url= http://unnao.nic.in/Places%20of%20Interest.htm |publisher=[[National Informatics Center]] |year=2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> According to the [[2011 census of India]], it has 469 households and a population of 2672.<ref name=census >{{cite web |title= Census of India: Sub-District Details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=09&district_code=26 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |year= 2011 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

In the 19th century, [[Alexander Cunningham]], the founder of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], speculated that the site referred to as ''Hayamukha'' by [[Xuanzang]], a 7th-century [[Chinese people|Chinese]] traveller, might be the present day Daundia Khera. Xuanzang had recorded visiting ''Hayamukha'', where he noted five [[Buddhist monasteries]] housing over 1000 members of the Buddhist sect [[Saṃmitīya]]. Cunningham considered it "almost certain" that the two places were the same, but acknowledged that there were significant differences between the early descriptions and what he saw then. He also relied upon the thoughts of [[James Tod]], another British scholar who is nowadays not considered a reliable historian.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ancient Geography of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023029485#page/n433/mode/2up |year=1871 |publisher=Trubner & Co. |location=London |page=387 |first=Alexander |last=Cunningham |author-link=Alexander Cunningham}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Raj rhapsodies: tourism, heritage and the seduction of history |first=Jason |last=Freitag |chapter=Travel, history, Politics, Heritage: James Tod's "Personal Narrative" |editor1-first=Carol E. |editor1-last=Henderson |editor2-first=Maxine K. |editor2-last=Weisgrau |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7546-7067-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ozNAdqKfHwC |location=Aldershot |page=49}}</ref>

==Background of incident==
In September 2013, a local priest named Shobhan Sarkar, who is also revered as a [[Mahant]], claimed that a 19th-century king of Daundia Khera, Ram Baksh Singh, had come to him in a dream and told him that 1000 tons of gold treasure were buried under his palace. In an interview to [[Wall Street Journal]], Sarkar said that the ghost of Singh is worried about the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]] and he wants the treasure to be used for the economic growth of the country. Sarkar called the dream "a divine intervention" but refused to tell how, when and why only he learned about the buried treasure.<ref name=WSJ >{{cite news |title=A Spirit Moves India to Launch a Treasure Hunt |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303672404579147673496770850 |publisher=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=21 October 2013 |access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> The [[Company rule in India|British]] had hanged Singh during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]] and destroyed his palace. Sarkar wrote to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[President of India|President]] and the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) about his dream but his letters went ignored. Some sources say that Sarkar then approached [[Charan Das Mahant]], a Minister of State for agriculture and the food processing industry in the [[Government of India]], while other sources say that the minister heard of the story from a [[pandit]] in [[Kanpur]] who regularly kept in touch with him.<ref name=IndiaToday >{{cite web |title=Unnao treasure hunt: Seer sees, diggers dig for gold of dreams and a grave for reason in old UP village |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/unnao-treasure-hunt-swami-shobhan-sarkar-dream-1000-tonnes-of-gold-214385-2013-10-14 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date= 18 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2013}}</ref>

Minister Mahant visited the alleged treasure trove site on 22 September and 7 October 2013 and convinced the ASI and the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI) to inspect it. A team from the ASI visited the site on 12 October 2013 and drilled two holes at locations shown to them by Sarkar. The ASI said that they detected metal around 20 meters below the ground. The GSI report also confirmed a prominent non-magnetic anomalous zone occurring at 5–20 m depth, indicative of possible non-conducting, metallic contents or alloys.<ref name="bp1">{{cite web|title=ASI begins Excavation at Unnao in search of Gold Deposits|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/asi-begins-excavation-at-unnao-in-search-of-gold-deposits/|access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Scientific basis for Unnao gold hunt, ASI says|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Scientific-basis-for-Unnao-gold-hunt-ASI-says/articleshow/24405557.cms?|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> The ASI announced the excavation of the site which began on 18 October 2013.

==Excavation ==
{{Quote box
| width = 220px
| quote = With due respect to the [[sadhu]], ASI does not go about digging on the basis of dreams. It has not done so in its 150 years of its history. We are conducting the excavation on the basis of scientific reports and historical importance.<ref name=TOI1 >{{cite web |title=Scientific basis for Unnao gold hunt, ASI says |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Scientific-basis-for-Unnao-gold-hunt-ASI-says/articleshow/24405557.cms |publisher=Times of India |date= 20 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>
| source = — Dr B R Mani, Additional Director-General, ASI
}}
The [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] stated that the excavation would take 2–3 weeks to reach the depth of any deposits,<ref name=pib /> while ASI officials at the site have said that the excavation may take months, or even years, as they are using only simple basic tools like [[Hoe (tool)|grub hoe]]s, [[Mattock|pick mattocks]] and [[Garden fork|fork cultivators]]. The ASI has designated an area of 80 meters from east to west and 40 meters from north to south near the fort for the excavation.<ref name=IndiaToday2 >{{cite web |title=ASI officials on treasure hunt in Unnao with outdated tools : Featured, News - India Today |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/featured/story/unnao-swami-shobhan-sarkar-unnao-seer-treasure-hunt-asi-swami-om-baba-214658-2013-10-17 |publisher=India Today |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> A team of twelve archaeologists from the ASI, led by its Deputy Director, PK Mishra, began excavation at the alleged gold treasure site in the presence of the Unnao Sub-Divisional Magistrate. The excavation took place in 10 pits, each measuring about 100 square feet.<ref name=Rediff1 >{{cite web |title=UP gold hunt: CCTV cams installed; 'descendants' stake claim |url=http://m.rediff.com/news/report/daundiya-khera-temple-treasure-hunt-enters-third-day/20131020.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=20 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Hundreds of onlookers, [[Outside broadcasting|Outside Broadcasting B vans]], and dozens of journalists from different media organizations were also present. Heavy police security was deployed and [[night vision camera]]s were installed to enhance security.<ref name=IndiaToday3>{{cite web |title= Unnao 'dream' gold hunt: Govt to install night vision cameras at the site : North, News - India Today |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/unnao-dream-gold-hunt-enters-third-day-214901-2013-10-19 |publisher=India Today |date= 20 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Huge crowds gather as ASI begins excavation work at Unnao fort, plays down seer 'dream'|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/huge-crowds-gather-as-asi-begins-excavation-work-at-unnao-fort-plays-down-seer--dream-/1184419/ | publisher =[[Indian Express]] |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> Considering the heavy crowd of onlookers, [[CCTV]] cameras were installed for security.<ref name=Rediff1 /> On 21 October 2013, ASI additional director, Dr. B R Mani, said that after digging 48 cm into the ground, the ASI found a brick wall, [[Sherd|shard]]s, pieces of [[bangle]]s, [[hopscotch|hopscotch toys]] and a mud floor which could date back to the 17-19th centuries.<ref name=HT >{{cite web |title=Unnao treasure hunt yield so far: shards, bangles, brick wall |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/unnao-treasure-hunt-yield-so-far-shards-bangles-brick-wall/article1-1138061.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131021191413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/unnao-treasure-hunt-yield-so-far-shards-bangles-brick-wall/article1-1138061.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 21 October 2013 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Until 24 October 2013, ASI has excavated 217 centimeters of ground.<ref name=ET >{{cite web |title=Unnao: Digging resumes after break, govt says no treasure hunt |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/unnao-digging-resumes-after-break-govt-says-no-treasure-hunt/articleshow/24670709.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=24 October 2013 |access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> Til 2 November 2013, ASI has excavated 571 centimeters of ground. Sub-divisional magistrate Vijay Shanker Dubey said 70 cm and 30 cm were dug up respectively in two blocks after breaking the rocky base at the fort at Daundiya Kheda village on Saturday, but there is still no sight of the treasure on the 15th day of excavation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shobhan-Sarkar-writes-to-PM-seeking-transparency-in-excavation/articleshow/25139621.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105021724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-02/india/43610768_1_excavation-vijay-shanker-dubey-transparency | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-11-05 | work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Shobhan Sarkar writes to PM seeking transparency in excavation| access-date=2013-11-05 }}</ref>

==Development==
Following media reports that the [[Government of India]] was carrying out an excavation on the basis of Shobhan Sarkar's dream, the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] issued a statement to clarify that the excavation was being carried out on the basis of a report by GSI which conducted a [[Ground-penetrating radar|Ground Penetrating Radar Survey]] at the site and reported the presence of "non-magnetic anomalous zone at 5–20 meter below the ground indicative of possible non-conductive metallic contents and/or alloys".<ref name=pib >{{cite web |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=100122|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=FirstPost /> Additional director general of ASI B. R. Mani denied the media reports that excavation was being carried out on the basis of a [[sadhu]]'s dream<ref name=TOI1 /> while the ASI director of exploration doubted that any gold treasure would be found in the excavation.<ref name=FirstPost >{{cite web |title= Unnao gold hunt ASI doubts possibility of finding treasure |url= http://m.firstpost.com/india/unnao-gold-hunt-asi-doubts-possibilityfinding-treasure-1181699.html?page=1 |publisher= First Post |date= 20 October 2013 |access-date= 20 October 2013 |archive-date= 21 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131021063317/http://m.firstpost.com/india/unnao-gold-hunt-asi-doubts-possibilityfinding-treasure-1181699.html?page=1 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Several interested parties came out to claim a stake in the treasure. One of the king's descendants, Navchandi Veer Pratap Singh expressed his interest.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/18/india-archeologists-treasure-uttar-pradesh_n_4121223.html | title=In India, Archeologists Dig For Treasure Beneath Uttar Pradesh Fort After Tip From Hindu Holy Man | website=huffingtonpost.com | access-date=18 October 2013 | date=18 October 2013}}</ref> The All India Kshatriya [[Caste panchayat|Mahasangha]] also staked a claim, saying that they are rightful claimants because Ram Baksh Singh belonged to their [[Kshatriya]] community.<ref name=IndiaToday5 >{{cite web |title=Gold hunt in UP: Unnao treasure is ours, All India Kshatriya Mahasabha stakes claim to seer's gold |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gold-hunt-up-unnao-treasure-is-ours-all-india-kshatriya-mahasabha-214924-2013-10-19 |publisher=India Today |date=20 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> Sarkar had another dream and claimed that 2,500 tons of gold was hidden beneath Shiva Chabutara of Brahm Ashram at Adampur village in [[Fatehpur district]], Uttar Pradesh. It was reported that Sarkar had written to Fatehpurs district magistrate informing about the dream.<ref name=IndiaToday2 /><ref name=ZeeNews >{{cite web |title=Unnao gold hunt: Now, seer dreams of another 2500 tonnes of hidden treasure |url= http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/gold-hunt-now-seer-dreams-of-another-2500-tonnes-of-hidden-treasure_884250.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=19 October 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> On the night of 19 October 2013, caretaker Swamy Mohandas was locked up at gunpoint inside an ancient Shiva temple at Gangaghat in Adampur village. The people responsible dug up the ground in search of the alleged treasure. Some villagers claimed that they took away hidden gold.<ref name=IndiaToday1 >{{cite web |title=Unnao gold hunt mania reaches Fatehpur, miscreats lock up priest at gunpoint, dig holes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/after-unnao-gold-hunt-in-fatehpur-214880-2013-10-19 |publisher=India Today |date=20 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

A [[Public-interest litigation]] (PIL) was filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]] seeking directions from the court to make proper arrangements for safety and protection of alleged hidden treasure. On 21 October 2013, the court rejected the PIL saying that it cannot pass order on the "ground of assumption".<ref name=PIL >{{cite web |title=SC refuses to interfere in ASI's gold hunt in Unnao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-refuses-to-interfere-in-ASIs-gold-hunt-in-Unnao/articleshow/24481005.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=21 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>

===Reaction===
Former [[President of India|President]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] said that, "according to me, science doesn't allow any guess. It [excavation by ASI] must have some logical conclusion."<ref name=IBNLive >{{cite web |title=UP: There should be logic behind ASI's excavation in Unnao, says Kalam |url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/up-there-should-be-logic-behind-asis-excavation-in-unnao-says-kalam/429205-3-242.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=19 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021120047/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/up-there-should-be-logic-behind-asis-excavation-in-unnao-says-kalam/429205-3-242.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician [[Narendra Modi]] mocked the government saying that, "The whole world is laughing at us over this bizarre exercise. Somebody dreamt and the government has launched an excavation."<ref name=Rediff >{{cite web |title=Modi mocks Unnao gold dig, says more black money stashed abroad - Rediff.com |url=http://m.rediff.com/news/report/modi-mocks-unnao-gold-dig-says-more-black-money-stashed-abroad/20131018.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> [[Nationalist Congress Party]]'s leader [[Sharad Pawar]] said that, "this will lead to rise in 'buwabaji' (promoting superstition by [[Godman (India)|godmen]]) in society" and further added that, "government agencies should not participate in such work."<ref name=oneindia >{{cite web |title=Unnao gold hunt will lead to rise in 'buwabaji': Sharad Pawar - News |url=http://www.oneindia.com/lucknow/unnao-gold-hunt-will-lead-to-rise-in-buwabaji-sharad-pawar-1327200.html |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |date=20 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> Thousands of onlookers were gathered to watch the excavation. Dozens of domestic and foreign TV journalists telecast the event live. Some media houses compared the 'media circus' with that of the 2010 [[Black comedy]] film ''[[Peepli Live]]''. A journalist from [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] summed up the spectacle saying that, "We had heard that India is the land of snake charmers. After this we are ready to believe it."<ref name=TOI4 >{{cite web |title='Peepli Live' in Unnao: ASI begins hunt for 1,000-tonne 'buried treasure' |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Peepli-Live-in-Unnao-ASI-begins-hunt-for-1000-tonne-buried-treasure/articleshow/24354232.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=19 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> The weekly magazine ''[[India Today]]'' called the excavation "moronic madness" and added, "if this gold hunt ends in finding even a kilo of the yellow, we are doomed. An already overtly superstitious country will rush to self-declared saints and shower them with gold."<ref name=IndiaToday4 >{{cite web |title=Unnao Gold Hunt and the Taj Mahal of Moronic Madness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/unnao-gold-hunt-and-the-taj-mahal-of-moronic-madness-214823-2013-10-18 |publisher=India Today |date=19 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.moneylife.in/article/does-1000-tonnes-of-gold-exist-in-unnao/35037.html Does 1,000 tonnes of gold exist in Unnao? - Moneylife]

[[Category:October 2013 in India]]
[[Category:Unnao district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Treasure troves in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological Survey of India]]

List of awards and nominations received by Rekha

2026-02-04T21:09:16Z

Theodore2940: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
[[File:Rekha at Akash Ambani wedding reception 2019.jpg|thumb|right|Rekha in 2019]]
[[Rekha]] is an Indian actress who has received several awards and nominations, including a [[National Film Award]] and four [[Filmfare Awards]]. Hailed as one of India's finest actresses,<ref>[[#Gu|Gulzar, p. 614]]</ref> she made her debut as a child artist in 1966 and went on to appear in lead roles in the early 1970s. Since her debut as a leading actress she has acted in over 180 films.<ref name=IBN>{{cite web|title=Happy Birthday Rekha: 15 things that changed her life forever|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7598-16.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011220001/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7598-16.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2012|publisher=[[IBNLive]]|accessdate=13 December 2012|date=9 October 2012}}</ref> Rekha has often portrayed strong female characters, while also acting in some [[arthouse]] films besides numerous mainstream cinema.<ref name=IBN/> She has won four [[Filmfare Awards]]; two [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] awards—resulting from seven nominations, one [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] award—resulting from six nominations, and a [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]. The first Best Actress win came in 1981 for the Hrishikesh Mukherjee-directed ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' where she was cast in a comic role. Her portrayal of a classical [[courtesan]] in ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981) fetched her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|last=Devi|first=Sangeetha|title=Umrao Jaan unplugged|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/03/stories/2006110301160100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125103303/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/03/stories/2006110301160100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|accessdate=13 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="nfa29"/> Rekha received her second Filmfare Award for Best Actress in 1989 for ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]''. She portrayed the role of a widow who sets out to take revenge on her lover. Her negative role in ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' was highly appreciated by critics and earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Filmfare]]|date=12 April 2010|accessdate=13 December 2012|title=Rekha: Line of Beauty|last=Choudhary|first=Anuradha|url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/rekha-line-of-beauty-676.html|quote=Like my performance in Khiladiyon Ke Khiladi was not up to my standards but you guys loved it and even gave me the Filmfare Award for it.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Screen India|Screen]]|title=A woman of a million miracles|date=2001-04-10|quote=My performance was appreciated by both my fans and my critics. I thought I looked jet-lagged and tired in the film. The people thought otherwise. They thought I looked ravishing.}}</ref> In 2003, she was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2010, Rekha was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the 4th highest civilian honour in India. Other awards won by her include [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]], [[Star Screen Awards]], [[Zee Cine Awards]], [[Stardust Awards]] and [[Bollywood Movie Awards]].

==National Film Awards==
The [[National Film Awards]] is the most prominent film award ceremony in India. The Best Actress category was introduced in 1968 and has been presented annually to an actress who has delivered the best performance in a leading role within the [[Indian cinema|Indian film industry]].

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Outcome
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1982
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}<ref name="nfa29">{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm29thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=29NFA.pdf |title=29th National Film Awards |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |accessdate=13 December 2012 |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170327/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm29thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=29NFA.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|}

==Filmfare Awards==
The [[Filmfare Awards]] are given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' annually for Hindi films. The Best Actress award is given to a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. The award was first given in 1954.

; Competitive awards
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|[[26th Filmfare Awards|1979]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref name=ff>{{cite web|title=The Nominations - 1978|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367020.cms|work=[[Filmfare]]|accessdate=13 December 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130126045412/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367020.cms|archivedate=26 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Ghar (1978 film)|Ghar]]''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[28th Filmfare Awards|1981]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Judaai (1980 film)|Judaai]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nominations - 1980|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367074.cms|work=Filmfare|accessdate=13 December 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130126071236/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367074.cms|archivedate=26 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Khubsoorat]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Winners - 1980|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367076.cms|work=Filmfare|accessdate=13 December 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130126113500/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/367076.cms|archivedate=26 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[29th Filmfare Awards|1982]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|title = Filmfare Awards Winners from 1953 to 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[30th Filmfare Awards|1983]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jeevan Dhaara]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nominations - 1982|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367120.cms|work=Filmfare|accessdate=13 December 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120708001712/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367120.cms|archivedate=8 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[31st Filmfare Awards|1984]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Mujhe Insaaf Chahiye]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nominations - 1983 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367131.cms |work=Filmfare |accessdate=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120708212739/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367131.cms |archivedate=8 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[34th Filmfare Awards|1989]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Winners - 1988|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368584.cms|work=Filmfare|accessdate=13 December 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130126220122/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368584.cms|archivedate=26 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[37th Filmfare Awards|1992]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Phool Bane Angaray]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nominations - 1991|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368596.cms|work=Filmfare|accessdate=13 December 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120710182858/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368596.cms|archivedate=10 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[42nd Filmfare Awards|1997]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Winners - 1996|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368652.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126165937/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368652.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|work=Filmfare|accessdate=13 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[47th Filmfare Awards|2002]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nominations - 2001 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368737.cms |work=Filmfare |accessdate=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120708020250/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368737.cms |archivedate=8 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[49th Filmfare Awards|2004]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000245/2004/1/|title=49th Filmfare Awards winner|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=29 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[52nd Filmfare Awards|2007]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Krrish]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for the 52nd Filmfare Awards|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2007/filmfare-nominations-090207.html|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref>
|}

; Honorary Award
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[48th Filmfare Awards|2003]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Winners - 2002 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368745.cms |work=Filmfare |accessdate=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709102644/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368745.cms |archivedate=9 July 2012 }}</ref>
|}

==International Indian Film Academy Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003
| {{N/A}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Samsung Diva Award
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|last=S.R.|first=Ashok Kumar|title=It was Devdas' nite at Johannesburg|url=http://hindu.com/2003/05/18/stories/2003051807651000.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125043614/http://hindu.com/2003/05/18/stories/2003051807651000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|accessdate=13 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 May 2003}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2004
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2007
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Krrish]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2012
| {{N/A}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Rekha to receive outstanding achievement award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rekha-to-receive-outstanding-achievement-award/articleshow/13686513.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603142722/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news-interviews/31920035_1_rekha-indian-cinema-indian-film-industry|url-status=live|archive-date=3 June 2013|access-date=13 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 May 2012}}</ref>
|}

==Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Outcome
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1985
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Utsav]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress (Hindi)|Best Actress (Hindi)]]
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Annual BFJA Awards 1989|work=BFJAAwards.com|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/198952.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108062601/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/198952.htm|archivedate=2010-01-08|accessdate=20 July 2007}}</ref>
|}

==Screen Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Outcome
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1997
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1998
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Aastha: In the Prison of Spring]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980109/00950494.html|title=And the nominees for 1997 are...|date=9 January 1998|accessdate=13 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lajja (film)|Lajja]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|}

==Zee Cine Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! width=15%| Film
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Outcome
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2004
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2006
| {{N/A}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2007
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Krrish]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{N/A}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Forever Diva Award
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of the Zee Cine Awards 2007|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=http://indiafm.com/features/2007/04/01/2465/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524075741/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/04/01/2465/index.html|archivedate=2009-05-24|accessdate=20 July 2007}}</ref>
|}

==Stardust Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Outcome
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2006
| style="text-align:center;" | Role Model of the Year
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Stars shine down at Kenstar MAX Stardust Awards 2006 |work=AgencyFaqs.com|url=http://www.agencyfaqs.com/media/media_newslets/Media/6956.html|accessdate=20 July 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045754/http://www.agencyfaqs.com/media/media_newslets/Media/6956.html  |archivedate = 27 September 2007}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2010
| style="text-align:center;" | Editors' Choice Icon of the Industry
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/big-b-kareena-bag-stardust-awards/5295/|title=Big B, Kareena bag Stardust awards|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122085025/http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/big-b-kareena-bag-stardust-awards/5295|archivedate=2010-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2012
| style="text-align:center;" | Role Model of the Industry Award
| {{won}}
|}

==Bollywood Movie Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Film
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:15%;"| Outcome
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lajja (film)|Lajja]]''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | [[Bollywood Movie Award - Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2004
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Koi Mil Gaya]]''
| {{won}}
|}

==Other awards==
* 1977: Film World Award for Best Actress, ''[[Immaan Dharam]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXhTAAAAYAAJ |magazine=Film World |volume=XV |issue=10 |last=Ramachandran |first=T.M. |title=The temptress... |date=October 1978 |page=26 |access-date=22 April 2021 }}</ref>
* 1997: Lakme Timeless Beauty Award{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
* 2004: Maha Style Icon of the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rekha named Maha Style Icon of the Year|work=apunkachoice.com|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20041018-0.html|accessdate=20 July 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193004/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20041018-0.html|archivedate=27 September 2007}}</ref>
* 2005: Sony Golden Glory Award.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shah Rukh, Rani Mukherjee bag awards |work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/28/stories/2005022809430300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230212/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/28/stories/2005022809430300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|accessdate=20 July 2007|location=Chennai, India|date=28 February 2005}}</ref>
* 2006: Idea Zee F Awards - Fashionable Film Star.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amitabh, Rekha win Idea Zee F awards |work=apunkachoice.com |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20060514-3.html |accessdate=20 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202161903/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20060514-3.html |archivedate=2 February 2007 }}</ref>
* 2012: Big Star Eternal Youth Star Award{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
*2018: Lux Golden Rose Awards - Lux Golden Rose Legendary Beauty Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-lux-golden-rose-awards-2018-pics-aishwarya-srk-recreate-devdas-moments-complete-winners-list-janhvi-kareena-484125|title=Lux Golden Rose Awards 2018 Pics: Aishwarya and SRK recreate Devdas moments, complete winners' list and more {{!}} Celebrities News – India TV|date=2018-11-19|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref>

==Honours and recognitions==
* 1998: Lachhu Maharaj Award for the Best Kathak Dancer in Hindi films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=193550|title=Rekha: Star power|date=2011-07-10|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|accessdate=2011-10-08}}</ref>
* 2001: [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image]], an award for her abiding contribution to Cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaifilmfest.com/archives_2001.php|title=Archives 2001|publisher=[[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image]]|accessdate=2011-10-08}}</ref>
* 2006: [[Deenanath Mangeshkar]] Award.<ref>{{cite web|title= Manish Malhotra Bridal Collection 2009 Indian Sarees Designer Saree 2010|work=indiculture.com|url=http://www.indiculture.com/fashion/2007/01/05/bollywood-flashback/|accessdate=20 July 2007}}</ref>
* 2007: Living Legend in the world of entertainment by [[FICCI]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FICCI Felicitates Legends Kamal And Rekha|work=indiaglitz.com|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/gallery/Events/11928.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407003040/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/gallery/Events/11928.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2007|accessdate=20 July 2007}}</ref>
* 2008: "IMPPA (Indian Motion Pictures' Producers Association) Award" for outstanding contribution to Bollywood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmnirvana.com/news/rekha-honoured-imppa-awards/155360|title=Rekha honoured at IMPPA Awards|date=2008-09-29|work=FilmNirvana.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711003744/http://www.filmnirvana.com/news/rekha-honoured-imppa-awards/155360|archivedate=2011-07-11}}</ref>
* 2009: "Raj Kapoor Pratibha Gaurav Puraskar" by the Government of [[Maharashtra]] for outstanding contribution to the Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rekha not old enough|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/rekha-not-old-enough-for-lifetime-achievement-award.html|accessdate=2011-10-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121071541/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/rekha-not-old-enough-for-lifetime-achievement-award.html|archivedate=2011-11-21}}</ref>
* 2010: She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour from the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Padma-Bhushan-for-Aamir-Padma-Shri-for-Sehwag/Article1-501571.aspx|title=Padma Bhushan for Aamir, Padma Shri for Sehwag|date=2010-01-25|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=2011-10-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017033639/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Padma-Bhushan-for-Aamir-Padma-Shri-for-Sehwag/Article1-501571.aspx|archivedate=2012-10-17}}</ref>
*2019: [[ANR National Award]] for 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rekha-honoured-with-anr-award-watch-what-you-feed-your-brain-says-the-actress/articleshow/72098003.cms|title=Rekha honoured with ANR award: 'Watch what you feed your brain,' says the actress|date=17 November 2019|access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author1=Gulzar|author2=Govind Nihalani|author3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan, Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|ref=Gu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rekha}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Muslim Teli

2026-01-30T22:42:20Z

Theodore2940: fixed layout after review and improved wording

{{Short description|Muslim descendants of Teli}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Teli Musalmaan
| popplace = {{flag|India}}{{•}}{{flag|Pakistan}}{{•}}{{flag|Nepal}}
| langs = [[Urdu language|Urdu]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] • [[Marwari language|Marwari]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| rels = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islam]] 100%
| related = [[Teli]] [[Bania (caste)|Baniya]] [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]] [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]] [[Khokhar]] [[Ghilji]]
}}
The '''Muslim Teli''' are members of the [[Teli]] caste who follow [[Sunni Islam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=N. K. Singh and A. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&q=Teli&pg=PT4 |title=Global Encyclopaedic Enthnography Of Indian Muslim(3 Vols. Set) |date=2008 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-297-9 |pages=820–27 |language=en}}</ref> They are found in India, Pakistan and Nepal.<ref name=":1" /> Their surname is Malik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Muslim Teli samaj |url=https://teliindia.in/news/46/-Muslim-Teli-- |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=teliindia.in}}</ref>

Related to the Muslim Teli are the [[Ghanchi (Muslim)|Ghanchi]], a community found in [[Gujarat]], who are also involved in the manufacture and trade of cooking oil.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Muslim Teli |url=https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/Nepal/TeliMuslim.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702042722/https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/Nepal/TeliMuslim.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

They have [[Other Backward Class]] status in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes: Bihar |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/bihar.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227014048/https://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/bihar.pdf |archive-date=27 Feb 2012 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

== Notables ==
*[[Irfan Solanki]], Ex MLA from Sishamau, Kanpur Nagar (UP) <ref>{{cite web | title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info | url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19372 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]

Ancessao

2026-01-28T23:13:47Z

Theodore2940: creating data

{{Italics}}
{{Short description|2025 Indian Konkani-language short film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
'''''Ancessão''''' is an Indian [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-language [[short film]] from [[Goa]] that has received international recognition at film festivals in Canada and India. The film won the award for Best Global Short Film at a film festival in [[Toronto]] in 2025 and was screened at several international and national film festivals the same year.<ref name="GoanBest">{{Cite web |title=‘Ancessao’ bags ‘Best Global Short Film’ in Toronto |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%E2%80%98ancessao%E2%80%99-bags-%E2%80%98best-global-short-film%E2%80%99-in-toronto/137983.html |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancessao also bags the best short film award in Toronto |url=https://goanews.com/ancessao-also-bags-the-best-short-film-award-in-toronto/ |website=GoaNews.com}}</ref>

==Background==
''Ancessão'' was produced in Goa and is rooted in Goan social and cultural contexts. The film is primarily in the Konkani language and reflects themes associated with Goan identity and lived experiences. According to media reports, the film was created by a Goan team and was positioned for international festival circulation following its completion.<ref name="TOIAwards">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-24 |title=Konkani movie wins 2 awards at film festival in Toronto |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/konkani-movie-wins-2-awards-at-film-festival-in-toronto/articleshow/124771129.cms |access-date=2025-12-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Prashanti Talpankar]]

==Festival screenings==
In 2025, ''Ancessão'' was selected for screening at the International Film Festival of South Asia (IFFSA) in Toronto, where it was showcased as part of the festival’s short film programme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa’s very own ‘Ancessao’ to be screened today at IFFSA Toronto 2025 |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/goas-very-own-ancessao-to-bescreened-today-at-iffsa-toronto-2025/449186/ |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

The film was also included in the lineup of the Hyderabad International Short Film Festival, further extending its festival presence within India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancessao and Jahaan to set Hyderabad International Short Film Festival rolling |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/ancessao-and-jahaan-to-set-hyderabad-international-short-film-festival-rolling/ |website=The South First}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
''Ancessão'' received the Best Global Short Film award at a Toronto-based film festival in 2025.<ref name="GoanBest" /> Media reports also noted that the film won multiple awards at the same festival, contributing to its international recognition.<ref name="TOIAwards" />

==Reception==
Press reports described ''Ancessão'' as a significant entry from Goa in the short film circuit, noting its reception at international festivals and its contribution to the visibility of Konkani cinema abroad.<ref name="GoanBest" /><ref name="TOIAwards" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:2020s Konkani-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Barrackpore subdivision

2026-01-22T10:59:29Z

Theodore2940: Content refined for better accuracy

{{other uses|Barrackpore (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barrackpore subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = Brrakpore Sub Divi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.76|N|88.37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Barrackpore]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 335.80
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,669748
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate = WB 23 / WB 24
| website = {{URL|https://www.barrackpore.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| image_map = Barrackpore (subdivision) in North 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
}}
'''Barrackpore subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
In 1757, the [[East India Company]] obtained the ''zamindari'' or land-holders rights of the 24 Parganas Zamindari from [[Mir Jafar]], the new [[Nawab of Bengal]]. Full proprietary status was handed over to [[Robert Clive]] in 1759 by a ''sanad'' or deed granting him the 24 Parganas as a ''jagir''. After Clive's death in 1774, full proprietary rights of the 24 Parganas zamindari reverted to the East India Company. In 1814, the district consisted of two parts – the suburbs of Kolkata (referred to as [[Dihi Panchannagram]]) and the rest. In 1834, several parganas of Jessore and Nadia were added to the 24 Parganas. The district was divided into two divisions. The Alipore division comprised territories originally ceded to the company and the Barasat division comprised territories added from Jessore and Nadia. The two divisions were replaced by eight subdivisions in 1861 – Diamond Harbour, Baruipur, Alipore, Dum Dum, Barrackpore, Barasat, Basirhat and Satkhira. The Satkhira subdivision was transferred to the newly formed Khulna district in 1882, the Baruipur subdivision was abolished in 1883 and the Dum Dum and Barrackpore subdivisions in 1893. Barrackpore subdivision was reconstituted in 1904 with portions of Barasat and Alipore subdivisions.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hkj2xOrEwkC&pg=PA25 | title = Bengal District Gazetteers: 24 Parganas by L.S.S. O'Malley | work= pages 44, 57| year = 2009 | publisher = Logos Press| isbn= 978-81-7268-193-7 |access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Physical features===
Barrackpore subdivision is part of the North Hooghly Flat, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lewis Sydney Steward O'Malley|author2=I.C.S.|title=Bengal District Gazetteers: 24-Parganas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hkj2xOrEwkC&pg=PA1|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-193-7|page=1}}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
[[File:North 24 Parganas Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
North 24 Parganas district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Urban population % (2011)||Rural Population % (2011)
|-
|[[Bangaon subdivision|Bangaon]]||[[Bangaon]]||838.17||1,063,028||16.33||83.67
|-
|[[Barasat Sadar subdivision|Barasat Sadar]]||[[Barasat]]||1,002.48||2,789,611||54.67||45.33
|-
|'''Barrackpore'''||[[Barrackpore]]||334.51||3,668,653||96.02||3.98
|-
|[[Bidhannagar subdivision|Bidhannagar]]||[[Bidhannagar]]||33.50||216,609||100.00||0
|-
|[[Basirhat subdivision|Basirhat]]||[[Basirhat]]||1,777.02||2,271,880||12.96||87.04
|-
|[[North 24 Parganas district]]||[[Barasat]]||4,094.00||10,009,781||57.27||42.73
|-
|}

==Administrative units==
Barrackpore subdivision has 16 police stations, 2 community development blocks, 2 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samitis]], 14 [[gram panchayat]]s, 64 [[mouza]]s, 53 inhabited villages, 16 municipalities, 24 [[census town]]s and 4 outgrowths. The subdivision has its headquarters at Barrackpore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barrackpore Police Structure|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/structure.php}}</ref><ref name=handbook2013/><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 March 2015}}</ref>

The municipalities are at [[Kanchrapara]], [[Halisahar]], [[Naihati]], [[Bhatpara]], [[Garulia]], [[North Barrackpur]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Titagarh]], [[Khardaha]], [[Panihati]], [[New Barrackpore]], [[Kamarhati]], [[Baranagar]], [[Dum Dum]], [[North Dumdum]] and [[South Dumdum]].<ref name=handbook2013/><ref name=census2011/>

The census towns are: [[Palladaha]], [[Palashi, North 24 Parganas|Palashi]], [[Nagdaha, India|Nagdaha]], [[Jetia]], [[Balibhara]], [[Dogachhia, West Bengal|Dogachhia]], [[Garshyamnagar]], [[Noapara, India|Noapara]], [[Kaugachhi]], [[Paltapara]], [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]], [[Babanpur]], [[Jafarpur]], [[Mohanpur, North 24 Parganas|Mohanpur]], [[Telenipara]], [[Chak Kanthalia]], [[Ruiya]], [[Patulia]], [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]], [[Talbandha]], [[Bilkanda]], [[Muragachha]], [[Teghari]] and [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]].<ref name=handbook2013/><ref name=census2011/>

==Religion==
Given below is an overview of the religion-wise break-up of the population across the subdivisions of North 24 Parganas district, as per 2011 census:<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web |url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = Population by Religious Community |work = West Bengal - North 24 Parganas |publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India |access-date = 22 May 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Subdivision || Population (2011) ||Hindu %||Muslim % ||Christian %||Others %
|-
|[[Bangaon subdivision|Bangaon]]||1,063,028||85.63||13.73||0.26||0.38
|-
|[[Barasat Sadar subdivision|Barasat Sadar]]||2,789,611||65.18||34.26||0.16||0.40
|-
|'''Barrackpore'''||3,668,653||88.61||10.32||0.35||0.71
|-
|[[Bidhannagar subdivision|Bidhannagar]]||216,609||95.26||2.56||0.45||1.73
|-
|[[Basirhat subdivision|Basirhat]]||2,271,880||51.37||48.37||0.14||0.13
|-
|[[North 24 Parganas district]]||10,009,781||73.45||25.82||0.24||0.48
|-
|}

North 24 Parganas district with 24.22% Muslims (in 2001) has been identified as a minority concentrated district by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. A baseline survey on religious minority population has been carried out under the aegis of Indian Council of Social Science Research and funded by the Ministry of Minority Affairs.<ref name=mcd>{{cite web | url = http://www.icssr.org/North_24_Pgs_MCD_Report_Final.pdf | title = Minority Concentration District Project: North 24 Parganas, West Bengal | publisher = Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta | access-date = 20 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160327223622/http://www.icssr.org/north_24_pgs_mcd_report_final.pdf | archive-date = 27 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> For information on the survey see [[North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district]].

==Population movement==
North 24 Parganas district is densely populated, mainly because of the influx of [[East Bengali refugees|refugees from East Pakistan]] (later Bangladesh). With a density of population of 2,182 per km2 in 1971, it was 3rd in terms of density per km2 in West Bengal after Kolkata and Howrah, and 20th in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Intro P 6| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to the District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas, "High density is also explained partly by the rapid growth of urbanization in the district. In 1991, the percentage of urban population in the district has been 51.23".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

As per the Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department of the Government of West Bengal, the census figures show the number of refugees from East Pakistan in 1971 was nearly 6 million and in 1981, the number was assessed at 8 million.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/refugee-relief-and-rehabilitation | title = Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation | work = Government | publisher = Egiye Bangla | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref> A district-wise break-up in 1971, shows the main thrust of the refugee influx was on 24-Parganas (22.3% of the total refugees), Nadia (20.3%), Bankura (19.1%) and Kolkata (12.9%).<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calternatives.org/resource/pdf/The%20Puzzling%20Numbers%20The%20Politics%20of%20Counting%20%27Refugees%27%20in%20West%20Bengal.pdf| title= The Puzzling Numbers: The Politics of Counting Refugees in West Bengal| first= Abhijit| last= Dasgupta| work= Table 1.2, Page 66| publisher= South Asian Refgees Watch, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2000| access-date= 20 April 2018| archive-date= 29 April 2018| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180429223013/http://www.calternatives.org/resource/pdf/The%20Puzzling%20Numbers%20The%20Politics%20of%20Counting%20%27Refugees%27%20in%20West%20Bengal.pdf| url-status= dead}}</ref>

The North 24 Paraganas district has a 352 km long [[Bangladesh–India border|international border]] with [[Bangladesh]], out of which 160 km is land border and 192 km is riverine border.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/north/n24pgsstat.php | title = North 24 Parganas Police | work = District at a Glance | publisher = WB Police | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-date = 1 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180501234133/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/north/n24pgsstat.php | url-status = dead }}</ref> Only a small portion of the border has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension| title = Laskar helped fan Basirhat tension| first = Abhinandan| last = Mishra| date = 8 July 2017| publisher = Sunday Guardian, 8 July 2017| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-date = 29 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180429223205/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/infiltrating-porous-bangladesh-india-border-150323140511893.html | title = Infiltrating porous Bangladesh-India border| publisher = Aljazeera | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref> The CD Block pages carry Decadal Population Growth information.

An estimate made in 2000 places the total number of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants in India at 15 million, with around 0.3 million entering every year. While many immigrants have settled in the border areas, some have moved on, even to far way places such as Mumbai and Delhi. The border is guarded by the [[Border Security Force]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_Jamwal_0304.pdf |title = Border Management: Dilemma of Guarding the India-Bangladesh border|last= Jamwal| first= N.S. |publisher= Strategic Analysis|date=January–March 2004 | access-date = 22 May 2018}}</ref> During the UPA government, [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]], Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, had made a statement in Parliament on 14 July 2004, that there were 12 million illegal Bangladeshi infiltrators living in India, and West Bengal topped the list with 5.7 million Bangladeshis. More recently, [[Kiren Rijiju]], Minister of State for Home Affairs in the NDA government has put the figure at around 20 million.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/two-crore-illegal-bangladeshi-living-in-india-govt-116111601110_1.html| title = Two crore illegal Bangladeshi living in India: Govt | publisher = Business Standard / Press Trust of India|date=16 November 2016 |access-date = 22 May 2018 }}</ref>

==Kolkata Urban Agglomeration==
The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of [[List of cities in West Bengal by population#Urban agglomeration|Kolkata Urban Agglomeration]] in the 2011 census: [[Kanchrapara]] (M), [[Jetia]] (CT), [[Halisahar]] (M), [[Balibhara]] (CT), [[Naihati]] (M), [[Bhatpara]] (M), [[Kaugachhi]] (CT), [[Garshyamnagar]] (CT), [[Garulia]] (M), [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]] (CT), [[North Barrackpur]] (M), [[Barrackpur Cantonment]] (CB), [[Barrackpore]] (M), [[Jafarpur]] (CT), [[Ruiya]] (CT), [[Titagarh]] (M), [[Khardaha]] (M), [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT), [[Panihati]] (M), [[Muragachha]] (CT) [[New Barrackpore]] (M), [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT), [[Talbandha]] (CT), [[Patulia]] (CT), [[Kamarhati]] (M), [[Baranagar Municipality|Baranagar]] (M), [[South Dumdum]] (M), [[North Dumdum]] (M), [[Dum Dum]] (M), [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (CT), [[Babanpur]] (CT), [[Teghari]] (CT), Nanna (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and [[Panpur]] (OG).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 30 May 2018}}</ref>

==Police stations==
{{See also |Divisions of Kolkata Police }}
Police stations in [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref name=handbook2013/><ref>{{cite news |title=BKP Stations List|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/structure.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Barrackpore Police History|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/history.php}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station ||Area covered (km2) ||Border (km)||Municipal Town/ City || CD Block
|-
|[[Bijpur, North 24 Parganas#Police station|Bijpur]]|| n/a || – ||[[Kanchrapara]]|| –
|-
|[[Halisahar]]|| n/a || – ||[[Halisahar]]|| –
|-
|[[Jetia]]
|n/a
|–
|[[Halisahar]]
|–
|-
|[[Naihati#Police station|Naihati]]|| n/a || – ||[[Naihati]]||[[Barrackpore I]]
|-
|[[Jagaddal#Police station|Jagaddal]]|| n/a || – ||[[Bhatpara]]|| –
|-
|[[Bhatpara#Police station|Bhatpara]]|| n/a || – ||[[Bhatpara]]|| –
|-
|[[Noapara, India#Police station|Noapara]]|| n/a || – ||[[Garulia]], [[North Barrackpur]]|| –
|-
|[[Mohanpur, North 24 Parganas|Mohanpur]]|| n/a || – ||[[Barrackpore]]||[[Barrackpore II]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore#Police station|Barrackpore]]|| n/a || – ||[[Barrackpore]], [[Barrackpur Cantonment|Barrackpur Cantonment Board]]|| –
|-
|[[Titagarh#Police station|Titagarh]]|| n/a || – ||[[Titagarh]], [[Barrackpore]]|| –
|-
|[[Khardaha#Police station|Khardaha]]|| n/a || – ||[[Khardaha]], [[Panihati]]|| –
|-
|[[Rahara, Kolkata|Rahara]]|| n/a || – ||[[Khardaha]]||[[Barrackpore II]]
|-
|-
|[[Ghola, Kolkata#Police station|Ghola]]|| n/a || – ||[[Panihati]]|| –
|-
|-
|[[New Barrackpore#Police station|New Barrackpore]]|| n/a || – ||[[New Barrackpore]]|| –
|-
|[[Kamarhati]]|| n/a || – ||[[Kamarhati]]|| –
|-
|[[Belgharia#Police station|Belgharia]]|| n/a || – ||[[Kamarhati]]|| –
|-
|[[Dakshineswar]]|| n/a || – ||[[Kamarhati]]|| –
|-
|[[Baranagar#Police station|Baranagar]]|| n/a || – ||[[Baranagar]]|| –
|-
|[[Dum Dum#Police station|Dum Dum]]|| n/a || – ||[[Dum Dum]], [[South Dum Dum]]|| –
|-
|[[Nagerbazar]]|| n/a || – ||[[South Dum Dum]]|| –
|-
|[[Nimta#Police station|Nimta]]|| n/a || – ||[[North Dumdum]]|| –
|-
|}

Note: The police website does not mention the jurisdiction of the police stations and therefore, we are using the jurisdiction outlined in the District Statistical Handbook 2013.

==Blocks==
[[File:North 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Community development blocks in Barrackpore Subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2013/><ref name=censusmap/><ref name=census2011/><ref name=religion2011/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Hindus]] %||[[Muslims]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Barrackpore I]]||[[Panpur]]||95.44||194,333||28.80||3.81||84.38||14.46||85.91|| 11
|-
|[[Barrackpore II]]||[[Karna Madhabpur]]||40.74||217,171||24.86||2.26||77.70||21.46||84.53|| 13
|-
|}

==Gram panchayats==
The subdivision contains 14 [[gram panchayat]]s under 2 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = North Twentyfour Parganas - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

* Gram panchayats in [[Barrackpore I]] CD Block are: Jethia, Kowgachi–I, Majhipara–Palasi, Panpur–Keutia, Kampa–Chakla, Kowgachi–II, Mamudpur and Shibdaspur.
* Gram panchayats in [[Barrackpore II]] CD Block are: Bandipur, Bilkanda–II, Patulia, Bilkanda–I, Mohanpur and Sewli.

==Municipal towns / cities==
An overview of the municipal towns and cities in Barrackpore subdivision is given below.<ref name=religion2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = (1)Table 3.3.2: Population density and other features of municipalities in North 24 Parganas, Pages 42-43 (2) Table 3.3.8: Slum population, slum children and literacy rates in slum, Page 51 (3) Table 3.3.10: Distribution of BPL households in urban North 24 Parganas and (4) Table 3.3.7 Literacy rates in urban North 24 Parganas, Page 49| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 23 May 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Municipal town/city ||Area (km2)||Population (2011) ||Hindu %||Muslim % ||Slum population %||[[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] households % (2006)||Literacy% (2001)
|-
|[[Halisahar]]||8.28||124,939||89.82||9.70||15.05||14.49||82.86
|-
|[[Kanchrapara]]||9.07||129,576||97.56||1.44||11.28||17.93||87.09
|-
|[[Naihati]]||11.55||217,900||92.34||7.01|| - ||20.28||81.40
|-
|[[Bhatpara]]||28.55||386,019||85.53||13.43|| - ||18.40||78.91
|-
|[[Garulia]]||5.38||85,336||84.70||14.90||61.82||21.38||79.76
|-
|[[North Barrackpur]]||9.46||132,806||94.93||4.26||11.15||11.74||90.45
|-
|[[Barrackpore]]||10.61||152,783||85.76||13.37||3.76||9.85||86.51
|-
|[[Titagarh]]||3.24||116,541||74.35||24.95||78.96||5.41||73.37
|-
|[[Khardaha]]||6.87||108,496||90.58||8.79||29.51||6.97||89.70
|-
|[[Panihati]]||19.4||377,347||95.62||3.67||26.85||6.02||89.51
|-
|[[New Barrackpore]]||17.17||76,846||98.90||0.73||23.88||5.46||94.37
|-
|[[North Dumdum]]||26.45||249,142||93.13||6.26||1.21||12.24||89.83
|-
|[[Kamarhati]]||10.96||330,211||72.35||26.89||1.15||14.33||83.63
|-
|[[Baranagar]]||7.12||245,213||94.95||2.96||22.34||4.13||88.80
|-
|[[Dum Dum]]||8.81||114,786||90.11||6.55|| - ||4.65||89.36
|-
|[[South Dumdum]]||13.54||403,316||95.71||2.49||24.88||3.96||89.75
|-
|}

Note: The data used in this table in mainly from the District Human Development Report, based on 2001 census data, and may be at variance with the data used in municipal city/ town pages utilising≤ data from District Census Handbook 2011 or other sources. Please bear with the variance. 

==Education==
North 24 Parganas district had a literacy rate of 84.06% (for population of 7 years and above) as per the census of India 2011. Bangaon subdivision had a literacy rate of 80.57%, Barasat Sadar subdivision 84.90%, Barrackpur subdivision 89.09%, Bidhannagar subdivision 89.16% and Basirhat subdivision 75.67%.<ref name=handbook2013ed>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 6 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in North 24 Parganas district for the year 2012-13:<ref name=handbook2013ed/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Bangaon subdivision|Bangaon]]
|align="center"|533
|align="center"|54,361
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|36
|align="center"|31
|align="center"|14,654
|align="center"|83
|align="center"|107,745
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|11,031
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|95
|align="center"|1,594
|align="center"|54,016
|-
|align=left|[[Barasat Sadar subdivision|Barasat Sadar]]
|align="center"|920
|align="center"|120,670
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|2,734
|align="center"|93
|align="center"|63,707
|align="center"|171
|align="center"|246,098
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|40,466
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|6,190
|align="center"|2,887
|align="center"|130,522
|-
|align=left|'''Barrackpore'''
|align="center"|948
|align="center"|126,453
|align="center"|29
|align="center"|5,716
|align="center"|193
|align="center"|165,924
|align="center"|205
|align="center"|215,713
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|44,818
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|6,345
|align="center"|2,483
|align="center"|160,236
|-
|align=left|[[Bidhannagar subdivision|Bidhannagar]]
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|12,317
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|900
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|22,536
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|865
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|5,432
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|552
|-
|align=left|[[Basirhat subdivision|Basirhat]]
|align="center"|1,256
|align="center"|139,737
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|10,165
|align="center"|124
|align="center"|101,536
|align="center"|118
|align="center"|105,724
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|15,248
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"|3,800
|align="center"|164,833
|-
|align=left|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|align="center"|3,677
|align="center"|453,538
|align="center"|74
|align="center"|18,651
|align="center"|442
|align="center"|346,721
|align="center"|594
|align="center"|697,816
|align="center"|49
|align="center"|112,428
|align="center"|59
|align="center"|18,062
|align="center"|10,765
|align="center"|439,560
|-
|}

Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=handbook2013ed/>

The following institutions are located in Barrackpore subdivision:

*[[Indian Statistical Institute]] at [[Baranagar]] is an academic [[Institute of National Importance|institute of national importance]] as recognised by a 1959 act of the Indian parliament.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/dnss/docViewer.aspx?docID=417 |title = UNSD Document – The Indian Statistical Institute Act 1959 |publisher = United Nations Statistics Division |access-date = 10 May 2018}}</ref> Established in 1931, this [[public university]] of India is focused on statistics.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.isical.ac.in/ | title = Indian Statistical Institute | publisher = ISI |access-date = 10 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College]] was established at [[Barrackpore]] in 1953.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.brsnc.org/| title = Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College| publisher = BRSNC| access-date = 8 May 2018| archive-date = 7 May 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180507170143/http://brsnc.org/| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Barrackpore_Rastraguru_Surendranath_College/BarrackporeRastraguruSurendranathCollege.shtml| title = Barrackpore Rashtraguru Surendranath College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Bhairab Ganguly College]] was established at [[Belgharia]] in 1968.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bhairabgangulycollege.ac.in/ | title = Bhairab Ganguly College | publisher = BGC |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Bhairab_Ganguly_College/Bhairab_Ganguly_College.shtml | title = Bhairab Ganguly College | publisher = College Admission|access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College]] was established at Bon Hooghly in 1956.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bkccollege.org/ | title = Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College | publisher = BKCC |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.collegeadmission.in/Brahmananda_Keshab_Chandra_College/Notice2018/college_notice/Schedule_Of_Part_I_Test_Exam.shtml | title = Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College | publisher = College Admission|access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavidyalaya]] was established at Bon Hooghly in 1965.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis_Mahavidyalaya/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Mahadevananda Mahavidyalaya]] was established at Manirampur in 1968.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mmbkp.ac.in/ | title = Mahadevananda Mahavidylaya | publisher = MM | access-date = 8 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180509014956/http://www.mmbkp.ac.in/ | archive-date = 9 May 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/MahadevanandaMahavidyalaya/Mahadevananda_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Mahadevananda Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Morning Star College]], a private college and a seminary, was established at Barrackpore in 1971.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.morningstarcollege.in/about.html | title = Morning Star, Regional Seminary & college | publisher = MSC |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/MorningStarCollege/MorningStarCollege.shtml | title = Morning Star College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Mrinalini Dutta Mahavidyapith|Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith]] was established at [[Birati]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mdmbirati.org/ | title = Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith | publisher = MDM |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Mrinalini_Datta_Mahavidyapith/Mrinalini_Datta_Mahavidyapith.shtml| title = Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Acharya Prafulla Chandra College|Naba Barrackpore Prafulla Chandra Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[New Barrackpore]] in 1960.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nbpcm.org/contact | title = New Barrackpore Prafulla Chandra Mahavidyalaya | publisher = NBPCM |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Other%20Information/Acharya%20_Prafulla_Chandra_College.shtml| title = Acharya Prafulla Chandra College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Dum Dum Motijheel College]] was established at [[Dum Dum]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dumdummotijheelcollege.in/ | title = Dum Dum Motijheel College | publisher = DDMC |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Dumdum_Motijheel_College/Notice2015/admission_notice_2015.shtml | title = Dum Dum Motijheel College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Dum Dum]] in 1968.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ddmrm.org/ | title = Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya | publisher = DDMRM |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Dumdum_Motijheel_Rabindra_Mahavidyalaya/Dumdum_Motijheel_Rabindra_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahaviyalaya | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Sarojini Naidu College for Women]] was established at [[Dum Dum]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sncwgs.ac.in/academics/admission/ | title = Sarojini Naidu College for Women | publisher = SNCW |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Sarojini_Naidu_College_for_Women/Sarojini_Naidu_College_for_Women.shtml | title = Sarojini Naidu College for Women | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhavan]] was established at Dum Dum in 1961.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://rksmvv.ac.in/ | title = Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhaban | publisher = RSMVV |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Ramkrishna_Sarada_Mission_Vivekananda_Vidyabhavan/Ramkrishna_Sarada_Mission_Vivekananda_Vidyabhavan.shtml | title = Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhaban | publisher = collegesdmission.in |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Hiralal Majumdar Memorial College for Women|Hiralal Mazumdar Memorial College for Women]] was established at [[Dakshineswar]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hmmcollege.ac.in/ | title = Hiralal Maumdar Memorial College for Women | publisher = HMMCW |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/HiralalMajumdarMemorialCollegeforWomen/Hiralal_Majumdar_Memorial_College_for_Women.shtml | title = Hiralal Majumdar Memorial College for Women | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 8 May 2018 | archive-date = 10 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180510185637/http://www.collegeadmission.in/HiralalMajumdarMemorialCollegeforWomen/Hiralal_Majumdar_Memorial_College_for_Women.shtml | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*[[Panihati Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Sodepur]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pmv.ac.in/| title = Panihati Mahavidyalaya | publisher = PM |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/PanihatiMahavidyalaya/Panihati_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Panihati Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College]] was established at [[Rahara, Kolkata|Rahara]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://rkmvccrahara.org/ | title = Ramakrishna Mission Vivekanada Centenary College, Rahara | publisher = RKMVCC |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/Ramkrishna_Mission_Vivekananda_Centenary_College/Ramkrishna_Mission_Vivekananda_Centenary_College.shtml | title = Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College | publisher = collegeadmission.in |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Rishi Bankim Chandra Colleges|Rishi Bankim Chandra College]] was established at [[Naihati]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rbccollege.ac.in/ | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra College | publisher = RBCC |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/RishiBankimChandraCollege/Rishi_Bankim_Chandra_College.shtml | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Rishi Bankim Chandra Colleges|Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women]] was established initially started as the morning section for women in Rishi Bankim Chandra College. The college was rechristened in 1984 as Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://rbccwomen.org/About.html | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women | publisher = RBCCW | access-date = 8 May 2018 | archive-date = 10 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180510184135/http://rbccwomen.org/About.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/RishiBankimChandraCollegeforWomen/Rishi_Bankim_Chandra_College_for_Women.shtml | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Rishi Bankim Chandra Colleges|Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College]] was set up initially as the evening section of Rishi Bankim Chandra College and was rechristened as Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College in 1984.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rbcec.in/ | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College | publisher = RBCEC |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/RishiBankimChandraEveningCollege/Rishi_Bankim_Chandra_Evening_College.shtml | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Kanchrapara College]] was established at [[Kanchrapara]] in 1972. It is affiliated to the [[University of Kalyani]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kpcoll.net/index.aspx | title = Kanchrapara College | publisher = KC | access-date = 14 July 2018 | archive-date = 14 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164333/http://www.kpcoll.net/index.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/KanchraparaCollege/Kanchrapara_College.shtml | title = Kanchrapara College | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 14 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[P.N. Das College]] was established at PO Bengal Enamel, [[Palta, North 24 Parganas|Palta]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pndascollege.in/pndashome.php | title = P.N.Das College | publisher = PNDC | access-date = 8 May 2018 | archive-date = 10 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180510183949/http://pndascollege.in/pndashome.php | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/P.N.DasCollege/P._N._Das_College.shtml | title = PN Das College | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 8 May 2018 | archive-date = 10 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180510184645/http://www.collegeadmission.in/P.N.DasCollege/P._N._Das_College.shtml | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*[[East Calcutta Girl's College]] was established at [[Lake Town, Kolkata|Lake Town]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/East_Calcutta_Girls_College/East_Calcutta_Girls_College.shtml | title = East Calcutta Girls' College | publisher = collegeadmission.in |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital]] was started at [[Kamarhati]] by the Government of West Bengal in 2010 and MBBS course was started in 2011.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 July 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cmsdh.edu.in/sagar-dutta-hospital | title = College of Medicine & Sagar Dutta Hospital | publisher = CMSDH | access-date = 17 July 2018 | archive-date = 17 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180717124911/http://www.cmsdh.edu.in/sagar-dutta-hospital | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*[[St. Mary's Technical Campus Kolkata]], a private engineering college, was established on Barasat-Barrackpore Road at Saibona, [[Nilganj]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://stmarysgroup.com/organs/kolkata/kolkata.php | title = St. Mary's Group of Institutions, Kolkata | publisher = St. Mary's | access-date = 20 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://collegedunia.com/college/57967-st-marys-technical-campus-kolkata | title = St. Mary's Technical Campus Kolkata | publisher = College Dunia |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Guru Nanak Institute of Technology]], a private engineering college, was established, near [[Sodepur]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://gnit.ac.in/ | title = Guru Nanak Institute of Technology | publisher = GNIT |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Narula Institute of Technology]], a private engineering college, was established at [[Agarpara]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nit.ac.in/ | title = Narula Institute of Technology | publisher = NIT |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Elitte Institute of Engineering and Management]] was established at PO [[Karna Madhabpur]] in 2009. It offers diploma (3-years) courses.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://petindia.org/eiem/ |title = Elitte Institute of Engineering & Management |publisher = EIEM |access-date = 15 June 2018}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2013 in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Table 3.1, 3.3 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 6 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts**
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies**
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs**
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes**
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors*
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Bangaon subdivision|Bangaon]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|10
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|417
|align="center"|24
|align="center"|11,587
|align="center"|650,349
|-
|align=left|[[Barasat Sadar subdivision|Barasat Sadar]]
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|15
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|1,084
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|125,000
|align="center"|1,397,574
|-
|align=left|'''Barrackpore'''
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|1,081
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|94,042
|align="center"|1,010,820
|-
|align=left|[[Bidhannagar subdivision|Bidhannagar]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| `
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"|100
|align="center"| –
|align="center"|6,567
|align="center"|117,136
|-
|align=left|[[Basirhat subdivision|Basirhat]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|23
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"| –
|align="center"|34
|align="center"|703
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|69,034
|align="center"|897,725
|-
|align=left|[[North 24 Parganas district]]
|align="center"|13
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|27
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|233
|align="center"|354
|align="center"|3,385
|align="center"|154
|align="center"|306,230
|align="center"|4,073,604
|-
|}
.* Excluding nursing homes. **Subdivision-wise break up for certain items not available.

Medical facilities available in Barrackpore subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
B.N.Bose Subdivisional Hospital, [[Barrackpore]], 200 beds 
Barrackpore Cantonment Hospital, Barrackpore, 48 beds 
Barrackpore Police Case Hospital, Barrackpore, 6 beds 
Police Brigade Hospital, Barrackpore, 120 beds 
Naihati State General Hospital, [[Naihati]], 131 beds 
Lalit Mohan Maternity Home, Naihati, 11 beds 
Bhatpara State General Hospital, [[Bhatpara]], 119 beds 
Matri Mangal Pratisthan, Bhatpara, 15 beds 
Kanchrapara Railway Hospital, [[Kanchrapara]], 220 beds 
Shibani Arogya Niketan, Kanchrapara, 8 beds 
Municipal Maternity-cun-Child Welfare Hospital, [[Halisahar]], 10 beds 
ESI Hospital, [[Kamarhati]], 350 beds 
Sagar Dutta State General Hospital, Kamarhati, 131 beds 
Panihati State General Hospital, [[Panihati]], 150 beds 
Panihati Municipal Maternity Home, Panihati, 10 beds 
Shree Balaram Seva Mandir, [[Khardaha]], 100 beds 
Baranagar State General Hospital, [[Baranagar]], 100 beds 
Baranagar Maternity Hospital, Baranagar, 40 beds 
Dum Dum Central Jail Hospital, [[Dum Dum]], 100 beds 
Dum Dum Municipal Specialised Hospital, Dum Dum, 105 beds 
North Dumdum Municipal Hospital, [[North Dumdum]], 32 beds 
South Dumdum Maternity Home, [[South Dumdum]], 15 beds

'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
[[Nanna, North 24 Parganas|Nanna]] Rural Hospital, Malancha (via Hazinagar), 30 beds

'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Bandipur BPHC, Bandipur, 15 beds

'''Primary Health Centres''': (CD Block-wise)(CD Block, PHC location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Barrackpore I CD Block: Narayanpur PHC, Kakinara (via Jagatdal) (6) 
Barrackpore II CD Block: [[Bilkanda]] ([[Teghari]]) PHC, [[Muragachha]] (6), Sultanpur PHC (6)

'''Private Medical Facilities''' (Name, location, speciality)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sehat.com/kolkata/barrackpore/hospitals | title = Hospitals in Barrackpre, Kolkata | publisher = Sehat |access-date = 7 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sehat.com/kolkata/dum-dum/hospitals | title = Hospitals in Dum Dum, Kolkata | publisher = Sehat |access-date = 7 May 2018}}</ref> 
Sarada Seva Sadan, 114, Barasat Road, Barrackpore (general medicine, gynaecology) 
Disha Eye Hospital, 88 (63A), Ghoshpara Road, Barrackpore (ophthalmology, paediatric ophthalmology) 
Disha Cataract and Refractive Surgi Centre, 130B, Ghoshpara Road, Barrackpore (ophthalmology, paediatric ophthalmology) 
ILS Hospitals, Mall Road, Khudiram Bose Sarani, Dum Dum (cardiology, nephrology, general medicine, dermatology, urology etc.)

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Barrackpore subdivision were as follows:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18, 15 February 2006 | access-date= 2 May 2018|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats and/or municipal areas
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]||None||[[Amdanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amdanga]] in Barasat Sadar subdivision||None||[[Amdanga]] [[Community Development Block in India|CD Block]], and [[Nebadhai Duttapukur|Dattapukur]] I, Dattapukur II and Kashimpur [[Gram panchayat|GPs]] of [[Barasat I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Bijpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijpur]]||None||[[Kanchrapara]] municipality and [[Halisahar]] municipality
|-
| || ||[[Naihati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naihati]]||None||[[Naihati]] municipality, and Jethia, Kampa-Chakla, Majhipara–Palasi and Shibdaspur GPs of [[Barrackpore I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Bhatpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatpara]]||None||Ward Nos.1 to 17 of [[Bhatpara]] municipality
|-
| || ||[[Jagatdal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatdal]]||None||Ward Nos. 18 to 35 of [[Bhatpara]] Municipality, and Kowgachi I, Kowgachi II, Mamudpur, Panpur Keutia GPs of [[Barrackpore I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Noapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Noapara]]||None||[[North Barrackpur]] municipality, [[Garulia]] municipality, [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]], [[Barrackpur Cantonment]], Mohanpur and Seuli GPs of [[Barrackpore II]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Barrackpore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]||None||[[Barrackpore]] municipality and [[Titagarh]] municipality
|-
|[[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]||None||[[Khardaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khardaha]]||None||[[Khardaha]] municipality, Ward Nos.15, 18 to 21 and 35 of [[Panihati]] municipality, and Bandipur, Bilkanda I, Bilkanda II and Patulia GPs of [[Barrackpore II]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Dum Dum Uttar]]||None||[[North Dumdum|North Dum Dum]] municipality and [[New Barrackpur]] municipality
|-
| || ||[[Panihati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panihati]]||None|| Ward Nos.1 to 14, 16, 17 and 22 to 34 of [[Panihati]] municipality
|-
| || ||[[Kamarhati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kamarhati]]||None||Ward Nos. 1 to 16 and 21 to 35 of [[Kamarhati]] municipality
|-
| || ||[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]||None||[[Baranagar Municipality]] and Ward Nos.17 to 20 of [[Kamarhati]] municipality
|-
| || ||[[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]||None||[[Dum Dum]] municipality and Ward Nos.1 to 17 of [[South Dumdum]] municipality
|-
| || ||[[Rajarhat Gopalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat Gopalpur]] partly in Bidhannagar Sub-Division(Before 2015 Barasat Sadar Subdivision )||None||Wards Nos. 7-9 and 14-26 of [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] (Before 2015 [[Rajarhat|Rajarhat-Gopalpur]] Municipality) and Ward Nos.18 and 21 to 27 of [[South Dumdum]] Municipality
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barrackpore Subdivision}}
[[Category:Barrackpore]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in North 24 Parganas district]]

Indian English literature

2026-01-19T19:41:10Z

Theodore2940: entry...

{{short description|Literature written in English by Indians}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Essay-like|date=February 2025}}
{{Original research|date=February 2025}}
{{more footnotes|date=March 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{History of modern literature}}
'''Indian English literature''' ('''IEL'''), also referred to as '''Indian Writing in English''' ('''IWE'''), is the body of work by writers in [[India]] who write in the [[English language]] but whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous [[languages of India]]. Its early history began with the works of [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]] and [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]] followed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Sri Aurobindo]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} [[R. K. Narayan]], [[Mulk Raj Anand]] and [[Raja Rao]] contributed to the growth and popularity of Indian English fiction in the 1930s.<ref name="KhoranaGreenwood2009">{{cite book|author1=Meena G.. Khorana|author2=Greenwood|title=The Life and Works of Ruskin Bond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipxKj8G1H0kC&pg=PA1|date=January 2009|publisher=IAP|isbn=978-1-60752-075-7|page=1–2}}</ref> It is also associated, in some cases, with the works of members of the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] who subsequently compose works in English.

It is often referred to as '''Indo-Anglian''' literature<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Susheel Kumar |date=2018-06-30 |title=Indo-Anglian: Connotations and Denotations |url=https://eejpl.vnu.edu.ua/index.php/eejpl/article/view/53 |journal=East European Journal of Psycholinguistics |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=45–69 |doi=10.29038/eejpl.2018.5.1.sha |issn=2313-2116|doi-access=free }}</ref> (a writing specific term; not to be confused with ''[[Anglo-Indian]]''). Although some works may be classified under the genre of [[postcolonial literature]], Indian English literature, evolving since the late 18th century encompasses diverse themes and ideologies, making strict categorization challenging.

==History==
Indian English Literature is relatively recent, being nearly two centuries old. The first book written by an Indian in English was ''The Travels of Dean Mahomet'' (1794), a travel narrative by [[Sake Dean Mahomed]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-15 |title=Short history of Indian writing in English |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-children/short-history-of-indian-writing-in-english/article5226149.ece |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The first Indian novel in English, ''Rajmohan’s Wife'' (1864), was written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]. ''Govinda Samanta, or the History of a Bengali Raiyat'' (1874) by [[Lal Behari Dey]] and his later ''[[Folk-Tales of Bengal]]'' (1883) further contributed to early Indian English fiction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Day |first=Lal Behari |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14008274M/Folk-tales_of_Bengal |title=Folk-tales of Bengal |date=1912 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London|ol=14008274M }}</ref> ''Bianca, or The Young Spanish Maiden'' (1878) by [[Toru Dutt]] was the first novel by an Indian woman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Toru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOY3EAAAQBAJ |title=Bianca, Or, The Young Spanish Maiden |date=2021-06-08 |publisher=Graphic Arts Books |isbn=978-1-5132-2342-1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Krupabai Satthianadhan]]’s autobiographical novel ''Saguna: A Story of Native Christian Life'' was serialized in ''The Madras Christian College Magazine'' (1887–88), followed by his only other novel, ''Kamala: The Story of a Hindu Life'' (1894).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Souza |first=Eunice De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYie-S7VMh4C |title=The Satthianadhan Family Album |date=2005 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-2127-7 |language=en}}</ref>

The non-fictional body of prose in Indian English literature from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries includes letters, diaries, [[Political Manifesto|political manifestos]], articles, speeches, and philosophical works, forming a rich and varied corpus. The speeches of [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Chittaranjan Das]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] played a crucial role in shaping modern India and its use of the English language.<ref>Auddy, pp. 9–10</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s ''[[Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule]]'' (1910) was written in an indigenized variety of English, challenging 'the hegemony of Standard English'.<ref>Auddy, pp. 169</ref>

[[Raja Rao]], Indian philosopher and writer, authored ''Kanthapura'' and ''The Serpent and the Rope''. [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] translated the [[Mahabharata]] into English, the only time the epic has ever been translated in its entirety into a European language.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} [[Rabindranath Tagore]] wrote in Bengali and English and translated several of his own work into English. [[Dhan Gopal Mukerji]] was the first Indian author to win a literary award in the United States. [[Nirad C. Chaudhuri]], a writer of non-fiction, is best known for his ''[[The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian]]'' (1951), in which he relates his life experiences and influences. [[P. Lal]], a poet, translator, publisher and essayist, founded a press in the 1950s for [[Indian English]] writing, [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]]. Ram Nath Kak (1917–1993), a Kashmiri [[veterinarian]], wrote his autobiography ''Autumn Leaves'', which is one of the most vivid portraits of life in 20th century [[Kashmir]].

[[R. K. Narayan]] contributed over many decades and was aided by [[Graham Greene (writer)|Graham Greene]] to find a publisher in England.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} Similar to the way [[Thomas Hardy]] used [[Thomas Hardy's Wessex|Wessex]], Narayan created the fictitious town of [[Malgudi]] where he set his novels. Some criticise Narayan for the parochial, detached and closed world that he created in the face of the changing conditions in India at the times in which the stories are set. Others, such as Greene, however, feel that through Malgudi they could vividly understand the Indian experience.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} Narayan's evocation of small-town life and its experiences through the eyes of the child protagonist Swaminathan in ''[[Swami and Friends]]'' is a good sample of his writing style. Simultaneous with Narayan's pastoral idylls, [[Mulk Raj Anand]], was similarly gaining recognition for his writing set in rural India, focused on brutality, with divisions of caste, class and religion.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} According to writer [[Lakshmi Holmström]], "The writers of the 1930s were fortunate because after many years of use, English had become an Indian language used widely and at different levels of society, and therefore they could experiment more boldly and from a more secure position."<ref name="KhoranaGreenwood2009" /> [[Kamala Markandaya|Kamala Markandeya]] is an early writer in IEL who has often grouped with the trinity of R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jun/25/guardianobituaries.india|title=Kamala Markandaya|last=Kumar|first=Jai|date=2004-06-24|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-03-31|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The contributions of [[Manoj Das]] and [[Manohar Malgonkar|Manohar Malgoankar]] to growth of IEL largely remains unacknowledged.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-manohar-malgonkar-contributiion-to-indian-writing-in-english-remains-largely-unacknowledged-1397472|title=Manohar Malgonkar contributiion to Indian Writing in English remains largely unacknowledged {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2010-06-17|work=dna|access-date=2017-03-31|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Later history==
{{multiple image
| border =
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| image1 = Arundhati Roy W.jpg
| alt1 = Arundhati Roy
| image2 = Jhumpa_Lahiri_(2015).png
| alt2 = Jhumpa Lahiri
| image3 = Kiran Desai 2015.jpg
| alt3 = Kiran Desai
| image4 = Vikram Seth, in Oxfordshire (cropped).jpg
| alt4 = Vikram Seth
| image5 = Salman-Rushdie-1.jpg
| alt5 = Salman Rushdie
| image6 = Amitav Ghosh by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| alt6 = Amitav Ghosh
| footer = {{hlist|''Various Indian English writers, from top, left to right'': [[Arundhati Roy]] • [[Jhumpa Lahiri]] • [[Kiran Desai]] • [[Vikram Seth]] • [[Salman Rushdie]] • [[Amitav Ghosh]]}}
}}

Among the later writers, the most notable is [[Salman Rushdie]], born in India and now living in the UK. Rushdie, with his famous work ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' ([[Booker Prize]] 1981, Booker of Bookers 1992, and Best of the Bookers 2008), ushered in a new trend of writing. He used a hybrid language – English generously peppered with Indian terms – to represent India. His works are categorised as [[magic realism]]. [[Nayantara Sehgal]] was one of the first female Indian writers in English to receive wide recognition. Her fiction deals with India's elite responding to the crisis engendered by political change. She was awarded the 1986 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for English, for her novel, ''[[Rich Like Us]]'' (1985), by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters. [[Anita Desai]], who was shortlisted for the Booker Prize three times, received a Sahitya Akademi Award in 1978 for her novel ''Fire on the Mountain'' and a British [[Guardian Prize]] for ''The Village by the Sea''. Her daughter [[Kiran Desai]] won the 2006 [[Man Booker Prize]] for her second novel, ''[[The Inheritance of Loss]]''. [[Ruskin Bond]] received Sahitya Akademi Award for his collection of short stories ''Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra'' in 1992. He is also the author of a historical novel ''[[A Flight of Pigeons]]'', which is based on an episode during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

[[Vikram Seth]], author of ''[[The Golden Gate (Vikram Seth novel)|The Golden Gate]]'' (1986) and ''[[A Suitable Boy]]'' (1994) is a writer who uses a purer English and more realistic themes. Vikram Seth is notable both as an accomplished novelist and a prolific poet.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Another writer who has contributed immensely to the Indian English Literature is [[Amitav Ghosh]] who is the author of ''[[The Circle of Reason (novel)|The Circle of Reason]]'' (his 1986 [[debut novel]]), ''[[The Shadow Lines]]'' (1988), ''[[The Calcutta Chromosome]]'' (1995), ''[[The Glass Palace]]'' (2000), ''[[The Hungry Tide]]'' (2004), and ''[[Sea of Poppies]]'' (2008), the first volume of ''The Ibis'' trilogy, set in the 1830s, just before the [[First Opium War|Opium War]], which encapsulates the colonial history of the East. Ghosh's latest work of fiction is ''[[River of Smoke]]'' (2011), the second volume of ''The Ibis'' trilogy.

[[Jhumpa Lahiri]] is a British-born [[Indian American]] of [[Bengalis|Bengali]] descent whose works portray the Indian-immigrant experiences in the [[United States]]. She won the [[Pulitzer prize]] for fiction for her debut collection ''[[Interpreter of Maladies]]'', which explores the lives of first-generation Indian immigrants.<ref name= "pbs">Farnsworth, Elizabeth. [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/gergen/jan-june00/lahiri_4-12.html "Pulitzer Prize Winner-Fiction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101182759/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/gergen/jan-june00/lahiri_4-12.html |date=January 1, 2014 }}, [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] [[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer|NewsHour]], April 12, 2000. Retrieved 2008-04-15.</ref> Her first novel, ''[[The Namesake (novel)|The Namesake]]'', which is made into [[The Namesake (film)|a film]], depicts Bengali immigrant-couple struggles and adjustments to move to the United States from [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pawar |first1=Dr. Sadashiv |title=Literary Text into Film: A Study of the Namesake |url=https://www.academia.edu/.../Literary_Text_into_Film_A_Study_of_The_Namesake_ |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407030825/https://www.academia.edu/.../Literary_Text_into_Film_A_Study_of_The_Namesake_ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her second story collection, ''[[Unaccustomed Earth]]'', depicts the experiences of the [[immigrant generations|second and third generation Indian Americans]].<ref>[http://nwasianweekly.com/old/2008270014/book20082714.htm "Jhumpa Lahiri’s latest book continues to explore the immigrant experience"] By N.P. Thompson for ''Northwest Asian Weekly''.</ref> Her second novel, ''[[The Lowland]]'', which tells the story of two brothers, Subhash and Udayan Mitra, whose lives diverge sharply against the backdrop of 1960s India and the rise of the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite movement]], was placed on the shortlist for the [[2013 Man Booker Prize]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23417583 |title=Man Booker judges reveal 'most diverse' longlist |last=Masters |first=Tim |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=July 23, 2013 |access-date=July 23, 2013 |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326225748/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23417583 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Rohinton Mistry]] is an Indian-born Canadian author who is a [[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]] laureate (2012). His first book ''[[Tales from Firozsha Baag]]'' (1987), published by [[Penguin Books]] Canada, is a collection of 11 short stories. His novels ''[[Such a Long Journey (novel)|Such a Long Journey]]'' (1991) and ''[[A Fine Balance]]'' (1995) earned him great acclaim. In a similar vein, [[M. G. Vassanji]] was born in [[Kenya]] of Indian descent and emigrated to Canada; he twice won the [[Giller Prize]], for ''[[The Book of Secrets (novel)|The Book of Secrets]]'' (1994) and ''[[The In-Between World of Vikram Lall]]'' (2003), as well as the [[Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction]] for ''A Place Within: Rediscovering India'' (2008), a travelogue.

[[Shashi Tharoor]], in his ''[[The Great Indian Novel]]'' (1989), follows a story-telling (though in a satirical) mode as in the [[Mahabharata]] drawing his ideas by going back and forth in time. His work as UN official living outside India has given him a vantage point that helps construct an objective Indianness.[[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]] is another author who shuffles between India and the United States and has received critical acclaim for his first novel ''Red Earth and Pouring Rain'' (1995) and collection of short stories ''Love and Longing in Bombay'' (1997). His namesake [[Vikram Chandra (reporter)|Vikram A. Chandra]] is a renowned journalist and the author of ''The Srinagar Conspiracy'' (2000). [[Suketu Mehta]] is another writer currently based in the United States who authored ''[[Maximum City]]'' (2004), an autobiographical account of his experiences in the city of Mumbai. In 2008, [[Aravind Adiga]] received the Man Booker Prize for his debut novel ''[[The White Tiger (Adiga novel)|The White Tiger]]''.

Recent writers in India such as [[Arundhati Roy]] and [[David Davidar]] show a direction towards contextuality and rootedness in their works. Arundhati Roy, a trained architect and the 1997 Booker prize winner for her ''[[The God of Small Things]]'', calls herself a "home grown" writer. Her award-winning book is set in the immensely physical landscape of [[Kerala]]. Davidar sets his ''The House of Blue Mangoes'' in Southern [[Tamil Nadu]]. In both books, geography and politics are integral to the narrative. In his novel ''Lament of Mohini'' (2000), [[Shreekumar Varma]] touches upon the matriarchal system and the ''sammandham'' system of marriage as he writes about the Namboodiris and the aristocrats of Kerala. [[Jahnavi Barua]], a [[Bangalore]]-based author from [[Assam]] has set her critically acclaimed collection of short stories ''Next Door'' on the social scenario in Assam with insurgency as the background.

The stories and novels of [[Ratan Lal Basu]] reflect the conditions of tribal people and [[hill people]] of West Bengal and the adjacent states of Sikkim, Bhutan and Nepal. Many of his short stories reflect the political turmoil of West Bengal since the Naxalite movement of the 1970s. Many of his stories like ''Blue Are the Far Off Mountains'', ''The First Rain'' and ''The Magic Marble'' glorify purity of love. His novel ''Oraon and the Divine Tree'' is the story of a tribal and his love for an age old tree.

==Poetry==
Early notable poets in English include [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio|Derozio]], [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], [[Toru Dutt]], [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], [[Sri Aurobindo]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], and her brother [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]]. Notable 20th Century authors of English poetry in India include [[Dilip Chitre]], [[Kamala Das]], [[Eunice De Souza]], [[Nissim Ezekiel]], [[Kersy Katrak]], [[Shiv K. Kumar]], [[Arun Kolatkar]], [[P. Lal]], [[Jayanta Mahapatra]], [[Dom Moraes]], [[Gieve Patel]], [[A. K. Ramanujan]], [[Madan Gopal Gandhi]], and [[P C K Prem]] among several others.

The younger generation of poets writing in English include [[Abhay K]], [[Arundhathi Subramaniam]], [[Anju Makhija]], [[Bibhu Padhi]], [[Ranjit Hoskote]], [[Sudeep Sen]], [[Smita Agarwal]], [[Makarand Paranjape]], [[Jeet Thayil]], [[Jaydeep Sarangi]], [[Mani Rao]], [[Jerry Pinto]], [[K. V. Dominic]], [[Meena Kandasamy]], [[Nalini Priyadarshni]], [[Gopi Kottoor]], [[Tapan Kumar Pradhan]], [[Rukmini Bhaya Nair]], [[Robin Ngangom]], [[Vihang A. Naik]] and [[K Srilata]].

Modern expatriate Indian poets writing in English include [[Agha Shahid Ali]], [[Sujata Bhatt]], [[Richard Crasta]], [[Yuyutsu Sharma]], [[Tabish Khair]] and [[Vikram Seth]].

==Alternative writing==
India's experimental and [[avant garde]] [[counterculture]] is symbolised in the Prakalpana Movement. During the last four decades this bilingual [[literary movement]] has included [[Richard Kostelanetz]], [[John M. Bennett]], [[Don Webb (writer)|Don Webb]], [[Sheila Murphy (poet)|Sheila Murphy]] and many others worldwide and their Indian counterparts. Prakalpana fiction is a fusion of prose, poetry, play, essay, and pictures.

==See also==
*[[Indian literature]]
*[[Indian poetry in English]]
*[[List of Indian poets#English|List of English poets from India]]
*[[Literature from North East India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|}}
*Auddy, Ranjan Kumar. "In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation. London & New York: Routledge, 2020 {{ISBN|978-0-367-51008-4}} & 978-0-367-35271 & 978-0-429-33160-2
*Haq, Kaiser (ed.). ''Contemporary Indian Poetry''.Columbus: Ohio State University Press,1990.
*Haq, Rubana (ed.). ''The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry''. Kolkata: Writers Workshop, 2008.
*Hoskote, Ranjit (ed.). ''Reasons for Belonging: Fourteen Contemporary Indian Poets.'' Viking/Penguin Books India, New Delhi, 2002.
*Singh, Bijender. "Indian Writing in English: Critical Insights." New Delhi, Authorspress, 2014.
*[http://menanddreamsinthedhauladhar.com Indian Writing in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322153029/http://menanddreamsinthedhauladhar.com/ |date=2018-03-22 }} | Men and Dreams in the Dhauladhar by Novels by Indian Authors - [http://menanddreamsinthedhauladhar.com/indian-writers-in-english-literature-and-their-works.php Kochery C Shibu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407153616/http://menanddreamsinthedhauladhar.com/indian-writers-in-english-literature-and-their-works.php |date=2017-04-07 }}
*Joseph, Margaret Paul. "Jasmine on a String: a Survey of Women Writing English Fiction in India." Oxford University Press, 2014.
*King, Bruce Alvin. ''Modern Indian Poetry in English: Revised Edition''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987, rev. 2001. ("the standard work on the subject and unlikely to be surpassed" — Mehrotra, 2003).
*King, Bruce Alvin. ''Three Indian Poets: Nissim Ezekiel, A K Ramanujan, Dom Moraes''. Madras: Oxford University Press, 1991.
*Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna (ed.). ''The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets''. Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1992.
*Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna (ed.). ''A History of Indian Literature in English''. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. Distributed in India by Doaba Books Shanti Mohan House 16, Ansari Road, New Delhi.
*Parthasarathy, R. (ed.). ''Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets (New Poetry in India)''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1976.
*Prem, PCK. ''English Poetry in India: A Comprehensive Survey of Trends and Thought Patterns'' New Delhi: Authorspress, 2011.{{ASIN|8172736029|country=in}}
*Reddy, T. Vasudeva. ''A Critical Survey of Indo-English Poetry'' New Delhi: Authorspress, 2016.{{ASIN|9352072499|country=in}}
*Roy, Pinaki. "''Encountering the West'': A Very Brief Overview of the Indian Diasporic Novelists". ''Journal of Higher Education and Research Society'' (ISSN 2321-9432) 1(1), October 2013: http://herso.org/vol-1-issue-1-oct-2013/
*Roy, Pinaki. “''Dramatic Chronicle'': A Very Brief Review of the Growth of Indian English Plays”. ''Indian Drama in English: Some Perspectives''. Ed. Kaushik, A.S. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2013 ({{ISBN|978-81-269-1772-3|}}). pp. 272–87.
*Sadana, Rashmi. "Writing in English," in ''The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
*Sadana, Rashmi. ''English Heart, Hindi Heartland: the Political Life of Literature in India''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.
*Shivdasani, Menka (ed.). ''Anthology of Contemporary Indian Poetry'' : USA, BigBridge.Org, [[Michael Rothenberg]], 2004.
*Souza, Eunice de. "Nine Indian Women Poets", Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997.
*Souza, Eunice de. ''Talking Poems: Conversations With Poets''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
*Souza, Eunice de. ''Early Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology : 1829-1947.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005.
*Srikanth, Rajini. ''The World Next Door: South Asian American Literature and the Idea of America'''. Asian American History and Culture. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 2004.
*Mahapatra, Jayanta & Sharma, Yuyutsu (ed.). ''Ten: The New Indian Poets''. New Delhi: Nirala Publications, 1993. http://niralapublications.com/new-release-ten-the-new-indian-poets/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219051402/http://niralapublications.com/new-release-ten-the-new-indian-poets/ |date=2017-12-19 }}
*Jha, Vivekananad. (ed) ''[[The Dance of the Peacock]]''. Canada: Hidden Brook Press, 2014.
{{refend}}

{{English literature}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian literature in English| ]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language|English]]

Expedition to Surat

2026-01-19T00:41:38Z

Theodore2940: Put Up Basic Details More To Come

{{Short description|Swedish expedition to Surat}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Expedition to Surat
| place = [[Surat]], Gujarat
| width =
| image = A View of Surat," in a copper engraving by Edward Rooker, c. 1770.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = "A View of Surat" by [[Edward Rooker]]
| date = April 1760
| territory = Swedish factory at Surat is occupied
| result = Indian victory
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Swedish East India Company]]
| combatant2 = Local Nawab
| commander1 = [[:sv:Henrik Braad|Christopher Henric Braad]]{{POW}}
| commander2 = Unknown
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Several captured
| casualties2 = Unknown
| campaignbox =
| coordinates = {{Coord|qid=Q4629|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''expedition to Surat''' was the failed establishment of a factory at Surat by the Swedish East India Company in April 1760. After being instigated by both British and Dutch authorities, the local Nawab sent Indian troops and occupied the fortress, holding Christopher Henric Braad and several of his companions captive for 20 days.

== Background ==
After some time in India, [[:sv:Henrik_Braad|Christopher Henric Braad]], a member of the [[Swedish East India Company|SOIC]], had grown tired of waiting for a Swedish ship to arrive. Instead, he boarded a British vessel bound for Europe, and after being saved from a shipwreck in Limerick, he arrived back in Göteborg in 1759.{{Sfn|Frängsmyr|1976|p=117}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Naumann |first=Erik |year=1925 |title=Christopher H Braad |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=18029 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=sok.riksarkivet.se |publisher=[[National Archives of Sweden]]}}</ref>

After going back to the SOIC's headquarters, he began arguing for a new Swedish factory there, showing different numbers and graphs.{{Sfn|Frängsmyr|1976|p=117}} He also argued that the imminent war between France and Britain would allow an opportunity for Sweden. A Swedish factory could be established in Surat, where prices were lower and where people would be able to find markets for their goods, allowing them to buy cotton among other things to export to China.<ref name=":0" />

== Expedition ==
In April 1760, the ship ''Riksens Ständer'' with Braad onboard began its journey to India, with the goal being to establish a new Swedish factory in [[Surat]].{{Sfn|Frängsmyr|1976|p=117}} However, after arriving, likely at the instigation of other European powers like the Dutch and British, a tense relationship had developed between the Swedes and Indians.{{Sfn|Hellstenius|1860|p=42}}<ref name=":0" />

The British, mistrustful of the Swedes, began doing whatever they could to prevent the Swedes in their work, and managed to make the locals also mistrust the Swedes.{{Sfn|Frängsmyr|1976|p=117}} Suddenly, the local Nawab sent a military force of Indian troops, quickly defeating the Swedes and occupying the Swedish factory.{{Sfn|Hellstenius|1860|p=42}}{{Sfn|Frängsmyr|1976|pp=117–118}}

== Aftermath ==
After the attack, Braad and the others were imprisoned in the factory by the Indian troops. However, due to "careful steps taken", they were able to avoid serious consequences and instead continued the journey to China.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Frängsmyr|1976|p=118}} Despite the attack, the visit to Surat yielded a profit, and after deducting wages for the crew and other things, the Swedes had a profit of 93,575 rupees.{{Sfn|Hellstenius|1860|p=42}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Works cited ==
* {{Cite book |last=Frängsmyr |first=Tore |author-link=Tore Frängsmyr |title=Ostindiska kompaniet: människorna, äventyret och den ekonomiska drömmen |publisher=Bokförlaget Bra Böcker |year=1976 |isbn=9789170246531 |language=sv |trans-title=East India Company: the people, the adventure and the financial dream}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hellstenius |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM1AAAAAcAAJ |title=Bidrag till Svenska Ost-Indiska Compagniets Historia: 1731-1766. |publisher=Edquist |year=1860}}

[[Category:Battles involving Sweden]]
[[Category:Swedish East India Company]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1760]]
[[Category:Swedish colonial empire]]

Wangkhei phee

2026-01-18T17:12:53Z

Theodore2940: creating basic entry w/ infobox!

{{Short description|White cotton textile fabric}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Wangkhei Phee
| image = Wangkhei Phee.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description = Textile fabric
| type = White cotton
| area = Manipur
| country = India
| registered = 19 December 2011
| material = White cotton
| official website =
}}

'''Wangkhei Phee''' is a textile fabric made of white [[cotton]]. It is a product which is protected under the [[List of Geographical Indications in India|GI registration]] and is made throughout the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Manipur]] and is woven by women. The fabric is transparent, has many designs on its body, and is popularly worn by women of Manipur for marriage ceremonies and other festive occasions.<ref name=India>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_55.pdf|title=Wangkhei Phee|date= 29 November 2013|accessdate=6 May 2016| publisher=Government of India|pages=15–20}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
The fabric has been registered for protection under the Geographical indication of the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. It was registered as '''Wangkhei Phee''' under the [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999|Geographical Indications Act 1999]] of the Government of India, with registration confirmed by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under Class – 25 – Clothing vide application number 372 dated 19 December 2011,<ref name=India/><ref name=Indication>{{Cite web|url=http://dcimanipur.gov.in/Handloom/GI-372-Wangkhei%20Phee.pdf|title=Geogtaphical Indication Registry|accessdate=29 April 2016|publisher=Government of Manipur|archive-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529103930/http://dcimanipur.gov.in/Handloom/GI-372-Wangkhei%20Phee.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and also for [[Moirang Phee]] (GI no.373) and [[Shaphee Lanphee]] (GI no.371), which are all woven by women of Manipur. The Government of Manipur was expected to register 5,000 weavers in respect of Wangkhei Phee within six months from the date of GI registration as per decision of the Consultative Committee meeting.<ref name=Manipur>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manipurtimes.com/gi-registration-for-shaphee-lanphee-moirang-phee-wangkhei-phee-officially-handed-over-to-the-state/|title=GI registration for Shaphee Lanphee, Moirang phee, Wangkhei Phee officially handed over to the state|date=30 May 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016|publisher=Manipur Times}}</ref>

==History==
The fabric was originally made in [[muslin]] cloth for use by the royal family of Manipur. The weavers were then stationed at the Wangkhei Colony, close to the palace but is now made at many places in Manipur.<ref name=India/>

==Product details==
The Wangkhei Phee is made with very fine white cotton yarn with a closely woven texture. The interlacing of cotton weft and warp is woven by women, in series and widely spaced from each other, that makes the fabric "fully transparent".<ref name=India/> Patches are incorporated by weaving with standard designs; the designs are called ''Kheiroithek'', ''ThangjingTangkhai'', ''KabokChaiba'', and several others, and all have [[Moirang Phee]] design on both of its longitudinal borders. Known as a "luxurious" cloth, it is a popular attire used by women during marriage ceremonies and festivals.<ref name=India/>

The fibre used for making the yarn is derived from "Lashing" (Cotton ball) and "Kabrang" (Mulberry cocoon). It is also extracted from the bark of the tree species locally known as "Santhak" (''[[Urtica pilulifera|Urtica sp.]]''). The local fibre is spun into threads and then dyed using the extracts of plants, bark, leaves, and flowers. The dyed yarn is subject to [[Textile warp sizing|sizing]] through the application of a rice-based starch, following by stretching with the help of a bamboo stick, and then wound onto the [[bobbin]]s and [[pirn]]s.<ref name=India/>

The type of yarn in the fabric used is fine cotton. The thread in the warp has counts of 80S and 100S cotton while the weft has thread of count 2/80S. The extra weft used is of 2/80S mercerized.<ref name=India/>

The weaving process involves two methods based on use of shuttles: fly shuttle loom and throw shuttle loom. In the first type it is made as a complete fabric in a single piece. In the second method, the fabric is made in two
pieces and then joined by stitching to make it a full fabric.<ref name=India/> Additional motifs are woven in by hand. The fabric is "porous, airy, see-through and thin", making it suitable for luxury items for women such as [[chador]]s and [[sari]]s, and skirts and school uniforms for girls.<ref name=India/>

Following the GI registration of the fabric, an inspection agency has been constituted for quality control of the product made by weavers.<ref name=India/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Economy of Manipur]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]

Spring 1945 offensive in Italy

2026-01-08T23:55:28Z

Theodore2940: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Allied attack into the Lombardy Plain during WWII}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Grapeshot
| partof = the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]
| image = The British Army in Italy 1945 NA24308.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = British troops of the [[5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment]], part of [[11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East|11th Brigade]] of [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|78th Division]], pick their way through the ruins of [[Argenta, Emilia–Romagna|Argenta]], 18 April 1945.
| date = 6 April 1945 – 2 May 1945
| place = [[Tuscany]], [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Liguria]], [[Piedmont]], [[Lombardy]] and the [[Veneto]] regions, Northern [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| result = Allied victory
* German forces withdraw from Italy
* Fall of the [[Italian Social Republic]]
* [[Execution of Benito Mussolini]] (1945)
* Surrender of all Axis forces in Italy
| combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flag|British India}}
* {{flagcountry|Dominion of Newfoundland}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/royal-artillery.php|title=Royal Artillery|website=www.heritage.nf.ca|accessdate=20 May 2023}}</ref>
* {{flag|Mandatory Palestine|maritime|name=Palestine}}
{{flag|United States|1912}} {{flagcountry|Polish government-in-exile}} {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} {{flagicon|Vargas Era|1930}} [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Brazil]] {{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}} {{flagcountry|Union of South Africa}}<hr>{{flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} [[National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy|Italian Resistance]]
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} {{flag|Italian Social Republic}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]] {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]] {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Lucian Truscott]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Richard McCreery]]
| commander2 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff|H. von Vietinghoff]]{{surrendered}}}} {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Traugott Herr]] {{surrendered}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Joachim Lemelsen|J. Lemelsen]] {{surrendered}}}} {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic}} [[Benito Mussolini]]{{Executed|Death of Benito Mussolini}} {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic}} [[Rodolfo Graziani]]{{surrendered}}
| units1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[15th Army Group]]
* {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[United States Army North|5th Army]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|8th Army]] ''[[Operation Grapeshot order of battle|...and others]]''
| units2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Army Group C]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|10th Army]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[14th Army (Wehrmacht)|14th Army]]
* {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic}} [[Army Group Liguria|Army Liguria]] ''[[Operation Grapeshot order of battle|...and others]]''
| strength1 = '''Total:''' 1,333,856<ref name="Jackson230">Jackson, p. 230.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Including lines of communication and support troops|group=nb}} '''5th Army:''' 266,883 fighting strength<ref name="Jackson230"/> '''Eighth Army:''' 632,980 fighting strength<ref name="Jackson223"/>
| strength2 = '''Total:''' 585,000<ref name="Jackson236"/>
* 394,000 fighting strength<ref name="Jackson236">Jackson, p. 236.</ref>
* 100,000 local police units<ref name="Jackson236"/>
* 91,000 lines of communication and [[Anti-aircraft warfare|AA troops]]<ref name="Jackson236"/>
| casualties1 = 16,258 casualties{{#tag:ref|From 9 April 1945 until the end of Operation Grapeshot, thus casualties exclude those suffered during the preliminary operations. 5th Army: 7,965 casualties. American: 6,834 (1,288 killed, 5,453 wounded and 93 missing) casualties; South African: 537 (89 killed, 445 wounded and 3 missing) casualties; Brazilian: 594 (65 killed, 482 wounded and 47 missing) casualties. 8th Army: 7, 193 casualties. British: 3,068 (708 killed, 2,258 wounded and 102 missing) casualties; New Zealand: 1,381 (241 killed and 1,140 wounded) casualties; Indian: 1,076 (198 killed, 863 wounded and 15 missing) casualties; Colonial: 46 (11 killed and 35 wounded) casualties; Polish: 1,622 (260 killed, 1,355 wounded and 7 missing) casualties. Italians fighting with both armies: 1,100 (242 killed, 828 wounded and 30 missing) casualties.<ref name="Jackson334">Jackson, p. 334</ref>|group=nb}} incl. 2,860 killed <ref name="Jackson334"/>
| casualties2 = 30,000–32,000 casualties{{#tag:ref|British estimated around 30,000 casualties were inflicted upon the Axis forces during this offensive, while a German staff officer estimated 32,000 casualties suffered during Operation Grapeshot.<ref name="Jackson334"/>|group=nb}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox 1945 Spring Offensive}}{{Campaignbox Italy}}
| campaign =
}}
The '''Spring 1945 offensive in Italy''', codenamed '''Operation Grapeshot''', was the final [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] attack during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] in the final stages of the [[Second World War]].<ref>Jackson, p. 253</ref> The attack in the [[Lombardy|Lombard Plain]] by the [[15th Army Group|15th Allied Army Group]] started on 6 April 1945 and ended on 2 May with the [[Surrender of Caserta|surrender of all Axis forces in Italy]].

==Background==
The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had launched their last major offensive on the [[Gothic Line]] in August 1944, with the British [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] ([[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Oliver Leese]]) attacking up the coastal plain of the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] and the U.S. [[United States Army North|Fifth Army]] ([[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]]) attacking through the central [[Apennine Mountains]]. Although they managed to breach the formidable Gothic Line defenses, the Allies failed to break into the [[Po Valley]] before the winter weather made further attempts impossible. The Allied forward formations spent the rest of the winter of 1944 in inhospitable conditions while preparations were being made for a spring offensive in 1945.

===Command changes===
When [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Sir]] [[John Dill]], the head of the British Mission in [[Washington, D.C.]], died on 5 November, Field Marshal Sir [[Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson|Henry Maitland Wilson]] was appointed his replacement. [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]], having been promoted to Field Marshal, replaced Wilson as Allied Supreme Commander Mediterranean on 12 December. Clark succeeded Alexander as commander of the [[Allied Armies in Italy|Allied forces in Italy]] (renamed [[15th Army Group]]), but without promotion. Lieutenant General [[Lucian Truscott]], the commander of the U.S. [[VI Corps (United States)|VI Corps]] from the [[Battle of Anzio]] and the capture of [[Rome]] to [[Alsace]], landed in the South of France during [[Operation Dragoon]] and returned to Italy to assume command of the Fifth Army.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

On 23 March, [[Albert Kesselring]] was appointed [[OB West|Commander-in-Chief West]], replacing General-Field Marshal [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]. [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]] returned from the Baltic to take over from Kesselring and [[Traugott Herr]], the experienced commander of the [[German LXXVI Panzer Corps|LXXVI Panzer Corps]], took over the [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|10th Army]]. [[Joachim Lemelsen]], who had temporarily commanded the 10th Army, returned to command the [[14th Army (Wehrmacht)|14th Army]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Orders of battle===
{{Further|Operation Grapeshot order of battle}}
Allied manpower shortages continued in October 1944. The [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]] had been sent to [[Greek Civil War|Greece]] and the British [[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|4th Infantry Division]] had followed them in November along with the [[139th (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade|139th Brigade]] of the British [[46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|46th Infantry Division]]. The rest of the division followed in December along with the [[3rd Greek Mountain Brigade]]. In early January 1945, the British [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|1st Infantry Division]] was sent to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] and at the end of the month the [[I Canadian Corps]] and the British [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Division]] were ordered to the [[North West Europe Campaign]]. This reduced the Eighth Army, now commanded by Lieutenant-General [[Richard McCreery]], to seven divisions. Two other British divisions were to follow them to North-Western Europe, but Alexander kept them in Italy.

The U.S. Fifth Army had been reinforced between September and November 1944 with the [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB)|1st Brazilian Division]], and in January 1945, with the specialist U.S. [[10th Mountain Division (United States)|10th Mountain Division]].<ref>Clark, 1950 pp. 607–609</ref> Allied strength amounted to 17 divisions and eight independent brigades, including 4 Italian groups of volunteers from the [[Italian Co-Belligerent Army]] which were equipped and trained by the British. The [[Jewish Brigade]], a formation of the British Army composed of Jews from Mandatory Palestine led by British-Jewish officers, was also deployed to take part in the offensive. Total Allied strength was equivalent to just under 20 divisions. The 15th Army Group ration strength was 1,334,000 men, the Eighth Army having an effective strength of 632,980 men, and the Fifth Army 266,883.<ref name="Jackson223">Jackson, p. 223.</ref><ref name="Jackson230"/>

As of 9 April, the Axis in Italy had 21 much weaker German divisions and four Italian [[National Republican Army]] (ENR) divisions, with about 349,000 German and 45,000 Italian troops. There were another 91,000 German troops on the lines of communication, and Germans commanded about 100,000 Italian police.<ref>Blaxland, p. 242</ref><ref name="Jackson236"/> Three of the Italian divisions were allocated to the Ligurian Army under [[Rodolfo Graziani]] which guarded the western flank facing France. Finally, the fourth division was with the 14th Army in a sector thought less likely to be attacked.<ref>Blaxland, p. 243</ref>

===Plan of attack===
[[File:SpringOffensiveItaly1945.jpg|thumb|Allied Spring Offensive April 1945. Note that 21 ID NZ is actually the [[2nd New Zealand Division]].]]
On 18 March, Clark set out his battle plan. Its objective was "to destroy the maximum number of enemy forces south of the Po, force crossings of the Po and capture Verona".<ref name="Jackson203">Jackson, p. 203.</ref> In ''Phase I'', the Eighth Army would cross the [[Senio]] and [[Santerno]] rivers and then make a dual thrust, one towards Budrio parallel to the Bologna road, Route 9 (the Via Emilia) and the other northwest along Route 16, the {{lang|it|Via Adriatica}}, towards Bastia and the Argenta Gap which was a narrow strip of dry terrain through the flooded land west of Lake Comacchio.

An amphibious operation across the lake and parachute drop would bring pressure to bear on the flank and help to break the Argenta position. Depending on the relative success of these actions, a decision would be made on whether the Eighth Army's prime objective would become Ferrara on the {{lang|it|Via Adriatica}} or remain Budrio. The U.S. Fifth Army was to launch the Army Group's main effort at 24 hours notice from two days after the Eighth Army attack, and break into the Po valley. The capture of Bologna was looked upon as a secondary task.<ref name="Jackson203" />

In ''Phase II'', the Eighth Army was to drive northwest to capture Ferrara and Bondeno, blocking routes of potential retreat across the Po. The U.S. Fifth Army was to push past Bologna, north to link with Eighth Army in the Bondeno region, to complete an encirclement of German forces south of the Po. The Fifth Army was to make a secondary thrust further west towards Ostiglia, the crossing point on the Po of the main route to Verona.<ref name="Jackson204">Jackson, p. 204.</ref> ''Phase III'' involved the establishment of bridgeheads across the Po and exploitation north.

The Eighth Army plan ([[Operation Buckland]]) had to deal with the difficult task of getting across the Senio, with its raised artificial banks varying between {{cvt|20|ft|m|0|order=flip}} and {{cvt|40|ft|m|0|order=flip}} in height and honeycombed with tunnels and bunkers front and rear. V Corps was ordered to make an attack on the salient formed by the river into the Allied line at Cotignola. On the right of the river's salient was [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Indian Infantry Division]], reprising the role they played crossing the Rapido in the final [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]. To the left of the 8th Indian Division, on the left of the salient, the [[2nd New Zealand Division]] would attack across the river to form a pincer. To the left of V Corps, on Route 9, the [[II Corps (Poland)|II Polish Corps]] would widen the front further by attacking across the Senio towards Bologna. The Poles had been desperately under strength in the autumn of 1944, but had received 11,000 reinforcements during the early months of 1945, mainly from Polish conscripts in the German Army taken prisoner in the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] .<ref>Blaxland, p. 247</ref>

Once across the Senio, the assault divisions were to advance to cross the Santerno. Once the Santerno was crossed, the British [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|78th Infantry Division]] would reprise their Cassino role and pass through the bridgehead established by the Indians and New Zealanders and drive for Bastia and the Argenta gap, {{cvt|14|mi|km|order=flip}} behind the Senio, where the dry land narrowed to a front of only {{cvt|3|mi|km|0|order=flip}}, bounded on the right by [[Lake Comacchio]], a huge lagoon running to the Adriatic coast and on the left by a marshland. At the same time, the British [[56th (London) Division|56th (London) Infantry Division]] would launch the amphibious flank attack along Lake Comacchio. On the left flank of [[V Corps (United Kingdom)|V Corps]], the New Zealand Division would advance to the left of the marshland on the west side of Argenta while the 8th Indian Infantry Division would pass in army reserve.<ref name="Jackson225">Jackson, p. 225.</ref>

The Fifth Army plan ([[Operation Craftsman]]) envisaged an initial thrust by [[IV Corps (United States)|IV Corps]] along {{ill|Strada statale 64 Porrettana|it}} to straighten the army front and to draw German reserves away from {{ill|Strada statale 65 della Futa|it}}. [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]] would then attack along Strada statale 65 towards Bologna. The weight of the attack would then switch westward again to break into the Po valley skirting Bologna.<ref name="Jackson228">Jackson, p. 228.</ref>

==Battle==
[[File:The British Army in Italy 1945 NA23041.jpg|left|thumb|Men of the [[Jewish Brigade]] ride on a Churchill tank in the Mezzano-Alfonsine sector, 14 March 1945.]]
In the first week of April, diversionary attacks were launched on the extreme right and left of the Allied front to draw German reserves away from the main assaults. [[Operation Roast]] was an assault by [[2nd Special Service Brigade|2nd Commando Brigade]] and tanks to capture the seaward isthmus of land bordering Lake Comacchio and seize Port Garibaldi on the lake's north side. Damage to other transport infrastructure forced Axis forces to use sea, canal, and river routes for supply. During this time, Axis shipping was being attacked in bombing raids such as [[Operation Bowler]].

The build-up to the main assault started on 6 April with heavy artillery bombardment of the Senio defenses. On 9 April, early in the afternoon, 825 heavy bombers dropped fragmentation bombs on the support zone behind the Senio followed by medium and fighter bombers. From 15:20 to 19:10, five heavy artillery barrages were fired each lasting 30 minutes, interspersed with fighter bomber attacks. In support of the New Zealand operations, 28 [[Churchill Crocodile]]s and 127 [[Universal Carrier|Wasp]] flamethrower vehicles were deployed along the front.<ref>Fletcher, ''Churchill Crocodile'' p. 35</ref><ref>approximately one flamethrower vehicle every {{cvt|64|m|yd|order=flip}} along an {{cvt|8|km|mi|order=flip}}-long front</ref> The 8th Indian Infantry Division, 2nd New Zealand Division, and [[3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (Poland)|3rd Carpathian Division]] (on the Polish Corps front at Route 9) attacked at dusk. In the fight there were two [[Victoria Cross]]es won by the 8th Indian Infantry Division. They had reached the Santerno, {{cvt|3.5|mi|km|1|order=flip}} beyond, by dawn on 11 April. The New Zealanders had reached the Santerno at nightfall on 10 April and succeeded in making a crossing at dawn on 11 April. The Poles had also closed on the Santerno by the night of 11 April.<ref>Blaxland, pp. 256-258</ref>

By late morning of 12 April, after an all-night assault, the 8th Indian Infantry Division was established on the far side of the Santerno and the 78th Infantry Division started their pass through to make the assault on Argenta. In the meantime, the [[24th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|24th Guards Brigade]], part of the 56th (London) Infantry Division, had launched an amphibious flanking attack from the water to the right of the Argenta Gap. Although they gained a foothold, they were still held up at positions on the Fossa Marina on the night of 14 April. The 78th Infantry Division was also held up that same day on the [[Reno River]] at Bastia.

[[File:IVCorpsApr45.jpg|thumb|5th Army offensive, April 1945]]
The Fifth Army began its assault on 14 April after a bombardment by 2,000 heavy bombers and 2,000 guns along with attacks by IV Corps (1st Brazilian, 10th Mountain and [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Divisions]]) on the left. This was followed on the night of 15 April by II Corps attacking with 6th South African Armoured Division and the 88th Infantry Division advancing towards Bologna between Highway 64 and 65 and the 91st and 34th Infantry Divisions along Highway 65.<ref>Popa, pp. 10–12</ref>

Progress against a determined German defense was slow, but ultimately the superior Allied firepower and lack of German reserves allowed the Allies to reach the plains of the Po valley. The 10th Mountain Division broke out of the mountains on 20 April. Directed to bypass Bologna on the right, elements of the 10th Mountain were organized into a mobile force under Brigadier General [[Robinson Duff]] which made a thunder run to the Po, bypassing the increasingly disorganized German units, and reached the river 22 April.<ref>Maurice Isserman, ''The Winter Army'' (New York: Mariner Books, 2020), pp. 214-217 {{ISBN|978-0-358-41424-7}}</ref>

By 19 April, on the Eighth Army front, the [[Battle of the Argenta Gap|Argenta Gap]] had been forced and the [[6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|6th Armoured Division]] was released through the left wing of the advancing 78th Infantry Division to swing left to race northwest along the line of the river Reno to [[Bondeno]] and link up with the Fifth Army to complete the encirclement of the German armies defending Bologna.<ref>Blaxland, pp. 267-8</ref>

On the same day, the Italian [[National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy]], in command of the [[Italian resistance movement]], ordered a general insurrection; in the following days, fighting between Italian partisan and the German and RSI forces broke out in [[Turin]] and [[Genoa]] (as well as in many other towns across Northern Italy), while German forces prepared to withdraw from [[Milan]].<ref name="Basil Davidson 1980 pp. 340, 360">Basil Davidson, ''Special Operations Europe: Scenes from the Anti-Nazi War (1980)'', pp. 340, 360</ref> On all fronts, the German defense continued to be strong and effective, but Bondeno was captured on 23 April. The 6th Armoured Division linked with the 10th Mountain Division the next day at [[Finale Emilia|Finale]] some {{cvt|5|mi|km}} upstream along the river [[Panaro (river)|Panaro]] from Bondeno. [[Battle of Bologna|Bologna was entered]] in the morning of 21 April by the 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division of the II Polish Corps and the {{lang|it|Friuli}} Combat Group of the [[Italian Co-belligerent Army]] advancing up the line of Route 9, followed two hours later by II US Corps from the south.<ref>Blaxland, p. 271</ref> On 24 April, [[Parma]] and [[Reggio Emilia]] were liberated by the partisans.<ref name="Basil Davidson 1980 pp. 340, 360" />
[[File:Brazilian Troops - Infantry & M10 Crew, Italy April 1945.jpg|thumb|[[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|Brazilian infantry]] resting beside a US [[M10 tank destroyer|M10]] [[tank destroyer]], April 1945]]

IV Corps had continued its northwards advance and reached the Po river at [[San Benedetto Po|San Benedetto]] on 22 April. The river was crossed the next day and they advanced north to [[Verona]] which they entered on 26 April. To the right of Fifth Army on Eighth Army's left wing, [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] crossed the Po at [[Ficarolo]] on 22 April, while V Corps were crossing the Po by 25 April, heading towards the [[Venetian Line]], a defensive line built behind the line of the river [[Adige]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

As Allied forces pushed across the Po, on the left flank, the Brazilian Division, 34th Infantry Division, and 1st Armored Division of IV Corps were pushed west and northwest along the line of Highway 9 towards [[Piacenza]] and across the Po to seal possible escape routes into Austria and Switzerland via [[Lake Garda]].<ref>Evans, Chapter 14 [https://books.google.com/books?id=yKNCSerPJmwC&dq=bryn+evans+lead+divisions&pg=PT340 View on Google Books].</ref><ref>Popa, p. 20</ref> On 27 April, the 1st Armored Division entered Milan which had been liberated by the partisans on 25 April and the IV Corps commander [[Willis D. Crittenberger]] entered the city on 30 April.<ref name="Basil Davidson 1980 pp. 340, 360" /> Turin was also liberated by partisan forces on 25 April, after five days of fighting. On 27 April, General Günther Meinhold surrendered his 14,000 troops to the partisans in Genoa.<ref name="Basil Davidson 1980 pp. 340, 360" /> To the south of Milan, at [[Battle of Collecchio|Collecchio-Fornovo]], the Brazilian Division bottled up the remaining German and RSI units, taking 13,500 prisoners on 28 April.<ref>Popa, p. 23</ref> On the Allied far right flank, V Corps, met by lessened resistance, traversed the Venetian Line and entered [[Padua]] in the early hours of 29 April to find that partisans had locked up the German garrison of 5,000.<ref name="Blaxland 277">Blaxland, p. 277</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Finito! The Po valley campaign, 1945 (IA finitopovalleyca00alli).pdf|thumb|''Finito! The Po Valley Campaign'', HQ 15th Army Group, 1945]]
Secret surrender negotiations between representatives of the Germans and Western Allies had taken place in Switzerland ([[Operation Crossword]]) in March, but had resulted only in protests from the Soviets that the Western Allies were attempting to negotiate a separate peace. On 28 April, Vietinghoff sent emissaries to the Allied Army headquarters. On 29 April, they signed an instrument of surrender at the [[Royal Palace of Caserta]] stating that hostilities would formally end on 2 May.<ref name="Blaxland 277"/> Confirmation from Vietinghoff, did not reach the 15th Army Group headquarters until the morning of 2 May. It emerged that Kesselring had his authority as Commander of the West extended to include Italy and had replaced Vietinghoff with General [[Friedrich Schulz]] from [[Army Group G]] on hearing of the plans. After a period of confusion, during which the news of [[Death of Adolf Hitler|Hitler's death]] arrived, Schulz obtained Kesselring's agreement to the surrender and Vietinghoff was reinstated to see it through.<ref>Blaxland, pp. 279-80</ref>

On 1 May 1945, the Chief of Staff of the National Republican Army, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, announced the unconditional surrender of the [[Italian Social Republic]] and ordered the forces under his command to lay down their arms. Lieutenant general [[Max-Josef Pemsel]], Chief of General Staff of the [[Army Liguria]], consisting of three German and three Italian divisions, followed Graziani's orders and declared in a broadcast message: "I confirm without reserve the words of my Commander, Marshal Graziani. You must obey his orders."<ref>{{cite news|title=Graziani Announces Surrender|date=2 May 1945|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/05/02/archives/graziani-announces-surrender.html}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II]]
* [[Italian campaign (World War II)]]
* [[Surrender of Caserta]]
* [[European Theatre of World War II]]
* [[Gothic Line order of battle]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Commons category|Spring 1945 offensive in Italy}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Gregory |last=Blaxland| title=Alexander's Generals (the Italian Campaign 1944-1945)| publisher=William Kimber & Co|location=London |year=1979 |isbn=0-7183-0386-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Rudolf |last=Böhmler |title=Monte Cassino: a German View |publisher=Cassell |location=London |year=1964 |oclc=2752844}}
* {{cite book | author-link=Michael Carver, Baron Carver |first=Field Marshal Lord |last=Carver |title=The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Italy 1943–1945 |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |location=London |year=2001 |isbn=0-330-48230-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Mark |last=Clark |title=Calculated Risk |publisher=Enigma Books |year=2007 |orig-year=1950 |isbn=978-1-929631-59-9}}
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Doherty |title=Victory in Italy: 15th Army Group's Final Campaign 1945 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-78346-298-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Bryn |last=Evans |title=With the East Surreys in Tunisia and Italy 1942–1945: Fighting for Every River and Mountain |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2012 |orig-year=1988 |isbn=978-1-84884-762-0}}
* {{cite book |first=W. G. |last=Hingston |title=The Tiger Triumphs: The Story of Three Great Divisions in Italy |publisher=HMSO for the Government of India |year=1946 |oclc=29051302}}
* {{cite book |first1=W. G. F. |last1=Jackson |author1-link=William Jackson (British Army officer) |first2=T. P. |last2=Gleave |editor-first=Sir James |editor-last=Butler |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: Part III - November 1944 to May 1945 |volume=VI |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |orig-year=1988| year=2004 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=Naval & Military Press, Uckfield |isbn=1-84574-072-6}}
* {{cite book |first=Clayton D. |last=Laurie |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/romar/72-20.htm |title=Rome-Arno 22 January – 9 September 1944 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington DC |series=WWII Campaigns |year=c. 1990 |id=CMH Pub 72-20 |access-date=1 July 2010 |archive-date=20 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420065740/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/romar/72-20.htm |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last=Muhm |first=Gerhard |title=German Tactics in the Italian Campaign |url=https://www.larchivio.com/xoom/gerhardmuhm2.htm }}
* {{cite book |last=Muhm |first=Gerhard |title=La Tattica tedesca nella Campagna d'Italia, in Linea Gotica avanposto dei Balcani |trans-title=German Tactics in the Italian Campaign, in the Gothic Line outpost of the Balkans |publisher=(Hrsg.) Amedeo Montemaggi |edition=Edizioni Civitas |location=Roma |year=1993 |language=it}}
* {{cite book |first=Dwight D. |last=Oland |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/nap/72-34.htm |title=North Apennines 1944–1945 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington DC |series=WWII Campaigns |year=1996 |id=CMH Pub 72-34 |access-date=2010-07-01 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222071939/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/nap/72-34.htm |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | first=Douglas |last=Orgill | title=The Gothic Line (The Autumn Campaign in Italy 1944) |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |year=1967 |oclc=906106907}}
* {{cite book |first=Thomas A. |last=Popa |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/po/72-33.htm |title=Po Valley 1945 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |series=WWII Campaigns |year=1996 |id=CMH Pub 72-33 |isbn=0-16-048134-1 |access-date=2010-07-01 |archive-date=2011-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521220046/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/po/72-33.htm |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* Website of the project by {{cite web|access-date=2024-07-18 |author=[[Carlo Gentile]] and Udo Gümpel |title=NS-Täter in Italy. The Massacres in Occupied Italy (1943-1945): Integrating the Perpetrators' Memories |url=https://www.ns-taeter-italien.org/en/}}

== Further reading ==
* Vito Paticchia, Luigi Arbizzani, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio (Bologna, Italy), ''Combat photo, 1944-1945: l'amministrazione militare alleata dell'Appennino e la liberazione di Bologna nelle foto e nei documenti'' (Bologna: Grafis, 1994) {{ISBN|9788880810049}}

{{World War II}}

{{coord missing|Italy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spring 1945 Offensive In Italy}}
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:World War II defensive lines]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:1945 in Italy]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1945]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving South Africa]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Brazil]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy]]
[[Category:April 1945 in Europe]]
[[Category:May 1945 in Europe]]

Indian locomotive class YDM-4

2026-01-07T09:52:30Z

Theodore2940: reworked section also and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian Railways class diesel–electric locomotive}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = YDM-4
| powertype = Diesel
| image = YDM4-6669 Jaipur Junction, 2008 (1).JPG
| alt =
| caption = Phulera based YDM-4 at Jaipur Jn.
| builder = [[American Locomotive Company|Alco]], [[Montreal Locomotive Works|MLW]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel = [[ALCO DL535|DL535]], [[ALCO DL535A|DL535A]], [[RSD-30]], [[D13E]].
| builddate = 1961–1993
| totalproduction = YDM-4: 695
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| aarwheels =
| uicclass = [[Co-Co locomotives|Co-Co]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}}
| trucks =
| bogies = ALCO Asymmetric cast frame trimount
| wheeldiameter = {{convert|965|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter =
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| length = {{convert|15.60|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
| width = {{convert|2730|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|3635|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| axleload = {{convert|12000|kg|abbr=on}}
| weightondrivers =
| locoweight = {{convert|72000|kg|abbr=on}} ALCo/DLW, {{convert|67000|kg|abbr=on}} MLW
| fueltype = [[Biodiesel|Diesel]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|3000|L|abbr=on}}
| lubecap = {{convert|530|L|abbr=on}}, {{convert|630|L|abbr=on}} DLW
| coolantcap =
| watercap = {{convert|22|L|abbr=on}}, {{convert|28|L|abbr=on}} DLW
| sandcap =
| consumption =
| watercons =
| primemover = [[ALCO 251|ALCO 251-D]]
| rpmrange = 400-1100
| enginetype = [[Straight-six engine|Inline-6]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
| aspiration = [[Turbo-supercharger|Turbo-supercharged]]
| displacement = '''''(?)'''''
| alternator =
| generator = [[Direct current|DC]]
| tractionmotors = 6 DC
| cylindercount = 6
| cylindersize = {{convert|228 x 267|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} [[Bore (engine)|bore]] x [[Stroke (engine)|stroke]]
| transmission = [[Diesel–electric transmission]]
| multipleworking = 2
| maxspeed = {{convert|96|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = Max: {{convert|1400|HP|abbr=on}} Site rated: {{convert|1300|HP|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|18.935|t|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|16.050|t|0|abbr=on}} continuous
| factorofadhesion =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes = 28LV-1, [[Railway air brake|Air brake]] for Locomotive using SA-9 brake handle
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes = Originally [[Vacuum brake|Vacuum]] using A-9 brake handle, some modified to [[Vacuum brake#Dual brakes|Dual]]
| safety =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]], [[IRCON]], [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu|KTMB Malaysia]], [[Rail transport in Myanmar|Myanmar Railways]], [[Vietnam Railways]], [[Rail transport in Cambodia|Cambodian Railways]], [[Mozambique Ports and Railways]], [[Togorail]]
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers = 6020-6049 ALCo, 6105-6129 ALCo, 6130-6198 MLW, 6199-6258 DLW, 6259-6288 MLW, 6289-6769 DLW
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale = All over Indian Railways Leased to various operators (KTMB Malaysia, Myanmar Railway, Cambodian Railways) 25 units operated by Vietnam Railways
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate =
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits = 3
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner = Indian Railway, IRCON, KTMB Malaysia, Myanmar Railway, Vietnam Railways, Cambodian Railways
| disposition = active
}}

The '''YDM-4''' is a class of [[diesel locomotive]]s operating on [[Indian Railways]]. The first units were built by the [[American Locomotive Company]] (Alco) in 1961. Since 1968, members of the class have been manufactured in India by the [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (BLW), Varanasi. The model name stands for [[metre gauge]] (Y), diesel (D), mixed traffic (M) engine. The YDM-4 has been the most successful metre gauge diesel locomotive in India. The YDM-4 locos have a maximum speed of {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}},<ref name = "IRFCA">{{cite web |url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco-diesel-mg.html |title = YDM–4, YDM–4A |publisher = Indian Railways Fan Club|access-date = March 29, 2016}}</ref> restricted to {{convert|85|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "RDSO">{{cite web |url = http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/19_08_67.pdf |title = YDM4 Loco Max Operating Speed 85 kmph |author= RDSO |date= 19 August 1967 |publisher = Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) |access-date = March 29, 2016}}</ref>

The '''YDM-4A''' is a variant of the YDM-4 that is supplied by [[Montreal Locomotive Works|MLW]]. Originally equipped with [[vacuum brake]]s, some were later equipped with dual brakes, particularly those working in the [[Northeast Frontier Railway]].

==History==
In the mid 1950s [[Indian Railways]] began introducing diesel locomotives to its metre gauge system. Metre gauge, though rare in the 21st century, used to be a dominant gauge at that time. After the introduction of YDM-1 locomotives by the [[North British Locomotive Company]], Indian Railway considered more powerful ones and hence [[Electro-Motive Diesel|General Motors Electro-Motive Division]] (EMD) and the [[American Locomotive Company]] (ALCO) submitted designs of [[Indian locomotive class YDM-3|YDM-3]]/[[Indian locomotive class YDM-5|YDM-5]] ([[EMD 567|12-567C]]) and YDM-4 respectively for new diesel locomotives. Each company supplied 30 locomotives in 1961. While the YDM-3 was 13 tons lighter than the YDM-4, Indian Railways opted for the ALCO design because of the heavier axle load and technology agreement that would allow these locomotives to be manufactured in India.

After [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (BLW) completed construction of its factory in Varanasi, production of the class began in India. The initial 30 YDM-4 locomotives supplied by ALCO in 1961 were numbered between #6020 and #6049. Another batch of 8 locomotives soon followed and were numbered #6105 to #6112. YDM-4 #6113-6129 were built around 1964. Siliguri Diesel Locoshed was the first DLS to station YDM-4 locomotives in 1962. The very first YDM4, #6020, was allotted to the New Guwahati Diesel Loco Shed, which was an outbase of Siliguri DLS on 30 October 1962.

YDM4 #6130 to #6198 were built by [[Montreal Locomotive Works]] (MLW) in 1964 under the license of ALCO and were classified as YDM-4A. All the YDM-4 delivered up to then were presumably based at three premier DLS across India namely Siliguri (SGUJ), Ponmalai Goldenrock (GOC) and Sabarmati (SBI). Another batch of YDM-4A was dispatched from MLW in 1969, numbered #6259 to #6288.

The first YDM-4 built by Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW) Varanasi was #6199 ''Hubli''. This loco entered service in 1968 and was dedicated to the then Deputy Prime Minister of India, [[Morarji Desai]]. DLW built locos in the range #6199 to #6258.

From 1969 till 1993 DLW produced YDM-4 locomotives for Indian Railways in the number range #6289 to #6769. The last YDM-4 was based at Rangapara North outbase of Siliguri DLS but later on transferred to [[Myanmar Railways|Myanmar (Burma) Railways]] and possibly renumbered as DF1332.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.facebook.com/YDM4-492488834113077/info?tab=page_info|title=YDM4 - About|website=[[Facebook]] }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=October 2018}}

==Locomotive sheds==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Zone !! Name !! Shed Code !! Quantity
|-
| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] || [[Izzatnagar railway station|Izzatnagar]] || IZN|| 10
|-
| [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]] || [[Mavli Junction railway station|Mavli]] || MVJ || 8
|-
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Ponmalai Goldenrock]] || GOC|| 5
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Sabarmati|Sabarmati]] || SBI || 15
|-
| [[Diesel Loco Shed, Mhow|Mhow]] || MHOW || 5
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Total Locomotives active as June 2025'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Railway Website Mechanical Department|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> || 43
|-
|}


==Technical specifications==

Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2d.html#wdm-2|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Locomotives -- Specific classes : AC Electric|website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>{{Irrelevant citation|date=November 2024}}

{| class="wikitable"
|Manufacturers
|Alco, MLW, DLW
|-
|Engine
|Alco 251-D, [[Straight-six engine|Inline-6]], {{convert|1,400|hp|abbr=on|lk=on}} ({{convert|1,300|hp|abbr=on|disp=or}} site rating) with Alco turbocharged engine. 1,100 rpm max, 400 rpm idle; {{convert|228|x|267|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} bore x stroke; compression ratio 12.5:1.
|-
|Transmission
|Electric, DC-DC (DC Generator and DC Traction motor)
|-
|[[Traction motor]]s
|GE for original Alco and MLW models, BHEL for DLW
|-
|[[Axle load]]
|{{convert|12.0|t|abbr=on}}
|-
|total weight
|{{convert|72.0|t|abbr=on}} ALCo and DLW, {{convert|67.0|t|abbr=on}} MLW
|-
|[[Bogie]]s
|Alco design cast frame trimount ([[Co-Co engine|Co-Co]]) bogies with asymmetrical arrangement of traction motors
|-
|Starting TE
|{{convert|18.94|t|abbr=on}}
|-
|Continuous TE
|{{convert|16.05|t|abbr=on}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.irfca.org/docs/ydm4-internals.html YDM-4 Diesel Locomotive Internals]

{{Metre gauge locomotives of India|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of India|M, Y-4]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:ALCO locomotives]]
[[Category:Banaras Locomotive Works locomotives]]
[[Category:MLW locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1961]]
[[Category:Metre-gauge locomotives]]