Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Beeragondanahalli

2026-05-07T14:59:54Z

Thenaade: done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Beeragondanahalli
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| unit_pref = Metric
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 562111
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2350129|N|77.2074614|E|display=inline,title}}
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| government_type =
| native_name =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North district|Bengaluru North]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]s
| parts = Nelamangala
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Beeragondanahalli ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-08-02|website=censusindia.gov.in|series=Village code- 75}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Beeragondanahalli · Karnataka 562111, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Beeragondanahalli,+Karnataka+562111/@13.2315298,77.1863772,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1d5445153b14b:0x89469c6c19135e52!8m2!3d13.2315306!4d77.2038868?shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Beeragondanahalli · Karnataka 562111, India|language=en}}</ref> It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bengaluru North district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Beeragondanahalli had population of 239 of which 112 are males while 127 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref name=Census75>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page-75</ref>

== Geography ==
The total geographical area of village is 108.74 hectares.<ref name=Census75 />

== Bus route from Bengaluru City ==
[[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - Nelamangala - [[Dobbaspet|Dabaspete]]

== See also ==
* [[Devarahosahalli]]
* [[Bengaluru North district]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/|title=Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka | City of Silk production | India|website=bangalorerural.nic.in|access-date=2021-08-02}}

{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]

{{BengaluruNorth-geo-stub}}

Cyber City Gurgaon

2026-05-06T14:26:07Z

Thenaade: created the place w/ sources...

{{rewrite|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cyber City
| other_name = DLF Cyber City
| settlement_type = Corporate park
| coordinates = {{coord|28|29|40|N|77|05|26|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gurugram]]
| established_date = {{start date and age|2003}}
| nickname = Cyber City
}}
[[File:Cyber City View.jpg|thumb|275x275px]]
'''DLF Cyber City''' is a commercial area in Gurugram, Haryana, India, established in 2003. The area is home to several top [[information technology|IT]] and [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] company offices.<ref name=toi1>{{cite web|title='Cyber city' Gurgaon finally gets a public transport|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Cyber-city-Gurgaon-finally-gets-a-public-transport/articleshow/25662218.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2013-11-13|access-date=2015-09-19}}</ref> The area is considered one of the largest hubs of IT activity in [[Delhi NCR]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Behl|first=Abhishek|author2=Sharanya Munsi|date=2020-05-03|title=Office spaces, work culture in city to see paradigm shift in post-pandemic era|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/office-spaces-work-culture-in-city-to-see-paradigm-shift-in-post-pandemic-era/story-EHZ3lgGWTYFcVl7zmXYoOO.html|access-date=2025-07-21|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Cyber City lies near [[Udyog Vihar]], a conventional industrial area on the opposite side of NH-48.

Cyber Hub is a large shopping and dining area with several restaurants and shops, catering primarily to the working in DLF Cyber City.

==Transport==
In 2013, [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Rapid Metro]] was introduced in Cyber City, connecting it to the [[Delhi Metro]]. The operational stations are within Cyber City. [[National Highway 48 (India)|The National Highway 48 (NH-48)]] runs through Cyber City, and a project to construct a 16-lane expressway is also in progress.<ref>{{cite web |last=Choudhry |first=Chetna |date=2015-07-21 |title=Diversion, rain trigger Cyber City chaos |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Diversion-rain-trigger-Cyber-City-chaos/articleshow/48152626.cms |access-date=2015-09-19 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A flyover between Cyber City and MG Road was opened in 2015 to reduce traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jose |first=Praveen |date=2015-04-12 |title=Flyover brings Cyber City closer to MG Road |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Flyover-brings-Cyber-City-closer-to-MG-Road/articleshow/46892646.cms |access-date=2015-09-19 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] is located close to the city. [[Delhi Metro]] Phase 4 includes an extension of the Yellow Line beyond [[Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station|Huda City Centre]] (Millennium City Centre), improving direct access from central Delhi, including [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Rajiv Chowk.]]

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Cyber Green Building, Gurgaon, Haryana, India - 20070613.jpg|alt=Cyber Green Building|thumb|Cyber Green Building in June 2007|170x170px]]
The Gateway Tower is a high-rise building at the entrance of the Cyber City that houses the headquarters of [[DLF (company)]].

Cyber Greens, a LEED Platinum Certified building, is spread across an area of 0.91 mn sq. ft. The complex comprises five blocks, each ranging from 11 to 19 stories. Located just off National Highway-48 at the entrance to Gurugram, it is well connected to domestic and international airports, the rapid metro, the 16-lane Raghavendra Marg, and walkways.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-29 |title=DLF Cybercity gets USGBC's 'LEED Platinum for Cities and Communities' certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dlf-cybercity-gets-usgbcs-leed-platinum-for-cities-and-communities-certificate/articleshow/93852995.cms |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Green Office Complex Overview |url=https://wework.co.in/gurgaon/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626052501/https://www.dlf.in/offices/gurugram/dlfcybercity/cyber-greens-overview/ |archive-date=2022-06-26 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=DLF Cyber City}}</ref>

Cyber Hub is a massive courtyard within Cyber City and is considered a hub of food and beverages in Gurugram. The DLF Cyber Hub, opened in 2013, spans about {{convert|400000|sqft}} and houses various clothing brands such as [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], [[Marks & Spencer]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Skechers]], [[The Body Shop]], Chumbak, and [[Uniqlo]], as well as a large bookshop called "The crossword". The Cyber Hub Complex also includes a [[Kia|KIA Motors]] dealership. It contains food outlets such as [[Domino's]], [[The Big Chill Cafe|The Big Chill]], [[Nando's]], [[Haldiram's]], Yeti, Farzi Cafe, The Wine Co, Yum Yum Cha, Tablespoon, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Kanika |date=2023-11-10 |title=12 Awesome Eateries In Cyber Hub To Indulge In Finger-Licking Global Delights |url=https://so.city/delhi/article/13-awesome-eateries-in-cyber-hub-to-indulge-in-finger-licking-global-delights |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=So City}}</ref> as well as a [[stand-up comedy]] venue, The People & Co., and a Broadway-style theatre. There is an open-air amphitheatre that hosts weekend cultural & art shows and rock concerts.<ref>{{cite web|title=DLF Cyberhub – About us|publisher=HaloBee|url=https://www.halobee.com/mall/dlf-cyber-hub-gurgaon/|access-date=2018-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624232818/https://www.halobee.com/mall/dlf-cyber-hub-gurgaon/|archive-date=2018-06-24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/cyber-city-gurgaon-to-become-the-new-dining-destination-of-delhi-ncr/articleshow/56901601.cms?from=mdr|title=Cyber city Gurgaon to become the new dining destination of Delhi NCR|last1=Anand|first1=Shambhavi|date=2017-02-01|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-06-06|last2=Bailay|first2=Rasul}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Gurgaon CyberHub.jpg|A commercial area in DLF Cyber City
File:Walkway above highway near Belvedere Towers, Phase 2, Gurugram.jpg|A view of Cyber City from a walkway above the highway
File:Cyber City.jpg|Cyber City at night
File:DLF Epitome Tower, DLF Phase 3, Gurugram.jpg|DLF Epitome Tower, Gurugram
File:DLF Cyber City, DLF Phase 2, Sector 24, Gurgaon, Haryana 122021, India - panoramio.jpg|DLF Cyber City, DLF Phase 2
File:Perfect building at Gurgaon Delhi.jpg|A building in Cyber City
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Electronic City]] in [[Bangalore]]
*[[HITEC City]] in [[Hyderabad]]
*[[Bandra Kurla Complex]] in [[Mumbai]]
*[[Hinjawadi]] in [[Pune]]
*[[Genome Valley]]
*[[Whitefield, Bangalore]]
*[[New Town, Kolkata]]
*[[Bidhannagar, Kolkata]]
*[[Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub]]
*[[FinTech Hub, Kolkata]]
*[[InfoPark, Kochi]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dlfcybercity.com Official Website of DLF Cyber City]

[[Category:Economy of Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Economy of Haryana]]
[[Category:Industrial parks in India]]
[[Category:Business parks of India]]

INS Nirdeshak (2022)

2026-05-06T12:27:43Z

Thenaade:

{{Short description|Hydrographic survey ship}}
{{other ships|INS Nirdeshak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}{{italic title|string=Nirdeshak}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Nirdeshak (2022) survey vessel during launch.jpg
| image_caption = Nirdeshak during launch
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name =
| namesake = {{INS|Nirdeshak|J19|2}}
| ordered =
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| laid_down =
| launched = 26 May 2022<ref name="PIB-110623"/>
| completed =
| acquired = 8 October 2024<ref name="PIB-081024"/>
| commissioned = 18 December 2024<ref name="PIB-181224"/>
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| yard_number = 3026
| identification = Pennant number: J19
| motto =
| fate =
| status = Active
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Sandhayak|survey vessel|||2023}}
| displacement = {{convert|3400|t|LT|lk=on|0}}
| length = {{convert|110|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam =
| draft =
| propulsion =
| speed = {{convert|18|kn|lk=in}}
| range = *{{convert|6500|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}} to {{convert|16|kn}}
| boats = *Survey Motor Boats (SMBs)
*Rigid Hull Inflatable Boats (RHIBs)
| complement = 231
| armament = [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN 91]] naval gun
| sensors = *Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
*Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs)
*Multi Beam Echo Sounders
| aircraft = 1 × [[HAL Dhruv]] MK.3 Navy helicopter
| aircraft_facilities = [[Helipad]]
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Nirdeshak''''' ([[Hindi]]: निर्देशक lit. director) is the second ship of [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)|her class]] of survey ships. It is a [[hydrographic survey|hydrographic survey ship]] built by [[GRSE]] for the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="sadhayak_launch">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1778276|title=First of the four ships under Survey Vessel (Large) project for Indian Navy launched in the presence of Raksha Rajya Mantri at GRSE, Kolkata|publisher=PIB|date=2021-12-05}}</ref><ref name="3025_launch">{{cite tweet|number=1467495738791714823|user=indiannavy|title=Sandhayak and her three other sister ships are scheduled to be delivered between Oct 22 and Jan 24|date=2021-12-05}}</ref> The ship inherits the same name as that of a [[INS Nirdeshak (J19)|previous survey vessel]] which served the Navy until December 2014.

== Design ==
The ships have a displacement of {{convert|3400|t|LT|0}} and a length of {{Convert|110|m|ftin}}. They have a cruising speed of {{Convert|16|knot|lk=in}} with a maximum speed of {{Convert|18|knot}} and an operating range of {{Convert|6500|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{Convert|14|to|16|knot}}. The ships have a complement of 231 and are equipped with [[Hydrography|hydrographic]] sensor equipment and a [[hangar]] which can accommodate one advanced light helicopter. In the secondary role, the ships can be fitted with a [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN 91]] naval gun. In addition, the vessels will follow MARPOL ([[marine pollution]]) Standards of the [[International Maritime Organization|International Maritime Organisation]] and will be built per Classification Society Rules and Naval Ship Regulations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/301018/grse-bags-over-rs-2000-crore-contract-to-build-4-large-survey-vessels.html|title=GRSE bags over Rs 2,000 crore contract to build 4 large survey vessels for Navy|date=2018-10-30|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en}}</ref>

The primary role of the vessels would be to conduct coastal and deep-water hydro-graphic survey of ports, navigational channels, Exclusive Economic Zones and collection of oceanographic data for defence. Their secondary role would be to perform search & rescue, ocean research and function as hospital ships for casualties.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184472|title=MOD signs contract with GRSE for supply of four survey vessels for Indian Navy|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/84181/indian-mod-orders-four-survey-ships-from-grse|title=Indian MoD orders four survey ships from GRSE {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-to-build-four-survey-vehicles-for-indian-navy-contract-inked/articleshow/66431579.cms|title=GRSE to build four survey vehicles for Indian Navy, contract inked|date=2018-10-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/imps-news/grse-supply-survey-vessels-indian-navy/|title=GRSE to supply vessels to Indian Navy - NWI - Naval Warfare - Shephard Media|website=www.shephardmedia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref>

== Construction and service ==
The keel of the ship was laid on 1 December 2020<ref name="DEF-11220">{{Cite web|last=Mathew|first=Arun|title=GRSE Lays Keel for Second Survey Vessel (Large) for Indian Navy|url=https://defpost.com/grse-lays-keel-for-second-survey-vessel-large-for-indian-navy/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=DefPost|language=en-GB|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201122842/https://defpost.com/grse-lays-keel-for-second-survey-vessel-large-for-indian-navy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and launched on 26 May 2022.<ref name="PIB-110623">{{Cite press release |title=LAUNCH OF ‘NIRDESHAK’ (YARD 3026) SECOND VESSEL OF SURVEY VESSEL (LARGE) PROJECT |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1828505 |access-date=2023-06-11 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

The ship was delivered to the Indian Navy on 8 October 2024.<ref name="PIB-081024">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2063279|title=DELIVERY OF YARD 3026 (NIRDESHAK)|work=PIB|date=2024-10-08}}</ref> It was commissioned on 18 December 2024.<ref name="PIB-181224">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2085722|title=Raksha Rajya Mantri presides over Commissioning of Indian Navy’s 2nd State-of-the-Art Survey vessel INS Nirdeshak |work=PIB|date=2024-12-18}}</ref><ref name="TP-111224">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/indian-navy-to-commission-last-scorpene-class-submarine-first-nilgiri-class-frigate-in-january-2025/2397554/|title=Indian Navy to commission last Scorpene-class submarine & first Nilgiri-class frigate in January 2025|first=Smruti|last=Deshpande|work=The Print|date=2024-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-10 |title=INS Nirdeshak to be commissioned on December 18 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-nirdeshak-to-be-commissioned-on-december-18/article68968848.ece/amp |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref> She visited Colombo port in Sri Lanka for an Operational Turnaround and a training visit in April 2026. She will take part in the 4th India-Sri Lanka joint diving exercise (DIVEX 2026), a bilateral diving exercise scheduled from April 21-27.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/ins-nireekshak-arrives-in-sri-lanka-for-operational-turnaround-and-training-visit/ar-AA21sLJi |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nirdeshak (2022)}}
[[Category:2022 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Auxiliary ships of the Indian Navy]]

Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-27T18:21:31Z

Thenaade: created some stub initial version...

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|type = LS
|name = Bulandshahr {{Small|UP-13}}
|established = 1952
|electors = 18,59,636<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | website=elections24.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|reservation =SC
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|mp =[[Bhola Singh (UP politician)|Bhola Singh]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Bulandshahr.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Bulandshahr Assembly constituency|Bulandshahr]] [[Syana Assembly constituency|Syana]] [[Anupshahr Assembly constituency|Anupshahr]] [[Debai Assembly constituency|Debai]] [[Shikarpur Assembly constituency|Shikarpur]]
}}
'''Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|bʊlən̪d̪.ʃɛɦɛɾ}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
After delimitation (2008), this Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following five [[Vidhan Sabha]] segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/014_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-14-Bulandshahr|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|65
|[[Bulandshahr Assembly constituency|Bulandshahr]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|Pradeep Chaudhary
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 66
|[[Syana Assembly constituency|Syana]]
|Devendra Lodhi
|-
|67
|[[Anupshahr Assembly constituency|Anupshahr]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Sharma]]
|-
|68
|[[Debai Assembly constituency|Debai]]
|Chandrapal Singh
|-
|69
|[[Shikarpur Assembly constituency|Shikarpur]]
|[[Anil Sharma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anil Sharma]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
In the [[1st Lok Sabha|1st]] and [[2nd Lok Sabha]], Bulandshahr constituency had 2 Member of Parliament (MP). Since 1962, it has only 1 MP.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raghubar Dayal Misra]] [[K.L. Balmiki|Kanhaiya Lal Balmiki]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Surendra Pal Singh (politician)|Surendra Pal Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahmood Hasan Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Surendra Pal Singh (politician)|Surendra Pal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[Sarwar Hussain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Chhatrapal Singh Lodha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Kalyan Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]<ref name="Reserved seats of UP: Basic needs matter more than symbols and narratives">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=1 April 2024 |title=Reserved seats of UP: Basic needs matter more than symbols and narratives |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Apr/01/reserved-seats-of-up-basic-needs-matter-more-than-symbols-and-narratives |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302204506/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Apr/01/reserved-seats-of-up-basic-needs-matter-more-than-symbols-and-narratives |archivedate=2 March 2025 |accessdate=2 March 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kamlesh Balmiki]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]<ref name="Reserved seats of UP: Basic needs matter more than symbols and narratives" />
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhola Singh (UP politician)|Bhola Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]<ref name="Reserved seats of UP: Basic needs matter more than symbols and narratives" />
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|}

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bulandshahr]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bulandshahr">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bulandshahr |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2414.htm |accessdate=1 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001062720/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2414.htm |archivedate=1 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bhola Singh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,97,310|percentage=56.65|change={{down}}3.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shivram Valmiki|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,22,176|percentage=30.56|change={{up}}27.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Girish Chandra]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,17,424|percentage=11.14|change={{down}}23.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=6,925|percentage=0.66|change={{up}}0.15}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,75,134|percentage=26.09|change={{up}}0.28}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,54,399|percentage=56.70|change={{decrease}}6.22}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bulandshahr]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bhola Singh (UP politician)|Bhola Singh]]
|votes = 6,81,321
|percentage = 60.64
|change = +0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Yogesh Verma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,91,264
|percentage = 34.82
|change = +16.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Banshi Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 29,465
|percentage = 2.62
|change = -3.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 5,719
|percentage = 0.51
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,90,057
|percentage = 25.81
|change = -15.96
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,25,000
|percentage = 62.92
|change = +4.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bulandshahr]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bhola Singh (UP politician)|Bhola Singh]]
|votes = 6,04,449
|percentage = 59.83
|change = +34.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Jatav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,82,476
|percentage = 18.06
|change = -3.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kamlesh Balmiki]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,28,737
|percentage = 12.74
|change = -22.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anju (Muskan)
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = 59,116
|percentage = 5.85
|change = -9.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Rahul Dipankar
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 9,727
|percentage = 0.96
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|Non of the Above]]
|votes = 6,915
|percentage = 0.68
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 4,21,973
|percentage = 41.77
|change = +31.89
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,10,198
|percentage = 58.18
|change = +13.10
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +24.49
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bulandshahr district]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Meerut division topics}}

{{Coord|28.4|77.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bulandshahr district]]

Babu Ajgaonkar

2026-04-22T07:00:55Z

Thenaade: stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Babu Ajgaonkar
| birth_name = Manohar Trimbak Ajgaonkar
| image = Manohar Ajgaonkar in 2017.jpg
| caption = Ajgaonkar in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|11|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Margão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = 10th [[Deputy Chief Minister of Goa]]
| 1blankname1 = Portfolio
| 1namedata1 = Minister for Tourism, Sports and Printing and Stationery
| constituency =
| term_start1 = 28 March 2019
| term_end1 = 10 March 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Vijai Sardesai]]
| successor1 = ''Vacant''
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = *[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
*[[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = Trimbak Ajgoankar
| education = 10th Pass
| alma_mater =
| profession = Business
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Manohar Trimbak "Babu" Ajgaonkar''' (born 6 November 1954) is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Ajgaonkar is a first term member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] in 2007 from the [[Dargalim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Dhargalim constituency]] in [[Pernem]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Another-jolt-to-Congress-Now-Babu-Azgaonkar-to-join-MGP/articleshow/56042565.cms | title=Another jolt to Congress: Now, Babu Azgaonkar to join MGP | date=18 December 2016 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=2 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.myneta.info/goa2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=3 My neta]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sopte quits BJP, joins Cong with Patanekar (By: GOANEWS DESK, PANAJI) |url=http://m.goanews.com/news_details.php?id=1690 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Goa News |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117153634/http://m.goanews.com/news_details.php?id=1690 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He started his career with [[Indian National Congress]]. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2002 and won the seat. He returned to [[Indian National Congress]] in 2007 and retained the seat. He joined [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] in 2017. He also declared his candidature from [[Pernem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Pernem constituency]] in [[North Goa]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/babu-joins-mgp-to-contest-from-pernem/articleshow/56054941.cms Babu joins MGP to contest from Pernem]</ref>

Ajgaonkar and Pauskar joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in March 2019 thus minimizing [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] to one seat in the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]. Ajgaonkar was appointed [[Deputy Chief Minister of Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2019-03-28 |title=Goa: Manohar Ajgaonkar appointed deputy chief minister days after he quit MGP and joined BJP |url=https://scroll.in/latest/918154/goa-manohar-ajgaonkar-appointed-deputy-chief-minister-days-after-he-quit-mgp-and-joined-bjp |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajgaonkar, Babu}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:People from Margao]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Goa]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1999–2002]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2007–2012]]

{{Goa-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{Goa-INC-politician-stub}}

List of Odia films of 2016

2026-04-19T15:23:34Z

Thenaade:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
A list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry and released in theaters in 2016.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
|-
!width="15%"|Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Release date
!Producer / '''Production House'''
!Notes
|-
|''[[Agastya (film)|Agastya]]''
|K. Murali Krishna
|[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Jhilik Bhattacharya]],
[[Akash Dasnayak]], [[Mihir Das]]
|Action,
Thriller
|2016
|Akshay Kumar Parija
|Remake of Kannad film Ugramm starring Srimurali and Haripriya 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/odia-movie-agastya-to-be-released-this-raja.html|title=Odia movie 'Agastya' to be released this Raja|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baby (2016 film)|Baby]]''||K. M. Krishan||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], Preeti Priyadarshini|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Bye Bye Dubai]]''||Basanta Sahoo||[[Sabyasachi Mishra]], [[Archita Sahu]]||Comedy, Drama|| || ||
|-
|''[[Chini (film)|Chini]]''||Pradeep Bhol||[[Amlan Das]], Patrali||Drama|| || ||
|-
|''[[Chup Chup Chori Chori]]''
|Sudhansu Sahu
|[[Abhishek Rath]], [[Riya Dey|Ria Dey]]
|Romance
|2016
|[[Sarthak Music Pvt. Ltd.]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/clash-of-ollywood-titans-sabyasachi-vs-avishek-anubhav-vs-arindam/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010758/https://odishasuntimes.com/clash-of-ollywood-titans-sabyasachi-vs-avishek-anubhav-vs-arindam/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 January 2019|title=Clash of Ollywood Titans: Sabyasachi vs Avishek, Anubhav vs Arindam |last=|first=|website=odishasuntimes.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gote Sua Gote Sari]]''
|Mrutyunjaya Sahoo
|[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini|Barsa Priyadarshini]]
|Romance
|2016
|[[Niranjan Rana]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/who-is-anubhav-mohanty-threatening/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416103044/http://odishasuntimes.com/who-is-anubhav-mohanty-threatening/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 April 2018|title=Who is Anubhav Mohanty Threatening? {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com|last=Flora|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hela Mate Prema Jara]]''
|Amaresh Pati
|[[Sabyasachi Mishra]], [[Archita Sahu]] [[Rusi Pattanaik]]
|Romance
|2016
|Smruti Rnan Rout, Suresh Kumar Haibru
|Remake of Telugu film Bhale Bhale Magadivoy starring Nani and Lavanya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/from-the-sets-of-hela-mate-prema-jara/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010737/https://odishasuntimes.com/from-the-sets-of-hela-mate-prema-jara/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 January 2019|title=From the Sets of 'Hela Mate Prema Jara' {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com|last=Flora|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hey Prabhu Dekha De]]''
|Gopi Anand
|Harihar Das, Anu Choudhury, Amandeep, Pragyan Khatua, Pappu Pampam, Mihir Das, Dusmant Sahu, Salil Mitra
|Romance, Comedy, Thriller
|2016
|Studio Gopix, HYDERABAD
|The official remake of Tollywood's (Telugu) blockbuster movie Swamy Ra Ra (2013)
|-
|''[[Jabardast Premika]]''
|Raju Sarabaiah
|[[Babushan|Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Jhilik Bhattacharya]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]]
|Romance, Comedy
|13th April 2016
|C. Arunpandian, Kavitha Pandian
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/babushan-jhilik-starrer-jabardast-premika-hits-screens-137043|title=Babushan-Jhilik starrer 'Jabardast Premika' hits screens {{!}} OTV|website=odishatv.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jhiata Bigidi Gala]]''
|Bini Patnaik
|[[Babushan|Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Elina Samantray|Elina Samantaray]]
|Romance, Drama
|14th July 2016
|Sachikant Jena
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/oh-baby-song-video-jhiata-bigidi-gala/|title=Watch: Oh Baby song video from 'Jhiata Bigidi Gala' film feat. Babushan and Elina Samantray|date=2016-06-28|website=Incredible Orissa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jouthi Tu Seithi Mu]]''
|[[Sushant Kumar Rout]]
|[[Saroj Das]], [[Sritam Das]], [[Anara Gupta]]
|Romance
|2016
|[[Anupama Rout]]
|
|-
|''[[Krantidhara]]''||Himanshu Khatua||[[Samaresh Routray]], Gargi Mahanty, Debasis Patra||Drama|| || ||
|-
|''[[Love Pain Kuch Bhi Karega]]''||[[Ashok Pati]]||[[Babushaan Mohanty]] Supriya Nayak,[[Mihir Das]]||Drama|| 7th October 2016|| ||
|-
|''[[Love Station (2016 film)|Love Station]]''
|[[Ashok Pati]]
|[[Babushan|Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Elina Samantray]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Papu Pom Pom]]
|Drama, Comedy & Romance
|12th June 2016
|[[Tarang Cine Productions]]
|Remake of Telugu film Venkatadri express starring suldeep and rakul prirtisingh 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/love-station-gets-success-in-day-1-151074|title='Love Station' gets success in day 1 {{!}} OTV|website=odishatv.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Premare Premare]]''
|Sudhansu Mohan Sahu
|Arindam, Sheetal Patra
|Romance, Comedy
|2016
|[[Sarthak Music Pvt. Ltd.]]
|
|-
|''[[Samaya Bada Balaban]]''
|S. K. Muralidharan
|Pupinder, Ansuman, Anubha Sourya, Lipsa Misra
|Romance, Comedy
|2016
|[[Pupinder]]
|
|-
|''Sweet Heart''||Susant Mani||[[Babushan Mohanty|Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Anubha Sourya Sapangi]], [[Anu Choudhury]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]]||Thriller|| 18th August 2016|| ||
|-
|''Tu Je Sei''
|[[Ashok Pati]]
|[[Babushan|Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Riya Dey]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]]
|Action, Romance, Comedy
|1st January 2016
|[[Sarthak Music Pvt. Ltd.]]
|
|-
|''[[Tora Dine Ku Mora Dine]]''||Sudhanshu Mohan Sahu||Arindam Roy, [[Amlan Das]], [[Riya Dey]]|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Tu Kahibu Na Mu]]''
|[[Susant Mani]]
|[[Amlan Das]], [[Niharika Dash|Niharika Das]],
[[Mihir Das]], [[illu Banarjee]]
|Romance, Drama
|2016
|[[Tarang Cine Productions]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/odisha-28th-state-film-awards-announced-256778|title=Odisha 28th state film awards announced|date=2017-11-27|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2016 films}}

[[Category:2010s Odia-language films|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2016]]

Gokula Nanda Mallik

2026-04-19T10:10:17Z

Thenaade: created the post v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gokula Nanda Mallik
| image = Gokulananda Mallick.png
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Minister of Fisheries and Animal Resources
Development, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| term_end = Incumbent
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 = Incumbent
| constituency1 = [[Polasara Assembly constituency|Polasara]]
| predecessor1 = [[Srikanta Sah]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Ananta Mallik
| spouse =
| alma_mater = Graduate +3 (Arts), [[Maharshi College of Natural Law]]
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Politician, Business
}}

'''Gokula Nanda Mallik''' is an Indian politician and Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Minister of Fisheries and Animal Resources
Development, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in [[Government of Odisha]]. He is a member of the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Polasara Assembly constituency|Polasara]] assembly constituency of [[Ganjam district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title=My Neta Profile |url=https://myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=780 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=My Neta |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 12 June 2024, he took oath along with Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] took oath in Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. Governor [[Raghubar Das]] administered their oath. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], Defense Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with Chief Ministers of 10 BJP-ruled states were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=12 June 2024 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha's first BJP Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2024 |title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallik, Gokula Nanda}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Ganjam district]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sunil Tingre

2026-04-16T08:04:26Z

Thenaade: starting article!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sunil Tingre
| native_name =
| image =
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Jagdish Tukaram Mulik|Jagdish Mulik]]
| successor = [[Bapusaheb Tukaram Pathare]]
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| constituency1 = [[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon Sheri]]
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
| other_party = [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] [[Shiv Sena]]
}}

'''Sunil Vijayrao Tingre''' is a leader of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title=Sunil Vijay Tingre(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)) Constituency- VADGAON SHERI (PUNE) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8571 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121060913/https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8571 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English
}}</ref> and a former Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] (MLA), elected from [[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Vadgaol Sheri Election Results 2019 Live Updates (वडगाव शेरी) Wadgaon Sheri : Sunil Vijay Tingre of NCP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/vadgaol-sheri-election-results-2019-live-updates-wadgaon-sheri-vadgaoln-sheri-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2358803.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121060525/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/politics/vadgaol-sheri-election-results-2019-live-updates-wadgaon-sheri-vadgaoln-sheri-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2358803.html |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English
}}</ref> in [[Pune]] city.

He was elected in the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] on a Nationalist Congress Party ticket,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Pune: NCP makes big gains, two saffron ministers lose |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/assembly-election-2019/pune-ncp-makes-big-gains-two-saffron-ministers-lose-770937.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> beating the incumbent [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] MLA [[Jagdish Tukaram Mulik|Jagdish Mulik]] by a margin of 4,956 votes.

He previously contested the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon Sheri]] on a [[Shiv Sena]] ticket but lost to [[Jagdish Tukaram Mulik]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 5,325 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadgaon Sheri Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/vadgaonsheri-maharashtra-assembly-constituency#2014 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

He was allegedly involved in Pune hit and run case and Pune police probing the role of Sunil Tingre, who allegedly used his clout to alter the investigation in the Porsche accident case, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune accident: MLA's role under scanner for derailing Porsche investigation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/mlas-role-under-scanner-for-derailing-porsche-investigation-101716839867635.html |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Hunger Strike Against [[Pune Municipal Corporation|PMC]] ===
Sunil Tingre launched a hunger strike on April 6, 2023, to protest the inaction of the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] to take up basic civic infrastructure work in his constituency i.e. [[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency]]. The PMC was ruled by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]{{Snd}}which is opposed to Sunil Tingre's [[Nationalist Congress Party]]{{Snd}}in the previous five-year term that ended in 2022 and was governed by an administrator appointed by the state government at the time of the protest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=NCP MLA Sunil Tingre launches hunger strike against PMC 'inaction' in Vadgaonsheri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/ncp-mla-sunil-tingre-hunger-strike-pmc-inaction-vadgaonsheri-8541482/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The issues raised by Tingre included traffic congestion on Ahmednagar and Porwal roads, blocked roads, a blocked flyover at [[Kharadi]] and water problems in Shastri Nagar, Vishrantwadi and Lohegaon. He alleged that the PMC was not addressing these issues in a sufficient manner. To protest, he started a hunger strike in front of the municipal building on the morning of April 6.

Tingre was supported by several prominent local leaders like [[Hadapsar Assembly constituency|Hadapsar]] MLA Chetan Tupe, [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] city president Prashant Jagtap, former [[List of mayors of Pune|Mayor]] [[Dattatray Dhankawade]] and others. In addition, many local citizens of the constituency were also present for the event.

After discussing the issues with Sunil Tingre and the delegation, Additional Municipal Commissioner Vikas Dhakne assured them that the municipal administration is positive about solving the issues raised by Tingre. The administration also gave a written statement regarding the timeframe in which the issues will be resolved. Finally, after receiving the written assurance, Tingre ended his fast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=2023-04-07 |title=Pune: MLA Sunil Tingre Calls Off Fast After Receiving Written Assurance On Pending Issues In Vadgaonsheri Constituency |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-mla-sunil-tingre-calls-off-fast-after-receiving-written-assurance-on-pending-issues-in-vadgaonsheri-constituency/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2024 Pune Porsche car crash ===
{{main|2024 Pune Porsche car crash}}

In the 2024 Pune Porsche hit and run case on 19 May 2024, Tingre was implicated in the reinstatement of Dr. Taware, the doctor accused of tampering with evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Porsche case: Tingre's old recommendation letter for Taware resurfaces |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/porsche-case-tingres-old-recommendation-letter-for-taware-resurfaces-9355581/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Tingre had recommended Dr. Taware as head of forensics despite serious malpractices, and was in touch with him to destroy evidence against the juvenile Agarwal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Laxman |date=2024-05-27 |title=Pune Porsche Accident: Appointment of Dr. Ajay Taware linked to MLA Sunil Tingre's recommendation |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/crime/pune-porsche-accident-appointment-of-dr-ajay-taware-linked-to-mla-sunil-tingre-s-recommendation/cid1716808360.htm |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2019: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=English
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tingre, Sunil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of corruption]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]

Manipal Hospitals

2026-04-16T04:35:08Z

Thenaade: done

{{short description|Indian hospital chain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Manipal Hospitals (logo).png
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption = [[Hospital]] in [[Bangalore, India]]
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Healthcare]]
| products = [[Hospitals]], [[Pharmacy]], [[Medical diagnosis|Diagnostic centre]]s
| founded = {{Start date and age|1953}}
| founder = [[T. M. A. Pai]]
| num_locations = 37 (2022)
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list | [[Ranjan Pai]] (Group chairman) | [[H. Sudarshan Ballal]] (Chairman)|Dilip Jose (CEO & MD)<ref name=pune/> }}
| hq_location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|8242|c}} (FY25)<ref name="Revenue"/>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2126|c}} (FY25)<ref name="Revenue">{{cite news |title=India Ratings Places Manipal Health Enterprises’s Bank Facilities on Rating Watch with Developing Implications |url=https://www.indiaratings.co.in/pressrelease/77985 |date=21 July 2025 |work=India Ratings and Research |language=en}}</ref>
| owner = {{ubl|[[Temasek Holdings]] (51%)<ref>{{cite news |title=Temasek sells 8% stake in Manipal Health to Mubadala, others |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/temasek-sells-8-stake-in-manipal-health-to-mubadala-others-11706878825028.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref>
|Manipal Group (31%)
|[[TPG Inc.|TPG Asia]] (10%)<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipal Hospitals’ $1 Billion IPO: A Game-Changer for India’s Healthcare Landscape?|url=https://kenthospitals.com/business/manipal-hospitals-ipo-analysis/|access-date=10 January 2025 |work=kenthospitals|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Mubadala]], [[Novo Holdings A/S]], [[CalPERS]] (8%)}}
| divisions = [[AMRI Hospitals]] Medica Hospitals
| website = {{URL | www.manipalhospitals.com}}
}}
'''Manipal Health Enterprises''',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Sohini |title=Manipal Health may launch IPO after deal to buy AMRI Hospitals |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/manipal-health-may-launch-ipo-after-rs-35-000-cr-deal-to-buy-amri-hospitals-122101300517_1.html |access-date=13 November 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=13 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> commonly known as '''Manipal Hospitals''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Jamie |date=2024-12-10 |title=Manipal Hospitals successfully performs eastern India's first AI-powered wireless pacemaker insertion |url=https://cardiacrhythmnews.com/manipal-hospitals-successfully-performs-eastern-indias-first-ai-powered-wireless-pacemaker-insertion/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Cardiac Rhythm News |language=en-GB}}</ref> is an Indian [[For-profit hospital|for-profit]] [[Private hospital|private]] [[hospital network]] headquartered in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. The hospitals trace their origins to the [[Kasturba Medical College]], founded by [[T. M. A. Pai]] in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India - How Ranjan Pai Is Striving To Make Manipal Hospitals India's Biggest Health Care Player |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2022-billionaires/how-ranjan-pai-is-striving-to-make-manipal-hospitals-indias-biggest-health-care-player/75997/1 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Manipal Hospitals is the second largest healthcare provider in India,<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipal takes over Columbia Asia, emerges second largest healthcare chain |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/manipal-takes-over-columbia-asia-emerges-second-largest-healthcare-chain/articleshow/82324255.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> with a [[Business networking|network]] of 33 hospitals.<ref name=pune>{{cite news |title=Manipal Hospitals expands footprint with new facility in Pune |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/healthcare/news-healthcare/manipal-hospitals-expands-footprint-with-new-facility-in-pune/2623622/ |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=Financial Express |language=en | first=Geeta | last=Nair | date=16 August 2022}}</ref> Manipal Hospitals is part of the Manipal Education and Medical Group.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vinayak |first1=A. J. |title=Manipal Hospitals: Big buys, big league |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/corporate-file/manipal-hospitals-big-buys-big-league/article35390918.ece |access-date=13 November 2022 |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
In 1953, [[T. M. A. Pai]] founded [[Kasturba Medical College]] in coastal Karnataka. The college operated as a public-private partnership utilizing the government hospitals in [[Mangalore]]. Dr. Pai was an Indian [[Physician|doctor]], [[educationist]], and [[philanthropist]] who was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Education Barons Of Manipal |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/The-Education-Barons-Of-Manipal/08-11-2014-59647/ |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

The first branch of Manipal Hospitals was established in [[Bangalore]] in 1991. This branch is a 600-bed [[quaternary care]] facility that houses over 60 specialties. In 1997, Manipal Hospitals, Mangalore, was established. This 251-bed tertiary care hospital named [[KMC Hospital, Mangalore|KMC Hospital]], a teaching hospital for Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospital {{!}} Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore - Manipal Academy of Higher Education |url=https://manipal.edu/kmc-mangalore/hospital.html |website=manipal.edu}}</ref>

In April 2021, Manipal Hospitals announced the sale of its only hospital outside India, [[Manipal Hospitals Klang|Manipal Hospital Klang in Malaysia]], to [[Ramsay Health Care|Ramsay Sime Darby Health Care]] for {{INRConvert|700|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipal Health sells its Malaysian hospital to Ramsay Sime Darby Healthcare |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/ramsay-sime-darby-health-care-acquires-manipal-hospitals-klang-malaysia/articleshow/81982967.cms |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=10 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, Manipal Hospitals acquired [[Columbia Asia]]'s 11 hospitals in India for {{INR}}2,100 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-30|title=Manipal Hospitals completes acquisition of Columbia Asia|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/manipal-hospitals-completes-acquisition-of-columbia-asia/article34450049.ece|access-date=2021-10-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manipal Hospitals set to acquire Columbia Asia Hospitals for ₹2,100 cr |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/manipal-hospitals-set-to-acquire-columbia-asia-hospitals-for-2100-cr/article33001760.ece |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=2 November 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> All Columbia Asia hospitals were later [[rebranded]] as Manipal Hospitals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Columbia Asia rebranded as Manipal Hospitals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/columbia-asia-rebranded-as-manipal-hospitals/articleshow/87787987.cms |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=19 November 2021}}</ref> In 2021, Manipal Hospitals acquired Vikram Hospital in Bangalore for {{INR}}350 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipal Hospitals acquires Vikram Hospital for ₹350 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/manipal-hospitals-acquires-vikram-hospital-for-350-crore/article34714746.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=3 June 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, Manipal Hospitals group company Manipal HealthMap acquired a majority stake in diagnostics company Medcis PathLabs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipal Hospitals group acquires Hyderabad-based Medcis PathLabs |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/mergers-acquisitions/manipal-hospitals-group-acquires-hyderabad-based-medcis-pathlabs-8318811.html |access-date=13 November 2022 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, [[Temasek Holdings]]-backed Sheares Healthcare India acquired a 41% stake in Manipal Hospitals for about {{INRConvert|16000|c}}, increasing its shareholding to 59% and becoming the [[Controlling interest|controlling stakeholder]] in the hospital chain. The acquisition valued the hospital chain at around {{INRConvert|40000|c}}.<ref>{{cite news | title=Singapore's Temasek buys majority stake in Manipal Hospitals for $2 billion |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/temasek-buys-majority-stake-in-manipal-hospitals/articleshow/99313658.cms |access-date=8 April 2023|work=Economic Times |date=8 April 2023|language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Manipal Hospitals acquired an 84% controlling stake in [[AMRI Hospitals]] for {{INRconvert|2300|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipal Hospitals acquire 84% stake in Emami Group's firm AMRI Hospitals for Rs 2300 cr |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/manipal-hospitals-acquire-84-percent-stake-in-emami-group-firm-amri-hospitals-for-rs-2300-cr-17847531.htm |access-date=2 December 2023 |work=CNBC TV18 |date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2024, Manipal Hospitals acquired 87% stake in Medica Synergie Hospitals for ₹1,400 crore.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pal |first1=Priyasi |title=Manipal Hospitals Acquires Medica Synergie, Solidifying Presence in Eastern India |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/manipal-hospitals-acquires-medica-synergie-solidifying-presence-in-eastern-indiav |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manipal Hospitals acquires majority stake in Medica Synergie |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/manipal-hospitals-acquires-majority-stake-in-medica-synergie/article68122660.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=29 April 2024}}</ref>

In July 2025, Manipal Health acquired a majority stake in [[Sahyadri Hospitals]] from Canada's [[Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan]] for ₹6,400 crore (approximately US$775 million).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2025 |title=Ontario Teachers’ announces sale of Sahyadri Hospitals |url=https://www.otpp.com/en-ca/about-us/news-and-insights/2025/ontario-teachers-announces-sale-of-sahyadri-hospitals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710091409/https://www.otpp.com/en-ca/about-us/news-and-insights/2025/ontario-teachers-announces-sale-of-sahyadri-hospitals/ |archive-date=10 July 2025 |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=[[Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan]] |language=English |location=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhalla |first=Mohit |last2=Balakrishnan |first2=Reghu |date=10 Jul 2025 |title=Manipal Health buys Sahyadri Hospitals for Rs 6,400 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/manipal-health-buys-sahyadri-hospitals-for-rs-6400-crore/articleshow/122348011.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710092005/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/manipal-health-buys-sahyadri-hospitals-for-rs-6400-crore/articleshow/122348011.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 July 2025 |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] Jul 10, 2025, 12:14:00 AM IST}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:KMC Hospital near Jyothi circle in Mangalore - 1.jpg|[[KMC Hospital, Mangalore|KMC Hospital]], Mangalore
File:World Trade Center, Orion Mall, Bangalore..jpg|Manipal Hospital beside [[World Trade Center Bangalore]]
File:Columbia Asia Hospital, Mysore.jpg|Manipal Hospital, Mysore
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
* [[Sikkim Manipal University]]
* [[Manipal Foundation]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://www.manipalhospitals.com/}}

[[Category:Manipal Education and Medical Group]]
[[Category:Hospital networks in India]]
[[Category:Indian organisations established in 1953]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1953]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]

G. Prabha

2026-04-15T11:45:44Z

Thenaade: created first pg v1...

{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=August 2017}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2017}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=August 2017}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. Prabha
|image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = The Director of the feature film ‘ISHTI’, Shri G. Prabha addressing a press conference on the opening films of Indian Panorama, at the 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2016), in Panaji, Goa.jpg
|bSize = 900
|cWidth = 200
|cHeight = 200
|oTop = 265
|oLeft = 370
|Location=center}}

| caption = G. Prabha, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[47th International Film Festival of India|2016]])
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Professor, writer, film-maker
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Dr. G. Prabha''' (born 1 May 1956) is an Indian filmmaker, writer, and retired professor of Sanskrit.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=St.Joseph's College (Autonomous) |url=https://www.sjctni.edu/Department/hishome.jsp?deptCode=SA&id=1#:~:text=When%20he%20went%20for%20doing,interview%20for%20the%20F.I.P.%20vacancy. |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.sjctni.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Pratibha |date=2017-04-20 |title=Sanskrit Film Ishti ~ Meeting the Director G.Prabha |url=https://pratibhajain.wordpress.com/2017/04/20/sanskrit-film-ishti-prabha/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Pratibha Jain - Author, Translator, Documentarian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ishti (film) |date=2025-07-26 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishti_(film)&oldid=1302683460 |access-date=2026-01-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-06 |title=G. Prabha To Release Second Sanskrit Movie After His Award-Winning Film 'Ishti' - Sacnilk |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/news/G_Prabha_To_Release_Second_Sanskrit_Movie_After_His_AwardWinning_Film_Ishti |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.sacnilk.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-30 |title=Ishti director Prabha on the controversies around his Sanskrit film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ishti-director-prabha-on-the-controversies-around-his-sanskrit-film/article8541372.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is best known for writing and directing [[Ishti (film)|''Ishti'' (2016)]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-19 |title=Spotlight on orthodoxy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/on-the-sanskrit-film-ishti/article7891731.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ishti (film) |date=2025-07-26 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishti_(film)&oldid=1302683460 |access-date=2026-01-04 |language=en}}</ref> which was the first Sanskrit-language feature film to deal with a social theme rather than a mythological or biographical subject.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-30 |title=Ishti director Prabha on the controversies around his Sanskrit film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ishti-director-prabha-on-the-controversies-around-his-sanskrit-film/article8541372.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-21 |title=Know Thyself |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sanskrit-feature-film-ishti-confronts-patriarchy-in-the-namboothiri-community-of-the-mid-20th-century-3041194/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He pursued higher education in Sanskrit, eventually earning a doctorate from the [[University of Madras]] in 2001.

== Academic career ==
Dr. G. Prabha began his career as a journalist before transitioning into academia. He served as a faculty member at [[Government Sanskrit College, Tripunithura|Government Sanskrit College in Tripunithura]], Kerala, and [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College in Tiruchirappalli]].<ref name="auto"/> He later joined [[Loyola College, Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.loyolacollege.edu/docs/AcademicHandBook2012-2013.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250227051855/https://www.loyolacollege.edu/docs/AcademicHandBook2012-2013.pdf |archive-date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.loyolacollege.edu}}</ref> where he served as the Head of the Department of Oriental Languages and Professor of Sanskrit until his retirement in 2014. During his academic tenure, he published 26 research papers and authored several books in Malayalam and Sanskrit.

== Filmmaking career ==
Prabha's filmmaking often focuses on social reforms within the Namboothiri Brahmin community of Kerala, influenced by the works of reformers like V. T. Bhattathiripad.
In 2016, he released his debut feature film, '''''Ishti''''' (English: ''Search for the Self''). Starring [[Nedumudi Venu]], the film explores patriarchy and the denial of education to women in early 20th-century Kerala. ''Ishti'' was selected as the opening film for the Indian Panorama section at the 47th [[International Film Festival of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFI 2016: Sanskrit Film Ishti to Open Indian Panorama Section - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/iffi-2016-sanskrit-film-ishti-to-open-indian-panorama-section-1306278.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241127212641/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/iffi-2016-sanskrit-film-ishti-to-open-indian-panorama-section-1306278.html |archive-date=2024-11-27 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=കേരളത്തിനു വേണ്ട, ഗോവയിൽ 'ഇഷ്ടി'ക്ക് കൈയടികളോടെ സ്വീകരണം |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/ishti-malayalam-movie-iffi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202203407/http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/ishti-malayalam-movie-iffi.html |archive-date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref> (IFFI).

His second feature film, '''''Taya''''' (2022), also in Sanskrit, is a feminist narrative based on the historical ''Smarthavicharam'' (trial for adultery) of [[Kuriyedathu Thatri|Kuriyedathu Thathri]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2021-06-14 |title=G Prabha's second film in Sanskrit, 'Taya', focusses on the landmark trial of Thatri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanskrit-film-taya-by-prabha-trial-of-thatri/article34811703.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in 1905.

Prior to feature films, Prabha directed two notable documentaries:

* '''''Agnaye''''': A documentary documenting the ''Athirathram'' (Agni Yagam) ritual.
* '''''Akkitham''''': A biographical film about the Jnanpith Award-winning Malayalam poet Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2010
|''Akkitham''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-09 |title=The life and times of Akkitham on celluloid |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/the-life-and-times-of-akkitham-on-celluloid/article2977102.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-30 |title=Visual poetry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Visual-poetry/article16297277.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|Malayalam
|Writer,Director
|Documentary
|-
|2014
|''Agnaye''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzZZKEAVevA |title=Agnaye (For The Fire)-Malayalam Documentary Film |date=2016-08-20 |last=AVA PRODUCTIONS |access-date=2026-01-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Tandon |first=Madhavi |title=History of Science in India: Focus on Pre-vedic and Vedic Times |date=2019 |work=Science Education in India |pages=3–26 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9593-2_1 |access-date=2026-01-04 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=978-981-13-9592-5}}</ref>
|Malayalam
|Writer,Director
|Documentary
|-
|2016
|''[[Ishti (film)|Ishti]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/g-prabha|title=G Prabha on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-27 |title=Akkitham pens lyrics for Sanskrit movie |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/english-news-8040c824 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ishti |date=2016-11-20 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14214652/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |publisher=Creative Creations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Touch of the ancient |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/509341/touch-ancient.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Language of art |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/ishti-feature-film-sanskrit.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=theweek.in}}</ref>
|Sanskrit
|Writer, Director
|First social-themed Sanskrit film
|-
|2022
|''[[Taya (2022 film)|Taya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Details of 31st Kolkata International Film Festival |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2021/official-selection/competition-on-indian-languages-films/1210 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=kiff.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=T. N. M. |date=2017-11-02 |title=After Ishti, G Prabha plans to make second Sanskrit film |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2017/11/ishti-g-prabha-plans-make-second-sanskrit-film/,%20https://thenewsmill.com/2017/11/ishti-g-prabha-plans-make-second-sanskrit-film/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Award-winning director to release 2nd Sanskrit movie |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/entertainment-news/national-award-winning-director-to-release-nd-sanskrit-movie-788.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref>
|Sanskrit
|Writer, Director
|
|}

== Literature & Published Works ==
His literary contributions include research studies, short story collections, and commentaries on classical Sanskrit texts.
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Title
!Nature of Work
|-
|'''Sanskrit Study'''
|''Ascarya Cudamani: Text and Practice''
|Research-based study.
|-
|'''Short Stories'''
|''Paramanandam Enna Paulo Gabriel''
|Malayalam short story collection.
|-
|'''Short Stories'''
|''Jenni Orkkunidathe''
|Malayalam short story collection.
|-
|'''Short Stories'''
|''Kaakkakal Karayunneram''
|Malayalam short story collection.
|-
|'''Commentary'''
|''Sivapadadikesavarna stotram''
|Commentary on devotional text.
|-
|'''Commentary'''
|''Sivakesadipadavarnana stotram''
|Commentary on devotional text.
|-
|'''Literary Work'''
|''Sri Balabhagavatham''
|Retold version of the classic.
|-
|'''Screenplay'''
|''Akkitham''
|Documentary screenplay.
|-
|'''Edited Work'''
|''A.K.G Navathi Smriti''
|Editor.
|-
|'''Script'''
|''Agnaye''
|Research documentary script.
|}

== Awards & Recognition ==

* '''Best Shooting Award''': 17th [[Pyongyang International Film Festival]] (2018) for ''Ishti''.
* '''Best Sanskrit Film''': 8th Nashik International Film Festival for ''Ishti''.
* '''Best Documentary Film''': National Academy of Cinema and Television, Bangalore (2014) for ''Agnaye''.
* '''Best Director''': Kerala Film Audience Council (2010) for the documentary ''Akkitham''.
* '''Dr. T.N. Anathakrishnan Research Award''': (1998–1999 and 2012–2013).

== References & Links ==
{{Reflist}}
# [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/on-the-sanskrit-film-ishti/article7891731.ece The Hindu Friday Review - Dr. G. Prabha at the sets of his directorial debut Ishti]
# [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Celebrating-his-life-and-work/article15710141.ece Dr. G. Prabha captures a documentary film on Akkitham]
# [[Ishti (Film)|Ishti (film)]]
# [http://shevlinsebastian.blogspot.in/2016/01/using-not-much-used-language.html Dr. G Prabha and Is]
# [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ishti-director-prabha-on-the-controversies-around-his-sanskrit-film/article8541372.ece Rites and wrongs]
# [http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/fight-against-patriarchy/article9103842.ece Fight against patriarchy]
# [https://twitter.com/frontline_india/status/776398975444193280 G. Prabha's Sanskrit film Ishti pits the feminine spirit against patriarchy. http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/fight-against-patriarchy/article9103842.ece ...pic.twitter.com/KuEFn1s4ck]
# [http://www.news18.com/news/movies/iffi-2016-sanskrit-film-ishti-to-open-indian-panorama-section-1306278.html IFFI 2016: Sanskrit Film Ishti to Open Indian Panorama Section]
# [http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/sanskrit-film-ishti-to-open-indian-panorama-section-of-iffi/article_6b1bc042-a05c-11e6-88e5-977277e2d3a1.html Sanskrit Film ‘Ishti’ to Open Indian Panorama Section of IFFI 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034540/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/sanskrit-film-ishti-to-open-indian-panorama-section-of-iffi/article_6b1bc042-a05c-11e6-88e5-977277e2d3a1.html |date=2017-08-08 }}
# [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/A-cultural-trip-in-search-of-Vedic-rituals/articleshow/17762240.cms A cultural trip in search of Vedic rituals | Chennai News - Times of India] || Agnaye
# [http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sanskrit-feature-film-ishti-confronts-patriarchy-in-the-namboothiri-community-of-the-mid-20th-century-3041194/ Know Thyself]
# [http://abookoftheday.blogspot.in/2014/02/agnaye.html]
# [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/visual-poetry/article786702.ece Visual poetry]
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20161202203407/http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/ishti-malayalam-movie-iffi.html കേരളത്തിനു വേണ്ട, ഗോവയിൽ ‘ഇഷ്ടി’ക്ക് കൈയടികളോടെ സ്വീകരണം]
# [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/on-the-sanskrit-film-ishti/article7891731.ece Spotlight on orthodoxy]
# [http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/iffi-2016-goa-film-festival/iffi-2016-news/sanskrit-film-ishti-opens-indian-panorama-at-iffi.html Sanskrit film 'Ishti' opens Indian Panorama at IFFI | Video]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabha, G}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Loyola College, Chennai]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Kumaravel Somasundaram

2026-04-15T03:37:06Z

Thenaade: New New Bio More To Come

{{Short description|Indian cancer biologist( Born: 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kumaravel Somasundaram
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|10|8}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Cancer]] [[biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Madras Veterinary College]] | [[University of Madras]] | [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] | [[Northwestern University]] Medical School | [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] | [[University of Pennsylvania]] School of Medicine }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam]] | Bayar Thimmapaya | [[Wafik El-Deiry]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Glioblastoma]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2006 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }}
}}
'''Kumaravel Somasundaram''' (born 8 October 1962) is an Indian cancer biologist and a professor at the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology of the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. Known for his studies on the therapeutics of [[Glioblastoma]], Somasunderam is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies namely, the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2006.

== Biography ==
[[File:Madhurai kamaraj university front view.JPG|thumb|left|[[Madurai Kamaraj University]]-front view]]
Kumaravel Somasundaram, born on 8 October 1962<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Somasundaram,_Prof._Kumaravel |title=Fellow profile |date=2017-12-21 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-21}}</ref> in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], graduated in veterinary medicine from the [[Madras Veterinary College]] and did his post-graduate studies at the [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] to earn an MSc in biotechnology.<ref name="Indian fellow - K. Somasundaram">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P09-1497 |title=Indian fellow - K. Somasundaram |date=2017-12-21 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-21 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220241/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P09-1497 }}</ref> He continued at the university for his doctoral studies under the guidance of [[Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam]] and after securing a PhD, he moved to the US for his post-doctoral work which he did, first under Bayar Thimmapaya at the [[Northwestern University]] Medical School during 1993–95 and later, at the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]], working on ''[[DNA tumor viruses]] and [[tumor suppressor genes]]'', supervised by [[Wafik El-Deiry]] from 1995 to 1999. On his return to India, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) as a member of faculty at the division of biological sciences, subsequently became an associate professor at the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology<ref name="Kumaravel Somasundaram, Ph.D. profile in India Cancer Research Database">{{Cite web |url=http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=67 |title=Kumaravel Somasundaram, Ph.D. profile in India Cancer Research Database |date=2017-12-23 |website=www.incredb.org |access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> and continues his association with IISc, serving as a professor.<ref name="K. Somasundaram - Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science">{{Cite web |url=http://bio.iisc.ac.in/?q=faculty/k-somasundaram |title=K. Somasundaram - Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science |date=2017-12-23 |website=bio.iisc.ac.in |access-date=2017-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231093000/http://bio.iisc.ac.in/?q=faculty%2Fk-somasundaram |archive-date=31 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dtu.dk/english/~/media/dtu-endk/research/india/iisc_profile_2012.ashx |title=Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology Profile |date=2012}}</ref> He also heads the research group, popularly known as ''Prof. Kumar Somasundaram's Lab''.<ref name="Prof. Kumar Somasundaram's Labe">{{Cite web |url=http://mcbl.iisc.ac.in/KumarS/ |title=Prof. Kumar Somasundaram's Labe |date=2017-12-23 |website=mcbl.iisc.ac.in |access-date=2017-12-23 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214211041/http://mcbl.iisc.ac.in/KumarS/ }}</ref>

Somasundaram resides in IISc housing colony in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-12-21 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-12-21 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Glioblastoma - MR coronal with contrast.jpg|thumb|[[Glioblastoma]] - MR coronal with contrast]]
Somasundaram's work is centered around the studies of [[oncovirus]]es, [[tumor suppressor genes]], [[gliomas]] and [[microRNAs]] and he has done advanced research on [[glioblastoma]], an aggressive form of cancer affecting the brain.<ref name="Scientists discover gene responsible for aggressiveness of brain cancer">{{Cite news |url=http://iisc.researchmedia.center/article/scientists-discover-gene-responsible-aggressiveness-brain-cancer |title=Scientists discover gene responsible for aggressiveness of brain cancer |date=27 June 2016 |access-date=2017-12-23 |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228025948/http://iisc.researchmedia.center/article/scientists-discover-gene-responsible-aggressiveness-brain-cancer }}</ref><ref name="Research summary">{{Cite web |url=http://mcbl.iisc.ac.in/KumarS/Research%20Interest.html |title=Research summary |date=2017-12-23 |website=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=2017-12-23 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218123059/http://mcbl.iisc.ac.in/KumarS/Research%20Interest.html }}</ref> The group led by him is engaged in work concerning the determination of the role of [[cellular tumor antigen p53]] in glioma, regulating the protein, [[p73]] in [[cervical cancer]] patients, using [[Adenovirus early region 1A]], a [[tumor suppressor gene]], the analytical study of [[BRCA1]] gene in [[breast cancer]] and the analysis and regulation of [[SV2A]], a [[synaptic vesicle]] protein.<ref name="Kumaravel Somasundaram, Ph.D. profile in India Cancer Research Database" /> He demonstrated that [[glioblastoma]] spreads rapidly by producing [[macrophage colony-stimulating factor]] (MCSF) in large quantities which in turn stimulate the growth of blood vessels in the tumor.<ref name="IISc finds way to bust brain cancer">{{Cite news |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others//articleshow/48749771.cms? |title=IISc finds way to bust brain cancer |date=1 September 2015 |work=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> He proposed that the MCSF interacted with the anti-tumor [[microglial cells]] of the human body and induced them to produce [[Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein]] 1 ([[IGFBP1]]), thereby impairing the capacity of microglial cells to fight the tumor cells, a process he called ''befriending''. The discovery of this new molecule, IGFBP1 and its role in glioma [[angiogenesis]], led to a collaborative investigation which involved four research institutions namely [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences]], [[Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Puttaparthi|Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences]] and Institute for Functional Genomics (INSERM) of the [[University of Montpellier]], apart from the IISc.<ref name="IISc scientists demystify lethal form of brain cancer">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/iisc-scientists-demystify-lethal-form-of-brain-cancer/article14405173.ece1 |title=IISc scientists demystify lethal form of brain cancer |author=Staff Reporter |date=2016-06-28 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2017-12-23 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The research team led by Somasundaram and Phillipe Marin of INSERM validated the earlier findings and proposed a new therapeutic protocol for glioblastoma which targeted IGFBP1, rather than [[Vascular endothelial growth factor]] (VEGF) which earlier treatment methods attacked.<ref name="IISc scientists identify potential new drug target for brain cancer">{{Cite news |url=http://iisc.researchmedia.center/article/iisc-scientists-identify-potential-new-drug-target-brain-cancer |title=IISc scientists identify potential new drug target for brain cancer |date=31 August 2015 |access-date=2017-12-23 |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224160914/http://iisc.researchmedia.center/article/iisc-scientists-identify-potential-new-drug-target-brain-cancer }}</ref> The researchers, later, released their findings through a paper, ''Glioblastoma-derived Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (MCSF) Induces Microglial Release of Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 1 (IGFBP1) to Promote Angiogenesis'', published in the [[Journal of Biological Chemistry]].<ref name="Glioblastoma-derived Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor (MCSF) Induces Microglial Release of Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein 1 (IGFBP1) to Promote Angiogenesis">{{Cite journal |last1=Nijaguna |first1=Mamatha Bangalore |last2=Patil |first2=Vikas |last3=Urbach |first3=Serge |last4=Shwetha |first4=Shivayogi D. |last5=Sravani |first5=Kotha |last6=Hegde |first6=Alangar S. |last7=Chandramouli |first7=Bangalore A. |last8=Arivazhagan |first8=Arimappamagan |last9=Marin |first9=Philippe |date=2015-09-18 |title=Glioblastoma-derived Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor (MCSF) Induces Microglial Release of Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein 1 (IGFBP1) to Promote Angiogenesis |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=290 |issue=38 |pages=23401–23415 |doi=10.1074/jbc.m115.664037 |issn=0021-9258 |pmid=26245897|pmc=4645610 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Work is in progress at his laboratory for developing [[biomarkers]] (twenty genes of which is named gene X, have already been discovered)<ref name="IISc scientists find key brain cancer gene">{{Cite news |url=http://icast.org.in/news/2005/june05/jun14tb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220205/http://icast.org.in/news/2005/june05/jun14tb.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=23 December 2017 |title=IISc scientists find key brain cancer gene |last=Johnson T.A. |date=2005 |access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> for which detailed study is being conducted on [[microRNA]], [[DNA methylation]], modifications of [[chromatin]] and [[gene fusion]]s.<ref name="K. Somasundaram - Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science" /><ref name="New molecular tests for brain tumor">{{Cite journal |date=26 April 2011 |title=New molecular tests for brain tumor |journal=Nature India |doi=10.1038/nindia.2011.59}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=WFvdEFsAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-11-23 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Somasundaram=3AKumaravel=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017-12-23 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 178 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kumar_Somasundaram |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-12-21 |access-date=2017-12-21}}</ref> He has also conducted workshops<ref name="Science Academies' Lecture Workshop on Recent Trends">{{Cite web |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/recent16.pdf |title=Science Academies' Lecture Workshop on Recent Trends |date=2017-12-23 |website=Mangalore University |access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref><ref name="B4 Genomics Workshop Schedule">{{Cite web |url=http://southasiainstitute.harvard.edu/b4-genomics-workshop-schedule/ |title=B4 Genomics Workshop Schedule |date=2017-12-23 |website=Lakshmi Mittal South Asia Institute |language=en |access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref><ref name="Ganga Symposium">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gangahospital.com/pdf/BASIC-GENETICS-AND-PROTEOMICS-IN-MEDICAL-RESEARCH.pdf |title=Ganga Symposium |date=2016 |website=Ganga Hospital |access-date=23 December 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220347/http://www.gangahospital.com/pdf/BASIC-GENETICS-AND-PROTEOMICS-IN-MEDICAL-RESEARCH.pdf }}</ref> including the ''Workshop on Next Generation Sequencing'' organized by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] in November 2013<ref name="Workshop on Next Generation Sequencing">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/workshop/resourcepersons.html |title=Workshop on Next Generation Sequencing |date=2013 |website=www.ccmb.res.in |access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> and has delivered invited or plenary speeches at various conferences and seminars<ref name="Regulation Of VEGF Gene Expression By PDGF, p73 And Butyric Acid: Role In Tumor Angiogenesis">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/assembly-vii/programme.html |title=Regulation Of VEGF Gene Expression By PDGF, p73 And Butyric Acid: Role In Tumor Angiogenesis |date=2017-12-23 |website=JNCASR |access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> and the 5th annual meeting of the Proteomics Society, India held in September 2013 was one among them.<ref name="PROTEOMICS 2013">{{Cite web |url=http://www.proteomicsindia.in/speakers.php |title=5th Annual Meeting of the Proteomics Society-India |date=2013 |website=www.proteomicsindia.in |access-date=2017-12-23 |archive-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221011509/http://proteomicsindia.in/speakers.php }}</ref>

Somasundaram is credited with the establishment of the first laboratory for [[molecular oncology]] at the IISc and his contributions are also reported in the establishment of a facility for [[genomics]] at the institute.<ref name="Indian fellow - K. Somasundaram" /> He has undertaken many research programs in cancer biology which included the IISC initiative on Cancer Biology and Therapeutics. He serves as the principal investigator of the Genomics Programme of the IISc in collaboration with the New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI) of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) and is the co-convener of the ''DBT - IISc Partnership Program for Advanced Research in Biological Sciences and Bio Engineering''.<ref name="DBT chips in Rs. 6 cr to NIMHANS & IISc for research in brain cancer in adults">{{Cite news |url=https://auroushealthcare.wordpress.com/2014/05/12/dbt-chips-in-rs-6-cr-to-nimhans-iisc-for-research-in-brain-cancer-in-adults/ |title=DBT chips in Rs. 6 cr to NIMHANS & IISc for research in brain cancer in adults |date=2014-05-12 |access-date=2017-12-23 |publisher=Auro Health Care |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a member of the ''DBT Neurobiology Task force'' of the [[Department of Biotechnology]],<ref name="Database of Experts - DBT Neurobiology Task force">{{Cite web |url=http://dbt-neuro.ncbs.res.in/database_experts/Bangalore?order=title&sort=desc |title=Database of Experts - DBT Neurobiology Task force |date=2017-12-23 |website=dbt-neuro.ncbs.res.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-23 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223230059/http://dbt-neuro.ncbs.res.in/database_experts/Bangalore?order=title&sort=desc }}</ref> sits in the editorial board of the ''{{ill|Cancer Biology and Therapy|de}}'' journal published by [[Taylor & Francis]]<ref name="Cancer Biology & Therapy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=editorialBoard&journalCode=kcbt20 |title=Cancer Biology & Therapy |website=www.tandfonline.com |language=en |access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> and is a former member of the senate of the Indian Institute of Science.<ref name="Indian Institute of Science - Information per RTI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/rti/junk.shtml |title=Indian Institute of Science - Information per RTI |date=2005 |website=www.iisc.ernet.in |access-date=2017-12-23 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706104104/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/rti/junk.shtml }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Somasundaram received the International Senior Research Fellowship of the [[Wellcome Trust]] in 2004.<ref name="Indian fellow - K. Somasundaram" /> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2006.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf }}</ref> The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow in 2007<ref name="Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/S |title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2017-12-21 |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-21}}</ref> and he received the elected fellowship of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], the same year.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-12-17 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf }}</ref> The other major Indian science academy, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] elected him to fellowship in 2009.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bhargava |first1=Shruti |last2=Visvanathan |first2=Abhirami |last3=Patil |first3=Vikas |last4=Kumar |first4=Anuj |last5=Kesari |first5=Santosh |last6=Das |first6=Saumitra |last7=Hegde |first7=Alangar S. |last8=Arivazhagan |first8=Arimappamagan |last9=Santosh |first9=Vani |last10=Somasundaram |first10=Kumaravel |date=2017-04-15 |title=''IGF2'' mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3) promotes glioma cell migration by enhancing the translation of RELA/p65 |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=25 |pages=40469–40485 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.17118 |pmid=28465487 |pmc=5522290 |issn=1949-2553}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Visvanathan |first1=Abhirami |last2=Somasundaram |first2=Kumaravel |date=January 2018 |title=mRNA Traffic Control Reviewed: N6-Methyladenosine (m6 A) Takes the Driver's Seat |journal=BioEssays |volume=40 |issue=1 |article-number=1700093 |doi=10.1002/bies.201700093 |issn=1521-1878 |pmid=29205437|s2cid=23562371 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Sanjeev |last2=Nama |first2=Srikanth |last3=Antony |first3=Sini |last4=Somasundaram |first4=Kumaravel |date=2005 |title=p73β-expressing recombinant adenovirus: a potential anticancer agent |journal=Cancer Gene Therapy |language=En |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=417–426 |doi=10.1038/sj.cgt.7700803 |pmid=15678153 |s2cid=25325662 |issn=1476-5500|doi-access= }}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Oncovirus]]
* [[Insulin-like growth factor receptor]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.inspire-dst.gov.in/list_of_mentors.pdf |title=Mentors/Resource persons for Summer/Winter Camps and other INSPIRE initiatives |date=2017-12-23 |website=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-12-23}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somasundaram, Kumaravel}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]
[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]
[[Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators]]
[[Category:Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]

Mujhse Shaadi Karogi

2026-04-12T19:47:55Z

Thenaade: details...

{{about|the 2004 Hindi film|reality TV series|Mujhse Shaadi Karoge}}
{{Short description|2004 Indian film by David Dhawan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mujhse Shaadi Karogi
| image = MSK officialposter.jpg
| alt = The poster features two young men pursuing a woman with sand and black themed colour in the background. Text at the bottom of the poster reveals the tagline of the film while the text at the bottom of the poster reveals the title, name of the director, name of the producer, name of the distributor, the release date and the rest of the credits.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[David Dhawan]]
| producer = [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| writer = [[Anees Bazmee]]
| screenplay = Rumi Jaffery
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Salman Khan]]
*[[Akshay Kumar]]
*[[Priyanka Chopra]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sajid–Wajid]] [[Anu Malik]] '''Score:''' [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = Sanjay F. Gupta
| editing = Nitin Rokade
| studio = [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|07|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 161 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' (2004) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mujhse-shaadi-karogi-2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617125204/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mujhse-shaadi-karogi-2004 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}15 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=453|title=Mujhse Shaadi Karogi – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}56 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi''''' ({{translation|Will You Marry Me?}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[David Dhawan]] and produced by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]. The film stars [[Salman Khan]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] with [[Amrish Puri]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Satish Shah]] and [[Rajpal Yadav]] in supporting roles. Set primarily in [[Goa]], ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' follows the adventures of two men (Khan and Kumar) who try to win a woman's (Chopra) heart. The core concept of the movie is based on the 2001 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kabadi Kabadi (2001 film)|Kabadi Kabadi]]'', which itself was based on the 2000 English movie ''[[Meet the Parents]]''.

Wanting to re-invent himself, Dhawan decided to make a film that would deviate from his signature mass-market comedies in look and feel, approaching it as a romantic comedy. The screenplay was written by Dhawan's longtime collaborators [[Anees Bazmee]] and Rumi Jaffery. Although the film is set in Goa, it was not shot there. Instead, [[principal photography]] was done on two detailed sets created by [[Sharmishta Roy]] in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] and [[Mauritius]]. Additionally, several scenes and songs were filmed on location in Mauritius.

''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' was released on 30 July 2004. With a box-office gross of {{INR}}565 million, the film became the [[List of Hindi films of 2004|fourth-highest-grossing Indian film of the year]]. ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' was nominated for three [[Filmfare Awards]]. The film received a leading 13 nominations at the [[6th IIFA Awards]], including [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Dhawan), [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan) and [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Chopra), winning five awards. It received 10 [[Screen Awards]] nominations, including [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]. The film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Swayamvara (2010 film)|Swayamvara]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/58982/swayamvara.html|title=Swayamvara|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=19 March 2010}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sameer Malhotra is ill-tempered and has anger-management issues since his parents died during his childhood. The only person who could calm down his temper was his best friend, Arun. When he beats up a group of goons who tried to assault his girlfriend Roma, she breaks up with him because of his temper. According to his horoscope, Sameer is unlucky in love. To escape further similar issues, he becomes a lifeguard in [[Goa]].

On the train, Sameer's co-passenger Suraj makes him think that he is a thief by asking him where he keeps important things (like money) in his luggage. Sameer stays awake all night to avoid being robbed, while Suraj sleeps after conning Sameer into guarding his luggage. Suraj admits this to Sameer the next morning at the station. Sameer learns that Suraj is a security guard at his resort and puts him on night guard duty for three months. This puts a crimp in Suraj's marriage, and, although he apologises, Sameer is adamant.

Sameer meets his next door neighbour Rani, an up-and-coming fashion designer, and falls in love with her. After a rough start with her father, Jugraj Singh, a former colonel, Rani and Sameer become friends. Sameer's bad luck comes into play; he disagrees with Singh, and Rani becomes angry with him when she overhears him saying bad things about her to Pandit Raj Purohit Jyotshi, an astrologer.

Trouble arrives in the form of Sunny, who shares a room with Sameer. He meets Rani, falls in love with her, and decides to capitalise on Sameer's mistakes. This causes friction between the roommates. Sameer anonymously gives Rani the money she needs for a fashion competition, calling himself her "well-wisher." Rani wins the competition and wants to thank her "well wisher" in person. Sameer, who gave Rani the money he had saved for his grandmother's eye surgery and his sister's wedding, goes to meet her, but Sunny gets there first, claims to be the well-wisher, and takes her away. Sameer follows on his motorcycle and accidentally injures Singh. Sunny, who takes credit for a painting of Rani by Sameer, kidnaps her dog Tommy and frames Sameer. Sameer buys an identical dog and tells Singh that he has found Tommy. He is exposed when the dog bites Singh and runs away after he gives it a cold bath.

Although Sameer is angry, he reconciles with Rani with the help of a magician at a New Year's Eve party. Sunny places a [[Bargirl|bar dancer]] in Sameer's room one morning; Rani, who went there to invite him for breakfast, sees the dancer sleeping there and assumes that they had sex. She is also horrified that Sameer is now the leader of the Eagle Gang, a group of bikers who roam the streets of Goa and cause trouble.

Sameer makes another attempt to apologise. When he goes to Rani's house, he is surprised to see Suraj; Suraj is Rani's uncle, who now knows that he loves her. Sameer apologises and takes Suraj off night duty. Sameer's partially blind grandmother Pushpa mistakes Rani's mother for Rani and tries to persuade her to marry Sameer. Rani's mother tells her daughter to carefully consider whom she loves more: Sameer or Sunny.

Sameer decides to leave Goa, and Sunny tells him that he got close to Rani through Sameer's mistakes. Sameer says that he has had enough dreaming and wishes Sunny happiness. Sunny taunts Sameer again, and Sameer loses his temper. He chases Sunny through the crowd at a cricket stadium where [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] are playing a friendly match. Sameer breaks through security, takes the microphone from the guest of honour [[Kapil Dev]], and apologises to Rani and her parents. He asks her to marry him in front of the crowd, and Rani runs onto the field and embraces him, thus reuniting with him.

Sunny reveals that he is actually Arun, who came to Goa to cure Sameer's anger-management issues. He also reveals that he went to visit Sameer after returning from the United States after 19 years and met Pushpa, who told him about Sameer's heartbreak and departure to Goa. Arun decided to help Sameer by posing as his enemy, telling Rani and her parents earlier. Sameer is reunited with Arun, who conducts his and Rani's wedding.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
*[[Salman Khan]] as Sameer Malhotra
** Parth Dave as Young Sameer
*[[Akshay Kumar]] as Sunny/Arun
*[[Priyanka Chopra]] as Rani Singh
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Colonel Dugraj Singh, Rani's army retired father.
*[[Kader Khan]] as O. B. Duggal, Sameer and Sunny's landlord.
*[[Satish Shah]] as Suraj Prakash, Rama's brother, Rani's uncle.
*[[Rajpal Yadav]] as Raj Purohit / Paul (dual role)
*[[Amrita Arora]] as Roma, Sameer's ex-girlfriend.
*[[Vindu Dara Singh]] as a gang member
*[[Supriya Karnik]] as Rama Dugraj Singh, Rani's mother and Dugraj's wife.
*[[Shashikala]] as Pushpa Malhotra, Sameer's grandmother.
*[[Upasana Singh]] as Mrs. Suraj Prakash
*[[Shefali Jariwala]] as Bijili (special appearance)
*[[Sajid Khan (Director)|Sajid Khan]] as himself
*[[Kurush Deboo]] as a dog-seller
*[[Rajesh Vivek]] as Chutki Baba
*Rekha Rao as Duggal's wife
*Tommy as Dog
*[[Irfan Pathan]] as cameo
*[[Javagal Srinath]] as cameo
*[[Ashish Nehra]] as cameo
*[[Harbhajan Singh]] as cameo
*[[Parthiv Patel]] as cameo
*[[Kapil Dev]] as cameo
*[[Mohammad Kaif]] as cameo
*[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] as cameo
}}

== Production ==

Known primarily for mass-market comedies, [[David Dhawan]] wanted to make ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' a romantic comedy. Asked about re-inventing himself with the film, he replied: "I have changed with the times. One has to [change]. My trademark style remains unchanged in its basics. Why should I change when my style has kept me going for so many years? I will never change that."<ref name="need">{{Cite web |last=Jha, Subhash K. |date=29 July 2004 |title=We need laughter in our lives |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/29david.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220110737/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/29david.htm |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Dhawan wanted the make the film different from his earlier releases in look and feel.<ref name="need" /> [[Anees Bazmee]], who collaborated on several films with the director, returned to write its screenplay.<ref name="need" />

{{multiple image

| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| footer = Khan, Kumar and Chopra (left to right) played the lead roles.
| total_width = 420

| image2 = AkshayKumar.jpg
| width2 = 210
| alt2 = A smiling Akshay Kumar in a white shirt
| caption1 =

| image1 = Salmanrampwalk.png
| width1 = 195
| alt1 = A smiling Salman Khan in a black shirt
| caption2 =

| image3 = Priyanka Chopra at the 2011 Big Star Entertainment Awards.jpg
| width3 = 220
| alt3 = A smiling Priyanka Chopra in a strapless dress
| caption3 =
}}

In a ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' interview, [[Priyanka Chopra]] said that she had signed for Dhawan's comedy film co-starring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Akshay Kumar]]; it was the second collaboration between Kumar and Chopra, after the successful romantic musical ''[[Andaaz]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta, Aparna |date=1 July 2003 |title=For her even Asambhav is possible! |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/For-her-even-Asambhav-is-possible/articleshow/53021.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170617125730/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/For-her-even-Asambhav-is-possible/articleshow/53021.cms |archive-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> Chopra said that her decision was based on "the hilarious script" and [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]'s reputation as a producer.<ref name="MeetPC">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2004 |title=Meet Priyanka Chopra |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/29priyanka.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721053714/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/29priyanka.htm |archive-date=21 July 2009 |access-date=7 April 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> She described Rani, an aspiring fashion designer, as "very innocent and gullible" and a "[[girl next door]]": "Rani gets stuck between two boys. She likes both of them and she doesn't know what to do."<ref name=MeetPC /> In an interview with ''[[Rediff.com]]'', Kumar described his character as someone who creates many problems in Sameer's life and compared their dynamics to ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'': "I harass him all the time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha, Subhash K. |date=30 July 2004 |title=Salman and I are like Tom & Jerry |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/30akshay.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308182112/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/30akshay.htm |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began in September 2003 on a set in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], Mumbai.<ref name=MeetPC /><ref name="need" /> Art director [[Sharmishta Roy]] created a detailed set of [[Goa]]; according to ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', "The set had become the talk of the industry for its fine detailing."<ref name="need" /><ref name="set">{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |date=31 December 2003 |title=Bare Facts: Coy Shweta Turns Her Back, Spits Fire |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bare-facts-coy-shweta-turns-her-back-spits-fire/story-8PiQMliPSM4FQT8B7sWFDJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220121502/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bare-facts-coy-shweta-turns-her-back-spits-fire/story-8PiQMliPSM4FQT8B7sWFDJ.html |archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> Roy built another large set in [[Mauritius]], where the outdoor scenes, the songs and several other scenes were filmed on a month-long schedule beginning on 9 January 2004. Three hundred people made up the unit for the Mauritius schedule.<ref name="set" />

An action scene was filmed with a [[Motion control photography|motion-control]] camera, a first in Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2003 |title=Shirtless in Film City |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/10sd5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104439/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/10sd5.htm |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agent Akshay! |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/10sd6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222122656/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/10sd6.htm |archive-date=22 December 2007 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Although the producers wanted to keep the film's climax (featuring several cricketers from the Indian team and filmed at a [[Bangalore]] stadium in June 2004) a secret, it was revealed in the media.<ref name="msk">{{Cite web |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=23 June 2004 |title=Cricketers in 'Mujhse Shaadi Karogi' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/cricketers-in-mujhse-shaadi-karogi-news-bollywood-kkfvLajbdhasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617125326/http://www.sify.com/movies/cricketers-in-mujhse-shaadi-karogi-news-bollywood-kkfvLajbdhasi.html |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Filming wrapped in July 2004.<ref name=MeetPC />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mujhse Shaadi Karogi
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 31 May 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 40:00
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack album contains eight songs, seven original songs and one remix.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Six songs were composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]] and the seventh by [[Anu Malik]]. Lyrics for five songs were written by [[Jalees Sherwani]], with one song each by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]] and Arun Bhairav.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} The vocals were performed by [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Shabab Sabri]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} With a background score composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]], the album was released on 31 May 2004.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The soundtrack of the film was well received by music critics, who praised the album's lyrics and vocals. ''Bollywood Hungama'' praised its songs and musical score, highlighting "Rab Kare", "Jeene Ke Hain Chaar Din", "Laal Dupatta" and the title song.<ref name="BH" />

The music topped charts on a number of platforms in India. The soundtrack was one of the best-selling Bollywood soundtracks of the year, with 2 million units sold according to ''[[Box Office India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2009 |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/mujhse-shaadi-karogi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1116180501 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617125758/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mujhse-shaadi-karogi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/id1116180501 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=[[iTunes]]|url-status=live |date=31 May 2004 }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rab Kare
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| music1 = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| lyrics1 = [[Jalees Sherwani]]
| length1 = 4:19
| title2 = Mujhse Shaadi Karogi
| extra2 = Udit Narayan, [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| music2 = Sajid-Wajid
| lyrics2 = Jalees Sherwani
| length2 = 5:26
| title3 = Aaja Soniye
| extra3 = Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
| music3 = Sajid-Wajid
| lyrics3 = Jalees Sherwani
| length3 = 4:58
| title4 = Rab Kare II
| extra4 = Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam, [[Shabab Sabri]]
| music4 = Sajid-Wajid
| lyrics4 = Jalees Sherwani
| length4 = 6:05
| title5 = Jeene Ke Hain Chaar Din
| extra5 = Sonu Nigam, Sunidhi Chauhan
| music5 = [[Anu Malik]]
| lyrics5 = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| length5 = 5:21
| title6 = Kar Doon Kamaal
| extra6 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Sunidhi Chauhan
| music6 = Sajid-Wajid
| lyrics6 = Jalees Sherwani
| length6 = 4:34
| title7 = Laal Dupatta
| extra7 = Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
| music7 = Sajid-Wajid
| lyrics7 = Arun Bhairav
| length7 = 5:14
| title8 = Aaja Soniye
| note8 = Remix
| extra8 = Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
| music8 = Sajid-Wajid
| lyrics8 = Jalees Sherwani
| length8 = 4:05
}}

== Marketing and release ==
Entrances of several theatres in India and abroad were decorated as marriage ''mandaps'' (halls) for the film. Sajid Nadiadwala said, "You have to make the entire process of movie-going exciting. Since the title itself talks of marriage, making the entrance of theatres resemble mandaps was the best possible way to attract cinegoers."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=28 July 2004 |title=Theatres turn into marriage mandaps |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/theatres-turn-into-marriage-mandaps-news-bollywood-kkfvK2cebebsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220143152/http://www.sify.com/movies/theatres-turn-into-marriage-mandaps-news-bollywood-kkfvK2cebebsi.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The producers sponsored several contests as part of ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi''{{'s}} marketing campaign, with prizes including a foreign honeymoon trip and wedding clothing by [[Biba]] and [[Neeta Lulla]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=29 July 2004 |title=Invite Salman for your 'shaadi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/invite-salman-for-your-shaadi-news-bollywood-kkfvK2bffebsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617125256/http://www.sify.com/movies/invite-salman-for-your-shaadi-news-bollywood-kkfvK2bffebsi.html |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> They released a 64-page, palm-sized book with information about the characters' love triangle, tips about how to woo a woman and pictures of the three main characters.<ref name="msk" /> The film was released on 30 July 2004. [[Zee TV]] brought its UK distribution rights, the first film distributed by the channel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2004 |title=Zee to distribute MSK in UK |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/zee-to-distribute-msk-in-uk-news-bollywood-kkfvKHgiaehsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617125409/http://www.sify.com/movies/zee-to-distribute-msk-in-uk-news-bollywood-kkfvKHgiaehsi.html |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' opened well throughout India, despite poor weather, and did very good business in its theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=7 August 2004 |title=Top 5 Movies of the Week |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/top-5-movies-of-the-week-news-bollywood-kkfvJMdbibasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220143153/http://www.sify.com/movies/top-5-movies-of-the-week-news-bollywood-kkfvJMdbibasi.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film also opened well in the overseas market, ranking eighth at the UK box office over its first weekend. After a good first week, it prevailed over its second weekend, earning {{INR}} 35.4 million from 32 screens in the United Kingdom and {{INR}} 32.9 million from 48 screens in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=11 August 2004 |title='M.S.K.'a big hit, overseas |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/m-s-k-a-big-hit-overseas-news-bollywood-kkfvJJdeggasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617125437/http://www.sify.com/movies/m-s-k-a-big-hit-overseas-news-bollywood-kkfvJJdeggasi.html |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' was a major commercial success, earning {{INR}} 565 million at the box office and thus becoming the [[List of Bollywood films of 2004|fourth-highest-grossing Bollywood film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lifetime Worldwide |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015223626/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2010 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2004 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132208/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2010 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' was released on DVD on 27 September 2004 in all regions on a single NTSC-format disc.<ref name="dvd">{{Cite web |title=Mujhse Shaadi Karogiz |url=https://www.amazon.in/Mujhse-Shaadi-Karogi-Salman-Khan/dp/B006QQEX5K |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220083810/http://www.amazon.in/Mujhse-Shaadi-Karogi-Salman-Khan/dp/B006QQEX5K |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Amazon.com]]}}</ref> Distributed by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], the DVD included deleted scenes, extra songs, a theatrical trailer and TV advertisements.<ref name="dvd" /> The film's [[Video CD]] was released at the same time. A [[Blu-ray]] disc was released on 10 July 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mujhse Shaadi Karogi Blu-ray |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Mujhse-Shaadi-Karogi-Blu-ray/13319/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092007/http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Mujhse-Shaadi-Karogi-Blu-ray/13319/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=Blu-ray.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' was well received by critics, who praised the film's direction, cinematography, choreography, costumes, styling and performances.

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it four stars out of five, calling it a "mass entertainer" and an apt example of escapist cinema which "transports you to a world of make-believe". Adarsh praised the chemistry between Khan, Kumar and Chopra and wrote, "Stylishly shot at some panoramic locales of Mauritius, with no double entendres, the film proves yet again that only David can pull off such stories without the cinegoer feeling cheated by an obscure plot."<ref name="BH">{{Cite web |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=28 July 2004 |title=Mujhse Shaadi Karogi Review by Taran Adarsh |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mujhse-shaadi-karogi/critic-review/mujhse-shaadi-karogi-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130914/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mujhse-shaadi-karogi/critic-review/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=11 December 2016 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Subhash K. Jha gave ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' a positive review for [[Indo-Asian News Service]], calling the film Dhawan's smartest comedy to date: "This is one laughathon you can enjoy with your family without squirming in your seats."{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' also praised the film: "It's a screwball comedy with gorgeous visuals, crisp editing, and fine performances. David Dhawan gets it right."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma, Sukanya |date=28 July 2004 |title='Mujhse Shaadi Karogi' is another 'Main Hoon Na' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/30mujhse.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101214911/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/30mujhse.htm |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=11 December 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A review in ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it "pure entertainment" and praised the clean humour and Kumar's performance writing that "Khan shows more brawn than histrionics, while Kumar displays a real flair for comedy. Some of his expressions are delightfully wicked and effortless."<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2004 |title=Mujhse Shaadi Karogi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/06/stories/2004080602740301.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010101006/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/06/stories/2004080602740301.htm |archive-date=10 October 2009 |access-date=11 December 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

For ''[[India Today]]'', [[Anupama Chopra]] found the film "partly fun but mostly exhausting": "''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi'' is pure dazzle. There are clothes of all designs imaginable – from gorgeous embroidered and sequinned Indian outfits to sleek and hip western attire. There are locations of breathtaking beauty from aquamarine seas to quaint churches." She also appreciated many of the film's gags, particularly those derived from the 2000 American film ''[[Meet the Parents]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra, Anupama |date=16 August 2004 |title=Film review: 'Mujhse Shaadi Karogi' starring Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar, Priyanka Chopra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20040816-film-review-mujhse-shaadi-karogi-starring-salman-khan-akshay-kumar-priyanka-chopra-791033-2004-08-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220111536/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-mujhse-shaadi-karogi-starring-salman-khan-akshay-kumar-priyanka-chopra/1/197073.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=11 December 2016 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Writing for ''Outlook'', [[Namrata Joshi]] rated the film two stars, and noted its similarities to the 2003 American film ''[[Anger Management (film)|Anger Management]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=16 August 2004 |title=Mujhse Shaadi Karogi |work=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mujhse-shaadi-karogi/224813 |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404091907/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mujhse-shaadi-karogi/224813 |archive-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Accolades}}Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date{{efn|Linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[50th Filmfare Awards|26 February 2005]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| rowspan="2"|{{Sort|Kumar|[[Akshay Kumar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Annual Filmfare Awards 2004 : The Nominations |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=http://indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2004/nominations.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409093832/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2004/nominations.shtml |archive-date=9 April 2005}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{Sort|Yagnik|[[Alka Yagnik]]}} (for song "Laal Dupatta")
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" | [[Global Indian Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |28 January 2005
| Best Film
| ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global Indian Film Awards Nominess – 2004 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.indiafm.com/awards/gifa/nominees2004.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207105051/http://indiafm.com/awards/gifa/nominees2004.shtml |archive-date=7 February 2005}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2005 |title=Shah Rukh, Rani bag GIFA Awards |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-rani-bag-gifa-awards/story-MP6sbnYc5FIKmIjFgNj0RP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120222/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-rani-bag-gifa-awards/story-MP6sbnYc5FIKmIjFgNj0RP.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Salman Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| {{Sort|Kumar|[[Akshay Kumar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer Female
| {{Sort|Yagnik|[[Alka Yagnik]]}} (for song "Rab Kare")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Costume Design
| {{sort|Phadnis|[[Vikram Phadnis]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="13" |[[6th IIFA Awards|11 June 2005]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 6th IIFA Awards |url=http://www.iifa.com/city_amsterdam.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709033239/http://www.iifa.com/city_amsterdam.php |archive-date=9 July 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013 |website=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=6th IIFA Awards |series=IIFA Awards |network=[[Star Plus]] |date=26 June 2005}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Dhawan|[[David Dhawan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Salman Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{Sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
| {{Sort|Kumar|[[Akshay Kumar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Bhairav|Arun Bhairav}} (for song "Laal Dupatta")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback]]
| {{Sort|Narayan|[[Udit Narayan]]}} (for song "Laal Dupatta")
| {{nom}}
|-
|| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback]]
| {{Sort|Yagnik|[[Alka Yagnik]]}} (for song "Laal Dupatta")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
| {{sort|Roy|Sharmishta Roy}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| {{sort|Khan|[[Farah Khan]]}} (for song "Laal Dupatta")
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{sort|Phadnis|[[Vikram Phadnis]]}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10" | [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="10" | 16 January 2005
| [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Screen Awards Nominees – 2004 |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees2004.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111033331/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees2004.shtml |archive-date=11 January 2005}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=Mujhse Shaadi Karogi : Awards and Nominations |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/awards/7162/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126030910/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/awards/7162/index.html |archive-date=26 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{Sort|Kumar|[[Akshay Kumar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
| {{Sort|Yadav|[[Rajpal Yadav]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{Sort|Sajid-Wajid|[[Sajid–Wajid]]}}, [[Anu Malik]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Bhairav|Arun Bhairav}} (for song "Laal Dupatta")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| {{Sort|Gupta|Sanjay F. Gupta}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Art Direction
| {{Sort|Roy|[[Sharmishta Roy]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| {{Sort|Choudhary|Jitendra Choudhary}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Choreography
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Farah Khan]]}} (for song "Laal Dupatta")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
| {{Sort|Tavaria|Merzin Tavaria}} (Prime Focus)
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| 20 February 2005
| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
| {{Sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Stardust Awards 2005 |series=Stardust Awards |network=SET Max |date=20 February 2005}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="7" | 26 March 2005
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zee Cine Awards Nominations 2004 |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.indiafm.com/awards/zee/nominations04.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315002806/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/zee/nominations04.shtml |archive-date=15 March 2005}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=Zee Cine Awards 2005 |series=Zee Cine Awards |network=[[Zee TV]] |date=26 March 2005}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
| {{sort|Khan|[[Salman Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
| {{Sort|Kumar|[[Akshay Kumar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{sort|Bazmee|[[Anees Bazmee]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year|Song of the Year]]
| "Aaja Soniye"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Audiography
| {{Sort|Choudhary|Jitendra Choudhary}}
| {{nom}}
|}

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0418362}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211013156/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54557 ''Mujhse Shaadi Karogi''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{David Dhawan}}
{{Sajid Nadiadwala}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sajid–Wajid]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment films]]

Supriya Sahu

2026-04-06T14:38:32Z

Thenaade: starting a post

{{short description|Indian Administrative Service, Indian Official}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| name = Supriya Sahu
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1968|7|27}}<ref>{{cite web |date=1 January 2022 |title=Indian Administrative Service: 2022 Civil List |url=https://easy.nic.in/CL-eBook2022/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India]]}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
| spouse = N. Muruganandam IAS
| organization = Environment, Climate Change and Forests Department, Government of Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu IAS officers reshuffle: Supriya Sahu returns as Environment Secretary; new Collectors for Coimbatore, Theni |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ias-officers-reshuffle-supriya-sahu-returns-as-environment-secretary-new-collectors-for-coimbatore-theni/article69198990.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en-IN |date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
| title = '''Current:''' Additional Chief Secretary to Government, Environment, Climate Change and Forests Department, Tamil Nadu

'''Previous:''' Addl. Chief Secretary, Department of Health, Tamil Nadu

Chief Executive Officer, [[IndcoSERVE]]

Director-General, [[Doordarshan]]

Co-Vice President, [[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union]]

Joint Secretary, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information & Broadcasting]]
}}

'''Supriya Sahu''', born on 27 July 1968, is an Indian bureaucrat<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-09 |title=41 IAS officers empanelled as secretary, 32 IAS officers as addl secretary; read the full list here |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ias-news-ias-officer-transfer-posting-news-41-ias-officers-empanelled-as-secretary-32-ias-officers-as-addl-secretary-read-the-full-list-here/1731183/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> belonging to the 1991 batch of the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. She is also a recipient of UNEP's 2025 [[Champions of the Earth|Champions of the Earth Award]],<ref>{{cite web |title=UNEP's 2025 Champions of the Earth award recognizes five climate trailblazers |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/uneps-2025-champions-earth-award-recognizes-five-climate |website=www.unep.org |language=en |date=10 December 2025}}</ref> the highest environmental honour of the United Nations. Presently, she holds the position of Additional Chief Secretary to the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] and currently heads the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Forests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu IAS officers reshuffle: Supriya Sahu returns as Environment Secretary; new Collectors for Coimbatore, Theni |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ias-officers-reshuffle-supriya-sahu-returns-as-environment-secretary-new-collectors-for-coimbatore-theni/article69198990.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>.

She was earlier the Additional Chief Secretary for the Department of Health and Family Welfare.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-09 |title=Tamil Nadu IAS officers reshuffle: Supriya Sahu returns as Environment Secretary; new Collectors for Coimbatore, Theni |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ias-officers-reshuffle-supriya-sahu-returns-as-environment-secretary-new-collectors-for-coimbatore-theni/article69198990.ece |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Previously, she also assumed additional responsibilities as Principal Secretary-cum-Managing Director of The Tamil Nadu Small Tea Growers' Industrial Cooperative Tea Factories' Federation Limited (INDCOSERVE), Coonoor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Government transfers Host of IAS officers |url=http://bwsmartcities.businessworld.in/article/Tamil-Nadu-Government-transfers-Host-of-IAS-officers/10-10-2019-177357 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=BW SC |language=en}}</ref> Before that, Sahu served as the Director-General of Doordarshan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahluwalia |first=Harveen |date=2016-06-15 |title=Supriya Sahu to take over as Doordarshan director general |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/o8CSnrKRmIBJ82Zkg3SjYM/Supriya-Sahu-to-take-over-as-Doordarshan-director-general.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> from July 2016 to September 2017. Additionally, she was elected as the Co-Vice President of the Asian Broadcasting Union during the 55th General Assembly of ABU.<ref>{{Cite web |last=riasia_admin |date=2018-10-06 |title=NHK President Ryoichi Ueda is the new ABU President |url=https://radioinfo.asia/news/nhk-president-ryoichi-ueda-new-abu-president/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=RadioInfo Asia |language=en-US}}</ref>

Supriya Sahu is married to N. Muruganandham IAS who is currently serving as the Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{Cite web | title=N. Muruganandam is Tamil Nadu’s Chief Secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/n-muruganandam-is-tn-govts-chief-secretary/article68541743.ece|access-date=2026-01-04|website=The Hindu|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
In the earlier phase of her career, she held the position of Joint Secretary at the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1991-batch IAS officers are now Joint Secretari |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/dec/27/1991-batch-ias-officers-are-now-joint-secretari-214366.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> Prior to her transfer to the central government, she worked as an Additional Collector in the [[Vellore district]] and served as the managing director of the Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society (TANSACS).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |url=https://www.ibfindia.com/ministry-information-broadcasting-government-india |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020055015/https://www.ibfindia.com/ministry-information-broadcasting-government-india |archive-date=Oct 20, 2013 |language=en |quote=Supriya Sahu has been elevated to Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting from her earlier position of Director Broadcasting in the same Ministry. |url-status=unfit}}</ref>

On October 25, 2016, she was elected and appointed vice-president of the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Television |date=28 October 2016 |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/people/dd-d-g-sahu-elected-asia-pacific-broadcasting-vice-president-161028 }}</ref> She assumed the role of Acting President of the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU), which she handed over to the new president in October 2018. She was the first female vice-president of the ABU.

In February 2016, she was chosen by Prasar Bharati, the public service broadcaster of India, to serve as the Director General of the state broadcaster, Doordarshan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-24 |title=Prasar Bharati board picks Doordarshan, AIR heads |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/prasar-bharati-board-picks-doordarshan-air-heads/articleshow/51127219.cms |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Subsequently, the broadcaster recommended her name to the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (I&B) for approval. Sahu had previously held the position of director at the I&B ministry and was later promoted to the post of Joint Secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahluwalia |first=Harveen |date=2016-06-15 |title=Supriya Sahu to take over as Doordarshan director general |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/o8CSnrKRmIBJ82Zkg3SjYM/Supriya-Sahu-to-take-over-as-Doordarshan-director-general.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Environment and Climate Change ===
She currently holds the position of Additional Chief Secretary in the Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Forests. After the prohibition on plastic bag usage in Tamil Nadu, Ms Sahu initiated a campaign called "Meendum [[Manjapai]]" to encourage people to adopt the use of cloth bags.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raja |first=Vidya |title=Exclusive: IAS Officer Revives Tamil Nadu's Eco-Friendly 'Manjapai' Bags |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/270216/meendum-manjapai-tamil-nadu-ias-supriya-sahu-revives-eco-friendly-cloth-bag/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=www.thebetterindia.com |date=24 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> These bags aim to motivate individuals to bid farewell to single-use plastics. The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M K Stalin, inaugurated the campaign. To bring about grassroots-level changes in combating climate change, Tamil Nadu is transforming 10 villages into climate-smart villages. This initiative aims to promote the utilization of solar energy, as well as methods for treating and reusing wastewater, among other initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraasu |first=Rudhran |date=2022-11-18 |title=10 villages near tourist hubs in TN to be made climate smart |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/11/18/10-villages-near-tourist-hubs-in-tn-to-be-made-climate-smart |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, Tamil Nadu has introduced a 10-month mentorship program for women to enhance their understanding of climate change and enable them to work on initiatives that mitigate its impact in their respective areas of influence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-29 |title=Twenty young women from Chennai handpicked for climate change initiatives |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/twenty-young-women-from-chennai-handpicked-for-climate-change-initiatives/article66071108.ece |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
She has been instrumental in advancing one of India's most ambitious ecological restoration and climate resilience programmes. Under her leadership, the state notified over 7,000 hectares as new Reserve Forests,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dehradun |first=Adxventure India |title=Welcome {{!}} Forest Survey of India |url=https://www.fsi.nic.in/forest-report-2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708185047/https://www.fsi.nic.in/forest-report-2023 |archive-date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=fsi.nic.in |language=en}}</ref> secured 19 additional Ramsar sites (taking the total from one to 20), and established seven new wildlife sanctuaries, including India's first Dugong Conservation Reserve<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-21 |title=India gets its first Dugong Conservation Reserve in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/india-gets-its-first-dugong-conservation-reserve-in-tamil-nadu/article65918239.ece |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Slender Loris Sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-12 |title=Tamil Nadu notifies India's first slender loris sanctuary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-government-notifies-indias-first-slender-loris-sanctuary-at-kadavur/article66000494.ece |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is spearheading Tamil Nadu's Green Missions—including the Green Tamil Nadu Mission, Climate Change Mission, Wetlands Mission, and the Tamil Nadu Coastal Restoration Mission—coordinated through the Tamil Nadu Green Climate Company, India's first not-for-profit state climate vehicle. These efforts have led to the plantation of over 108 million trees, restoration of 3,610 hectares of mangroves,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-05 |title=TN doubles mangrove cover, Chennai adds just 18 hectares in three years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-doubles-mangrove-cover-chennai-adds-just-18-hectares-in-three-years/articleshow/120908773.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and expansion of forest and tree cover by nearly 1,000 km2 between 2021 and 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-11 |title=State govt. to implement Tamil Nadu Coastal Restoration Mission at a cost of ₹1,675 crore over five years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/state-govt-to-implement-tamil-nadu-coastal-restoration-mission-at-a-cost-of-1675-crore-over-five-years/article67731052.ece |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sahu has placed special emphasis on community-based conservation, including the formation of Village Mangrove Councils<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-05 |title=TN doubles mangrove cover, Chennai adds just 18 hectares in three years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-doubles-mangrove-cover-chennai-adds-just-18-hectares-in-three-years/articleshow/120908773.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and the employment of over 200 tribal youth as eco-tourism guides under the Trek TN initiative.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-25 |title=Forest Department to release trekking atlas identifying 40 trek routes in State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/forest-department-to-release-trekking-atlas-identifying-40-trek-routes-in-state/article68332588.ece |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She has also championed the restoration of degraded coastal ecosystems and coral reefs, notably in Ennore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu: Mangrove restoration work in oil spill areas in Ennore Creek started |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tamil-nadu-mangrove-restoration-work-in-oil-spill-areas-in-ennore-creek-started20231223111247/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223054643/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tamil-nadu-mangrove-restoration-work-in-oil-spill-areas-in-ennore-creek-started20231223111247/ |archive-date=2023-12-23 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> and the Gulf of Mannar, and established a ₹50 crore Endangered Species Conservation Fund to protect lesser-known species like the Nilgiri Tahr and Slender Loris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaitanya |first=SV Krishna |date=2024-02-19 |title=In a first, Tamil Nadu creates fund to recover 'endangered' plant, animal species |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Feb/19/in-a-first-tamil-nadu-to-recover-lesser-known-endangered-species |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her efforts have brought Tamil Nadu international recognition, including a feature in Channel News Asia's documentary series ''Future Proofers''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future Proofers |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/watch/the-future-proofers |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>.

==== Pallikaranai Ramsar Issue ====
On October 2025, Arrapor Iyakkam, an NGO based out of Chennai, reported that clearance has been given for construction of a high rise by Brigade Constructions in Ramsar marsh lands near Perumbakkam, Chennai by the Environment, Climate Change and Forest Department, headed by Sahu<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-10-24|title=2,000 cr housing scam alleged inside Pallikaranai Ramsar site|language=en-IN|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/2000-cr-housing-scam-alleged-inside-pallikaranai-ramsar-site/articleshow/124769757.cms}}</ref>. The NGO accused that clearance has been given inside the ecologically sensitive area and also submitted a 213-page annexure of evidence. After this report, the [[Madras High Court]] passed an order to halt the construction stating that the construction violated wetland protection laws<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-10-31|title=Madras HC halts luxury housing project near Pallikaranai Ramsar wetland|language=en-IN|work=The Federal|url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/tamil-nadu/madras-hc-halts-housing-project-pallikaranai-ramsar-wetland-214073}}</ref>. Later, the Government of Tamil Nadu issued a clarification that approvals have been given on private patta lands and that no permission has been granted within the protected area<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=The Hindu |title=T.N. government denies allegations that building project within Pallikaranai marshland was given nod illegally |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-government-denies-allegations-that-building-project-within-pallikaranai-marshland-was-given-nod-illegally/article70212044.ece |work=The Hindu |date=28 October 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>. The state government also clarified that the National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, an autonomous body under the Government of India, is in the process of creating an Integrated Management Plan (IMP) for the site and delineating boundaries, which will permit or regulate activities on the site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/cms_migrated/document/press_release/pr281025_e_2569.pdf}}</ref>. Arappor Iyakkam, the original complainant then questioned the government and it's authorities why permissions were granted for a private construction company to operate in marsh land sites that are not yet allocated for private use and it was illegal to do so<ref>{{ cite news|title= Arappor Iyakkam alleges illegal plan approval for building on Pallikaranai marshland |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/arappor-iyakkam-alleges-illegal-plan-approval-for-building-on-pallikaranai-marshland/article70193757.ece}}</ref>. In February 2026, the High Court dismissed the PILs filed by AIADMK Legal Wing and Arappor Iyakkam citing "that the process of demarcating the Ramsar boundaries for the Pallikaranai marsh was yet to be completed." It was also clarified that only after the completion of the entire exercise would it be known whether the lands on which the high-rise towers had been planned would fall within the prohibited zone or outside it. The High Court Bench also noted that the Supreme Court had taken up the issue of fixing the boundaries of Ramsar sites and had called upon all State governments to submit the steps taken by them.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=The Hindu |title=Pallikaranai Ramsar site land dispute: Madras High Court dismisses two PILs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pallikaranai-ramsar-site-land-dispute-madras-high-court-dismisses-two-pils/article70616034.ece/amp/ |work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== The INDCOSERVE ===
As managing director, INDCOSERVE, Sahu led the transformation of cooperative through initiatives to enhance the income of tea growers<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-25|title=Tea growers seek hike in green leaves price|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/tea-growers-seek-hike-in-green-leaves-price/article32440812.ece|access-date=2021-01-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and increasing tea cooperatives' brand recognition.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=30,000 small tea growers to benefit from Indcoserve's brand building exercise|url=https://www.newswrapindia.com/30000-small-tea-growers-to-benefit-from-indcoserves-brand-building-exercise/.html|access-date=2021-01-30|website=NewswrapIndia|language=en-US}}</ref> Nearly 30,000 small tea growers are likely to benefit from the initiative. Cooperative also started the practice of fixing in advance the green tea leaf prices grown by the small tea growers. Tea farmers received an all-time high price for green leaves in August 2020.

For marketing of the tea produced by the farmers' cooperative, Sahu started a unique initiative called 'Tea Vandis' where the produce is marketed by tribes of The Nilgiris district.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shantha Thyagarajan|date=Dec 1, 2020|title=Indcoserve launches 'Tea Vandis' to market teas by tribals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/indcoserve-launches-tea-vandis-to-market-teas-by-tribals/articleshow/79514587.cms|access-date=2021-01-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Under this initiative, INDCOSERVE provides a [[food truck]] to [[Toda people|Toda]] tribal communities. Currently, four 'Vandis' are operational at different vantage points in [[Ooty]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-01|title=Indcoserve launches 'Tea Vandis' to market teas by tribals |url=https://thegreaterindia.in/state/indcoserve-launches-tea-vandis-to-market-teas-by-tribals-coimbatore-news/|access-date=2021-01-30|website=24/7 News - The Greater India Network|language=en-US}}</ref> district. Sahu inaugurated 'INDCO Tea House' to popularise and market variety of tea manufactured by farmers' cooperative.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-21|title=INDCO Tea House inaugurated in Coonoor|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/indco-tea-house-inaugurated-in-coonoor/article33388322.ece|access-date=2021-01-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The cooperative launched six new tea manufacturers - Nilgiris Kahwa Tea, Honey Hill Tea, Marlimund Tea, Bedford Tea, Mountain Rose Gold Tea and Ooty Gold Tea.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-26|title=Indcoserve launches six new tea manufacturers |url=https://thegreaterindia.in/state/indcoserve-launches-six-new-tea-brands-coimbatore-news/|access-date=2021-01-30|website=24/7 News - The Greater India Network|language=en-US}}</ref> Earlier, INDCOSERVE advertised only mud-grade tea or Ooty Tea. These products will also be sold through e-commerce platforms [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and [[Flipkart]].

The cooperative also launched a drive to rope in small tea farmers to adopt organic farming by launching 'Scope Certification', at the Kinnakorai Industrial Cooperative.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 22, 2021|title=Drive to rope in small tea growers to practise organic farming launched in Nilgiris|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/drive-to-rope-in-small-tea-growers-to-practise-organic-farming-launched-in-nilgiris/articleshow/80393955.cms|access-date=2021-01-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> After continuously practicing organic farming for three years, farmers will be awarded 'organic certificate' for their tea produce. It has been widely reported that several factories of INDCOSERVE turned profit in last two years since Ms Sahu joined the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=How a female leader changed Nilgiris tea |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/food/drink/how-a-female-leader-changed-nilgiris-tea-111617936607126.html |work=Mintlounge |date=2021-04-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Anantharaman |first1=Aravinda |title=Supriya Sahu |url=https://tea-biz.com/2021/04/09/qa-supriya-sahu/ |website=Tea Biz |date=2021-04-09}}</ref>

=== Doordarshan ===

==== Revenue ====
During Sahu's tenure as Director-General of Doordarshan, the public broadcaster's revenues increased<ref>{{cite news |title=Doordarshan's revenue rises to Rs827.51 crore in FY17 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3C9fKqrCNh9zNTGXXqoj0L/Doordarshans-revenue-rises-to-Rs82751-crore-in-FY17.html |access-date=12 July 2018 |agency=The Mint}}</ref> to Rs 827.51 crores during the financial year 2016–17. It surpassed its annual target of Rs 800 crore and posted a growth of Rs 318.06 crore compared to the previous financial year. To increase its revenue, Doordarshan started adopting new strategies including the auction of slots on [[DD Free Dish|DD Freedish]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/dd-earns-rs-85-crore-from-auction-of-11-slots-on-its-dth-platform/articleshow/59448757.cms|title=DD earns Rs 85 crore from auction of 11 slots on its DTH platform|date=5 July 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> and planned to auction its prime time slots.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/Qo6oRVCESq8X5vwBlsHU3N/Prasar-Bharati-looks-to-rake-in-Rs100-crore-from-Doordarshan.html|title=Prasar Bharati looks to rake in Rs100 crore from DD's prime time slot auction|last=Ahluwalia|first=Harveen|date=29 March 2017|work=www.livemint.com|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> In 2018, Doordarshan also recorded its top viewership on Republic Day i.e. 38 million viewers on a single day.
In April 2019, she announced that Doordarshan had recorded its highest revenue in the last five years, was no longer a loss-making organisation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/at-rs-9438-crore-doordarshan-records-highest-revenue-in-5-years-95997.html|title=At Rs 943.8 crore, Doordarshan records highest revenue in 5 years - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=11 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref> In 2014–15, [[Doordarshan]] reported a net collection of Rs 884.2 crore, whereas in 2018–19, it hasgone up to Rs 943.8 crore.

==== Programming ====
[[File:DD Revenue Graph.jpg|thumb|alt=]]
Besides, Doordarshan has started various new programming initiatives under her leadership. It includes Doordarshan launching two new science channels i.e. DD Science and India Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/2-science-channels-coming-up-in-india-to-make-science-more-popular-1431935-2019-01-16|title=2 science channels coming up in India to make science more popular|date=January 16, 2019 |website=India Today|language=en|access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref> These channels aim to boost scientific temperament among the people. Two channels will have science-based documentaries, studio-based discussions, virtual walkthroughs of scientific institutions, interviews and short films and will be free to access. In December 2018, Supriya Sahu launched DD Roshni,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/specialised-and-niche/doordarshan-launches-new-educational-channel-dd-roshini-181206|title=Doordarshan launches new educational channel DD Roshini|date=6 December 2018|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref> an educational channel as part of its partnership with ''[[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]'' and Microsoft. DD has launched ''<nowiki />'Mahila Kisan Awards'<nowiki />'', a reality show<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/dd-kisan-launches-reality-show-mahila-kisan-awards/|title=DD Kisan launches reality show 'Mahila Kisan Awards'|date=15 December 2018|website=TelevisionPost|language=en-US|access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref> that tells the stories of unsung women heroes of Indian agriculture.

Doordarshan also launched Kashmiri version of [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]], which will be broadcast on [[DD Kashir]] with vernacular name ''[[Kus Bani Koshur Karorpaet]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/local-kbc-version-a-boost-for-dd-kashir/article26996731.ece|title=Local KBC version, a boost for DD Kashir[Or] DD Kashir strikes it rich with local KBC version|last=Ashiqsrinagar|first=Peerzada|date=1 May 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 May 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The show will be produced by Studio Next of [[Sony Pictures]] who hold the licence to produce the KBC format in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/letters/why-worry/|title=Why worry|date=13 March 2015|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>

==== New technology ====
Under Sahu's leadership, Doordarshan started digital terrestrial transmission (DTT) and is planning to expand the services to 16 cities by 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/nmErsKeZhxl2jhXbalgYDI/Doordarshan-to-expand-DTT-services-in-partnership-with-priva.html|title=Doordarshan to expand DTT services in partnership with private broadcasters|last=Ahluwalia|first=Harveen|date=29 December 2016|work=www.livemint.com|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> There were reports in January 2018 that Doordarshan was planning to develop its own Over-the-Top (OTT) content platform to reach out to audiences across the globe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/doordarshan-plans-to-have-its-own-ott-platform-119011800787_1.html|title=Doordarshan plans to have its own OTT platform|date=18 January 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref> Doordarshan was said to be in talks with other content platforms to put their content out in public.

=== Community Radio ===
She has also been credited for giving a shape and direction to India's [[Community Radio]] movement. It was under her leadership that Community Radio was included in the 12th Five Year Plan<ref>{{cite news|title=Frequencies that touch lives|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/frequencies-that-touch-lives/article3709564.ece|access-date=13 June 2016|work=The Hindu|date=1 August 2012|language=en-IN}}</ref> of India. During her period, the Ministry of I&B, opened the doors and increased engagement with the Community Radio sector. Her initiatives include annual National Community Radio Sammelan - the annual conclave of stations, and an annual publication on the work of Community Radio stations - Community Radio Compendium. Second National Community Radio Sammelan also saw the use of social media by the government,<ref>{{cite news|title=I & B Ministry event live on Twitter, Facebook|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/i-b-ministry-event-live-on-twitter-facebook/story-AzFLnyz0KaeunCg1uL5L0K.html|work=www.hindustantimes.com |date=18 February 2012|language=en}}</ref> when the ministry of I&B live-tweeted the event on Twitter.

=== HIV/ AIDS and Tuberculosis ===
[[File:Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Tamil Nadu during a field visit.jpg|thumb|Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Tamil Nadu during a field visit]]
She has also spearheaded Tamil Nadu's HIV and tuberculosis programmes. As Project Director, Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society, she initiated the integrated TB and HIV testing programme in the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian State Launches HIV/TB Testing Program|url=https://khn.org/morning-breakout/dr00052325/|work=Kaiser Health News|date=23 May 2008}}</ref> During her tenure, the state started providing a comprehensive package of HIV/AIDS services to private maternity hospitals in the state in an effort to match services provided at government-run maternity hospitals. It included counseling, treatment, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission and managing HIV/TB coinfection. In 2006, she launched a joint initiative for orphaned and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{cite news|title=Joint initiative to tackle HIV/AIDS|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/joint-initiative-to-tackle-hivaids/article3205922.ece|work=The Hindu|date=13 December 2006|language=en-IN}}</ref> In 2008, during her tenure as PD of TANSACS, she took the lead in enabling sensitisation of the police department across cadres and districts of Tamil Nadu on issues of groups marginalised on account of their sexuality and gender identity. This successful programme was carried out with the involvement of community members involved in the HIV/AIDS targeted intervention programme working with men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TG).<ref>{{cite news|title=Police Sensitization on Gender/Sexual Minority issues|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Programme-to-sensitise-police-to-issues-of-marginalised-groups/article15175762.ece|work=The Hindu|date=29 February 2008|language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Operation Blue Mountain Campaign ===
She is known for her pioneering work in protecting the environment in Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. She led a campaign known as 'Operation Blue Mountain',<ref>{{cite news|title=Operation Blue Mountain|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/05/19/stories/2002051900370400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020831024707/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/05/19/stories/2002051900370400.htm|archive-date=31 August 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-05-19|access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref> to ban the use of plastic in the district. She has been hailed<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |url=http://ibfindia.com/ministry-information-broadcasting-government-india|website=ibfindia.com|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> as a hands-on collector for Operation Blue Mountain in the Nilgiris to cleanse the environment of the plastic menace. The campaign was crucial to unclog the river sources and springs in the popular [[hill station]] of [[Nilgiris]]. Her experiment with [[Nilgiris]] has been documented by erstwhile [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] and [[UNDP]] as a [[best practice]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Successful Governance Initiatives and Best Practices: Experiences from Indian States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGk-VXiW5jkC&dq=%22Supriya+Sahu%22&pg=PA137|publisher=Academic Foundation|access-date=13 June 2016|language=en|date=1 January 2003| isbn=978-81-7188-306-6 }}</ref> on governance from Indian states. As Collector of Nilgiris district, Sahu led a campaign to mark 'International Year of the Mountains, 2002".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/doordarshans-new-jackpot-supriya-sahuby-sanjay-pinto/|title=Doordarshan's New Jackpot!: Supriya Sahu |first=Sanjay |last=Pinto |date=11 November 2016|work=Ritz Magazine|access-date=28 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> This included the creation of a world record by planting trees in one or several of the degraded ''shola'' forests. On 24 June 2003, people of Nilgiris under the leadership of Supriya Sahu planted 42,182 trees<ref>{{cite news|title=A green record|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/07/27/stories/2003072700420500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-07-27|access-date=13 June 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> — breaking the existing [[Guinness World Record]] by a large margin.

==See also==
* [[Doordarshan]]
* [[The Nilgiris District]]
* [[Community Radio]]
* [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Supriya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Doordarshan]]
[[Category:State media]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

List of Indian state legislative assembly elections

2026-04-04T13:48:27Z

Thenaade:

{{Short description|none}}

[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members]] of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assembly]], the only house of [[State Legislature (India)|State Legislature]] in 28 [[States and union territories of India|states]] and 3 [[Union territory|union territories]] of India and the lower house of 6 states, are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India enlisted in the voter list of their respective state/union territory, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the State Legislative Assembly elections are called 'Member of the Legislative Assembly' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of the respective state and Lieutenant Governor of the respective union territory on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the state/union territory headed by the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]. The assemblies meet on matters relating to the creation of new laws, the removal or amendment of existing laws of the state, as defined in the [[State List]]. Elections take place every five years to elect members for the state legislative assemblies.

==Current legislative assemblies in India==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" style="width:160px;" | State/ Union Territory
! align="center" style="width:150px;"| Last Elections Held
! align="center" style="width:150px;"| Result Date
! align="center" style="width:100px;" colspan="2"| Largest/ Majority Party
! align="center" style="width:350px;"| Government
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Andhra Pradesh]]'''||[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||4 June 2024||{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Arunachal Pradesh]]'''||[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||2 June 2024||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Assam]]'''||[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||2 May 2021||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Bihar]]'''||[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]||14 November 2025||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Chhattisgarh]]'''||[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]||3 December 2023||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]

|-
|align="left"|'''[[Goa]]'''||[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||10 March 2022||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Gujarat]]'''||[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||8 December 2022||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Haryana]]'''||[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||8 October 2024||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Himachal Pradesh]]'''||[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]|| 8 December 2022||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Jharkhand]]'''||[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||23 November 2024||{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}||[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Karnataka]]'''||[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]||13 May 2023||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Kerala]]'''||[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||2 May 2021||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Madhya Pradesh]]'''||[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]||3 December 2023||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Maharashtra]]'''||[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||23 November 2024||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Manipur]]'''||[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||10 March 2022||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Meghalaya]]'''||[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]||2 March 2023||{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Mizoram]]'''||[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]||4 December 2023||{{party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}||[[Zoram People's Movement]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Nagaland]]'''||[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]||2 March 2023||{{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Odisha]]'''||[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||4 June 2024||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]'''||[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||10 March 2022||{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}||Others
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Rajasthan]]'''||[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]||3 December 2023||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Sikkim]]'''||[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||2 June 2024||{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Tamil Nadu]]'''||[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||2 May 2021||{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Telangana]]'''||[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]||3 December 2023||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Tripura]]'''||[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]||2 March 2023||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Uttar Pradesh]]'''||[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||10 March 2022||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Uttarakhand]]'''||[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||10 March 2022||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[West Bengal]]'''|| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||2 May 2021||{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}||[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Delhi]] *'''||[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]||8 February 2025||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] *''' ||[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||8 October 2024||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] *'''||[[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||2 May 2021||{{party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}||[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|}

* [[Union territory]]

==Legislative Assembly elections by years==
{{sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible sticky-header" style="text-align:center;"
|+Legislative Assembly Elections
!State/UT !! 1950s !! 1960s !! 1970s !! 1980s !! 1990s !! 2000s !! 2010s !! 2020s
|-
![[Elections in Andhra Pradesh|AP]]
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|AS 1955]] [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh|AR]]
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Assam|AS]]
| [[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]] [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]] [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]] [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
![[Elections in Bihar|BR]]
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Feb)]] [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Oct)]]
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]] [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
![[Elections in Chhattisgarh|CG]]
| colspan="5" | State didn't exist. Was part of MP. (Established in 2000)
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]

|-
![[Elections in Goa|GA]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]] [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]] [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Gujarat|GJ]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
| [[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]] [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Haryana|HR]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Himachal Pradesh|HP]]
| [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] 
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] 
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Jharkhand|JH]]
| colspan="5" | State didn't exist. Was part of Bihar. (Established in 2000)
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Karnataka|KA]]
| [[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1952]] [[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1957]]
| [[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1962]] [[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1967]]
| [[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1972]] [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Kerala|KL]]
| [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1952 Thiru-Kochi]] [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1954 Thiru-Kochi]] [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]] [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]] [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]] [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]] [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]] [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]] [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]] [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
![[Elections in Madhya Pradesh|MP]]
| [[1952 Bhopal Legislative Assembly election|Bhopal 1952]] [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|MB 1952]] [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|MP 1952]] [[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|VP 1952]] [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Maharashtra|MH]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Manipur|MN]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Meghalaya|ML]]
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Mizoram|MZ]]
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1978 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1978]] [[1979 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1979]]
| [[1984 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1984]] [[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]] [[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Nagaland|NL]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Odisha|OD]]
| [[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]] [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]] [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]] [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]] [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Punjab, India|PB]]
| [[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]] [[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]] [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]

|-
![[Elections in Rajasthan|RJ]]
| [[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Sikkim|SK]]
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]]
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Tamil Nadu|TN]]
|[[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|Madras 1952]] [[1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|Madras 1957]]
|[[1962 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|Madras 1962]] [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|Madras 1967]]
|[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]] [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]] [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]] [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]] [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
![[Elections in Telangana|TS]]
|[[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|Hyderabad 1952]]
|colspan=5|{{steady}}
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Tripura|TR]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indiatripura-1949-present/ |title=43. India/Tripura (1949-present) |publisher=University of Central Arkansas |date= |accessdate=28 February 2022}}</ref>
| {{dash}}
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Uttar Pradesh|UP]]
| [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]] [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]] [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Uttarakhand|UT]]
| colspan="5" | State didn't exist. Was part of UP. (Established in 2000)
| [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in West Bengal|WB]]
| [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]] [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]] [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]] [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]] [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
![[Elections in Delhi|DL]]
| [[1952 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]] [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
![[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir|JK]]
| [[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election|1951]] [[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Puducherry|PY]]
|{{dash}}
|[[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]] [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]] [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]] [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]] [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]] [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[Elections in India]]
* [[List of Indian presidential elections]]
* [[List of Indian vice presidential elections]]
* [[List of Rajya Sabha elections]]
* [[List of Indian general elections]]
* [[State governments of India]]
* [[State Legislature (India)|State Legislature]]
* [[State legislative assemblies of India]]
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Federalism in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.newsnation.in/assembly-elections Haryana and Maharashtra Assembly Election Vote Counting Live]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Politics of India by state or territory}}

[[Category:Lists of elections in India]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in India]]

Action Construction Equipment

2026-03-30T05:28:15Z

Thenaade: new!

{{Short description|Indian construction equipment company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=March 2025}}
{{Prose|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Action Construction Equipment Ltd.
| logo = Action Construction Equipment.svg
| trading_name = ACE
| former_name = Action Construction Equipments Private Limited (1995–2005) Action Construction Equipments Limited (2005–2006)
| type = [[Public Company]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532762}}
 {{NSE|ACE}}
| industry = [[Engineering vehicle|Heavy Equipment]]
| foundation = 1995
| founder = Vijay Aggarwal
| location = [[Faridabad]], India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Vijay Agarwal (Chairman & Managing Director) Mona Agarwal (Whole Time Director) Sorab Agarwal (Executive Director)
| products = crawler cranes, concrete placing booms, bulldozers, mobile tower crane, [[tractor]]s, pick and carry cranes, hydra cranes, articulated boom crane, mobile crane, telehandler, nextgen pick and carry cranes, new generation crane, farana crane, truck mounted crane, lorry loader crane, straight boom lift crane, articulated boom crane, backhoe loaders, aerial work platform awp, forklift trucks, piling rigs, vibratory rollers, tower cranes, road equipment, motor grader, warehousing equipment, Agri equipment
| revenue = ₹ 3,320.32 Cr <ref>https://www.ace-cranes.com/public/front/pdf/Annual%20Report%20FY%202024-25_ACE_FF.pdf</ref>
| services =
| num_employees = 1492 <ref>https://www.ace-cranes.com/public/front/pdf/Annual%20Report%20FY%202024-25_ACE_FF.pdf</ref>
| num_employees_year = 31 March 2025
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.ace-cranes.com}}
}}
[[File:Vijay Agarwal & Mona Agarwal.jpg|alt=CMD|thumb|'''Vijay Agarwal (CMD - ACE Ltd.) & Mona Agarwal''']]
'''Action Construction Equipment Ltd.''' is an Indian [[material handling]] and [[Heavy equipment|construction equipment]] manufacturing company, incorporated in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.b2bpurchase.com/rcmme/ace-focused-on-offering-innovative-crane-solutions/|title=ACE focused on offering innovative crane solutions|website=B2B Purchase|date=23 December 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreturns.in/company/action-construction-equipment/history.html#1564425000|title=History of Action Construction Equipment Ltd., Company|website=Goodreturn|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/ace-construction-equipment/articleshow/1868705.cms?from=mdr|title=ACE construction equipment|date=2006-08-08|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/north/crane-manufacturing-industry-lifts-up-in-faridabad/articleshow/12414071.cms|title=Crane manufacturing industry lifts up in Faridabad|last=Mishra|first=Mohini|date=2012-03-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>

The company has eight manufacturing sites in [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]],<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://cecr.in/CurrentIssue/pages/30605|title=India's Top Magazine on Construction, Infrastructure & Civil Engineering -- CE & CR|website=cecr.in|access-date=2019-08-26|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827141413/https://cecr.in/CurrentIssue/pages/30605|url-status=dead}}</ref> with a [[research and development]] in [[Faridabad district]],<ref name="auto2"/> and has a manufacturing capacity of 12000 construction equipment and 9000 [[tractor]]s annually.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/north/faridabads-tractor-inc-shifts-to-top-gear/articleshow/13686157.cms?from=mdr|title=Faridabad's Tractor Inc shifts to top gear|last=Mishra|first=Mohini|date=2012-05-31|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> Their product portfolio is divided into four main categories: [[agricultural equipment]], [[construction equipment]], [[road construction]] equipment, and [[earth-moving machinery]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.motorindiaonline.in/component/construction-equipment-action-construction-equipment-ace/|title=CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT – Action Construction Equipment (ACE)|last=|first=|date=|website=MotorIndiaOnline|access-date=}}</ref> mainly catering to [[Asia-Pacific]], [[Africa]] and [[Latin America]] regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lkpsec.com/Admin/Research/636047214827608093ACE_LKP_Jul%2016.pdf|title=Buy Action Construction Equipment|last=Bhat|first=Yashas|date=|website=lkpsec|access-date=}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.equipmentindia.com/News.aspx?nId=hC6hEPsCZcmcFS8p29VJ7A==|title=Equipment India Magazine {{!}} Trimble introduces next-gen grade control for excavators and dozers|last1=A-303|first1=ASAPP Info Global Services Pvt Ltd|last2=Estates|first2=Navbharat|website=www.equipmentindia.com|access-date=2019-08-26|last3=Road|first3=Zakaria Bunder|last4=Sewri|last5=Mumbai - 400 015|last6=Maharashtra|last7=Tel : 91-22-24193000|first7=India}}</ref>

In 2019, the company was ranked at #223 in ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine's "Next 500" list of midsized Indian companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/next-500/company-list/action-construction-equipments?year=2019|title=Action Construction Equipments - Next 500 Ranking 2019 - Fortune India|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Timeline==
*'''1995''' – company incorporated, rolled out its first hydraulic [[mobile crane]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACE Company History |url=https://www.dynamiclevels.com/en/ace-company-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827141412/https://www.dynamiclevels.com/en/ace-company-history |archive-date=2019-08-27 |access-date=2019-08-26 |website=Dynamic Levels |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''1997''' – received [[ISO 9001:2008]] certification; established regional office in [[Mumbai]]
*'''1998''' – rolled out first mobile [[tower crane]]
*'''1999''' – rolled out its first small [[Loader (equipment)|Loader]]; exported its first machine
*'''2001''' – partnership with Autogru PM, Italy for distribution of their products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbmcw.com/report/event-reports/5793-excon-2009-a-wonderful-opportunity-for-interaction.html|title=Excon 2009 - A Wonderful Opportunity for Interaction|website=www.nbmcw.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-08-26|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827141423/https://www.nbmcw.com/report/event-reports/5793-excon-2009-a-wonderful-opportunity-for-interaction.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''2004''' – sold first tower crane and began developing fixed tower cranes
*2005 – The company becomes public limited company and name was change Action Construction Equipments Private Limited to Action Construction Equipments Ltd. on October 4, 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Const. Equip: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Action Const. Equip - NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
*
*'''2006''' – formed [[joint venture]] with Italian firm Tigieffe;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ACE-to-form-JV-with-Italian-firm-Tigieffe/articleshow/1406953.cms|title=ACE to form JV with Italian firm Tigieffe - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 February 2006 |access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> listing on [[Stock exchange|Stock Exchange]] – [[BSE SENSEX|BSE]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]]; [[CNBC TV18|CNBC TV 18]] emerging company award<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://emergingindiaawards.com/winners.html|title=Emerging India Awards|website=emergingindiaawards.com|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
*'''2007 ''' – launched [[Forklift|forklift truck]]; became first Indian construction equipment manufacturer to be accorded [[CE marking]]; approved acquisition of a Romanian company by its Cyprus-based subsidiary, Frested Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-ace-board-okays-romanian-acquisition-1074577|title=ACE board okays Romanian acquisition|last=Roy|first=Mithun|date=2007-01-15|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
*'''2007/2008'''-purchased 89.5% of '''Forma S.A.''' in [[Romania]], also a tractor and equipment manufacturer. Some ACE models have been sold as ''ACE-Forma''<ref>http://www.forma-romania.ro/</ref>
*'''2008''' – partnered with Chinese manufacturer [[Zoomlion]];<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/zoomlion-and-ace-two-to-tango-in-india/articleshow/3535797.cms?from=mdr|title=Zoomlion and ACE, two to tango in India|last=Roy|first=Debasish|date=2008-09-28|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> launched [[crawler crane]]s;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbmcw.com/reports/event-report/25061-ace-launches-acx-750-crawler-crane.html|title=ACE Launches ACX 750 Crawler Crane|website=www.nbmcw.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-08-26|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827141406/https://www.nbmcw.com/reports/event-report/25061-ace-launches-acx-750-crawler-crane.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> rolled out the tractor range{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
*'''2009''' – designed, developed and launched road making equipment
*'''2010''' – Indigenous production of big Tower Cranes.
*'''2011''' – launch of in-house R&D center; in-house manufacturing of crawler cranes
*'''2012''' – launched new generation [[pick and carry crane]]s, lorry loaders, and higher-capacity tower cranes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbmcw.com/interviews/30960-ace-a-dominant-player-in-crane-segment.html|title=ACE – A Dominant Player in Crane Segment|last=Khanna|first=S. K.|website=www.nbmcw.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-08-26|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827141508/https://www.nbmcw.com/interviews/30960-ace-a-dominant-player-in-crane-segment.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''2013''' – started in-house engine plant; launched Free of Cost 24 x 7 [[ambulance service]] for the areas of Palwal and Faridabad Districts.
*'''2014''' – launched wheel [[Harvester (forestry)|harvester]]
*'''2015''' – launched [[rotavator]] and other agricultural implements
*'''2016''' – launched skid-steer loader and partnered with Turkish company Boom Makina<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/automotive/construction-equipment/action-construction-equipment-draws-up-big-plans-to-expand-in-tractor-segment/52993573|title=Action Construction Equipment draws up big plans for tractor segment - ET Auto|last=www.ETAuto.com|website=ETAuto.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
*'''2017''' – launched tractor range of up to 90 [[Horsepower|HP]]
*'''2018''' – launched AX124 [[backhoe loader]] for export market;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/articles/interviews/-We-are-laying-more-emphasis-on-exports-/20083|title="We are laying more emphasis on exports."|website=www.constructionworld.in|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/infrastructure/midcap-mania-action-construction-equipment-expects-to-improve-margin-on-the-basis-of-increase-in-price-1374491.htm|title=Midcap mania: Action construction equipment expects to improve margin on the basis of increase in price|website=cnbctv18.com|date=12 November 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> ACE entered into [[memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with [[Ursus SA]] for localization new range of tractors.;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/action-construction-equipment-enters-into-mou-with-ursus-s-a-for-localization-of-the-latest-range-of-tractors|title=Action Construction Equipment enters into MoU with URSUS S.A. for localization of the new range of tractors|newspaper=Construction Week India|date=10 April 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> partnered with [[Punjab National Bank]] for farm machinery financing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/pnb-ace-tieup-for-farm-machinery-financing/article9966279.ece|title=PNB, ACE tie-up for farm machinery financing|last=K.R.Srivats|website=@businessline|date=18 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
*'''2019''' – launched NX-series Multi Activity Crane at Bauma Conexpo, India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbmcw.com/equipments/cranes-material-handling-equipments/39334-action-construction-equipment-ace-showcases-new-nx-series-of-cranes.html|title=Action Construction Equipment (ACE) - showcases new NX series of cranes|last=Sarim|website=www.nbmcw.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-07-30|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827141404/https://www.nbmcw.com/equipments/cranes-material-handling-equipments/39334-action-construction-equipment-ace-showcases-new-nx-series-of-cranes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/digital-edition/communication-feature/ACE-launches-Multi-Activity-Cranes/20485|title=ACE launches Multi-Activity Cranes|website=www.constructionworld.in|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cecr.in/CurrentIssue/pages/30555|title=India's Top Magazine on Construction, Infrastructure & Civil Engineering -- CE & CR|website=cecr.in|access-date=2019-08-26|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827141412/https://cecr.in/CurrentIssue/pages/30555|url-status=dead}}</ref> Launched NX360° slew-cum-pick and carry crane from Tara Chand Logistics, [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianinfrastructure.com/2019/07/31/action-construction-equipment-makes-waves-with-the-launch-of-nx360-slew-cum-pick-n-carry-crane/|title=Action Construction Equipment Makes Waves With the Launch of Nx360° Slew-Cum-Pick 'N' Carry Crane|date=2019-07-31|website=Indian Infrastructure|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>[[File:F150EV Electric Crane.png|alt=F150ev|thumb|India's 1st Electric Crane F150ev]]

== Awards and recognition==

* ICICI, [[CNBC TV18|CNBC]]-TV18 Emerging India Awards 2005-2006<ref name="auto1"/>
* India's Best Company of the Year Award 2018 by Berkshire Media Pvt. Ltd. (A Division of Berkshire Media LLC, USA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiasbestcompanyoftheyearawards.com/winners/|title=Winners|last=admin|website=India's Best Company Of The Year Awards|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
* Dream Companies to Work for - [[Construction]] Sector, 16 February 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dreamcompaniestoworkfor.org/award_winners.html|title=Dream Companies to Work for|website=dreamcompaniestoworkfor.org|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>
* Award for Brand Excellence- Construction Equipment Industry ACE- National Brand Leadership Congress & Awards 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmoasia.org/winners/2019/winners-2019-national-awards.html|title=National Awards CMO Asia|website=www.cmoasia.org|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>
* Best Training Initiative Award (Infrastructure Sector) in National Award For Excellence in [[Training and development|Training & Development]] 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldhrdcongress.com/|title=Dr. R. L. Bhatia|last=Bhatia|first=Dr R. L.|website=World HRD Congress|language=English|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
* North India Best Employer Brand Award - 13th Employer Branding Awards 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dreamcompaniestoworkfor.org/award_winners.html|title=Dream Companies to Work for|website=dreamcompaniestoworkfor.org|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
* India's Top Challengers Award - 16th Construction World Global Awards-2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/toplist|title=Builders {{!}} Architects {{!}} Construction Companies and Leaders|website=www.constructionworld.in|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
* Best Seller in Mobile Cranes Category Award - 6th Equipment India-2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.equipmentindia.com/News.aspx?nId=0J0Y9TQLoIzktX5yWupmqg==|title=Equipment India Magazine {{!}} 6th Annual Equipment India Awards 2018|last1=A-303|first1=ASAPP Info Global Services Pvt Ltd|last2=Estates|first2=Navbharat|website=www.equipmentindia.com|access-date=2019-08-26|last3=Road|first3=Zakaria Bunder|last4=Sewri|last5=Mumbai - 400 015|last6=Maharashtra|last7=Tel : 91-22-24193000|first7=India}}</ref>
* Best Seller in Mobile Cranes Category Award-5th Equipment India-2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecargolog.in/ace-wins-the-bestseller-in-mobile-cranes-category-at-5th-equipment-india-awards/|title=ACE wins the Bestseller in Mobile Cranes category at 5th Equipment India Awards {{!}} Ecargolog - Asia's Cargo & Logistics News Online|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corecommunique.com/ace-wins-bestseller-mobile-cranes-category-5th-equipment-india-awards/|title=ACE wins the Bestseller in Mobile Cranes category at 5th Equipment India Awards - Core Sector Communique|website=corecommunique.com|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
* Associate Partner in India's Top Challengers Award-Construction World-2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/awards/|title=Construction world Global Awards 2018|website=www.constructionworld.in|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
* India's Most Trusted Company Award-IBC, USA-2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tatacoffee.com/news-entry/indias-most-trusted-companies-awards-2017|title=India's Most Trusted Companies Award {{!}} Tata Coffee|website=tatacoffee.com|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
* "70 Most Trusted Power Brands of India" Award-2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/tvnews4u-epaper-tvnews/planman+media+hosts+spectacular+ceremony+of+power+brands+indian+superpower+edition+india+s+70+most+trusted+power+brands+2017+18-newsid-73178655|title=Planman Media hosts Spectacular Ceremony of Power Brands Indian Superpower Edition - India's 70 Most Trusted Power Brands 2017-18 - TVNews4u|website=Dailyhunt|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
* [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] "Infra Focus" Award-2017.
* Best Seller in Mobile Cranes Category Award-4th Equipment India-2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infrastructuretoday.co.in/News.aspx?title=4th-Equipment-India-Award-2017-Celebration-of-Excellence&nId=sW/aT6cSAqqij94Y/pNqSA==|title=Infrastructure Today Magazine {{!}} 4th Equipment India Award 2017 {{!}} Celebration of Excellence|last1=A-303|first1=ASAPP Info Global Services Pvt Ltd|last2=Estates|first2=Navbharat|website=www.infrastructuretoday.co.in|access-date=2019-08-26|last3=Road|first3=Zakaria Bunder|last4=Sewri|last5=Mumbai - 400 015|last6=Maharashtra|last7=Tel : 91-22-24193000|first7=India}}</ref>
* Construction World-2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, and 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.equipmentindia.com/toplist/|title=Top List - Construction World Magazine from India|website=www.equipmentindia.com|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Construction equipment manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Forklift truck manufacturers]]

Theodore Roosevelt

2026-03-28T15:27:08Z

Thenaade:

{{Short description|President of the United States from 1901 to 1909}}
{{About other people|the president of the United States}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros (4x5 cropped).jpg
| caption = Roosevelt in 1904
| order1 = 26th
| office1 = President of the United States
| vice_president1 = {{Plain list|
* Vacant (1901–1905){{Efn|Roosevelt was vice president under McKinley and became president after McKinley's assassination in 1901. This was prior to the adoption of the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-fifth Amendment]] in 1967, and a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next election and inauguration.}}
* {{longitem|[[Charles W. Fairbanks]] (1905–1909)}}
}}
| term_start1 = September 14, 1901
| term_end1 = March 4, 1909
| predecessor1 = [[William McKinley]]
| successor1 = [[William Howard Taft]]
| order2 = 25th
| office2 = Vice President of the United States
| president2 = William McKinley
| term_start2 = March 4, 1901
| term_end2 = September 14, 1901
| predecessor2 = [[Garret Hobart]]
| successor2 = Charles W. Fairbanks
| order3 = 33rd
| office3 = Governor of New York
| lieutenant3 = [[Timothy L. Woodruff]]
| term_start3 = January 1, 1899
| term_end3 = December 31, 1900
| predecessor3 = [[Frank S. Black]]
| successor3 = [[Benjamin Barker Odell Jr.]]
| office4 = [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]]
| president4 = William McKinley
| term_start4 = April 19, 1897
| term_end4 = May 10, 1898
| predecessor4 = [[William McAdoo (New Jersey politician)|William McAdoo]]
| successor4 = [[Charles Herbert Allen]]
| office5 = [[President of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners]]
| appointer5 = [[William Lafayette Strong]]
| term_start5 = May 6, 1895
| term_end5 = April 19, 1897
| predecessor5 = James J. Martin
| successor5 = [[Frank Moss (lawyer)|Frank Moss]]
| state_assembly6 = New York
| district6 = [[New York's 21st State Assembly district|21st]]
| term_start6 = January 1, 1883
| term_end6 = December 31, 1884
| predecessor6 = William J. Trimble
| successor6 = [[Henry A. Barnum]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1858|10|27}}
| birth_name = Theodore Roosevelt{{nbsp}}Jr.
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1919|1|6|1858|10|27}}
| death_place = [[Oyster Bay, New York]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Youngs Memorial Cemetery]]
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1880–1912, 1916–1919)
| other_party = [[Bull Moose Party]] (1912–1916)
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt|Alice Lee]]|October 27, 1880|February 14, 1884|end=died}}|{{marriage|[[Edith Carow]]|December 2, 1886}}}}
| children = 6
| relatives = [[Roosevelt family]]
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])|[[Columbia Law School|Columbia University]]}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Author
* conservationist
* explorer
* historian
* naturalist
* [[police commissioner]]
* politician
* soldier
}}
| signature = Theodore Roosevelt Signature-2.svg
| signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
| awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1906)
| allegiance = United States
| branch = [[United States Army]]
| service_years = {{unbulleted list|1882–1886 (guard)|1898}}
| rank = [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]
| unit = [[New York Army National Guard]]
| mawards = [[Medal of Honor]] {{avoid wrap|([[Posthumous award|posthumous]], 2001)}}
| commands = [[1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Spanish–American War]]
** [[Battle of Las Guasimas]]
** [[Battle of San Juan Hill]]
{{tree list/end}}
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Right of the People.ogg|title=Theodore Roosevelt's voice|type=speech|description=Roosevelt giving a speech during his [[1912 United States presidential election|second presidential campaign]] Recorded 1912}}
}}
{{Theodore Roosevelt series}}

'''Theodore Roosevelt Jr.'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|oʊ|z|ə|v|ɛ|l|t}} {{respell|ROH|zə|velt}}}} (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as '''Teddy''' or '''T.{{nbsp}}R.''', was the 26th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1901 to 1909. Roosevelt previously was involved in [[New York (state)|New York]] politics, including serving as the state's [[List of governors of New York|33rd governor]] for two years. He served as the 25th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] under President [[William McKinley]] for six months in 1901, assuming the presidency after [[Assassination of William McKinley|McKinley's assassination]]. As president, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and became a driving force for [[United States antitrust law|anti-trust]] and [[Progressive Era]] policies.

A sickly child with debilitating [[asthma]], Roosevelt overcame health problems through [[The Strenuous Life|his strenuous life]]. He was [[homeschooled]] and began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending [[Harvard University]]. His book ''[[The Naval War of 1812]]'' established his reputation as a historian and popular writer. Roosevelt became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in the [[New York State Legislature]]. His first wife [[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt]] and mother [[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt]] died on the same night, devastating him psychologically. He recuperated by buying and operating a cattle ranch in [[the Dakotas]]. Roosevelt served as the [[assistant secretary of the Navy]] under McKinley, and in 1898 helped plan the [[Spanish–American War|successful naval war against Spain]]. He resigned to help form and lead the [[Rough Riders]], a unit that fought the [[Spanish Army]] in [[Cuba]] to great publicity. Returning a war hero, Roosevelt was [[1898 New York state election|elected New York's governor in 1898]]. Because the New York state party leadership disliked his ambitious state agenda, they convinced McKinley to choose him as his running mate in the [[1900 United States presidential election|1900 presidential election]]. The McKinley–Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory.

Roosevelt [[First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt|began his presidency]] at age 42 when [[Assassination of William McKinley|McKinley was assassinated]]. He thus became (and remains) the youngest person to assume the position. As a leader of [[Progressivism in the United States|the progressive movement]], he championed his "[[Square Deal]]" domestic policies, which called for fairness for all citizens, breaking bad [[Trust (business)|trusts]], regulating railroads, and [[Pure Food and Drug Act|pure food and drugs]]. Roosevelt prioritized [[Conservation movement|conservation]] and established [[List of national parks of the United States|national parks]], [[List of national forests of the United States|forests]], and [[List of national monuments of the United States|monuments]] to preserve U.S. natural resources. In [[Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration|foreign policy]], he [[Roosevelt Corollary|focused on Central America]], beginning construction of the [[Panama Canal]]. Roosevelt expanded the U.S. Navy and sent the [[Great White Fleet]] on a world tour to project naval power. His [[Treaty of Portsmouth|successful efforts]] to end the [[Russo-Japanese War]] won him the 1906 [[Nobel Peace Prize]], the first non-European to win a [[Nobel Prize]]. Roosevelt was [[1904 United States presidential election|elected to a full term in 1904]] and convinced [[William Howard Taft]] to succeed him in 1908.

Roosevelt grew frustrated with Taft's brand of conservatism yet failed to win the [[1912 Republican Party presidential primaries|1912 Republican presidential nomination]]. He founded the [[Bull Moose Party]] and ran in [[1912 United States presidential election|1912]]; the split allowed the [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] to win. Roosevelt led a [[Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition|four-month expedition to the Amazon basin]], where he nearly died of [[tropical disease]]. During World War I, he criticized Wilson for keeping the U.S. out; his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected. Roosevelt's health deteriorated and he died in 1919. [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States#1982 Murray–Blessing|Polls of historians and political scientists]] rank him as one of the greatest American presidents.

==Early life and education==
[[File:TR Age 11 Paris.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.75|Roosevelt aged 11]]
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27, 1858, at [[Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site|28 East 20th Street]] in [[Manhattan]].{{sfn|Morris|1979|p=3}} His parents were [[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Stewart Bulloch]] and businessman [[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]] He had an older sister Anna (called [[Bamie Roosevelt|Bamie]]), a younger brother [[Elliott Roosevelt (socialite)|Elliott]], and a younger sister [[Corinne Roosevelt Robinson|Corinne]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna Roosevelt – Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/annaroosevelt.htm|access-date=April 4, 2021|publisher=National Park Service|archive-date=May 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517084507/https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/annaroosevelt.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Roosevelt's youth was shaped by his poor health and debilitating asthma attacks, which terrified him and his parents. Doctors had no cure.{{Sfn|McCullough|1981|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nuzmvrqPvdIC&pg=PA93 93–108]}} Nevertheless, he was energetic and mischievously inquisitive.{{Sfn|Putnam|1958|pp=23–27}} His lifelong interest in [[zoology]] began at age seven when he saw a dead [[Pinniped|seal]] at a market; after obtaining the seal's head, Roosevelt and his cousins formed the "Roosevelt Museum of Natural History". Having learned the rudiments of [[taxidermy]], he filled his makeshift museum with animals he killed or caught. At age nine, he recorded his observations in a paper entitled "The Natural History of Insects".<ref name="environment">{{Cite web | publisher = PBS | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tr/envir.html | title = TR's Legacy — The Environment | access-date = March 6, 2006 | archive-date = December 24, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081224215129/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tr/envir.html }}</ref>

Family trips, including tours of Europe in 1869 and 1870, and [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] in 1872, shaped his cosmopolitan perspective.{{Sfn|Roosevelt|1913|p=13}} Hiking with his family in the [[Alps]] in 1869, Roosevelt discovered the benefits of physical exertion to minimize his asthma and bolster his spirits.{{Sfn|Putnam|1958|pp=63–70}} Roosevelt began a heavy regimen of exercise. After being manhandled by older boys on the way to a camping trip, he found a boxing coach to train him.{{Sfn|Testi|1995|pp=1516–1517}}{{Sfn|Roosevelt|1913|pp=32–33}}

===Education===
Roosevelt was homeschooled. Biographer [[H. W. Brands]] wrote that, "The most obvious drawback...was uneven coverage of...various areas of...knowledge."{{Sfn|Brands|1997|page=49}} He was solid in geography and bright in history, biology, French, and German; however, he struggled in mathematics and the classical languages.

In September 1876, he entered [[Harvard University]]. His father instructed him to, "take care of your morals first, your health next, and finally your studies."<ref>{{cite book|first=Edward P.|last=Kohn|title=Heir to the Empire City: New York and the Making of Theodore Roosevelt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcZWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|year=2013|page=26|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-06975-0|access-date=April 15, 2017|archive-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415213639/https://books.google.com/books?id=EcZWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|url-status=live}}</ref> His father's sudden death in 1878 devastated Roosevelt.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=80–82}} He inherited US$60,000 (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|60,000|1878|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}), on which he could live comfortably for the rest of his life.<ref name=NYT14>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2014/07/18/1878-theodore-roosevelt-inherits-a-fortune/|title=First Glimpses: 1878: Theodore Roosevelt Inherits a Fortune|date=July 18, 2014|first=Mark|last=Bulik|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222113116/https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2014/07/18/1878-theodore-roosevelt-inherits-a-fortune/|access-date=December 22, 2020|archive-date=December 22, 2020}}</ref>

His father, a devout [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]], had regularly led the family in prayers. While at Harvard, young adult Theodore emulated him by teaching Sunday School for more than three years at the Episcopal [[Christ Church (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Christ Church]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. When the minister at Christ Church insisted he become an Episcopalian to continue teaching, Roosevelt declined, and began teaching a mission class in a poor section of Cambridge.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCullough |first=David |author-link=David McCullough |title=[[Mornings on Horseback]]: The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-6714-4754-0 }}</ref>

Roosevelt did well in science, philosophy, and rhetoric courses, but struggled in Latin and Greek. He was already an accomplished naturalist and a published [[Ornithology|ornithologist]], and studied biology intently. He read prodigiously with an almost photographic memory.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=62}} Roosevelt participated in rowing and [[Harvard Boxing Club|boxing]], and was a member of the [[Alpha Delta Phi]] literary society, the [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] fraternity, and the prestigious [[Porcellian Club]]. In 1880, Roosevelt graduated [[Phi Beta Kappa]] (22nd of 177) with an [[Bachelors of Arts|A.B.]] ''[[magna cum laude]]''. [[Henry F. Pringle]] wrote:
{{blockquote|Roosevelt, attempting to analyze his college career and weigh the benefits he had received, felt that he had obtained little from Harvard. He had been depressed by the formalistic treatment of many subjects, by the rigidity, the attention to minutiae that were important in themselves, but which somehow were never linked up with the whole.{{sfn|Pringle|1931|p=27}}}}

Roosevelt gave up his plan of studying natural science and attended [[Columbia Law School]], moving back into his family's home in New York. Although Roosevelt was an able student, he found law to be irrational.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=110–112, 123–133. quote p. 126}} Determined to enter politics, Roosevelt began attending meetings at Morton Hall, the headquarters of New York's 21st District Republican Association. Though Roosevelt's father had been a prominent member of the [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Roosevelt made an unorthodox career choice for someone of his class, as most of Roosevelt's peers refrained from becoming too closely involved in politics. Roosevelt found allies in the local Republican Party and defeated a Republican state assemblyman tied closely to the political machine of Senator [[Roscoe Conkling]]. After his election victory, Roosevelt dropped out of law school, later saying, "I intended to be one of the governing class."{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=110–112, 123–133. quote p. 126}}

===Naval history and strategy===
While at Harvard, Roosevelt began a systematic study of the role played by the [[United States Navy]] in the [[War of 1812]].{{Sfn|Roosevelt|1913|p=35}}{{Sfn|Morris|1979|p=565}} He published ''[[The Naval War of 1812]]'' in 1882. The book included comparisons of British and American leadership down to the ship-to-ship level. It was praised for its scholarship and style, and remains a standard study of the war.<ref name="mjcrawford1">{{cite journal|last1=Crawford|first1=Michael J.|title=The Lasting Influence of Theodore Roosevelt's Naval War of 1812|journal=International Journal of Naval History|date=April 2002|volume=1|issue=1|url=http://www.ijnhonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/pdf_crawford.pdf|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713113248/http://www.ijnhonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/pdf_crawford.pdf|archive-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref>

Some believed Roosevelt's naval ideas were derived from author [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], who popularized a concept that only nations with significant naval power had been able to influence history, dominate oceans, exert their diplomacy to the fullest, and defend their borders,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karsten |first1=Peter |year=1971 |title=The Nature of "Influence": Roosevelt, Mahan and the Concept of Sea Power |journal=American Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=585–600 |doi=10.2307/2711707 |issn=0003-0678 |jstor=2711707}}</ref><ref>Richard W. Turk, ''The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan'' (1987) [https://www.questia.com/library/2008464/the-ambiguous-relationship-theodore-roosevelt-and online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611162223/https://www.questia.com/library/2008464/the-ambiguous-relationship-theodore-roosevelt-and|date=June 11, 2016}}</ref> but naval historian Nicholas Danby states that Roosevelt's ideas predated meeting Mahan or reading his work.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Danby |first=Nicholas |date=February 2021 |title=The Roots of Roosevelt's Navalism |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2021/february/roots-roosevelts-navalism |magazine=[[Naval History]]}}</ref>

==New York State Assemblyman (1883-1884)==
In [[1881 New York state election|1881]], Roosevelt won election to the [[New York State Assembly]], representing the [[New York's 21st State Assembly district|21st district]], which was centered on the "Silk Stocking District" of New York County's [[Upper East Side]]. He served in the [[105th New York State Legislature|1882]], [[106th New York State Legislature|1883]], and [[107th New York State Legislature|1884]] sessions of the legislature.

Roosevelt began making his mark immediately. He blocked a corrupt effort of financier [[Jay Gould]] to lower his taxes. Roosevelt exposed the collusion of Gould and Judge [[Theodoric R. Westbrook|Theodore Westbrook]] and successfully argued for an investigation, aiming for the judge to be impeached. Although the investigation committee rejected the impeachment, Roosevelt had exposed corruption in [[Albany, New York|Albany]] and assumed a high and positive profile in New York publications.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=134–140}}

Roosevelt's anti-corruption efforts helped him win re-election in [[1882 New York state election|1882]] by a margin greater than two-to-one, an achievement made more impressive by the victory that Democratic gubernatorial candidate [[Grover Cleveland]] won in Roosevelt's district.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=138–139}} With Senator Conkling's [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]] faction of the Republican Party in disarray following the [[assassination of President James Garfield]], Roosevelt won election as party leader in the state assembly. He allied with Governor Cleveland to win passage of a civil service reform bill.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=140–142}} Roosevelt won re-election and sought the office of [[Speaker of the New York State Assembly|Speaker]], but [[Titus Sheard]] obtained the position.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 1, 1884 |title=Mr Sheard to be Speaker |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/01/01/106134466.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225073137/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/01/01/106134466.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=153}} Roosevelt served as Chairman of the Committee on Affairs of Cities, during which he wrote more bills than any other legislator.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kohn |first=Edward P. |date=2009 |title='A Most Revolting State of Affairs': Theodore Roosevelt's Aldermanic Bill and the New York Assembly City Investigating Committee of 1884 |journal=American Nineteenth Century History |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=71–92|doi=10.1080/14664650802299909 |hdl=11693/48381 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Military service (1882-1886; 1898)==
===New York National Guard===
While serving in the [[New York State Assembly]], he commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the 8th Regiment [[New York Army National Guard|New York Army National Guard]], serving a part time capacity for 4 years. He left with the rank of Captain.<ref> https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/Theodore-Roosevelt/?utm_source=copilot.com </ref><ref> https://www.ngef.org/guardmuster/roosevelt-theodore/ </ref><ref> https://www.raabcollection.com/presidential-autographs/roosevelt-new-york-national-guard </ref>
===Rough Riders===
{{Further|Rough Riders}}
[[File:Theodore Rooseveltnewtry.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Colonel Roosevelt in 1898]]

With the beginning of the [[Spanish–American War]] in 1898, Roosevelt resigned as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Along with Army Colonel [[Leonard Wood]], he formed the [[Rough Riders|First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment]].<ref name="LOC">{{cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/roughriders.html | title=The World of 1989: The Spanish–American War; Rough Riders | publisher=Library of Congress | access-date=February 7, 2015 | archive-date=February 7, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207100632/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/roughriders.html | url-status=live }}</ref> His wife and many friends begged Roosevelt to remain in Washington, but Roosevelt was determined to see battle. When the newspapers reported the formation of the new regiment, Roosevelt and Wood were flooded with applications.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=272–274}} Referred to by the press as the "Rough Riders", it was one of many temporary units active only during the war.{{Sfn|Samuels|1997|p=148}}

The regiment trained for several weeks in [[San Antonio, Texas]]; in his autobiography, Roosevelt wrote that his experience with the [[New York National Guard]] enabled him to immediately begin teaching basic soldiering skills.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |date=2014 |title=Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwHCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 |publisher=The Floating Press |page=244 |isbn=978-1-77653-337-4 |access-date=February 9, 2015 |archive-date=November 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119023721/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwHCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 |url-status=live }}</ref> Diversity characterized the regiment, which included [[Ivy League]]rs, athletes, frontiersmen, [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], hunters, miners, former soldiers, tradesmen, and sheriffs. The Rough Riders were part of the cavalry division commanded by former Confederate general [[Joseph Wheeler]]. Roosevelt and his men landed in [[Daiquirí]], Cuba, on June 23, 1898, and marched to [[Siboney, Cuba|Siboney]]. Wheeler sent the Rough Riders on a parallel road northwest running along a ridge up from the beach. Roosevelt took command of the regiment; he had his first experience in combat when the Rough Riders met Spanish troops in a skirmish known as the [[Battle of Las Guasimas]]. They fought their way through Spanish resistance and, together with the Regulars, forced the Spaniards to abandon their positions.<ref name="The Rough Riders">{{Cite book | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | author-link = Theodore Roosevelt | year = 1898 | chapter-url = http://www.bartleby.com/51/ | title = The Rough Riders | chapter = III | page = 2 | publisher = Bartleby | access-date = August 8, 2008 | archive-date = July 23, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080723190331/http://bartleby.com/51/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[File:TR San Juan Hill 1898.jpg|thumb|Colonel Roosevelt and the [[Rough Riders]] along with members of the 3rd Volunteers and the [[10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|10th Cavalry Regiment]] after capturing [[Kettle Hill]] in [[Cuba]] during the [[Spanish–American War]] in July 1898]]

On July 1, in a combined assault with the Regulars, under Roosevelt's leadership, the Rough Riders became famous for charges up [[Kettle Hill]] and San Juan Hill. Roosevelt was the only soldier on horseback, as he rode back and forth between rifle pits at the forefront of the advance up Kettle Hill, an advance that he urged despite the absence of orders. He was forced to walk up the last part of Kettle Hill because his horse had been entangled in [[barbed wire]]. The assaults would become known as the Battle of San Juan Heights. The victories came at a cost of 200 killed and 1,000 wounded.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=356}}

In August, Roosevelt and other officers demanded the soldiers be returned home. Roosevelt recalled San Juan Heights as "the great day of my life". After returning to civilian life, Roosevelt preferred to be known as "Colonel Roosevelt" or "The Colonel"; "Teddy" remained much more popular with the public, though Roosevelt openly despised that moniker.<ref name= HandyBook>{{cite book| last= Matuz| first = Roger | title = The Handy Presidents Answer Book | url= https://archive.org/details/handypresidentsa0000matu| url-access= registration| year = 2004 | publisher=Visible Ink Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/handypresidentsa0000matu/page/474/mode/2up 474] |isbn=978-0-7808-0773-0}}</ref>

==Cattle rancher in Dakota==
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt with hunting suit and rifle 3a24199u original.jpg|thumb|Roosevelt as a [[Badlands]] hunter in 1885]]
Roosevelt first visited the [[Dakota Territory]] in 1883 to hunt [[bison]]. Exhilarated by the [[western lifestyle]] and with the cattle business booming, Roosevelt invested $14,000 (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|14,000|1883|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in hope of becoming a prosperous cattle rancher. For several years, he shuttled between his home in New York and ranch in Dakota.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher |url=https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902213054/https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm |archive-date=September 2, 2019 |access-date=November 27, 2019 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref>

Following the [[1884 United States presidential election]], Roosevelt built [[Elkhorn Ranch]] {{cvt|35|mi|km}} north of the [[boomtown]] of [[Medora, North Dakota]]. Roosevelt learned to ride western style, rope, and hunt on the banks of the [[Little Missouri River (North Dakota)|Little Missouri]]. A cowboy, he said, possesses, "few of the emasculated, milk-and-water moralities admired by the pseudo-philanthropists; but he does possess, to a very high degree, the stern, manly qualities that are invaluable to a nation".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BY4-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56 |title=Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail |publisher=Century |others=Illustrated by [[Frederic Remington]] |year=1902 |location=New York |pages=55–56 |access-date=October 17, 2015 |orig-date=1888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023213/http://books.google.com/books?id=BY4-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56 |archive-date=April 7, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morrisey |first=Will |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oS2Kcqjl-VgC&pg=PA41 |title=The Dilemma of Progressivism: How Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson Reshaped the American Regime of Self-Government |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7425-6618-7 |page=41 |access-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406172847/http://books.google.com/books?id=oS2Kcqjl-VgC&pg=PA41 |archive-date=April 6, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> He wrote about frontier life for national magazines and published books: ''Hunting Trips of a Ranchman'', ''Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail'', and ''The Wilderness Hunter''.{{sfn|Brands|1997|p=191}}

Roosevelt successfully led efforts to organize ranchers to address the problems of overgrazing and other shared concerns, which resulted in the formation of the Little Missouri Stockmen's Association. He formed the [[Boone and Crockett Club]], whose primary goal was the conservation of large game animals and their habitats.{{sfn|Brands|1997|p=189}} In 1886, Roosevelt served as a [[Sheriffs in the United States|deputy sheriff]] in [[Billings County, North Dakota]]. He and ranch hands hunted down three boat thieves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]] |title=Roosevelt Pursues the Boat Thieves |url=https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/roosevelt-pursues-boat-thieves.htm}}</ref>

The severe [[winter of 1886–1887]] wiped out his herd and over half of his $80,000 investment (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|80,000|1887|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).{{sfn|Morris|1979|p=376}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher |url=https://www.nps.gov/thro/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208112452/http://www.nps.gov/thro/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=nps.gov |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |quote=The blow proved disastrous for Roosevelt, who lost over half of his $80,000 investment, the equivalent of approximately $1.7 million today.}}</ref> He ended his ranching life and returned to New York, where he escaped the damaging label of an ineffectual intellectual.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=163–164}}

==Reentering public life==
Upon Roosevelt's return to New York, Republican leaders approached him about running for [[mayor of New York City]] in the [[1886 New York City mayoral election|1886 election]].{{sfn|Kohn|2006}} Roosevelt accepted the nomination despite having little hope against [[Labor Party (United States, 19th century)|United Labor Party]] candidate [[Henry George]] and Democrat [[Abram Hewitt]]. Roosevelt campaigned hard, but Hewitt won with 41%, taking the votes of many Republicans who feared George's radical policies. George was held to 31%, and Roosevelt took third with 27%.<ref name=everything>{{cite book|last=Sharp|first=Arthur G.|title=The Everything Theodore Roosevelt Book: The Extraordinary Life of an American Icon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSdqR6Wp31wC&pg=PA78|year=2011|publisher=Adams Media|pages=78–79|isbn=978-1-4405-2729-6|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=April 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023635/http://books.google.com/books?id=QSdqR6Wp31wC&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Miller|1992|pp=183–185}} Fearing his political career might never recover, Roosevelt turned to writing ''The Winning of the West'', tracking the westward movement of Americans; it was a great success, earning favorable reviews and selling all copies from the first printing.{{sfn|Miller|1992|pp=197–200}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Utley |first=George B. |date=1944 |title=Theodore Roosevelt's the Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1916697 |journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=495–506 |doi=10.2307/1916697 |issn=0161-391X}}</ref>

===Civil Service Commission===
After [[Benjamin Harrison]] unexpectedly defeated Blaine for the presidential nomination at the [[1888 Republican National Convention]], Roosevelt gave [[Stump speech (politics)|stump speeches]] in the Midwest in support of Harrison.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=201}} On the insistence of [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], President Harrison appointed Roosevelt to the [[United States Civil Service Commission]], where he served until 1895.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=203}} While many of his predecessors had approached the office as a [[sinecure]],{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=206–207}} Roosevelt fought the [[spoils system|spoilsmen]] and demanded enforcement of civil service laws.{{Sfn|Thayer|1919|loc=ch. VI|pp=1–2}} ''[[The Sun (New York)|The Sun]]'' described Roosevelt as "irrepressible, belligerent, and enthusiastic".{{Sfn|Bishop|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KPMEAAAAYAAJ&q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+His+Time+Shown+in+His+Own+Letters 51]}} Roosevelt clashed with Postmaster General [[John Wanamaker]], who handed out patronage positions to Harrison supporters, and Roosevelt's attempt to force out several postal workers damaged Harrison politically.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=216–221}} Despite Roosevelt's support for Harrison's reelection in the [[1892 U.S. presidential election|1892 presidential election]], the winner, Grover Cleveland, reappointed him.{{Sfn|Bishop|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KPMEAAAAYAAJ&q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+His+Time+Shown+in+His+Own+Letters 53]}} Roosevelt's close friend and biographer, [[Joseph Bucklin Bishop]], described his assault on the spoils system:

{{Blockquote|The very citadel of spoils politics, the hitherto impregnable fortress that had existed unshaken since it was erected on the foundation laid by [[Andrew Jackson]], was tottering to its fall under the assaults of this audacious and irrepressible young man... Whatever may have been the feelings of the (fellow Republican party) President (Harrison)—and there is little doubt that he had no idea when he appointed Roosevelt that he would prove to be so veritable a bull in a china shop—he refused to remove him and stood by him firmly till the end of his term.{{Sfn|Bishop|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KPMEAAAAYAAJ&q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+His+Time+Shown+in+His+Own+Letters 51]}}}}

===New York City Police Commissioner===
In 1894, reform Republicans approached Roosevelt about running for Mayor of New York again; he declined, mostly due to his wife's resistance to being removed from the Washington social set. Soon after, he realized he had missed an opportunity to reinvigorate a dormant political career. He retreated to the Dakotas; Edith regretted her role in the decision and vowed there would be no repeat.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=265–268}}

[[William Lafayette Strong]] won the 1894 mayoral election and offered Roosevelt a position on the board of the [[New York City Police Commissioner]]s.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=201}}<ref>"A Chronology". [[Theodore Roosevelt Association]] [http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/site/c.elKSIdOWIiJ8H/b.9260727/k.7F11/A_Chronology.htm online]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304232503/http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/site/c.elKSIdOWIiJ8H/b.9260727/k.7F11/A_Chronology.htm |date=March 4, 2019 }}. Accessed December 2, 2018</ref> Roosevelt became president of commissioners and radically reformed the police force: he implemented regular inspections of firearms and physical exams, appointed recruits based on their physical and mental qualifications rather than political affiliation, established [[Meritorious Service Medal (United States)|Meritorious Service Medals]], closed corrupt police hostelries, and had telephones installed in station houses.<ref>Jay Stuart Berman (1987), ''Police Administration and Progressive Reform: Theodore Roosevelt as Police Commissioner of New York''</ref>

In 1894, Roosevelt met [[Jacob Riis]], the [[muckraker|muckraking]] ''[[The Sun (New York City)|Evening Sun]]'' journalist who was opening the eyes of New Yorkers to the terrible conditions of the city's immigrants with such books as ''[[How the Other Half Lives]]''. Riis described how his book affected Roosevelt:

{{Blockquote|When Roosevelt read [my] book, he came... No one ever helped as he did. For two years we were brothers in (New York City's crime-ridden) [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]]. When he left I had seen its golden age... There is very little ease where Theodore Roosevelt leads, as we all of us found out. The lawbreaker found it out who predicted scornfully that he would "knuckle down to politics the way they all did", and lived to respect him, though he swore at him, as the one of them all who was stronger than pull... that was what made the age golden, that for the first time a moral purpose came into the street. In the light of it everything was transformed.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Riis | first = Jacob A | title = The Making of an American | chapter = XIII | page = 3 | publisher = Bartleby}}</ref>}}

Roosevelt made a habit of walking officers' [[Beat (police)|beats]] at night and early in the morning to make sure that they were on duty.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=277}} He made a concerted effort to uniformly enforce New York's [[Raines law|Sunday closing law]]; in this, he ran up against [[Thomas C. Platt|Tom Platt]] and [[Tammany Hall]]—he was notified the Police Commission was being legislated out of existence. His crackdowns led to protests. Invited to one large demonstration, not only did he accept, but he delighted in the insults and lampoons directed at him, and earned goodwill.<ref name="Bully Pulpit">{{cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Doris Kearns |author-link=Doris Kearns Goodwin |title=The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781416547860 |date=2013 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-4787-7 |edition=First Simon & Schuster hardcover}}</ref> Roosevelt chose to defer rather than split with his party.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=293}}

==Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1897-1898)==
[[File:LC-USZC4-701 (17518506711).jpg|thumb|The [[Asiatic Squadron]] destroying the Spanish fleet in the [[Battle of Manila Bay]] on May 1, 1898]]

In the [[1896 United States presidential election|1896 presidential election]], Roosevelt backed [[Thomas Brackett Reed]] for the Republican nomination, but [[William McKinley]] won the nomination and defeated [[William Jennings Bryan]] in the general election.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=242–243}} Roosevelt strongly opposed Bryan's [[free silver]] platform, viewing many of Bryan's followers as dangerous fanatics. He gave campaign speeches for McKinley.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=243–246}} Urged by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, President McKinley appointed Roosevelt as the [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]] in 1897.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=David |last=Lemelin |title=Theodore Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy: Preparing America for the World Stage |journal=History Matters |year=2011 |pages=13–34}}</ref> Secretary of the Navy [[John D. Long]] was in poor health and left many major decisions to Roosevelt. Influenced by [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], Roosevelt called for a build-up in naval strength, particularly the construction of [[battleship]]s.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=253}} Roosevelt also began pressing his national security views regarding the Pacific and the Caribbean on McKinley and was adamant that Spain be ejected from Cuba.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=310–212}} He explained his priorities to one of the Navy's planners in late 1897:

{{Blockquote|I would regard war with Spain from two viewpoints: first, the advisability on the grounds both of humanity and self-interest of interfering on behalf of the Cubans, and of taking one more step toward the complete freeing of America from European dominion; second, the benefit done our people by giving them something to think of which is not material gain, and especially the benefit done our military forces by trying both the Navy and Army in actual practice.{{Sfn|Roosevelt|2001|pp=157–158}}}}

On February 15, 1898, the armored cruiser {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|6}} exploded in the harbor of [[Havana, Cuba]], killing hundreds of crew. While Roosevelt and many other Americans blamed Spain for the explosion, McKinley sought a diplomatic solution.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=267–268}} Without approval from Long or McKinley, Roosevelt sent out orders to several naval vessels to prepare for war.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=267–268}}{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=325–326}} [[George Dewey]], who had received an appointment to lead the [[Asiatic Squadron]] with the backing of Roosevelt, later credited his victory at the [[Battle of Manila Bay]] to Roosevelt's orders.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=261, 268}} After giving up hope of a peaceful solution, McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain, beginning the [[Spanish–American War]].{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=271–272}}

==Governor of New York (1899-1900)==
Shortly after Roosevelt's return, Republican Congressman [[Lemuel E. Quigg]], a lieutenant of New York machine boss [[Thomas C. Platt]], asked Roosevelt to run in the [[1898 New York state election|1898 gubernatorial election]]. Prospering politically from the [[Platt machine]], Roosevelt's rise to power was marked by the pragmatic decisions of Platt, who disliked Roosevelt. Platt feared Roosevelt would oppose his interests in office and was reluctant to propel Roosevelt to the forefront of national politics, but needed a strong candidate due to the unpopularity of the incumbent Republican governor, [[Frank S. Black]]. Roosevelt agreed to become the nominee and to try not to "make war" with the Republican establishment once in office. Roosevelt defeated Black in the Republican caucus, and faced Democrat [[Augustus Van Wyck]], a well-respected judge, in the general election.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=309–311, 318}} Roosevelt campaigned on his war record, winning by just 1%.{{Sfn|Morris|1979|pp=674–687}}

As governor, Roosevelt learned about economic issues and political techniques that proved valuable in his presidency. He studied the problems of trusts, monopolies, labor relations, and conservation. G. Wallace Chessman argues that Roosevelt's program "rested firmly upon the concept of the square deal by a neutral state". The rules for the Square Deal were "honesty in public affairs, an equitable sharing of privilege and responsibility, and subordination of party and local concerns to the interests of the state at large".{{Sfn|Chessman|1965|p=6}}

By holding twice-daily press conferences—an innovation—Roosevelt remained connected with his middle-class base.{{Sfn|Morris|1979|p=693}} Roosevelt successfully pushed the Ford Franchise-Tax bill, which taxed public franchises granted by the state and controlled by corporations, declaring that "a corporation which derives its powers from the State, should pay to the State a just percentage of its earnings as a return for the privileges it enjoys".<ref>{{cite book | first = Theodore | last = Roosevelt | title = The Roosevelt Policy: Speeches, Letters and State Papers, Relating to Corporate Wealth and Closely Allied Topics, of Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ8-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2 | year = 1908 | page = 2 | access-date = October 17, 2015 | archive-date = April 6, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150406171230/http://books.google.com/books?id=bJ8-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2 | url-status = live }}</ref> He rejected Platt worries that this approached Bryanite Socialism, explaining that without it, New York voters might get angry and adopt public ownership of streetcar lines and other franchises.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=378–379}}

Power to make appointments to policy-making positions was a key role for the governor. Platt insisted he be consulted on major appointments; Roosevelt appeared to comply, but then made his own decisions. Historians marvel that Roosevelt managed to appoint so many first-rate people with Platt's approval. He even enlisted Platt's help in securing reform, such as in spring 1899, when Platt pressured state senators to vote for a civil service bill that the secretary of the Civil Service Reform Association called "superior to any civil service statute heretofore secured in America".{{Sfn|Chessman|1965|p=79}}

Chessman argues that as governor, Roosevelt developed the principles that shaped his presidency, especially insistence upon the public responsibility of large corporations, publicity as a first remedy for trusts, regulation of railroad rates, mediation of the conflict of capital and labor, conservation of natural resources and protection of the poor.{{Sfn|Chessman|1965|p=6}} Roosevelt sought to position himself against the excesses of large corporations and radical movements.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=322}}

As chief executive of the most populous state, Roosevelt was widely considered a potential presidential candidate, and supporters such as [[William Allen White]] encouraged him to run.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=331–333}} Roosevelt had no interest in challenging McKinley for the nomination in 1900 and was denied his preferred post of [[Secretary of War]]. As his term progressed, Roosevelt pondered a 1904 run, but was uncertain about whether he should seek re-election as governor in 1900.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=333–334}}

==Vice presidency (1901)==
{{Main|1900 United States presidential election}}

In November 1899, Vice President [[Garret Hobart]] died, leaving an open spot on the 1900 Republican national ticket. Though Henry Cabot Lodge and others urged him to run for vice president in 1900, Roosevelt issued a public statement saying that he would not accept the nomination.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=333–334, 338}} Eager to be rid of Roosevelt, Platt nonetheless began a newspaper campaign in favor of Roosevelt's nomination.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=338}} Roosevelt attended the [[1900 Republican National Convention]] as a state delegate and struck a bargain with Platt: Roosevelt would accept the nomination if the convention offered it to him but would otherwise serve another term as governor. Platt asked Pennsylvania party boss [[Matthew Quay]] to lead the campaign for Roosevelt's nomination, and Quay outmaneuvered [[Mark Hanna]] at the convention to put Roosevelt on the ticket.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=340–341}} Roosevelt won the nomination unanimously.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=342}}

Roosevelt's vice-presidential campaigning proved highly energetic and a match for Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan's barnstorming style. In a whirlwind campaign that displayed his energy to the public, Roosevelt made 480 stops in 23 states. He denounced the radicalism of Bryan, contrasting it with the heroism of those who won the war against Spain. Bryan had strongly supported the war itself, but he denounced the annexation of the [[Philippines]] as [[imperialism]]. Roosevelt countered that it was best for the [[Filipinos]] to have stability and the Americans to have a proud place in the world. The voters gave McKinley an even larger victory than that which he had achieved in 1896.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=388–405}}<ref>John M. Hilpert, ''American Cyclone: Theodore Roosevelt and His 1900 Whistle-Stop Campaign'' (U Press of Mississippi, 2015).</ref>

Roosevelt took office as vice president in March 1901. The office was a powerless sinecure and did not suit Roosevelt's aggressive temperament.<ref>{{Cite journal | first = G Wallace | last = Chessman | title = Theodore Roosevelt's Campaign Against the Vice-Presidency | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_historian_spring-1952_14_2/page/172 | journal = Historian | year = 1952 | volume = 14 | number = 2 | pages = 173–190 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1952.tb00132.x}}</ref> Roosevelt's six months as vice president were uneventful and boring for a man of action. He had no power; he presided over the Senate for a mere four days before it adjourned.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=346}} On September 2, 1901, Roosevelt first publicized an [[aphorism]] that thrilled his supporters: "[[Big Stick ideology|Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far."]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Woltman |first=Nick |date=August 31, 2015 |title=Roosevelt's 'big stick' line at State Fair stuck...later |url=https://www.twincities.com/2015/08/31/roosevelts-big-stick-line-at-state-fair-stuck-later/ |work=[[Twin Cities Pioneer Press]] |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610043645/https://www.twincities.com/2015/08/31/roosevelts-big-stick-line-at-state-fair-stuck-later/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Presidential elections==
===Presidential election of 1884===
{{See also|1884 United States presidential election}}
With numerous presidential hopefuls, Roosevelt supported Senator [[George F. Edmunds]] of Vermont. The state Republican Party preferred incumbent president, [[Chester Arthur]], who was known for passing the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]]. Roosevelt succeeded in influencing the Manhattan delegates at the state convention. He then took control of the convention, bargaining through the night and outmaneuvering supporters of Arthur and [[James G. Blaine]]; consequently, he gained a national reputation as a key politician in his state.{{sfn|Putnam|1958|pp=413–424}}

Roosevelt attended the [[1884 Republican National Convention]] in [[Chicago]], where he gave a speech convincing delegates to nominate African American [[John R. Lynch]], an Edmunds supporter, to be temporary chair. Roosevelt fought alongside the [[Mugwump]] reformers against Blaine. However, Blaine gained support from Arthur's and Edmunds's delegates, and won the nomination. In a crucial moment of his budding career, Roosevelt resisted the demand of fellow Mugwumps that he bolt from Blaine. He bragged: "We achieved a victory in getting up a combination to beat the Blaine nominee for temporary chairman...this needed...skill, boldness and energy... to get the different factions to come in... to defeat the common foe."{{sfn|Brands|1997|p=171}} He was impressed by an invitation to speak before an audience of ten thousand, the largest crowd he had addressed up to then.

Having gotten a taste of national politics, Roosevelt felt less aspiration for advocacy on the state level; he retired to his new "Chimney Butte Ranch" on the [[Little Missouri River (North Dakota)|Little Missouri River]].{{sfn|Putnam|1958|pp=445–450}} Roosevelt refused to join other Mugwumps in supporting Cleveland, the [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] nominee in the general election. After Blaine won the nomination, Roosevelt carelessly said he would give "hearty support to any decent Democrat". He distanced himself from the promise, saying that it had not been meant "for publication".{{sfn|Pringle|1956|p=61}} When a reporter asked if he would support Blaine, Roosevelt replied, "I decline to answer."{{sfn|Putnam|1958|p=445}} In the end, he realized he had to support Blaine to maintain his role in the party and did so in a press release.{{sfn|Putnam|1958|p=467}} Having lost the support of many reformers, and still reeling from the deaths of his wife and mother, Roosevelt decided to retire from politics and moved to [[North Dakota]].{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=161}}

===Presidential election of 1904===
{{Main|1904 United States presidential election}}

[[File:ElectoralCollege1904.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Electoral College results of the 1904 election]]

With the waning of Thomas Platt's power, Roosevelt faced little effective opposition for the 1904 nomination.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=437–438}} In deference to [[Mark Hanna]]'s conservative loyalists, Roosevelt at first offered the party chairmanship to [[Cornelius Bliss]], but he declined. Roosevelt turned to his own man, [[George B. Cortelyou]] of New York, the first Secretary of Commerce and Labor. To buttress his hold on the party's nomination, Roosevelt made it clear that anyone opposing Cortelyou would be considered opposing the President.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=501–503}} The President secured his own nomination, but his preferred vice-presidential running mate, [[Robert R. Hitt]], was not nominated.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=504}} Senator [[Charles W. Fairbanks|Charles Warren Fairbanks]] of Indiana, a favorite of conservatives, gained the nomination.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=437–438}}

While Roosevelt followed the tradition of incumbents in not actively campaigning on the stump, he sought to control the campaign's message through specific instructions to Cortelyou. He also attempted to manage the press's release of White House statements by forming the [[Ananias Club]]. Any journalist who repeated a statement made by the president without approval was penalized by restriction of further access.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=507}}

The Democratic Party's nominee in 1904 was [[Alton B. Parker|Alton Brooks Parker]]. Democratic newspapers charged that Republicans were extorting large campaign contributions from corporations, putting ultimate responsibility on Roosevelt himself.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|pp=215–216}} Roosevelt denied corruption while at the same time ordering Cortelyou to return $100,000 (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|100,000|1904|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}) of a campaign contribution from [[Standard Oil]].{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=216}} Parker said that Roosevelt was accepting corporate donations to keep damaging information from the [[Bureau of Corporations]] from going public.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=216}} Roosevelt strongly denied Parker's charge and responded that he would "go into the Presidency unhampered by any pledge, promise, or understanding of any kind, sort, or description...".{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|pp=216–217}} Allegations from Parker and the Democrats, however, had little impact on the election, as Roosevelt promised to give every American a "[[Square Deal|square deal]]".{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|pp=216–217}} Roosevelt won 56% of the popular vote to Parker's 38%, and won the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] vote 336 to 140. Before his [[Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt|inauguration ceremony]], Roosevelt declared that he would not serve another term.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=513–514}} Democrats would continue to charge Roosevelt and the Republicans of being influenced by corporate donations.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|pp=217–218}}

===Presidential election of 1908===
{{Main|1908 United States presidential election}}

Roosevelt enjoyed being president but believed limited terms provided a check against dictatorship. He decided to honor his 1904 pledge not to run for a third term. Though he favored Secretary of State [[Elihu Root]] as his successor, Root's ill health made him unsuitable. New York Governor [[Charles Evans Hughes]] was a strong candidate and shared Roosevelt's progressivism, but Roosevelt considered him too independent. He settled on his Secretary of War, [[William Howard Taft]], who had been his friend since 1890 and consistently supported Roosevelt's policies.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=483–485}} Roosevelt was determined to install the successor of his choice, and wrote to Taft: "Dear Will: Do you want any action about those federal officials? I will break their necks with the utmost cheerfulness if you say the word!" Just weeks later, he branded as "false and malicious" the charge he was using the offices at his disposal to favor Taft.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=626}} At the 1908 Republican convention, many chanted "four years more" of a Roosevelt presidency, but Taft won the nomination after Henry Cabot Lodge made it clear Roosevelt was not interested.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=488–489}}

In the 1908 election, Taft easily defeated Democratic nominee [[William Jennings Bryan]]. Taft promoted progressivism emphasizing the rule of law; he preferred that judges, rather than politicians, make decisions about fairness. However, Taft proved to be a less adroit politician than Roosevelt, lacking the energy, personal magnetism, and public support that made Roosevelt so formidable. When Roosevelt realized lowering the tariff would create severe tensions inside the Republican Party, he stopped talking about it. Taft, ignoring the risks, tackled the tariff boldly, resulting in the [[Payne-Aldrich Tariff]] of 1909, which alienated reformers on all sides. While the crisis was building inside the Party, Roosevelt was touring Africa and Europe, allowing Taft space.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor= 1902605 |title= William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff |journal= The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume= 50 |issue= 3 |pages= 424–442 |last1= Solvick |first1= Stanley D. |year= 1963 |doi= 10.2307/1902605}}</ref>

===Presidential election of 1912===
{{Main|1912 United States presidential election}}

====Republican primaries and convention====
[[File:For Auld Lang Syne - Leonard Raven-Hill.jpg|thumb|''Punch'' in May 1912, depicting no-holds-barred fight between William Howard Taft and Roosevelt]]
In November 1911, a group of Ohio Republicans endorsed Roosevelt for the party's nomination for president. Roosevelt conspicuously declined to refuse a nomination. Soon thereafter, Roosevelt said, "I am really sorry for Taft... I am sure he means well, but he means well feebly, and he does not know how! He is utterly unfit for leadership and this is a time when we need leadership." In January 1912, Roosevelt declared "if the people make a draft on me I shall not decline to serve".{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=698}} Roosevelt spoke before the Constitutional Convention in Ohio, identifying as a progressive and endorsing progressive reforms—even endorsing popular review of state judicial decisions.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=703}} In reaction to Roosevelt's proposals Taft said, "Such extremists are not progressives—they are political emotionalists or neurotics".{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=709}}

Roosevelt began to envision himself as the savior of the party from defeat in the upcoming election. In February 1912 in [[Boston]], Roosevelt said, "I will accept the nomination for president if it is tendered to me".{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=705}}<ref name="gloriousr">{{cite book | title = The Glorious Burden: The American Presidency | url = https://archive.org/details/gloriousburden00lora | url-access = registration | last=Lorant |first= Stefan |year= 1968 |page= [https://archive.org/details/gloriousburden00lora/page/512 512] | publisher = Harper & Row | isbn = 0-06-012686-8}}</ref> Elihu Root and Henry Cabot Lodge thought division would lead to defeat in the election, while Taft believed he would be defeated either in the primary or general election.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=706}}

The 1912 primaries represented the first extensive use of the [[United States presidential primary|presidential primary]], a reform achievement of the progressive movement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Norrander|first=Barbara|title=The Imperfect Primary: Oddities, Biases, and Strengths of U.S. Presidential Nomination Politics|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSgBgAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-317-55332-8|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814074817/https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSgBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 1912|Republican primaries]] in the South, where party regulars dominated, went for Taft, as did New York, Indiana, Michigan, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. Meanwhile, Roosevelt won in Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, California, Maryland, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.<ref>Norman M. Wilensky, ''Conservatives in the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912'' (1965) pp. 61–62.</ref> At the [[1912 Republican National Convention]] in Chicago, Taft won the nomination on the first ballot.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=524–526}}

According to [[Lewis L. Gould]], in 1912 <blockquote> Roosevelt saw Taft as the agent of "the forces of reaction and of political crookedness".... Roosevelt had become the most dangerous man in American history, said Taft, "because of his hold upon the less intelligent voters and the discontented." The Republican National Committee, dominated by the Taft forces, awarded 235 delegates to the president and 19 to Roosevelt...Roosevelt believed himself entitled to 72 delegates from Arizona, California, Texas and Washington that had been given to Taft. Firm in his conviction that the nomination was being stolen from him, Roosevelt ....told cheering supporters that there was "a great moral issue" at stake and he should have "sixty to eighty lawfully elected delegates" added to his total....Roosevelt ended his speech declaring: "Fearless of the future; unheeding of our individual fates; with unflinching hearts and undimmed eyes; we stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord!"<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Lewis L. |last=Gould|title=1912 Republican Convention: Return of the Rough Rider|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine'|date=August 2008 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/1912-republican-convention-855607/}}</ref></blockquote>

====Progressive Party====
{{See also|New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)|Bull Moose Party}}
[[File:Perkins-pinchot.JPG|thumb|A 1912 cartoon depicting George Perkins (left, with checkbook symbolizing control of money) and [[Amos Pinchot]] (wielding an endorsement from Roosevelt campaign manager Senator [[Joseph M. Dixon]]) in battle for Progressive Party control]]

Once his defeat appeared probable, Roosevelt announced he would "accept the progressive nomination on a progressive platform and I shall fight to the end, win or lose". Roosevelt prophetically said, "My feeling is that the Democrats will probably win if they nominate a progressive".{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=717}} Roosevelt left the Republican Party and created the Progressive Party.{{sfn|Miller|1992|p=526}}{{Sfn|Gould|2008a|pp=127–128}} Leadership of the new party included a range of reformers. [[Jane Addams]] campaigned vigorously for the party as a breakthrough in social reform.<ref>Allen F. Davis (1973), ''American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams'', pp. 185–197.</ref> [[Gifford Pinchot]] represented environmentalists and anti-trust crusaders. Publisher [[Frank Munsey]] provided cash<ref>Marena Cole, ''"A Progressive Conservative": The Roles of George Perkins and Frank Munsey in the Progressive Party Campaign of 1912'' (PhD dissertation, Tufts University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2017. 10273522).</ref> and [[George Walbridge Perkins|George W. Perkins]], a Wall Street financier came from the [[efficiency movement]]. He handled the new party's finances efficiently but was distrusted by many reformers.<ref>John A. Garraty (1960), ''Right-Hand Man: The Life of George W. Perkins'', pp. 264–284.</ref>

Governor [[Hiram Johnson]] controlled the California party, forcing out the Taft supporters. He was nominated as Roosevelt's running mate.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/3636471 | jstor=3636471 | last1=Lincoln | first1=A. | title=Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson, and the Vice-Presidential Nomination of 1912 | journal=Pacific Historical Review | year=1959 | volume=28 | issue=3 | pages=267–283 }}</ref> Roosevelt's platform echoed his radical 1907–1908 proposals, calling for vigorous government intervention to protect the people from selfish interests:

{{blockquote|To destroy this invisible Government, to dissolve the [[wikt:unholy alliance|unholy alliance]] between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day.<ref>{{Cite news | first = Patricia | last = O'Toole |title=The War of 1912 |date=June 25, 2006 |work=[[Time Magazine]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207791-2,00.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060703102342/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207791-2,00.html | archive-date = July 3, 2006 |access-date=August 8, 2008}}</ref>{{Sfn|Roosevelt|1913|loc = [http://www.bartleby.com/55/15b.html XV. The Peace of Righteousness, Appendix B]}} This country belongs to the people. Its resources, its business, its laws, its institutions, should be utilized, maintained, or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest. This assertion is explicit... Mr. Wilson must know that every monopoly in the United States opposes the Progressive party... I challenge him... to name the monopoly that did support the Progressive party, whether... the Sugar Trust, the US Steel Trust, the Harvester Trust, the Standard Oil Trust, the Tobacco Trust, or any other... Ours was the only program to which they objected, and they supported either Mr. Wilson or Mr. Taft.{{Sfn|Thayer|1919|loc=Chapter XXII|pp=25–31}}}}

Though many Progressive party activists in the North opposed the steady loss of civil rights for blacks, Roosevelt ran a "[[Lily-white movement|lily-white]]" campaign in the South. Rival all-white and all-black delegations from southern states arrived at the Progressive national convention, and Roosevelt decided to seat the all-white delegations.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 2191208|title = The South and the Progressive Lily White Party of 1912|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-history_1940-05_6_2/page/236|journal = The Journal of Southern History|volume = 6|issue = 2|pages = 237–247|last1 = Mowry|first1 = George E.|year = 1940|doi = 10.2307/2191208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 2715292|title = The Negro as a Factor in the Campaign of 1912|journal = The Journal of Negro History|volume = 32|issue = 1|pages = 81–99|last1 = Link|first1 = Arthur S.|year = 1947|doi = 10.2307/2715292| s2cid=150222134 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 23515317|title = Theodore Roosevelt and the South in 1912|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_north-carolina-historical-review_1946-07_23_3/page/312|journal = The North Carolina Historical Review|volume = 23|issue = 3|pages = 313–324|last1 = Link|first1 = Arthur S.|year = 1946}}</ref> Nevertheless, he won few votes outside traditional Republican strongholds. Out of 1,100 counties in the South, Roosevelt won two counties in Alabama, one in Arkansas, seven in North Carolina, three in Georgia, 17 in Tennessee, two in Texas, one in Virginia, and none in Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, or South Carolina.<ref>Edgar Eugene Robinson, ''The Presidential Vote 1896–1932'' (1947), pp. 65–127.</ref>

====Attempted assassination====
{{Main|Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt}}

On October 14, 1912, while arriving at a campaign event in [[Milwaukee]], Roosevelt was shot by saloonkeeper [[John Schrank]], who believed the ghost of assassinated president [[William McKinley]] had directed him to kill Roosevelt.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1943/09/17/archives/schrank-who-shot-t-roosevelt-dies-insane-man-had-no-visitors-in-31.html |title=Schrank, Who Shot T. Roosevelt, Dies |date=September 17, 1943 |work=The New York Times |page=23 |access-date=May 6, 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506155913/https://www.nytimes.com/1943/09/17/archives/schrank-who-shot-t-roosevelt-dies-insane-man-had-no-visitors-in-31.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Stan Gores, "The attempted assassination of Teddy Roosevelt". ''Wisconsin Magazine of History'' (1970) 53#4: 269–277 [https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/wmh/id/25324/rec/1 online]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126010614/https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/wmh/id/25324/rec/1 |date=January 26, 2021 }}</ref> The bullet lodged in Roosevelt's chest after penetrating his eyeglass case and passing through a 50-page folded copy of the speech titled "[[s::Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual|Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual]]".<ref>{{cite web | title = Artifacts | url = http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/artifacts/archives/001692.asp | publisher = Wisconsin Historical Society | access-date = September 14, 2010 | archive-date = November 5, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101105085613/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/artifacts/archives/001692.asp | url-status= live }}</ref> Schrank was disarmed and captured by Roosevelt's [[Shorthand|stenographer]], [[Elbert E. Martin]] as he attempted to fire a second time, and might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Congress|first=United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnQelRTN9AEC&q=frank+bukovsky+theodore+roosevelt&pg=SL1-PA1146|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress|date=1951|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|access-date=October 31, 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814104934/https://books.google.com/books?id=YnQelRTN9AEC&q=frank+bukovsky+theodore+roosevelt&pg=SL1-PA1146|url-status=live}}</ref> Roosevelt assured the crowd he was all right, then ordered police to take Schrank and make sure no violence was done to him.<ref name="remey">{{cite book |first1=Oliver E. |last1=Remey |first2=Henry F. |last2=Cochems |first3=Wheeler P. |last3=Bloodgood |title=The Attempted Assassination of Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt |publisher=The Progressive Publishing Company |year=1912 |page=192 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21261 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621170923/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21261 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As an experienced hunter and anatomist, Roosevelt correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung. He declined to go to hospital immediately and instead delivered a [[s:I have just been shot|90-minute speech]] with blood seeping into his shirt.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/z_x26a_g.htm |title= Medical History of American Presidents |publisher= Doctor Zebra |access-date= September 14, 2010 |archive-date= October 20, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101020003715/http://doctorzebra.com/prez/z_x26a_g.htm |url-status= live }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=September 2021}} Only afterwards did he accept medical attention. Probes and an [[x-ray]] showed the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle, but did not penetrate the [[pleura]]. Doctors concluded it would be less dangerous to leave it than attempt to remove it, and Roosevelt carried the bullet in him for the rest of his life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/timeline.htm |title=Roosevelt Timeline |publisher=Theodore Roosevelt |access-date=September 14, 2010 |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529022345/http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/timeline.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Gerard Helferich, ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Assassin: Madness, Vengeance, and the Campaign of 1912'' (2013)</ref> Taft and Democratic nominee [[Woodrow Wilson]] suspended their campaigning until Roosevelt resumed his. When asked if the shooting would affect his election campaign, he said to the reporter "I'm fit as a bull moose." The bull moose became a symbol of Roosevelt and the Progressive Party, and it often was referred to as the Bull Moose Party. He spent two weeks recuperating before returning to campaign. He wrote a friend about the bullet, "I do not mind it any more than if it were in my waistcoat-pocket."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roosevelt |first1=Theodore |editor1-last=Bishop |editor1-first=Joseph Bucklin |title=The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Volume 24 - Theodore Roosevelt and His Times Shown in His Own Letters |date=1926 |publisher=[[C. Scribner's Sons]] |page=405 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYunAPADRLAC&pg=PA405 |access-date=January 20, 2024}}</ref>

====Democratic victory====
After the Democrats nominated Governor Woodrow Wilson, Roosevelt did not expect to win the election, as Wilson had compiled a record attractive to progressive Democrats who might have considered voting for Roosevelt.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=529}} Roosevelt still campaigned vigorously, and the election developed into a two-person contest despite Taft's quiet presence. Roosevelt respected Wilson, but they differed on various issues; Wilson opposed federal intervention regarding [[women's suffrage]] or [[child labor]], and attacked Roosevelt's tolerance of large businesses.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=529–530}}

Roosevelt won 4.1 million votes (27%), compared to Taft's 3.5 million (23%) and Wilson's 6.3 million (42%). Wilson scored a landslide in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] with 435 electoral votes; Roosevelt 88, and Taft 8. Pennsylvania was the only eastern state won by Roosevelt; in the Midwest, he carried Michigan, Minnesota, and South Dakota; in the West, California, and Washington.{{Sfn|Gould|2008a|p=132}} Roosevelt garnered a [[List of third party performances in United States presidential elections|higher share of the popular vote]] than any other third-party presidential candidate in history and won the most states of any third-party candidate after the Civil War.<ref name="cnnthirdparty1">{{cite news|last1=Dexter|first1=Jim|title=How third-party candidates affect elections|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/03/10/how-third-party-candidates-affect-elections/|access-date=November 7, 2016|publisher=CNN|date=March 10, 2010|archive-date=November 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113080626/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/03/10/how-third-party-candidates-affect-elections/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Presidency (1901–1909)==
{{Main|Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt}}

[[File:Theodore Roosevelt by John Singer Sargent, 1903.jpg|thumb|Official [[White House]] portrait of Roosevelt by [[John Singer Sargent]] in 1903]]

On September 6, 1901, President McKinley was attending the [[Pan-American Exposition]] in [[Buffalo, New York]], when he [[Assassination of William McKinley|was shot]] by anarchist [[Leon Czolgosz]]. Roosevelt, vacationing in [[Isle La Motte, Vermont]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=74729|title=Theodore Roosevelt's Visit to Isle la Motte Historical Marker|access-date=February 22, 2022|archive-date=February 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222173837/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=74729|url-status=live}}</ref> traveled to Buffalo to visit McKinley in the hospital. When McKinley seemed to recover, Roosevelt resumed his vacation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trsite.org/learn/the-day-of-the-inauguration|title=The Inauguration|access-date=February 22, 2022|archive-date=February 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222173838/https://www.trsite.org/learn/the-day-of-the-inauguration|url-status=live}}</ref> When McKinley's condition worsened, Roosevelt rushed back to Buffalo. He was in [[North Creek, New York|North Creek]] when he learned of McKinley's death on September 14. Roosevelt then continued to Buffalo and was [[First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt|sworn in as the 26th president]] at the [[Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site|Ansley Wilcox House]].{{sfn|Miller|1992|pp=348–352}}

McKinley's supporters were uneasy about Roosevelt, with Ohio Senator [[Mark Hanna]] particularly bitter, given his strong opposition at the convention. Although Roosevelt assured party leaders that he would adhere to McKinley's policies and retained his cabinet, he sought to establish himself as the party's leader and position himself for the 1904 election.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=354–356}} Roosevelt's ascension to the presidency was met with concern by conservative Republicans, with historian [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]] noting that:

{{blockquote|Conservatives, who had utterly dominated the Republican Party for three decades, feared the impulsive young president would prove a "bucking bronco," upsetting the alliance between business and government that had delivered unparalled prosperity at the turn of the century. Reformers hoped Roosevelt's vigorous leadership would refashion the Republican Party into the progressive force it had been under Abraham Lincoln, endeavoring to spread prosperity beyond the wealthy few to the common man.{{Sfn|Goodwin|2013|p=[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Bully_Pulpit/4W7Q-qr_TSAC?pg=PA279 279–280]}}}}

Adding to this point, Kearns has noted that

{{Blockquote|Throughout his career, Roosevelt had struggled to reconcile party allegiance with the drive to address social problems, a balancing act that became more difficult as the troubling aspects of industrialization intensified. While he considered himself conservative in relation to the Populists, he believed that his party was in thrall to reactionaries who so "dreaded radicalism" that they "distrusted anything that was progressive." Precisely such men dominated both chambers of Congress, Roosevelt lamented. He would work to "push" them forward but recognized that genuine progress would require a direct appeal to the people, "the masters of both of us." To reach the general public, he would enlist the new breed of independent journalists, without whose "active support," he later acknowledged, he "would have been powerless."{{Sfn|Goodwin|2013|p=[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Bully_Pulpit/4W7Q-qr_TSAC?pg=PA280 281]}}}}

Shortly after taking office, Roosevelt invited [[Booker T. Washington]] to dinner at the White House, sparking a bitter reaction across the heavily segregated South.<ref>Dewey W. Grantham, "Dinner at the White House: Theodore Roosevelt, Booker T. Washington, and the South." ''Tennessee Historical Quarterly'' (1958) 17.2: 112–130 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42621372 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023060345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42621372 |date=October 23, 2021 }}</ref> While Roosevelt initially planned more dinners with Washington, he later avoided further invitations in favor of business appointments to retain political support in the white South.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=422–423}}{{Sfn|Morris|2001|p=58}}

===Domestic policies: The Square Deal===
{{Further|Square Deal}}

{{Main|Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt}}

When he assumed the presidency, Roosevelt reassured many [[Fiscal conservatism|fiscal conservatives]], stating that "the mechanism of modern business is so delicate that extreme care must be taken not to interfere with it in a spirit of rashness or ignorance."{{Sfn|Leuchtenburg|2015|pp=30–31}} The following year, Roosevelt asserted the president's independence from business interests by opposing the merger which created the [[Northern Securities Company]], and many were surprised that any president, much less an unelected one, would challenge powerful banker [[J.P. Morgan]].{{Sfn|Leuchtenburg|2015|pp=32–33}} In his last two years as president, Roosevelt became increasingly distrustful of [[big business]], despite its close ties to the Republican Party.<ref>Gary Murphy in "Theodore Roosevelt, Presidential Power and the Regulation of the Market" in {{harvnb|Ricard|2011|pp=154–172}}</ref> Roosevelt sought to replace the 19th-century ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economic environment with a new economic model which included a larger regulatory role for the federal government, which was central to his political ideology of [[Progressive conservatism|progressive conservatism]]. He believed that 19th-century entrepreneurs had risked their fortunes on innovations and new businesses, and that these capitalists had been rightly rewarded. By contrast, he believed that 20th-century capitalists risked little but nonetheless reaped huge and, given the lack of risk, unjust, economic rewards. Without a redistribution of wealth away from the upper class, Roosevelt feared that the country would turn to radicals or fall to revolution.{{Sfn|Morris|2001|pp= 430–431, 436}} His [[Square Deal]] domestic program had three main goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. The Square Deal evolved into his program of "[[New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)|New Nationalism]]", which emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests and a need to more effectively control corporate creation and combination, and proposed a ban on corporate political contributions.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=675}}

====Trust busting and regulation====
Roosevelt was hailed as the "trust-buster" for his aggressive use of the 1890 [[Sherman Antitrust Act]], compared to his predecessors.{{sfn|Ruddy|2016}} He viewed big business as essential to the American economy, prosecuting only "bad trusts" that restrained trade and charged unfair prices.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=365–366}} Roosevelt brought 44 antitrust suits, breaking up the [[Northern Securities Company]], the largest railroad monopoly, and regulating [[Standard Oil]], the largest oil company.{{sfn|Ruddy|2016}} His predecessors, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland, and William McKinley, had together prosecuted only 18 antitrust violations.{{sfn|Ruddy|2016}}

After winning large majorities in the [[1902 United States elections|1902 elections]], Roosevelt proposed creating the [[United States Department of Commerce and Labor]], which included the [[Bureau of Corporations]]. Congress was receptive to the department but skeptical of the antitrust powers Roosevelt wanted within the Bureau. Roosevelt appealed to the public, pressuring Congress, which overwhelmingly passed his version of the bill.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=378–381}}

House Speaker [[Joseph Gurney Cannon]] commented on Roosevelt's desire for executive branch control: "That fellow at the other end of the avenue wants everything from the birth of Christ to the death of the devil." Biographer Brands notes, "Even his friends occasionally wondered whether there wasn't any custom or practice too minor for him to try to regulate, update or otherwise improve."{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=552–553}} Roosevelt's willingness to exercise power extended to attempted rule changes in [[American football]], forcing retention of martial arts classes at the [[U.S. Naval Academy]], revising disciplinary rules, altering the design of a disliked coin, and ordering simplified spellings for 300 words, though he rescinded the latter after ridicule from the press and a House protest.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=553–556}}

====Coal strike====
{{main|Coal strike of 1902}}

In May 1902, [[United Mine Workers|anthracite coal miners]] went on strike, threatening a national energy shortage. After threatening the coal operators with federal troops, Roosevelt won their agreement to dispute arbitration by a commission, stopping the strike. The accord with [[J. P. Morgan]] resulted in miners getting more pay for fewer hours but no union recognition.{{Sfn|Harbaugh|1963|pp= 165–179}}{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=450–483}} Roosevelt said, "My action on labor should always be considered in connection with my action as regards capital, and both are reducible to my favorite formula—a square deal for every man."{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=509}} He was the first president to help settle a labor dispute.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=376–377}}

====Prosecuted misconduct====
During Roosevelt's second year in office, corruption was uncovered in the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Indian Service]], the [[United States General Land Office]], and the [[United States Post Office Department|Post Office Department]]. He prosecuted corrupt Indian agents who had cheated [[Native American tribes]] out of land parcels. Land fraud and speculation involving Oregon timberlands led to him and [[Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)|Ethan A. Hitchcock]] forcing General Land Office Commissioner [[Binger Hermann]] from office in November 1902. Special prosecutor [[Francis J. Heney]] obtained 146 indictments in the Oregon Land Office bribery ring.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=207}} Roosevelt also prosecuted 44 postal employees on charges of bribery and fraud.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=208}} Historians agree he moved "quickly and decisively" to address misconduct in his administration.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=209}}

====Railroads====
{{Main|Hepburn Act}}

Merchants complained that some railroad rates were too high. In the 1906 [[Hepburn Act]], Roosevelt sought to give the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] (ICC) the power to regulate rates, but the Senate, led by conservative [[Nelson Aldrich]], resisted. Roosevelt worked with Democratic Senator [[Benjamin Tillman]] to pass the bill. They ultimately reached a compromise that gave the ICC the power to replace existing rates with "just-and-reasonable" maximum rates, allowing railroads to appeal to federal courts on what was "reasonable".{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=453–459}}{{sfn|Blum|1977|pp=89–117}} The Hepburn Act also granted the ICC regulatory power over pipeline fees, storage contracts, and other aspects of railroad operations.{{Sfn|Morris|2001|pp=445–448}}

====Pure food and drugs====
Roosevelt responded to public outrage over abuses in the food packing industry by pushing Congress to pass the [[Meat Inspection Act]] of 1906 and the [[Pure Food and Drug Act]]. Conservatives initially opposed the bill, but [[Upton Sinclair]]'s ''[[The Jungle]]'', published in 1906, galvanized support for reform.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=459–460}} The Meat Inspection Act banned misleading labels and [[preservatives]] with harmful chemicals. The Pure Food and Drug Act banned impure or falsely labeled food and drugs from being made, sold, and shipped. Roosevelt served as honorary president of the [[American School Hygiene Association]] from 1907 to 1908 and convened the first White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children in 1909.<ref name = "ProgHealth21">{{cite book|title=The progressive era's health reform movement: a historical dictionary|first1=Ruth C.|last1=Engs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNeGQRBgd_MC|pages=20–22|publisher=Praeger|year=2003|isbn=0-275-97932-6|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=April 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023133/http://books.google.com/books?id=mNeGQRBgd_MC|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Conservation====
{{Main|Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt#Conservation}}

[[File:President Theodore Roosevelt Driving Through the Wawona Tunnel Tree, in Yellowstone National Park (14994749857).jpg|thumb|Roosevelt driving through a [[Sequoiadendron giganteum|sequoia]] [[Wawona Tree|tree tunnel]]]]

Roosevelt was proudest of his work in conserving natural resources and extending federal protection to land and wildlife.{{sfn|Bakari|2016}} He worked closely with Interior Secretary [[James Rudolph Garfield]] and Chief of the United States Forest Service [[Gifford Pinchot]] to enact a series of conservation programs that met resistance from Western Congress members, such as [[Charles William Fulton]].{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=469–471}} Nonetheless, Roosevelt established the [[United States Forest Service]], signed the creation of five [[National parks (United States)|National Parks]], and signed the 1906 [[Antiquities Act]], under which he proclaimed 18 new [[U.S. National Monument]]s. He also established the first 51 [[bird reserve]]s, four [[game preservation|game preserves]], and 150 [[United States National Forest|National Forests]]. The area of the United States he placed under public protection totals approximately {{convert|230|e6acre|km2|sp=us|abbr=off}}.{{sfn|Brinkley|2009}} Roosevelt was the first honorary member of the [[Camp Fire Club|Camp-Fire Club of America]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hornaday |first1=William |title=Membership Nominations |url=https://wcsarchives.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/archival_objects/13160 |website=Wildlife Conservation Society |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref>

Roosevelt extensively used [[Executive order (United States)|executive orders]] to protect forest and wildlife lands during his presidency.<ref>{{cite book |title=Executing the Constitution: Putting the President Back Into the Constitution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgzmexCI734C&pg=PA53 |year=2006 |publisher=State University of New York Press |page=53 |isbn=978-0-7914-8190-5 |access-date=August 17, 2016 |archive-date=November 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119073515/https://books.google.com/books?id=qgzmexCI734C&pg=PA53 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of his second term, Roosevelt used executive orders to reserve {{convert|150|e6acre|km2|sigfig=1|abbr=off|sp=us}} of forestry land.<ref name="Take up Your Pen">{{cite book|last1=Dodds|first1=Graham|title=Take up Your Pen|date=2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|isbn=978-0-8122-4511-0|page=144}}</ref> Roosevelt was unapologetic about his use of executive orders to protect the environment, despite Congress's perception that he was encroaching on too many lands.<ref name="Take up Your Pen"/> Eventually, Senator [[Charles William Fulton|Charles Fulton]] attached an amendment to an agricultural appropriations bill preventing the president from reserving further land.<ref name="Take up Your Pen"/> Before signing the bill, Roosevelt established an [[midnight forests|additional 21 forest reserves]], waiting until the last minute to sign it into law.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last1=Dodds|first1=Graham|title=Take up Your Pen|date=2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|isbn=978-0-8122-4511-0|page=146}}</ref> In total, Roosevelt established 121 forest reserves in 31 states through executive orders.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Roosevelt issued 1,081 executive orders, more than any previous president except for [[Grover Cleveland]] (253). The first 25 presidents issued a total of 1,262 executive orders.<ref name="executiveorders">{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/orders.php|title=Executive Orders|publisher=UCSB|access-date=August 17, 2016|archive-date=August 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820213947/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/orders.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Business panic of 1907====
{{Further|Panic of 1907}}
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt by Harris & Ewing Studio, 1907.jpg|thumb|A 1907 portrait of Roosevelt by [[Harris & Ewing]]]]
In 1907, Roosevelt faced the greatest domestic economic crisis since the [[Panic of 1893]]. Wall Street's stock market entered a slump in early 1907, and many investors blamed Roosevelt's regulatory policies for the decline in stock prices.{{Sfn|Morris|2001|pp=495–496}} Roosevelt ultimately helped calm the crisis by meeting with the leaders of [[U.S. Steel]] on November 4, 1907, and approving their plan to purchase a Tennessee steel company near bankruptcy—its failure would ruin a major New York bank.{{sfn|Gould|2011|p=239}}

However, in August, Roosevelt had exploded in anger at the super-rich for their economic malfeasance, calling them "malefactors of great wealth" in a major speech, "The Puritan Spirit and the Regulation of Corporations". Trying to restore confidence, he blamed the crisis primarily on Europe, but then, after saluting the unbending rectitude of the Puritans, he went on:
{{Blockquote|It may well be that the determination of the government...to punish certain malefactors of great wealth, has been responsible for something of the trouble; at least to the extent of having caused these men to combine to bring about as much financial stress as possible, in order to discredit the policy of the government and thereby secure a reversal of that policy, so that they may enjoy unmolested the fruits of their own evil-doing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |editor-first=Hermann |editor-last=Hagedorn |editor-link= Hermann Hagedorn |title=The Works of Theodore Roosevelt |volume=18 - American Problems |date=1925 |publisher=[[Scribner & Sons]] |page=99 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4u4h58niE8cC&pg=PA99 |access-date=January 19, 2024 |chapter=13 - The Puritan Spirit and the Regulation of Corporations" (speech of August 20, 1907)}}</ref>}}

Regarding the very wealthy, Roosevelt privately scorned, "their entire unfitness to govern the country, and ... the lasting damage they do by much of what they think are the legitimate big business operations of the day".<ref>Roosevelt to [[William Henry Moody]], September 21, 1907, in {{harvnb|Morison|1952|loc=5:802}}</ref>

===Foreign policy===
{{American nationalism|politicians}}
{{Main|Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration}}
In the analysis by [[Henry Kissinger]], Roosevelt was the first president to develop the guideline that it was the duty of the United States to make its enormous power and potential influence felt globally. The idea of being a passive "city on the hill" model that others could look up to, he rejected. Roosevelt, trained in biology, was a [[social Darwinist]] who believed in survival of the fittest. The international world in his view was a realm of violence and conflict. The United States had all the economic and geographical potential to be the fittest nation on the globe.{{Sfn|Kissinger|1994|pp=38–40}} The United States had a duty to act decisively. For example, in terms of the [[Monroe Doctrine]], the United States had to prevent European incursions in the Western Hemisphere. But there was more, as he expressed in his [[Roosevelt Corollary]] to the Monroe Doctrine: the U.S. had to be the policeman of the region because unruly, corrupt smaller nations had to be controlled, and if United States did not do it, European powers would in fact intervene and develop their own base of power in the hemisphere in contravention to the Monroe Doctrine.{{Sfn|Kissinger|1994|pp=38–39}}

Roosevelt was a conservative [[Realism (international relations)|realist]] in his foreign policy approach.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stephen G. |last1=Walker |first2=Mark |last2=Schafer |title=Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson as cultural icons of US foreign policy |journal=[[Political Psychology]] |volume=28 |issue=6 |year=2007 |pages=747–776 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00602.x }}</ref> He deplored many of the increasingly popular idealistic liberal themes, such as were promoted by [[William Jennings Bryan]], the anti-imperialists, and [[Woodrow Wilson]]. Kissinger says he rejected the efficacy of international law. Roosevelt argued that if a country could not protect its own interests, the international community could not help very much. He ridiculed disarmament proposals that were increasingly common. He saw no likelihood of an international power capable of checking wrongdoing on a major scale. As for world government:
{{Blockquote|I regard the Wilson–Bryan attitude of trusting to fantastic peace treaties, too impossible promises, to all kinds of scraps of paper without any backing in efficient force, as abhorrent. It is infinitely better for a nation and for the world to have the [[Frederick the Great]] and [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] tradition as regards foreign policy than to have the Bryan or Bryan–Wilson attitude as a permanent national attitude.... A milk-and-water righteousness unbacked by force is...as wicked as and even more mischievous than force divorced from righteousness.{{Sfn|Kissinger|1994|p=40}}}}

On his international outlook, Roosevelt favored [[spheres of influence]], whereby one great power would generally prevail, such as the United States in the Western Hemisphere or Great Britain in the Indian subcontinent. Japan fit that role and he approved. However, he had deep distrust of both Germany and Russia.{{Sfn|Kissinger|1994|pp=40–42}}

==== Japan ====
The American [[Newlands Resolution|annexation of Hawaii]] in 1898 was stimulated in part by fear that [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] would dominate or seize the Hawaiian Republic.<ref>{{cite Q |Q138414027 |last=Morgan |first=William Michael}}</ref> Similarly, Germany was the alternative to American takeover of the Philippines in 1900, and Tokyo strongly preferred the U.S. to take over. As the U.S. became a naval world power, it needed to find a way to avoid a military confrontation in the Pacific with Japan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eyre |first=James K. Jr. |date=1942 |title=Japan and the American Annexation of the Philippines |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=11 |issue=1 |doi=10.2307/3632998 |jstor=3632998 |pages=55–71}}</ref>

In the 1890s, Roosevelt had been an ardent [[American imperialism|imperialist]] and vigorously defended the permanent acquisition of the Philippines in the 1900 campaign. After the [[Philippine–American War|local insurrection]] ended in 1902, Roosevelt wished to have a strong U.S. presence in the region as a symbol of democratic values, but he did not envision any new acquisitions. One of Roosevelt's priorities was the maintenance of friendly relations with Japan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Michael J. |author-link=Michael Jonathan Green |title=By More Than Providence: Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific Since 1783 |date=2019 |pages=78–113}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neu |first=Charles E. |title=An Uncertain Friendship: Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 1906–1909 |date=1967 |pages=310–319}}</ref> From 1904 to 1905 [[Russo-Japanese War|Japan and Russia were at war]]. Both sides asked Roosevelt to mediate a peace conference, held successfully in [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]]. Roosevelt won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his efforts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masayoshi |first=Matsumura |title=Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–5 |date=2008 |publisher=Global Oriental |pages=50–60 |chapter=Theodore Roosevelt and the Portsmouth Peace Conference: The Riddle and Ripple of his Forbearance}}</ref>

Though he proclaimed that the United States would be neutral during the [[Russo-Japanese War]], Roosevelt secretly favored Imperial Japan to emerge victorious against the Russian Empire.{{Sfn|Kissinger|1994|pp=41–42}} In California, [[Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States|anti-Japanese hostility was growing]], and Tokyo protested. Roosevelt negotiated a [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907|"Gentleman's Agreement" in 1907]]. It ended explicit discrimination against the Japanese, and Japan agreed not to allow unskilled immigrants into the United States.{{Sfn|Neu|1967|pp=263–280}} The [[Great White Fleet]] of American battleships visited Japan in 1908. Roosevelt intended to emphasize the superiority of the American fleet over the smaller Japanese navy, but instead of resentment, the visitors arrived to a joyous welcome. This goodwill facilitated the [[Root–Takahira Agreement]] of November 1908 which reaffirmed the status quo of Japanese control of Korea and American control of the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Thomas A. |author-link=Thomas A. Bailey |date=1940 |title=The Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908 |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.2307/3634124 |jstor=3634124 |pages=19–35}}</ref>{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=614–616}}

==== China ====
Following the [[Boxer Rebellion]], foreign powers, including the United States, required China to pay indemnities as part of the [[Boxer Protocol|Boxer protocol]]. In 1908, Roosevelt appropriated these indemnities for the [[Boxer Indemnity Scholarship]]s, which funded tens of thousands of Chinese students to study in the U.S. over the next 40 years.<ref name=":Minami">{{Cite book |last=Minami |first=Kazushi |title=People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501774157 |location=Ithaca, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=91}}

====Europe====
Success in the war against Spain and the new empire, plus having the largest economy in the world, meant that the United States had emerged as a world power.<ref>Walter LaFeber, "The 'Lion in the Path': The US Emergence as a World Power." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 101.5 (1986): 705-718 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150973 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023062833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150973 |date=October 23, 2021 }}</ref> Roosevelt searched for ways to win recognition for the position abroad.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=382–383}} He also played a major role in mediating the [[First Moroccan Crisis]] by calling the [[Algeciras Conference]], which averted war between France and Germany.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=450–451}}

Roosevelt's presidency saw the strengthening of ties with Great Britain. [[The Great Rapprochement]] had begun with British support of the United States during the Spanish–American War, and it continued as Britain withdrew its fleet from the Caribbean in favor of directing most of its attention to the rising [[Anglo-German naval arms race|German naval threat]].{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=387–388}} In 1901, Britain and the U.S. signed the [[Hay–Pauncefote Treaty]], abrogating the [[Clayton–Bulwer Treaty]], which had prevented the U.S. from constructing a canal connecting the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=399–400}} The long-standing [[Alaska boundary dispute]] was settled on terms favorable to the U.S.; as Roosevelt later put it, this "settled the last serious trouble between the British Empire and ourselves."{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=397–398}}

====Latin America and the Panama Canal====
As president, Roosevelt primarily directed the nation's overseas ambitions towards the Caribbean, especially locations that had a bearing on the defense of his pet project, the [[Panama Canal]].{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=615–616}} Roosevelt also increased the size of the navy, and by the end of his second term, the U.S. had more battleships than any country other than Britain. The Panama Canal, when it opened in 1914, allowed the U.S. Navy to rapidly move back and forth from the Pacific to the Caribbean to European waters.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=384}}

In December 1902, the Germans, British, and Italians blockaded the ports of [[Venezuela]] to force the repayment of delinquent loans. Roosevelt was particularly concerned about the motives of German Emperor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]. He succeeded in getting the three nations to agree to arbitration by tribunal at [[The Hague]], and successfully defused the [[Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903|crisis]].{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=464}} The latitude granted to the Europeans by the arbiters was in part responsible for the "[[Roosevelt Corollary]]" to the [[Monroe Doctrine]], which the President issued in 1904: <blockquote>Chronic wrongdoing or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere, the adherence of the United States to the Monroe doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=527}}</blockquote>

[[File:Panama canal cartoon 1903.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Roosevelt felt American dominance of the region was essential to building the [[Panama Canal]]. He used military dominance to ensure [[separation of Panama from Colombia|Panama successfully revolted]] and achieved independence in 1903.]]
Two possible routes for an [[History of the Panama Canal|isthmus canal]] in Central America were under consideration: through [[Nicaragua]] and through Panama, which was then a rebellious district within [[Colombia]]. Roosevelt persuaded Congress to approve the Panamanian alternative, and a treaty was approved, only to be rejected by the Colombian government. When the Panamanians learned of this, a rebellion followed, was supported by Roosevelt, and succeeded. A [[Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty|treaty]] with the new Panama government for construction of the canal was reached in 1903.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=482–486}} Roosevelt received criticism for paying the bankrupt Panama Canal Company and the New Panama Canal Company $40 million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|40,000,000|1903|r=-7}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}) for the rights and equipment to build the canal.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=209}} Critics charged that an American investor syndicate divided the large payment among themselves. There was also controversy over whether a French company engineer influenced Roosevelt in choosing the Panama route for the canal over the Nicaragua route. Roosevelt denied charges of corruption. In January 1909, Roosevelt, in an unprecedented move, brought criminal libel charges against the ''[[New York World]]'' and the ''[[Indianapolis News]]'' known as the "Roosevelt-Panama Libel Cases".{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|pp=209–210}} Both cases were dismissed by U.S. District Courts, and on January 3, 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the lower courts' rulings.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|pp=213–214}} Historians are sharply critical of Roosevelt's criminal prosecutions of the newspapers but are divided on whether actual corruption took place.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=215}}

In 1906, following a disputed election, an insurrection ensued in Cuba; Roosevelt sent Taft, the Secretary of War, to monitor the situation; he was convinced that he had the authority to unilaterally authorize Taft to deploy Marines, if necessary, without congressional approval.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=570}}

Examining the work of numerous scholars, Ricard reports that:

<blockquote>The most striking evolution in the twenty-first-century historiography of Theodore Roosevelt is the switch from a partial arraignment of the imperialist to a quasi-unanimous celebration of the master diplomatist.... [Recent works] have underlined cogently Roosevelt's exceptional statesmanship in the construction of the nascent twentieth-century "special relationship". ...The twenty-sixth president's reputation as a brilliant diplomatist and real politician has undeniably reached new heights in the twenty-first century... yet, his Philippine policy still prompts criticism.{{sfn|Ricard|2014}}</blockquote>

On November 6, 1906, Roosevelt was the first president to depart the continental United States on an official diplomatic trip. Roosevelt made a 17-day trip to Panama and Puerto Rico.<ref name="Forslund">{{cite web |last1=Forslund |first1=Catherine |title="Off for the Ditch" - Theodore and Edith Roosevelt Visit Panama in 1906 |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/off-for-the-ditch |publisher=[[White House Historical Association]] |access-date=January 14, 2024 |date=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential and Secretaries Travels Abroad - Theodore Roosevelt |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/roosevelt-theodore |publisher=Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, [[United States Department of State]] |access-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Heather |title=Theodore Roosevelt: A President of "Firsts" |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2020/06/theodore-roosevelt-a-president-of-firsts/ |access-date=January 14, 2024 |date=June 4, 2020 |quote=The first president to leave the country during his time in office—On November 9, 1906, Roosevelt embarks from the Chesapeake Bay aboard the U.S.S. Louisiana to inspect the construction of the Panama Canal,}}</ref> He visited the Panama Canal worksite and attended diplomatic receptions in both Panama and Puerto Rico.<ref name="Forslund"/>

===Media===
[[File:Go Away Little Man Charles Green Bush.jpg|thumb|A 1903 cartoon, "Go Away, Little Man, and Don't Bother Me", depicting Roosevelt intimidating [[Colombia]] to acquire the [[Panama Canal Zone]]]]

Building on McKinley's effective use of the press, Roosevelt made the White House the center of news every day, providing interviews and photo opportunities. After noticing the reporters huddled outside the White House in the rain one day, he gave them their own room inside, effectively inventing the presidential [[press briefing]]. The grateful press, with unprecedented access to the White House, rewarded Roosevelt with ample coverage.<ref name="american chronicle">{{Cite news|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/6883 |publisher=American Chronicle |date=March 15, 2006 |title=Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference—93 years young! |first=Robert |last=Rouse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913094418/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/6883 |archive-date=September 13, 2008}}</ref> Aside from the Roosevelt-Panama Libel Cases, Roosevelt normally enjoyed very close relationships with the press. While out of office, he made a living as a writer and magazine editor. He loved talking with intellectuals, authors, and writers. He drew the line, however, at exposé-oriented scandal-mongering journalists who, during his term, sent magazine subscriptions soaring by their attacks on corrupt politicians, mayors, and corporations. Roosevelt himself was not usually a target, but a speech of his from 1906 coined the term "[[muckraker]]" for unscrupulous journalists making wild charges.<ref>{{cite book| first1 = Arthur| last1 = Weinberg| first2 = Lila Shaffer| last2 = Weinberg| title = The Muckrakers| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HXMFrIZ68gwC&pg=PA59| year = 1961| publisher = University of Illinois Press| pages = 58–66| access-date = October 17, 2015| archive-date = April 27, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160427212030/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXMFrIZ68gwC&pg=PA59| url-status = live}} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-0-252-06986-4}}.</ref>

===Second term===
As his second term progressed, Roosevelt moved to the left of his Republican Party base and called for a series of reforms, most of which Congress failed to pass.{{Sfn|Gould|2012|p=2}}{{Failed verification|date=August 2024|talk="promoted policies to the left"|reason=the cited page 2 content does not support this sentence}} Roosevelt's influence waned as he approached the end of his second term, which he promised to not run again after its conclusion, and his concentration of power provoked a backlash from many Congressmen.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=463–464}} He sought a national [[Incorporation (business)|incorporation]] law, called for a federal [[Income tax in the United States|income tax]] (despite the Supreme Court's ruling in ''[[Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.]]''), and an [[Estate tax in the United States|inheritance tax]]. Roosevelt called for limits on the use of court injunctions against labor unions during strikes; injunctions were a powerful weapon that mostly helped business. He wanted an employee liability law for industrial injuries (pre-empting state laws) and an [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour work day]] for federal employees. In other areas, he also sought a [[postal savings system]] (to provide competition for local banks), and he asked for campaign reform laws.{{sfn|Ricard|2011|pp=160–166}}

The election of 1904 continued to be a source of contention between Republicans and Democrats. A Congressional investigation in 1905 revealed that corporate executives donated tens of thousands of dollars in 1904 to the [[Republican National Committee]]. In 1908, a month before the general presidential election, Governor [[Charles N. Haskell]] of Oklahoma, former Democratic Treasurer, said that Senators beholden to Standard Oil lobbied Roosevelt, in the summer of 1904, to authorize the leasing of Indian oil lands by Standard Oil subsidiaries. He said Roosevelt overruled his [[United States Secretary of Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)|Ethan A. Hitchcock]] and granted a pipeline franchise to run through the [[Osage Nation|Osage lands]] to the Prairie Oil and Gas Company. The New York ''Sun'' made a similar accusation and said that Standard Oil, a refinery that financially benefited from the pipeline, had contributed $150,000 to the Republicans in 1904 (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|150,000|1904|r=-5}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}) after Roosevelt's alleged reversal allowing the pipeline franchise. Roosevelt branded Haskell's allegation as "a lie, pure and simple".{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=219}}

====Rhetoric of righteousness====
Roosevelt's rhetoric was characterized by an intense moralism of personal righteousness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dorsey |first=Leroy G. |title=-Rhetoric and Reform in the Progressive Era, A Rhetorical History of the United States: Significant Moments in American Public Discourse |date=2003 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |editor-last=Hogan |editor-first=J. Michael |volume=6 |pages=49–83 |chapter=Preaching Morality in Modern America: Theodore Roosevelt's Rhetorical Progressivism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hawley |first=Joshua D. |author-link=Josh Hawley |title=Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness |date=2008 |page=xvii}}</ref><ref>See also ''The Independent'' (February 6, 1908) [https://books.google.com/books?id=RjAPAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22justified+by+the+advocacy+of+a+system+of+morality%22&pg=PA275 p. 274 online]</ref> The tone was typified by his denunciation of "predatory wealth" in a message he sent Congress in January 1908 calling for passage of new labor laws:
{{Blockquote|Predatory wealth--of the wealth accumulated on a giant scale by all forms of iniquity, ranging from the oppression of wageworkers to unfair and unwholesome methods of crushing out competition, and to defrauding the public by stock jobbing and the manipulation of securities. Certain wealthy men of this stamp, whose conduct should be abhorrent to every man of ordinarily decent conscience, and who commit the hideous wrong of teaching our young men that phenomenal business success must ordinarily be based on dishonesty, have during the last few months made it apparent that they have banded together to work for a reaction. Their endeavor is to overthrow and discredit all who honestly administer the law, to prevent any additional legislation which would check and restrain them, and to secure if possible a freedom from all restraint which will permit every unscrupulous wrongdoer to do what he wishes unchecked provided he has enough money....The methods by which the Standard Oil people and those engaged in the other combinations of which I have spoken above have achieved great fortunes can only be justified by the advocacy of a system of morality which would also justify every form of criminality on the part of a labor union, and every form of violence, corruption, and fraud, from murder to bribery and ballot box stuffing in politics.<ref>{{Cite speech |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |date=January 31, 1908 |title=Special message to Congress |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/message-congress-workers-compensation |series=The American Presidency Project}} in {{harv|Morison|1952|loc=vol 5 pp. 1580, 1587}}</ref>}}
===Roosevelt and racial issues===
{{Further|Booker T. Washington dinner at the White House|Brownsville affair|Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt#Race relations}}
In 1890 to 1919 there was a sharp decline --a "nadir"--in the political and social status of African Americans in the South as well as the North.<ref>Pero Gaglo Dagbovie, "Reflections on Conventional Portrayals of the African American Experience during the Progressive Era or 'the Nadir' " ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era'' 13#1 (2014): 4-27. </ref> On the positive side Roosevelt included black soldiers in his Rough Rider unit in 1898. He invited the nation's leading Black spokesman. [[Booker T. Washington]] to dinner at the White House in October 1901, and routinely took Washington's advice in how to distribute patronage jobs to Black Republicans.<ref>Dewey W. Grantham, "Dinner at the White House: Theodore Roosevelt, Booker T. Washington, and the South." ''Tennessee Historical Quarterly'' (1958): 112-130.</ref><ref>Robert J. Norrell, ''Up from History: The Life of Booker T. Washington'' (2009) see index at p. 498.</ref>

More and more, however, he supported the downward trend.<ref>Adam D. Burns, " 'Half a Southerner': President Roosevelt, African Americans and the South." in ''A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt'' (2011):198-215.</ref> <ref>Seth M. Scheiner, "President Theodore Roosevelt and the Negro" ''Journal of Negro History'' 47:3 (1962): 169-182. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2716500 online]</ref><ref>Thomas G. Dyer, ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race'' (1980) pp. 89-122 </ref>

During a southern tour in 1905 he admonished the African American voters to accept [[white supremacy]] and boasted to whites that his mother was from Georgia.<ref>Edward O. Frantz, "Roosevelt Rides Roughshod: TR's Southern Tour, 1905", in ''The Door of Hope: Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy, 1877-1933'' (Gainesville, FL, 2011; online edn, Florida Scholarship Online, September 14, 2011), https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813036533.003.0006, [https://academic.oup.com/florida-scholarship-online/book/28990/chapter-abstract/241236997 Oxford Academic website] </ref> In the middle of his second term the President dismissed an entire battalion of black soldiers who colluded and refused to obey his explicit orders to report the names of soldiers who attacked white civilians in [[Brownsville affair|Brownsville, Texas]].<ref>Mary Stuckey, "Establishing the rhetorical presidency through presidential rhetoric: Theodore Roosevelt and the Brownsville Raid." ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'' 92.3 (2006): 287-309. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mary-Stuckey/publication/232881231_Establishing_the_Rhetorical_Presidency_through_Presidential_Rhetoric_Theodore_Roosevelt_and_the_Brownsville_Raid/links/577cf28c08ae3f37c5d57134/Establishing-the-Rhetorical-Presidency-through-Presidential-Rhetoric-Theodore-Roosevelt-and-the-Brownsville-Raid.pdf online] </ref> In 1912 when launching the [[Bull Moose Party]], he mobilized only white men in the South, while President Taft was mobilizing both races there.<ref>Arthur S. Link, "The Negro as a Factor in the Campaign of 1912." ''The Journal of Negro History'', vol. 32, no. 1, 1947, pp. 95f. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2715292 JSTOR website] </ref>

==Post-presidency (1909–1919)==
===The Great Rapprochement with Great Britain===
The [[Great Rapprochement]] was the convergence of diplomatic, political, military, and economic objectives of the United States and Great Britain from 1895 to 1915. Roosevelt played a central role through his close contacts with British intellectuals and politicians and in his diplomatic work regarding the Panama Canal.<ref>Howard K. Beale, "Roosevelt and the cementing of an Anglo American Entente", in Beale, ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power''. (Johns Hopkins University Press. 1956) pp. 81–171. [https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel0000beal online]</ref><ref>Bradford Perkins, ''The great rapprochement, England and the United States, 1895 to 1914'' (1968).</ref> The British welcomed Roosevelt, as seen in the [[Alaska boundary dispute]]. The British diplomats voted with Roosevelt's diplomats to deny Canada's claim to an ocean port that would allow access to the gold mines in the Canadian Yukon. The Canadians felt betrayed by the British control of Canadian foreign policy in order to appease the United States.<ref>Thomas A. Bailey, "Theodore Roosevelt and the Alaska Boundary Settlement", ''Canadian Historical Review'' (1937) 18#2 pp. 123-130.</ref>

In 1915–1917 Roosevelt was the leading proponent of America entering the war on the side of Great Britain. In October 1916, campaigning for the Republican ticket to defeat President Woodrow Wilson's reelection, Roosevelt lashed out:<blockquote> President Wilson's ignoble shirking of responsibility has been clothed in an utterly misleading phrase, the phrase of a coward, ''He kept us out of war.'' In actual reality, war has been creeping nearer and nearer... and we face it without policy, plan, purpose or preparation.<ref>Edmund Morris, ''Colonel Roosevelt'' (2010) p. 469.</ref></blockquote>

Roosevelt argued that the United States had a moral obligation to support the Allies and that neutrality, as President Wilson promised, was both cowardly and dangerous.<ref>D.H. Burton, "Theodore Roosevelt and the Special Relationship with Britain: Roosevelt was one of the chief architects of an Anglo-American understanding that survived many diplomatic crises." ''History Today'' 23#8 ( August 1973)[https://www.historytoday.com/archive/theodore-roosevelt-and-special-relationship-britain online]</ref><ref>John Milton Cooper, ''The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt'' (Harvard UP, 1983). pp. 303–323.</ref>

===Republican Party schism===
Roosevelt had attempted to refashion Taft into a copy of himself, but recoiled as Taft began to display his individuality. He was offended on election night when Taft indicated his success had been possible not just through Roosevelt, but also Taft's half-brother [[Charles Phelps Taft]]. Roosevelt was further alienated when Taft did not consult him about cabinet appointments.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=665–666}} Roosevelt and other progressives were ideologically dissatisfied over Taft's conservation policies and his handling of the tariff, when he concentrated power with conservative party leaders in Congress.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=502–503}} Others have argued that Taft abided by the goals and procedures of the "[[Square Deal]]" promoted by Roosevelt in his first term. The problem was Roosevelt and the more radical progressives had moved on to more aggressive goals, such as curbing the judiciary, which Taft rejected.<ref>Stanley D. Solvick, "The Conservative as Progressive: William Howard Taft and the Politics of the Square Deal" ''Northwest Ohio Quarterly'' (1967) 39#3 pp. 38–48.</ref>

Roosevelt urged progressives to take control of the Republican Party, and to avoid splitting it in a way that would hand the presidency to the Democrats in 1912. To that end, Roosevelt publicly expressed optimism about the Taft Administration after meeting with the president in June 1910.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=512–513}}

==== Dispute over court power ====
Roosevelt gave speeches in the West in the late summer and early fall of 1910 in which he severely criticized the nation's judiciary. Roosevelt not only attacked the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court's]] 1905 decision in ''[[Lochner v. New York]]'', he accused federal courts of undermining democracy, branding the suspect jurists "fossilized judges", and compared their tendency to strike down progressive reform legislation, to Justice [[Roger B. Taney]]'s ruling in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' (1857). To ensure the constitution served the public interests, Roosevelt joined other progressives in calling for the "judicial recall", which would enable popular majorities to remove judges from office and reverse unpopular judicial decisions. This attack horrified Taft, who, though he privately agreed that ''Lochner'' and other decisions had been poorly decided, was an adamant believer in judicial authority preserving constitutional government. His horror was shared with other prominent members of the elite legal community, and solidified in Taft's mind that Roosevelt must not be permitted to regain the presidency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Istre |first=Logan Stagg |date=2021 |title=Bench over Ballot: The Fight for Judicial Supremacy and the New Constitutional Politics, 1910–1916 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1537781420000079/type/journal_article |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=2–23 |doi=10.1017/S1537781420000079 |issn=1537-7814|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" ====
[[File:TR smiling in automobile.tif|thumb|Roosevelt after leaving office in October 1910]]
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt and Archibald Hoxsey (1910).jpg|thumb|Roosevelt and pilot [[Archibald Hoxsey]] in [[St. Louis]] in October 1910]]
In August 1910, Roosevelt escalated the rivalry with a speech at [[Osawatomie, Kansas]], which was the most radical of his career. It marked his public break with Taft and conservative Republicans. Advocating a program he called the "[[New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)|New Nationalism]]", Roosevelt emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests and the need to control corporate creation and combination. He called for a ban on corporate political contributions.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=675}} Returning to New York, Roosevelt began a battle to take control of the state Republican party from [[William Barnes Jr.]]. Taft had pledged his support to Roosevelt in this endeavor, and Roosevelt was outraged when Taft's support failed to materialize at the 1910 state convention.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=515–516}} Roosevelt campaigned for the Republicans in the [[1910 United States elections|1910 elections]], in which the Democrats gained control of the House for the first time since 1892. Among the newly elected Democrats was [[New York State Senate|New York State senator]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], who argued he represented his distant cousin's policies better than his Republican opponent.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=517}}

The Republican progressives interpreted the defeats as a compelling argument for reorganization of the party in 1911.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=683}} Senator [[Robert M. La Follette]] joined with Pinchot, William White, and California Governor [[Hiram Johnson]] to create the National Progressive Republican League; their objectives were to defeat the power of political bossism at the state level and replace Taft at the national level.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=518}} Despite his skepticism of the league, Roosevelt expressed general support for progressive principles. Between January and April 1911, Roosevelt wrote articles for ''The Outlook'', defending what he called "the great movement of our day, the progressive nationalist movement against special privilege, and in favor of an honest and efficient political and [[industrial democracy]]".{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=684}} With Roosevelt apparently uninterested in running in 1912, La Follette declared his own candidacy in June 1911.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=518}} Roosevelt continually criticized Taft after the 1910 elections, and the break between them became final after the Justice Department filed an [[antitrust]] lawsuit against [[US Steel]] in September 1911; Roosevelt was humiliated because he had personally approved an acquisition the Justice Department was now challenging. However, Roosevelt was still unwilling to run against Taft in 1912; he hoped to run in 1916 against whichever Democrat beat Taft in 1912.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=519}}

====Battling Taft over arbitration treaties====
Taft as a world leader arbitrated for world peace. In 1911 he and Secretary of State [[Philander C. Knox]] negotiated treaties with Britain and France providing that differences be arbitrated. Disputes had to be submitted to the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907#Hague Convention of 1907|Hague Court]] or another tribunal. These were signed in August 1911, but had to be ratified by a two-thirds vote of the Senate. Neither Taft nor Knox consulted with Senate leaders during negotiations. By then many Republicans were opposed to Taft, and the president felt lobbying too hard for the treaties might cause their defeat. He made speeches supporting the treaties in October, but the Senate added amendments Taft could not accept, killing them.<ref>[[David H. Burton]], ''William Howard Taft: Confident Peacemaker'' (2004) pp. 82–83.</ref>

Arbitration revealed a dispute among American progressives. One faction, led by Taft looked to it as the best alternative to warfare. Taft was a constitutional lawyer, understanding the legal issues.<ref>John E. Noyes, "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties." ''Villanova Law Review'' 56 (2011): 535+ [https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=vlr online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726081308/https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=vlr |date=July 26, 2020 }}</ref> Taft's base was the conservative business community that supported peace movements before 1914. However, he failed to mobilize them. The businessmen believed economic rivalries were the cause of war, and that trade led to an interdependent world that would make war expensive and useless.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 1894200|title = Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911|journal = The Journal of American History|volume = 53|issue = 2|pages = 279–298|last1 = Campbell|first1 = John P.|year = 1966|doi = 10.2307/1894200}}</ref> However, an opposing faction, led by Roosevelt, ridiculed arbitration as foolhardy idealism, and insisted on the realism of war as the only solution to serious international disputes. Roosevelt worked with close friend Senator Henry Cabot Lodge to impose those amendments that ruined the treaties. Roosevelt was acting to sabotage Taft's campaign promises.<ref>E. James Hindman, "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft." ''Historian'' 36.1 (1973): 52–65. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24443896 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151007/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24443896 |date=March 8, 2021 }}</ref> At a deeper level, Roosevelt truly believed arbitration was a naïve solution and great issues had to be decided by war. The Rooseveltian approach incorporated a near-mystical faith of the ennobling nature of war. It endorsed jingoistic nationalism as opposed to the businessmen's calculation of profit and national interest.<ref>{{cite book|first=Melvin I.|last=Urofsky|title=The American Presidents: Critical Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5WNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA323|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|page=323|isbn=978-1-135-58137-4|access-date=May 26, 2019|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814210056/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5WNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA323|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Campbell, 1996</ref>

===Africa and Europe (1909–1910)===
[[File:Roosevelt safari elephant.jpg|thumb|Roosevelt standing next to the elephant he shot on a safari in [[Africa]]]]
In March 1909, the ex-president left for the [[Smithsonian-Roosevelt African Expedition]].<ref name="Science1908">{{cite journal|journal=Science|date= December 18, 1908 | volume = 28 | issue = 729|pages=876–877|jstor=1635075|doi= 10.1126/science.28.729.876| title= President Roosevelt's African Trip | pmid = 17743798|bibcode= 1908Sci....28..876. }}</ref> Roosevelt's party landed in [[Mombasa]] in [[British East Africa|East Africa]] and traveled to the [[Belgian Congo]] before following the Nile River to [[Khartoum]] in modern [[Sudan]]. Well-financed by [[Andrew Carnegie]] and by his own writings, Roosevelt's party hunted for specimens for the [[Smithsonian Institution]] and [[American Museum of Natural History]].<ref name="SIA">{{cite web|title= Roosevelt African Expedition Collects for SI|url= http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_193|publisher= [[Smithsonian Institution Archives]]|access-date= April 10, 2012|archive-date= December 12, 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121212161053/http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_193|url-status= live}}</ref> The group, led by hunter-tracker R.J. Cunninghame, included scientists from the Smithsonian, and was joined by [[Frederick Selous]], famous big game hunter and explorer. Participants included [[Kermit Roosevelt]], [[Edgar Alexander Mearns]], [[Edmund Heller]], and [[John Alden Loring]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=George A. |last1=Cevasco |first2=Richard P. |last2=Harmond |name-list-style=amp |title=Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTSIPaCr2DYC&pg=PA444 |year=2009 |publisher=JHU Press |page=444 |isbn=978-0-8018-9524-1 |access-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-date=November 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116092353/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTSIPaCr2DYC&pg=PA444 |url-status=live }}</ref> The team killed or trapped 11,400 animals,<ref name="SIA" /> from insects and moles to hippopotamuses and elephants. The 1,000 large animals included 512 [[Big-game hunting|big game]] animals, including six rare [[White rhinoceros|white rhinos]]. Tons of salted carcasses and skins were shipped to Washington; it took years to mount them all. Regarding the large number taken, Roosevelt said, "I can be condemned only if the existence of the [[National Museum of Natural History|National Museum]], the American Museum of Natural History, and all similar zoological institutions are to be condemned".{{Sfn|O'Toole|2005|p=67}} He wrote a detailed account of the trip in ''African Game Trails''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/africangametrail01roos |title=African Game Trails | first =Theodore |last=Roosevelt |year=1910|publisher=New York, C. Scribner's sons }}</ref>

After his safari, Roosevelt traveled north to embark on a tour of Europe. Stopping first in Egypt, he commented favorably on British rule, stating Egypt was not yet ready for independence.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=505}} He refused a meeting with the [[Pope Pius X|Pope]] due to a dispute over a group of [[Methodists]] active in Rome. He met with Emperor [[Franz Joseph]] of [[Austria-Hungary]], Kaiser [[Wilhelm II]] of Germany, King [[George V]] of Great Britain, and other leaders. In Oslo, Roosevelt delivered a speech calling for limitations on naval armaments, a strengthening of the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]], and the creation of a "League of Peace" among the world powers.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=505–509}} He delivered the [[Romanes Lecture]] at Oxford, where he denounced those who sought parallels between the evolution of animal life and the development of society.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=511}} Though Roosevelt attempted to avoid domestic politics, he quietly met with [[Gifford Pinchot]], who related his disappointment with the [[Taft Administration]].{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=506–507}} Pinchot had been forced to resign as head of the forest service after clashing with Taft's Interior Secretary, [[Richard Ballinger]]. Roosevelt returned to the U.S. in June 1910.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=503, 511}} Four months later, Roosevelt became the first U.S. president to fly in a plane, staying aloft for 4 minutes in a [[Wright brothers]]-designed craft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/si-93-9672jpg |title=Theodore Roosevelt – First Presidential Flight, 1910 |website=National Air and Space Museum |date=November 3, 2016 |access-date=June 17, 2022 |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524142502/https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/si-93-9672jpg |url-status=live }}</ref>

Roosevelt relied on [[Andrew Carnegie]] for financing his expedition. In return, Carnegie asked the ex-president to mediate the growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Germany. Roosevelt started to, but the scheme collapsed when [[King Edward VII]] suddenly died. [[David Nasaw]] argues Roosevelt systematically deceived and manipulated Carnegie and held the elderly man in contempt.<ref>David Nasaw, ''Carnegie'' (2006) pp. 650–652, 729–738.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard Jr. |last=Ernsberger |title=A Fool for Peace |journal=[[The Journal of American History|American History]] |date=October 2018 |volume=53 |issue=4 |postscript=none}}; an interview with Nasaw.</ref>

===South American expedition (1913–1914)===
{{Main|Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition}}

[[File:River-doubt-team.jpg|thumb|Left to right (seated): Father John Augustine Zahm, Cândido Rondon, Kermit Roosevelt, Cherrie, Miller, four Brazilians, Roosevelt, Fiala. Only Roosevelt, Kermit, Cherrie, Rondon, and the Brazilians traveled down the River of Doubt.]]

In 1907 a friend of Roosevelt's, [[John Augustine Zahm]], invited Roosevelt to help plan a research expedition to South America. To finance it, Roosevelt obtained support from the American Museum of Natural History in return for promising to bring back new animal specimens. Roosevelt's popular book, ''Through the Brazilian Wilderness''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |url=http://www.s4ulanguages.com/theodore.html |title=Through the Brazilian Wilderness |publisher=S4u languages |date=1914 |edition=1st |format=facsimile |hdl=2027/nyp.33433081694915 |access-date=February 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228180135/http://www.s4ulanguages.com/theodore.html |archive-date=February 28, 2010 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free}}</ref> describes his expedition into the Brazilian jungle in 1913 as a member of the Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition, co-named after its leader, Brazilian [[Cândido Rondon]].

Once in South America, a more ambitious goal was added: to find the headwaters of the river Duvida and trace it north to the [[Madeira River|Madeira]] and thence to the [[Amazon River]]. Duvida was later renamed [[Roosevelt River]]. Roosevelt's crew consisted of his son [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit]], Colonel Rondon, naturalist [[George Kruck Cherrie]], Brazilian Lieutenant João Lira, team physician José Antonio Cajazeira, and 16 skilled paddlers and porters.<ref>{{Cite wikisource |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |date=1914 |chapter=The Start |title=Through the Brazilian Wilderness}}</ref> The initial expedition started tenuously on December 9, 1913, at the height of rainy season. The trip down Duvida started on February 27, 1914.{{sfn|Millard|2009|pp=267–270}}

Roosevelt suffered a minor leg wound after he jumped in to try to prevent canoes from smashing against the rocks. The flesh wound he received, however, soon gave him [[tropical fever]] that resembled the [[malaria]] he had contracted while in Cuba.<ref name="oimjjac">{{Cite book |last=Marx |first=Rudolph |title=The Health of The President: Theodore Roosevelt |date=October 31, 2011 |publisher=Health guidance}}</ref> The infection weakened Roosevelt so greatly that six weeks in, he had to be attended to constantly by the expedition's physician and Kermit. By then, he could not walk because of the infection and an infirmity in the other leg, due to a [[1902 Pittsfield Streetcar Incident|traffic accident]] a decade earlier. Roosevelt had chest pains and a fever that soared to {{convert|103|°F|°C|abbr=on}} and made him delirious. Regarding his condition as a threat to others' survival, Roosevelt insisted he be left behind to allow the poorly provisioned expedition to proceed, preparing to commit suicide with [[morphine]]. Only an appeal by his son persuaded him to continue.{{sfn|Millard|2009|pp=267–270}}

Despite Roosevelt's continued decline and loss of {{convert|50|lb|kg}}, Rondon reduced the pace for map-making, which required regular stops to fix their position by sun-based survey. Upon Roosevelt's return to New York, friends and family were startled by his physical appearance and fatigue. Roosevelt wrote, perhaps prophetically, to a friend that it had cut his life short by ten years. For the rest of his few remaining years, he would be plagued by flare-ups of malaria and leg inflammations so severe as to require surgery.{{Sfn|Thayer|1919|pp=4–7}} Before Roosevelt had even completed his sea voyage home, critics raised doubts over his claims of exploring and navigating a completely uncharted river over {{convert|625|mi|km}} long. When he had recovered sufficiently, he addressed a standing-room-only convention organized in Washington, by the [[National Geographic Society]] and satisfactorily defended his claims.{{sfn|Millard|2009|pp=267–270}}

===Writer===
{{main|Theodore Roosevelt bibliography}}

{{Listen
| filename = Roosevelt - Address to the Boys Progressive League.ogg
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| description = A speech by Roosevelt as a former President
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Roosevelt was a prolific author, writing with passion on subjects ranging from foreign policy to the importance of the national park system. Roosevelt was also an avid reader of poetry. Poet [[Robert Frost]] said that Roosevelt "was our kind. He quoted poetry to me. He knew poetry."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.igougo.com/review-r1150273-Light_gone_out_-_TR_at_the_Library_of_Congress.html |title= "Light gone out" – TR at the Library of Congress – Jefferson's Legacy: The Library of Congress Review |publisher= IgoUgo |access-date= October 31, 2011 |archive-date= April 6, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120406202634/http://www.igougo.com/review-r1150273-Light_gone_out_-_TR_at_the_Library_of_Congress.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

As an editor of ''[[The Outlook (New York City)|The Outlook]]'', Roosevelt had weekly access to a large, educated national audience. In all, Roosevelt wrote about 18 books (each in several editions), including his autobiography,<ref>{{Cite book | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | author-link = Theodore Roosevelt | title = An Autobiography | publisher = Echo Library | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VZi1sGSjFfEC | isbn = 978-1-4068-0155-2 | access-date = September 5, 2020 | archive-date = January 28, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128003931/https://books.google.com/books?id=VZi1sGSjFfEC | url-status = live }}</ref> ''The Rough Riders'',<ref>{{Cite book | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | author-link = Theodore Roosevelt | title = The Rough Riders | publisher = The Review of Reviews Company | year = 1904 | url = https://archive.org/details/roughriders00roos}}</ref> ''History of the Naval War of 1812'',<ref>{{Cite book | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | author-link = Theodore Roosevelt | title = The Naval War of 1812 | publisher = G.P. Putnam's Sons | year = 1900 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6xkbAAAAIAAJ | access-date = September 5, 2020 | archive-date = August 14, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210814113845/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xkbAAAAIAAJ | url-status = live }}</ref> and others on subjects such as ranching, explorations, and wildlife. His most ambitious book was the four-volume narrative ''The Winning of the West'', focused on the [[American frontier]] in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Roosevelt said that the American character—indeed a new "American race"—had emerged from the heroic wilderness hunters and Indian fighters, acting on the frontier with little government help.<ref>Richard Slotkin, "Nostalgia and progress: Theodore Roosevelt's myth of the frontier". ''American Quarterly'' (1981) 33#5 pp: 608–637. [http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=div2facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3D%2527%2527The%2BWinning%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWest%2527%2527%252C%2Bfrontier%2BRoosevelt%2B%2B%2522American%2Brace%2522%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C27#search=%22Winning%20West%2C%20frontier%20Roosevelt%20American%20race%22 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908140330/http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=div2facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3D%2527%2527The%2BWinning%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWest%2527%2527%252C%2Bfrontier%2BRoosevelt%2B%2B%2522American%2Brace%2522%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C27#search=%22Winning%20West%2C%20frontier%20Roosevelt%20American%20race%22 |date=September 8, 2014 }}</ref>

In 1905, Roosevelt became embroiled in a widely publicized literary debate known as the [[nature fakers controversy]]. A few years earlier, naturalist [[John Burroughs]] had published an article entitled "Real and Sham Natural History" in the ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'', attacking popular writers of the day such as [[Ernest Thompson Seton]], [[Charles G. D. Roberts]], and [[William J. Long]] for their fantastical representations of wildlife. Roosevelt agreed with Burroughs's criticisms and published several essays denouncing the booming genre of "naturalistic" animal stories as "yellow journalism of the woods". It was the President himself who popularized the negative term "nature faker" to describe writers who depicted their animal characters with excessive anthropomorphism.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Carson | first = Gerald | date = February 1971 | url = http://www.americanheritage.com/content/tr-and-%E2%80%9Cnature-fakers%E2%80%9D | title = Roosevelt and the 'nature fakers' | newspaper = American Heritage Magazine | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | access-date = January 5, 2013 | archive-date = January 11, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130111125718/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/tr-and-%E2%80%9Cnature-fakers%E2%80%9D | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Final years===
{{See also|Roosevelt's World War I volunteers}}
[[File:TheodoreRooseveltportrait.jpg|thumb|Roosevelt {{circa}} 1914–1918]]

Roosevelt returned to the U.S. in May 1914. Though he was outraged by the [[Presidency of Woodrow Wilson|Wilson Administration]]'s conclusion of a treaty that expressed "sincere regret" for the way in which the U.S. had acquired the [[Panama Canal Zone]], he was impressed by many reforms passed. Roosevelt made campaign appearances for the Progressives, but the [[1914 United States elections|1914 elections]] were a disaster for the fledgling third party.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=539–540}} Roosevelt began to envision another campaign for president, this time with himself at the head of the Republican Party, but conservative party leaders remained opposed to Roosevelt.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=548–549}} In hopes of engineering a joint nomination, the Progressives scheduled the [[1916 Progressive National Convention]] at the same time as the [[1916 Republican National Convention]]. When the Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes, Roosevelt declined the Progressive nomination and urged his Progressive followers to support the Republican candidate.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=550–551}} Though Roosevelt had long disliked Hughes, he disliked Wilson even more, and campaigned energetically for the Republican nominee. However, Wilson won the [[1916 United States presidential election|1916 election]] by a narrow margin.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=552–553}} The Progressives disappeared as a party, and Roosevelt and many of his followers rejoined the Republican Party.<ref name="mmcgeary1">{{cite journal|last1=McGeary|first1=M. Nelson|title=Gifford Pinchot's Years of Frustration, 1917–1920|journal=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography|date=July 1959|volume=83|issue=3|pages=327–342|jstor=20089210}}</ref>

====World War I====
When the First World War began in 1914, Roosevelt strongly supported the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and demanded a harsher policy against Germany, especially regarding submarine warfare. Roosevelt angrily denounced the foreign policy of Wilson, calling it a failure regarding the [[Rape of Belgium|atrocities in Belgium]] and the violations of American rights.{{sfn|Brands|1997|pp=749–751, 806–809}} In 1916, while campaigning for Hughes, Roosevelt repeatedly denounced Irish Americans and German Americans whom he described as unpatriotic; he insisted that one had to be 100% American, not a "[[hyphenated American]]" who juggled multiple loyalties. In March 1917, Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise a maximum of four divisions similar to the [[Rough Riders]].{{sfn|Roosevelt|1917|p=347}}<ref name="NYT-1917-0313">{{cite news |title=Enroll Westerners for Service in War; Movement to Register Men of That Region Begun at the Rocky Mountain Club. Headed by Major Burnham. John Hays Hammond and Others of Prominence Reported to be Supporting Plan |newspaper=New York Times |date=March 13, 1917 |page=11 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/03/13/98245601.pdf |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031802/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/03/13/98245601.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, President Wilson announced to the press that he would not send Roosevelt and his volunteers to France, but instead an American Expeditionary Force under the command of General [[John J. Pershing]].<ref name="NYT-1917-0517">{{cite news |title=Will Not Send Roosevelt; Wilson Not to Avail Himself of Volunteer Authority at Present |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 19, 1917 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Roosevelt never forgave Wilson, and published ''The Foes of Our Own Household'', an indictment of the sitting president.{{sfn|Roosevelt|1917}}{{sfn|Brands|1997|pp=781–784}}<ref>{{Cite book | last = Cramer | first = CH | title = Newton D. Baker | year = 1961 |pages=110–113}}</ref> Roosevelt's youngest son, [[Quentin Roosevelt|Quentin]], a pilot with the American forces in France, was killed when shot down behind German lines on July 14, 1918, aged 20. Roosevelt never recovered from his loss.{{sfn|Dalton|2002|p=507}}

====League of Nations====
{{Further|League to Enforce Peace}}

Roosevelt was an early supporter of the modern view that there needs to be a global order. In his Nobel prize address of 1910, he said, "it would be a master stroke if those great Powers honestly bent on peace would form a League of Peace, not only to keep the peace among themselves, but to prevent, by force if necessary, its being broken by others."{{sfn|Pringle|1931|p=519}} It would have executive power such as the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]] lacked. He called for American participation.

When World War I broke out, Roosevelt proposed "a World League for the Peace of Righteousness", in September 1914, which would preserve sovereignty but limit armaments and require arbitration. He added it should be "solemnly covenanted that if any nations refused to abide by the decisions of such a court, then others draw the sword in behalf of peace and justice."<ref>{{cite book |author=J. Lee Thompson |title=Never Call Retreat: Theodore Roosevelt and the Great War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQyxAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |year=2014 |pages=32–34 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-30653-1 |access-date=January 30, 2019 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815041942/https://books.google.com/books?id=WQyxAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Richard M. |last=Gamble |title=The War for Righteousness: Progressive Christianity, the Great War, and the Rise of the Messianic Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOJ6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT98 |year=2014 |pages=97–98 |publisher=Open Road Media |isbn=978-1-4976-4679-7 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813075543/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOJ6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT98 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1915 he outlined this plan more specifically, urging nations guarantee their entire military force, if necessary, against any nation that refused to carry out arbitration decrees or violated rights of other nations. Though Roosevelt had some concerns about the impact on United States sovereignty, he insisted that such a league would only work if the United States participated as one of the "joint guarantors".{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=562–564}} Roosevelt referred to this plan in a 1918 speech as "the most feasible for...a league of nations".<ref>William Clinton Olson, " Theodore Roosevelt's Conception of an International League" ''World Affairs Quarterly'' (1959) 29#3 pp. 329–353.</ref><ref>Stephen Wertheim, "The league that wasn't: American designs for a legalist-sanctionist league of nations and the intellectual origins of international organization, 1914–1920." ''Diplomatic History'' 35.5 (2011): 797–836.</ref> By this time Wilson was strongly hostile to Roosevelt and Lodge and developed his own plans for a different League of Nations. It became reality along Wilson's lines at the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919. Roosevelt denounced Wilson's approach but died before it was adopted at Paris. However, Lodge was willing to accept it with serious reservations. In the end, on March 19, 1920, Wilson had Democratic Senators vote against the League with the [[Lodge Reservations]] and the United States never joined the [[League of Nations]].<ref>David Mervin, "[[Henry Cabot Lodge]] and the League of Nations." ''Journal of American Studies'' 4#2 (1971): 201–214. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552941 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130220721/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552941 |date=January 30, 2019 }}</ref>

====Final political activities====
[[File:1914 - Theodore Roosevelt on balcony of Hotel Allen.jpg|thumb|Former President Theodore Roosevelt in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]] in 1914]]

Roosevelt's attacks on Wilson helped the Republicans win control of Congress in the midterm elections of 1918. He declined a request from New York Republicans to run for another gubernatorial term, but attacked Wilson's [[Fourteen Points]], calling instead for the unconditional surrender of Germany. Though his health was uncertain, he was seen as a leading contender for the 1920 Republican nomination, but insisted that, "If they take me, they'll have to take me without a single modification of the things that I have always stood for!"{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=559}} He wrote to [[William Allen White]], "I wish to do everything in my power to make the Republican Party the Party of sane, constructive radicalism, just as it was under Lincoln." Accordingly, he told the 1918 state convention of the Maine Republican Party that he stood for old-age pensions, insurance for sickness and unemployment, construction of public housing for low-income families, the reduction of working hours, aid to farmers, and more regulation of large corporations.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=559}}

While his political profile remained high, Roosevelt's physical condition deteriorated throughout 1918 due to the long-term effects of jungle diseases. He was hospitalized for seven weeks and never fully recovered.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=564–566}}

==Death==
[[File:Theodore and Edith Roosevelt Grave.jpg|thumb|Theodore and [[Edith Roosevelt]]'s Grave at Youngs Memorial Cemetery]]
On the night of January 5, 1919, Roosevelt suffered breathing problems. After receiving treatment from his physician, George W. Faller, he felt better and went to bed. Roosevelt's last words were either "Please put out that light, James"<ref name="DeathNews"/> or "James, will you please put out the light.",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bleyer|first=Bill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCjVDAAAQBAJ&q=amos+married+Annie+Sagamore&pg=PA81 |title=Sagamore Hill: Theodore Roosevelt's Summer White House| page=8 |date=October 3, 2016|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-1-62585-707-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Roosevelt's 'Please Put Out the Light' His Last Words, Says Witness of His End |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/08/03/archives/roosevelts-please-put-out-the-light-his-last-words-says-witness-of.html |access-date=September 10, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 3, 1926 |page=9}}</ref> said to his family servant [[James E. Amos]]. Between 4:00 and 4:15 the next morning, Roosevelt died at the age of 60 in his sleep at [[Sagamore Hill (house)|Sagamore Hill]] of a [[pulmonary embolism]].<ref name="DeathNews">{{cite news |title=Theodore Roosevelt Dies Suddenly at Oyster Bay Home; Nation Shocked, Pays Tribute to Former President; Our Flag on All Seas and in All Lands at Half Mast |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0106.html |newspaper= The New York Times |date= January 1919 |access-date=February 28, 2017 |archive-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218090119/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0106.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Upon receiving word of his death, his son Archibald telegraphed his siblings: "The old lion is dead."{{sfn|Dalton|2002|p=507}} Woodrow Wilson's vice president, [[Thomas R. Marshall]], said that "Death had to take Roosevelt sleeping, for if he had been awake, there would have been a fight."<ref>{{Cite book | last = Manners | first = William | title = TR and Will: A Friendship that Split the Republican Party| publisher = Harcourt, Brace & World | year = 1969}}</ref> Following a private farewell service in the North Room at Sagamore Hill, a simple funeral was held at [[Christ Episcopal Church in Oyster Bay]] on January 8.{{sfn|Morris|2010|p=556}} Vice President Marshall, former New York Governor [[Charles Evans Hughes]], Senators [[Warren G. Harding]] and [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], and former President [[William Howard Taft]] were among the mourners.{{sfn|Morris|2010|p=556}} The procession route to [[Youngs Memorial Cemetery]] was lined with spectators and a squad of mounted policemen who had ridden from New York City.{{sfn|Morris|2010|pp=554, 556–557}} Roosevelt was buried on a hillside overlooking Oyster Bay.{{sfn|Morris|2010|pp=554, 557}}

==Legacy==
Historians credit Roosevelt for changing the nation's political system by placing the "[[bully pulpit]]" of the presidency at center stage and emphasizing [[Character (persona)|character]] as much as issues. His accomplishments include trust busting and conservationism. He is a hero to [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberals]] and [[Progressivism in the United States|progressives]] for his early proposals that foreshadowed the modern welfare state, including [[Direct tax|federal taxation]], [[Labour movement|labor reforms]], and more [[direct democracy]]. [[Conservationists]] admire Roosevelt for prioritizing the [[Environmentalism|environment]] and [[Altruism|selflessness]] towards future generations. [[Conservatism in the United States|Conservatives]] and [[American nationalism|nationalists]] respect his commitment to [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]], [[Civic engagement|civic duty]], and [[Military history of the United States|military values]]. Dalton states, "Today he is heralded as the architect of the modern presidency, as a world leader who boldly reshaped the office to meet the needs of the new century."{{Sfn|Dalton|2002|pp=4–5}}

Liberals and [[Socialism in the United States|socialists]] criticize his [[Intervention (international law)|interventionist]] and [[American imperialism|imperialist]] approach, while [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarians]] reject his vision of the welfare state. [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States|Historians typically rank]] Roosevelt among the top five presidents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Theodore Roosevelt Biography: Impact and Legacy|website=American President|url=http://www.americanpresident.org/history/theodoreroosevelt/biography/ImpactLegacy.common.shtml|year=2003|publisher=[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418002524/http://www.americanpresident.org/history/theodoreroosevelt/biography/ImpactLegacy.common.shtml|archive-date=April 18, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Legacy: Theodore Roosevelt|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/26_t_roosevelt/t_roosevelt_legacy.html|publisher=PBS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040417225355/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/26_t_roosevelt/t_roosevelt_legacy.html|archive-date=April 17, 2004}}</ref>

===Persona and masculinity===
[[File:Many Roles of Theodore Roosevelt.JPG|thumb|upright=1.6|A 1910 cartoon depicting Roosevelt's many roles from 1899 to 1910]]

Dalton says Roosevelt is remembered as "one of the most picturesque personalities who has ever enlivened the landscape".{{Sfn|Dalton|2002|p=5}} His friend, historian [[Henry Adams]], proclaimed: "Roosevelt, more than any other man... showed the singular primitive quality that belongs to ultimate matter—the quality that medieval theology assigned to God—he was pure act".<ref>{{cite book| first =Henry | last = Adams | title =The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiography| publisher =Houghton Mifflin Company |url= https://archive.org/details/educationofhenry002024mbp | year=1918|page= [https://archive.org/details/educationofhenry002024mbp/page/n436 417]}}</ref> Cooper compared him with Woodrow Wilson, highlighting their roles as warrior and priest.{{Sfn|Cooper|1983}} Dalton stressed Roosevelt's strenuous life.{{Sfn|Dalton|2002}} Brands calls Roosevelt "the last [[Romanticism|romantic]]", viewing his romantic notion of life as emerging from his belief in physical bravery as the highest virtue.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=x}} [[Henry F. Pringle]], who won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for ''Theodore Roosevelt'' (1931), stated the "Roosevelt of later years was the most adolescent of men."{{sfn|Pringle|1931|p=4}}

Roosevelt as the exemplar of American masculinity has become a major theme.{{Sfn|Testi|1995|p=1513}}<ref>D. G. Daniels, "Theodore Roosevelt and Gender Roles" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' (1996) 26#3 pp. 648–665</ref> He often warned that men were becoming too complacent, failing in their duties to propagate the race and exhibit masculine vigor.<ref>{{Cite journal | first = Leroy G | last = Dorsey | title = Managing Women's Equality: Theodore Roosevelt, the Frontier Myth, and the Modern Woman | journal = Rhetoric & Public Affairs | year = 2013 | volume = 16 | number = 3 | page = 425 | doi=10.1353/rap.2013.0037| s2cid = 144278936 }}</ref> Historian [[Serge Ricard]] noted that Roosevelt's advocacy of the "Strenuous Life" made him an ideal subject for psycho-historical analysis of aggressive manhood in his era.<ref>{{Cite journal | first = Serge | last = Ricard | title = Review | journal = The Journal of Military History | year = 2005 | volume = 69 | number = 2 |pages = 536–537 | doi=10.1353/jmh.2005.0123| s2cid = 153729793 }}</ref> He promoted competitive sports for physically strengthening American men<ref name=":0" /> and supported organizations like the [[Boy Scouts of America|Boy Scouts]], to mold and strengthen the character of American boys.<ref>{{cite book | publisher =Boy Scouts of America | title =Boy Scouts Handbook | edition =original | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=GighAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT374 | year =1911 | pages =374–376 | access-date =October 17, 2015 | archive-date =October 16, 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151016124911/https://books.google.com/books?id=GighAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT374 | url-status =live }} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-1-62636-639-8}}.</ref> Brands shows that heroic displays of bravery were central to Roosevelt's image:

{{Blockquote | What makes the hero a hero is the romantic notion that he stands above the tawdry give and take of everyday politics, occupying an ethereal realm where partisanship gives way to patriotism, and division to unity, and where the nation regains its lost innocence...{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=372}}}} In 1902, [[Théobald Chartran]] was commissioned to paint Roosevelt's presidential portrait.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=September 8, 2022 |title=The presidents who hated their presidential portraits |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/09/07/presidential-portraits-trump-obama-biden/ |access-date=August 4, 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2019 |title=A Tale of Two Painters: Theodore Roosevelt's Portraits |publisher=Boundary Stones |url=https://boundarystones.weta.org/2019/06/21/tale-two-painters-theodore-roosevelts-portraits |access-date=August 4, 2023}}</ref> Roosevelt hid it in a closet before having it destroyed because it made him look like a "meek kitten".<ref name=":2" /> Roosevelt instead chose [[John Singer Sargent]] to paint his portrait.<ref name=":2" />

===Memorials and cultural depictions===
{{Main|List of memorials to Theodore Roosevelt|Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt}}

{{multiple image
| total_width = 450
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Dean Franklin - 06.04.03 Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa)-3 new.jpg
| caption1 = Roosevelt, second from right, on [[Mount Rushmore]]
| image2 = MtRushmore TR close.jpg
| caption2 = A close up of Roosevelt's face on Mount Rushmore
}}

Roosevelt was included with Presidents [[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and [[Abraham Lincoln]] at the [[Mount Rushmore|Mount Rushmore Memorial]], designed in 1927.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Domek|first1=Tom|last2=Hayes|first2=Robert E.|title=Mt. Rushmore and Keystone|date=2006|publisher=Arcadia Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Fite|first1=Gibert C.|title=Mount Rushmore|date=2003|publisher=Mount Rushmore History Association|isbn=0-9646798-5-X}}</ref>

Roosevelt's "[[Big stick ideology|Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick]]" ideology is still quoted by politicians and columnists—not only in English, but in many translations.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fung |first=Brian |date=September 24, 2012 |title=What Does Teddy Roosevelt's 'Big Stick' Line Really Mean, Anyway? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/09/what-does-teddy-roosevelts-big-stick-line-really-mean-anyway/262579/ |magazine=The Atlantic|publisher=Emerson Collective |access-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726060142/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/09/what-does-teddy-roosevelts-big-stick-line-really-mean-anyway/262579/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Another popular legacy is the [[teddy bear]]—named after him following an incident on a hunting trip in [[Mississippi]] in 1902.{{Sfn|Leuchtenburg|2015|p=30}}

For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the [[Medal of Honor]]. However, the recommendation lacked any eyewitnesses, and the effort was tainted by Roosevelt's lobbying of the War Department.{{sfn|Mears|2018|pp=153–154}} In the 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award, which was denied by the [[Secretary of the Army]] on the basis the decorations board determined "Roosevelt's bravery in battle did not rise to the level that would justify the Medal of Honor and, indeed, it did not rise to the level of men who fought in that engagement."{{sfn|Mears|2018|p=154}} Nevertheless, politicians apparently convinced the secretary to reconsider and reverse himself, leading to the charge it was a "politically motivated award".{{sfn|Mears|2018|p=155}} In 2001, President [[Bill Clinton]] awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor for his charge.<ref name=MoH2001>{{cite book|last=Woodall|first=James R.|title=Williams-Ford Texas A and M University Military History: Texas Aggie Medals of Honor: Seven Heroes of World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBSRPbx44bIC&pg=PA18|year=2010|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|page=18|isbn=978-1-60344-253-4|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=April 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407004916/http://books.google.com/books?id=QBSRPbx44bIC&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the only president to have received it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dorr|first1=Robert F.|title=Theodore Roosevelt's Medal of Honor|url=https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/theodore-roosevelts-medal-of-honor/|publisher=Defense Media Network|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=February 12, 2018|archive-date=February 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080429/https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/theodore-roosevelts-medal-of-honor/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[United States Navy]] named two ships for Roosevelt: the {{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|SSBN-600}}, a submarine in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the {{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71}}, an [[aircraft carrier]] on active duty in the [[United States Atlantic Fleet|Atlantic Fleet]] since 1986. Roosevelt has appeared on five U.S. Postage stamps, the first being issued in 1922.<ref>''Scott Specialized Catalogue of US Stamps'', pp. 79, 108, 137, 667, 668</ref> In 1956, the [[United States Postal Service]] released a 6¢ [[Liberty Issue]] postage stamp honoring Roosevelt. A 32¢ stamp was issued in 1998, as part of the [[Celebrate the Century]] series.<ref>{{cite web|title=Up 1900s Celebrate The Century Issues|url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2041381|publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum|access-date=June 18, 2015|date=January 1, 1998|archive-date=June 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618202114/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2041381}}</ref> [[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]] in [[North Dakota]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Theodore Roosevelt National Park |department=Travel |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/national-parks/theodore-roosevelt-national-park |magazine=National Geographic |access-date=August 17, 2018 |date=November 5, 2009 |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161229/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/national-parks/theodore-roosevelt-national-park/ }}</ref> The [[America the Beautiful Quarters]] series features Roosevelt riding a horse on the national park's quarter. Asteroid [[188693 Roosevelt]], discovered in 2005, was named after him.<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = (188693) Roosevelt
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=188693
|access-date = November 21, 2019
|archive-date = March 8, 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308120054/https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=188693
|url-status = live
}}</ref> The official {{MoMP|188693|naming citation}} was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on November 8, 2019 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 118221}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|access-date = November 21, 2019
|archive-date = October 7, 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007190852/https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref> [[Robert Peary]] named the [[Roosevelt Range]] and [[Roosevelt Land]] after him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/book/380583976/Race-to-the-Top-of-the-World-Richard-Byrd-and-the-First-Flight-to-the-North-Pole|title=Race to the Top of the World: Richard Byrd and the First Flight to the North Pole |first=Sheldon |last=Bart |via=www.scribd.com}}</ref>

Roosevelt has also been portrayed in films and television series such as ''[[Brighty of the Grand Canyon]]'', ''[[The Wind and the Lion]]'', ''[[Rough Riders (film)|Rough Riders]]'', ''[[My Friend Flicka (TV series)|My Friend Flicka]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ctva.biz/US/Western/MyFriendFlicka.htm|title=My Friend Flicka|publisher=Classic Television Archives|access-date=March 18, 2009|archive-date=January 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121120755/http://ctva.biz/US/Western/MyFriendFlicka.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>'' and [[Law of the Plainsman]].'' [[Robin Williams]] portrayed Roosevelt in the form of a wax [[mannequin]] that comes to life in ''[[Night at the Museum]]'' and its sequels.{{sfn|Cullinane|2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/scene/news/robin-williams-ben-stiller-night-at-the-museum-premiere-1201378034/|title=Ben Stiller, 'Night at the Museum' Cast Honor Robin Williams at Premiere|last=Chi|first=Paul|date=December 12, 2014|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=October 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/hollywood-best-presidents-movies-and-tv/morgan-freeman-as-tom-beck/|title=24 of Hollywood's Best Presidents in Movies and TV|date=February 21, 2022|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=October 24, 2022}}</ref> Roosevelt is the leader of the American civilization in the video game ''[[Civilization VI]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teddy Roosevelt will kill you with culture in 'Civilization VI' |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/civilization-vi-roosevelt-culture/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |first=Gabe |last=Gurwin |website=[[Digital Trends]] |date=June 20, 2016 |archive-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308164606/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/civilization-vi-roosevelt-culture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in 1965, [[Al Sheehan]] produced an annual musical spectacular on the [[history of North Dakota]] performed at the [[Medora Musical]], which included a portrayal of Roosevelt in the [[Badlands]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kvamme|first=Thomas A.|title=Wollan is mastermind behind Medora Musical|date=June 10, 2003|work=[[Williston Herald]]|url=http://www.willistonherald.com/news/wollan-is-mastermind-behind-medora-musical/article_55284df3-e6de-57e8-a359-5be10faef72e.html|access-date=July 7, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Believed a first of its kind anywhere is Ranchorama|date=July 17, 1967|newspaper=[[The Bismarck Tribune]]|page=39|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bismarck-tribune-sheehan-1967/180184059/}}</ref>

For 80 years, [[Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt (New York City)|an equestrian statue]] of Roosevelt, sitting above a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] and an [[African American]], stood in front of New York's [[American Museum of Natural History]]. In 2022, after years of lobbying by activists, the statue was removed. Museum president [[Ellen V. Futter]] said the decision did not reflect a judgment about Roosevelt but the sculpture's "hierarchical composition".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/01/20/theodore-roosevelt-statue-amnh-removed |title=Controversial statue of Theodore Roosevelt removed from American Museum of Natural History |date=January 20, 2022 |work=The Art Newspaper |first=Benjamin |last=Sutton |access-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121040700/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/01/20/theodore-roosevelt-statue-amnh-removed |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=pogrebin>{{cite news |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 21, 2020 |date=June 21, 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/arts/design/roosevelt-statue-to-be-removed-from-museum-of-natural-history.html |first=Robin |last=Pogrebin |title=Roosevelt Statue to Be Removed From Museum of Natural History |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621231116/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/arts/design/roosevelt-statue-to-be-removed-from-museum-of-natural-history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Audiovisual media===
Roosevelt was one of the first presidents whose voice was recorded for posterity. Several of his recorded speeches survive.<ref>{{Cite web | format = audio clips | url = http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/list.php?view_keywords=speaker_roosevelt,%20theodore | title = Vincent Voice Library | publisher = [[Michigan State University]] | access-date = July 17, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130603142019/http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/list.php?view_keywords=speaker_roosevelt,%20theodore | archive-date = June 3, 2013}}</ref> A 1912 voice recording of ''The Right of the People to Rule'',<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lib.msu.edu/uri-res/N2L?urn:x-msulib::vvl:DB512 |title=MSU |access-date=September 14, 2010}}</ref> which preserves Roosevelt's lower timbre ranges particularly well for its time, is available from the [[Michigan State University]] libraries. The audio clip sponsored by the Authentic History Center includes his defense<ref>{{Cite book |title=Progressive Principles |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |author-link=Theodore Roosevelt |editor-last=Youngman |editor-first=Elmer H |year=1913a |publisher=Progressive National Service |page=215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLYJAAAAIAAJ |access-date=April 14, 2009 |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222104526/https://books.google.com/books?id=qLYJAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> of the Progressive Party in 1912, wherein he proclaims it the "party of the people" – in contrast with the other major parties.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| width = 300
| image1 = Teddy Roosevelt, San Francisco, 1903.ogg
| caption1 = Parade for the school children down [[Van Ness Avenue]] in [[San Francisco]]
| image2 = Teddy Roosevelt video montage.ogg
| caption2 = Collection of film clips of Roosevelt
}}

==Personal life==

=== First marriage and widowerhood ===
In 1880, Roosevelt married socialite [[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt|Alice Hathaway Lee]].{{sfn|Miller|1992|p=104}} Their daughter, [[Alice Roosevelt Longworth|Alice Lee Roosevelt]], was born on February 12, 1884. Two days later, the new mother died of undiagnosed [[kidney failure]], on the same day as Roosevelt's mother Martha died of [[typhoid fever]]. In his diary, Roosevelt wrote a large "X" on the page and then, "The light has gone out of my life." Distraught, Roosevelt left baby Alice in the care of his sister Bamie while he grieved; he assumed custody of Alice when she was three.{{sfn|Miller|1992|pp=154–158}} For the rest of his life, he rarely spoke about his wife Alice and did not write about her in his autobiography.{{Sfn|Morris|1979|p=232}}

After the deaths of his wife and mother, Roosevelt focused on his work, specifically by re-energizing a legislative investigation into corruption of the [[New York City government]], which arose from a bill proposing power be centralized in the mayor's office.{{sfn|Brands|1997|p=166}}

=== Second marriage and widowerhood ===
[[File:Smithsonian - NPG - Roosevelt - NPG 81 126.jpg|thumb|Roosevelt and members of [[Roosevelt family|his family]]. Left to right: [[Ethel Roosevelt Derby|Ethel]], [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit]], [[Quentin Roosevelt|Quentin]], [[Edith Roosevelt|Edith]], [[Theodore Roosevelt Jr.|Theodore III (Ted)]], Theodore, [[Archibald Roosevelt|Archibald]], [[Alice Roosevelt Longworth|Alice]], and [[Nicholas Longworth]]]]
On December 2, 1886, Roosevelt married his childhood friend, [[Edith Roosevelt|Edith Kermit Carow]], at [[St George's, Hanover Square]], in [[London]], England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forslund |first=Catherine |title=2016 |pages=298–319 |chapter=Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt: The Victorian Modern First Lady}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring Rice |date=1929 |publisher=Constable & Co |editor-last=Gwynn |editor-first=Stephen |page=121}}</ref> Roosevelt felt deeply troubled that his second marriage was soon after the death of his first wife and he faced resistance from his sisters.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=181–182}} The couple had five children: [[Theodore Roosevelt Jr.|Theodore "Ted" III]] in 1887, [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit]] in 1889, [[Ethel Roosevelt Derby|Ethel]] in 1891, [[Archibald Roosevelt|Archibald]] in 1894, and [[Quentin Roosevelt|Quentin]] in 1897. They also raised Roosevelt's daughter from his first marriage, [[Alice Roosevelt Longworth|Alice]], who often clashed with her stepmother.{{sfn|Miller|1992|pp=193–194}}
===Character and beliefs===
[[File:SagamoreHill.JPG|thumb|[[Sagamore Hill]], Roosevelt's estate on [[Long Island]]]]
British scholar [[Marcus Cunliffe]] evaluates the liberal argument that Roosevelt was an opportunist, exhibitionist, and imperialist. Cunliffe praises Roosevelt's versatility, his respect for law, and his sincerity. He argues that Roosevelt's foreign policy was better than his detractors allege. Cunliffe calls him "a big man in several respects".{{sfn|Cunliffe|1955}}

Roosevelt was a [[Freemason]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Theodore Roosevelt |url= http://mdmasons.org/about-md-masons/famous-masons/theodore-roosevelt/ |website= mdmasons.org |publisher= The Grand Lodge of Maryland |access-date= February 15, 2021 |archive-date= November 16, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201116174241/http://mdmasons.org/about-md-masons/famous-masons/theodore-roosevelt/ |url-status= live }}</ref> and member of the [[Sons of the American Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.sar.org/About/Origins |title= The Origins of the SAR |publisher= SAR |access-date= January 15, 2011 |archive-date= July 3, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160703221050/https://www.sar.org/About/Origins |url-status= live }}</ref> He was also a member of [[The Explorers Club]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacEacheran |first=Mike |title=The secret travel club that's been everywhere |date=January 17, 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190116-the-secret-travel-club-thats-been-everywhere |access-date=July 3, 2023 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in pursuing what he called, in an 1899 speech, "[[The Strenuous Life]]". To this end, he exercised regularly and took up boxing, tennis, hiking, rowing, polo, and horseback riding.{{Sfn|Thayer|1919|loc=Chapter XVII|pp=22–24}} As governor of New York, he boxed with sparring partners several times each week, a practice he regularly continued as president until being hit so hard in the face he became blind in his left eye (a fact not made public until many years later). Roosevelt began to believe in the utility of [[jiu-jitsu]] training after training with [[Yamashita Yoshitsugu|Yoshitsugu Yamashita]]. Concerned that the U.S. would lose its military supremacy to rising powers like Japan, Roosevelt began to advocate for jiu-jitsu training for American soldiers.<ref name= ":0">{{Cite journal |last= Rouse |first= Wendy |date= November 1, 2015 |title= Jiu-Jitsuing Uncle SamThe Unmanly Art of Jiu-Jitsu and the Yellow Peril Threat in the Progressive Era United States |url= https://online.ucpress.edu/phr/article-abstract/84/4/448/81155/Jiu-Jitsuing-Uncle-SamThe-Unmanly-Art-of-Jiu-Jitsu?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal= Pacific Historical Review |volume= 84 |issue= 4 |pages= 448–477 |doi= 10.1525/phr.2015.84.4.448 |issn= 0030-8684 |access-date= February 9, 2021 |archive-date= February 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210214233936/https://online.ucpress.edu/phr/article-abstract/84/4/448/81155/Jiu-Jitsuing-Uncle-SamThe-Unmanly-Art-of-Jiu-Jitsu?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status= live |url-access= subscription }}</ref> Roosevelt was an enthusiastic [[singlestick]] player and, according to ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'', showed up at a White House reception with his arm bandaged after a bout with General [[Leonard Wood]] in 1905.<ref>{{cite book |last= Amberger |first= J Christoph |title= Secret History of the Sword Adventures in Ancient Martial Arts |year= 1998 |publisher= Multi-Media Books |isbn= 1-892515-04-0}}</ref>
[[File:1905 cartoon Theodore Roosevelt first and war first in peace.jpg|thumb|"The Man of the Hour", depicting Roosevelt as warrior in 1898 and peacemaker in 1905, settling war between [[Russia]] and [[Japan]]]]
Historians have often emphasized Roosevelt's warrior persona.<ref>Kathleen Dalton notes that historians have preferred retelling the "oft-repeated accounts of warmongering." {{harvnb|Dalton|2002|p=522}}</ref> Richard D. White Jr states, "Roosevelt's warrior spirit framed his views of national politics, [and] international relations."<ref>{{cite book |author= Richard D. White Jr |title= Roosevelt the Reformer: Theodore Roosevelt as Civil Service Commissioner, 1889–1895 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=58CjuCB9m0MC&pg=PA146 |year= 2003 |publisher= U of Alabama Press |page= 146 |isbn= 978-0-8173-1361-6 |access-date= July 18, 2019 |archive-date= December 13, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201213223410/https://books.google.com/books?id=58CjuCB9m0MC&pg=PA146 |url-status= live }}</ref> He took aggressive positions regarding war with Spain in 1898, [[History of the Panama Canal|Colombia in 1903]],<ref>Richard W. Turk, "The United States Navy and the 'Taking' of Panama, 1901–1903." ''Journal of Military History'' 38.3 (1974): 92+.</ref> and especially with Germany, from 1915 to 1917. As a demonstration of American naval might, he sent the [[Great White Fleet]] around the world in 1907–1909.<ref>{{cite journal |first=James R. |last=Holmes |title='A Striking Thing': Leadership, Strategic Communications, and Roosevelt's Great White Fleet |journal=[[Naval War College Review]] |volume=61 |number=1 |year=2008 |pages=50–67 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a519197.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073854/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a519197.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2022 }}</ref> He boasted in his autobiography:
{{blockquote|When I left the Presidency I finished seven and a half years of administration, during which not one shot had been fired against a foreign foe. We were at absolute peace, and there was no nation in the world with whom a war cloud threatened, no nation in the world whom we had wronged, or from whom we had anything to fear. The cruise of the battle fleet was not the least of the causes which ensured so peaceful an outlook.{{sfn|Roosevelt|1913|p=602}}}}

Historian [[Howard K. Beale]] has argued:
{{blockquote|He and his associates came close to seeking war for its own sake. Ignorant of modern war, Roosevelt romanticized war. ... Like many young men tamed by civilization into law-abiding but adventurous living, he needed an outlet for the pent-up primordial man in him and found it in fighting and killing, vicariously or directly, in hunting or in war. Indeed he had a fairly good time in war when war came. ... There was something dull and effeminate about peace. ... He gloried in war, was thrilled by military history, and placed warlike qualities high in his scale of values. Without consciously desiring it, he thought a little war now and then stimulated admirable qualities in men. Certainly preparedness for war did.{{sfn|Beale|1956|p=48}}}}

Roosevelt often praised moral behavior but apparently never made a spiritual confession of his own faith. After the 1884 death of his wife, he almost never mentioned Jesus in public or private. His rejection of dogma and spirituality, says biographer William Harbaugh, led to a broad tolerance.{{Sfn|Harbaugh|1963|pp= 214–217}} Roosevelt publicly encouraged church attendance and was a conscientious churchgoer himself, a lifelong adherent of the [[Reformed Church in America|Dutch Reformed church]]. When gas rationing was introduced during the First World War, he walked the three miles from his home to the local church and back, even after a serious operation.{{sfn|Reisner|1922|p=355}} According to Christian Reisner, "Religion was as natural to Mr. Roosevelt as breathing",{{sfn|Reisner|1922|p=324}} and when the travel library for Roosevelt's famous [[Smithsonian–Roosevelt African Expedition|Smithsonian-sponsored African expedition]] was being assembled, the Bible was, according to his sister, "the first book selected".{{sfn|Reisner|1922|p=306}} In an address delivered to the Long Island Bible Society in 1901, Roosevelt declared that:
{{blockquote |Every thinking man, when he thinks, realizes what a very large number of people tend to forget, that the teachings of the Bible are so interwoven and entwined with our whole civic and social life that it would be literally—I do not mean figuratively, I mean literally—impossible for us to figure to ourselves what that life would be if these teachings were removed. We would lose almost all the standards by which we now judge both public and private morals; all the standards toward which we, with more or less of resolution, strive to raise ourselves. Almost every man who has by his lifework added to the sum of human achievement of which the race is proud, has based his lifework largely upon the teachings of the Bible ... Among the greatest men a disproportionately large number have been diligent and close students of the Bible at first hand.{{sfn|Reisner|1922|p=306}}}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Environment|History|New York City|New York (state)|Politics|United States}}
* [[Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt]]
* [[List of famous big game hunters]]
* [[List of presidents of the United States]]
* [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience]]
* [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps]]
* {{SS|Roosevelt|1905}}
* {{SS|President Roosevelt|1921}}
* {{SS|President Roosevelt|1944}}
* [[Teddy bear#History|Teddy bear]]
* [[Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Main|Bibliography of Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore Roosevelt bibliography|l2 = Books Written by Theodore Roosevelt}}

{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bakari|first= Mohamed El-Kamel|title=Mapping the 'Anthropocentric-ecocentric'Dualism in the History of American Presidency: The Good, the Bad, and the Ambivalent|journal=Journal of Studies in Social Sciences|volume= 14|issue= 2 |year=2016}}
* {{cite book | last = Beale | first = Howard K. | year = 1956 | title = Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power | publisher = Johns Hopkins Press |url=https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel0000beal }}
* {{cite book | last = Bishop | first = Joseph Bucklin | year = 2007 | title = Theodore Roosevelt's Letters to His Children | publisher = Wildside Press | isbn = 978-1-434-48394-2}}
* {{cite book | author-link = John Morton Blum| last = Blum | first = John Morton | year = 1977|edition=2nd | title = The Republican Roosevelt| publisher = Harvard University Press}}
* {{cite book | author-link = H. W. Brands | last = Brands | first = Henry William | year = 1997 | title = TR: The Last Romantic | publisher = Basic Books | url = https://archive.org/details/trlastromantic00bran | isbn = 978-0-465-06958-3 }}
* {{cite book| year= 2009| title= The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America| url= https://archive.org/details/wildernesswarrio00brin_0| url-access= registration| last= Brinkley| first= Douglas| author-link= Douglas Brinkley| publisher= HarperCollins| isbn= 978-0-06-056528-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Chambers|first=John W. |editor1-last=Woodward |editor1-first=C. Vann |title=Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct |publisher=Delacorte Press|pages=207–237 |year=1974 |isbn=0-440-05923-2}}
* {{cite book | last = Chessman | first = G. Wallace | year = 1965 | title = Governor Theodore Roosevelt: The Albany Apprenticeship, 1898–1900}}
* {{cite book | last = Cooper | first = John Milton | author-link = John Milton Cooper | year = 1983 | url = https://archive.org/details/warriorpries00coop | url-access = registration | title = The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-94751-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cullinane |first=Michael Patrick |title=Theodore Roosevelt's Ghost: The History and Memory of an American Icon |publisher=LSU Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-8071-6672-7 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Cunliffe|first= Marcus|title=Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States 1901–1908|journal=History Today|year=1955|volume= 4|issue=9|pages=592–601}}
* {{cite book | last = Dalton | first = Kathleen | year = 2002 | title = Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life | publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing | url = https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel00dalt | url-access = registration | isbn = 0-679-76733-9 }}
* {{cite book | last = Gould | first = Lewis L. | year = 2008a | title = Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics | publisher = University Press of Kansas | isbn = 978-0-7006-1564-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Gould | first = Lewis L. | year = 2011 | title = The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt | edition = 2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/presidencyoftheo0000goul_k0b9}}
* {{cite book | last = Gould | first = Lewis L. | year = 2012 |author-link=Lewis L. Gould|url = https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel00goul | url-access = registration | title = Theodore Roosevelt | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-979701-1 }}
* {{cite book | last = Harbaugh | first = William Henry | year = 1963 | title = The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt | url = https://archive.org/details/powerandresponsi012652mbp | publisher = Farrar, Straus And Cudahy }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |title-link=Diplomacy (Kissinger book) |date=1994 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-671-51099-1}}
* {{cite journal | last = Kohn | first = Edward P. | title = A Necessary Defeat: Theodore Roosevelt and the New York Mayoral Election of 1886 | journal = New York History | volume = 87 |year=2006 | issue = 2 | pages=205–227| jstor = 23183358 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23183358}}
* {{cite book|last1=Leuchtenburg|first1=William E.|title=The American President: From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book | first = David | last = McCullough | author-link = David McCullough | year = 1981 | title = Mornings on Horseback: The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nuzmvrqPvdIC | publisher = Simon & Schuster | isbn = 978-0-7432-1830-6 | access-date = October 17, 2015 | archive-date = April 7, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150407082109/http://books.google.com/books?id=nuzmvrqPvdIC | url-status = live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mears |first=Dwight S. |title=The Medal of Honor: The Evolution of America's Highest Military Decoration |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-7006-2665-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Millard|first=C|title=The river of doubt: Theodore Roosevelt's darkest journey|year=2009}}
* {{cite book | last = Miller | first = Nathan | year = 1992 | url = https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel00mill | url-access = registration | title = Theodore Roosevelt: A Life | publisher = William Morrow & Co | isbn = 978-0-688-06784-7 }}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Morison|editor-first=Elting E|title=The letters of Theodore Roosevelt|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1952}}
* {{cite book | author-link = Edmund Morris (writer) | last = Morris | first = Edmund | year = 1979 | url = https://archive.org/details/riseoftheodorero00morr | url-access = registration | title = The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt | volume = 1. To 1901 | publisher = Coward, McCann & Geoghegan | isbn = 978-0-698-10783-0 }}
** {{cite book | last = Morris | first = Edmund | year = 2001 | url = https://archive.org/details/theodorerex00edmu | url-access = registration | title = Theodore Rex | volume = 2. To 1909 }}
** {{cite book | last = Morris | first = Edmund | year = 2010 | title = Colonel Roosevelt | volume = 3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ouQVJQ1C7PIC | publisher = Random House | isbn = 978-0-679-60415-0 | access-date = December 12, 2016 | archive-date = March 13, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220313192039/https://books.google.com/books?id=ouQVJQ1C7PIC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = O'Toole | first = Patricia | author-link = Patricia O'Toole | year = 2005 | title = When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt after the White House | publisher = Simon & Schuster | isbn = 0-684-86477-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/whentrumpetscall00otoo }}
* {{cite book | last = Pringle | first = Henry F. | year = 1931 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0156889439 | url-access = registration | title = Theodore Roosevelt | author-link = Henry F. Pringle }}
* {{cite book | last = Pringle | first = Henry F. | year = 1956 | url = https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel00prin | url-access = registration | title = Theodore Roosevelt | publisher = Harcourt, Brace | edition = 2nd }}
* {{cite book | last = Putnam | first = Carleton | year = 1958 | url = https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel0000putn | url-access = registration | title = Theodore Roosevelt | volume = I: The Formative Years | author-link = Carleton Putnam }}
* {{cite book |title= Roosevelt's Religion |last= Reisner |first= Christian F. |publisher= The Abingdon Press |year= 1922 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Ricard |editor-first=Serge |year=2011 |title=A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4443-3140-0 }}
* {{cite web|last=Ricard|first= Serge|title=H-Diplo Essay No. 116 - The State of Theodore Roosevelt Studies|url=http://h-diplo.org/essays/PDF/E116.pdf |publisher=H-Diplo - H-Net network on Diplomatic History and International Affairs, Michigan State University Department of History|year=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027133122/http://h-diplo.org/essays/PDF/E116.pdf |archive-date=October 27, 2014 }}
* {{cite book | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | title = Autobiography | year = 1913| publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|url=https://archive.org/details/theodorerooseve05roosgoog }}
* {{cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |title=The Foes of Our Own Household |date=1917 |url=https://archive.org/details/foesourownhouse00roosgoog |author-mask=3 |author-link=Theodore Roosevelt |publisher=George H. Doran |lccn=17025965 }}
* {{cite book | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | title = The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Volumes 1-24 | publisher=[[C. Scribner's Sons]]|year = 1926 | edition = Memorial|ref=none}}
* {{cite web | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | title = Theodore Roosevelt Association Cyclopedia | orig-date = 1941| url=https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=991271&module_id=339179 | date=1989| edition=Revised 2nd | editor1-last = Hart | editor2-last = Ferleger | editor1-first = Albert Bushnell | editor2-first = Herbert Ronald|ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | title = The Selected Letters | year = 2001 | publisher = Cooper Square Press | isbn = 978-0-8154-1126-0| editor-last = Brands | editor-first = HW|url=https://archive.org/details/selectedletterso00roos}}
* {{cite book |last=Ruddy|first=Daniel|title=Theodore the Great: Conservative Crusader|publisher=Regnery History |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-62157-441-5}}
* {{cite book| last=Samuels| first=Peggy| year=1997| title=Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan: The Making of a President| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v7PSGbzhDwC| publisher=Texas A&M UP| isbn=978-0-89096-771-3| access-date=October 17, 2015| archive-date=April 7, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407081231/http://books.google.com/books?id=1v7PSGbzhDwC| url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal|first=Arnaldo |last=Testi|title=The gender of reform politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the culture of masculinity|journal=Journal of American History|volume= 81|issue=4 |year=1995|pages=1509–1533|doi=10.2307/2081647 |jstor=2081647 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1143163 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025180531/https://www.academia.edu/1143163/The_Gender_of_Reform_Politics_Theodore_Roosevelt_and_the_Culture_of_Masculinity_1995_full_text_teaching_material_ |archive-date=October 25, 2019 }}
* {{cite book| last = Thayer| first = William Roscoe| year = 1919| title = Theodore Roosevelt: an intimate biography| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168636| publisher = Houghton Mifflin}}
* {{cite book | last = Watts | first = Sarah | year = 2003 | title = Rough Rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire|ref=none}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=Roosevelt |b=no |n=no |s=Author:Theodore Roosevelt |v=no}}

===Organizations===
* [http://www.boone-crockett.org Boone and Crockett Club]
* [http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org Theodore Roosevelt Association]

===Libraries and collections===
*[https://www.trlibrary.com/ Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library] Medora, North Dakota.
* [http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/ Theodore Roosevelt Center] at [[Dickinson State University]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180606131421/http://www.hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/collections/roosevelt.cfm Theodore Roosevelt Collection], at the [[Houghton Library]], Harvard University
* [https://guides.loc.gov/theodore-roosevelt-hunting-library Theodore Roosevelt Hunting Library] at the [https://www.loc.gov Library of Congress], Washington, DC.
* [http://www.historicjournalism.com/theodore-roosevelt.html Theodore Roosevelt's journalism at The Archive of American Journalism]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170814084741/http://www.amnh.org/explore/science-topics/theodore-roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt American Museum of Natural History]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=729}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Theodore Roosevelt}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1471}}

===Media===
* [[iarchive:theoroos1912|Theodore Roosevelt Speech Edison Recordings Campaign - 1912]], audio recording
* {{NYTtopic|people/r/theodore_roosevelt}}
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151618-1/life-portrait-theodore-roosevelt "Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt"], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', September 3, 1999
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?165366-1/writings-theodore-roosevelt "Writings of Theodore Roosevelt"] from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]''
* [https://theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o285073 "The Abyssinian treatment administered to Standard Oil"], in which Roosevelt can be heard pronouncing his last name

===Other===
* [http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/ Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501200726/http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/ |date=May 1, 2021 }}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/troosevelt/index.html Theodore Roosevelt: A Resource Guide] – [[Library of Congress]]
* {{Nobelprize}}

{{Theodore Roosevelt}}
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Dromedary

2026-03-25T08:53:45Z

Thenaade: corrected section after review and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|One-humped camel}}
{{About| the animal|other uses|Dromedary (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Camelus dromedarius
| name = Dromedary camel
| image = Camelus dromedarius on Sinai.jpg
| image_caption = Dromedary in a [[wadi]] on the [[Sinai Peninsula]], Egypt
| image2 = Cri du chameau.ogg
| status = DOM
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| synonyms_ref=<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3|id=14200115|page=646}}</ref>
| synonyms={{collapsible list|title=List
|''C. aegyptiacus'' [[Friedrich August Rudolph Kolenati|Kolenati]], 1847
|''C. africanus'' ([[Gloger]], 1841)
|''C. arabicus'' [[Charles Desmoulins|Desmoulins]], 1823
|''C. dromas'' [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1811
|''C. dromos'' Kerr, 1792
|''C. ferus'' Falk,1786
|''C. lukius'' Kolenati, 1847
|''C. polytrichus'' Kolenati, 1847
|''C. turcomanichus'' [[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|J. Fischer]], 1829
|''C. vulgaris'' Kolenati, 1847}}
}}

The '''dromedary''' ('''''Camelus dromedarius'''''), also known as the '''dromedary camel''', '''Arabian camel''' and '''one-humped camel''', is a large [[camel]] of the genus ''[[Camelus]]'' with one hump on its back. It is the tallest of the three camel species; adult males stand {{cvt|1.8|–|2.4|m}} at the shoulder, while females are {{cvt|1.7|–|1.9|m}} tall. Males typically weigh between {{cvt|400|and|690|kg}}, and females weigh between {{cvt|300|and|540|kg}}.
The dromedary's distinctive features include its long, curved neck, narrow chest, a single hump, and long hairs on the throat, shoulders, and hump. The coat is generally a shade of brown. The hump, {{cvt|20|cm|abbr=on}} tall or more, is made of fat bound together by [[fibrous tissue]].

The dromedary feeds on foliage and desert vegetation; several adaptations, such as the ability to tolerate losing more than 30% of its total water content, allow it to thrive in its desert habitat. Mating occurs annually and peaks in the rainy season; females bear a single calf after a [[gestation]] of 15 months. It is mainly active during daylight hours and forms herds of about 20 individuals, which are led by a [[Dominance (ethology)|dominant]] male.

The dromedary has not occurred naturally in the wild for nearly 2,000 years. It was probably first [[Domestication of animals|domesticated]] in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] about 4,000 years ago. In the wild, the dromedary inhabited arid regions, including the [[Sahara]]. The domesticated dromedary is kept in the semiarid to arid regions of the Old World, mainly in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the [[Thar desert]] in Pakistan and India. A feral population occurs in Australia. Products of the dromedary, including its meat and milk, support several North African tribes; it is also commonly used for riding and as a pack animal.

==Etymology==
The common name "dromedary" comes from the [[Old French]] ''{{Lang|fro|dromedaire}}'' or the [[Late Latin]] {{Lang|la|dromedarius}}. These originated from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{Transliteration|el|dromas}}, {{lang|el|δρομάς (ο, η)}} ([[genitive|GEN (γενική)]] ''{{Transliteration|el|dromados}}'', {{lang|el|δρομάδος}}), meaning "running" or "runner",<ref name="LSJ">{{LSJ|droma/s|δρομάς|ref}}.</ref><ref name=oxford>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Dromedary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129194458/https://www.lexico.com/definition/dromedary |archive-date=29 January 2020 |title=Dromedary |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> used in Greek in the combination {{lang|grc|δρομάς κάμηλος}} ({{Transliteration|el|dromas kamelos}}), literally "running camel", to refer to the dromedary.<ref name="LSJ"/><ref>{{OEtymD|dromedary|access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> The first recorded use in English of the name "dromedary" occurred in the 14th century.<ref name="English dromedary">{{cite book|last1=Heller|first1=L.|last2=Humez|first2=A.|last3=Dror|first3=M.|title=The Private Lives of Words|year=1984|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|isbn=978-0-7102-0006-8|edition=1st|location=Abingdon, UK|pages=58–9}}</ref> The dromedary possibly originated in Arabia or Somalia, so is sometimes referred to as the Arabian or East African camel.<ref name=nowak/> The word "camel" generally refers either to the dromedary or the [[Conspecificity|congeneric]] [[Bactrian camel|Bactrian]]; the word came into English via [[Old Norman]], from the [[Latin]] word ''{{Lang|la|camēlus}}'', from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|κάμηλος}} (''{{Transliteration|grc|kámēlos}}''),<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Camel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322184114/https://www.lexico.com/definition/camel |archive-date=22 March 2020 |title=Camel |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> ultimately from a [[Semitic language|Semitic]] source akin to [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] {{lang|he|גמל}} (''{{Transliteration|he|gamál}}'') and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|ar|جمل}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|jamal}}'').<ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Camel|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>

==Taxonomy and classification==
{{cladogram|title=
|caption=Phylogenetic relationships of the dromedary compared to living and recently extinct camels<ref name="Yuanetal2024">{{Cite journal|last1=Yuan |first1=Junxia |last2=Hu |first2=Jiaming |last3=Liu |first3=Wenhui |last4=Chen |first4=Shungang |last5=Zhang |first5=Fengli |last6=Wang |first6=Siren |last7=Zhang |first7=Zhen |last8=Wang |first8=Linying |last9=Xiao |first9=Bo |last10=Li |first10=Fuqiang |last11=Hofreiter |first11=Michael |last12=Lai |first12=Xulong |last13=Westbury |first13=Michael V. |last14=Sheng |first14=Guilian |date=May 2024 |title=Camelus knoblochi genome reveals the complex evolutionary history of Old World camels |journal=Current Biology |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=2502–2508.e5 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.050|pmid=38754423|bibcode=2024CBio...34.2502Y |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade
|label1=Camelidae
|1={{clade
|1=[[Lamini]] (llamas)
|label2=[[Camelini]]
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Camelops]]''
|label2=''[[Camelus]]''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Camelus dromedarius''''' (dromedary)
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Camelus knoblochi]]''
|2=''[[Camelus ferus]]'' (wild Bactrian camel)
|3=''[[Camelus bactrianus]]'' (domestic Bactrian camel)
}}}}}}}}}}}}
The dromedary shares the [[genus (biology)|genus]] ''[[Camelus]]'' with the Bactrian camel (''C. bactrianus'') and the wild Bactrian camel (''C. ferus''). The dromedary belongs to the family [[Camelidae]].<ref name=msw3/><ref name=colin>{{cite book|last1=Groves|first1=C.|last2=Grubb|first2=P.|author-link1=Colin Groves|author-link2=Peter Grubb (zoologist)|title=Ungulate Taxonomy|year=2011|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0093-8|page=32}}</ref> [[ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] philosopher [[Aristotle]] (fourth century BC) was the first to [[species description|describe]] the species of ''Camelus''. He named two species in his ''[[History of Animals]]''; the one-humped Arabian camel and the two-humped Bactrian camel.<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Buffon|first1=C.|author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|title=Natural History, General and Particular|date=1791|volume=6|publisher=Alexander Strahan|page=121|location=London, UK|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77169#page/135/mode/1up|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001074921/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77169#page/135/mode/1up|archive-date=1 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=W.|last2=Anthon|first2=C.|title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities|year=1870|publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper and Brothers Publishers]]|location=New York, US|edition=3rd|page=204}}</ref> The dromedary was given its current binomial name ''Camelus dromedarius'' by Swedish zoologist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his 1758 publication ''[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name=SN>{{cite book|last1=Linnaeus|first1=C.|author-link=Carl Linnaeus|title=Systema Naturæ Per Regna Tria Naturae|date=1758|publisher=Laurentius Salvius|location=Stockholm, Sweden|page=65|edition=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th]]|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726965|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617001212/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726965|archive-date=17 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1927, British veterinarian [[Arnold Leese]] classified dromedaries by their basic habitats; the hill camels are small, muscular animals and efficient beasts of burden; the larger plains camels could be further divided into the desert type that can bear light burdens and are apt for riding, and the riverine type – slow animals that can bear heavy burdens; and those intermediate between these two types.<ref name="camel">{{cite book|last=Mukasa-Mugerwa|first=E.|title=The Camel (''Camelus dromedarius''): A Bibliographical Review|year=1981|publisher=[[International Livestock Centre for Africa]]|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAP013.pdf|pages=1–147|access-date=27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202032116/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAP013.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2016}} {{open access}}</ref>

In 2007, Peng Cui of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] and colleagues carried out a [[phylogenetic]] study of the evolutionary relationships between the two [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]] of Camelidae; [[Camelini]] – consisting of the three ''Camelus'' species (the study considered the wild Bactrian camel as a [[subspecies]] of the Bactrian camel) – and [[Lamini]], which consists of the [[alpaca]] (''Vicugna pacos''), the [[guanaco]] (''Lama guanicoe''), the [[llama]] (''L. glama''), and the [[vicuña]] (''V. vicugna''). The study showed the two tribes had [[genetic divergence|diverged]] 25 million years ago (early [[Miocene]]), earlier than previously estimated from North American fossils.

The dromedary and the Bactrian camels often interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Where the ranges of the species overlap, such as in northern Punjab, Persia, and Afghanistan, the [[phenotypic]] differences between them tend to decrease as a result of extensive crossbreeding. The fertility of their [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] has given rise to speculation that the dromedary and the Bactrian camel should be merged into a single species with two varieties.<ref name="camel"/> However, a 1994 analysis of the [[mitochondria]]l [[cytochrome b]] [[gene]] showed the species display 10.3% divergence in their [[DNA sequencing|sequences]].<ref name=stanley>{{cite journal|last1=Stanley|first1=H.F.|last2=Kadwell|first2=M.|last3=Wheeler|first3=J.C.|title=Molecular evolution of the family Camelidae: a mitochondrial DNA study|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=1994|volume=256|issue=1345|pages=1–6|doi=10.1098/rspb.1994.0041|pmid=8008753|bibcode=1994RSPSB.256....1S|s2cid=40857282}}</ref>

==Genetics and hybrids==
{{main|Hybrid camel}}
The dromedary has 74 [[diploidy|diploid]] chromosomes, the same as other camelids. The [[autosome]]s consist of five pairs of small to medium-sized [[Centromere#Metacentric|metacentrics]] and [[Centromere#Submetacentric|submetacentrics]].<ref name=benirschke>{{cite book|last1=Benirschke|first1=K.|last2=Hsu|first2=T.C.|title=An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes|volume=8|date=1974|publisher=Springer|location=New York, US|isbn=978-1-4615-6432-4|pages=153–6}}</ref> The [[X chromosome]] is the largest in the metacentric and submetacentric group.<ref name=mammal/> There are 31 pairs of [[acrocentric]]s.<ref name=benirschke/> The dromedary's [[karyotype]] is similar to that of the Bactrian camel.<ref name=taylor1968>{{cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=K.M.|last2=Hungerford|first2=D.A.|last3=Snyder|first3=R.L.|last4=Ulmer|first4=F.A.Jr.|title=Uniformity of karyotypes in the Camelidae|journal=Cytogenetic and Genome Research|date=1968|volume=7|issue=1|pages=8–15|doi=10.1159/000129967|pmid=5659175}}</ref>

Camel hybridization began in the first millennium BC.<ref name=hybrid>{{cite journal|last=Potts|first=D.T.|title=Camel hybridization and the role of ''Camelus bactrianus'' in the ancient Near East|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|date=2004|volume=47|issue=2|pages=143–65|doi=10.1163/1568520041262314}}</ref> For about a thousand years, Bactrian camels and dromedaries have been successfully bred in regions where they are [[sympatric]] to form hybrids with either a long, slightly lopsided hump or two humps – one small and one large. These hybrids are larger and stronger than their parents – they can bear greater loads.<ref name=mammal/><ref name=hybrid/> A cross between a [[F1 hybrid|first-generation]] female hybrid and a male Bactrian camel can also produce a hybrid. Hybrids from other combinations tend to be bad-tempered or [[runt]]s.<ref name=kolpakaw>{{cite journal|last1=Kolpakow|first1=V.N.|title=Über Kamelkreuzungen|trans-title=About camel crossings|journal=Berliner und Münchner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift|date=1935|volume=51|pages=617–22|language=de}}</ref>

==Evolution==
The extinct ''[[Protylopus]]'', which occurred in North America during the upper [[Eocene]], is the oldest and the smallest-known camel.<ref name="mikesell">{{cite journal|last1=Mikesell|first1=M.W.|title=Notes on the dispersal of the dromedary|journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology|date=1955|volume=11|issue=3|pages=231–45|jstor=3629022|doi=10.1086/soutjanth.11.3.3629022|s2cid=131677653}}</ref> During the transition from [[Pliocene]] to [[Pleistocene]], several mammals faced extinction. This period marked the successful radiation of the ''Camelus'' species, which migrated over the [[Bering Strait]] and dispersed widely into Asia, eastern Europe, and Africa.<ref name=novoa>{{cite journal|last1=Novoa|first1=C.|title=Reproduction in Camelidae|journal=Reproduction|date=1970|volume=22|issue=1|pages=3–20|doi=10.1530/jrf.0.0220003|pmid=4911974|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=payne>{{cite book|last1=Williamson|first1=G.|last2=Payne|first2=W.J.A.|title=An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics|date=1978|publisher=Longman|location=London, UK|isbn=978-0-582-46813-9|page=485|edition=3rd}}</ref> By the Pleistocene, ancestors of the dromedary occurred in the Middle East and northern Africa.<ref name=donald>{{cite book|last1=Prothero|first1=D.|last2=Schoch|first2=R.M.|author-link1=Donald Prothero|title=Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals|year=2002|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, US|isbn=978-0-8018-7135-1|pages=53–4}}</ref>

The modern dromedary probably evolved in the hotter, arid regions of western Asia from the Bactrian camel, which in turn was closely related to the earliest Old World camels.<ref name=payne/> This hypothesis was once thought to be supported by the dromedary [[foetus]] having two humps, but modern studies have shown this to be false.<ref name="embryonic">{{cite journal |last1=Kinne |first1=J |last2=Wani |first2=NA |last3=Wernery |first3=U |last4=Peters |first4=J |last5=Knospe |first5=C |title=Is there a two-humped stage in the embryonic development of the dromedary? |journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia |date=Oct 2010 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=479–480 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01011.x |pmid=20608925 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01011.x |access-date=14 June 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A jawbone of a dromedary that [[Radiocarbon dating#Calibration|dated]] from 8,200 BC was found in Saudi Arabia on the southern coast of the [[Red Sea]].<ref name=nowak>{{cite book|last=Nowak|first=R.M.|title=Walker's Mammals of the World|year=1999|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8|pages=1078–81|volume=2|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=jaw>{{cite journal|last1=Grigson|first1=C.|last2=Gowlett|first2=J.A.J.|last3=Zarins|first3=J.|title=The camel in Arabia—a direct radiocarbon date, calibrated to about 7000 BC|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|date=1989|volume=16|issue=4|pages=355–62|doi=10.1016/0305-4403(89)90011-3|bibcode=1989JArSc..16..355G }}</ref>

In 1975, [[Richard Bulliet]] of [[Columbia University]] wrote that the dromedary exists in large numbers in areas from which the Bactrian camel has disappeared; the converse is also true to a great extent. He said this substitution could have taken place because of the heavy dependence on the milk, meat, and wool of the dromedary by Syrian and Arabian nomads, while the Asian people domesticated the Bactrian camel, but did not have to depend upon its products.<ref name=bulliet>{{cite book|last1=Bulliet|first1=R.W.|author-link=Richard Bulliet|title=The Camel and the Wheel|url=https://archive.org/details/camelwheel0000bull|url-access=registration|date=1975|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York, US|isbn=978-0-231-07235-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/camelwheel0000bull/page/28 28–259]|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703090057/https://archive.org/details/camelwheel0000bull/|archive-date=3 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:Dromadaire d'Algérie.jpg|thumb|The dromedary has thick, double-layered eyelashes and bushy eyebrows]]
[[File:Dromadaire4478.jpg|thumb|The dromedary has a long curved neck, single hump, and long hair on the throat, shoulders, and hump.]]

The dromedary is the tallest of the three camel species. Adult males range in height between {{convert|1.8|and|2.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} at the shoulder;<ref>[[Arab News]], 2018, [https://www.arabnews.com/node/1232611/offbeat Check out the world's tallest camel]</ref><ref name=Guinness>[[Guinness World Records]], [https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-species-of-camel Largest species of camel]</ref> females range between {{cvt|1.7|and|1.9|m}}. Males typically weigh between {{cvt|400|and|690|kg}};<ref name=Guinness /> females range between {{cvt|300|and|540|kg}}. The distinctive features are its long, curved neck, narrow chest, and single hump (the Bactrian camel has two), thick, double-layered eyelashes, and bushy eyebrows.<ref name=mammal>{{cite journal |last=Kohler-Rollefson |first=I.U. |title=''Camelus dromedarius''|journal=[[Mammalian Species]] |date=1991 |issue=375|pages=1–8 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-375-01-0001.pdf|doi=10.2307/3504297|jstor=3504297|bibcode=1991MamSp.375....1K |access-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521140058/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-375-01-0001.pdf|archive-date=21 May 2013 }} {{open access}}</ref> They have sharp vision and a good sense of smell.<ref name=nowak/> The male has a soft [[palate]] ({{transliteration|ar|dulaa}} in Arabic) nearly {{cvt|18|cm}} long, which he inflates to produce a deep pink sac. The palate, which is often mistaken for the tongue, dangles from one side of the mouth and is used to attract females during the mating season.<ref name=lee/>

The [[coat (animal)|coat]] is generally brown, but can range from black to nearly white.<ref name=mammal/> Leese reported [[Piebaldism|piebald]] dromedaries in [[Kordofan]] and [[Darfur]] in Sudan.<ref name=leese/> Piebald coloration in some camels is thought to be caused by the ''KITW1'' allele of the [[KIT (gene)|''KIT'' gene]], though at least one other mutation likely also causes white spotting.<ref name=Holl2017>{{cite journal |title=A Frameshift Mutation in KIT is Associated with White Spotting in the Arabian Camel |year=2017 |doi=10.3390/genes8030102 |doi-access=free| last1=Holl|first1=H.| last2=Isaza|first2=R. | last3=Mohamoud| first3=Y.| last4=Ahmed |first4=A. | last5=Almathen| first5=F.|last6=Youcef| first6=C.| last7=Gaouar| first7=S.| last8=Antczak |first8=D. |last9=Brooks |first9=S. |display-authors=4 | journal=Genes |volume=8 |issue=3|page=102| pmid=28282952 |pmc=5368706}}</ref> The hair is long and concentrated on the throat, shoulders, and hump. The large eyes are protected by prominent [[supraorbital ridge]]s; the ears are small and rounded. The hump is at least {{cvt|20|cm}} high.<ref name=mammal/> The dromedary has long, powerful legs with two toes on each foot. The feet resemble flat, leathery pads.<ref name=gauthiers/> Like the [[giraffe]], dromedaries move both legs on one side of the body at the same time.<ref name="Rafferty">{{cite book|editor1-last=Rafferty|editor1-first=J.P.|title=Grazers|date=2011|publisher=Britannica Educational Pub. |location=New York, US|isbn=978-1-615-30336-6 |page=181 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/grazers0000raff/page/181}}</ref>

Compared with the Bactrian camel, the dromedary has a lighter build, longer limbs, shorter hairs, a harder palate, and an insignificant or absent [[ethmoid bone|ethmoidal]] [[fissure (anatomy)|fissure]].<ref name=lesbre>{{cite journal|last1=Lesbre|first1=F.X. |title=Recherches anatomiques sur les camélidés |trans-title=Anatomical research on camels |journal=Archives du Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon |date=1903 |volume=8 |pages=1–195 |language=fr}}</ref> Unlike the camelids of the genus ''Lama'', the dromedary has a hump, and in comparison has a longer tail, smaller ears, squarer feet, and a greater height at the shoulder. The dromedary has four teats instead of the two in the ''Lama'' species.<ref name=mammal/>

===Anatomy===
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| align = right
| image1 = Camelus dromedarius 3d scan Natural History Museum University of Pisa C 2832.stl
| alt1 = Skeleton
| caption1 = [[Skeleton]]
| image2 = Domestic Dromedary Merzouga.jpg
| alt2 = Body
| caption2 = Body for comparison with skeleton
}}
[[File:Dromedary heart.jpg|thumb|Dromedary heart]]

The [[cranium]] of the dromedary consists of a [[postorbital bar]], a [[tympanic bulla]] filled with [[Substantia spongiosa|spongiosa]], a well-defined [[sagittal crest]], a long facial part and an indented [[nasal bone]].<ref name=sandhu>{{cite journal |last1=Sandhu |first1=P.S. |last2=Dhingra |first2=L.D.|title=Cranial capacity of Indian camel. Short communication|journal=Indian Journal of Animal Sciences |date=1986 |volume=56 |pages=870–872 |url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=IN870071488|access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825234105/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=IN870071488 |archive-date=25 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Typically, there are eight [[sternum|sternal]] and four non-sternal pairs of [[rib]]s.<ref name=leese/> The spinal cord is nearly {{convert|214|cm|in|abbr=on}} long; it terminates in the second and third [[sacral vertebra]].<ref name="hifny">{{Cite journal |last1=Hifny |first1=A.K. |last2=Mansour |first2=A.A. |last3=Moneim |first3=M.E.A. |date=1985 |title=Some anatomical studies of the spinal cord in camel |url=https://avmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_190226.html |journal=Assiut Veterinary Medicine Journal |volume=15 |issue=29 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.21608/avmj.1985.190226 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228210823/https://avmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_190226.html |archive-date=2022-02-28}}</ref> The [[fibula]] is reduced to a [[Malleolus|malleolar bone]]. The dromedary is a [[digitigrade]] animal; it walks on its toes, which are known as [[Digit (anatomy)|digits]]. It lacks the second and fifth digits.<ref name=simpson>{{cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=C.D. |chapter=Artiodactyls |date=1984|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York, US |pages=563–587 |title=Orders and families of recent mammals of the world |editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Jones Jr.|editor2-first=J.K.)}}</ref> The front feet are {{cvt|19|cm}} wide and {{cvt|18|cm}} long; they are larger than the hind feet, which measure {{cvt|17|cm|in}} wide and {{cvt|16|cm}} long.<ref name=gauthiers/>

[[File:Camelus dromedarius (Dromedary) (48724323241).jpg|thumb|A dromedary skull]]
The dromedary has 22 [[milk teeth]], which are eventually replaced by 34 [[permanent teeth]]. The [[dental formula]] for permanent dentition is {{DentalFormula|upper=1.1.3.3|lower=3.1.2.3}}, and {{DentalFormula|upper=1.1.3|lower=3.1.2}} for [[Deciduous teeth|milk]] dentition.<ref name=wilson>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=R.T. |title=The Camel|date=1988 |publisher=Longman|location=London, UK |isbn=978-0-582-77512-1 |pages=1–223 |edition=2nd}}</ref> In the juvenile, the lower first [[Molar (tooth)|molars]] develop by 12 to 15 months and the permanent lower [[incisor]]s appear at 4.5 to 6.5 years of age. All teeth are in use by 8 years.<ref name=rabagliati>{{cite book |last1=Rabagliati|first1=D.S.|title=The Dentition of the Camel|date=1924|publisher=Egypt Ministry of Agriculture|location=Cairo, Egypt |pages=1–32}}</ref> The [[Lens (anatomy)|lenses]] of the eyes contain [[crystallin]], which constitutes 8 to 13% of the protein present there.<ref name=garland>{{cite journal|last1=Garland|first1=D.|last2=Rao|first2=P.V.|last3=Del Corso |first3=A. |last4=Mura|first4=U.|last5=Zigler Jr.|first5=J.S.|title=zeta-Crystallin is a major protein in the lens of ''Camelus dromedarius'' |journal=Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics|date=1991|volume=285|issue=1|pages=134–6|doi=10.1016/0003-9861(91)90339-K |pmid=1990971}}</ref>

The skin is black; the [[epidermis (skin)|epidermis]] is {{convert|0.038|-|0.064|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick and the [[dermis]] is {{cvt|2.2|-|4.7|mm}} thick.<ref name=ghobrial>{{cite journal|last1=Ghobrial|first1=L.I.|title=A comparative study of the integument of the camel, Dorcas gazelle and jerboa in relation to desert life |journal=Journal of Zoology|date=1970|volume=160|issue=4 |pages=509–521 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb03094.x}}</ref> The hump is composed of fat bound together by [[fibrous tissue]].<ref name=mammal/> There are no glands on the face; males have glands that appear to be modified [[apocrine sweat gland]]s that secrete pungent, coffee-coloured fluid during the [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|rut]], located on either side of the neck midline. The glands generally grow heavier during the rut, and range from {{convert|20|to|115|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=singh>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=U.B. |last2=Bharadwaj |first2=M.B.|title=Anatomical, histological and histochemical observations and changes in the poll glands of the camel (''Camelus dromedarius'') Part III |url=https://karger.com/aan/article-abstract/102/1/74/1282/Anatomical-histological-and-histochemical |url-access=subscription |journal=Acta Anatomica |date=1978 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=74–83 |doi=10.1159/000145621 |pmid=676657 }}</ref> Each cover hair is associated with an [[arrector pilli]] muscle, a [[hair follicle]], a ring of [[sebaceous gland]]s and a [[sweat gland]].<ref name=lee>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=D.G. |last2=Schmidt-Nielsen|first2=K.|title=The skin, sweat glands and hair follicles of the camel (''Camelus dromedarius'') |journal=The Anatomical Record|date=1962|volume=143|issue=1|pages=71–77 |doi=10.1002/ar.1091430107 |s2cid=85873711}}</ref><ref name=dowling>{{cite journal |last1=Dowling |first1=D.F. |last2=Nay |first2=T. |title=Hair follicles and the sweat glands of the camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=1962 |volume=195 |issue=4841 |pages=578–580 |doi=10.1038/195578a0 |bibcode=1962Natur.195..578D |s2cid=4248325}}</ref> Females have cone-shaped, four-chambered [[mammary gland]]s that are {{convert|2.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a base diameter of {{cvt|1.5|cm}}.<ref name=saleh>{{cite journal |last1=Saleh |first1=M.S. |last2=Mobarak |first2=A.M. |last3=Fouad |first3=S.M. |title=Radiological, anatomical and histological studies of the mammary gland of the one-humped camel (''Camelus dromedarius'') |journal=Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe A |date=1971 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=347–52|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0442.1971.tb00587.x|pmid=4998115}}</ref> These glands can produce milk with up to 90% water content even if the mother is at risk of dehydration.<ref name=mammal/>

[[File:Camel kidney (longitudinal cut).- FMVZ USP-30.jpg|thumb|Camel kidney (longitudinal cut)]]
The heart weighs around {{cvt|5|kg}}; it has two [[ventricle (heart)|ventricles]] with the tip curving to the left. The [[pulse rate]] is 50 beats per minute.<ref name=hegazi1954>{{cite journal |last1=Hegazi|first1=A.H. |title=The liver of the camel as revealed by macroscopic and microscopic examinations |journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research|date=1954|volume=15|issue=56|pages=444–446 |pmid=13171506}}</ref> The dromedary is the only mammal with oval [[red blood corpuscles]], which facilitates blood flow during dehydration.<ref name="hegazi1953" /> The [[pH]] of the blood varies from 7.1 to 7.6 (slightly alkaline). The individual's state of hydration and sex and the time of year can influence [[blood values]].<ref name=barakat>{{cite journal|last1=Barakat|first1=M.Z.|last2=Abdel-Fattah |first2=M. |title=Seasonal and sexual variations of certain constituents of normal camel blood|journal=Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe A |date=1971|volume=18|issue=2 |pages=174–178 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0442.1971.tb00852.x|pmid=4995838}}</ref> The [[lung]]s lack lobes.<ref name=leese/> A dehydrated camel has a lower [[breathing rate]].<ref name=schmidt1967>{{cite journal|last1=Schmidt-Nielsen |first1=K. |last2=Crawford |first2=E.C.Jr. |last3=Newsome |first3=A.E. |last4=Rawson |first4=K.S. |last5=Hammel |first5=H.T. |title=Metabolic rate of camels: effect of body temperature and dehydration |journal=American Journal of Physiology |date=1967 |volume=212 |issue=2 |pages=341–346 |doi=10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.2.341|pmid=6018015|doi-access=free}}</ref> Each kidney has a capacity of {{cvt|858|cm3}}, and can produce urine with high [[chloride]] concentrations. Like the horse, the dromedary has no [[gall bladder]]. The grayish violet, crescent-like [[spleen]] weighs less than {{convert|500|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=hegazi1953>{{cite journal |last1=Hegazi |first1=A.H.|title=The spleen of the camel compared with other domesticated animals and its microscopic examination |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |date=1953|volume=122|issue=912|pages=182–184 |pmid=13044660}}</ref> The triangular, four-chambered liver weighs {{Cvt|6.5|kg}}; its dimensions are {{cvt|60|x|42|x|18|cm}}.<ref name=mammal/>

===={{anchor|Reproductive system}}Reproductive system====
The [[Ovary|ovaries]] are reddish, circular and flattened.<ref name=arthur>{{cite journal |last1=Arthur|first1=G.H. |last2=Arahim |first2=A.T. |last3=Al Hindi|first3=A.S.|title=Reproduction and genital diseases of the camel |journal=British Veterinary Journal |date=1985 |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=650–659 |doi=10.1016/0007-1935(85)90014-4|pmid=4063788}}</ref> They are enclosed in a conical [[Bursa (anatomy)|bursa]] and have the dimensions {{cvt|4|x|2.5|x|0.5|cm|round=each}} during [[anestrus]]. The [[oviduct]]s are {{cvt|25|-|28|cm}} long. The [[uterus]] is [[Bicornuate uterus|bicornuate]]. The [[vagina]] is {{cvt|3|-|3.5|cm}} long and has well-developed [[Bartholin's gland]]s.<ref name=novoa/> The [[vulva]] is {{cvt|3|-|5|cm}} deep and has a small [[clitoris]].<ref name=wilson/> The [[placenta]] is diffuse and [[Placentation#Placentation in mammals|epitheliochorial]], with a crescent-like [[chorion]].<ref name=morton>{{cite journal |last1=Morton |first1=W.R.M. |title=Observations on the full-term foetal membranes of three members of the Camelidae (''Camelus dromedarius'' L., ''Camelus bactrianus'' L., and ''Lama glama'' L.) |journal=Journal of Anatomy|date=1961|volume=95|issue=2|pages=200–209 |pmc=1244464 |pmid=13772976}}</ref>

The [[penis]] is covered by a triangular [[penile sheath]] that opens backwards; it is about {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=mobarak>{{cite journal|last1=Mobarak|first1=A.M.|last2=ElWishy|first2=A.B.|last3=Samira|first3=M.F.|title=The penis and prepuce of the one-humped camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')|journal=Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe A. |date=1972 |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=787–795 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0442.1972.tb00532.x |pmid=4629466|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286418303}}</ref> The [[scrotum]] is located high in the [[perineum]] with the [[testicles]] in separate sacs. {{anchor|Testicles}} Testicles are {{cvt|7|-|10|cm}} long, {{cvt|4.5|cm}} deep and {{cvt|5|cm}} wide.<ref name=mammal/> The right testicle is often smaller than the left.<ref name=camel/> The typical mass of either testicle is less than {{cvt|140|g}}; during the rut the mass increases from {{cvt|165|to|253|g}}.<ref name=mammal/> The [[Cowper's gland]] is white, almond-shaped and lacks [[seminal vesicles]]; the [[prostate gland]] is dark yellow, disc-shaped and divided into two lobes.<ref name=mobarak/> The camel epididymis interstitium revealed several blood vessels harboring special regulatory devices such as the spiral arteries, spiral veins, and throttle arterioles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussein and Abdel-maksoud |first1=M. and F. |title=Structural Investigation of Epididymal Microvasculature and Its Relation to Telocytes and Immune Cells in Camel |journal=Microscopy and Microanalysis |year=2020 |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=1024–1034 |doi=10.1017/S1431927620001786 |pmid=32665042 |bibcode=2020MiMic..26.1024H |s2cid=220527872 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-and-microanalysis/article/abs/structural-investigation-of-epididymal-microvasculature-and-its-relation-to-telocytes-and-immune-cells-in-camel/E131C8C01E9DD822F2FF1621E25E805C|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Health and diseases===
The dromedary generally suffers from fewer diseases than other domestic livestock such as goats and cattle.<ref name=leupold>{{cite journal |last1=Leupold |first1=J. |title=Camel-an important domestic animal of the subtropics|journal=Blue Book for the Veterinary Profession|date=1968|volume=15|pages=1–6}}</ref> Temperature fluctuations occur throughout the day in a healthy dromedary – the temperature falls to its minimum at dawn, rises until sunset and falls during the night.<ref name=leese1918>{{cite book |last1=Leese |first1=A.S. |author-link=Arnold Leese |title="Tips" on camels for veterinary surgeons on active service|date=1918|pages=1–56 |url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/22454/1/SVAC3800.pdf|publisher=Bailliere, Tindall And Cox|location=London, UK |access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206224554/http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/22454/1/SVAC3800.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2016 }}</ref> Nervous camels may vomit if they are carelessly handled; this does not always indicate a disorder. Rutting males may develop nausea.<ref name=camel/>

The dromedary is prone to [[trypanosomiasis]], a disease caused by a parasite transmitted by the [[tsetse fly]]. The main symptoms are recurring fever, [[anaemia]] and weakness; the disease is typically fatal for the camel.<ref name=currason>{{cite journal |last1=Currason |first1=G. |title=Le chameau et ses maladies|journal=Paris: Vigotfreres |date=1947|pages=188–237|trans-title=The camel and its diseases |language=fr}}</ref> [[Brucellosis]] is another prominent malady. In an observational study, the [[seroprevalence]] of this disease was generally low (2 to 5%) in nomadic or moderately free dromedaries, but it was higher (8 to 15%) in denser populations. Brucellosis is caused by different [[biotype]]s of ''[[Brucella abortus]]'' and ''[[Brucella melitensis|B. melitensis]]''.<ref name=brucella>{{cite journal |last1=Abbas |first1=B.|last2=Agab|first2=H.|title=A review of camel brucellosis|journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=2002 |volume=55 |issue=1|pages=47–56|doi=10.1016/S0167-5877(02)00055-7|pmid=12324206}}</ref> Other internal parasites include ''[[Fasciola gigantica]]'' ([[trematode]]), two types of [[cestode]] (tapeworm) and various [[nematode]]s (roundworms). Among external parasites, ''[[Sarcoptes]]'' species cause [[sarcoptic mange]].<ref name=mammal/> In a 2000 study in [[Jordan]], 83% of the 32 camels studied tested positive for sarcoptic mange.<ref name=Jordan>{{cite journal|last1=Al-Rawashdeh|first1=O.F.|last2=Al-Ani |first2=F.K. |last3=Sharrif |first3=L.A.|last4=Al-Qudah|first4=K.M.|last5=Al-Hami|first5=Y.|last6=Frank|first6=N.|display-authors=4 | title=A survey of camel (''Camelus dromedarius'') diseases in Jordan |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine|date=2000|volume=31|issue=3|pages=335–338 |pmid=11237140 |doi=10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0335:ASOCCD]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=24597310}}</ref> In another study, dromedaries were found to have natural [[antibody|antibodies]] against the [[rinderpest virus|rinderpest]] and [[ovine rinderpest]] viruses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roger |first1=F.|last2=Yesus|first2=M. G. |last3=Libeau |first3=G. |last4=Diallo |first4=A. |last5=Yigezu |first5=L.M. |last6=Yilma |first6=T.|display-authors=4 | title=Detection of antibodies of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses (Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus) during a new epizootic disease in Ethiopian camels (''Camelus dromedarius'')|journal=Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire |year=2001 |volume=152 |issue=3 |pages=265–268 |url=http://www.revmedvet.com/2001/RMV152_265_268.pdf|access-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419161006/http://www.revmedvet.com/2001/RMV152_265_268.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In 2013, a seroepidemiological study (a study investigating the patterns, causes and effects of a disease on a specific population on the basis of [[serologic]] tests) in Egypt was the first to show the dromedary might be a host for the [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus]] (MERS-CoV).<ref name=merscov2>{{cite journal |last1=Perera |first1=R. |last2=Wang |first2=P. |last3=Gomaa |first3=M. |last4=El-Shesheny |first4=R. |last5=Kandeil |first5=A. |last6=Bagato |first6=O. |last7=Siu |first7=L. |last8=Shehata |first8=M. |last9=Kayed |first9=A. |last10=Moatasim |first10=Y. |last11=Li |first11=M. |last12=Poon |first12=L. |last13=Guan |first13=Y. |last14=Webby |first14=R. |last15=Ali |first15=M.|last16=Peiris|first16=J.|last17=Kayali|first17=G.| display-authors=4 | title=Seroepidemiology for MERS coronavirus using microneutralisation and pseudoparticle virus neutralisation assays reveal a high prevalence of antibody in dromedary camels in Egypt, June 2013 |journal=[[Eurosurveillance]] |date=2013 |volume=18|issue=36|pages=pii=20574 | doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.36.20574 |pmid=24079378 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2013–14 study of dromedaries in Saudi Arabia concluded the unusual genetic stability of MERS-CoV coupled with its high seroprevalence in the dromedary makes this camel a highly probable host for the virus. The full genome sequence of MERS-CoV from dromedaries in this study showed a 99.9% match to the genomes of human clade B MERS-CoV.<ref name=merscov1>{{cite journal|last1=Hemida|first1=M. G. |last2=Chu |first2=D.K.W. |last3=Poon |first3=L.L.M. |last4=Perera |first4=R.A.P.M. |last5=Alhammadi |first5=M.A. |last6=Ng |first6=H.Y. |last7=Siu |first7=L.Y. |last8=Guan |first8=Y. |last9=Alnaeem |first9=A. |last10=Peiris |first10=M. |display-authors=4 | title=MERS coronavirus in dromedary camel herd, Saudi Arabia |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=2014 |volume=20|issue=7|pages=1231–1234 |doi=10.3201/eid2007.140571 |pmc=4073860 |pmid=24964193}}</ref> Another study in Saudi Arabia showed the presence of MERS-CoV in 90% of the evaluated dromedaries and suggested that camels could be the animal source of MERS-CoV.<ref name=merscov3>{{cite journal |last1=Hemida |first1=M. |last2=Perera |first2=R. |last3=Wang |first3=P. |last4=Alhammadi |first4=M. |last5=Siu |first5=L. |last6=Li |first6=M. |last7=Poon |first7=L. |last8=Saif |first8=L. |last9=Alnaeem |first9=A. |last10=Peiris |first10=M. |display-authors=4 | title=Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia, 2010 to 2013 |journal=[[Eurosurveillance]] |date=2013 |volume=18 |issue=50 |article-number=20659 | doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.50.20659 |pmid=24342517|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Fleas and ticks are common causes of physical irritation. ''[[Hyalomma dromedarii]]'' is especially adapted to arid conditions, changing its [[moulting]] process to complete more or all of its life cycle on a single host if stressed, and having an unusually wide host range. The larvae are not well understood but their larval questing phase is assumed to occur during the winter, which is also when rain arrives. The nymphs infest the host mostly in January, then the adults May to September.<ref name="Leal-et-al-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Leal |first1=B. |last2=Zamora |first2=E. |last3=Fuentes |first3=A. |last4=Thomas |first4=D. B. |last5=Dearth |first5=R. K. |title=Questing by Tick Larvae (Acari: Ixodidae): A Review of the Influences That Affect Off-Host Survival |journal=[[Annals of the Entomological Society of America]] | volume=113 |issue=6 |date=2020 | doi=10.1093/aesa/saaa013 |pmc=7677832 | pages=425–438| pmid=33244354}}</ref> In a study in Egypt, ''H. dromedarii'' was dominant in dromedaries, comprising 95.6% of the adult ticks isolated from the camels.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Straten |first1=M. |last2=Jongejan |first2=F.|title=Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting the Arabian camel (''Camelus dromedarius'') in the Sinai, Egypt with a note on the acaricidal efficacy of ivermectin|journal=Experimental and Applied Acarology |date=1993 |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=605–616 |doi=10.1007/BF00053490|pmid=7628237|s2cid=43598032}}</ref> Larvae of the camel nasal fly ''[[Cephalopsis titillator]]'' can cause possibly fatal [[brain compression]] and [[Neurological disorder|nervous disorders]]. Illnesses that can affect dromedary productivity are [[Pus|pyogenic]] diseases and wound infections caused by ''[[Corynebacterium]]'' and ''[[Streptococcus]]'', [[pulmonary disease|pulmonary disorders]] caused by ''[[Pasteurella]]'' such as [[hemorrhagic septicemia]] and ''[[Rickettsia]]'' species, [[camelpox]], [[anthrax]], and [[cutaneous]] [[necrosis]] caused by ''Streptothrix'' and deficiency of salt in the diet.<ref name=mammal/>

==Ecology==
[[File:Lion Attacking a Dromedary full.jpg|thumb|"Lion Attacking a Dromedary," a 19th-century [[taxidermy]] [[diorama]] by [[Jules Verreaux|Jules]] and [[Édouard Verreaux]]<ref name="ngNews" />]]
The dromedary is [[diurnality|diurnal]] (active mainly during daylight); free-ranging herds feed and roam throughout the day, though they rest during the hottest hours around noon. The night is mainly spent resting. Dromedaries form cohesive groups of about 20 individuals, which consist of several females led by a dominant male. Females may also lead in turns.<ref name=mammal/> Some males either form bachelor groups or roam alone.<ref name=klingel>{{cite journal|last1=Klingel|first1=H.|title=Social organization of the camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')|journal=Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft|date=1985|volume=78|page=210}}</ref> Herds may congregate to form associations of hundreds of camels during migrations at the time of natural disasters. The males of the herd prevent female members from interacting with bachelor males by standing or walking between them and sometimes driving the bachelor males away. In Australia, short-term [[home range]]s of feral dromedaries cover {{convert|50|to|150|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}; annual home ranges can spread over several thousand square kilometres.<ref name=mammal/>

Special behavioral features of the dromedary include snapping at others without biting them and showing displeasure by stamping their feet. They are generally non-aggressive, with the exception of rutting males. They appear to remember their homes; females, in particular, remember the places they first gave birth or suckled their offspring.<ref name=mammal/> Males become aggressive in the mating season, and sometimes wrestle. A 1980 study showed [[androgen]] levels in males influences their behavior. Between January and April when these levels are high during the rut, they become difficult to manage, blow out the palate from the mouth, vocalize and throw urine over their backs.<ref name=yagil>{{cite journal|last1=Yagil|first1=R.|last2=Etzion|first2=Z.|title=Hormonal and behavioral patterns in the male camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')|journal=Reproduction|date=1 January 1980|volume=58|issue=1|pages=61–5|doi=10.1530/jrf.0.0580061|pmid=7359491|doi-access=free}}</ref> Camels scratch parts of their bodies with their legs or with their lower incisors. They may also rub against tree bark and roll in the sand.<ref name=mammal/>

Free-ranging dromedaries face large predators typical of their regional distribution, which includes [[Subspecies of Canis lupus#Eurasia and Australia|wolves]], [[lion]]s<ref name="ngNews">{{cite web |last1=Chambers |first1=Delaney |title=150-year-old Diorama Surprises Scientists With Human Remains |date=29 January 2017 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/taxidermy-carnegie-museum-skull/ |website=news.nationalgeographic.com |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423063435/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/taxidermy-carnegie-museum-skull/ |archive-date=23 April 2017 }}</ref> and [[tiger]]s.<ref name=gauthiers>{{cite book|last1=Gauthier-Pilters|first1=H.|title=The Camel, Its Evolution, Ecology, Behavior, and Relationship to Man|url=https://archive.org/details/camelitsevolutio0000gaut|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, US|isbn=978-0-226-28453-8|last2=Dagg|first2=A.I.|date=1981|author2-link=Anne Innis Dagg}}</ref>

===Diet===
[[File:SFEC-2006-10-EGYPT-LUXOR-CAMEL0303.JPG|thumb|Dromedaries are primarily browsers]]

The dromedary's diet consists mostly of foliage, dry grasses and desert vegetation – mostly thorny plants.<ref name=diet1>{{cite journal|last=Sambraus|first=H.H.|title=Biological function of morphologic peculiarities of the dromedary|journal=Tierarztliche Praxis|date=June 1994|volume=22|issue=3|pages=291–3|pmid=8048041}}</ref> A study said the typical diet of the dromedary is dwarf shrubs (47.5%), trees (29.9%), grasses (11.2%), other herbs (0.2%) and vines (11%).<ref name=field>{{cite book|last1=Field|first1=C.R.|title=Ecology and management of camels, sheep and goats in northern Kenya. Mimeo, Nairobi, UNEP/MAB/IPAL|date=1979|pages=1–18|publisher=United Nations Environmental Programme/Man and Biosphere -Integrated Project in Arid Lands}}</ref> The dromedary is primarily a browser; [[forb]]s and shrubs comprise 70% of its diet in summer and 90% of its diet in winter. The dromedary may also graze on tall, young, succulent grasses.<ref name=newman/>

In the Sahara, 332 plant species have been recorded as food plants of the dromedary. These include ''[[Aristida pungens]]'', ''[[Acacia tortilis]]'', ''[[Panicum turgidum]]'', ''[[Launaea arborescens]]'' and ''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''.<ref name=gauthiers/> The dromedary eats ''[[Acacia]]'', ''[[Atriplex]]'' and ''[[Salsola]]'' when they are available.<ref name=newman>{{cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=D.M.R.|title=The feeds and feeding habits of Old and New World camels|journal=The Camelid|date=1979|volume=1|pages=250–92|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:277808/FULLTEXT01.pdf#page=252|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203081016/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:277808/FULLTEXT01.pdf#page=252|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Feral dromedaries in Australia prefer ''[[Trichodesma zeylanicum]]'' and ''[[Euphorbia tannensis]]''. In India, dromedaries are fed with forage plants such as ''[[Vigna aconitifolia]]'', ''[[Vigna mungo|V. mungo]]'', ''[[Cyamopsis tetragonolaba]]'', ''[[Melilotus parviflora]]'', ''[[Eruca sativa]]'', ''[[Trifolium]]'' species and ''[[Brassica campestris]]''.<ref name=newman/> Dromedaries keep their mouths open while chewing thorny food. They use their lips to grasp the food and chew each bite 40 to 50 times. Its long eyelashes, eyebrows, lockable nostrils, [[Caudal (anatomical term)#Anterior and posterior|caudal]] opening of the [[foreskin|prepuce]] and a relatively small vulva help the camel avoid injuries, especially while feeding.<ref name=diet1/> They graze for 8–12 hours per day and ruminate for an equal amount of time.<ref name=mammal/>

==Biology==
===Adaptations===
[[File:Dromedary Footprint in Sand.jpg|thumb|upright|Footprint in dry sand]]

The dromedary is specially adapted to its desert habitat; these adaptations are aimed at conserving water and regulating body temperature. The bushy eyebrows and the double row of eyelashes prevent sand and dust from entering the eyes during strong windstorms, and shield them from the sun's glare.<ref name=King>{{cite book|last1=King|first1=S.A.|title=Animal Dreaming: The Spiritual and Symbolic Language of the Australasian Animals|date=2007|publisher=Blue Angel Gallery|location=Melbourne, Australia|isbn=978-0-9803983-0-4|pages=78–9|edition=Revised and expanded}}</ref> The dromedary is able to close its nostrils voluntarily; this assists in water conservation.<ref name="ngNews" /> The dromedary can conserve water by reducing perspiration by fluctuating the body temperature throughout the day from {{convert|31|to|41.7|C|F}}. The kidneys are specialized to minimize water loss through excretion. Groups of camels avoid excess heat from the environment by pressing against each other. The dromedary can tolerate greater than 30% water loss, which is generally impossible for other mammals. In temperatures between {{convert|30|and|40|C|F}}, it needs water every 10 to 15 days. In the hottest temperatures, the dromedary takes water every four to seven days. Dromedaries have a quick rate of rehydration, drinking up to {{convert|114|L|impgal|abbr=on}} in a single sitting,<ref name="h559">{{cite web|last=Gonzalez|first=Nora|title=Do Camels Store Water in Their Humps?|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=30 November 2023|url=https://www.britannica.com/story/do-camels-store-water-in-their-humps|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> at a rate of {{convert|10|-|20|L|impgal|abbr=on}} per minute.<ref name=mammal/> The dromedary has a [[rete mirabile]], a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which uses countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain. This effectively controls the temperature of the brain.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zguigal|first1=H.|last2=Ghoshal|first2=N.G.|title=Gross and histologic study of the rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous sinus in one-humped camels|journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research|date=1991|volume=52|issue=7|pages=1173–7|doi=10.2460/ajvr.1991.52.07.1173 |pmid=1892276}}</ref>

The hump stores up to {{convert|80|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of fat, which the camel can break down into energy to meet its needs when resources are scarce; the hump also helps dissipate body heat.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=MacFarlane|first1=W.V.|title=Survival in an arid land|journal=Australian Natural History|date=1977|volume=19|pages=18–23}}</ref> When this tissue is metabolized, through [[lipolysis|fat metabolization]], it releases energy while causing water to evaporate from the lungs during [[breathing|respiration]] (as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a net decrease in water.<ref name=vannjones>{{cite web|url=http://www.djur.cob.lu.se/Djurartiklar/Kamel.html|title=What secrets lie within the camel's hump?|first=Kerstin|last=Vann Jones|publisher=Lund University|location=Sweden|access-date=7 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523104134/http://www.djur.cob.lu.se/Djurartiklar/Kamel.html|archive-date=23 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=rastogi71>{{cite book | publisher = New Age International | isbn = 978-81-224-1279-6 | last = Rastogi | first = S. C. | title = Essentials Of Animal Physiology | year = 1971|pages=180–181}}</ref> If the hump is small, the animal can show signs of starvation. In a 2005 study, the mean volume of adipose tissues (in the external part of the hump that have cells to store lipids) is related to the dromedary's unique mechanism of food and water storage.<ref name=adaptation>{{cite book|editor1-last=Faye|editor1-first=B.|title=Desertification Combat and Food Safety: the Added Value of Camel Producers, Ashgabad, Turkmenistan|year=2005|publisher=IOS Press|isbn=978-1-58603-473-3|pages=135–45|series=NATO Science Series (I): Life and Behavioural Sciences|volume=362|editor2-last=Esenov|editor2-first=P.|last1=Chilliard|first1=Y.|last2=Bengoumi|first2=M.|last3=Delavaud|first3=C.|last4=Faulconnier|first4=Y.|last5=Faye|first5=B.|chapter=Body lipids and adaptation of camel to food and water shortage: new data on adipocyte size and plasma leptin}}</ref> In case of starvation, they can even eat fish and bones, and drink brackish and salty water.<ref name=nowak/> The hair is longer on the throat, hump and shoulders. Though the padded hooves effectively support the camel's weight on the ground,<ref name=ngCamel>{{cite web|title=Arabian (Dromedary) Camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')|date=10 May 2011|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/dromedary-camel/|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119062839/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/dromedary-camel|archive-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> they are not suitable for walking on slippery and muddy surfaces.<ref name=mammal/>

===Reproduction===
[[File:Desert (6486255967).jpg|right|thumb|Mating]]
[[File:Camelcalf-feeding.jpg|right|thumb|Calf suckling]]

Camels have a slow growth rate and reach sexual maturity slower than sheep or goat.<ref name=chatty>{{cite journal|last1=Chatty|first1=D.|title=Structural forces of pastoral nomadism, with special reference to camel pastoral nomadism|journal=Institute of Social Studies (The Hague) Occasional Papers|date=1972|issue=16|pages=1–96}}</ref> The age of sexual maturity varies geographically and depends on the individual, as does the reproductive period. Both sexes might [[sexual maturity|mature]] by three to five years of age, though successful breeding could take longer. Camels are described as atypical seasonal breeders; they exhibit spermatogenesis throughout the whole year with a reduction in spermatogenesis during the nonbreeding season compared to that in the
breeding season (Zayed et al., 1995). The breeding season in Egypt is during spring; the spring months.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdel-maksoud |first1=Fatma |title=Seasonal Variation of the Intraepithelial Gland in Camel Epididymis with Special Reference to Autophagosome |journal=Microscopy and Microanalysis |year=2019 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1052–1060 |doi=10.1017/S1431927619014557 |pmid=31210121 |bibcode=2019MiMic..25.1052A |s2cid=190514348 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-and-microanalysis/article/abs/seasonal-variation-of-the-intraepithelial-gland-in-camel-epididymis-with-special-reference-to-autophagosome/06B802194F2F461A3AE85BDBF80777F1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mating occurs once a year, and peaks in the rainy season. The mating season lasts three to five months, but may last a year for older animals.<ref name=camel/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Abdel Rahim|first1=S.E.|title=Studies on the age of puberty of male camels (''Camelus dromedarius'') in Saudi Arabia|journal=Veterinary Journal |date=1997|volume=154|issue=1|pages=79–83|pmid=9265856|doi=10.1016/s1090-0233(05)80011-5}}</ref>

During the reproductive season, males splash their urine on their tails and nether regions. To attract females they extrude their soft palate – a trait unique to the dromedary.<ref name=pilters>{{cite journal|last1=H.|first1=Pilters|last2=T.|first2=Krumbach|last3=W.G.|first3=Kükenthal|title=Das verhalten der Tylopoden|journal=Handbuch der Zoologie|date=1956|volume=8|issue=10|pages=1–24}}</ref> As the male gurgles, copious quantities of [[saliva]] turns to foam and covers the mouth. Males threaten each other for [[Dominance (ethology)|dominance]] over the female by trying to stand taller than the other, making low noises and a series of head movements including lowering, lifting and bending their necks backward. Males try to defeat other males by biting the opponent's legs and taking the head between his jaws.<ref name=singh/> Copulation begins with foreplay; the male smells the female's genitalia and often bites her there or around her hump.<ref name=kohli>{{cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=A.A.|last2=Kohli|first2=I.S.|title=A note on the sexual behavior of male camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')|journal=The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences|date=1973|volume=43|issue=12|pages=1092–4|pmid=4806534}}</ref> The male forces the female to sit, then grasps her with his forelegs. Camelmen often aid the male insert his penis into the female's vulva.<ref name=hartley>{{cite journal|last1=Hartley|first1=B.J.|title=The dromedary of the Horn of Africa|journal=Paper Presented at Workshop on Camels|date=1979|pages=77–97|publisher=International Foundation for Science|location=Stockholm}}</ref> The male dromedary's ability to penetrate the female on his own is disputed, though feral populations in Australia reproduce naturally.<ref name=camel/> Copulation takes from 7 to 35 minutes, averaging 11 to 15 minutes. Normally, three to four ejaculations occur.<ref name=camel/> The [[semen]] of a [[Bikaner]]i dromedary is white and viscous, with a pH of around 7.8.<ref name=kohli/>

A single calf is born after a [[Pregnancy (mammals)|gestation period]] of 15 months. Calves move freely by the end of their first day. Nursing and maternal care continue for one to two years. In a study to find whether young could exist on milk substitutes, two male, month-old camels were separated from their mothers and were fed on milk substitutes prepared commercially for lambs, and they grew to normal weights for male calves after 30 days.<ref name="milk substitute">{{cite journal|last1=Elias|first1=E.|last2=Cohen|first2=D.|last3=Steimetz|first3=E.|title=A preliminary note on the use of milk substitutes in the early weaning of dromedary camels|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A|year=1986|volume=85|issue=1|pages=117–9|doi=10.1016/0300-9629(86)90471-8|pmid=2876805}}</ref> Lactational yield can vary with species, breed, individual, region, diet, management conditions and lactating stage.<ref name=dina>{{cite journal|last1=Klintegerg|first1=R.|last2=Dina|first2=D.|title=Proposal for a rural development training project and study concerned with camel utilization in arid lands in Ethiopia|journal=Addis Abab (Mimeographed)|date=1979|pages=1–11}}</ref> The largest quantity of milk is produced during the early period of lactation.<ref name=camel/> The lactation period can vary between nine and eighteen months.<ref name=bremaud>{{cite journal|last1=Bremaud|first1=O.|title=Notes on camel production in the Northern districts of the Republic of Kenya|journal=Maisons-Alfort, IEMVT (Institut d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux)|date=1969|pages=1–105|publisher=ILCA}}</ref>

Dromedaries are [[Induced ovulation (animals)|induced ovulators]].<ref name="Chen">{{cite journal|journal=J. Reprod. Fertil.|year=1985|volume=74|issue=2|pages=335–339|title=Semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).|last1=Chen|first1=B.X.|last2=Yuen|first2=Z.X.|last3=Pan|first3=G.W.|doi=10.1530/jrf.0.0740335|pmid=3900379|doi-access=free}}</ref> Oestrus may be cued by the nutritional status of the camel and the length of day.<ref name=shalash>{{cite journal|last1=Shalash|first1=M.R.|last2=Nawito|first2=M.|title=Some reproductive aspects in the female camel|journal=World Rev. Anim. Prod|date=1965|volume=4|pages=103–8}}</ref> If mating does not occur, the [[Ovarian follicle|follicle]], which grows during oestrus, usually regresses within a few days.<ref name=skidmore2>{{cite journal|last=Skidmore|first=J. A.|title=Reproduction in dromedary camels: an update|journal=Animal Reproduction|date=July–September 2005|volume=2|issue=3|pages=161–71|url=http://www.cbra.org.br/pages/publicacoes/animalreproduction/issues/download/AR060.pdf|access-date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050856/http://www.cbra.org.br/pages/publicacoes/animalreproduction/issues/download/AR060.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In one study, 35 complete oestrous cycles were observed in five nonpregnant females over 15 months. The cycles were about 28 days long; follicles matured in six days, maintained their size for 13 days, and returned to their original size in eight days.<ref name=musa>{{cite journal|last1=Musa|first1=B.|last2=Abusineina|first2=M.|title=The oestrous cycle of the camel (''Camelus dromedarius'') |journal=[[Veterinary Record]] |date=16 December 1978|volume=103|issue=25|pages=556–7|doi=10.1136/vr.103.25.556|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |pmid=570318|s2cid=29630264}}</ref> In another study, ovulation could be best induced when the follicle reaches a size of {{convert|0.9|-|1.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=skidmore>{{cite journal|last1=Skidmore|first1=J. A.|last2=Billah|first2=M.|last3=Allen|first3=W. R.|title=The ovarian follicular wave pattern and induction of ovulation in the mated and non-mated one-humped camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')|journal=Reproduction|date=1 March 1996|volume=106|issue=2|pages=185–92|doi=10.1530/jrf.0.1060185|pmid=8699400|doi-access=free}}</ref> In another study, pregnancy in females could be recognized as early as 40 to 45 days of gestation by the swelling of the left [[uterine horn]], where 99.5% of pregnancies were located.<ref name=elwishy>{{cite journal|last=ElWishy|first=A. B.|title=A study of the genital organs of the female dromedary (''Camelus dromedarius'')|journal=Journal of Reproduction and Fertility|date=March 1988 |volume=82|issue=2|pages=587–93|doi=10.1530/jrf.0.0820587|pmid=3361493|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Range==
Its range included hot, arid regions of northern Africa, Ethiopia, the [[Near East]], and western and central Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wardeh|first=M. F.|title=Classification of the dromedary camels|journal=Camel Science|year=2004|volume=1|pages=1–7|citeseerx = 10.1.1.137.2350 }}</ref> The dromedary typically thrives in areas with a long dry season and a short wet season.<ref name=wilson2>{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=R.T.|last2=Bourzat|first2=D.|title=Research on the dromedary in Africa|journal=Scientific and Technical Review|date=1987|volume=6|issue=2|pages=383–9|pmid=32370330|url=http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D8489.PDF|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607073643/http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D8489.PDF|archive-date=7 June 2015|url-status=live|doi=10.20506/rst.6.2.304}}</ref> They are sensitive to cold and humidity,<ref name=wilson/> though some breeds can thrive in humid conditions.<ref name=wilson2/>

[[File:2019 10 15 Socio Economic Development-18 (49126379212).jpg|thumb|A herd of dromedaries in [[Baidoa]], Somalia]]

The dromedary was first domesticated in the southern Arabian Peninsula around 4000–3000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fuquay |first1=John W. |last2=Fox |first2=Patrick F. |last3=McSweeny |first3=Paul L.H. |title=Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences |year=2011 |publisher=Academic Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dXE0ZfUnCKwC&q=The+Dromedary+was+first+domesticated |isbn= 978-0-12-818767-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=National Park Service |title=Arid and Semiarid Lands: Sustainable Use and Management in Developing Countries |page=65 |year=1984 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fowler |first=Murray |title=Medicine and Surgery of Camelids |page=30 |year=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-96169-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kingdon |first=Johnathan |title=East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part B: Large Mammals |page=281 |year=1984 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-43722-4}}</ref> In the ninth or tenth century BC, the dromedary became popular in the Near East. The Persian invasion of Egypt under [[Cambyses II|Cambyses]] in 525 BC introduced domesticated camels to the area. The Persian camels were not well-suited to trading or travel over the Sahara; journeys across the desert were made on chariots pulled by horses.<ref name="bromiley">{{cite book|last=Bromiley|first=G. W.|title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume One: AD|year=1979|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-3781-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gellner|first=A. M. K.|title=Nomads and the Outside World|year=1994|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-14284-1|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780299142841/page/108 108]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780299142841/page/108}}</ref> The dromedary was introduced into Egypt from south-western Asia (Arabia and Persia).<ref name="currason" /><ref name="epstein">{{cite journal|last1=Epstein|first1=H.|title=History and origin of the African camel|journal=The Origin of the Domestic Animals in Africa|date=1971|pages=558–64|publisher=African Publishing Corporation}}</ref> The popularity of dromedaries increased after the [[Islamic conquest of North Africa]]. While the invasion was accomplished largely on horseback, new links to the Middle East allowed camels to be imported ''en masse''. These camels were well-suited to long desert journeys and could carry a great deal of cargo, allowing substantial [[trans-Saharan trade]] for the first time.<ref name="harris">{{cite book|last=Harris|first=N.|title=Atlas of the World's Deserts|year=2003|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|isbn=978-0-203-49166-9|page=223}}</ref><ref name="kaegi">{{cite book|last=Kaegi|first=W. E.|title=Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19677-2|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zexq5Hl42mQC&q=camel}}</ref> In Libya, dromedaries were used for transport and their milk and meat constituted the local diet.<ref name="lawless">{{cite book|last1=Lawless|first1=R. I.|title=North Africa: Contemporary Politics and Economic Development|year=1984|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-7099-1609-3|edition=1|last2=Findlay|first2=A. M.|page=128}}</ref>

[[File:Camels in Dasht-e Lar, Alborz mountains, Kamardasht Lar, Tehran province چرای شترها در کمردشت لار - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Dromedaries near the base of the [[Alborz]] mountain range in [[Iran]]]]

Dromedaries were also shipped from south-western Asia to Spain, Italy, Turkey, France, [[Canary Islands]], the Americas and Australia.<ref name=camel/> Dromedaries were introduced into Spain in 1020 AD and to [[Sicily]] in 1059 AD.<ref name=schulz>{{cite journal|last1=Schulz|first1=U.|last2=Tupac-Yupanqui|first2=I.|last3=Martínez|first3=A.|last4=Méndez|first4=S.|last5=Delgado|first5=J. V.|last6=Gómez|first6=M.|last7=Dunner|first7=S.|last8=Cañón|first8=J.|title=The Canarian camel: a traditional dromedary population|journal=Diversity|date=2010|volume=2|issue=4|pages=561–71|doi=10.3390/d2040561|issn=1424-2818|doi-access=free|bibcode=2010Diver...2..561S }}</ref> Camels were exported to the [[Canary Islands]] in 1405 during the European colonisation of the area, and are still extant there, especially in [[Lanzarote]] and to the south of [[Fuerteventura]].<ref name=schulz/> Attempts to introduce dromedaries into the [[Caribbean]], Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil were made between the 17th and 19th centuries; some were imported to the western United States in the 1850s and some to Namibia in the early 1900s, but presently they exist in small numbers or are absent in these areas.<ref name=leese/>

In 1840, about six camels were shipped from Tenerife to [[Adelaide]], but only one survived the journey to arrive on 12 October that year. The animal, a male called Harry, was owned by the explorer [[John Ainsworth Horrocks]]. Harry was ill-tempered but was included in an expedition the following year because he could carry heavy loads. The next major group of camels were imported into Australia in 1860, and between 1860 and 1907 10 to 12 thousand were imported. These were used mainly for riding and transport.<ref name=gov>{{cite web|title=Afghan Cameleers in Australia|url=http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/afghan-cameleers|website=Australian Government|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805054200/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/afghan-cameleers|archive-date=5 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=bw>{{cite web|title=The Introduction of camels into Australia|url=http://www.burkeandwills.net.au/Camels/Introducing_Camels_Into_Australia.htm|website=Burkes & Wills Web (Digital Research Archive)|publisher=The Burke & Wills Historical Society|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229052936/http://www.burkeandwills.net.au/Camels/Introducing_Camels_Into_Australia.htm|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Current distribution of captive animals===
In the early 21st century, the domesticated dromedary is found in the semi-arid to arid regions of the [[Old World]].<ref name=wilson2/>

====Africa====
Africa has more than 80% of the world's total dromedary population; it occurs in almost every desert zone in the northern part of the continent. The [[Sahel]] marks the southern extreme of its range, where the annual rainfall is around {{convert|550|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The [[Horn of Africa]] has nearly 35% of the world's dromedaries;<ref name=wilson2/> most of the region's stock is in [[Somalia]], followed by [[Sudan]], [[Eritrea]], and [[Ethiopia]] (as of the early 2000s).<ref name=rosati>{{cite book|last1=Rosati|first1=A.|last2=Tewolde|first2=A.|last3=Mosconi|first3=C.|title=Animal Production and Animal Science Worldwide|date=2007|publisher=Wageningen Academic Publishers|location=Wageningen (The Netherlands)|isbn=978-90-8686-034-0|pages=168–9}}</ref> According to the Yearbook of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) for 1984, eastern Africa had about 10 million dromedaries, the largest population of Africa. Western Africa followed with 2.14 million, while northern Africa had nearly 0.76 million.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Food and Agriculture Organization|first1=United Nations|title=Food and Agriculture Organization Production Yearbook|date=1984|publisher=United Nations|location=Rome|author1-link=Food and Agriculture Organization}}</ref> Populations in Africa increased by 16% from 1994 to 2005.<ref name=rosati/><ref name=sghaier>{{cite journal|last1=Sghaier|first1=M.|title=Camel production systems in Africa|journal=ICAR Technical Series|date=2004|pages=22–33|url=http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/agtrweb/documents/Library/docs/tec_series_11_sousse.pdf#page=22|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201041712/http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/agtrweb/documents/Library/docs/tec_series_11_sousse.pdf#page=22|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Asia====
[[File:Uoth.JPG|thumb|Dromedaries in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]]]

In Asia, nearly 70% of the population occurs in India and Pakistan. The combined population of the dromedary and the Bactrian camel decreased by around 21% between 1994 and 2004.<ref name=kr2005>{{cite journal|last1=Köhler-Rollefson|first1=I.|title=The camel in Rajasthan: Agricultural biodiversity under threat|journal=Saving the Camel and Peoples' Livelihoods|date=2005|volume=6|pages=14–26|url=http://www.pastoralpeoples.org/docs/camel_conf_proc.pdf#page=14|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202192415/http://www.pastoralpeoples.org/docs/camel_conf_proc.pdf#page=14|archive-date=2 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The dromedary is sympatric with the Bactrian camel in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and central and southwestern Asia.<ref name=geer>{{cite book|last=Geer|first=A.|title=Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time|year=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-16819-0|issn=0169-9377|pages=144–9}}</ref> India has a dromedary population of less than one million, with most (0.67 million) in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=rosati/> Populations in Pakistan decreased from 1.1 million in 1994 to 0.8 million in 2005 – a 29% decline.<ref name=kr2005/> According to the FAO, the dromedary population in six countries of the [[Persian Gulf]] was nearly 0.67 million in 2003. In the Persian Gulf region the dromedary is locally classified into breeds including Al-Majahem, Al-Hamrah, Al-Safrah, Al-Zarkah and Al-Shakha, based on coat colour. The UAE has three prominent breeds: Racing camel, Al-Arabiat and Al-Kazmiat.<ref name=kadim>{{cite journal|last1=Kadim|first1=I.T.|last2=Maghoub|first2=O.|title=Camelid genetic resources. A report on three Arabian Gulf Countries|journal=ICAR Technical Series|date=2004|pages=81–92|url=http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/AGTRWEB/documents/Library/docs/tec_series_11_sousse.pdf#page=81|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201041712/http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/agtrweb/documents/Library/docs/tec_series_11_sousse.pdf#page=81|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Feral population===
{{main|Australian feral camel}}
[[File:07. Camel Profile, near Silverton, NSW, 07.07.2007.jpg|thumb|A dromedary in [[outback Australia]], near [[Silverton, New South Wales]], Australia. Feral dromedaries are only found in Australia.]]

Feral dromedary populations occur in Australia, where they were introduced in 1840.<ref name=roth>{{cite book|last1=Roth, H. H.|title=Wildlife Resources: A Global Account of Economic Use|year=1996|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-61357-2|pages=272–7|last2=Merz|first2=G.}}</ref> The total dromedary population in Australia was 500,000 in 2005. Nearly 99% of the populations are feral, and they have an annual growth rate of 10%.<ref name=rosati/> Most of the dromedaries exist in [[Western Australia]], with smaller populations in the [[Northern Territory]], [[Western Queensland]] and northern [[South Australia]].<ref name=rosati/>

Feral populations notwithstanding, the dromedary camel has been functionally extinct from the wild for the past 2,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naumann |first=Robert |title=Camelus dromedarius (dromedary) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Camelus_dromedarius/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref>

==Relationship with humans==
The strength and docility of the dromedary make it popular as a domesticated animal.<ref name=camel/> According to [[Richard Bulliet]], they can be used for a wide variety of purposes: riding, transport, ploughing, and trading and as a source of milk, meat, wool and leather.<ref name=bulliet/> The main attraction of the dromedary for nomadic desert-dwellers is the wide variety of resources they provide, which are crucial for their survival. It is important for several [[Bedouin]] pastoralist tribes of northern [[Arabia]], such as the [[Ruwallah]], the [[Rashaida]], the [[Bani Sakhr]] and the [[Mutayr]].<ref name=sweet>{{cite journal|last1=Sweet|first1=L.E.|title=Camel raiding of North Arabian Bedouin: a mechanism of ecological adaptation|journal=[[American Anthropologist]]|date=1965|volume=67|issue=5|pages=1132–50|doi=10.1525/aa.1965.67.5.02a00030}}</ref>

Camel urine and camel milk are used for [[Prophetic medicine|medicinal purposes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnah.com:80/bukhari/4/100|title=Ablutions (Wudu) What is said about the urine of camels, sheep and other animals and about their folds|publisher=Sunnah.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213060307/http://www.sunnah.com/bukhari/4/100|archive-date=13 December 2013|access-date=14 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Riding camels===
{{main|Camel racing}}
[[File:Bait al-Faqih.jpg|thumb|Dromedaries at [[Bait al-Faqih]] Market, Yemen]]

Although the role of the camel is diminishing with the advent of technology and modern means of transport, it is still an efficient mode of communication in remote and less-developed areas. The dromedary has been used in warfare since the 6th century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herodotus, The Histories, Book 1, chapter 80 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1:chapter=80 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> It is particularly prized for its capability to outrun horses in the deserts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hilliam|first=Paul|title=Islamic Weapons, Warfare, and Armies: Muslim Military Operations Against the Crusaders|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=0-8239-4215-5|location=New York|page=33}}</ref> Record of its use during the time of [[Alexander the Great]] indicate that dromedaries could cover up to 50 miles per day for a week and go for up to a month without water.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Archer|first=Christon I.|title=World History of Warfare|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8032-4423-1|location=Lincoln|page=157}}</ref> An account by [[Aurelian]] also cited that, in his escape to [[Euphrates]], [[Zenobia]] used a dromedary to outrun her pursuers after she was defeated at [[Palmyra]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Whiston|first=William|title=The Complete Works of Flavius Josephus|publisher=New Leaf Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-0-89051-549-5|location=Green Forest, AR|pages=663–664}}</ref>

The dromedary also remains popular for racing, particularly in the [[Arab world]].<ref name="camel" /> Riding camels of Arabia, Egypt and the Sahara are locally known as the Dilool, the Hageen, and the Mehara respectively; several local breeds are included within these groups.<ref name="leese" />

The ideal riding camel is strong, slender and long-legged with thin, supple skin. The special adaptations of the dromedary's feet allow it to walk with ease on sandy and rough terrain and on cold surfaces.<ref name="bligh">{{cite book|last1=Bligh|first1=J.|last2=Cloudsley-Thompson|first2=J.L.|last3=Macdonald|first3=A.G.|title=Environmental Physiology of Animals|year=1976|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-632-00416-4|pages=142–5}}</ref> The camels of the [[Beja people|Bejas]] of [[Sudan]] and the [[Hedareb]], [[Bilen people|Bilen]], and the [[Tigre people|Tigre]] people of [[Eritrea]]<ref name="epstein" /> and the Anafi camel bred in Sudan are common breeds used as riding camels.<ref name="camel" />

According to Leese, the dromedary walks with four speeds or gaits: walk, jog, fast run and canter. The first is the typical speed of walking, around {{convert|4|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Jog is the most common speed, nearly {{convert|8|-|12|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} on level ground. He estimated a speed of {{convert|14|-|19|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} during a fast run, by observing northern African and Arabian dromedaries. He gave no speed range to describe the [[Canter and gallop|canter]], but implied it was a type of gallop that if induced could exhaust the camel and the rider. Canter could be used only for short periods of time, for example in races.<ref name=gillespie>{{cite journal|last1=Gillespie|first1=L.A.|title=Riding camels of the Sudan|journal=Sudan Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry|date=1962|volume=3|issue=1|pages=37–42}}</ref>[[File:Camel in desert.JPG|thumb|A camel decorated for a tourist camel ride in the [[Judean Desert]]]]

The ideal age to start training dromedaries for riding is three years,<ref name=singh/> although they may be stubborn and unruly.<ref name=nanda>{{cite journal|last1=Nanda|first1=P.N.|title=Camel and their management|journal=Indian Council of Agricultural Research Review Series|issue=16|date=1957|pages=1–17}}</ref> At first the camel's head is controlled, and it is later trained to respond to sitting and standing commands, and to allow mounting.<ref name=leese/> At this stage a camel will often try to escape when a trainer tries to mount it.<ref name=camel/> The next stage involves training it to respond to reins. The animal must be given loads gradually and not forced to carry heavy loads before the age of six.<ref name=leese/> Riding camels should not be struck on their necks, rather they should be struck behind the right leg of the rider.<ref name=singh/> Leese described two types of saddles generally used in camel riding: the Arabian ''markloofa'' used by single riders and the Indian ''pakra'' used when two riders mount the same camel.<ref name=leese/>

===Baggage and draught camels===
[[File:Eylcamel.jpg|thumb|Camel carrying supplies on its back in [[Eyl]], [[Puntland]], Somalia]]

The baggage camel should be robust and heavy. Studies have recommended the camel should have either a small or a large head with a narrow [[aquiline nose]], prominent eyes and large lips. The neck should be medium to long so the head is held high. The chest should be deep and the hump should be well-developed with sufficient space behind it to accommodate the saddle. The hindlegs should be heavy, muscular and sturdy.<ref name=acland>{{cite journal|last1=Acland|first1=P.B.E.|title=Notes on the camel in the eastern Sudan|journal=Sudan Notes and Records|date=1932|volume=15|issue=1|pages=119–49|jstor=41716025}}</ref> The dromedary can be trained to carry baggage from the age of five years, but must not be given heavy loads before the age of six.<ref name=matharu>{{cite journal|last1=Matharu|first1=B.S.|title=Camel care|journal=Indian Farming|date=1966|volume=16|pages=19–22}}</ref> The ''hawia'' is a typical baggage saddle from Sudan.<ref name=acland/> The methods of training the baggage camels are similar to those for riding camels.<ref name=camel/>

Draught camels are used for several purposes including ploughing, processing in oil mills and pulling carts. There is no clear description for the ideal draught camel, though its strength, its ability to survive without water and the flatness of its feet could be indicators.<ref name=camel/> It may be used for ploughing in pairs or in groups with buffaloes or bullocks.<ref name=leese/> The draught camel can plough at around {{convert|2.5|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, and should not be used for more than six hours a day – four hours in the morning and two in the afternoon.<ref name=nanda/> The camel is not easily exhausted unless diseased or undernourished, and has remarkable endurance and hardiness.<ref name=payne/>

===Dairy products===
{{main|Camel milk}}
[[File:Camel milking in Niger.jpg|thumb|Dromedary being milked in Niger]]

Camel milk is a staple food of nomadic tribes living in deserts. It consists of 11.7% solids, 3% protein, 3.6% fat, 0.8% [[Ash (analytical chemistry)|ash]], 4.4% lactose and 0.13% acidity ([[pH]] 6.5).<ref name="milk" /> The quantities of sodium, potassium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, [[Niacin (substance)|niacin]] and [[vitamin C]] were relatively higher than the amounts in cow milk. However, the levels of [[thiamin]], [[riboflavin]], [[folacin]], [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B12]], [[pantothenic acid]], [[vitamin A]], [[lysine]], and [[tryptophan]] were lower than those in cow milk. The [[mole (unit)|molar]] percentages of the [[fatty acid]]s in milk fat were 26.7% for [[palmitic acid]], 25.5% [[oleic acid]], 11.4% [[myristic acid]] and 11% [[palmitoleic acid]].<ref name=milk>{{cite journal |last1=Sawaya |first1=W.N. |last2=Khalil |first2=J.K.|last3=Al-Shalhat|first3=A.|last4=Al-Mohammad|first4=H.|title=Chemical composition and nutritional quality of camel milk |journal=Journal of Food Science|date=1984|volume=49|issue=3|pages=744–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb13200.x}}</ref> Camel milk has higher thermal stability compared with cow milk,<ref name=farah>{{cite journal |last1=Farah |first1=Z. |last2=Atkins |first2=D. |title=Heat coagulation of camel milk|journal=Journal of Dairy Research |date=1992 |volume=59 |issue=2 |page=229 |doi=10.1017/S002202990003048X|citeseerx=10.1.1.536.8232|s2cid=33408154}}</ref> but it does not compare favourably with sheep milk.<ref name=camel/>

Daily milk yield generally varies from {{convert|3.5|to|35|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and from 1.3% to 7.8% of the body weight.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Knoess|first=K. H.|title=Milk production of the dromedary|journal=Provisional Report, International Foundation for Science |year=1980 |issue=6|pages=201–14|url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19810467277.html|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025062941/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19810467277.html|archive-date=25 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Milk yield varies geographically and depends upon the animals' diet and living conditions.<ref name=camel/> At the peak of lactation, a healthy female would typically provide {{cvt|9|kg}} milk per day.<ref name=payne/> Leese estimated a lactating female would yield {{cvt|4|to|9|L|impgal}} besides the amount ingested by the calf.<ref name=leese>{{cite book |last1=Leese |first1=A.S.|author-link=Arnold Leese|title=A Treatise on the One-Humped Camel in Health and in Disease|publisher=Haynes and Son|location=Lincolnshire, UK |date=1927 |url=https://archive.org/details/treatiseonehumpedcamel/page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref> The Pakistani dromedary, which is considered a better milker and bigger, can yield {{cvt|9.1|-|14.1|kg}} when well-fed.<ref name=yasin>{{cite journal |last1=Yasin |first1=S.A. |last2=Wahid |first2=A.|title=Pakistan camels. A preliminary survey.|journal=Agriculture Pakistan |date=1957 |volume=8 |pages=289–97 |url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19581404476.html}}</ref> Dromedaries in Somalia may be milked between two and four times a day,<ref name=bremaud/> while those in [[Afar Region|Afar]], Ethiopia, may be milked up to seven times a day.<ref name=knoess1977>{{cite journal|last1=Knoess|first1=K.H.|title=The camel as a meat and milk animal|journal=World Animal Review|date=1977|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=XF19780324336|access-date=27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203071953/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=XF19780324336|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The acidity of dromedary milk stored at {{convert|30|C|F|abbr=on}} increases at a slower rate than that of cow milk.<ref name=mammal/> Though the preparation of butter from dromedary milk is difficult, it is produced in small amounts by nomads, optimized at 22.5% fat in the cream.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brezovečki|first=Andreja|date=2015|title=Camel milk and milk products|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/203026|journal=Mljekarstvo|type=PDF|volume=65|pages=81–90|doi=10.15567/mljekarstvo.2015.0202 |access-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822192533/http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/203026|archive-date=22 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, the ability of dromedary milk to form curd was studied; coagulation did not show curd formation, and had a pH of 4.4. It was much different from curd produced from cow milk, and had a fragile, heterogeneous composition probably composed of [[casein]] flakes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Attia|first1=H.|last2=Kherouatou|first2=N.|last3=Dhouib|first3=A.|title=Dromedary milk lactic acid fermentation: microbiological and rheological characteristics|journal=Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology|year=2001|volume=26|issue=5|pages=263–70|doi=10.1038/sj.jim.7000111|pmid=11494100|s2cid=21484536|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nevertheless, cheese and other dairy products can be made from camel milk. A study found bovine calf [[rennet]] could be used to coagulate dromedary milk.<ref name=ramet>{{cite journal|last1=Ramet|first1=J.P.|title=Saudi Arabia: use of bovine calf rennet to coagulate raw camel milk|journal=World Animal Review|date=1987|volume=61|pages=11–16}}</ref> A special factory has been set up in [[Nouakchott]] to pasteurise and make cheese from camel milk.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bonnet|first=P.|title=Dromadaires et chameaux, animaux laitiers: actes du colloque |trans-title=Dromedaries and Camels, Milking Animals|year=1998|publisher=CIRAD|isbn=978-2-87614-307-4|page=195|language=fr}}</ref> Mystical beliefs surround the use of camel milk in some places; for example, it may be used as an aphrodisiac in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=M.B.|last2=Gupta|first2=R.C.|last3=Dastur|first3=N.N.|title=Camels' milk and milk products|journal=Indian Journal of Daily Science|date=1970|volume=23|issue=2|pages=71–8}}</ref>

===Meat===
{{main|Camel meat}}
The meat of a five-year-old dromedary has a typical composition of 76% water, 22% protein, 1% fat, and 1% ash.<ref name=shalash/> The carcass, weighing {{cvt|141|-|310|kg}} for a five-year-old dromedary,<ref name=shalash/> is composed of nearly 57% muscle, 26% bone and 17% fat.<ref name=meat/> A seven-to-eight-year-old camel can produce a carcass of {{cvt|125|-|400|kg}}. The meat is bright red to a dark brown or maroon, while the fat is white. It has the taste and texture of beef.<ref name=meat/> A study of the meat of Iranian dromedaries showed its high [[glycogen]] content, which makes it taste sweet like [[horse meat]]. The carcasses of well-fed camels were found to be covered with a thin layer of good quality fat.<ref name=khatami>{{cite book|last1=Khatami|first1=K. |title=Camel meat: A new promising approach to the solution of meat and protein in the arid and semi-arid countries of the world|date=1970|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture |location=Tehran |pages=1–4}}</ref> In a study of the fatty acid composition of raw meat taken from the hind legs of seven one-to-three years old males, 51.5% of the fatty acids were saturated, 29.9% mono-unsaturated, and 18.6% polyunsaturated. The major fatty acids in the meat were palmitic acid (26.0%), oleic acid (18.9%) and [[linoleic acid]] (12.1%). In the hump, palmitic acid was dominant (34.4%), followed by oleic acid (28.2%), myristic acid (10.3%) and [[stearic acid]] (10%).<ref name="fatty acid">{{cite journal |last1=Rawdah |first1=T. N.|last2=El-Faer|first2=M. Z.|last3=Koreish|first3=S. A. |title=Fatty acid composition of the meat and fat of the one-humped camel (''Camelus dromedarius'') |journal=Meat Science|year=1994|volume=37|issue=1|pages=149–155|doi=10.1016/0309-1740(94)90151-1 |pmid=22059419}}</ref>

Dromedary slaughter is more difficult than the slaughter of other domestic livestock because of its size and the significant manual work involved. More males than females are slaughtered.<ref name=kadim2013>{{cite book |last1=Kadim|first1=I.T. |title=Camel Meat and Meat Products |date=2013|publisher=[[CABI (organisation)|CABI]]|location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-78064-101-0 |pages=54–72}}</ref> Though less affected by mishandling than other livestock, the pre-slaughter handling of the dromedary plays a crucial role in determining the quality of meat obtained; mishandling can often disfigure the hump.<ref name=cortesi>{{cite journal |last1=Cortesi |first1=M.L. |title=Slaughterhouses and humane treatment |journal=Revue Scientifique et Technique |date=1994 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=171–193 |pmid=8173095 |doi=10.20506/rst.13.1.759 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The animal is stunned, seated in a crouching position with the head in a caudal position and slaughtered.<ref name=kadim2013/> The dressing percentage of the mass of the dromedary that forms the carcass is 55–70%,<ref name=shalash/> more than of cattle.<ref name=camel/> Camel meat is often eaten by African camel herders, who use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals.<ref name=camel/>

Camel meat is processed into food items, such as burgers, patties, sausages and ''[[shawarma]]''.<ref name=meat>{{cite journal |last1=Kadim |first1=I.T. |last2=Mahgoub |first2=O. |last3=Purchas|first3=R.W.|title=A review of the growth, and of the carcass and meat quality characteristics of the one-humped camel (''Camelus dromedarius'') |journal=Meat Science |date=2008 |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=555–569 |doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.02.010 |pmid=22063567}}</ref> Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality.<ref name=camel/>

A 2005 report issued jointly by the [[Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia)]] and the United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] details five cases of [[bubonic plague]] in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe [[pharyngitis]] and submandibular [[lymphadenitis]]. ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' was isolated from the camel's bone marrow, from the [[jird]] (''Meriones libycus'') and from fleas (''[[Xenopsylla cheopis]]'') captured at the camel's [[corral]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saeed| first1=A.A.B. |title=Plague from eating raw camel liver |journal=[[Emerging Infectious Diseases]]|volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=1456–1457 |date=2005 |pmid=16229781 |last2=Al-Hamdan|first2=N.A. |last3=Fontaine |first3=R.E. |doi=10.3201/eid1109.050081 |pmc=3310619}}</ref>

===Camel hair, wool and hides===
Camels in hot climates generally do not develop long coats. Camel hair is light, and has low [[thermal conductivity]] and durability, and is thus suitable for manufacturing warm clothes, blankets, tents, and rugs.<ref name=camel/> Hair of highest quality is typically obtained from juvenile or feral camels.<ref name=singh/>{{Failed verification|date=January 2025|reason=This article seems to cover only that which its title indicates, and has little to do with the behavioral or cultural facts it is cited for in this article.}} In India, camels are clipped usually in spring and around {{convert|1|-|1.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} hair is produced per clipping. In colder regions one clipping can yield as much as {{convert|5.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=singh/><ref name=nanda/> A dromedary can produce {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} wool per year, whereas a Bactrian camel has an annual yield of nearly {{convert|5|-|12|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=leupold/> Dromedaries under the age of two years have a fine undercoat that tends to fall off and should be cropped by hand.<ref name=knoess1977/> Little information about camel hides has been collected but they are usually of inferior quality and are less preferred for manufacturing leather.<ref name=camel/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Animals|Mammals|Kenya|Mauritania}}
* [[Camel urine]]
* [[List of animals with humps]]
* [[National symbols of Saudi Arabia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Camelus_dromedarius|Camelus dromedarius}}
{{Wikispecies|Camelus dromedarius}}
{{Wiktionary|Dromedary}}
* {{ITIS|id=625027|taxon=''Camelus dromedarius''|access-date=8 April 2016}}
* [https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/science/could-emirati-camels-hold-the-key-to-treating-venomous-snake-bites-1.843889 "Could Emirati camels hold the key to treating venomous snake bites?"]

{{Artiodactyla|T.}}
{{Camelids}}
{{Working animals}}
{{Animal domestication}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q71516}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Camels]]
[[Category:Fauna of Iran]]
[[Category:Fauna of Iraq]]
[[Category:Fauna of Jordan]]
[[Category:Fauna of Syria]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Sahara]]
[[Category:Livestock]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Mammals of Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of North Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Somalia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Kenya]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:National symbols of Algeria]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bahrain]]
[[Category:National symbols of Eritrea]]
[[Category:National symbols of Guinea-Bissau]]
[[Category:National symbols of Kenya]]
[[Category:National symbols of Kuwait]]
[[Category:National symbols of Libya]]
[[Category:National symbols of Mauritania]]
[[Category:National symbols of Morocco]]
[[Category:National symbols of Oman]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]
[[Category:National symbols of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Tunisia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Yemen]]
[[Category:Pack animals]]
[[Category:Symbols of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Chaplin Cinema (Kolkata)

2026-03-21T02:43:22Z

Thenaade: cleaned up layout further and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Historic movie theatre in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Chaplin Cinema
| former_names =
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| status =
| image = Chaplin - Cinema - Hogg Street - Kolkata 2013-04-15 6059.JPG
| image_alt =
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| caption =
| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| altitude =
| building_type = Cinema hall, Heritage building
| architectural_style =
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| location = [[Chowringhee]] Place
| address =
| location_city = [[Kolkata]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5615|88.3508|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date =
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| completion_date =
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| inauguration_date = 1907
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}}
'''Chaplin Cinema''' was the oldest single screen [[movie theatre]] in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was located in 5/1 Chowringhee Place. In 1907 [[Jamshedji Framji Madan]] opened this cinema in India.<ref name="Cinema Century">{{cite web|title=Cinema Century|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?281032|publisher=Outlook|accessdate=22 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194412/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?281032|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Mitra2011">{{cite book|author=Swati Mitra|title=Kolkata: City Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUq9heKpjEIC&pg=PA101|year=2011|publisher=Goodearth Publications|isbn=978-93-80262-15-4|page=101}}</ref><ref name="gramo">pp 17-20, The Gramophone Company's First Indian Recordings, 1899-1908, Michael Kinnear, Popular Prakshan, 2004, {{ISBN|81-7154-728-1}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1907 Jamshedji Framji Madan established the Elphinstone Picture Palace.<ref name="gramo" /><ref name="Milestones in Bollywood Cinema: 1896-1930">{{cite web|title=Milestones in Bollywood Cinema: 1896-1930|url=http://worldfilm.about.com/od/topbollywood/tp/milestones189-1930.htm|publisher=about.com|accessdate=22 August 2012|archive-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610072057/http://worldfilm.about.com/od/topbollywood/tp/milestones189-1930.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="VinnelsSkelly2002">{{cite book|author1=David Vinnels|author2=Brent Skelly|title=Bollywood showplaces: cinema theatres in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TexkAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=E & E Plumridge in collaboration with Decorum Books|isbn=978-0-9516563-5-8 }}</ref> In this theatre father of [[Uttam Kumar]] used to run the projector.<ref name="Chaudhuri1990">{{cite book|author=Sukanta Chaudhuri|title=Calcutta, the Living City: The present and future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGduAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=294|isbn=978-0-19-562586-8 }}</ref> It was later renamed to Minerva cinema (not to be confused with Minerva Theatre). The condition of the movie theatre deteriorated over decades before the Calcutta Municipal Corporation overhauled it, and christened it ''Chaplin'' in 1980s. The theatre was demolished by the municipal corporation in 2013 after remaining non-functional for several years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130428/jsp/calcutta/story_16834384.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160718144350/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130428/jsp/calcutta/story_16834384.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2016| title=End of the road for Chaplin |newspaper=The Telegraph|date=28 April 2013|accessdate=14 July 2016}}</ref>

[[File:5-1 Chowringhee Place - Kolkata 2013-12-24 1385-1386.JPG|thumb|This site occupied by the Chaplin Cinema, it has been demolished by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation. December 2013]]

== See also ==
* [[Cinemas in Kolkata]]
* [[Globe Cinema (Kolkata)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://worldfilm.about.com/od/topbollywood/tp/milestones189-1930.htm Milestones in Bollywood Cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610072057/http://worldfilm.about.com/od/topbollywood/tp/milestones189-1930.htm |date=10 June 2012 }}

{{Cinema in Kolkata}}
[[Category:Former cinemas in India]]
[[Category:Cinemas in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in India]]

Tirumangalam, Madurai

2026-03-11T11:50:30Z

Thenaade:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tirumangalam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb of Madurai
| image_skyline = Tirumangalam-Usilai Road.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Thirumangalam Usilampatti road
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Tirumangalam, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.821600|N|77.989100|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thirumangalam taluk|Thirumangalam]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Tirumangalam (state assembly constituency)|Thirumangalam]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[R. B. Udhayakumar]]
| leader_title2 = Chairman
| leader_name2 = M. Ramya Muthukumar
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.70
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 150
| population_total = 51194
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=696924 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145829/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=696924 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Census of India: Search Details}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 625706
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04549
| registration_plate = TN-58 Z
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 50:50 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|www.municipality.tn.gov.in/tirumangalam}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Tirumangalam''' is a town in the [[Madurai metropolitan area|Madurai Metropolitan Area]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] also called as 'Thoongaa Nagarathin Thunai Nagaram' (Sub District of Madurai).{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Etymology==
As per archaeologist and historian [[Kudavayil Balasubramanian]], the ancient name of Tirumangalam was 'Rajarajan Tirumangalam'.<ref name="DC">{{cite news |last= Srinivasan|first= G|date=30 December 2017|title=Researchers find rare sculptures in Nagapattinam district|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/301217/researchers-find-rare-sculptures-in-nagapattinam-district.html|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle| access-date= 10 September 2022}}</ref>

==Geography==
The [[latitude and longitude]] of this town is 9°91’ N and 77°98’E respectively<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Tirumangalam.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Tirumangalam]</ref> and the [[mean sea level]] (MSL) is 164.150m. The town is situated on the banks of river Gundar, a distributary of river [[Vaigai]]. The average maximum and minimum temperatures are of 39 °C and 27 °C. The town gets major [[rainfall]] during the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|south west monsoon]] period. The average annual rainfall being received in the town is 40.95 cm.

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|84.45}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|12.37}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|3.06}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.02}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.1}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Thirumangalam had a population of 51,194 with a sex-ratio of 1,013 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 4,952 were under the age of six, constituting 2,551 males and 2,401 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 7.21% and 0.03% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 81.91%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 13564 households. There were a total of 19,212 workers, comprising 151 cultivators, 490 main agricultural labourers, 314 in house hold industries, 17,339 other workers, 918 marginal workers, 38 marginal cultivators, 44 marginal agricultural labourers, 44 marginal workers in household industries and 792 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Thirumangalam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=696924|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

As per the religious census of 2011, Thirumangalam had 84.45% [[Hindus]], 12.37% [[Muslims]], 3.06% [[Christians]], 0.02% [[Sikhs]] and 0.1% following other religions.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==Nomenclature==
It is also known that 'the [[mangala sutra|mangalyam]]/wedlock for Lordess [[Meenakshi]] of Madurai was designed and made in Tirumangalam', so the name {{transliteration|ta|Tiru+Mangal(y)am}} came. In other way, it is said that when [[Lord Murugan]] married [[Deivayanai|Theivanai]] in [[Thirupparamkunram Murugan Temple|Thiruparankundram]] (nearest to Tirumangalam), the "Tirumangalyam" was made here and hence the name came.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==Festivals==
The [[Shri Pathirakali Mariamman Temple|Patrakali Mariamman temple]] located here was built in 1852. Every year, in the [[Tamil month]] of [[Vaisakha|Vaikasi]], a 13-day festival is celebrated, ''Vaikasi Thiruvizha'', along with daily deity procession and exhibitions. And also the Milk ice cream alias 'Paal Ice' was prepared only at the occasion of Vaigasi Festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumangalam.com/post/15/ |title=காலத்தை வென்று, நாவூற வைக்கும் திருமங்கலத்து, பால் ஐஸ் |date=7 July 2015 |work=Tirumangalam.com |access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[Tirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirumangalam Legislative assembly constituency]] is a part of [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
During [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly by-election, 2009-2010]] for Tirumangalam held on 9 January over 89 percent of the votes were polled.

==Transportation==
Regular bus services are available from all important cities of Tamil Nadu and all the Buses from Southern parts of the State pass through Tirumangalam. Frequent city bus facilities are available from Tirumangalam busstand to
Periyar busstand, Arapalayam busstand, Mattuthavani MGR busstand, Anna Busstand, [[Usilampatti]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Sholavandan]] and [[Vadipatti]].

The government transport operates [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]] buses and private travels operate semi sleeper buses such as PARVEEN, KPN everyday to [[Chennai]]. There are also private bus services operated on daily basis to all major cities.
[[File:TMQ Railway.jpg|thumb|Thirumangalam Railway Station]]
[[File:Thirumangalam Bus Stand.gif|thumb|TNSTC Bus stand]]
All passenger trains running between [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Kollam]] (Quilon) stop at Tirumangalam. Nearest Airport is Madurai International Airport, at [[Avaniapuram]], {{cvt|15|km}} from the town.

The all new{{when|date=September 2021}} AC urban buses used to start their services from Tirumangalam to [[Arappalayam Bus Terminus]] in Madurai. Travel distance of {{cvt|22|km}} approximately for a one way trip.

[[Tirumangalam Railway Station|Tirumangalam railway station]], is located 18 km from [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai junction]], on the [[Madurai–Tirunelveli line]].

==Educational institutions==
Tirumangalam has more than 6 higher secondary schools. Educational institutions have been providing education to thousands of people around the district since 1908.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

==See also==
*[[Maittanpatti]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.thirumangalammadurai.com Thirumangalam Madurai Website]

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Madurai district]]

List of Malayalam films of 1967

2026-03-07T04:54:49Z

Thenaade: correct information

{{Short description|None}}
{{Malayalam films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

The following is a '''list of [[Malayalam film]]s released in 1967'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?y=1967 | title=List of Malayalam Movies produced in 1967 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! colspan='2' | Opening !!Film !! Cast !! Director !! Music director !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''F E B'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 3
| ''[[Sahadharmini]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] || [[P. A. Thomas]] || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 10
| ''Indulekha'' || Rajmohan, Sreekala || Kalanilayam Krishnan Nair || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 24
| ''[[Jeevikkan Anuvadikku]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[P. A. Thomas]] || Vijayabhaskar ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 2
| ''[[Iruttinte Athmavu]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair|Thikkurissy]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[Baburaj|M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 3
| ''[[Sheelavathi]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]] || P. B. Unni || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 18
| ''[[Agniputhri]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 22
| ''[[Kottayam Kolacase]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''A P R'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 14
| ''[[Udhyogastha]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] || [[P. Venu]] || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| ''[[Arakkillam]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[N. Sankaran Nair]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Balyakalasakhi (1967 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || [[J. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| ''[[Lady Doctor]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sheela]] || K. Sukumar || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 28
| ''[[Postman (1967 film)|Postman]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] ||[[P. A. Thomas]] || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 2
| ''[[Mynatharuvi Kolakase]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Sheela]] || [[Kunchacko]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 9
| ''[[Karutha Rathrikal]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Mahesh || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 16
| ''[[Madatharuvi (film)|Madatharuvi]]'' || [[Sukumari]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[P. A. Thomas]] || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 30
| ''[[Aval (1967 film)|Aval]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || P. M. A. Azeez || [[Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U L'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 21
| ''[[Bhagyamudra]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sukumari]] || M. A. V. Rajendran || [[Pukazhenthi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''A U G'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 11
| ''[[Kaanatha Veshangal]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 18
| ''[[Khadeeja (film)|Khadeeja]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| ''[[Anweshichu Kandethiyilla]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[K. R. Vijaya]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 14
| ''[[Collector Malathy]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 15
| ''[[Ashwamedham]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] || [[A. Vincent]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 29
| ''[[Chithramela]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || [[T. S. Muthaiah]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 5
| ''[[Nagarame Nandi]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Ushanandini]] || [[A. Vincent]] || [[K. Raghavan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 14
| ''[[Ramanan (film)|Ramanan]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || D. M. Pottekkat || [[K. Raghavan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjali Marakkar (film)|Kunjali Marakkar]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sukumari]] || S. S. Rajan || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thalirukal]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Paul Vengola]] || [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Mani]] || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kudumbam (1967 film)|Kudumbam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || R. Sudarsanam ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 19
| ''[[Pareeksha (1967 film)|Pareeksha]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 28
| ''[[Cochin Express]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''N O V'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 3
| ''[[Pavappettaval]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], Kamaladevi || [[P. A. Thomas]] || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| ''[[Pooja (1967 film)|Pooja]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || P. Karamachandran || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 11
| ''[[N.G.O]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Sukumari]] || S. S. Rajan || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 17
| ''[[Kavalam Chundan (film)|Kavalam Chundan]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 24
| ''[[Naadan Pennu]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''D E C'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 1
| ''[[Kasavuthattam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[Kunchacko]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 7
| ''[[Chekuthante Kotta]]'' || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] || M. M. Nesan || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 22
| ''[[Ollathumathi]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || [[L. P. R. Varma]] ||
|-
| ''[[Paathirapattu]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] || N. Prakash || Vijayabhaskar ||
|-
| ''[[Mulkireedam]]'' || [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[N. N. Pisharady]] || Prathap Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Swapnabhoomi]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] || [[S. R. Puttanna]] || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malayalam cinema|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1967 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 1967}}
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|1967]]
[[Category:Lists of 1967 films by language|Malayalam]]
[[Category:1967 Malayalam-language films| 1967]]
[[Category:1967 in Indian cinema]]

George Vaz

2026-03-06T18:24:07Z

Thenaade: created some pg basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician (1919–1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = George Vaz
| image = George Vaz.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1919|7|14|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|||1919|7|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]]
| death_place =
| other_names =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| movement = [[Goa Liberation Movement]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| otherparty = [[Goan Peoples Party]]{{br}}[[Frente Popular (Goa)|Frente Popular]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards =
}}
'''George Vaz''' (14 July 1919 – 1999) was an Indian freedom fighter, trade unionist and politician.

== Early life ==

George Vaz was born on 14 July 1919 in [[Bombay]] to Sebastião Xavier Vaz.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |page=364}}</ref>

== Goa liberation movement ==
Vaz was associated with the Goan Youth League,<ref name="ShirodkarWho86"/> which was founded by [[T. B. Cunha]].<ref name="MenezesHeraldLiberdade24">{{Cite web |first=Vivek |last=Menezes |date=28 Apr 2024 |title=LIBBY DE LIBERDADE |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/By-invitation/LIBBY-DE-LIBERDADE-/220727 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

Vaz was greatly inspired by [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] and the events of [[Goa Revolution Day]]. He described Lohia's inspiration to Goan freedom fighters in these words: "18th June was like a big Light House that guided many ships traveling in the sea."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salgaonkar |first=Seema P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkvaAAAAMAAJ |title=Women, Political Power, and the State |date=2006 |publisher=Abhijeet Publications |isbn=978-81-88683-95-6 |page=43}}</ref>

In 1946, he was chosen as a member of the executive committee of the GCC. On 28 October 1946, he was arrested after he attempted to deliver a speech in [[Sanquelim]], following which he was imprisoned and then left across the border of [[Portuguese Goa]] on 19 November that year. On 15 December, he was arrested once again for attempting to enter Goa. On 12 February 1947, he was tried by the TMT and fined and imprisoned for three months.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

Vaz then moved to [[Bombay]], working for the [[Goa liberation movement]] from there. He hosted public meetings and published [[Flyer (pamphlet)|flyers]] against the Portuguese government. Between 1948 and 1949, he was chosen as the Secretary of the Socialist group of the National Congress, Goa. He then co-founded the [[Goan People's Party]] (GPP) and was its General Secretary from 1949 onwards.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="deSouzaEsays89">{{Cite book |last=de Souza |first=Teotonio R. |author-link=Teotonio R. de Souza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC |title=Essays in Goan History |date=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-263-7 |pages=183}}</ref>

Vaz was an active Leftist and was also the Secretary of the Goa Action Committee. He was chosen as a member of the panel of minorities that had been appointed by the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti. He was also associated with the Bombay Youth League and was a participant at the International Youth Rally, that was held outside India.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

Vaz was also the Art Director of several films, such as ''Lal Batti''. He also worked on nationalistic posters that were present at the meetings and conferences of freedom fighters.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In 1954, Vaz was one of the leaders of the GPP that worked together to capture more than 60 villages in [[Nagar Haveli]]. This was before [[Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|its complete Liberation]] by the volunteers and commandos of the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lele |first=Purushottam Shripad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0MeAAAAMAAJ |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Past and Present |date=1987 |publisher=Usha P. Lele |page=69}}</ref><ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In December 1960,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martins |first=Levinson J. |date=2010-08-11 |title=A nationalist & a gentleman |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/11_aug/9 |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=[[oHeraldo]] |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413082114/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/11_aug/9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vaz was part of a delegation that met with then [[Home Minister of India]] [[Pandit Pant]] in [[New Delhi]], urging the Indian government to take action for the freedom of Goa. Others in the delegation were Eclito D’Souza, [[Irene Heredia]], [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Lambert Mascarenhas]], [[Aruna Asaf Ali]] and [[Bertha Braganza]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-31 |title=Freedom fighter Dr Eclito passes away |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/na/freedom-fighter-dr-eclito-passes-away/38650 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

Also in December 1960, the third National Conference for Afro-Asian solidarity took place in Bombay, calling for the immediate freedom of Goa, Daman and Diu and forming a National Campaign Committee for this purpose. In April 1961, Vaz and Cajetan Lobo, both secretaries of the National Campaign Committee, took part in a three-day Conference of Nationalist Organisations of the Portuguese Colonies at [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]]. The participants of the conference deliberated on the political problems of the Portuguese colonies in Africa and India.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Arora |editor-first=Ranjana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOyqGvwb_-AC |title=India Wins Freedom: New Constitution and the Indian Political System |editor-last2=Grover |editor-first2=Verinder |chapter=The Goa Problem |first=H.D. |last=Malviya |date=1994 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-540-6 |pages=537–540}}</ref> [[Pundalik Gaitonde]] also attended the conference with them.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=343 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

== Post-Liberation of Goa ==

Vaz was a prominent Communist trade union leader, having led multiple workers' protests and strikes in both Goa and Bombay. He was a member of the National Council of the [[Communist Party of India]]. He was also the General Secretary of [[All India Trade Union Congress]] in Goa and was a member of its national Executive Committee.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

Vaz and other Goan Communists, like [[Gerald Pereira]] and [[Berta de Menezes Bragança]], began working with the Goan peasants soon after the [[Liberation of Goa]], forming the ''Shetkari Paksh'' (Farmers' Party). In the [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]], they did not contest with their Communist symbols but instead contested as a political front, the [[Frente Popular (Goa)|Frente Popular]]. This was done to not attract the attention of the Goan Catholic Church, who considered the Communists as a threat. Vaz contested from the [[Tivim Assembly constituency]] but neither him nor the seven others were able to win any seats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjoF0AEACAAJ |title=Ajeeb Goa's Gajab Politics |date=April 2023 |publisher=Qurate Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-94600-690 |page=253}}</ref>

Vaz also contested in the [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] but did not win.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXY5AAAAIAAJ |title=Political Science Review |date=1972 |publisher=Department of Political Science, University of Rajasthan. |page=143}}</ref>

Vaz contested elections from the [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]] as a candidate of the CPI in 1984 but did not win.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |title=Double Engine: History of Goa Lok Sabha Elections |date=March 2024 |publisher=goanews.com |isbn=9-789358-985627 |page=18}}</ref>

== Death ==
Vaz died in 1999.<ref name="DalalSnaps17">{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYswDwAAQBAJ |title=India at 70: snapshots since Independence |chapter=1961: The Liberation of Goa |date=2017-08-23 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-86815-37-8}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
On 18 June 1982, Vaz was honoured by the [[Government of Goa|Government of Goa, Daman and Diu]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaz, George}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian trade union leaders]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Goa]]

Cheti Chand

2026-03-05T18:31:49Z

Thenaade: adjusted formatting additionally and fixed typos

{{Translation cleanup|Sindhi|Sindhi name is possibly incorrect as the Sindhi Bharatpedia uses {{langx|sd|چيٽي چنڊ}}|date=February 2026}}

{{short description|New year day of Sindhi Hindus}}
{{see also|Indian New Year's days}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Chetri Chandra or Cheti Chand
| type = Hindu
| image = Jhulelal hindu deity.jpg
| caption = [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]], the [[Iṣṭa-devatā (Hinduism)|Ishta Devta]] of the Sindhi Hindus
| nickname = Sindhi new year
| observedby = [[Sindhi Hindus]]
| significance = marks the beginning of the Lunar Hindu New Year for Sindhi Hindus.
| begins =
| ends =
| date = March/April
| date2019 = April 6<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sindhitipnocalendar.com/april-sindhi-tipno-calendar-wallpaper-pdf-download/13/|title=April 2019 / 2020 Sindhi Tipno Calendar Wallpaper, PDF Download|date=July 11, 2018|access-date=August 4, 2018|archive-date=July 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724124301/http://sindhitipnocalendar.com/april-sindhi-tipno-calendar-wallpaper-pdf-download/13|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| date2020 = March 25<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jhulelal.com/calendar/2020.html |title=2020 – Sindhi / Hindu Calendar |website=www.jhulelal.com |access-date=2020-02-28 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| date2021 = April 13<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jhulelal.com/calendar/2021.html |title=2021 – Sindhi / Hindu Calendar |website=www.jhulelal.com |access-date=2021-02-27 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| celebrations = 2 days<ref name=ramey125>{{cite book|author=S. Ramey|title=Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2ADAAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-61622-6|pages=125–127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thesindhuworld.com/sindhi-festivals/|title=Sindhi : Sindhi Festivals: Festival Calendar 2018 : List Sindhi Festivals {{!}} The Sindhu World|website=thesindhuworld.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref>
| observances = Sindhi New Year's Day, ''mela'' (fairs), social feast, processions, dancing<ref name="Falzon2004p62"/>
| relatedto = [[Ugadi]], [[Gudi Padwa]]
| date2022 = April 2<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jhulelal.com/calendar/2022.html |title=2022 – Sindhi / Hindu Calendar |website=www.jhulelal.com |access-date=2022-04-02 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Chetri Chandra''' ({{Langx|sd|چيٽي چنڊ}}, Moon of Chaitra) is a festival that marks the beginning of the Lunar [[Chaitra Navratri|Hindu New Year]] for [[Sindhi Hindus]].<ref name="Falzon2004p62" /><ref name="Ramey2008p8">{{cite book|author=S. Ramey|title=Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2ADAAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-61622-6|pages=8, 36}}</ref> The date of the festival is based on the lunar cycle of the lunisolar [[Hindu calendar]], falling on the first day of the year, in the Sindhi month of ''Chet'' ([[Chaitra]]).<ref name="Falzon2004p62">{{cite book|author=Mark-Anthony Falzon|title=Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljbS-I5Y8WMC&pg=PA62|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-14008-5|pages=60–63}}</ref> It typically falls in late March or early April in the [[Gregorian calendar]] on or about the same day as [[Gudi Padwa]] in Maharashtra, [[Ugadi]] in other parts of the Deccan region and Hindu Samvat Nav Varsha or beginning on New Year in Hindu Samvat Calendar of India.

== Overview ==
The festival marks the arrival of spring and harvest,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Jhulelal Jayanti 2021 (Cheti Chand) [Hindi]: जानिए झूलेलाल जी को विस्तार से|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/cheti-chand-jhulelal-jayanti/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US}}</ref> but in the Sindhi community, it also marks the birth of Uderolal in 1007, after they prayed to the [[Varuna|Hindu god Varun Dev]] on the banks of River Indus to save them from the persecution by the tyrannical Muslim ruler Mirkhshah.<ref name="Ramey2008p8"/><ref name=falzon159/><ref name=kumar120>{{cite book|author=P. Pratap Kumar|title=Contemporary Hinduism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7Wd_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|year= 2014|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-54636-8|pages= 120–124}}</ref> Varun Dev morphed into a warrior and old man who preached and reprimanded Mirkhshah that Muslims and Hindus deserve the same religious freedoms. He, as Jhulelal,<ref name="Ramey2008p8"/> became the champion of the people in Sindh, from both religions. Among his [[Sufi]] Muslim followers, Jhulelal is known as "Khwaja Khizir" or "Zindapir". The Hindu Sindhi, according to this legend, celebrate the new year as Uderolal's birthday.<ref name="Ramey2008p8"/><ref name=falzon159>{{cite book|author=Mark-Anthony Falzon|title=Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860–2000|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ljbS-I5Y8WMC&pg=PA59|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-14008-5|pages=58–60}}</ref>

The tradition likely started with Daryapanthis. During the British colonial rule era, major annual fairs (''melas'') used to be held in Uderolal and Zindapir (near [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], Pakistan).<ref name="Falzon2004p62"/> In contemporary times, the Sindhi community celebrates the festival of Cheti Chand with major fairs, feast parties, processions with ''jhankis'' (glimpse stage) of Jhulelal (an avatar of [Varun dev], similar to [[Vithoba]]),<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark-Anthony Falzon|title=Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljbS-I5Y8WMC&pg=PA62|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-14008-5|page=60}}</ref> other Hindu deities, and social dancing.<ref name="Falzon2004p62"/>

On this day, many [[Sindhis]] take Baharana Sahib, a representation of Jhulelal, to a nearby river or lake. Baharana Sahib consists of jyot (oil lamp), misiri (crystal sugar), fota ([[cardamom]]), fal (fruits), and akha. Behind is kalash (water jar) and a nariyal ([[coconut]]) in it, covered with [[cloth]], phool ([[flowers]]) and patta ([[leaves]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=PHOTOS: How India celebrates New Year|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-specials-how-india-celebrates-the-hindu-new-year/20130411.htm|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=cheti chand, sindhi festivals, chaliho sahab - Festivals Of India|url=https://www.festivalsofindia.in/chetichand/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=www.festivalsofindia.in}}</ref> There is also a [[Murti]] (statue) of Pujya Jhulelal Devta. Cheti Chand is a major festival of Sindhi Hindus in India and Pakistan,<ref name=ramey125/> and also celebrated by the Hindu [[Sindhi diaspora]] around the world.<ref name="Falzon2004p62"/><ref name=kumar120/>

== Months (lunar) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Month no.
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Months |url=https://teejri.com/sindhi-months |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=teejri.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Trumpp |first=Ernest |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=aIcFg7hd2zgC&pg=PA529&dq=sindhi+months+names&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi76eb5yfOSAxUjQaQEHafmNqYQ6wF6BAgIEAU#v=onepage&q=sindhi%20months%20names&f=false |title=Grammar of the Sindhi Language Compared with the Sanskrit-Prakrit and the Cognate Indian Vernaculars Ernes Trumpp |date=1872 |publisher=Trubner and C. |language=en}}</ref>
![[Sindhi language|Sindhi Naskh]]
![[Devanagari|Sindhi Nagari]]
!Western months
|-
|1
|[[Vaishakha|Vēsākhu]]
|ويساک
|वेसाख
|Mid April – Mid May
|-
|2
|[[Jeth|Jēthu]]
|ڄيٺ
|जेठ
|Mid May – Mid June
|-
|3
|[[Harh|Ākhāru]]
|آکاڙ
|आखर
|Mid June – Mid July
|-
|4
|[[Sawan|Sānwanru/Srānu]]
|سانوڻ/سراڻ
|सावनवार
|Mid July – Mid August
|-
|5
|[[Bhadon|Baḍrō]]
|بڊو
|बडो
|Mid August – Mid September
|-
|6
|[[Assu|Asav/Asu]]
|آساو/اسو
|आसव
|Mid September – Mid October
|-
|7
|[[Kattak|Katee]]
|ڪتي
|कती
|Mid October – Mid November
|-
|8
|[[Magghar (month)|Nahri/Nāhari/Manghiru]]
|نھري/ناھري/منگھر
|नाहरी
|Mid November – Mid December
|-
|9
|[[Poh|Pōhu]]
|پوھ
|पोह
|Mid December – Mid January
|-
|10
|[[Magh (Sikh calendar)|Mānghu/Māghu]]
|مانگھ/ماگھ
|मांग
|Mid January – Mid February
|-
|11
|[[Phaggan|Phagunu/Phāgu]]
|ڦڳڻ/ڦاڳ
|फागुन
|Mid February – Mid March
|-
|12
|[[Chet (month)|Chet/Chetru]]
|چيٽ
|चेट
|Mid March – Mid April
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sindhunagar.com/chetichand.php Images of Cheti Chand in Sindhunagar] from Sindhunagar.com
* Recipe to make Tairi (an authentic Sindhi delicacy or Sweet Rice made on occasion of Chetichand) [http://sindhirasoi.com/2012/03/tairisindhi-sweet-rice-for-chetichand/] from sindhirasoi.com

{{HinduFestivals}}
{{Sindhi festivals}}
{{Sindh topics}}
{{New Year by Calendar}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:New Year celebrations]]
[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:New Year in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sindhi culture]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Sindh]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Pakistan]]

Preetisle Beku

2026-03-04T07:28:03Z

Thenaade: done - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Preetisle Beku
| image = Preetisle Beku.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Yogesh Hunsur
| writer = T Ramesh Rao (dialogue)
| screenplay = Pallavi Prakash
| story = Pallavi Prakash
| based_on = 
| producer = C Basavanna Soubhagya Ramesh Suresh Jain Prakash S Nayak
| starring = [[Vijay Raghavendra]] [[Chaya Singh]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = V K Kannan
| editing = T Shashikumar
| music = [[L. N. Shastry|Chaitanya]]
| studio = Shree Ambika Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|05|02}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Preetisle Beku''''' ({{Translation|Forced to love}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Yogesh Hunsur and starring [[Vijay Raghavendra]] and [[Chaya Singh]]. The film is a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]'' (1998), which itself is based on the English film ''[[French Kiss (1995 film)|French Kiss]]'' (1995).<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2003 |title=2003 Year Round Up |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3153-2003-year-round-up.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319190653/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3153-2003-year-round-up.html |archive-date=19 March 2022 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
A village girl, Viji, is engaged with another man Harish, who is not at all interested in the marriage. Viji travels to Bangalore in search of Harish and is helped by another man Ganesha. She later finds out that Harish is a [[Tapori (word)|tapori]] and falls for Ganesha.<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/news/volume2/current_preetislebeku.asp|title=
Preetisle Beku - is it an order or a decision?|work=[[Viggy]]|access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Ganesha
*[[Chaya Singh]] as Vijayalakshmi "Viji"
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Inspector Amarasimha
*[[K. S. Ashwath]] as Aish's father
*[[Ramesh Bhat]] as Ganesha's father
*[[Komal Kumar]]
*[[Master Anand|Anand]] as Harish's friend
*[[Bullet Prakash]] as Constable
*[[Chitra Shenoy]] as Vishalu, Ganesha's mother
*[[Mynavathi]] as Ganesha's grandmother
*Vikranth Patil as Harish
*Rashmi as Aish
}}

== Production ==
The film was launched on 23 June 2002 at the Manjunatha Temple in Bangalore.<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/vishwanath-launches-new-film/articleshow/12901321.cms|title=Preetheslebeku|first=G. S.|last=Kumar|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 June 2002|access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="V"/> The film is directed by ''[[Ninagoskara]]'' (2002)-fame Yogesh Hunsur, who also provided the screenplay.<ref name="V"/> He previously directed ''Police Power'' (1995) and ''Lakshmi Mahalakshmi'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Oct/27/mangeshs-murali-meets-meera-198611.html|title=Mangesh's 'Murali meets Meera'|date=16 May 2012|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref> This is the fourth film that [[Vijay Raghavendra]] signed as a lead actor.<ref name="T"/> [[Chaya Singh]] was signed for the female lead.<ref name="T"/> The film bears a similar storyline to ''[[O Mallige]]'' (1997) since the producer of that film, Pallavi Prakash, worked for this film as the storywriter.<ref name="V"/> The film is produced by S. A. Govindaraj and was completed in a single schedule.<ref name="T"/> [[L. N. Shastry|Chaitanya]] composed the music.<ref name="T"/> The other actors were not cast as of mid-June 2002 prior to the film's launch,<ref name="T"/> and they were decided after the film's launch.<ref name="V"/>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Preetisle Beku
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[L. N. Shastry|Chaitanya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:29
| language = Kannada
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer =
| chronology = [[L. N. Shastry|Chaitanya]]
| prev_title = Ay Naan Bheeshma Kano
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = Preethi Nee Illade Naa Hegirali
| next_year = 2004
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|XjpY1LgT0Pg|Preetisle Beku – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The film has songs composed by [[L. N. Shastry|Chaitanya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Preetisle Beku (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1goifKLpZW79KnB4T791Tv |website=[[Spotify]] |language=en |date=8 March 2002}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Preetisle Beku
| length1 = 4:58
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title2 = Dhamani Dhamaniyali Prema
| length2 = 5:14
| lyrics2 = Pallavi Prakash
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Archana Udupa|Archana]]
| title3 = Pori Bandlu Pori
| length3 = 4:40
| lyrics3 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra3 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Ragini
| title4 = Cheluve Nanage Neenu
| length4 = 4:26
| lyrics4 = Ramesh Rao
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| title5 = Gajavadana Kodugamana
| length5 = 5:41
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra5 = Chaithanya, Hemanth, [[Shamitha Malnad|Shamitha]]
| title6 = Goru Goru Gorunkana
| length6 = 5:29
| lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
| extra6 = Chaithanya, Shamitha
| total_length = 30:29
}}

==Box office==
The film was a box office failure similar to [[Vijay Raghavendra]]'s other releases that year except for ''[[Khushi (2003 Kannada film)|Khushi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_2003_review.asp|title=2003 - yearly roundup|work=Viggy|access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>

==Home media==
The film is available for streaming on [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/kannada-movie-preethisele-bekku-2003/detail/7627|title=Preethisele Bekku|date=2003|work=[[Sun NXT]]|access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14608318}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]

Veera Madakari (film)

2026-03-03T21:48:50Z

Thenaade: starting post!

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ee Shathamaanada Veera Madakari.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sudeep]]
| producer = Dinesh Gandhi
| story = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' by [[S. S. Rajamouli]]}}
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Ravi Raj Anil Kumar
| screenplay = Sudeep
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sudeep]]}}
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = Sri Venkat
| editing = B.S. Kemparaju
| studio = S. S. Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|03|20|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 175 minutes
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Veera Madakari'''''{{efn|Also known as ''Ee Shathamaanada Veera Madakari''.}} is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Sudeep]]. The film features Sudeep in a [[double role]] alongside debutant [[Ragini Dwivedi]] in the lead roles. The film features a background score and soundtrack composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and produced by Dinesh Gandhi. This film is the remake of [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' (2006). The film was released on 20 March 2009 and was a success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6247/kannada/veera-madakari/2073/review.htm |title=Veera Madakari Review – Kannada Movie Review by RGV|access-date=10 June 2013 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184408/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6247/kannada/veera-madakari/2073/review.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Muttati Sathyaraju ([[Sudeep]]), a small-time conman, in [[Bangalore]] who is cunning and adept at doing daring deeds. One day, he meets Neeraja Goswamy ([[Ragini Dwivedi]]) who was come from Madhya Pradesh to attend a wedding in [[Karnataka]]. They instantly fall in love.

He tells the truth to her that he is a petty thief and decides to give up theft forever. But before that, he decides to cheat the last person along with his aide Hosdoddi ([[Tennis Krishna]]) for a huge amount. He tricks a woman at a bus stand and runs away with the trunk. This leads him to Neha, a girl who thinks Sathyaraju is her father instead of the wealth kept in the trunk. He wondered that what was going on, but he were forced to keep Neha with them because of Inspector Shinde were watching over him.

Although he tries to keep Neha away from Neeraja's eyes she finds out. An angry and pained Neeraja goes to her place and Sathyaraju is heartbroken. Soon, he were attacked by an unknown goons and he was appointed as Superintendent of Police, ACP Veera Madakari IPS (Sudeep), Neha's real father. Madakari looks like Sathyaraju, the cause of all the confusion. As many unknowns help Sathyaraju run to safety with Neha in his arms, he is soon surrounded by goons. That's when Madakari appears and kills all the goons by himself and saves the day, but he soon dies of his injuries.

Other policemen who assisted the ACP conveyed the full details of the incident to Sathyaraju. In Chambal village of Devgarh, Madhya Pradesh, a slain, corrupt local MLA Babjee (Gopinath Bhat), a borderline psychopath, engulfs the city with his political corruption, illegal activities, criminal connections, rape and money laundering. His son Munna ([[Arun Sagar]]) indulges in abusing women and raping policemen's wives. Later at the party organized by Babjee (even the Home Minister comes to the party), a cop is being humiliated by stripping him of his clothes, but Madakari cleverly kills him while hanging from a tree by the belt of the humiliated inspector. After a few days, In a Holi celebration Madakari was attacked by Babjee's brother Titla (Suryanarayana Waali), where he was stabbed in the back and shot in the head while trying to save a village boy. But he survives with brain damage but the goons thinks that he is dead. The effects of his brain injury would appear later, and these effects would be lessened by having water fall on his head.

After knowing the past events, Sathyaraju adopts Neha who is unaware that her real father is dead. Sathyaraju then returns to Devgarh disguised as Veera Madakari and moves to reconcile with Babjee.
Neeraja knows all the truth from Hosdoddi. Then she comes and meets Sathyaraju, but he avoids her because he is Veera Madakari now. So she exposes her hip to seduce him, he tries to control himself and finally he falls for her. Then Neeraja forgives him and Sathyaraju being a goon manages Babjee well with tricks. He sets MLA's wine factory on fire and the villagers loot his eatery. In the ensuing fight, he single-handedly defeats all of Babjee's men. At the end, he fights Titla on a rope bridge. Sathyaraju ties and cuts the rope and Titla falls to his death. Sathyaraju marries Neeraja and they start a begins a new life with Neha and Hosdoddi.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sudeep]] in [[dual role]] as Muttati Sathyaraju and Veera Madakari IPS
* [[Ragini Dwivedi]] as Neeraja Goswamy
* [[Devaraj]] as Commissioner (Cameo)
* [[Mamta Mohandas]] as Madakari's wife (portrait only)
* Simran Khan in [[item number|Special appearance]] in song "Manjari Manjari"
* Jerusha Christopher as Veera Madakari's daughter
* [[Tennis Krishna]] as Hosdoddi
* [[Arun Sagar]] as Munna
* [[Doddanna]] as Home Minister
* Gopinath Bhat as Babjee
* Dharma as Circle Inspector Shinde
* Vanishri as Shinde's wife
* Suryanarayana Waali as Titla (voice over by [[Sudeep]])
* Shailaja Joshi
* Thimme Gowda
* Manmohan Rai
* K. V. Manjayya
* Jayashree Rao
* Dinesh Gandhi
* Arasu Maharaj
* Tumkur Mohan
}}

== Production ==
The film marks [[Sudeep]]'s third directional venture after ''[[My Autograph]]'' (2006) and ''[[No 73, Shanthi Nivasa]]'' (2007). In the film, [[Sudeep]] casts himself in two different roles and has also given his voice to some songs.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Veera Madakari
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = January 6, 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:33
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[M.M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Gunde Jhallumandi]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Magadheera]]
| next_year = 2009
}}

The film has 6 songs composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]], who reused his songs from the original.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kannada-mp3s.blogspot.in/2009/03/veera-madakari.html |title=Free Download Kannada Songs. New Releases First On the Net: Veera Madakari |access-date=10 June 2013 |archive-date=1 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123733/http://kannada-mp3s.blogspot.in/2009/03/veera-madakari.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jinta Ta
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (Lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra1 = [[Sudeep]], [[Tennis Krishna]], [[Anuradha Bhat]], Drum Prakash
| length1 =
| title2 = Dummare Dumma
| lyrics2 = Shridhar
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Akanksha Badami, Sunita
| length2 =
| title3 = Jum Jum Maaya
| extra3 = Ajay Warrior, [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| lyrics3 = Kaviraj
| length3 =
| title4 = Manjari Manjari
| extra4 = Sinchana Dixit
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length4 =
| title5 = Jo Laali
| extra5 = Akanksha Badami
| lyrics5 = K C Kiran
| length5 =
| title6 = Veera Madakari
| extra6 = Satish Aryan and chorus
| lyrics6 = Satish Aryan
| length6 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Besides Sudeep, the film's major attraction is child actor Joysha Christopher whose performance is superb. Newcomer Raagini is impressive while Gopinath and Soori are too loud. Tennis Krishna fits the bill. Dharma, Dinesh Gandhi and the Lady Inspector have all done a good job. Songs and camera work are good. Go for Veera Madakari only if you haven't seen the original".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/20veera-madakari-not-as-good-as-the-original.htm|title=Not as good as the original|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=20 March 2009|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829041955/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/20veera-madakari-not-as-good-as-the-original.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Finally, Satyaraju goes to Chambal area in the guise of Madhakari and bashes the living daylights out of Babloo and his gang. The only disadvantage of this film is the length, d i rect o r Sudeep could trim it a little bit. But overall, a good entertainer for Sudeep’s fans".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Mar/21/treat-for-sudeeps-fans-34698.html|title=Treat for Sudeep's fans|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 March 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The tunes are the same as in Vikramarkudu and Rajesh Ramnath has done what he is best at; retaining original tunes for remake films. The only person for whom this film could have a positive impact is debutante Ragini. If you are not a hardcore fan of Sudeep, ready for anything, you are sure to come out of Veera Madakari with a headache".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/e-shatamanada-veera-madakari-formula-fried/articleshow/22189566.cms|title=(E Shatamanada) Veera Madakari: Formula fried|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=20 March 2009|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829041955/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/e-shatamanada-veera-madakari-formula-fried/articleshow/22189566.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "When Madakari is killed by the goons, Sathyaraj who resembles Madakari, assumes his identity and eliminates the goons and restores peace to Devagarh. How does he do it? Sudeep excels in both roles. Tennis Krishna is impressive. Dharma proves he is good at sentimental roles too. Music director Keeravani fails to live up to his reputation".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ee-shathamaanada-veera-madakari/movie-review/4296017.cms?from=mdr|title=EE SHATHAMAANADA VEERA MADAKARI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2016}}</ref>

== Box office==
''Veera Madakari'' completed 100 days. This film was a major comeback for actor Sudeep from the streak of failures. This was the second highest-grossing Kannada movie of 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudeep not present at 100 day celebrations|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-01/news-interviews/28196991_1_day-celebrations-sudeep-veera-madakari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105001659/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-01/news-interviews/28196991_1_day-celebrations-sudeep-veera-madakari|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|access-date=4 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 July 2009}}</ref>

== Awards ==
'''[[Suvarna Film Awards|2nd Suvarna Film Awards]] :-'''
* [[Suvarna Film Awards#Favorite Hero|Favorite Hero]] - '''Winner''' - [[Sudeep]]<ref name="Suvarna Film Awards 2011"/>
* [[Suvarna Film Awards#Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]] - '''Winner''' - [[Ragini Dwivedi]]<ref name="Suvarna Film Awards 2011">{{cite web | url=http://suvarnaawards.chitraranga.com/awardees.html | title=Suvarna Film Awards 2010 | publisher=suvarnaawards.chitraranga.com | date=13 April 2010 | access-date=3 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820034919/http://suvarnaawards.chitraranga.com/awardees.html | archive-date=20 August 2010 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Suvarna Film Awards#Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]] - '''Nominated''' - Pradeep Antony <ref name="SFAN">{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=6520&sid=da140deec5f7b4d42599b851d0f56a29&start=405|title=Re: KIRUTERE-SUVARNA FILM AWARDS ON April 11th in Palace Grounds|publisher=www.gandhadagudi.com|date=11 April 2010 |access-date=15 July 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305155121/http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=6520&sid=da140deec5f7b4d42599b851d0f56a29&start=405|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Suvarna Film Awards#Star Pair of the Year|Star Pair of the Year]] - '''Nominated''' - [[Sudeep]] & [[Ragini Dwivedi]]<ref name="SFAN"/>

'''Zee Kannada Innovative Film Awards :-'''
* Special Jury Award - '''Winner''' - [[Sudeep]]<ref name="IFA 2010 CT"/>
* Best Child Actor - '''Winner''' - Baby Jorusha<ref name="IFA 2010 CT">{{cite web | url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=1884&ptype=News&title=INNOVATIVE%20FILM%20AWARDS%20%3FSTAR%20STUDDED%20STAR%20ORIENTED%21 | title=INNOVATIVE FILM AWARDS ?STAR STUDDED STAR ORIENTED! | publisher=chitratara.com | date=3 May 2010 | access-date=3 May 2010 | archive-date=20 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220193929/http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=1884&ptype=News&title=INNOVATIVE%20FILM%20AWARDS%20%3FSTAR%20STUDDED%20STAR%20ORIENTED%21 | url-status=live }}</ref>

'''South Scope Cine Awards :-'''
* Best Comedian Kannada - '''Nominated''' - [[Tennis Krishna]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2917382|Ee Shathamaanada Veera Madakari}}

{{Sudeep}}
{{ Vikramarkudu }}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2009 action films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:2000s police films]]

Bhoot and Friends

2026-03-02T09:15:35Z

Thenaade: new!

{{short description|2010 film by Karanjeet Saluja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Karanjeet "Kittu" Saluja
| writer = Reshma A. Dev 
Sachindra Sharma
| producer = Aneesh Arjun Dev
| screenplay = Aneesh Arjun Dev
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jackie Shroff]]
*Nishikant Dixit
*[[Ashwin Mushran]]
*[[Ishita Panchal]]
*[[Akash Nair]]
}}
| cinematography = Krishna Ramanan
| editing = K.D. Dilip
| music = Sunil Singh
| studio = Wide Angle Media Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|2010|12|31|df=yes}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR}}1.5 crore<ref name=":0" />
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}1.5 crore<ref name=":0" />
}}
'''''Bhoot and Friends''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 2010|2010]] Indian [[horror-comedy]] film directed by Karanjeet "Kittu" Saluja. The film has got "U" certificate by [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]]. The film opened up to negative reviews and was a box-office disaster, collecting same amount as budget of 1.5 crore.

==Synopsis==
The film revolves around four kids on summer holidays at their maternal grandmother's home. They meet a friendly ghost with magical powers who helps them in finding a precious treasure called "''Neelmani Ka Khazana''" ({{translation|Blue sapphire's treasure}}).

==Cast==
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Bhanu Pratap Singh / Bhoot ({{translation|Ghost}})
*[[Ashwin Mushran]] as Gora Sa'ab / Gora Sahab ({{translation|English man}})
*Markand Soni as Raghav
*Tejas Rahate as Ali
*[[Ishita Panchal]] as Roma
*[[Akash Nair]] as Igloo
*Aditya Lakhia as Ali's Father
*Nishikant Dixit as Sharmaji Manager
*A.r.rama as Hakla/haklu
*Sushil Pandey as Baanke
*Ashish Kattar as Raghav's father
*Sonu Shajahanpuriya as Gajraj
*Madan as tad singh
*Mahesh raj as commissioner
*Reshmi Sarkar as TV reporter
*Rajesh Dubey as jogi
*Rishina khandari as Raghav's mother
*Mahru sheikh as Raghav's grandmother
*Mahesh mewara as nanku
*Yashwant wasnik as Abdul chacha
*Pradeep Kabra as takla/taklu

==Production==
The film is also directed by three additional directors named: Harish Kumar Patel, Brijesh Singh and Kuldeep Yadav. The stunts were added by Hanif Sheikh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-12-17|title=Bhoot And Friends|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/bhoot-and-friends/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhoot and Friends - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/bhoot-and-friends/articleshow/7000269.cms|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
Film is initially going to release on 24 December along with [[Toonpur Ka Superrhero|Toonpur Ka Superhero]] as Christmas bonanza, but postponed till last date of year due to clash with [[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Mar Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Bhoot And Friends' postponed to 31st Dec|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhoot-and-friends-postponed-to-31st-dec/articleshow/7092260.cms|access-date=2022-11-13|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 December 2010 |language=en}}</ref> The film is released theatrically on [[New Year's Eve]] of 2011 but only on 25 prints.<ref name=":0" />

===Home media===
The film is currently available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]], [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] and [[YouTube]], and is often broadcast by [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network India.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhoot And Friends Full Movie Online In HD on Hotstar|url=https://www.hotstar.com/sg/movies/bhoot-and-friends/1000102876|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Hotstar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Bhoot and Friends Full Movie Dubbed In Hindi {{!}} Ashish Kattar, Jackie Shroff|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-TNoiEQUfo|language=en|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film has grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|1.5|l|lk=on}}, against a huge budget of {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}} and declared as "disaster" by [[Box Office India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bhoot And Friends - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=975|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> It earned ₹25,000 on first day, ₹75,000 on first weekend and a sum of ₹1,00,000,000 on its first week.<ref name=":0" />

==Critical reception==
The film has received generally mixed to negative reviews by critics.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bhoot and Friends Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Bhoot and Friends by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bhoot-and-friends/movie-review/7191649.cms|access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-12-31|title=Bhoot And Friends Review 1.5/5 {{!}} Bhoot And Friends Movie Review {{!}} Bhoot And Friends 2010 Public Review {{!}} Film Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhoot-and-friends/critic-review/bhoot-and-friends-movie-review/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

==Animated series==
In 2019, an [[animated series]] based on the film is produced by the same production
company, directed by Ramji Achary, and is currently provided by [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]]. The series consists of 10 episodes, each of 10 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Bhoot and Friends {{!}} Prime Video|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/B084H3X5K3/ref=atv_dp_share_cu_r|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.amazon.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1807978}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian children's comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films with live action and animation]]

Pyaari Tarawali The True Story

2026-03-02T04:43:31Z

Thenaade: new.

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2024}}
{{Paid contributions|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyaari Tarawali The True Story
| image = Pyaari Tarawali.jpg
| caption =
| director = Rajneeshh Dubey
| producer = Amit Gupta Kkalpana Raajputt Dollye Tomar
| screenplay =
| story = Rajneeshh Dubey
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Dollye Tomar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/dolly-tomar-will-be-seen-in-pyaari-tarawali-the-true-story-know-what-is-story/1877441|title='प्यारी तारावाली-द ट्रुथ स्टोरी' में नजर आएंगी डॉली तोमर, जानिए क्या है कहानी|work=Zee News |date=22 September 2023|access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>
* Uday Atrolia
* Bobby Vats
* Rajneeshh Dubey
* Satya Agnihotri
}}
| cinematography = P. John Viji
| editing = Dhirendra M. Dimri Yogesh Pandey Devu Namdev
| music = R.P. Sony Rajneeshh Dubey S. Kumar
| studio = Omsheel Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|10|27}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/pyaari-tarawali-the-true-story-is-the-true-story-of-a-rebellious-woman-releasing-in-theaters-on-27-october-4385478|title=एक विद्रोही और बागी महिला की सच्ची कहानी है फिल्म 'प्यारी तरावाली द ट्रू स्टोरी', इस दिन हो रही सिनेमाघरों में रिलीज|work=NDTV|date=13 September 2023|access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Pyaari Tarawali The True Story'''''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/pyaari-tarawali-the-true-story/movieshow/94675322.cms|title=Pyaari : Tarawali The True Story|website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=}}</ref> is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[musical film|musical]] [[romantic drama]] film based on the [[novel]] of the same name written and directed by Rajneeshh Dubey<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Rajneeshh |title=Rajneeshh Dubey |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/rajneeshh-dubey/1093826 |website=BookMyShow}}</ref> and produced by Kkalpana Raajputt and Amit Gupta under the banner of Omsheel Productions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/pyaari-an-enigma-of-womanhood-in-search-of-love-and-freedom-film-to-be-released-soon|title=Pyaari, an enigma of womanhood in search of love and freedom, film to be released soon'|work=zee5|date=5 October 2022|access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref> The film stars Dollye Tomar,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomar |first=Dollye |title=Dollye Tomar |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/dollye-tomar/37204 |website=BookMyShow}}</ref> Uday Atrolia, Bobby Vats, Rajneeshh Dubey and Satya Agnihotri in lead role and Bahadur Singh Dangi, Sangeeta Srivastav, Devu Namdev, Sushil Soni in a supporting role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/dolly-tomar-starrer-pyari-tarawali-the-true-story-is-the-true-story-of-a-rebellious-and-rebellious-woman-7519425.html|title=प्यारी तरावली द ट्रू स्टोरी... एक विद्रोही और बागी महिला की सच्ची कहानी, डॉली तोमर ने पहली झलक में ही जीता दिल|work= Hindi News18 |date=11 September 2023|access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Dollye Tomar as Pyaari<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/rajasthani/dolly-tomar-will-be-seen-in-the-film-pyaari-tarawali-the-true-story/articleshow/103756292.cms|title=Dolly Tomar will be seen in the film 'Pyaari Tarawali-The True Story'|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=18 September 2023|access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>
* Uday Atrolia as Mama
* Bobby Vats as Shakil Khan
* Rajneeshh Dubey as Laxman
* Satya Agnihotri as Santosh
* Bahadur Singh Dangi as Pyaari's Father
* Sangeeta Srivastav as Pyaari's Mother
* Devu Namdev as Ishwar
* Sushil Soni as Gopal Kaka
* Ashutosh Yadav as Santosh Friend

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|22807194}}
*''[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pyaari-tarawali-true-story/ Pyaari Tarawali The True Story]'' at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Shanti Roy

2026-02-16T18:34:05Z

Thenaade:

{{short description|Indian gynaecologist}}
'''Shanti Roy''' is an Indian [[gynaecologist]]. She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2020 for her contribution in medicine.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/padma-awards-for-george-vashishtha-six-others-from-state/articleshow/73620093.cms | title=Padma awards for George, Vashishtha & six others from state | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 January 2020 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-ministers-arun-jaitley-sushma-swaraj-and-george-fernandes-given-padma-vibhushan/articleshow/73617205.cms | title=Arun Jaitley, Sushma Swaraj, George Fernandes given Padma Vibhushan posthumously. Here's full list of Padma award recipients | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=26 January 2020 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> She hails from the [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]] of Bihar. She used to practice in [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] but now practices in [[Patna]].She is the Head of the Department of gynaecology in the [[Patna Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=National Doctor's Day: The Medical Heroes Who Won a Padma Award in 2020 |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/national-doctors-day-the-medical-heroes-who-won-a-padma-award-in-2020-2694113.html |access-date=2021-09-01}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Shanti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Siddhesvara Temple

2026-02-16T18:12:50Z

Thenaade: minor edit

{{Short description|Temple in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Cleanup lang|article|date=August 2021}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| title = Siddhesvara Temple
| image1 = Vesara style shrine and vimana (tower) in Siddhesvara temple at Haveri.jpg|caption1=''Vimana'' (Shrine and superstructure) at the Siddhesvara temple, Haveri.
| image2 = Siddhesvara temple with staggered square mantapa plan at Haveri.jpg|caption2=Siddheshvara Temple at [[Haveri]], a staggered square plan with ''dravida'' articulation and superstructure, late 11th century CE.
}}
The '''Siddhesvara Temple''' (also spelt '''Siddheshvara''' or '''Siddheshwara''' and locally called ''Purada Siddeshwara'' ) is located in [[Haveri]] in [[Haveri district]], [[Karnataka]] state, India. It is considered an ornate example of 12th-century [[Western Chalukya architecture|Western Chalukyan art]] and is well known for the many loose sculptures of Hindu deities that exist in it.<ref name="uma">{{Cite journal|title=Sculptures from the Later Calukyan Temple at Haveri|jstor=3249429|author=Rao, Nagaraja M.S.|journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=31 |issue=2/3 |year=1969 |pages=167–178|doi=10.2307/3249429 }}</ref> However, [[Epigraphy|inscriptional]] evidence would suggest that the initial consecration of the temple was in the late 11th century.<ref name="cons">Foekema (2003), p. 56</ref> An exciting aspect of the temple is that it faces west instead of facing the rising sun in the east–a standard in Chalukyan constructions.<ref name="east">Cousens (1926), p. 85</ref> Though it is currently used as a [[Shaiva]] temple dedicated to God [[Shiva]], historians are unsure by which faith or sect the temple was consecrated initially and to which deity.<ref name="east"/> Many people visit the temple for their spiritual beliefs, while evidence about temple visits can be found in Gita chapter 17, verse 23, which says otherwise. Most of the Lord Shiva sculptures are observed to be of him meditating. There are claims that he meditates on himself, whereas some proof can be found in [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]] that Lord Shiva meditates for some other God. This uncertainty perhaps stems from the many loose sculptures of deities and the degradation of primary wall images.<ref name="east"/>

==Temple plan==
[[File:Profile of the vimana (sanctum outerwall and tower) of the Siddhesvara temple at Haveri 2.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Profile of shrine outer wall and ''dravida'' style superstructure (''[[shikhara]]'') at Siddhesvara temple]]
[[File:Wall sculpture on pilasters in Siddhesvara Temple at Haveri.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Wall sculpture in [[relief]] includes [[aedicule]]s on pilasters and ''[[Kirtimukha]]s'']]
The Siddheshvara temple, built of [[soapstone]],<ref name="soap">Foekema (2003), p. 55</ref> is located at the east end of the town. From inscriptions, Haveri was originally called Nalapuri and was one of the oldest ''agraharas'' (a place of learning) in modern Karnataka.<ref name="uma"/> A memorandum dated 1067 CE in the town mentions the village's grant to 400 [[Brahmin|Brahmins]].<ref name="linga">Cousens (1926), p. 86</ref> The temple closely resembles a few other Chalukyan temples in the vicinity of Haveri; the Mukteshvara temple at Chavudayyadanapura, the Someshwar temple at Haralahalli and the Siddharameshvara temple at Niralgi. The entire basement of this temple has sunk by a few feet, making it necessary to descend into the open ''[[mantapa]]'' (hall).<ref name="east"/>
[[File:Sculpture at Siddhesvara temple at Haveri.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A medieval figure sculpture at the Siddheshvara Temple]]
The temple may have been consecrated initially as a [[Vaishnava]] temple (to the God Vishnu), later taken over by [[Jain|Jains]] who may have removed some images from the temple and eventually became a Shaiva temple after coming under the procession of the worshippers of God Shiva.<ref name="multi">Cousens (1926), p. 85</ref> This conclusion is drawn because the image of the [[Sun God]] [[Surya]] exists below the little [[Kirtimukha|''Kirtimukhas'']] (gargoyle faces) on the temple's eastern wall (back wall). However, a picture of Shiva, sculpted out of an independent slab of stone and mounted in front of the ''[[Shikhara]]'' (superstructure) above the ''mantapa'' roof, would suggest otherwise.<ref name="east"/> Overall, the temple plan bears all the hallmarks of a standard 11th-century Chalukyan construction with [[Dravidian architecture|''Dravida'']] architectural [[Articulation (architecture)|articulation]] to which some innovative 12th-century elements, such as [[Aedicule|aedicules]], and miniature decorative towers on [[Pilaster|pilasters]], were added.<ref name="add">Foekema (2003), p. 56–57</ref>

==Sculptures==
[[File:Kirtimukha relief between half pilasters in the Siddhesvara temple at Haveri.JPG|thumb|right|upright|''Kirtimukha'' at the Siddheshvara temple]]
[[File:Open mantapa facing sanctum in the Siddhesvara temple at Haveri.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Open mantapa with bay ceiling supported by lathe turned pillars made of [[soap stone]] facing the sanctum in the Siddheshvara temple at Haveri]]
[[File:Herostone in Siddhesvara Temple at Haveri.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A [[Hero stone]] from the Chalukya period]]
The ''mantapa'' (hall) in the temple contains sculptures of ''[[Uma–Maheshvara|Uma Maheshvara]]'' (Shiva with his consort [[Parvati|Uma]]), Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi, the Sun God [[Surya]], [[Nāga]]-[[Nāginī|Nagini]] (the male and female snake goddess), [[Ganapati]] and [[Kartikeya]], the sons of Shiva. Shiva is depicted with four arms, holding his attributes: the ''damaru'' (drum), the ''aksamala'' (chain of beads) and the [[Trishul (weapon)|''Trishul'']] (trident) in three arms. His lower left arm rests on Uma, who is seated on Shiva's lap, embracing him with her right arm while gazing into his face. The sculpture of Uma is well decorated with garlands, large earrings and curly hair.<ref name="uma"/> With their tails intertwined, the Naga and Nagini appear on the side of the door to the vestibule (antechamber), along with an image of [[Parvati]]. A niche depicts a curious male figure with six hands. The two lower hands hold a ''[[linga]]'' (the symbol of Shiva), and the middle left has a ''[[chakra]]'' (wheel).<ref name="east"/>

The architrave above the vestibule entrance bears images of [[Brahma]], [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]], with Shiva in the centre. [[Ganapati]] and [[Kartikeya]] flank Brahma and Vishnu. On either side of the doorway is a perforated stone worked window, and the main shrine (''[[garbhagriha]]'' or cella) has a plain ''[[linga]]'' (the symbol of Shiva). Some ceiling panels contain images of the ''[[saptamatrika]]'' ("seven mothers"), while a square column includes photos of the [[Ashtadikpala|''ashtadikpalas'']] ("eight guardians") along with the Hindu ''[[trimurthy]]'' ("three forms") and Surya.<ref name="body">Cousens (1926), p. 87</ref> The ''saptamatrikas'' are also carved into the wall of a [[step well]] outside. The ''saptamatrika'' sculptures on [[Frieze|friezes]] have female deities, generally, each with a child on the lap to denote motherhood and are identified by the ''[[vahana]]'' (vehicle) of their male counterpart found under them. At one end of the frieze is Shiva, and at the other is Ganapati. Next to Shiva are the [[Matrika]] ("mother") goddesses: Brahmi (or Brahmani), Brahma's consort, with a goose; Maheshvari, the consort of Shiva, has a [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (bull); Vaishnavi, the consort of Vishnu has a [[Garuda]] (eagle); Kaumari, the consort of Kartikeya has a peacock; Varahi, the consort of [[Varaha]], has a buffalo (instead of a boar); [[Sachi|Indrani]], the consort of Indra, has an elephant; and the last "mother" could be a skeletal image of [[Chamunda]] with a dog or could be a dead body.<ref name="body">Cousens (1926), p. 87</ref> Other loose sculptures in niches worthy of mention are those of Surya, canopied by a seven-hooded snake, and the [[Mahishasuramardini]] (a form of Durga). Within the temple premises are several old-[[Kannada]] inscriptions recording grants, the earliest inscribed on a beam inside the temple and dated to 1087 CE, while another stone inscription (''shilashasana'') dated to 1108 CE stands outside.<ref name="linga"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Outerwall decorative relief in the Siddhesvara temple at Haveri.JPG|Outerwall decorative relief in the Siddheshvara temple at Haveri
File:Profile of shrine and mantapa in Siddhesvara temple at Haveri.jpg|Lateral view of the Siddheshvara temple at Haveri
File:Kirthimukha sculpture in Siddhesvara Temple at Haveri.jpg|Kirthimukha sculpture in Siddheshvara Temple at Haveri
File:Kirtimukha relief on outerwall of Siddhesvara temple at Haveri.JPG|Kirtimukha relief on outerwall of Siddheshvara temple at Haveri
File:Old Kannada inscription (13th century) ascribed to the Seuna Yadava kingdom on pillar base in the Siddhesvara temple at Haveri.JPG|Old Kannada inscription (13th century) of the Seuna Yadava kingdom on pillar base in the Siddheshvara temple at Haveri
File:Old Kannada inscription (13th century) on pillar base ascribed to the Seuna Yadava kingdom in the Siddhesvara temple at Haveri 2.JPG|Old Kannada inscription (13th century) of the Seuna Yadava kingdom on pillar base in the Siddheshvara temple at Haveri
File:Old Kannada inscription (13th century) on pillar base ascribed to the Seuna Yadavas in the Siddhesvara temple at Haveri 1.JPG|Old Kannada inscription (13th century) of the Seuna Yadava kingdom on pillar base in the Siddheshvara temple at Haveri

</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|1}}

==References==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite book|author=Cousens, Henry|title= The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts|orig-year= 1926|year= 1996|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location= New Delhi|oclc = 37526233}}
* {{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-215-1089-9}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Sculptures from the Later Calukyan Temple at Haveri|jstor=3249429|author=Rao, Nagaraja M.S.|journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=31 |issue=2/3 |year=1969 |pages=167–178|doi=10.2307/3249429 }}

{{coord|14|47|26|N|75|24|39|E|display=title}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haveri district]]
[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]

2024 Indian general election in Delhi

2026-02-11T20:45:34Z

Thenaade: added!

{{Short description|18th Indian general election in NCT of Delhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Delhi
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Delhi
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 25 May 2024
| seats_for_election = All 7 Delhi seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Delhi
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Delhi
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Delhi#Opinion polls
| turnout = 58.78% ({{decrease}} 1.82%)
| image_size = 100px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Manoj Tiwari at the launch of T P Aggarwal's trade magazine_'Blockbuster'_22.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=15|oTop=12}}
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader1 = [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since1 = 2021
| leaders_seat1 = [[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North-East Delhi]] ''(won)''
| last_election1 = 56.86%, 7 seats
| seats1 = '''7'''
| seat_change1 = {{nochange}}
| seats_before1 =
| percentage1 = '''54.35%'''

| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=JPAggarwal.jpg|bSize=180|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=45|oTop=2}}
| party4 = Indian National Congress
| leader4 = [[Jai Prakash Agarwal]]
| alliance4 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leader_since4 = 2022
| leaders_seat4 = [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]] ''(lost)''
| last_election4 = 22.51%, 0 seat
| seats_before4 =
| seats4 = 0
| seat_change4 = {{nochange}}
| popular_vote4 = 1,685,494
| percentage4 = 18.91%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail (AI enhanced).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=2}}
| party2 = Aam Aadmi Party
| leader_since2 = 2012
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change2 = {{nochange}}
| leader2 = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| last_election2 = 18.11%, 0 seat
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| percentage2 = 24.17%
| map_image = 2024 Lok Sabha Delhi Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Seatwise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Delhi
| popular_vote1 = '''4,844,180'''
| popular_vote2 = 2,154,001
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 2.50%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 5.97%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 3.72%
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in [[Delhi]] on 25 May 2024 to elect 7 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-contest-all-7-lok-sabha-seats-in-delhi-in-2024-says-aap/articleshow/101339226.cms?from=mdr|title=Will contest all 7 Lok Sabha seats in Delhi in 2024, says AAP|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=June 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/lok-sabha-election-2024-opinion-poll-delhi-aap-bjp-congress-seats-tally-prediction/3186397/|title=Lok Sabha Election 2024: Opinion poll predicts BJP sweep in Delhi despite big gains for AAP|date=July 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/delhi-ncr/lok-sabha-elections-2024-are-held-today-who-will-get-maximum-voters-support-in-delhi-surprising-results-in-a-survey-2446210|title=आज लोकसभा चुनाव हुए तो दिल्ली में किसको, कितने प्रतिशत मतदाताओं का मिलेगा समर्थन, सर्वे में...|first=धीरेंद्र कुमार|last=मिश्रा|date=July 5, 2023|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref> The result of the election were declared on 4 June 2024.

==Election schedule==
On 16 March 2024, the [[Election Commission of India]] announced the schedule of the [[2024 Indian general election]], with Delhi scheduled to vote during the 6th phase on 25 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=2024-03-16 |title=Lok Sabha Polls Date, Result 2024: When will voting take place in Delhi, Mumbai? |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/lok-sabha-election-date-results-2024-delhi-to-vote-in-single-phase-on-may-25-mumbai-to-go-to-polls-in-2-phases-details-11710581204028.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan="2" |Poll event
!Phase
|-
| bgcolor="#6495ED" |VI
|-
!Notification date
|29 April
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|6 May
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|7 May
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|9 May
|-
!Date of poll
|'''25 May'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|7
|}

== Parties and alliances==

===National Democratic Alliance===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|7
|-
|}

===Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
[[File:Delhi Lok Sabha INDIA Seat Share.png|300px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|[[File:Aam Aadmi Party logo (English).svg|50px]]
|[[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|4
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Devender Yadav]]
|3
|-
!
! Colspan=4|Total
!7
|}

===Others ===
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Symbol
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50x50px|centre]]
|7
|-
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Navarang Congress Party
|
|7
|-
|Peoples Party of India (Democratic)
|
|6
|-
|{{party color cell|Ambedkarite Party of India}}
|[[Ambedkarite Party of India]]
|
|4
|-
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Public Political Party
|
|4
|-
|Gareeb Aadmi Party
|
|3
|-
|Rashtriya Republican Party
|
|3
|-
|rowspan=1 {{party color cell|Right to Recall Party}}
|Right to Recall Party
|
|3
|-
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Aapki Apni Party (Peoples)
|
|2
|-
|Akhil Bhartiya Parivar Party
|
|2
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|
|2
|-
|rowspan=1 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Bahujan Dravida Party
|
|2
|-
|rowspan=1 {{party color cell|Bharatheeya Jawan Kisan Party}}
|Bharatheeya Jawan Kisan Party
|
|2
|-
|rowspan=5 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Bharatiya Jan Jagriti Party
|
|2
|-
|Bharatiya Sampuran Krantikari Party
|
|2
|-
|Bharatiya Liberal Party
|
|2
|-
|Jindabad Kranti Party
|
|2
|-
|Prabuddha Republican Party
|
|2
|-
|rowspan=1 {{party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
|
|2
|-
| {{party color cell|Other}}
|Samaj Vikas Kranti Party
|
|2
|-
| {{party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|
|2
|-
|rowspan=7 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Aam Janshakti Party
|
|1
|-
|Akhil Bhartiya Sudhar Party
|
|1
|-
|Aman Samaj Party
|
|1
|-
|Anjaan Aadmi Party
|
|1
|-
|Asankhya Samaj Party
|
|1
|-
|Atulya Bharat Party
|
|1
|-
|Azad Samaj Party
|
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|[[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]]
|
|1
|-
|rowspan=7 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Bahujan National Party (Ambedkar)
|
|1
|-
|Bahujan Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samta Party
|
|1
|-
|Bhartiya Mahasangh Party
|
|1
|-
|Bhartiya Veer Dal
|
|1
|-
|Bharat Lok Sewak Party
|
|1
|-
|Bharatrashtra Democratic Party
|
|1
|-
|Delhi Janta Party
|
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Ikkjutt Jammu}}
|[[Ekam Sanatan Bharat Dal]]
|
|1
|-
|rowspan=20 {{party color cell|Other}}
|Hamara Sahi Vikalp Party
|
|1
|-
|Haryana Jansena Party
|
|1
|-
|India Greens Party
|
|1
|-
|Jai Hind National Party
|
|1
|-
|Log Party
|
|1
|-
|Loktantrik Janshakti Party
|
|1
|-
|Rashtra Nirman Party
|
|1
|-
|Rashtravadi Loktantrik Party (India)
|
|1
|-
|Rashtrawadi Janlok Party (Satya)
|
|1
|-
|Rashtriya Janmorcha
|
|1
|-
|[[Rashtriya Janshakti Party- Secular]]
|
|1
|-
|Rashtriya Mangalam Party
|
|1
|-
|Rashtriya Rashtrawadi Party
|
|1
|-
|Rashtriya Suraksha Party
|
|1
|-
|Saman Adhikar Party
|
|1
|-
|Sarvlokhit Samaj Party
|
|1
|-
|Satya Bahumat Party
|
|1
|-
|Swaraj Bhartiya Nyay Party
|
|1
|-
|Swatantra Jantaraj Party
|
|1
|-
|Voters Party International
|
|1
|-
!
! colspan="2" |Total
!99
|}

==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|rowspan="7" bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Praveen Khandelwal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jai Prakash Agarwal]]
|-
!2
|[[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kanhaiya Kumar]]
|-
!3
|[[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Harsh Malhotra]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Kuldeep Kumar]]
|-
!4
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bansuri Swaraj]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Somnath Bharti]]
|-
!5
|[[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]] (SC)
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Yogender Chandoliya]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Udit Raj]]
|-
!6
|[[West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|West Delhi]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Kamaljeet Sehrawat]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Mahabal Mishra]]
|-
!7
|[[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Sahi Ram|Sahi Ram Pehelwan]]
|-
|}

==Surveys and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Delhi (7)}}
===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Delhi}}

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{formatnum:4844180}}
|54.35
|{{Decrease}} 2.5
|7
|7
|{{Steady}}
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!rowspan="3"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|{{formatnum:2154001}}
|24.17
|{{Increase}} 5.97
|4
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{formatnum:1685494}}
|18.91
|{{Decrease}} 3.72
|3
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|{{formatnum:3839495}}
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|43.08
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|{{Increase}} 2.25
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|7
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|0
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Delhi#Others|Others]]
|
|
|
|99
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|
|
|
|49
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|{{formatnum:45019}}
|0.51
|{{Decrease}} 0.02
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!
!100
! -
! 162
! 7
! -
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!
!Votes
![[Percentage point|pp]]
|-
!1
|[[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|58.69 {{decrease}}
|[[Praveen Khandelwal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|516,496
|53.46
|[[Jai Prakash Aggarwal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|427,171
|44.22
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|89,325
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|9.24
|-
!2
|[[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi]]
|63.04 {{decrease}}
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|824,451
|53.10
|[[Kanhaiya Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|685,673
|44.16
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|138,778
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|8.94
|-
!3
|[[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
|59.60 {{decrease}}
|[[Harsh Malhotra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|664,819
|52.59
|[[Kuldeep Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|571,156
|45.18
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|93,663
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7.41
|-
!4
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
|55.53 {{decrease}}
|[[Bansuri Swaraj]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|453,185
|53.48
|[[Somnath Bharti]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|374,815
|44.23
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|78,370
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|9.25
|-
!5
|[[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]] (SC)
|58.01 {{decrease}}
|[[Yogendra Chandolia]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|866,483
|58.26
|[[Udit Raj]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|575,634
|38.71
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|290,849
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|19.55
|-
!6
|[[West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|West Delhi]]
|58.81 {{decrease}}
|[[Kamaljeet Sehrawat]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|842,658
|55.27
|[[Mahabal Mishra]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|643,645
|42.22
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|199,013
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|13.05
|-
!7
|[[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
|56.52 {{decrease}}
|[[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|692,832
|53.46
|[[Sahiram Pehalwan]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|568,499
|43.87
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|124,333
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|9.59
|}

==Assembly segments wise lead of Parties==
[[File:2024 Delhi Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Map.svg|2024 Delhi Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map|thumb|200px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in 2025 Assembly Election
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 52
| 48
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
! [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| 10
| 22
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 8
| 0
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|70
|}

==See also==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Goa]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Gujarat]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}
{{Delhi elections}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Delhi]]
[[Category:2020s in Delhi]]

Ravi Paranjape

2026-02-10T02:58:35Z

Thenaade: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian painter (1935–2022)}}
{{Primary sources|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Ravi Krishnaji Paranjape
| image = Ravi Paranjape.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|10|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Belgaum]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|06|11|1935|10|09|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| known_for = His artwork and books
| awards = Award for the best published advertisement for 1978. Hall of Fame Award in the field of applied arts. Award for his autobiography ‘Brush Mileage’. Veteran Artist Award. The Pune Pride Award. Godavari Gaurav Award
}}

'''Ravi Krishnaji Paranjape''' (9 October 1935 – 11 June 2022)<ref name="auto1"/> was an Indian painter, illustrator and author based in Pune.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Artist Ravi Paranjape |url=https://raviparanjape.org/biography/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Ravi Paranjape Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> He worked in the fields of advertising, architecture and publishing before becoming an independent artist, painter and author.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Painter-author Ravi Paranjape dies at 86 in Pune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/painter-author-ravi-paranjape-dies-at-86-in-pune-403065 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ravi Paranjape was born on 9 October 1935 in Belgaum, Karnaka. Soon after completing his education and apprenticeships, he started a career as an illustrator. He worked for several companies including well-known publication houses and studios in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="auto2"/>

== Death ==
Ravi Paranjape died in a private hospital in Pune at the age of 86.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Awards ==
Ravi Paranjape has received several awards for his artistic and literary accomplishments including the following:<ref name="auto2"/>

* 1978 - Communication Arts Guild (CAG) Award for the best published advertisement for 1978
* 1995 - ICAG Hall of Fame Award in the field of applied arts.
* 1996 - Dayawati Modi Foundation's and ‘Bhairuratan Damani Award’ for his autobiography ‘Brush Mileage’
* 2002 - The Government of Maharashtra's Veteran Artist Award
* 2003 - The Pune Pride Award
* 2006 - Godavari Gaurav Award, presented by Kusumagraj Pratishthan
* 2022 - ROOPDHAR Lifetime Achievement Award, The Bombay Art Society

== Books ==
Ravi Paranjape is the author of several books including the following:

* ''Portfolio - Outdoor''<ref>{{Cite web |title=PORTFOLIO - OUTDOOR Ravi Paranjape |url=https://jyotsnaprakashan.com/books/english/art/portfolio-outdoor-ravi-paranjape-jp387 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=jyotsnaprakashan.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The World of My Illustrations''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Artist Ravi Paranjape |url=https://raviparanjape.org/product-category/books/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Ravi Paranjape Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Sketching & Drawing''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sketching and Drawing - A Personal View - Ravi Paranjape |url=https://jyotsnaprakashan.com/books/english/art/sketching-and-drawing-ravi-paranjape-jp4 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=jyotsnaprakashan.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Diwali''<ref>{{Cite book |last=RAVI PARANJPE |url=http://archive.org/details/Diwali-Marathi-RaviParanjpe |title=DIWALI - MARATHI - RAVI PARANJPE}}</ref>
* ''Master Artist''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master Artist - By Ravi Paranjape |url=https://www.sitaramstationers.com/product/master-artist-by-ravi-paranjape/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Sitaram Stationers |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Shikhare Ranga Reshanchi'' (e-book)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shikhare Ranga Reshanchi e-book |url=https://raviparanjape.org/shop/pdfbooks/shikhare-ranga-reshanchi-e-book/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Ravi Paranjape Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranjape, Ravi}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian illustrators]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]

Manojit Mohan Dhar

2026-02-08T12:09:25Z

Thenaade: info...

{{Short description|Indian chemist}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manojit Mohan Dhar
| image = [[File:Dr M M Dhar (1971).jpg|Dr M M Dhar (1971)]]
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names = M. M. Dhar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1927|1|13}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2003|5|26|1927|1|13}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Chemist, Researcher
| known_for = Studies on peptides and synthesis of the internucleotide bond
| parents = Satyendra Mohan Dhar [[Order of the Indian Empire|C.I.E.]], [[Indian Civil Service|I.C.S.]] (father) Ava Dhar [[Order of the British Empire|M.B.E.]] (mother)<ref name="Academy 2004">{{Cite book |last=Academy |first=Indian National Science |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_I/za3aAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&dq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&printsec=frontcover |title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |date=2004 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bhatnagar_Laureates_1958_91/o9srAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&dq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&printsec=frontcover |title=Bhatnagar Laureates, 1958-91 |date=1992 |publisher=Human Resource Development Group, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research |language=en}}</ref>
| relatives = Chittajit Mohan Dhar, [[Member of the Parliament|M.P]] (cousin)<ref name="Academy 2004">{{Cite book |last=Academy |first=Indian National Science |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_I/za3aAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&dq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&printsec=frontcover |title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |date=2004 |language=en}}</ref>
| family = [[Dhar Zamindar Bari]]
| awards = {{ublist | 1971 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1975 A.V. Mody Research Foundation Award}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Manchester]] }}
}}
'''Manojit Mohan Dhar''' (1927–2003) was an Indian natural product chemist and the director of [[Central Drug Research Institute]].<ref name="Directors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdriindia.org/museumpic6.htm |title=Directors |year=2016 |publisher=Central Drug Research Institute |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613031630/http://cdriindia.org/museumpic6.htm |archivedate=13 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was known for his researches on peptides and the synthesis of the internucleotide bond<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=310 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |year=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> and was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N730211 |title=Deceased fellow |year=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=5 November 2016 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112143937/http://insaindia.res.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N730211 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1971, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |year=2016 | accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
M. M. Dhar, born on 13 January 1927, to Satyendra Mohan Dhar [[Order of the Indian Empire|C.I.E.]], [[Indian Civil Service|I.C.S.]] and Ava Dhar [[Order of the British Empire|M.B.E.]]<ref name="Academy 2004">{{Cite book |last=Academy |first=Indian National Science |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_I/za3aAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&dq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&printsec=frontcover |title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |date=2004 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bhatnagar_Laureates_1958_91/o9srAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&dq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&printsec=frontcover |title=Bhatnagar Laureates, 1958-91 |date=1992 |publisher=Human Resource Development Group, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research |language=en}}</ref> Dhar is a descendant of Maharaja Virendra V.M. Dar via father and Sir. [[Krishna Govinda Gupta]] via mother. Dhar secured a PhD from [[Manchester University]] in 1952 for his thesis on peptides and joined [[Central Drug Research Institute]] (CDRI) where he worked as a deputy director, heading the Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Botany and subsequently, as the director of the institute.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> Later, he worked as the counselor of science to the [[High Commission of India to the United Kingdom]]. His researches were focused on the constituents of a number of indigenous plants and he studied their structures with a view to find their therapeutic uses.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | year=1999 | accessdate=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Thus, he discovered the glycosidase activity of [[decapeptide]]s, [[abortifacient]] properties of [[tetrapeptide]], receptor mimicking of [[acetylcholine]]s and [[immunostimulant]] and [[immunosuppressant]] qualities of ''compounds that target opioid receptors''. He was known to have screened over three thousand indigenous plant species for studying their structures and through his researches, he suggested that the secondary metabolites of microbial origin were formed during the detoxification of toxic constituent of the microorganism. He identified several active ingredients in plants and developed a new method of synthesis of internucleotide bond, using [[pyrimidine]] and purine anhydronucleosides.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners" /> He discovered that the synthesis of quinomycin A could be catalysed by a cell-free extract of [[streptomyces]].<ref name="Bu'Lock1977">{{cite book|author=J. D. Bu'Lock|title=Biosynthesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYk1HMEg_SUC&pg=PA288|date=January 1977|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85186-543-0|pages=288–}}</ref> He was also a part of the CDRI investigation on parasitic protozoa causing diseases such as [[amoebiasis]], [[leishmaniasis]], [[filariasis]], [[malaria]] and [[helminthiasis]].<ref name="CDRI Researches on Parasitic Protozoa">{{Cite journal |last=S. N., Bhattacharji S., DharM. M. |editor-last=Ghatak |title=CDRI Researches on Parasitic Protozoa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/cdri-researches-on-parasitic-protozoa-ghataked-s-n-bhattacharjis-and-dharm-m-194-pages-central-drug-research-institute-lucknow-1987/435E057CB4D838EA57C9F604D2B20B05 |journal=Parasitology |date=June 1988 |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=643 |doi=10.1017/S0031182000080288|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Dhar published his research findings in a number of articles<ref name="Items for Author Dhar, M M">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Manojit-M-Dhar-47577624 |title=Manojit M. Dhar's research while affiliated with Central Drug Research Institute and other places |year=2010 |publisher=Central Drug Research Institute}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and his works have been quoted by many scholars.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Citations'' section}} He was associated with [[Bombay Natural History Society]] and [[Indian Chemical Society]] as a life member and sat in the council of Indian National Science Academy from 1988 to 1990. A former chair (1982) of the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International, he served as the commissioner of India chapter of the [[International Whaling Commission]] in 1982 and was a member of the Indian delegation to United Nations Vienna Conference on S&T for Development in 1979, [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]] conference held in Paris in 1979, [[World Climate Conference]] of Geneva in 1979 and the Heads of Science meeting of [[Group of 77]] in Delhi in 1982.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

M. M. Dhar died on 26 May 2003 at the age of 76.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" />

== Awards and honours ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Dhar the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1971<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |title=Chemical Sciences |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |year=2016 |accessdate=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=12 September 2012 }}</ref> and the A. V. Mody Research Foundation Award reached him 1975.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> In between, the Indian National Science Academy elected him as their fellow in 1973. The Central Drug Research Institute have instituted an annual award, ''Dr. M. M. Dhar Memorial Distinguished Career Achievement Award'', for honouring excellence in research in chemical sciences.<ref name="India may get new anti-TB drug next month: DG ICMR">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/India-may-get-new-anti-TB-drug-next-month-DG-ICMR/articleshow/51027436.cms |title=India may get new anti-TB drug next month: DG ICMR |date=17 February 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="CDRI Students Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdriindia.org/Newsletters/English-Newsletter-2015.pdf |title=CDRI Students Awards |date=October 2016 |publisher=Central Drug Research Institute}}</ref>

== Citations ==
* {{cite book|title=Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuNsZH2pkSgC&pg=PA425|date=2 May 1975|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-086099-2|pages=425–}}
* {{cite book|author=Michael F. Grundon|title=The Alkaloids|url=https://archive.org/details/alkaloids0000grun|url-access=registration|date=January 1976|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85186-307-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alkaloids0000grun/page/166 166]–}}
* {{cite book|author=Bep Oliver-Bever|title=Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1I9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA286|date=23 January 1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26815-8|pages=286–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Mahendra Rai|author2=Deepak Acharya|author3=José Luis Rios|title=Ethnomedicinal Plants: Revitalizing of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoDRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|date=1 February 2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-5362-7|pages=240–}}
* {{cite book|author=S.W. Pelletier|title=Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0gXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-8784-3|pages=153–}}
* {{cite book|author=E. J. Ariëns|title=Drug Design: Medicinal Chemistry: A Series of Monographs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQwlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA250|date=21 January 2016|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-1611-9|pages=250–}}

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=S. N., Bhattacharji S., DharM. M. |editor-last=Ghatak |title=CDRI Researches on Parasitic Protozoa |journal=Parasitology |page=643 |doi=10.1017/S0031182000080288}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=N. A. Bailey |author2=C. P. Falshaw |author3=W. D. Ollis |author4=M. Watanabe |author5=M. M. Dhar |author6=A. W. Khan |author7=V. C. Vora |year=1968 |title=The constitution of resistomycin |journal=Chem. Commun. |issue=7 |pages=374–376 |doi=10.1039/C19680000374}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN, Ray C |year=1968 |title=Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: I. |journal=Indian J Exp Biol |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=232–47 |pmid=5720682}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bhakuni DS, Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN |year=1969 |title=Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. II |journal=Indian J Exp Biol |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=250–62 |pmid=5359097}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bhakuni DS, Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Gupta B, Srimal RC |year=1971 |title=Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. 3. |journal=Indian J Exp Biol |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |pmid=5089325}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN, Srimal RC, Tandon JS |year=1973 |title=Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. IV |journal=Indian J Exp Biol |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=43–54 |pmid=4779295}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Jagat P.S. Sarin |author2=Satyawan Singh |author3=H.S. Garg |author4=N.M. Khanna |author5=M.M. Dhar |year=1976 |title=A flavonol glycoside with anticancer activity from Tephrosia candida |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=232–234 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89101-3|bibcode=1976PChem..15..232S }}

== See also ==
* [[Decapeptide]]
* [[Tetrapeptide]]
* [[Acetylcholine]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhar, Manojit Mohan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Natural History Society]]

Sosthenes Sohtun

2026-02-08T01:08:21Z

Thenaade: starting post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Sosthenes Sohtun''' (born 1975)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sosthenes Sohtun(NPP):Constituency- JIRANG(RI BHOI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/meghalaya2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5896 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]] Minister of Secretariat Administration Department from sep 16 2026. He is a member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from Jirang Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Ri-Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi district]]. He won the 2018 and [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the National People's Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sohtun is from [[Jirang Assembly constituency|Jirang]], Ri Bhoi district, Meghalaya. He is the son of late P. Warjri. He passed the pre university course in arts at St. Anthony’s College, which is affiliated with [[North-Eastern Hill University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Sohtun won from [[Jirang Assembly constituency]] representing [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] in the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election. He polled 12,690 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Adrian Lambert Mylleim of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 1,623 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1510.htm?ac=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401163348/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1510.htm?ac=10 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the NPP from Jirang seat. He polled votes and defeated his nearest rival, Witness Day Sancley of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 220 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Election Results 2023: NPP's Sostheness Sohtun retains Jirang seat - The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/03/02/meghalaya-election-results-2023-npps-sostheness-sohtun-retains-jirang-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=theshillongtimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jirang Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: NPP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/jirang-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7192927.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-winner-list-2023-npp-bjp-tmc-congress-candidate-list-for-meghalaya-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidates-parties-101677727601523.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423102958/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-winner-list-2023-npp-bjp-tmc-congress-candidate-list-for-meghalaya-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidates-parties-101677727601523.html |archive-date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sohtun, Sosthenes}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Ri-Bhoi district]]

Assam Cricket Association Stadium

2026-01-28T07:04:22Z

Thenaade: new!

{{Short description|Cricket stadium}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Assam Cricket Association Stadium
| nickname = Barsapara Cricket Stadium
| image = File:Barsapara Cricket Stadium match under floodlights.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption =
| country = India
| location = Barsapara, [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|8|42|N|91|44|11|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=it}}
| establishment = 2012
| seating_capacity = 46,000<ref name="BCCI23cap">{{cite web |title=Cricket Venues and Grounds |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{cite web |title=ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023 - Media Guide |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2023/11/03/278e3b3a-d6cb-4511-b7df-75fc1428f096/ICC-Men-s-Cricket-World-Cup-2023-Media-Guide-v7.pdf |publisher=ICC |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="About ACA">{{cite web |title=About ACA |url=http://www.assamcricket.com/about|publisher=assamcricket.com |access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>
| owner = [[Assam Cricket Association]]
| operator = [[Assam Cricket Association]]
|architect = Klorophyll (India) Sports Turf Technology & Construction Pvt. Ltd.
| tenants = {{Bulleted list|[[Assam cricket team]]|[[India national cricket team]] (2017–present)| [[Indian women's national cricket team]] (2019–present)| [[Rajasthan Royals]] (2023-present)}}
| end1 = Media End
| end2 = Pavilion End
| international = yes
| onlytestdate = 22–26 November
| onlytestyear = 2025
| onlytesthome = India
| onlytestaway = South Africa
| firsttestdate =
| firsttestyear =
| firsttesthome =
| firsttestaway =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttesthome =
| lasttestaway =
| firstodidate = 21 October
| firstodiyear = 2018
| firstodihome = India
| firstodiaway = West Indies
| lastodidate = 10 January
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodihome = India
| lastodiaway = Sri Lanka
| firstt20idate = 10 October
| firstt20iyear = 2017
| firstt20ihome = India
| firstt20iaway = Australia
| lastt20idate = 25 January
| lastt20iyear = 2026
| lastt20ihome = India
| lastt20iaway = New Zealand

| firstwodidate = 30 September
| firstwodiyear = 2025
| firstwodihome = India
| firstwodiaway = Sri Lanka
| lastwodidate = 29 October
| lastwodiyear = 2025
| lastwodihome = England
| lastwodiaway = South Africa
| firstwt20idate = 4 March
| firstwt20iyear = 2019
| firstwt20ihome = India
| firstwt20iaway = England
| lastwt20idate = 9 March
| lastwt20iyear = 2019
| lastwt20ihome = India
| lastwt20iaway = England
| date = 29 October
| year = 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/680295.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
The '''Assam Cricket Association Stadium''', also known as '''Barsapara Cricket Stadium''' and officially named '''Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium''',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://assam.gov.in/citizen/424 | title=Sports Venues | Assam State Portal }}</ref> is a cricket stadium in Barsapara, [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/australia-in-india/india-australia-teams-arrive-in-guwahati-for-second-t20/articleshow/60995892.cms|title=New guwahati station|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 October 2017 }}</ref> It is the home ground of the [[Assam cricket team]] and is owned and operated by the [[Assam Cricket Association]]. The stadium has a capacity of 46,000 spectators which is extendable to 55,000, making it the [[List of stadiums in India|9th largest cricket stadium in India.]]<ref name="BCCI23cap"/><ref name=":23"/><ref name="About ACA"/>

Former Assam chief minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] inaugurated the stadium on 10 October 2017. The arena hosts domestic and international cricket matches. It became India's [[List of international cricket grounds in India|49th international cricket venue]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/international-cricket-venues-in-india/article19834348.ece|title=International cricket venues in India|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 October 2017 }}</ref> The first international cricket match played here was a T20I between India and Australia in 2017, which was won by Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/9779.html |title=Barsapara Cricket Stadium, Guwahati |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2013-02-03}}</ref> It is the largest sports stadium in north-eastern India.

It hosted the [[Indian Premier League]]'s matches for the first time in April 2023, with the [[Rajasthan Royals]] playing two home games in the stadium as its second home venue.<ref name=":23" /> This initiative was put forth by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] to have a cricketing impact in [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2023: Indian Premier League 2023 schedule announced there will be a ... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/krida/ipl-schedule-2023-first-match-to-be-held-on-march-31-dhoni-to-face-hardik-final-to-be-played-on-may-28-avw-92-3469138/lite/&ved=2ahUKEwiJwb63rvf9AhUs-zgGHc_nAakQFnoECA8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw2yJkY4d2e3rbwRKRDD7mrc |website=[[Loksatta]] }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==History==
On 4 November 2012, the East Zone Senior Women's Inter-State One-Day Championship match between [[Assam women's cricket team]] and [[Odisha women's cricket team]] became the first match to be played at the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov0512/sports07 |title=Barsapara stadium ground inaugurated |publisher=assamtribune.com |access-date=2013-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114709/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov0512%2Fsports07 |archive-date=2014-08-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/localsports/story.php?sec=2&subsec=11&id=137205&dtP=2012-10-31&ppr=1 |title=Barsapara Stadium ready for Cricket |publisher=sentinelassam.com |access-date=2013-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100827/http://www.sentinelassam.com/localsports/story.php?sec=2&subsec=11&id=137205&dtP=2012-10-31&ppr=1 |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> In the 2013-14 [[Ranji Trophy]] season, the ground hosted four matches. Assam against [[Kerala]] was the first [[first-class cricket|first-class]] match.

[[File:Barsapara Cricket Stadium during construction.jpg|thumb|Barsapara Cricket Stadium during construction]]

On 10 October 2017, the stadium hosted its first [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]. The match was played between [[Australian national cricket team|Australia]] and hosts [[Indian national cricket team|India]], Australia won the game by eight wickets. In this match, the newly inaugurated stadium recorded an attendance of 38,132.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/97672/india-out-to-clinch-series-on-guwahatis-t20i-debut|title= India out to clinch series on Guwahati's T20I debut|date=9 October 2017|publisher=Cricbuzz|access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref>

The stadium hosted its first [[One Day International|ODI]] on 21 October 2018. The match was played between hosts [[Indian national cricket team|India]] and the [[West Indies cricket team]]. [[Indian national cricket team|India]] won the match by eight wickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/guwahati-odi-rohit-kohli-architect-india-s-8-wicket-win-118102100635_1.html|title=Guwahati ODI Rohit, Kohli architect India's 8 wicket win|date=21 October 2019|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

From 4 March 2019 to 9 March 2019, the ground hosted Women's International Cricket for the first time. Three [[Women's Twenty20 International]] matches were played between the [[England women's cricket team]] and the hosts [[Indian women's cricket team]]. The [[England women's cricket team]] won the WT20I series 3–0.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/smriti-mandhana-mithali-raj-india-vs-england-women-s-3rd-t20i-1474041-2019-03-09|title=3rd T20 Smriti Mandana fifty in vain as England whitewash India|date=9 March 2019|publisher=India Today|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref>

On 30 September 2025 the stadium hosted its first Women's [[Women's One Day International|ODI]]. The match was played between hosts [[India women's national cricket team|India]] and [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team|Sri Lanka women's cricket team]] which was the opening match of ICC Women's Cricket World Cup [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]].<ref>{{cite news|title=History in the Making: Guwahati to Host First ICC Women's ODI World Cup Today |date=30 September 2025 |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/history-in-the-making-guwahati-to-host-first-icc-womens-odi-world-cup-today/}}</ref>

On 22 November 2025, the ground hosted its first ever [[Test cricket|Test match]] between [[Indian national cricket team|India]] and [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bisht |first1=Harshit |title=First Time In 148 Years! India-South Africa Test In Guwahati To... |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/first-time-in-148-years-india-south-africa-test-in-guwahati-to-have-tea-break-before-lunch-ws-l-9724164.html |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=22 November 2025}}</ref>

==List of centuries==
===Key===
* '''*''' denotes that the batsman was [[not out]].
* '''Inns.''' denotes the number of innings in the match.
* '''Balls''' denotes the number of [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] faced in an inning.
* '''NR''' denotes that the number of balls was not recorded.
* Parentheses next to the player's score denote his century number at Guwahati.
* '''Date''' refers to the date the match started.
* '''Result''' refers to the player's team result.

===Tests===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 109 || [[Senuran Muthusamy]] || {{cr|SA}} || 206
|| 1 || {{cr|IND}} || 22 November 2025 || Won<ref name=test2609>
{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-india-2025-26/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test/
|title=2nd test, Guwahati, November 22-26, 2025, South Africa tour of India|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|}

===One Day Internationals===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 106 || [[Shimron Hetmyer]]|| {{cr|WIN}} || 78 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || 21 October 2018 || Lost<ref name=odi4056>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18902/scorecard/1157754/india-vs-west-indies-1st-odi-west-indies-in-india-2018-19 |title=1st ODI (D/N), West Indies tour of India at Guwahati, Oct 21 2018|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-10-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 140 || [[Virat Kohli]]|| {{cr|IND}} || 107 || 2 || {{cr|WIN}} || 21 October 2018 || Won<ref name=odi4056 />
|-
| 3 || 152* || [[Rohit Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || 117 || 2 || {{cr|WIN}} || 21 October 2018 || Won<ref name=odi4056 />
|-
| 4 || 113 || [[Virat Kohli]] || {{cr|IND}} || 87 || 1 || {{cr|SL}} || 10 January 2023 || Won<ref name=odi4501>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-in-india-2022-23-1348629/india-vs-sri-lanka-1st-odi-1348643/full-scorecard |title=1st ODI (D/N), Sri Lanka tour of India at Guwahati, Jan 10 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || 108* || [[Dasun Shanaka]] || {{cr|SL}} || 88 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || 10 January 2023 || Lost<ref name=odi4501/>
|}

===Twenty20 Internationals===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 106* || [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]|| {{cr|SA}} || 47 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || 2 October 2022<ref name=t20i1803>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-india-2022-23-1327499/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-t20i-1327507/live-cricket-score |title=2nd T20I (D/N), South Africa tour of India at Guwahati, Oct 02 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo |date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref> || Lost
|-
| 2 || 123* || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]|| {{cr|IND}} || 57 || 1 || {{cr|AUS}} || rowspan=2|28 November 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2022-23-1348637/india-vs-australia-3rd-odi-1348658/full-scorecard |title=3rd T20I (N), Guwahati, November 28, 2023, Australia tour of India |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2023-11-28}}</ref> || Lost
|-
| 3 || 104* || [[Glenn Maxwell]] || {{cr | AUS}} || 48 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || Won
|}
===Women's One Day Internationals===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing Team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 169 || [[Laura Wolvaardt]] || {{cr|SA}} || 143 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || 29 October 2025 || Won
|}

==See also==

* [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
* [[Northeast Frontier Railway Stadium]]
* [[List of cricket grounds by capacity]]

==References==
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Abhinav |date=10 October 2017 |title=Dumping Ground Turns Into an International Stadium in Guwahati |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/guwahati-makeover-of-dumping-ground-to-international-stadium |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 September 2010 |title=Barsapara stadium ground inaugurated |url=https://assamtribune.com/barsapara-stadium-ground-inaugurated |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CM to lay foundation again |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/cm-to-lay-foundation-again/cid/697407 |access-date=21 November 2025 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.crik10.com Crik10 – Ground page]
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/9779.html CricketArchive – Ground Page]
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/680295.html ESPNcricinfo – Ground Page]

{{List of cricket grounds in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium, Barsapara}}
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Assam]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Memorials to Bhupen Hazarika]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Assam]]

Harsidhi, Bihar

2026-01-21T13:29:42Z

Thenaade: New Basic Pg W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harsidhi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hindi
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|26.66|N|84.71|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Champaran district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =845422
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Motihari]]

| website = {{url|http://eastchamparan.bih.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Harsidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
}}'''Harsidhi''' is a small town and one of the 27 [[Community development block in India|blocks]] in [[East Champaran]] district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is located 30 kilometers from the district headquarters [[Motihari]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Harsidhi|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Harsidhi-68414.htm|access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Harsidhi Block|url=http://www.allaboutbihar.com/block.jsp?block=31|access-date=19 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319221353/http://www.allaboutbihar.com/block.jsp?block=31|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Harsidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

{{Tirhut Division}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in East Champaran district]]

{{EastChamparan-geo-stub}}

Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon

2026-01-13T20:10:15Z

Thenaade: done - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Short description|19th-century Malayalam-language poet and journalist}}
{{Given name hatnote|Kunhikrishna Menon|Oduvil|lang=Malayali}}{{Infobox writer
| name = Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon
| image = Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = ഒടുവിൽ കുഞ്ഞിക്കൃഷ്ണമേനോൻ
| native_name_lang = ml
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1869|10|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Enkakkad]], [[Wadakkancherry]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1916|05|18|1869|10|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ernakulam]], Kingdom of Cochin
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, poet, civil servant
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| education = Bachelor of Arts
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Poem, story, literary criticism
| subject =
| movement = [[Venmani School]]
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| years_active =
}}

'''Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon''' (26 October 1869 – 18 May 1916) was a [[Malayalam]]–language poet, short-story writer, journalist and literary critic from [[Kerala]], India. Menon was associated with the [[Venmani School]] of Malayalam poetry and was also a major figure in early prose literature. Along with [[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]], [[Moorkoth Kumaran]], [[Chenkulath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon]] (M. R. K. C.), [[C. S. Gopala Panicker]] and [[Ambadi Narayana Poduval]], Kunhikrishna Menon is regarded as a pioneer of the short story in [[Malayalam literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Brief Survey of Malayalam Literature: History of Literature |author=[[K. M. Tharakan]] |publisher=National Books |date=1990 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nhkAAAAMAAJ |quote=The pioneers of the short-story in Malayalam were Vengayil Kunju Raman Nayanar, Oduvil Kunjukrishna Menon, C. S. Gopala Panikkar, Ambadi Narayana Poduval, Chakulath Kunjirama Menon (M. R. K. C.) and Murkoth Kumaran.}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life and career===
Kunhikrishna Menon was born on 26 October 1869 as the son of Alathur Manakkal Parameswaram Namboothiripad (Kunjunni) and Oduvil Kunjikuttiyamma in [[Enkakkad]] village near [[Wadakkancherry]] in the present-day [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]] state.<ref name="Ulloor">{{Cite book |title=Kerala Sahithya Charithram |author=[[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] |chapter= 52.6 ഒടുവിൽ കുഞ്ഞിക്കൃഷ്ണമേനോൻ (1045–1091) |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-1-ulloor-1953-ku |chapter-url= http://ax.sayahna.org/ulloor/ulloor-4-52.html |publisher=University of Travancore |date=1953 |language=ml}}</ref> Kunhikrishna Menon got his family name, ''Oduvil'', through [[matrilineal succession]].

He was educated at Wadakkancherry Grant School and Trichur Mission School. He completed his [[Intermediate of Arts|FA]] degree from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]] and Madras. He then worked as the headmaster at Wadakkanchery Middle School for two years. In 1898, he obtained his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] degree from [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum University College]].<ref name="Ulloor" /> He was the first BA degree holder among the Malayalam language poets. His family was not financially well at this time, so he completed his studies by working and with the help of his friends. He also got the support of [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]]. To support himself, he wrote articles in ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' and edited the magazine ''Ramarajan'' which was started under the ownership of Sankarayar, a bookseller in Trivandrum.<ref name="Ulloor" />

After completing his studies, he joined the Cochin government service as a clerk in [[Ernakulam]] Huzur Cutchery.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Later, he served in [[Chittur]], [[Thalappilli]] and [[Trichur]] taluks as deputy and rose from that position to become Tehsil Magistrate in [[Kodungallur]].<ref name="Ulloor"/> Although Menon had already attained fame as a [[Venmani School|Venmani poet]] by this time, it was only then he became personally close with the [[Kodungallur Kovilakam]] who pioneered the [[Venmani School]].<ref name="Ulloor"/> Later Menon served as the magistrate in [[Irinjalakkuda]], [[Cochin]] and [[Ernakulam]] taluks.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

===Personal life and death===
Ittyanath Mookambika Amma (sister to the Cochin king) was his first wife. After her death, he married Alathu Puthan Veettil Chinnammu Amma, and after her death, he married Achatil Kochukutti Amma. He had three daughters and one son from these three marriages.<ref name="Ulloor"/> His younger brother Oduvil Sankarankutty Menon (1883–1945), who was born blind, was also a noted poet in Malayalam.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He also had a younger sister, Ammukutty amma, who was married to the poet [[Pandalam Kerala Varma]], Ammalu Amma, and Lakshmikutty Amma (who was the first principal of the school run by their family: later taken over by the Government). Writers Alathur Anujan Namboothiripad (1882–1943) and Paliath Cheriya Kunjunni Achan (1880–1943) were his stepbrothers.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Film actor [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] (1943–2006) was his niece’s son.<ref>[http://wadakanchery.com/famous-persons-from-wadakanchery/ "വൈഭവച്ചേരി: Famous persons from Wadakanchery"]. Wadakanchery.com. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</ref>

Menon died of diabetes on 18 May 1916. He was the Magistrate of [[Ernakulam]] taluk at the time of his death.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

==Writing==
Menon wrote poetry, short story, novel, farce and criticism. A gradual growth can be seen in his literature, starting from the traditional poetic style like praise poems, through the stylistic and linguistic innovation started by the [[Venmani School|Venmani movement]], reaching the modern literary movements such as short stories and novels.<ref name="Ulloor"/> The Sanskrit influence in his early works can be seen gradually decreasing and the English influence growing.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

===Poetry===
Menon started writing poetry at a very early age. Even though he never had the opportunity to formally learn Sanskrit, he was able to excel as a scholar and poet.<ref name="Ulloor"/> In 1893, he won the prize in the [[Bhashaposhini]]sabha poetry conference held in Calicut.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Menon wrote poetry in both Sanksrit metres and Malayalam metres. ''Vinodini, Lakshmivilasa Satakam, Antarjanathinte Aparadham, Oru Police Inspectorude Vadham, Oru Pathivrathayude Katha, Kumbakona Yatra'' and ''Madirashi Kadalkara'' are the major works composed in Sanskrit metres.<ref name="Ulloor"/> ''Ajamilamoksham Vanjippattu'' is an important work composed in Malayalam metres.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Works like ''Upakosa, Panchangi'',''Chandalimoksham'' and ''Devayani Parinayam'' were written in collaboration with other poets.<ref name="Ulloor"/> ''Devayani Parinayam'' (Quilon: E. V. R. Unnithan, 1914) was co-authored with [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]], Kundoor Narayana Menon and [[Pandalam Kerala Varma]].{{sfn|Govi|1973|p=45}} 23 of his poems are compiled and published in the book ''Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menonte Krithikal: Part 1'' (Kottakkal: Lakshmi Sahayam, 1926), with an introduction by P. V. Krishna Warrier and a biographical note by Puthezhath Govinda Menon.<ref name="Bib">{{Cite book |title=Malayala Grantha Soochi: A Retrospective Bibliography of Malayalam Books |volume=1 |editor-last=Govi |editor-first=K. M. |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|date=1973|page=45}}</ref> 23 other poems are compiled in ''Part 2'' (Kottakkal: Lakshmi Sahayam, 1927), with an introduction by [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]].<ref name="Bib"/>

Menon did not write any long poems yet was regarded as a great poet. Most of his poems have an element of humour in them. Although he followed the tradition of his predecessors, the influence of western culture can be observed in his poems at many points. According to Ulloor, among the poets of the time, Menon is the one truly deserving to be called a "''Sarasakavi''" (meaning humour poet).<ref name="Ulloor"/>

===Prose===
{{Quote box|width=35%|align=right|"Otuvil Kunju Krishna Menon's stories are not really short, and it is rather difficult to bring them within the limits of the short story proper. All of them have love themes ending in happy marriages, whatever the difficulty in between. They were mainly meant to be read to while away the time."|source=''A survey of Malayalam literature'', [[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] |title=A survey of Malayalam literature |date=1968 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=Bombay |page=183 |edition=1st}}</ref>}}
Short stories were published in Malayalam 1890s onwards. ''[[Vasanavikriti]]'' published in ''[[Vidyavinodini]]'' is a detective story. Following that, stories like ''Menokkiye Konnatharanu'', ''Dwaraka'', ''Pathalarajavu'' (all by [[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]]) and ''Ente Aadyathe Piece'' etc. also came out through the same magazine. A few more short stories emerged when ''[[Bhashaposhini]]'' started circulating as a magazine in 1897. ''Rasikaranjini'' magazine emerged around this time with the intention of publishing good stories. Menon was one of the first to write stories with a social theme. He remarkably succeeded in the narrative style and characterisation of his stories.<ref name="Ulloor"/> His stories were not without some flaws. But the short story as a genre of literature had only developed so much then. The longest among his stories is "Malathi" which runs into eight chapters.<ref name="Ulloor"/> The stories "Kalyanikutty", "Janu", "Narayanikutty" and "Kelunni Moopil Nair" have been compiled and published in a book titled ''Naalu Kathakal'' (Trichur: Mangalodayam, 1925).{{sfn|Govi|1973|p=592}} "Sarojini Bhai", "Vicharam Thetti", "Oru Rathri", "Sathyam Thelinju", "Kaumudi" and several other stories were published in various magazines of the time. The story "Janu" was included in the book ''100 Varsham 100 Katha'' (''100 Years 100 Stories''), published by [[DC Books]].<ref>[https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/indepth/readers-day/2018/06/17/history-of-malayalam-story.html "125 വർഷം പഴക്കമുള്ള കഥ"]. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. Retrieved 17 January 2023.</ref> Kunhikrishna Menon was regarded as the successor of Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar in Malayalam short story writing.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He also wrote a farce called ''Kalyanikalyanam'' (Trichur: Jnanasagaram, 1923).{{sfn|Govi|1973|p=331}}

Menon also made a mark in the field of journalism as the editor of the magazine ''Ramarajan''.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Imitating ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', Menon introduced a column for poetry in ''Ramarajan'' and many major poets published their poems in it.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He also published scholarly reviews of several books including [[Kottarathil Sankunni]]'s ''Raja Kesavadasan'' in ''Ramarajan''.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Menon wrote a series of articles in ''Manorama'' under the name ''Kora Prabhu''. This series was a humorous take on the state affairs of Cochin and was very popular at the time.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Menon was actively involved in the debates that took place in the newspapers of that time based on [[Muloor S. Padmanabha Panicker]]'s ''Kaviramayanam''. He even adopted a pen name ''Hanuman'' just to criticise Muloor's work.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/NaluKadhakal/ ''Naalu Kathakal'']. Collection of four stories (Read online).

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Harisharma |first=A. D. |title=Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon |publisher=Vidya Vilasam |location=[[Trivandrum]] |date=1932 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |author=Kunhikrishna Menon Smaraka Vayanashala |title=Oduvil Smaraka Grantham |publisher= |location=[[Enkakkad]] |date=1969 |language=ml}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Oduvil Kunhikrishna}}

[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]

Nizam College

2026-01-08T10:55:30Z

Thenaade:

{{Short description|Constituent college of Osmania University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Nizam College
| image = File Nizam college.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Nizam college
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = 1887
| type = [[Education]]
| director =
| address = Opp, LB Stadium Rd, Gun Foundry, Basheer Bagh
| city = [[Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.397754|N|78.4754233|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| pushpin_map = India Telangana #India
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|nizamcollege.ac.in}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Nizam College''' is a constituent college of [[Osmania University]] established in 1887 during the reign of Mir [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]], in [[Basheerbagh]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

==History==
[[File:NizamCollegeHyderabad 1890StudentsStaff.jpeg|thumb|230px|left|Students and staff of Nizam college c. 1890]]
The Nizampur University College was originally the "Mirsarai" of Nawab Safdar Jung Musheer-ud-Daulah Fakhrul-ul-Mulk II the owner of the grand Errum Mnzil palace. [[Errum Manzil|Fakhar ul mulk]] and Khan-i-Khanan II, were the son's of Nawab Fakhar-ul-mulk I, a noble of Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3847597.ece |title=Cities / Hyderabad : When Jai met the same fate as Unmukt |work=The Hindu |date=2012-09-01 |access-date=2012-12-06}}</ref>

The founder of the college and of several other educational institutions in the [[Hyderabad State]], was [[Syed Hussain Bilgrami]] (Nawab Imad-ul- Mulk), who did pioneering work in the field of education as the Director of Education. He scouted and then appointed [[Aghorenath Chattopadhyay|Dr. Aghorenath Chattopadhyay]] (father of Sarojini Naidu, Nightingale of India) as the first principal of the college. The present building, was a summer palace of [[Paigah family|Paigah]] [[Nawab]] Mulk Fakrul Bahadur, later he gifted the palace to the college administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.primetimeprism.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=54&Itemid=9 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911090136/http://www.primetimeprism.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=54&Itemid=9 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 September 2012 |title=A History behind Street Names of Hyderabad & Secunderabad |publisher=Primetimeprism.com |date=1998-06-30 |access-date=2012-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-01/top-stories/28368096_1_nizam-college-sameer-mn-abbasi-trophy |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126081537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-01/top-stories/28368096_1_nizam-college-sameer-mn-abbasi-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-26 |title=Sameer sets up Nizam College win |date=2011-02-01 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-12-06}}</ref>

==Institution==
This college is an autonomous, constituent college of [[Osmania University]]. It is located near [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]] in Hyderabad. Nizam College was originally a palace of Fakhrul-ul-mulk II, a noble of Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad-attractions/nizam-college.aspx |title=Nizam College Hyderabad, Heritage places in Hyderabad, Attractions in Hyderabad-Telangana |publisher=Hoparoundindia.com |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130115045/http://www.hoparoundindia.com/Andhra-Pradesh/Hyderabad-attractions/Nizam-College.aspx |archive-date=30 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Trees at Nizam College Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|225px|left|A view of the college in 2025]]
Nizam College celebrated its centenary in 1987. It was established in 1887 by the amalgamation of the Hyderabad School (Noble School) and Madarsa-I-Aliya. Initially it was affiliated to the [[University of Madras]] for 60 years and was made a constituent college of Osmania University on 19 February 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/institutes-colleges/nizam-college-3183 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901041115/http://www.jagranjosh.com/institutes-colleges/Nizam-College-3183 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-09-01 |title=Nizam College, Nizam College, Hyderabad, Telangana |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |date=1947-02-19 |access-date=2012-12-06 }}</ref>

The college was granted autonomous status by the UGC in the year 1988–89 at undergraduate level and continues to enjoy this status. It is also NAAC accredited and has been given CPE (College with Potential for Excellence) grant by the UGC. The college has its own academic bodies viz., Governing Body, Academic Council, Finance Committee, Internal Quality Assurance Cell and Boards of Studies for each department to monitor its academic, financial and other activities to the desired level of satisfaction of the appropriate authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/colleges/5048-Nizam-College.aspx |title=Nizam College Hyderabad phone number, email address, reviews and official website |publisher=Indiastudychannel.com |date=2007-11-19 |access-date=2012-12-06}}</ref>

The college offers both the undergraduate as well as postgraduate courses in the Faculties of Management, Arts and Social Sciences, Science, and Commerce. At present the college has 29 teaching departments. In addition to these courses, several students are pursuing their Doctoral and Post-Doctoral programmes.
[[File:Nizam college.jpg|thumb|230px|Entrance to the Nizam college as on 2018]]
==Courses of Study==
The college has undergraduate courses of B.B.A., B.Sc., B.A. and B.Com. in addition to B.C.A degree.

It offers 13 postgraduate programs including M.A., M.Sc. and M.Com. degrees. There is a new 5-year integrated M.Sc. course in [[Chemistry]]. The college also offers M.B.A., M.C.A and M.Sc. (IS) professional courses.

In addition, there are almost a dozen add-on courses: Certificate, Diploma and PG Diploma courses.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==Notable alumni==
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2021}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[Abid Hussain]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Peers lavish praise on Abid Hussain |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3619353.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2012}}</ref>
*[[Ali Yavar Jung]]
*[[Subodh Markandeya]]
*Air Chief Marshal [[Idris Hasan Latif]]
*[[Anabheri Prabhakar Rao]]
*[[Kazi Zainul Abedin]]
*[[Suri Bhagavantam]]
*[[Kailasa Venkata Ramiah]]
*[[Chandra Siddhartha]]
*[[G. Ram Reddy]]
*[[Saad Bin Jung]]
*[[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5mACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229|title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India|first=Ronojoy|last=Sen|date=6 October 2015|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|page=229|isbn=978-0231164900|access-date=23 April 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref>
*[[M. L. Jaisimha]]
*[[Suravaram Pratapareddy]]
*[[Syed Mohammad Hadi]]
*[[Mohan Kanda]]
*[[P. Surya Prakash]]
*[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] [[Rakesh Sharma]]
*[[Shyam Benegal]]
*[[P.V.Narasimha Rao]]
*[[Mohammed Azharuddin]]
*[[Sarojini Naidu]]
*[[Madhu Goud Yaskhi]]
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
*[[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
*[[Mariadas Ruthnaswamy]]
*[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
*[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
*[[Sitaram Yechury]]
*[[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]]
*[[K. T. Rama Rao]]

{{colend}}

== See also ==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Telangana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{official website|http://www.nizamcollege.ac.in/}}

{{Portal bar|Hyderabad|Education}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Education in the princely states of India]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1887]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Osmania University]]
[[Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State]]

Bandish Bandits

2026-01-03T00:26:11Z

Thenaade: brief fixed layout to improve readability additionally and added references to improve readability

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bandish Bandits poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| creator = {{ubl|Amritpal Singh Bindra|[[Anand Tiwari]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ritwik Bhowmik]]|[[Shreya Chaudhry]]|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]|[[Atul Kulkarni]]|[[Sheeba Chaddha]]|[[Rajesh Tailang]]|[[Amit Mistry]]|[[Kunaal Roy Kapur]]|[[Rahul Kumar (actor)|Rahul Kumar]]|[[Tridha Choudhury|Tridha Choudhary]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| genre = [[Romance drama]] [[Musical film|Musical]]
| story = {{ubl|Amritpal Singh Bindra|Lara Chandni|Anand Tiwari}}
| screenplay = Amritpal Singh Bindra
| director = Anand Tiwari
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 18
| list_episodes =
| music = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]](Season 1)<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title=Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy to make digital debut with 'Bandish Bandits', a musical romance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shankar-ehsaan-loy-to-make-digital-debut-with-bandish-bandits-a-musical-romance/article32066566.ece |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721061753/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shankar-ehsaan-loy-to-make-digital-debut-with-bandish-bandits-a-musical-romance/article32066566.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Akashdeep Sengupta (Season 2)
| executive_producer = Pranati Nagarsheth
| camera =
| runtime = 33-50 mins
| company = Still and Still Moving Pictures
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2020|8|4}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2024|12|13}}
| related =
| cinematography = Sriram Ganapathy
| editor = Ajay Sharma
}}

'''''Bandish Bandits''''' is an Indian [[Musical film|musical]] [[romantic drama]] television series on [[Amazon Prime Video]] created by Amritpal Singh Bindra and [[Anand Tiwari]], produced by Still & Still Moving Pictures and directed by Anand Tiwari.<ref name="Desk 2020">{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title=Amazon Prime announces new Indian original series Bandish Bandits, featuring soundtrack by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amazon-prime-announces-new-indian-original-series-bandish-bandits-featuring-soundtrack-by-shankar-ehsaan-loy/story-A7RbtIs49McKk4mBVCRdNM.html |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713114717/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amazon-prime-announces-new-indian-original-series-bandish-bandits-featuring-soundtrack-by-shankar-ehsaan-loy/story-A7RbtIs49McKk4mBVCRdNM.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kshitij 2020">{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Kshitij |date=13 July 2020 |title=Amazon Prime Video series Bandish Bandits to stream from August 4 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/amazon-prime-video-series-bandish-bandits-to-stream-from-august-4-6503834/ |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713140011/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/amazon-prime-video-series-bandish-bandits-to-stream-from-august-4-6503834/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The script was written by Bindra, Tiwari and Lara Chandni. The series features debutants [[Ritwik Bhowmik]] as Radhe Rathod, a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani Classical]] musician and [[Shreya Chaudhry]] as Tamanna Sharma, a pop singer, who hail from different worlds of music. Exploring the debate of music being a discipline versus a means of liberation. The series also features [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Sheeba Chaddha]] and [[Atul Kulkarni]].

The series was officially announced in February 2019, and principal photography took place across [[Jodhpur]] and [[Bikaner]] in [[Rajasthan]]. The first season's soundtrack album and background score is composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], in their debut for scoring music for a streaming series, and the soundtrack album received positive reviews from critics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |title=2020 yearender: More originals and fewer remixes in films and web series |url=https://scroll.in/reel/980894/2020-yearender-more-originals-and-fewer-remixes-in-films-and-web-series |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Scroll.in |date=28 December 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121052220/https://scroll.in/reel/980894/2020-yearender-more-originals-and-fewer-remixes-in-films-and-web-series |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Bandish Bandits'' released on 4 August 2020, through [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The series received a positive response from critics and audiences, praising the performances of the cast, writing and direction, songs and background score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=2020-08-04 |title=Bandish Bandits review and rating: This is how viewers react to Ritwik-Shreya web series |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bandish-bandits-review-rating-this-how-viewers-react-ritwik-shreya-web-series-825752 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921151057/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bandish-bandits-review-rating-this-how-viewers-react-ritwik-shreya-web-series-825752 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was listed by critics as one of the best Indian television shows of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-29 |title=Pushpavalli season 2, Aarya, Bandish Bandits, Asur, Paatal Lok: 20 best Indian streaming shows of 2020 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pushpavalli-season-2-aarya-bandish-bandits-asur-paatal-lok-20-best-indian-streaming-shows-of-2020-9155321.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120231810/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pushpavalli-season-2-aarya-bandish-bandits-asur-paatal-lok-20-best-indian-streaming-shows-of-2020-9155321.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The series was nominated for seven [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]], including Best Supporting Actor for Shah, Best Supporting Actress for Chaddha and Best Original Story and Best Screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2021/nominations|title=My Glamm Filmfare OTT Awards 2021 - Nominations|date=2 December 2021|access-date=10 December 2021|website=FilmFare|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118200752/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2021/nominations|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/scam-1992-leads-nominations-for-filmfare-ott-awards-2021-7652939/|title=Scam 1992 leads nominations for Filmfare OTT Awards 2021|date=2 December 2021|access-date=10 December 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204082816/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/scam-1992-leads-nominations-for-filmfare-ott-awards-2021-7652939/|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2020, it was officially renewed for a second season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video series 'Bandish Bandits' creators 'intend' to make season two |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/14/amazon-prime-video-series-bandish-bandits-creators-intend-to-make-season-two-2196729.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express |date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917031048/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/14/amazon-prime-video-series-bandish-bandits-creators-intend-to-make-season-two-2196729.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 December 2022 [[Amazon Prime Video]] tweeted that the production of second season has begun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video India tweets about the production of second season|url=https://twitter.com/PrimeVideoIN/status/1606253990345601025 |website= Twitter prime video IN}}</ref> On May 19, 2023, Ritwik Bhowmik posted on his Instagram story (where he tagged Anand Tiwari) that they were in the "last few days" of production. Since then, Ritwik Bhowmik has posted on his Instagram story that Season 2 is "imminent."

On 8 November 2024, Amazon Prime Video launched a recap video of the first season, and announced that the second season would be released soon.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=Juh9xodg73w9T2HN&v=AlaXeXtV5JQ&feature=youtu.be |title=Bandish Bandits Season 1 - Recap {{!}} Ritwik Bhowmik, Shreya Chaudhry {{!}} Prime Video India |date=2024-11-07 |last=Prime Video India |access-date=2024-11-08 |via=YouTube |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130065348/https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=Juh9xodg73w9T2HN&v=AlaXeXtV5JQ&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref> The second season released on 13 December 2024.<ref name="bt">{{cite web |title=Bandish Bandits Season 2: New Characters Shine Amid a Slow Narrative |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/bandish-bandits-season-2-new-characters-shine-amid-a-slow-narrative |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title='Bandish Bandits' Season 2 Date Unveiled by Prime Video (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/bandish-bandits-season-2-date-prime-video-1236208557/ |website=Variety |date=13 November 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Season 1===
* [[Ritwik Bhowmik]] as Radhe Rathod aka Radhemohan Rathod Jr.
* [[Shreya Chaudhry]] as Tamanna Sharma
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Pandit Radhemohan Rathod, the current Sangeet Samrat and Radhe's grandfather
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Digvijay Rathod, Radhe's half-uncle, Pandit Radhemohan's abandoned son, Rajendra's half-brother and Mohini's former love interest
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Mohini Rathod, Radhe's mother and Digvijay's former love interest
* [[Rajesh Tailang]] as Rajendra Rathod, Radhe's father and Digvijay's half-brother
* [[Amit Mistry]] as Devendra Rathod, Radhe's uncle, Rajendra's younger brother and Digvijay's half-brother
* [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]] as Arghya
* [[Rahul Kumar (actor)|Rahul Kumar]] as Kabir
* [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] as Harshvardhan Sharma, Tamanna's father
* [[Meghna Malik]] as Avantika Sachdeva Sharma, Tamanna's separated mother
* [[Tridha Choudhury]] as Sandhya Shekhawat, Radhe's brief fiancée
* [[Harssh A. Singh]] as Suryasen Shekhawat, Sandhya's father
* Dilip Shankar as Rajaji
* [[Avneet Kaur]], [[Rohan Shah]], [[Gajraj Rao]], [[Shweta Tripathi]], Chaitanya Sharma and [[Harleen Sethi]] in the song Chedkhaniyaan<ref>{{Cite web |last=India-West |first=R. M. VIJAYAKAR/Special to |title=Music Video 'Chedkhaniyaan' from 'Bandish Bandits' Will Fill You With Warmth |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/music-video-chedkhaniyaan-from-bandish-bandits-will-fill-you-with-warmth/article_26e38638-d73c-11ea-9ccf-3bc1b33b8162.html |access-date=2021-06-27 |website=India West |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627051252/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/music-video-chedkhaniyaan-from-bandish-bandits-will-fill-you-with-warmth/article_26e38638-d73c-11ea-9ccf-3bc1b33b8162.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Season 2===
* [[Ritwik Bhowmik]] as Radhe Rathod aka Radhemohan Rathod Jr.
* [[Shreya Chaudhry]] as Tamanna Sharma
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Digvijay Rathod, Radhe's half-uncle, Pandit Radhe Mohan's abandoned son (from Pandit ji's first marriage), Rajendra's half-brother and Mohini's former love interest
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Mohini Rathod, Radhe's mother, Rajendra's wife and Digvijay's former love interest
* [[Rajesh Tailang]] as Rajendra Rathod, Radhe's father, Mohini's husband and Digvijay's half-brother
* Saurabh Nayyar as Devendra Rathod, Radhe's uncle
* [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]] as Arghya
* [[Rahul Kumar (actor)|Rahul Kumar]] as Kabir, Radhe's friend
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Nandini Singh, Tamanna's music teacher at RHMS
* Rohan Gurbaxani as Ayaan, Tamanna's RHMS senior, bandmate and love interest
* Yashaswini Dayama as Soumya, Tamanna's roommate, bandmate at RHMS
* Paresh Pahuja as Mahi
* [[Meghna Malik]] as Avantika, Tamanna's mother
* [[Suyash Tilak]] as Kailash Mandrekar
* [[Aaliyah Qureishi]] as Ananya "Jhalli", Radhe's bandmate
* Karan Chitra Deshmukh as KCD
* Anish Bhagat as Kingshuk, Tamanna's bandmate
* [[Arjun Rampal]] as Imroz Dehalvi, Nandini's ex-boyfriend (special appearance)
* Chavi Sodhani as female judge of Indian Band Competition

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #FFE4B5
| link1 = #Season 1 (2020)
| episodes1 = 10
| released1 = {{Start date|2020|08|02}}

| color2 = #87CEEB
| link2 = #Season 2 (2024)
| episodes2 = 8
| released2 = {{Start date|2024|12|13}}
}}
=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{Cite web |title=Bandish Bandits – Listings |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/bandish-bandits/listings/ |access-date=2 August 2020 |website=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref> |country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Blue Bandit
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari<ref name="TFC" />
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra<ref name="TFC" />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Radhe is an Indian classical music prodigy from the Rathore Gharana in Jodhpur training under his grandfather, Panditji. During one class, he attempts to sing a high note without using falsetto, but fails. Frustrated, he skips breakfast to practice on the roof. His father informs him that the family is suffering financially as the Panditji's pension stopped coming a few months prior, and that he must get a job. He’s also told that despite his father being one of seven to ever receive the Ganda Bandan, a sacred thread awarded to the most talented singers in the Gharana, he was not made the successor of the Gharana.

Meanwhile, Tamanna is a pop singer whose most recent song ‘Yolo Jeelo’ has flopped. Desperate for inspiration, she goes to her childhood home in Jodhpur, asking her agent to buy her two weeks while she writes a new hit. With the threat of losing her contract and missing out on her dream of singing with Queen Eli, an international superstar, she organises a concert which attracts a large crowd.

Radhe, having gotten a job, is encouraged by his friend Kabir, who is organising the concert for Tamanna, to attend. He is entranced by her performance and decides to meet her after the show. Radhe meets Tamanna and her friend Paddu, who mock him for singing classical music and its customs. Angered, he performs the song he had sung in class, and hits the high notes with ease. Tamanna is shocked by his talent and records him singing. Elated by his success, he rushes home to perform for his Panditji.

Later that week, the Rathore family organise the Sangeet Samrat showcase, an accolade which Panditji has been presented with numerous times. Tamanna comes and teases Radhe for his shyness and praises his performance, encouraging him to sing on his own. Radhe refuses, saying that it is not the done thing. His grandfather performs in front of the King. After the showcase, Radhe is again cornered by Tamanna, who praises him and tells him to sing with her. Panditji introduces Radhe to the King and announces that the following morning, he will perform the Ganda Bandan ceremony, and give up his job.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Shuddhikaran
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Following the showcase, the Rathore’s family car breaks down, leaving Panditji, his father, Radhe and the driver stranded on the highway. His father gets out to walk, while Panditji and the driver catches a lift home, leaving Radhe to wait for the mechanic. Tamanna passes him waiting in the car, and fixes up the engine so it restarts, insisting that she drive. She mocks him, speeding in the car and saying that she’s drunk and doesn’t hold a licence. The car breaks down once again, and they are put in prison for the night for speeding. Angered by Tamanna’s actions, as they could cause him to miss the Ganda Bandan ceremony, he sells out Kabir, who the police had been wanting to arrest for organising the concert for Tamanna, as it had caused a lot of problems for them. In exchange, he and Tamanna are released.
Radhe dashes home, but is late for the ceremony by ten minutes, causing his grandfather to suspend the ceremony. Distraught, he begs his mother to ask Panditji to give him another chance but she refuses.

Tamanna apologises to Radhe for causing him to miss his ceremony and shows him the mashup he made of his voice, and asking him whether he would want to join her on her new song. Angered, he snaps at her and accuses her of not dedicating her life to music, so not understanding his crisis. She tells him to not judge her before he knows her and leaves. Having already sent the sample track to her record label, who love it, Tamanna holds auditions to find another replacement for Radhe, with little success, and she decides to move back to Mumbai.

Devendra finds Radhe distraught, and informs him that he was the eighth member to receive the Ganda Bandan before it was taken away from him as he wanted to run away with his true love, a French woman. To redeem himself, he was told he must perform a purification ritual to prove his dedication. Desperate, Radhe asks Panditji to let him undertake the purification ritual to receive the Ganda Bandan. Panditji warns him that it is very trying and that only three have ever succeeded; if he fails he must give up music and the family.

The ritual asks that Radhe live in an abandoned jail, with little material possessions. He is only allowed to sing but otherwise he cannot speak to anyone, and that he must beg for alms. He must practice in order to be able to perform continuously for 21 hours. He trains hard, nearly starving himself. While begging for food, Tamanna comes across him, and offers him a presigning check of 2,00,000, but he declines. He witnesses his father being roughed up by a gang of bank enforcers as he’s not been paying.

Radhe preps and returns, having completed the training and is ready to perform for the 21 hours. His uncle and mother advise him to pace himself, drink water and how to split the breaks so he doesn’t tire during the 21 hours. Radhe successfully completes the ritual, and receives the Ganda Bandan.

|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Roleplay
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Radhe approaches Tamanna after seeing his father get roughed up by the bank enforcers and agrees to sing with her. He asks that she doesn’t write the cheques in his name, but in Panditji’s - he does not want his father and grandfather to know that he has been singing outside the Gharana as it is forbidden. She agrees and they begin to work together on a song. Tamanna asks him to tap in to his emotions as it’s a love song, but Radhe reveals he has never been in love and never kissed a girl. Shocked, Tamanna suggests that they roleplay playing boyfriend and girlfriend. Radhe agrees, and Tamanna invites him to come along to Paddu’s wedding as practice. Radhe says that he cannot leave Jodhpur as he has hours of practice with Panditji.

Meanwhile, Radhe practices daily with Panditji, who introduces him to a love song that he wrote for his wife, who he has not taught to anyone. Similarly, he asks Radhe to sing with more emotion, but Radhe asks whether he has to experience love to sing about it. Panditji says no, as it’s the responsibility of artists to portray emotions that they haven’t felt.

In the afternoon, the family is invited to the palace. Radhe is introduced to Sandhya, the King’s niece, who has studied abroad. Their meeting is awkward, and they’re both obviously uncomfortable. Sandhya sings for Panditji, performing a rendition of a song he sung two years prior. Impressed, he announces that the two of them will be married, which upsets Radhe. Radhe accuses Panditji and his father of orchestrating the marriage just for the money; Panditji assures Radhe that they will not accept money from Sandhya’s family.

Radhe manages to trick Panditji in to letting him attend the wedding by saying it’s for Kabir’s sister. On the way to the wedding, Tamanna asks Radhe to flirt with her. Shyly, he mentions that he doesn’t know how, and would not want to comment on her beauty as there were so many other things to say about her, causing her to blush. They arrive at the wedding and she encourages him to meet her friends. He becomes bolder, flirting and praising her in front of her friends. She goes to dance with her ex-boyfriend in an attempt to make him jealous saying ‘the makeup after an argument is amazing’. Unbothered, he sits on the side, and waits for her to return. She does, and he mocks her, before asking her to return on the dance floor and they share a kiss.

The following day, he is able to sing with the emotion required for Panditji’s romantic song. Panditji says that he still needs to improve his technique, now he has the emotion.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Phas Gaye
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Confused by their kiss, Radhe seeks clarity from Tamanna, only to find her frustrated by the song writing process and throwing out the idea for the previous song. Determined, Radhe comes up with new lyrics for the romantic song, which Tamanna loves.

Meanwhile, Sandhya and her family come for dinner, where Radhe is closed off. Radhe decides to invite Sandhya to the nearby carnival, where he falsely tells her that he is bipolar in an attempt to get her to cancel the wedding, but instead she promises to work through it with him. The royal family also begin supporting the Rathore family, satisfying the bank manager.

Radhe continues formal training under Panditji, whose advice consistently conflicts with the direction from Tamanna while recording the song. Tamanna insists that he sing in falsetto; Radhe refuses, stating that it’s forbidden by Panditji. Tamanna accuses him of making an egotistical choice. Radhe explains the conflicts he’s being experiencing, but that he likes being around her and how much their kiss meant to him. They have sex for the first time, after which, Radhe records the falsetto.

Sandhya and Radhe go saree shopping together, where Sandhya informs him that she knows that he is not bipolar and that he doesn’t want to marry her. Radhe tells her that he has a girlfriend who he loves and so she should break the marriage. Sandhya tells him that she will not, and that he’s free to do whatever he wants when they are married, but she will play the role of a good wife.

The family hold an event to celebrate Makara Sankranti, where the king and Sandhya are invited. Radhe is allowed by Panditji to perform for the first time. During the performance, he sings in falsetto to achieve the high notes, upsetting Panditji. After the performance, the king applauds him as a worthy descendant of Panditji and formally announces the engagement of Radhe and Sandhya. Tamanna hears the announcement and takes off from the event, upset.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Masked Man
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Radhe runs after Tamanna, attempting to explain the announcement. She rebuffs him, upset that he cheated and tells him that they only have a professional relationship. He goes home, only to be scolded by Panditji for singing in falsetto, saying that he was distracted by the audience. Mid-reprimand, Digvijay, Panditji’s son shows up and challenges Panditji for the title of Sangeet Samrat, criticising him for abandoning him and his mother, and not upholding the honour of the Bikaner family.

Radhe, confused, asks his mother what happened. His mother explains that Panditji was married to Uma, Digvijay’s mother, and was given the title of successor from his father. While in Jodhpur to sing, he met Radhe’s grandmother, taking her as a second wife, and establishing his family in Jodhpur. When Digvijay was 10, he came and joined the Gharana, but had a disagreement with Panditji and left. Since then they have not spoken to each other. Panditji begins practicing aggressively for the Sangeet Samrat, but midway through practice realises he is singing flat. He goes to the doctor to get this assessed. Mohini meets with Digvijay and expresses her worries, to which he offers to get him seen by a doctor in Delhi, which she declines.

Radhe and Tamanna begin filming the music video in Rajastan. Radhe refuses to show his face, prompting him to wear a mask in the video. While filming, they lack chemistry, prompting them to discuss the engagement and Radhe offers to get replaced.

Radhe gets engaged to Sandhya. Midway through the engagement, Kabir recognises the tattoo on Sandhya’s back from a previous sex tape he had seen. He threatens Sandhya to break off the engagement. She explains that her boyfriend in Brussels had recorded her without her knowledge, and shared the video widely. They part ways. Radhe returns to the video shoot, and informs Tamanna that his engagement has been broken off. They reunite and rekindle their relationship during the shooting.

The results from Panditji’s audio testing come back, confirming that he has irreversible and progressive nerve damage in his ear, causing hearing loss. The doctor tells them that this could be resolved with a cochlear implant, but this is expensive and risky.

The bank manager once again visits the house, as the payments from Sandhya’s family have stopped. He informs him that he has three months to come up with the money. Frustrated, Radhe’s father tells Panditji that the payments have stopped as they’ve been converted to scholarship money and that he must perform at a commercial event.

At the event, Tamanna performs to an energetic and adoring crowds. Panditji then performs, and the crowd becomes disinterested and distracted, throwing him off. Digvijay is sat at the front of the audience, watching as Panditji gets more unsettled, eventually culminating in feedback which interrupts his performance and he realises he is unable to perform. Later that evening, Panditji informs Radhe that he will perform in his place for the Sangeet Samrat.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = A Star is Born
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Panditji challenges Radhe to fuse the ragas Basant and Bahar to create a new fusion raga; these creations will help him beat Digvijay. Kabir gets Radhe tickets to Digvijay’s music school inauguration ceremony, where he demonstrates his musical prowess by fusing a classical orchestra with Carnatic music. Radhe gets intimidated.

He attends the launch party for his first song with Tamann which is an instant hit upon its release. He is unable to enjoy the success as he is so worried about Sangeet Samrat, which he shares with Tamanna.

Panditji keeps having dreams of Digvijay beating Radhe. Worried, he pushes Radhe to practice harder.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = #CoupleGoals
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Bandish Bandits
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = A Separation
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Sangeet Samrat
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|8|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}}}

===Season 2===
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{Cite web |title=Bandish Bandits – Listings |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/bandish-bandits/listings/ |access-date=2 August 2020 |website=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref> |country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Panditji
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Holding On
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = The Voyager
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Bebaqiyaan
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Nirmohiya
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Hitchki
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Bandish Bandits
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Qarar
|DirectedBy = Anand Tiwari
|WrittenBy = Amritpal Singh Bindra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
On 14 February 2019, Vijay Subramaniam, chief director and head of content of [[Amazon Prime Video]] India,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-14 |title=Amazon Prime announces 20 new shows, including 6 Indian series from Anushka Sharma, Ali Abbas Zafar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amazon-prime-announces-20-new-shows-including-6-indian-shows-from-anushka-sharma-ali-abbas-zafar/story-y9n9oSstOePMCKaslL0UPM.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726142721/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amazon-prime-announces-20-new-shows-including-6-indian-shows-from-anushka-sharma-ali-abbas-zafar/story-y9n9oSstOePMCKaslL0UPM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> announced the release of six Indian originals, at the [[Television Critics Association]]'s press tour held in [[Los Angeles]], California.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video Announces 7 New, Returning Series From India |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/mirzapur-season-2-greenlit-by-amazon-prime-video-as-it-orders-six-new-indian-series-from-ali-abbas-z-1993515 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=14 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123212354/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/mirzapur-season-2-greenlit-by-amazon-prime-video-as-it-orders-six-new-indian-series-from-ali-abbas-z-1993515 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was produced by Still and Still Moving Pictures, with the series created by Amritpal Singh Bindra and Anand Tiwari, who previously collaborated for [[Netflix]] film ''[[Love per Square Foot]]'' (2018), while Tiwari helmed the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video greenlits new original series 'Bandish Bandits' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amazon-prime-video-greenlits-new-original-series-bandish-bandits/1480904 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> Bindra eventually stated that "The show is a millennial love story set against the backdrop of a clash between pop and Hindustani classical music. Based in Jodhpur, it explores the central theme of whether music is discipline or is it liberation."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-18 |title=Amazon Prime Video greenlits new original series 'Bandish Bandits' |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/amazon-prime-video-greenlits-new-original-series-bandish-bandits-119021800622_1.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130202330/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/amazon-prime-video-greenlits-new-original-series-bandish-bandits-119021800622_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2019, the makers announced that Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy would compose music for the series, making their debut on a digital platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video announces web series 'Bandish Bandits' with music by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy |url=https://scroll.in/reel/913669/amazon-prime-video-announces-web-series-bandish-bandits-with-music-by-shankar-ehsaan-loy |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Scroll.in |date=18 February 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107234948/https://scroll.in/reel/913669/amazon-prime-video-announces-web-series-bandish-bandits-with-music-by-shankar-ehsaan-loy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy to Score Amazon's Musical Series Bandish Bandits |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/amazon-prime-video-taps-shankar-ehsaan-loy-for-musical-original-series-bandish-bandits-1995172 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=18 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130020202/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/amazon-prime-video-taps-shankar-ehsaan-loy-for-musical-original-series-bandish-bandits-1995172 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Characters ===
To play the lead characters Radhe and Tamanna, the makers hired debutants Ritwik Bhowmik and Shreya Chaudhary. Shreya opened up about what drew her to the script stating, "The script chose me. I was immediately sold when I came to know about the director and the cast. And things got even better when I read it. Tamannah is very different from Shreya, so that was exciting. Moreover, this is a romantic show woven around music and that aspect was very fresh for me."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=Bandish Bandits is about art vs exhibitionism: Ritwik Bhowmik |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ritwik-bhowmik-on-bandish-bandits-shreya-chaudhary-amazon-prime-video-6534790/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227003748/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ritwik-bhowmik-on-bandish-bandits-shreya-chaudhary-amazon-prime-video-6534790/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ritwik eventually took no time to give his nod to the project, after revealing details about the director and cast.<ref name=":0" /> He further stated "There were 10 blueprints that I had to go through in order to get Radhe right. It took time to understand him as he is very far off from who I am in my life. It is about relationship dynamics, art versus exhibitionism, mediocrity versus genius among other things."<ref name=":0" /> The two actors were trained under musician Akshit Parikh, who also made a cameo in the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshat Parikh is the man who trained the cast of Bandish Bandits including Naseeruddin Shah and Atul Kulkarni |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2020/aug/25/akshit-parikh-is-the-man-who-trained-the-cast-of-bandish-bandits-including-naseeruddin-shah-and-atul-27638.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=25 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512050613/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2020/aug/25/akshit-parikh-is-the-man-who-trained-the-cast-of-bandish-bandits-including-naseeruddin-shah-and-atul-27638.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandita |first=Nirtika |date=2020-09-02 |title=Music supervisor Akshat Parikh shares his experience of working on Bandish Bandits |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/020920/music-supervisor-akshat-parikh-shares-his-experience-of-working-on-ban.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began in December 2018. The series were primarily shot in [[Jodhpur]] and [[Bikaner]] in [[Rajasthan]]. From its very first episode, the series had captured several traditional Rajasthani elements which include traditional paintings, couches, walls, huts and palaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandish Bandits |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-5-indian-web-series-shot-at-picturesque-locations-that-will-give-you-major-vacation-goals-2843865/bandish-bandits-2843869 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The makers shot few scenes at the [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace]] located in Vadodara, and some of the scenes were shot at the deserts located in Bikaner district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |title=In web series 'Bandish Bandits', a conversation about updating Indian classical music |url=https://scroll.in/reel/968381/in-web-series-bandish-bandits-a-conversation-about-updating-indian-classical-music |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Scroll.in |date=26 July 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117132938/https://scroll.in/reel/968381/in-web-series-bandish-bandits-a-conversation-about-updating-indian-classical-music |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with a media portal, actor Ritwik Bhowmik described his experience at the desserts of Bikaner. Bhowmik said that the team filmed one of the ragas in the Bikaner desert during the peak of summer. However, when the team was shooting the raga, it started to rain. Bhowmik said that this was "one of the most divine and magical experiences of his life". Shooting wrapped up in June 2019.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Soundtrack ==
===Season 1===
{{Infobox album
| name = Bandish Bandits
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 27 July 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2020 |title=Bandish Bandits (Music from the Prime Original Series) |url=https://music.amazon.in/albums/B08DM98YF7 |publisher=Amazon Music}}</ref>
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Original Series]] [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 35:11
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Amazon Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Panga (film)|Panga]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title = [[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|LSYpxo7behA|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The music for the first season of''Bandish Bandits'' was composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], in their debut composition for a streaming series. On their inclusion, the composers stated that the background score will work in tandem to the story-line and building the scenes, the songs in this series form a part of the core narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-20 |title=Indian classical music should reach a bigger audience, says Shankar Mahadevan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/indian-classical-music-should-reach-a-bigger-audience-shankar-mahadevan-ehsaan-noorani-loy-mendonsa-bandish-bandits-6558183/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109120346/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/indian-classical-music-should-reach-a-bigger-audience-shankar-mahadevan-ehsaan-noorani-loy-mendonsa-bandish-bandits-6558183/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 11-song soundtrack album features lyrics by Divyanshu Malhotra, Tanishk S Nabar, Sameer Samant and also consists traditional verses. The soundtrack album was released on 27 July 2020,<ref>{{Citation |title=Bandish Bandits – Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy, Shivam Mahadevan, Jonita Gandhi – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn |date=27 July 2020 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bandish-bandits/xirt2XF-BVk_ |language=en-US |access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> and received positive response from critics.<ref name=":1" /> Devarsi Ghosh of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' opined that "The blend of easy-listening pop and soaring semi-classical tunes brings to mind the trio's vast body of work".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |title='Bandish Bandits' music review: Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy album is a crisp blend of pop and classical |url=https://scroll.in/reel/966809/bandish-bandits-music-review-shankar-ehsaan-loy-album-is-a-crisp-blend-of-pop-and-classical |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Scroll.in |date=2 August 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126004754/https://scroll.in/reel/966809/bandish-bandits-music-review-shankar-ehsaan-loy-album-is-a-crisp-blend-of-pop-and-classical |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' praised the album as a "magnificent east-meets-west soundtrack".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2020-08-03 |title=The Music Of Bandish Bandits On Amazon Prime Video: Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy Go All Out In A Magnificent East-Meets-West Soundtrack |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/bollywood-music-review-bandish-bandits-amazon-prime-video-shankar-ehsaan-loy-go-all-out-in-a-magnificent-east-meets-west-soundtrack-baradwaj-rangan/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128053959/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/bollywood-music-review-bandish-bandits-amazon-prime-video-shankar-ehsaan-loy-go-all-out-in-a-magnificent-east-meets-west-soundtrack-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' hailed as "one of the best soundtracks in Hindi in recent times".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2020 |title=Bandish Bandits (Music review), Hindi – Shankar Ehsaan Loy by Milliblog! |url=https://milliblog.com/2020/07/27/bandish-bandits-music-review-hindi-shankar-ehsaan-loy/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120141453/https://milliblog.com/2020/07/27/bandish-bandits-music-review-hindi-shankar-ehsaan-loy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' reviewed as "a solid piece of work, despite noty being an extraordinary work by the trio (Shankar Mahadevan, Ehsaan Noorani and Loy Mendonsa), when it comes to classical fusion".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-04 |title=Bandish Bandits – Music Review (Hindi Web Series Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2020/08/03/bandish-bandits-music-review-hindi-web-series-soundtrack/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Music Aloud |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112221614/https://www.musicaloud.com/2020/08/03/bandish-bandits-music-review-hindi-web-series-soundtrack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 35:11
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sajan Bin
| extra1 = Shivam Mahadevan, [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| lyrics1 = Divyanshu Malhotra
| length1 = 3:14
| title2 = Chedkhaniyaan
| extra2 = Shivam Mahadevan, Pratibha Singh Baghel
| lyrics2 = Tanishk S Nabar
| length2 = 3:18
| title3 = Couple Goals
| extra3 = [[Armaan Malik]], Jonita Gandhi
| lyrics3 = Tanishk S Nabar
| length3 = 2:36
| title4 = Labb Par Aaye
| extra4 = [[Javed Ali]]
| lyrics4 = Sameer Samant
| length4 = 3:47
| title5 = Virah
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics5 = Sameer Samant
| length5 = 3:00
| title6 = Dhara Hogi
| extra6 = Shankar Mahadevan
| lyrics6 = Sameer Samant
| length6 = 4:21
| title7 = Garaj Garaj Jugalbandi
| extra7 = Farid Hasan, Mohammed Aman
| lyrics7 = Sameer Samant
| length7 = 5:30
| title8 = Mastiyaapa
| extra8 = Jonita Gandhi
| lyrics8 = Tanishk S Nabar
| length8 = 3:22
| title9 = Garaj Garaj
| extra9 = [[Ajoy Chakrabarty|Pandit Ajoy Chakraborty]]
| lyrics9 = Sameer Samant
| length9 = 2:38
| title10 = [[Kesariya Balam|Padharo Maare Des]]
| extra10 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics10 = Traditional
| length10 = 2:20
| title11 = Bandish Bandits Theme
| extra11 = Shankar Mahadevan, [[Mame Khan]], Ravi Mishra
| lyrics11 = Traditional
| length11 = 1:05
| title12 = Lat Uljhi Suljha Baalama
| extra12 = Shreeya Sondur
| lyrics12 = Traditional
| length12 = 1:55
| all_writing =
}}

===Season 2===

== Release ==
On 15 July 2019, [[Amazon Prime Video]] announced the series officially,<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2019 |title=Amazon Prime India releases first look of Breathe 2, Inside Edge 2 and other originals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/amazon-prime-india-releases-first-look-of-breathe-2-inside-edge-2-and-other-originals-1569420-2019-07-15 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127084009/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/amazon-prime-india-releases-first-look-of-breathe-2-inside-edge-2-and-other-originals-1569420-2019-07-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> with a first look and teaser being released to coincide the [[Prime Day]] celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=Watch: On Amazon Prime Day, streaming service releases slate, from Inside Edge season 2 to Bandish Bandits |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-on-amazon-prime-day-streaming-service-releases-slate-from-inside-edge-season-2-to-bandish-bandits-6995771.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929180118/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-on-amazon-prime-day-streaming-service-releases-slate-from-inside-edge-season-2-to-bandish-bandits-6995771.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The series was initially scheduled to release in the last quarter of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's Your First Look at 5 Upcoming Prime Video Series From India |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/amazon-prime-day-2019-video-first-look-abhishek-bachchan-kabir-khan-inside-edge-2-2069667 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=15 July 2019 |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094359/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/amazon-prime-day-2019-video-first-look-abhishek-bachchan-kabir-khan-inside-edge-2-2069667 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the series was scheduled for a release date in late 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Edge Season 3 a Go as Amazon Announces 2 More Indian Shows |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/amazon-prime-video-inside-edge-3-mumbai-diaries-26-11-jaipur-pink-panthers-mirzapur-2-2166773 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=21 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117040818/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/amazon-prime-video-inside-edge-3-mumbai-diaries-26-11-jaipur-pink-panthers-mirzapur-2-2166773 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 July 2020, the makers unveiled the first look motion poster of the series,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Amazon Prime Video shares motion poster of Bandish Bandits. Series to premiere on August 4 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/amazon-prime-shares-motion-poster-of-bandish-bandits-series-to-premiere-on-august-4-1700082-2020-07-13 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> followed by the teaser on 16 July,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-18 |title=Bandish Bandits teaser: Amazon brings a jugalbandi of music and love. Trailer out on Monday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bandish-bandits-teaser-amazon-brings-a-jugalbandi-of-music-and-love-trailer-out-on-monday/story-BxEDVimoU6ydf8PjN00VTI.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027195107/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bandish-bandits-teaser-amazon-brings-a-jugalbandi-of-music-and-love-trailer-out-on-monday/story-BxEDVimoU6ydf8PjN00VTI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the trailer on 20 July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title=Bandish Bandits trailer: When musical opposites attract |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bandish-bandits-trailer-6514620/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117025158/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bandish-bandits-trailer-6514620/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title=Bandish Bandits trailer: Tradition plays spoilsport in this duet between music and love, watch video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bandish-bandits-trailer-tradition-plays-spoilsport-in-this-duet-between-music-and-love-watch-video/story-KOiCWwNyL9lMHztPepKNcI.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211014713/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bandish-bandits-trailer-tradition-plays-spoilsport-in-this-duet-between-music-and-love-watch-video/story-KOiCWwNyL9lMHztPepKNcI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As a part of the promotional strategy, the makers hosted a virtual music concert on 3 August 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon announces 'Bandish Bandits' concert |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/08/01/amazon-announces-bandish-bandits-concert.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129082437/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/08/01/amazon-announces-bandish-bandits-concert.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Prateek Kuhad]], [[Lisa Mishra]], [[Armaan Malik]], [[Jonita Gandhi]] and [[Mame Khan]], giving live performances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=Bandish Bandits concert: Shankar Mahadevan, Prateek Kuhad set mood for monsoon with powerful performances |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/bandish-bandits-concert-shankar-mahadevan-prateek-kuhad-set-mood-for-monsoon-with-powerful-performances/story-Uikq4xnRfLJ5Bp8qBuIfXM.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805180731/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/bandish-bandits-concert-shankar-mahadevan-prateek-kuhad-set-mood-for-monsoon-with-powerful-performances/story-Uikq4xnRfLJ5Bp8qBuIfXM.html |archive-date=5 August 2020 }}</ref> The series premiered on 4 August 2020 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name="release">{{Cite web |last=Komoi |date=2020-07-13 |title=Bandish Bandits: Here's The Release Date Of Amazon Prime Video's Upcoming Romantic Musical Drama |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/bandish-bandits-heres-the-release-date-of-amazon-prime-videos-upcoming-romantic-musical-drama/ |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Koimoi}}</ref> On 11 December 2020, the makers released the Tamil and Telugu dubbed versions of the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video to launch original content in Tamil, Telugu |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/amazon-prime-video-to-launch-original-content-in-tamil-telugu/story/411401.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=www.businesstoday.in |date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118070144/https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/amazon-prime-video-to-launch-original-content-in-tamil-telugu/story/411401.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 November 2024, second season of Bandish Bandits was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name="bt"/>

== Reception ==
Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reviewed "The conversation around the need to revive interest in classical music, and the fact that there doesn't need to be a rift between the classical and the popular, needs to be on-going. Despite its flaws, Bandish Bandits keeps up focus on this crucial theme."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-08 |title=Bandish Bandits review: Naseeruddin Shah towers over web series |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bandish-bandits-review-naseeruddin-shah-web-series-6539009/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramanath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' reviewed "One thing which is missing from the mix is a reflection of the audience base for classical music that allows performers to maintain tradition, pursue long careers, and become stars in their own right. An understanding of the ability of classical musicians to successfully renegotiate the boundaries of form and performance on their own terms is also absent."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Bandish Bandits' review: Musical battles rages in web series about a gharana and a house divided |url=https://scroll.in/reel/969218/bandish-bandits-review-musical-battles-rages-in-web-series-about-a-gharana-and-a-house-divided |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Scroll.in |date=4 August 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125172750/https://scroll.in/reel/969218/bandish-bandits-review-musical-battles-rages-in-web-series-about-a-gharana-and-a-house-divided |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave three out of five stars and reviewed "Watch ''Bandish Bandits'' for the music and the actors: they soar even when the show doesn't."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandish Bandits Review: Naseeruddin Shah-Led Cast Soars Even When Show Doesn't |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bandish-bandits-review-naseeruddin-shah-led-cast-soars-even-when-show-doesnt-3-stars-out-of-5-2273847 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224194329/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bandish-bandits-review-naseeruddin-shah-led-cast-soars-even-when-show-doesnt-3-stars-out-of-5-2273847 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pratishruti Ganguly of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave three out of five stating "What ''Bandish Bandits'' fails to do, is meld its musical largesse with the narrative scope of the show. Predictably, the length of the show (10 episodes, each over 40 minutes) demands a complex storyline that slowly builds its dramatic tension to climax to a rousing crescendo."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-07 |title=Bandish Bandits review: Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy's brilliant soundtrack anchors Amazon Prime Video's romantic musical |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bandish-bandits-review-shankar-ehsaan-loys-brilliant-soundtrack-anchors-amazon-prime-videos-romantic-musical-8679031.html |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Saraswati Datar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated "It's no masterpiece but watch ''Bandish Bandits'' for the lovely music that we will not get to hear on any other show, and for some its fabulous actors who quite like the music only get seen on web series like these."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-04 |title='Bandish Bandits' review: The real star of this series is the music |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bandish-bandits-review-real-star-series-music-129986 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

In contrast Mini Anthikkad Chibber of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed "''Bandish Bandits'' would have scraped through as a 90-minute vanilla rom-com. Padding up that wafer-thin story with inanities and songs is a terrible test of the viewer's patience."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chhibber |first=Mini Anthikad |date=2020-08-06 |title='Bandish Bandits' review: A vanilla offering that barely passes muster |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bandish-bandits-review-a-vanilla-offering-that-barely-passes-muster/article32286952.ece |access-date=2021-01-23 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015005139/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bandish-bandits-review-a-vanilla-offering-that-barely-passes-muster/article32286952.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[Film Companion]]'' reviewed "There are several problems with Bandish Bandits, but purely on a storytelling level, the writing suffers from attention deficit disorder."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2020-08-04 |title=Bandish Bandits On Amazon Prime Video Is A Bloated, Confused Mess of a Musical |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/bandish-bandits-amazon-prime-video-review-a-bloated-confused-mess-of-a-musical-naseeruddin-shah-rahul-desai/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306204740/https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/bandish-bandits-amazon-prime-video-review-a-bloated-confused-mess-of-a-musical-naseeruddin-shah-rahul-desai/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=9814458}}

{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian musical television series]]

Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin

2025-12-31T10:26:58Z

Thenaade: fixed section for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}{{more citations needed|date=November 2010}}[[File:Mausoleum Dawoodi Bohra Duwat, Burhanpur era.jpg|thumb|Dargah-e-Hakimi]]
{{Ismailism}}

'''Syedi Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin''' (1665-1730 AD) was a [[Dawoodi Bohra]] [[saint]]. He is buried in [[Burhanpur]], [[India]]. His tomb complex 'Dargah-e-Hakimi' includes [[mosques]], gardens, and visitor accommodations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khandwa.nic.in/burhanpur/burhanpur.htm |title=Burhanpur |publisher=Khandwa.nic.in |date=2003-08-15 |accessdate=2013-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201062501/http://www.khandwa.nic.in/burhanpur/burhanpur.htm |archivedate=2013-02-01 }}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in the period of 34th Dai Syedna Badruddin Bin Mulla Raj on the 14th of Jamadil Awwal 1077 H (1665 AD).

His father [[Syedi Bava Mulla Khan]] visited the 35th Dai Syedna Abdul Taiyeb Zakiuddin in Ahmedabad and presented Syedi Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin in ''Khumus'' (one fifth of earnings to be presented in the name of god as Mulla Khan was having five sons) on the Dai's request.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/CO5q82NJnF5/ | title=Instagram }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bohraculture.blogspot.com/2014/01/syedi-abdul-qadir-hakimuddin-bin-bawa.html | title=Dawoodi Bohra's: Syedi Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin bin Bawa Mulla Khan Mazoon of dawoodi bohra }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2014 |title=MAZOON OF THE 38TH DAI AL-MUTLAQ SYEDNA ISMAIL BADRUDDIN (SANI) |url=https://fatemidawat.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/syedi-abdulqadir-hakimuddin-biography-1435-btq1.pdf |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=fatemidawat.files.wordpress.com}}</ref>

==Title==
He was presented the status of ''Haddiyat'' (sheikh) by 36th Dai Syedna Kalimuddin. He was made Mukasir Al Dawat by Syedna Noor Mohammed Nooruddin and elevated to Mazoon (2nd in command) Al Dawat by 38th Dai Syedna [[Ismail Badruddin]]. The 39th Dai Syedna Ibrahim Vajihuddin was the son of Syedi Abdulquadir Hakimuddin.

==Books==
He some of the Books of Dawat including ''Bulohar'' and ''Buzazaf''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfjamaat.org/sf/aqh.html |title=Saiyedi Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin (R.A) - Anjuman-e-Najmi |publisher=Sfjamaat.org |date= |accessdate=2013-08-17}}</ref> He wrote in [[Urdu]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]]. He translated Sanskrit into Arabic in a book called ''Qalila Wadhima''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Svašek |first=Maruška |title=Aesthetics of Religion |chapter=Aestheticisation and the Production of (Religious) Space in Chennai |date=2017 |pages=301–322 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110461015-013 |isbn=978-3-11-046101-5}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aesthetics of Religion: A Connective Concept 9783110458756 |url=https://dokumen.pub/aesthetics-of-religion-a-connective-concept-9783110458756.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}</ref>

==Miracles==
The 17th-century saint was known for his piety, humility and erudition. He came to Burhanpur as his way of preaching Islam. He could recite the entire Quran from memory in childhood. Legend has it that one day while travelling through a forest, he was reciting the Quran when a tiger walked by. The animal sat before the scholar, and quietly walked away once the recitation was over. When Syedi Hakimudin died in 1730 AD (1142 AH, 5th Shawwal), his enemies exhumed his body after 22 days, but were shocked to find a fresh and fragrant body. Over the years, people's faith grew in his miraculous powers.

The word ''hakim'' denotes a healer and thousands of Bohras flock to his shrine, taking a ''mannat'' (vow) for ''shifa'' (cure) from disease and seeking health for both the body and the soul. It is said that whoever comes there with a prayer on her/his lips, does not go away disappointed. Those who have their prayers answered, their sick loved ones cured, their sinking businesses nursed back to health, and their other problems solved, come back with a generous offering.

Thousands of pilgrims are served non-vegetarian food, complete with dessert, tender mutton and basmati rice, and fruit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nm_KbZz7Gx0 | title=- YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://burhanpurdiary.in/dargah-e-hakimi-burhanpur/ | title=Dargah-E-Hakimi Burhanpur | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref>

==Lineage==
Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin is the ancestor of nine [[Dawoodi Bohra]] Dais: Syedna [[Mohammed Ezzuddin]], Syedna [[Tayyeb Zainuddin]], Syedna [[Abdul Qadir Najmuddin]], Syedna [[Abdul Husain Husamuddin]], Syedna [[Mohammed Burhanuddin I]], Syedna [[Abdullah Badruddin]], Syedna [[Taher Saifuddin]], Syedna [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]], and Syedna [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]]. The tree shown below illustrate the clear link.<ref>Family tree available at Risalah no.SMS00 {{cite book|title=رسالة النعي المسماة - حكمة الغيبة القدسانية الابدية Hikmah al-Ghaybah al-Qudsāniyyah al-Abadiyyah|last=His Holiness|first=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb}}, Year: |1435H|1436H|2016|-</ref>
==Photo gallery==
Dargah-e-Hakimi
<gallery perrow="5">
Image:Main entrance Dargah-e-Hakimi.jpg| Main entrance Dargah-e-Hakimi
Image:Reception dargah -e-Hakimi.jpg|Reception Dargah-e-Hakimi
Image:Resedential bungalow for visitor Dargah-e hakimi.jpg| Residential bungalow type accommodation for visitors at Dargah-e-Hakimi
Image:Dining hall Dargah-e-Hakimi,Burhanpur.jpg| Dining hall or Faiz at Dargah-e-Hakimi
Image:Dargah -e-Hakimi garden, Burhanpur.jpg|Sehan (marble patio) Dargah-e-Hakimi
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060401043316/http://archive.mumineen.org/publications/Dargah_Hakimi/burhanpur_history.html Burhanpur History]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512091919/http://archive.mumineen.org/publications/Dargah_Hakimi/duathistory.html Syedi AbdulQader Hakimuddin]
{{Family tree Moulai Tarmal/Bharmal to Syedna Burhanuddin}}.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Qadir Hakimuddin}}
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra people]]
[[Category:People from Burhanpur]]
[[Category:1665 births]]
[[Category:1730 deaths]]

Assam Gazette

2025-12-20T09:46:08Z

Thenaade: added!

{{short description|Public journal of the Government of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name =Assam Gazette অসম ৰাজপত্ৰ
| logo =
| caption =
| type = [[Gazette]]
| owners =[[Government of Assam]]
| founder = Rana Pratap Baruah
| publisher = [[Directorate of Printing and Stationery]]
| editor =
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| news_editor =
| Publication cease =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_map1 =
| map_caption1 =
| coordinates =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = 1874
| political_position =
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched = 1954
| headquarters = [[Guwahati]]
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers =
| website = {{URL|https://dpns.assam.gov.in/portlets/publication-of-assam-gazettes}}
}}
The '''''Assam Gazette''''' is a [[public journal]] of the [[Government of Assam]] <ref name="auto" >{{Cite web|url=https://dpns.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/publication-of-notifications-0|title=Publication of Notifications | Directorate of Printing & Stationery | Government Of Assam, India|website=dpns.assam.gov.in}}</ref> published weekly by the Department of Stationery and Printing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deptpub.gov.in/Gazette.htm |title=Introduction |access-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116090043/http://deptpub.gov.in/Gazette.htm |archive-date=16 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a public journal, the ''Gazette'' prints official notices from the government. The gazette is printed by the Government of Assam Press.

The book Assam Gazette <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecEkAQAAIAAJ|title=The Assam Gazette|date=25 April 1962|via=Google Books|last1=(India)|first1=Assam}}</ref>
The Assam Gazette was first published in the year 1874. 1st to 9th issue of the Gazette was printed in [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Missionary]] Press of [[Cherrapunjee]]. The 10th issue of the Assam Gazette was printed in Assam Secretariat Press at [[Shillong]] on 23 May in the year 1874.

==History ==

Department of Printing and Stationery, Assam is situated at Bamunimaidam, Guwahati-21. Printing Press of Assam Govt. was established in the year of 1874 in the month of August at "Betten Hill" in Shillong. Initially the press was known as "Assam Secretariat Press". In the year of 1892 it is being changed to "Assam Secretariat Printing Department". Again in the year of 1921 name had been changed to "Assam Govt. Press". Which remained same till to-day.

In the year of 1954 the Government of Assam had taken a Cabinet Decision to start one Branch Press of Assam Govt. Press at Guwahati to do the Printing works of Gauhati High Court. According by as per Cabinet Decision in the year of 1954 on 14 November a branch of Assam Govt. Press was established at Guwahati in the campus of Guwahati Jail. After two years press had been shifted to a rented house at Rehabari, Guwahati. In that year the Stationery wings of the Department was incorporated.

Present Building of the Directorate of Printing and Stationery was completed in the year 1961 at Bamunimaidam, Guwahati-21 and it was inaugurated by the then Hon’ble Minister of Assam Late Rupnath Brahma, on 16 November 1961.

The First Director of the Directorate of Printing and Stationery was Late Rana Pratap Baruah (B.Sc., Printing Tech.).
Directorate of Printing & Stationery is responsible for printing and publishing of the Assam Gazette. The Assam Gazette is published every Wednesday of the week.

==Gazette publication ==
Gazette Publication<ref name="auto"/>

1. Weekly Main Gazette every Wednesday. (Part-I, Part-II A, Part-II B, Part-IX, ADC, Supplement etc.)

2. Extra-Ordinary Gazette(Urgent, Semi-Urgent and Most Urgent). 3. Extra-Ordinary Gazette(RLA).

==Branches ==
Assam Govt. Branch Press (Mini Press) at Dispur, Guwahati-6.

Assam Govt. Branch Press, Jorhat.

Assam Govt. Branch Press, Lakhimpur (under Construction).

==Printing work and Procedures ==
In case of urgent and immediate nature of printing works and if Assam Govt. press is preoccupied with other urgent works, the concerned Department can get the work done by inviting tenders from eligible registered presses, subject to issuance of NOC from Directorate of Printing & Stationery.

==Persons==
Minister of Printing and Stationery is [[Chief Minister of Assam]]. Key officials are Director and Deputy director of Directorate of Printing and Stationery, [[Government of Assam]].

==See also==
* [[Gazette]]
* [[The Gazette of India]]
* [[Constitution of India]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government of India by state or territory}}
{{Assam}}

[[Category:Government of Assam]]
[[Category:Government gazettes of India|Assam]]

Renikton Lyngdoh

2025-12-01T18:38:41Z

Thenaade: done - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Renikton Lyngdoh Tongkhar''' (born 26 February 1972)<ref>https://megassembly.gov.in/storage/Biodata/ReniktonLyngdoh_Tongkhar.pdf{{Dead link | date=December 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He is a member of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly from [[Mawkyrwat Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[South West Khasi Hills district]]. He won the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Lyngdoh is from [[Mawkyrwat]], South West Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya. He is the son of Roni Nongsiej. He completed his B.Com. in 1995 at a college affiliated with [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renikton Lyngdoh Tongkhar(UDP):Constituency- MAWKYRWAT (ST)(SOUTH WEST KHASI HILLS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://www.myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6964 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Lyngdoh won from Mawkyrwat Assembly constituency representing United Democratic Party in the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election. He polled 10,678 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Carnes Sohshang of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 1,272 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renikton Lyngdoh Tongkhar in Meghalaya Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/meghalaya/renikton-lyngdoh-tongkhar-mawkyrwat-candidate-s15a036c002/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was first elected as an MLA winning the [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]] defeating Sohshang of the Congress by 458 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mawkyrwat Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: UDP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/mawkyrwat-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7194133.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2023, he resigned from the assembly and later joined the United Democratic Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=renikton lyngdoh: Latest News & Videos, Photos about renikton lyngdoh {{!}} The Economic Times - Page 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/renikton-lyngdoh |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in August 2021, the government formed a committee to resolve the border disputes with Assam, headed by the then Public Health Engineering minister Lyngdoh Tongkhar and it submitted its report in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-09 |title=Meghalaya panels on border dispute with Assam submit reports |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/meghalaya-panels-on-border-dispute-with-assam-submit-reports/articleshow/88181510.cms |access-date=2024-12-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lyngdoh, Renikton}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Hill State People's Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) politicians]]
[[Category:People from South West Khasi Hills district]]

Transport in Thane

2025-11-25T03:45:28Z

Thenaade:

#REDIRECT [[Thane#Transport]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}
}}

Pachpadra

2025-11-09T11:46:42Z

Thenaade: adjusted page also after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pachpadra
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = File:Jain Temple in Pachpadra 4.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Jain temple in Pachpadra (Balotra district, Rajasthan)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|55|0|N|72|16|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 102
| population_total = 8,481
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]{{*}} [[Marwari language|Marwadi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 344032
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 091-2988
| registration_plate = RJ-39
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Balotra]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Balotra (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Pachpadra
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Gram Panchayat
| blank5_name_sec1 = YC Assembly President
| blank5_info_sec1 =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district|Balotra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
}}[[File:Chidhani Dham Pachpadra.jpg|250px|thumb|Chidhani Dham Pachpadra]]

'''Pachpadra''' is a small town, just 11 km from [[Balotra|Balotra city]] in [[Balotra district]] in [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is a tehsil headquarter. The nearest railway station of Pachpadra is [[Balotra railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachpadra Village Population - Pachpadra - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87344-pachpadra-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

One of the famous attractions in the city is the [[Pachpadra Lake]], which is known for salt collection around it. There is one [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] also, which will be only one in a district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Ramkumar |date=2025-02-20 |title=Work at Pachpadra refinery progresses amid dip in crude output |url=https://www.thebuckstopper.com/work-at-pachpadra-refinery-progresses-amid-dip-in-crude-output/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The BuckStopper |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Population of Pachpadra according to the Indian census 2011 is 9191, male population is 4736 and female population is 4455 .<ref>[http://ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=456284 Pachpadra Population]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Pachpadra.html Pachpadra Geographic details]

{{Balotara district}}

[[Category:Salt industry in India]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Barmer district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Balotara district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Visakhapatnam–Banaras Express

2025-11-03T23:29:44Z

Thenaade:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Visakhapatnam–Banaras Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}} (VSKP)
| stops = 40
| end = {{stnlnk|Banaras}} (BSBS)
| distance = {{convert|1405|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 29 hrs 05 mins
| frequency = Bi-weekly {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18523 / 18524
| speed = {{convert|48|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 18311 / 18312 '''Visakhapatnam–Banaras Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}} and {{stnlnk|Banaras}} in India. It is currently being operated with 18311/18312 train numbers on twice in a week basis.<ref>[http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2266&did=147547185231634F102EF1395946E8F331C7201C2B332.web91 NEW TRAIN TIME TABLE TO BE EFFECTIVE FROM 1ST OCTOBER’2016: CHANGES IN THE TIMINGS OF 44 TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/new-train-time-table-from-oct-1-168158/ "New train time table from Oct 1"]</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=4723&id=0,4,268 AUGMENTATION OF EXPRESS TRAINS]</ref>

== Service==

The 18311 Visakhapatnam–Banaras Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and covers 1405 km in 29h 05m. 18312 Banaras–Visakhapatnam Express has an average speed of 49 km/h and covers 1405 km in 28h 30m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Kottavalasa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bobbili Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Parvathipuram}}
* {{stnlnk|Rayagada}}
* {{stnlnk|Muniguda}}
* {{stnlnk|Kesinga}}
* {{stnlnk|Titlagarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Balangir Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bargarh Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Sambalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jharsuguda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rourkela Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hatia}}
* {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Muri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ramgarh Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Barkakana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Patratu}}
* {{stnlnk|Tori Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Latehar}}
* {{stnlnk|Barwadih Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Daltonganj}}
* {{stnlnk|Dehri-on-Sone}}
* {{stnlnk|Sasaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhabua Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kashi}}
* {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Banaras}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakeswith max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 1 AC First Class
* 2 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 1 AC III Tier Economy
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General
* 1 EOG
* 1 SLR

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Visakhapatnam to Banaras, and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

No RSA single rake Primary Maintenance at Visakhapatnam.

== See also ==

* [[Banaras railway station]]
* [[Sambalpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Bhubaneswar–Anand Vihar Weekly Superfast Express]]
* [[Howrah–Sambalpur Superfast Express]]
* [[Ranchi–Varanasi Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/sambalpur-varanasi-express-18311/5915/245/334 18311/Sambalpur - Varanasi Express]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/varanasi-sambalpur-express-18312/6734/334/245 18312/Varanasi - Sambalpur Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambalpur-Varanasi Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Transport in Sambalpur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Project Nanhi Kali

2025-10-29T05:08:10Z

Thenaade: bio - done

{{Short description|Girl's educational project in India}}
'''Project Nanhi Kali''' is an [[Indian NGOs|Indian non-governmental organisation]] that supports education for underprivileged girls in [[India]].<ref name="Waldie">{{cite news |title=A school trip turns into a fundraising drive |author=Waldie, Paul |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/managing/giving-back/a-school-trip-turns-into-a-fundraising-drive/article1913652/ |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=2011-02-18 |accessdate=2011-02-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024093641/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/managing/giving-back/a-school-trip-turns-into-a-fundraising-drive/article1913652/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=2012-10-24 }}</ref><ref name="Adlabs">{{cite news |title=Adlabs Cinemas roots for girl child education via CSR initiative |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=9894 |publisher=BusinessofCinema.com |date=2008-09-13 |accessdate=2011-02-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708105117/http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=9894 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2011-07-08 }}</ref>

== History ==
Founded by [[Anand Mahindra]] in 1996, it is jointly managed by the Naandi Foundation and the KC Mahindra Education Trust, which is part of the [[Corporate social responsibility (India)|corporate social responsibility]] activities of the [[Mahindra Group]].<ref name="About">{{cite web|url=http://www.nanhikali.org/nanhikali/about_nanhi_kali.aspx |title=About Nanhi Kali |publisher=NanhiKali.org |year=2007 |accessdate=2011-02-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727110152/http://www.nanhikali.org/nanhikali/about_nanhi_kali.aspx |url-status=dead |archivedate=2011-07-27 }}</ref> Currently, Project Nanhi Kali supports over 57,000 students.<ref name="About"/>

=== Background ===
Project Nanhi Kali sees educating girls and women as a way to positively impact India in the long run. Sheetal Mehta, the president of the non-profit organisation, told the ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' in an interview that "we wanted to create global awareness about the plight of young girls in the country who are denied their basic right."<ref name="Lobo">{{cite news |title=Donate if you want this film to take the next step |author=Lobo, Joanna |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_donate-if-you-want-this-film-to-take-the-next-step_1399610 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=2010-06-22 |accessdate=2011-02-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728211938/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_donate-if-you-want-this-film-to-take-the-next-step_1399610 |url-status=live |archivedate=2010-07-28 }}</ref>

Students who are selected for Nanhi Kali receive both financial and academic support. They attend special classes to learn math, science, and language concepts. Nanhi Kali pays for the hidden costs of their education, including pencils, notebooks, school bags, uniforms, clothes, and shoes.<ref name="About"/> Funding is from individual and corporate donors, who sponsor a particular child and receive regular updates on her progress at school. Sponsors can also go to the online "Gift Store" to purchase particular items for a student.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/28/nanhi-kali-organization-h_n_815191.html |title=Nanhi Kali Organization Helps Girls Get an Education in India with 'A Girl Store' |publisher=[[Huffington Post]] |date=2011-01-28 |accessdate=2011-02-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131195522/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/28/nanhi-kali-organization-h_n_815191.html |url-status=live |archivedate=2011-01-31 }}</ref> The Mahindra Group sponsors the education of 11,000 girl children through Project Nanhi Kali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mahindra.com/mahindra/how-we-help.page?cname=how-we-help&dname=Education&scat=Nanhi-Kali |title=Project Nanhi Kali |publisher=mahindra.com |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-02-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714021820/http://mahindra.com/mahindra/how-we-help.page?cname=how-we-help&dname=Education&scat=Nanhi-Kali |url-status=live |archivedate=2011-07-14 }}</ref>

Third-party assessments show that Nanhi Kali has a significant impact on the girls' lives. Over a one-year period, Nanhi Kali students' improvement in learning outcomes ranged from 40 percent in tribal Chhattisgarh to 78 percent in Mumbai.<ref name="About"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.nanhikali.org/}}

{{Non-governmental_organizations in India}}

[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1996]]
[[Category:Women's education in India]]

Battle of Troina

2025-10-27T02:51:42Z

Thenaade: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|1943 battle in Sicily during World War II}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Troina
|image=Troina, sicily.jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption=[[Troina]] during World War II
|partof=the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] of [[World War II]]
|place=[[Troina]], [[Sicily]], [[Italy]]
|date=July 31, 1943 – August 6, 1943
|result=Allied victory
|combatant1={{flag|United States|1912}} {{flagicon|Free French|}} [[Free France]]
|combatant2={{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
|commander1={{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[George S. Patton]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Omar Bradley]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Manton Eddy]]
|commander2={{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Hans-Valentin Hube]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Eberhard Rodt]] {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Ottorino Schreiber]] {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Giuseppe Romano (Italian general)|Giuseppe Romano]]
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|campaignbox={{Campaignbox Invasion of Sicily}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Italy}}
The '''Battle of Troina''' was an important battle that took place between 31 July and 6 August 1943, as part of the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] during World War II. Forces of the [[II Corps (United States)|U.S. II Corps]], part of the [[Seventh United States Army|U.S. Seventh Army]], under [[George S. Patton]], engaged in fierce fighting around the town of [[Troina]] in the central portion of [[Sicily]] along the [[Caronie Mountains]]. The battle focused around the numerous hills and mountains surrounding Troina which the German and Italian forces had heavily fortified and used as bases for direct and indirect fire.

==Background==
On 29 July 1943, after 20 days of combat, it was clear to both the Allied and German high commands that Sicily was lost and 80,000-100,000 American and British troops would break through the German and Italian Etna Line. The US 7th Army commander, Lieutenant General [[George S. Patton Jr]], had ordered the US 1st and 9th Infantry Divisions to be moved into the valley to attack the city of Troina. Generals [[Omar Bradley]] (the commander of US II Corps) and Patton ordered the two divisions be pulled out of the line once Troina fell. Troina was considered one of the main anchors of the Etna Line. It was defended by the [[33rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|15th Panzer Grenadier Division]] commanded by Generalleutnant Eberhard Rodt and four battalions of General di Divisione Giuseppe Romano's [[28th Infantry Division Aosta]].<ref>The Battle for Sicily: Stepping Stone to Victory, Ian Blackwell, p. 181, Pen & Sword Military, 24/07/2008</ref> The [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] forces, in deep trenches, had a clear view of the oncoming Allied soldiers, who had little cover.

===Order of Battle===

====Allied Forces====
* [[U.S. II Corps]] ([[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Omar Bradley]])
** [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] ([[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Terry de la Mesa Allen, Sr.|Terry de la Mesa Allen]])
*** [[16th Infantry Regiment (United States)|16th Infantry Regiment]]
*** [[18th Infantry Regiment (United States)|18th Infantry Regiment]]
*** [[26th Infantry Regiment (United States)|26th Infantry Regiment]]
** [[9th Infantry Division (United States)|9th Infantry Division]] (Major General [[Manton Eddy]])
*** [[39th Infantry Regiment (United States)|39th Infantry Regiment]]
*** [[60th Infantry Regiment (United States)|60th Infantry Regiment]]
** [[Goumier|4th Tabor of Moroccan Goums]]
** [[91st Cavalry Regiment (United States)|91st Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron]]

====Axis Forces====
* [[15th Panzergrenadier Division]] ([[Generalmajor]] [[Eberhard Rodt]])
* [[26th Infantry Division "Assietta"]] ([[Italian Army ranks|Generale Di Divisione]] [[Ottorino Schreiber]])
* [[28th Infantry Division "Aosta"]] ([[Italian Army ranks|Generale di Divisione]] [[Giuseppe Romano (Italian general)|Giuseppe Romano]])

==Battle==
The Battle of Troina began on 31 July, when the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Germans]] repelled an advance by the [[39th Infantry Regiment (United States)|39th Infantry]], a [[9th Infantry Division (United States)|9th Infantry Division]] formation temporarily attached to the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]], commanded by Major General [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.|Terry Allen]]. This setback forced Bradley and Allen to orchestrate a massive assault. Early on the first day of fighting, Sergeant [[Gerry H. Kisters]] of the 91st Cavalry was awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for silencing two machine gun positions. Over the next six days the men of the 1st Infantry Division, together with elements of the 9th Division, a French Moroccan infantry battalion, 165 artillery pieces (divided among 9 battalions of [[M101 howitzer|105-mm howitzers]], 6 battalions of [[M114 155 mm howitzer|155-mm howitzers]], and 1 battalion of [[155 mm Long Tom|155-mm "Long Tom" guns]]), and numerous Allied aircraft, were locked in combat with Troina's tenacious defenders. Control of key hilltop positions changed hands often, with the Germans and Italians launching more than two dozen counterattacks during the week-long battle. During one Italian counterattack, Lieutenant-Colonel Giuseppe Gianquinto's 1st Battalion, 5th Regiment of the 'Aosta' managed to take 40 American prisoners.<ref>The Battle of Sicily: How the Allies Lost Their Chance for Total Victory, [[Samuel W. Mitcham]], Friedrich Von Stauffenberg, p. 263, Stackpole Books, 10/06/2007</ref>

The experience of Colonel John Bowen's [[26th Infantry Regiment (United States)|26th Infantry Regiment]] was fairly typical of the action around Troina. The 26th's assignment was to outflank Troina by seizing Monte Basilio two miles north of the town. From here, the regiment would be positioned to cut the Axis line of retreat. Bowen moved his soldiers forward on 2 August supported by the fire of 1 battalion of 155-mm howitzers, 4 battalions of 105-mm howitzers and 4 "Long Tom" batteries. Despite this weighty arsenal, German artillery fire and difficult terrain limited the regiment's advance to half a mile. The next morning one of the regiment's battalions lost its bearings in the hilly terrain and wandered around ineffectually for the remainder of the day. A second battalion reached Monte Basilio with relatively little difficulty, only to be pounded by Axis artillery fire directed from neighboring hills. The [[115th Panzergrenadier Regiment]] launched a failed offensive to retake the mountains; they were repelled by machine gun fire.

For the next two days the men on [[Monte Basilio]] were pinned down by artillery fire. Determined to hold Troina for as long as possible, the Germans reacted strongly to the threat the 26th Regiment posed to their line of communications. Axis pressure practically cut off the men on Monte Basilio from the rest of the 1st Division, and attempts to resupply them from the air were only partially successful. By 5 August food and ammunition were low and casualties had greatly depleted the regiment, with one company mustering only seventeen men effective for duty.

It was at this point that the German infantry attacked again, touching off another round of furious fighting. During the battle, Pvt. [[James W. Reese]] moved his mortar squad to a position from which he could effectively engage the advancing German infantry. The squad maintained a steady fire on the attackers until it began to run out of ammunition. With only three mortar rounds left, Reese ordered his crew to the rear while he advanced to a new position and knocked out a German machine gun with the last rounds. He then shouldered a rifle and continued to engage the enemy until he was killed by a barrage of hostile fire.

Through the efforts of men like Reese, the 26th Infantry held its position. The United States recognized Reese's heroism posthumously by awarding him the [[Medal of Honor]].

The Germans evacuated Troina later that night. Hard pressed by American forces throughout the Troina sector and unable to dislodge the 26th Regiment from its position threatening his line of retreat, [[Hans-Valentin Hube|General Hube]] withdrew the badly damaged 15th Panzer Grenadier Division toward [[Randazzo]]. As the 9th Infantry Division took up the pursuit, the 1st Division retired for rest.

While the 1st Infantry Division battled for possession of Troina, Major General [[Lucian Truscott]]'s 3rd Division encountered opposition at [[San Fratello]], the northern end of the Etna Line. Here the [[29th Panzer Grenadier Division]] along with the Italian [[26th Assietta Infantry Division]],<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Xq4qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lmQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6539,1885007&dq= SICILY, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, August 3, 1943]</ref> that had been allocated the most exposed section of the line,<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3bpSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EH0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6079,1042677&dq= Ring of Steel Thrown Around Foe In Sicily, St. Petersburg Times, August 4, 1943]</ref> had entrenched itself on a ridge overlooking the coastal highway. Truscott made repeated attempts to crack the San Fratello position beginning on 3 August, but failed to gain much ground. The strength of the German position prompted him to try to outflank it by an amphibious end run. On the night of 7–8 August, while the 3rd Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, and [[30th Infantry Regiment (United States)|3rd Battalion, 30th Infantry Regiment]], seized a key hill along the San Fratello Line, Lieutenant Colonel Lyle Bernard led the 2nd Battalion, 30th Infantry Regiment, reinforced by two batteries from the 58th Armored Field Artillery Battalion, a platoon of medium tanks, and a platoon of combat engineers, in an amphibious landing at [[Sant'Agata di Militello|Sant'Agata]], a few miles behind San Fratello. The amphibious assault force achieved complete surprise and quickly blocked the coastal highway. Unfortunately, the Germans had selected that night to withdraw from San Fratello, without advising the Italian defenders,<ref>The Battle of Sicily: How the Allies Lost Their Chance for Total Victory, Samuel W. Mitcham, Jr., Friedrich Von Stauffenberg, p. 270, Stackpole Books, 10/06/2007</ref> and most of their troops had already retired past Bernard's position by the time the Americans arrived. Nevertheless, the 3rd Infantry Division's combined land and sea offensive took over 1,000 prisoners.

==Aftermath==
Allied pressure had broken the Etna Line, but there would be no lightning exploitation of the victory. Taking maximum advantage of the constricting terrain and armed with a seemingly inexhaustible supply of mines, General Hube withdrew his [[XIV Panzer Corps]] in orderly phases toward Messina.

Patton made a second bid to trap the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division on 11 August, when he sent Colonel Bernard on another amphibious end run, this time at Brolo. Once again Bernard's men achieved complete surprise, but they soon came under heavy pressure as the German units trapped by the landing tried to batter their way out. Bernard's group proved too small to keep the Germans bottled up, and by the time Truscott linked up with the landing force, the bulk of the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division had escaped.

Because of the high casualties from the battle General Bradley had Allen and his subordinate [[Theodore Roosevelt Jr.|Teddy Roosevelt Jr.]] relieved of command and [[Clarence R. Huebner]] took command of the 1st Infantry Division.

[[File:TroinaBombedChurch.jpg|thumb|400px|Bombed church from World War II below Troina]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|37|47|N|14|36|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Troina, Battle Of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1943]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving France]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy]]
[[Category:Allied invasion of Sicily]]
[[Category:July 1943 in Europe]]
[[Category:August 1943 in Europe]]

Kamala Siddi

2025-10-17T09:29:57Z

Thenaade: New First Entry Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian hurdler}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2024}}

'''Kamala Babu Siddi''' also known as '''Kamala Siddi''' is a former Indian [[track and field]] athlete. She hails from [[Siddi]] ethnic community which is the only African tribe in India.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Her talent was spotted through the introduction of the [[Special Area Games Scheme]], which was implemented in the 1980s to include the marginal Siddi community, who would otherwise have been generally excluded from the national sports program in India. She was part of the second batch of the Special Area Games program which was guaranteed to transform the lives of Siddi community.<ref name=":1" /> She clinched a gold medal in long jump in the 1991 Inter-Zonal Junior Athletics Championship held in New Delhi.

She was chosen to represent India at the [[1993 South Asian Games]], which were held in Dhaka, and she clinched a bronze medal in the women's 100-meter hurdles event.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Dhasarathy |first=Srikkanth |date=2016-12-04 |title=The fading Olympic promise |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2016/Dec/04/the-fading-olympic-promise-1545513.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Homegrown |date=2021-06-08 |title=When Siddis Were Recruited By Indian Athletic Teams For Their 'African Genes' |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/when-siddis-were-recruited-by-indian-athletic-teams-for-their-african-genes |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref> She also delivered continuous medal success representing India when she claimed three gold medals at the 1993 World Police Fire Games in Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=shastri |first=vittal |date=2015-05-16 |title=Bengaluru Marathon: Siddis can race, but have no sponsors |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150516/nation-current-affairs/article/bengaluru-marathon-siddis-can-race-have-no-sponsors |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> She was eligible to compete at the 1993 World Police Fire Games after landing a job as a constable with [[Karnataka Police]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

However, her dream to succeed in the field of athletics was only short-lived as the ambitious project of converting Siddi community members into Olympic athletes was scrapped, and it had a negative impact on the livelihood of the Siddi ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2018-02-25 |title=Discovering India's little known African tribe |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/discovering-india-s-little-known-african-tribe |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> The Special Area Games program was abruptly scrapped in 1995 without any prior announcements and the reason for the termination of the project was not officially revealed.<ref name=":2" />

She also secured day job employment opportunity with the regional railways.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ayyar |first=Kamakshi |title=How athletics is helping India's Siddi community gain recognition |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2021/7/9/siddi-athletes-india |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> She currently works as the Chief Superintendent with the South Western Railway.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddi, Kamala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women hurdlers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bhuj (weapon)

2025-09-01T10:34:16Z

Thenaade:

{{Short description|Knife or dagger originating from Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Sindhibhuj.jpg|thumb|Sindhi knight armed with a bhuj]]

A '''Kaat, Kāti, Kuttai''' also known as '''Bhuj''' is a type of knife or dagger from [[Sindh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tarassuk |first1=Leonid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwxIAQAAIAAJ&q=bhuj+weapon |title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms & Weapons: The Most Comprehensive Reference Work Ever Published on Arms and Armor |last2=Blair |first2=Claude |date=1986 |publisher=Bonanza Books |isbn=978-0-517-48776-1 |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oriental-Arms: BHUJ (Kutti) Knife / Axe from India Rare |url=http://www.oriental-arms.co.il/item.php?id=1140 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.oriental-arms.co.il}}</ref> and [[Kutch district|Kutch]] district of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuj / katti – Encyclopedia of Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.globalinch.org/glossary/bhuj-katti/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Global InCH |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Description and History ==
Kaat is commonly called an axe-knife, because the blade is fixed onto an axe-like haft. The weapon is called as Kaat and Kaati in Sindh, the Kaat is usually bigger in size than Kaati, The weapon originated in Sindh and the city of [[Bhuj]] in the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian 19th Century Bhuj. Kuttai Sword. Elephant Knife. Sindhi Cavalry Axe-Sword |url=https://www.bygoneblades.com/buy-indian-19th-century-bhuj-kuttai-sword-elephant-knife-sindhi-cavalry-axe-sword |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.bygoneblades.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Original 18th Century Indian Bhuj Fighting "Axe-Knife" with Wootz Steel Warhead & Hidden Pommel Spike Dagger - circa 1750 |url=https://www.ima-usa.com/products/original-18th-century-indian-bhuj-fighting-axe-knife-with-wootz-steel-warhead-hidden-pommel-spike-dagger-circa-1750?variant=39905150500933 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=International Military Antiques}}</ref> from where it derived its name.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paul |first=E. Jaiwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwfkMhNRr0AC&q=bhuj+weapon |title=By My Sword and Shield |date=March 2005 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-81-7436-325-1 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref> The bhuj is short, broad, stout, and heavy, with a mild curve. It often sports an engraved and gilded mount, inlaid haft and decorated knob. This knob is typically a stylized [[Indian elephant|elephant]] head. The short re-curved blade measures {{convert|7-10|in|abbr=on}} long, and its copper sheath makes the weapon {{convert|20|in|abbr=on}} long in total. It is mostly single-edged, except for a slight rear edge at the tip. The blade is mounted at a right angle to a metal haft in a manner similar to a long axe. The haft is sometimes hollow, concealing another small stiletto-like dagger. The weapon is similar to the Punjabi [[Wiktionary:gandasa|gandasa]] or the European [[glaive]]. The weapon was popular among the Sindhi cavalry of the [[Soomra dynasty|Soomra]] and [[Samma dynasty|Samma]] dynasties of [[Sindh]].

There are also Sindhi folk songs about Kaat dagger. The well known song "''Kaat muhje kandh te, aon khayo pio achan. Jiye Sindh, jiye Sindh, aon chawando achan''". Sung by [[Sarmad Sindhi]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kaat Munjhe Kand Te Song{{!}}Sarmad Sindhi{{!}}Maaroera, Vol. 01{{!}} Listen to new songs and mp3 song download Kaat Munjhe Kand Te online on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/song/kaat-munjhe-kand-te |access-date=2024-12-24 |language=en}}</ref>

== Images ==
[[File:Indian bhuj.jpg|center|thumb]]
[[File:Racinet Bhuj.jpg|center|thumb]]
[[File:India, scure bhuj (kutti), con fodero, 1780-1810 ca. 01.jpg|center|thumb]]
[[File:India, scure bhuj (kutti), con fodero, 1780-1810 ca. 03.jpg|center|thumb]]
[[File:India, scure bhuj (kutti), con fodero, 1780-1810 ca. 02.jpg|center|thumb]]
[[File:MFM - Bhuj.jpg|center|thumb]]
[[File:Knife blade at Mehrangarh Fort Museum.jpg|center|thumb]]
[[File:Arms 10.JPG|center|thumb]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*''The complete encyclopedia of arms and weapons'', Edited by Leonid Tarassuk and [[Claude Blair]], Bonanza books (Crown)
*{{cite book |title=The World Encyclopedia Of Knives, Daggers And Bayonets |author=Dr Tobias Capwell |authorlink=Tobias Capwell |year=2009 |publisher=Anness Publishing}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{knives}}

[[Category:Bhuj]]
[[Category:Edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts]]
[[Category:Knives]]
[[Category:Weapons of India]]
[[Category:Weapons of Pakistan]]

{{Knife-stub}}
{{India-hist-stub}}
{{Pakistan-hist-stub}}
[[Category:Sindhi culture]]

Loku Kudla

2025-08-30T20:38:29Z

Thenaade: stub

{{Short description|Indian poet and lyricist}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Loku Kudla
| image =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Moodbidri]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Lyricist, Director
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| awards =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Loku Kudla''' (born 27 January 1988) is an Indian poet and lyricist working in the [[Tulu language|Tulu]] film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tulucinema.com/ninna-telikenu-dhand-tulu-lyrics/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-06-30 |archive-date=2019-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224122635/https://www.tulucinema.com/ninna-telikenu-dhand-tulu-lyrics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tulucinema.com/krishna-udalud-yesa-tulu-lyrics/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-06-30 |archive-date=2022-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630171232/https://www.tulucinema.com/krishna-udalud-yesa-tulu-lyrics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|6132892}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kudla, Loku}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Lalitpur Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:15:11Z

Thenaade: biography...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lalitpur
| constituency_no = 226
| map_image = 226-Lalitpur.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ramratan Kushwaha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:487976}}<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|5}}
}}
'''Lalitpur''' is one of the 403 assembly constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]] parliamentary constituency and comes under [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur]] district of Uttar Pradesh.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Lalitpur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/lalitpur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Krishna Chandra Sharma
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ram Nath Khera
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|Gaijju Ram
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Ayodhya Prasad
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Bhagwat Dayal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Chandan Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sudama Prasad Goswami
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Om Prakash Richhariya
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Rajesh Kumar Khera
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |Arvind Kumar Jain
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Virendra Singh Bundela
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Nathu Ram Kushwaha]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|2009^
|[[Suman Devi Kushwaha]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Ramesh Prasad Kushwaha]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramratan Kushwaha]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Lalitpur<ref name="election2022"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramratan Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:176550}}
|percentage = 52.99
|change = +3.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chandra Bhusan Singh Bundela (Guddu Raja)
|votes = {{formatnum:69335}}
|percentage = 20.81
|change = +3.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ramesh Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:68597}}
|percentage = 20.59
|change = -7.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Vandana
|votes = {{formatnum:4475}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change = +1.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Balwant Singh Rajpoot
|votes = {{formatnum:3920}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3880}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change = -0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:107215}}
|percentage = 32.18
|change = +10.7
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:333155}}
|percentage = 68.27
|change = -1.85
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lalitpur<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramratan Kushwaha
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:156942}}
|percentage = 49.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Jyoti Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:88687}}
|percentage = 27.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandra Bhushan Singh Bundela
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:55549}}
|percentage = 17.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Parvat Lal Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:3479}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4859}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:68255}}
|percentage = 21.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:317850}}
|percentage = 70.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Assembly Elections, 2012]]: [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Ramesh Prasad Kushwaha]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 79,797
|percentage = 29.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Chandra Bhushan Singh Bundela
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 68,474
|percentage = 24.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ram Ratan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 54,413
|percentage = 19.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Virendra Singh Bundela
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30,270
|percentage = 11.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Tilak Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 11,538
|percentage = 4.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 11,323
|percentage = 4.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 2,74,575
|percentage = 70.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|24.69|78.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lalitpur, India]]
[[Category:Lalitpur district, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Mengpui River

2025-05-24T23:26:16Z

Thenaade: General improvements and edits

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
The '''Mengpui''' is a river of [[Mizoram]], northeastern India. It rises near [[Lunglei]] town in [[Chhimtuipui district]].<ref name="Pachuau1994">{{cite book|last=Pachuau|first=Rintluanga|title=Geography of Mizoram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnhuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 August 2012|year=1994|publisher=R.T. Enterprise|page=37}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Hydrography of Mizoram}}

{{coord missing|Mizoram}}

[[Category:Rivers of Mizoram]]

{{Mizoram-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}